jurisdiction_n of_o poland_n be_v whole_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n or_o his_o general_n although_o the_o palatine_n and_o castellan_n who_o general_o accompany_v his_o majesty_n to_o the_o war_n retain_v their_o authority_n over_o their_o respective_a inferior_n but_o where_o those_o be_v refractory_a a_o court-marshal_n adju_v the_o debate_n law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o poland_n it_o be_v on_o all_o hand_n agree_v that_o it_o have_v none_o till_o the_o time_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a and_o then_o but_o very_o few_o make_v by_o he_o although_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o pole_n hadlong_o before_o be_v christian_n and_o be_v well_o enough_o verse_v in_o the_o human-learning_n yet_o be_v there_o never_o any_o law_n or_o statute_n of_o any_o prince_n commit_v to_o write_v but_o that_o people_n be_v content_v to_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o their_o ancestor_n hand_v down_o to_o they_o from_o father_n to_o son_n casimir_n iii_o therefore_o call_v the_o great_a from_o his_o prudent_a administration_n observe_v the_o disadvantage_n his_o kingdom_n labour_v under_o by_o the_o german_n who_o then_o frequent_o come_v into_o poland_n on_o account_n of_o trade_n receive_v the_o saxon_a law_n now_o call_v magdeburg-law_n from_o the_o city_n of_o saxony_n whence_o they_o be_v take_v by_o which_o poland_n be_v at_o this_o day_n principal_o govern_v although_o the_o gentry_n have_v many_o peculiar_a custom_n and_o some_o statute_n which_o have_v be_v since_o make_v and_o which_o in_o the_o time_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n be_v compile_v into_o one_o volume_n by_o learned_a man_n be_v entitle_v the_o statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o since_o some_o have_v be_v approve_v and_o augment_v and_o other_o change_v and_o alter_v in_o several_a diet_n have_v obtain_v the_o name_n of_o constitution_n of_o poland_n to_o which_o nevertheless_o all_o that_o kingdom_n be_v not_o subject_a lithuania_n and_o volhynia_n observe_v its_o own_o law_n prussia_n likewise_o both_o regal_a and_o ducal_z have_v a_o municipal_a law_n of_o its_o own_o common_o style_v the_o law_n of_o culm_n from_o which_o notwithstanding_o three_o city_n be_v exempt_a viz._n elbing_n bransberg_n and_o fraumberg_n all_o which_o make_v use_v of_o the_o law_n of_o lansberg_n poland_n the_o punishment_n in_o poland_n be_v various_a and_o differ_v only_o according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o crime_n and_o not_o of_o the_o person_n for_o a_o thief_n be_v to_o be_v hang_v of_o what_o degree_n soever_o he_o be_v and_o capital_a offender_n of_o all_o other_o kind_n and_o quality_n be_v to_o be_v behead_v except_o in_o notorious_a villainy_n where_o the_o offender_n be_v common_o break_v on_o the_o wheel_n or_o else_o torture_v by_o cut_v off_o two_o thong_n or_o long_a piece_n out_o of_o the_o skin_n of_o his_o back_n a_o nobleman_n be_v sometime_o punish_v by_o forfeit_v half_o his_o estate_n to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o rest_n to_o a_o informer_n and_o sometime_o by_o imprisonment_n only_o servant_n master_n also_o have_v a_o power_n of_o chastise_v their_o servant_n which_o they_o do_v after_o this_o manner_n if_o the_o servant_n they_o be_v about_o to_o punish_v be_v a_o polish_v gentleman_n than_o they_o make_v he_o lie_v down_o on_o his_o belly_n on_o a_o carpet_n spread_v on_o the_o ground_n or_o upon_o a_o stool_n when_o another_o gentleman-servant_n lay_v he_o on_o unmerciful_o on_o the_o back_n with_o a_o rope_n or_o stick_n give_v he_o as_o many_o blow_v and_o lash_n as_o the_o master_n who_o be_v then_o present_a order_n after_o which_o he_o that_o be_v beat_v embrace_n the_o knee_n of_o he_o that_o have_v command_v he_o to_o be_v beat_v and_o salute_v he_o with_o the_o good-natured_a title_n of_o benefactor_n this_o discipline_n seem_v a_o little_a too_o severe_a but_o however_o the_o temper_n of_o these_o people_n make_v it_o necessary_a the_o peasant-servant_n be_v punish_v after_o the_o same_o manner_n only_o with_o this_o difference_n that_o they_o have_v no_o carpet_n spread_v under_o they_o some_o of_o the_o former_a sort_n think_v it_o a_o honour_n to_o be_v so_o lash_v which_o honour_n they_o always_o receive_v liberal_o as_o often_o as_o they_o deserve_v it_o beat_v this_o custom_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o punish_v their_o gentlemen-servant_n so_o rigid_o ought_v not_o much_o to_o be_v wonder_v at_o if_o it_o be_v consider_v that_o they_o may_v serve_v in_o the_o mean_a office_n without_o derogate_a from_o the_o nobility_n of_o their_o birth_n or_o incapacitate_v themselves_o for_o the_o high_a preferment_n for_o say_v hauteville_n i_o have_v know_v some_o who_o from_o be_v footboy_n to_o great_a lord_n and_o drummer_n in_o a_o company_n of_o dragoon_n have_v be_v advance_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o senator_n also_o in_o general_n nothing_o debase_v nobility_n in_o this_o country_n but_o a_o handicraft_n or_o mechanic_n employment_n this_o sir_n be_v all_o that_o i_o can_v meet_v with_o by_o various_a read_n relate_v to_o the_o legislative_a and_o executive_a justice_n in_o poland_n and_o which_o though_o not_o capable_a to_o pass_v your_o censure_n with_o the_o name_n of_o a_o regular_a composition_n i_o hope_v may_v obtain_v effect_n of_o your_o candour_n under_o the_o regret_v title_n of_o a_o hasty_a compilation_n i_o be_o sir_n with_o all_o humility_n your_o most_o obedient_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n iu._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a john_n earl_n of_o marlborough_n governor_n to_o his_o highness_n the_o duke_n of_o gloucester_n of_o the_o election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o proceed_n in_o the_o inter-regnum_fw-la and_o all_o other_o ceremony_n as_o likewise_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o queen_n my_o lord_n to_o who_o can_v this_o letter_n which_o treat_v of_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n more_o proper_o address_v itself_o than_o to_o your_o lordship_n who_o have_v late_o be_v pitch_v upon_o by_o the_o wise_a of_o monarch_n to_o be_v governor_n to_o the_o presumptive_a heir_n of_o his_o crown_n no_o doubt_v his_o majesty_n see_v those_o unite_a qualification_n in_o you_o which_o be_v but_o to_o be_v single_o meet_v with_o in_o all_o other_o and_o which_o moreover_o can_v not_o but_o be_v require_v to_o copy_v a_o successor_n from_o so_o great_a a_o original_a as_o himself_o these_o consideration_n my_o lord_n have_v embolden_v i_o to_o present_v your_o lordship_n with_o this_o imperfect_a account_n but_o which_o i_o hope_v in_o regard_n it_o have_v be_v extract_v from_o so_o many_o volume_n may_v favourable_o pass_v your_o discern_a censure_n though_o it_o must_v not_o in_o the_o least_o pretend_v to_o deserve_v your_o approbation_n my_o lord_n way_n the_o crown_n of_o poland_n may_v be_v vacant_a four_o way_n for_o either_o the_o king_n abdicate_v voluntary_o and_o public_o like_o john_n casimir_n be_v depose_v for_o his_o vice_n as_o locticus_n be_v run_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o henry_n iii_o of_o france_n do_v or_o die_v which_o be_v the_o ordinary_a cause_n of_o a_o inter-regnum_fw-la summon_v when_o the_o crown_n be_v once_o become_v vacant_a the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v the_o first_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v the_o prime_a minister_n and_o have_v the_o same_o authority_n as_o the_o king_n have_v most_o of_o the_o crown_n revenue_n be_v invest_v likewise_o in_o he_o during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la after_o the_o king_n death_n he_o issue_v out_o circular_a letter_n to_o all_o the_o province_n to_o acquaint_v they_o therewith_o and_o to_o command_v their_o several_a officer_n to_o make_v publication_n of_o the_o inter-regnum_fw-la as_o likewise_o to_o summon_v a_o general_a convocation_n of_o the_o gentry_n to_o meet_v at_o warsaw_n at_o a_o time_n prefix_v session_n before_o this_o general_a meeting_n they_o meet_v at_o the_o little_a diet_n where_o care_n be_v take_v to_o secure_v the_o road_n from_o thief_n and_o to_o set_v strong_a guard_n every_o where_o on_o the_o frontier_n to_o oppose_v a_o invade_a enemy_n next_o spy_n be_v send_v into_o all_o neighbour_a kingdom_n to_o have_v intelligence_n of_o what_o they_o design_n or_o do_v then_o all_o person_n be_v prohibit_v either_o to_o go_v out_o or_o come_v into_o the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la as_o likewise_o to_o carry_v any_o horse_n out_o of_o it_o all_o foreign_a letter_n direct_v to_o any_o member_n of_o the_o senate_n be_v intercept_v all_o the_o highway_n be_v block_v up_o with_o tree_n fell_v down_o and_o ambuscadoe_n be_v place_v about_o they_o none_o of_o the_o senate_n nor_o no_o foreigner_n be_v permit_v to_o write_v to_o the_o army_n all_o the_o gentry_n be_v command_v to_o have_v every_o thing_n in_o readiness_n for_o public_a defence_n the_o common_a use_n of_o gun_n be_v forbid_v tavern_n be_v shut_v up_o and_o concert_n of_o music_n silence_v
more_o particular_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n but_o this_o be_v what_o i_o think_v most_o material_a to_o be_v mention_v and_o what_o i_o can_v only_o learn_v in_o so_o small_a a_o time_n as_o i_o have_v live_v in_o that_o country_n i_o beg_v your_o grace_n pardon_n for_o tire_v your_o patience_n with_o so_o long_a and_o imperfect_a a_o account_n and_o desire_v my_o lord_n you_o will_v receive_v this_o at_o least_o as_o a_o testimony_n of_o my_o good_a will_n of_o satisfy_v your_o curiosity_n and_o of_o own_v your_o many_o favour_n to_o my_o lord_n your_o grace_n most_o obedient_a servant_n bernard_n connor_n the_o follow_a letter_n intend_v at_o first_o to_o be_v write_v by_o dr._n connor_n be_v compile_v by_o mr._n savage_n the_o doctor_n not_o have_v leisure_n to_o attend_v they_o from_o his_o practice_n letter_n ii_o to_o his_o grace_n henry_n duke_z of_o norfolk_z earl_n marshal_n of_o england_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o senator_n of_o poland_n both_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a religion_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n as_o also_o of_o the_o state-officer_n and_o officer_n of_o district_n belong_v as_o well_o to_o the_o kingdom_n as_o the_o great_a duchy_n my_o lord_n your_o grace_n high_a birth_n and_o station_n in_o our_o government_n together_o with_o your_o primary_n right_o of_o suffrage_n in_o our_o house_n of_o lord_n entitle_v you_o in_o a_o superlative_a manner_n to_o the_o patronage_n of_o this_o letter_n wherefore_o i_o be_v glad_a to_o meet_v with_o a_o occasion_n so_o favourable_a to_o pay_v my_o duty_n to_o your_o grace_n and_o i_o can_v hearty_o wish_v it_o have_v be_v on_o a_o subject_a that_o i_o be_v more_o master_n of_o than_o in_o a_o account_n of_o a_o country_n which_o i_o never_o see_v yet_o that_o you_o may_v give_v some_o credit_n to_o the_o truth_n of_o my_o relation_n i_o dare_v humble_o assure_v you_o that_o i_o have_v mention_v nothing_o therein_o but_o what_o i_o either_o have_v out_o of_o dr._n connor_n memoir_n learn_v from_o his_o own_o mouth_n or_o draw_v from_o such_o book_n as_o both_o the_o doctor_n and_o other_o person_n of_o credit_n have_v own_a to_o be_v authentic_a and_o most_o correct_a my_o lord_n office_n the_o senate_n of_o poland_n be_v a_o order_n of_o noble_n between_o the_o king_n and_o common_a gentry_n establish_v to_o rule_n and_o govern_v according_a to_o law_n and_o to_o observe_v the_o conduct_n of_o the_o king_n and_o moreover_o they_o be_v to_o apply_v themselves_o to_o study_v the_o public_a good_a and_o the_o preservation_n of_o the_o privilege_n of_o the_o people_n it_o consist_v at_o present_a of_o a_o far_o great_a number_n of_o person_n than_o former_o oath_n it_o be_v the_o king_n that_o make_v every_o senator_n but_o who_o be_v once_o so_o make_v be_v to_o continue_v his_o office_n for_o life_n at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o creation_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o conserve_v inviolable_a the_o right_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o republic_n so_o that_o if_o the_o king_n himself_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o extend_v his_o power_n and_o authority_n beyond_o the_o limit_n prescribe_v he_o by_o the_o law_n every_o senator_n oath_n alone_o will_v oblige_v he_o to_o acquaint_v his_o majesty_n with_o due_a respect_n of_o his_o duty_n and_o obligation_n nay_o every_o nuncio_n in_o the_o grand_a diet_n assume_v this_o liberty_n for_o in_o that_o place_n dicunt_fw-la quae_fw-la sentiunt_fw-la &_o sentiunt_fw-la quae_fw-la velint_fw-la as_o may_v appear_v by_o a_o insolent_a affront_n put_v upon_o the_o late_a king_n john_n sobieski_n who_o have_v be_v call_v tyrant_n nero_n and_o many_o other_o opprobrious_a name_n by_o some_o of_o the_o deputy_n and_o not_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v it_o he_o start_v up_o and_o threaten_v they_o lay_v his_o hand_n on_o his_o sword_n that_o have_v he_o be_v the_o great_a general_n still_o he_o will_v have_v do_v something_o whereat_o one_o of_o they_o rise_v likewise_o and_o clap_v his_o hand_n to_o his_o sword_n reply_v and_o that_o sword_n will_v have_v do_v something_o too_o another_o passage_n i_o have_v read_v of_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o poland_n who_o have_v be_v base_o abuse_v in_o the_o diet_n stand_v up_o and_o cry_v si_fw-mi non_fw-la essem_fw-la rex_fw-la whereto_o the_o orator_n brisk_o reply_v si_fw-mi non_fw-la fuisses_fw-la rex_fw-la wherefore_o these_o senator_n be_v likewise_o bind_v to_o see_v that_o nothing_o be_v do_v against_o their_o privilege_n and_o therefore_o four_o of_o they_o be_v always_o depute_v to_o attend_v the_o king_n with_o their_o advice_n beside_o these_o four_o who_o be_v ever_o actual_o the_o king_n counsel_n any_o of_o the_o other_o in_o like_a manner_n have_v a_o right_a to_o assist_v at_o the_o council-board_n if_o they_o think_v fit_a travel_v the_o presence_n of_o these_o senator_n be_v look_v upon_o to_o be_v so_o absolute_o necessary_a for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o not_o one_o of_o they_o can_v travel_v upon_o whatsoever_o account_n without_o leave_n of_o the_o republic_n 23._o this_o custom_n be_v take_v from_o the_o roman_n who_o not_o only_o forbid_v the_o senator_n but_o also_o their_o son_n to_o go_v beyond_o the_o verge_n of_o italy_n self_n this_o title_n of_o senator_n the_o king_n can_v bestow_v by_o itself_o but_o it_o be_v always_o annex_v to_o one_o of_o the_o four_o dignitys_n of_o bishop_n castellan_n or_o palatine_n the_o ten_o crown-officer_n all_o which_o the_o king_n name_n whereof_o palatine_n be_v lord-lieutenant_n of_o province_n castellan_n be_v governor_n who_o have_v not_o their_o name_n from_o castle_n as_o the_o word_n may_v reasonable_o import_v but_o from_o command_v a_o portion_n of_o a_o province_n in_o time_n of_o war._n the_o ten_o crown-officer_n be_v the_o marshal_n chancellor_n and_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o bishop_n preside_v over_o their_o several_a diocese_n with_o a_o ecclesiastical_a jurisdiction_n when_o any_o one_o be_v name_v a_o bishop_n palatin_n castellan_n or_o any_o of_o the_o ten_o officer_n of_o the_o crown_n he_o be_v immediate_o a_o senator_n without_o more_o ado_n office_n their_o business_n be_v to_o serve_v faithful_o the_o king_n and_o republic_n in_o the_o senate_n at_o home_o to_o administer_v justice_n by_o commission_n or_o otherwise_o and_o abroad_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n to_o exercise_v foreign_a ministry_n etc._n etc._n dignity_n these_o senator_n of_o poland_n value_v their_o dignity_n so_o high_o that_o they_o despise_v almost_o all_o other_o title_n of_o honour_n whatever_o and_o therefore_o when_o sigismond_n i._o go_v to_o vienna_n and_o the_o emperor_n offer_v the_o title_n of_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o the_o several_a senator_n that_o come_v along_o with_o he_o they_o absolute_o refuse_v they_o give_v for_o reason_n that_o be_v bear_v gentleman_n of_o poland_n and_o thereby_o have_v a_o right_a to_o treat_v either_o of_o peace_n or_o war_n with_o their_o king_n they_o believe_v it_o a_o injury_n to_o their_o dignity_n to_o have_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n think_v superior_a subdivision_n this_o senate_n consist_v either_o of_o ecclesiastical_a or_o secular_a member_n the_o ecclesiastical_a be_v either_o archbishop_n or_o bishop_n and_o be_v the_o chief_a member_n of_o the_o senate_n their_o number_n at_o present_a be_v but_o sixteen_o three_o of_o these_o bishopric_n be_v now_o in_o the_o enemy_n hand_n though_o they_o nevertheless_o have_v titular_a bishop_n viz._n smolensko_n and_o kiovia_n possess_v by_o the_o moscovite_n and_o caminiec_n enjoy_v by_o the_o turk_n so_o that_o there_o remain_v but_o thirteen_o bishopric_n actual_o in_o the_o king_n dominion_n of_o which_o but_o two_o be_v archbishopric_n viz._n those_o of_o gnesna_n and_o leopol_n when_o any_o of_o the_o aforesaid_a three_o bishopric_n be_v vacant_a there_o be_v always_o those_o ready_a that_o will_v beg_v their_o title_n mere_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o sit_v as_o senator_n the_o several_a diocese_n belong_v to_o all_o poland_n these_o bishopric_n be_v archiepiscopal_a of_o gnesna_n and_o leopol_n episcopal_a of_o cracow_n cujavia_n and_o pomerania_n vilna_n posnan_n plocksko_n or_o plosko_fw-mi varmia_n luceoria_n or_o lucko_n premislia_n or_o premislaw_n samegitia_n culm_n chelm_fw-ge kiovia_n caminiec_n and_o smolensko_n subject_a to_o the_o two_o archbishop_n be_v the_o other_o bishop_n and_o first_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v the_o several_a bishop_n of_o cracow_n vladislaw_n archbishop_n posnan_n plosko_fw-mi vilna_n varmia_n samogitia_n and_o culm_n and_o next_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o chelm_fw-ge caminiec_fw-la luceoria_fw-la premislia_n and_o kiovia_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v not_o only_o state_n chief_a of_o the_o bishop_n but_o also_o of_o all_o the_o other_o senator_n of_o poland_n he_o be_v
frederic_n augustus_n the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o history_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n to_o person_n of_o quality_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o kingdom_n viz._n historical_a political_n physical_a and_o ecclesiastical_a the_o form_n of_o government_n the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n the_o senate_n senators_z and_o other_o officer_n the_o religion_n diet_n and_o little_a diet_n with_o other_o assembly_n and_o court_n of_o justice_n the_o inter-regnum_fw-la election_n and_o coronation_n of_o a_o king_n and_o queen_n with_o all_o the_o ceremony_n the_o present_a condition_n of_o the_o gentry_n and_o commonalty_n as_o likewise_o the_o genius_n character_n language_n custom_n manner_n military_a affair_n trade_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o pole_n together_o with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n the_o origin_n progress_n and_o present_a state_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o the_o succession_n of_o all_o its_o great_a master_n likewise_o the_o present_a state_n of_o learning_n natural_a knowledge_n practice_n of_o physic_n and_o diseale_v in_o poland_n and_o last_o a_o succinct_a description_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n and_o the_o livonian_a order_n with_o a_o series_n of_o the_o several_a duke_n and_o provincial_a master_n to_o this_o be_v also_o add_v a_o table_n for_o each_o volume_n and_o a_o sculpture_n of_o the_o diet_n in_o session_n with_o some_o memoirs_fw-fr from_o baron_fw-fr blomberg_n vol._n ii_o by_o bernard_n connor_n m._n d._n fellow_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o physician_n who_o in_o his_o travel_n in_o that_o country_n collect_v these_o memoir_n from_o the_o best_a author_n and_o his_o own_o observation_n compose_v and_o publish_a by_o â—ir_n savage_a london_n print_v for_o daâ—_n brown_a without_o templ-bar_n '_o and_o a._n roper_n and_o t._n leigh_n both_o in_o il_fw-fr et-street_n 1698._o d_o r._n connor_n '_o saint_n preface_n in_o my_o preface_n to_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o this_o historical_a relation_n of_o poland_n i_o have_v mention_v my_o incapacity_n for_o matter_n of_o this_o nature_n both_o because_o i_o be_v only_o twelve_o month_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o because_o i_o have_v no_o talon_n or_o genius_n for_o history_n i_o think_v write_v it_o by_o way_n of_o letter_n in_o imitation_n of_o some_o of_o our_o neighbour_n will_v be_v more_o easy_a to_o myself_o and_o more_o acceptable_a to_o the_o public_a i_o be_o proud_a to_o have_v this_o happy_a occasion_n of_o give_v the_o honourable_a person_n i_o write_v to_o so_o public_a a_o testimony_n of_o my_o respect_n i_o be_o sorry_a in_o the_o same_o time_n i_o can_v have_v leisure_n to_o honour_v myself_o in_o write_v to_o the_o noble_a person_n mention_v in_o the_o second_o volume_n as_o i_o have_v have_v in_o the_o first_o i_o follow_v a_o profession_n so_o remote_a from_o history_n particular_o a_o polish_v one_o that_o it_o neither_o allow_v i_o time_n nor_o leave_v i_o any_o inclination_n to_o attend_v any_o other_o business_n i_o hope_v notwithstanding_o the_o person_n i_o promise_v to_o write_v to_o will_v be_v please_v to_o excuse_v i_o for_o not_o be_v able_a to_o keep_v my_o word_n to_o they_o as_o i_o flatter_v myself_o i_o can_v since_o the_o ingenious_a gentleman_n i_o desire_v to_o undertake_v this_o work_n will_v give_v they_o the_o same_o satisfaction_n he_o have_v already_o assist_v i_o in_o my_o first_o volume_n and_o have_v have_v all_o my_o memoirs_fw-fr for_o this_o second_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o poland_n part_n ii_o the_o present_a state_n letter_n i._n to_o his_o grace_n thomas_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o king_n power_n court_n and_o revenue_n my_o lord_n that_o high_a station_n wherewith_o the_o king_n have_v recompense_v your_o merit_n and_o the_o great_a trust_v his_o majesty_n have_v repose_v in_o your_o grace_n during_o his_o absence_n show_v his_o confidence_n in_o your_o ability_n as_o well_o to_o govern_v the_o state_n as_o the_o church_n since_o therefore_o be_v late_o invest_v with_o a_o share_n of_o the_o regal_a authority_n you_o have_v occasion_n to_o know_v more_o intimate_o our_o king_n power_n and_o prerogatives_n i_o think_v myself_o oblige_v to_o give_v your_o grace_n a_o account_n of_o those_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o end_n that_o compare_v both_o together_o you_o may_v more_o sensible_o perceive_v the_o excellency_n of_o our_o own_o constitution_n which_o make_v the_o greatness_n of_o the_o king_n inseparable_a from_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o people_n for_o when_o the_o executive_a power_n be_v as_o vigilant_a to_o see_v our_o law_n obey_v as_o the_o legislative_a have_v be_v provident_a in_o make_v they_o england_n can_v just_o boast_v of_o a_o much_o great_a happiness_n than_o either_o poland_n or_o any_o other_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n 1698._o have_v my_o lord_n not_o be_v a_o full_a twelve_o month_n at_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n court_n i_o can_v pretend_v to_o be_v thorough_o acquaint_v with_o that_o kingdom_n yet_o i_o find_v that_o like_o most_o other_o country_n it_o have_v undergo_v several_a change_n in_o its_o constitution_n since_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o vith_o century_n at_o which_o time_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o two_o great_a house_n of_o piastus_n and_o jagello_n poland_n ever_o since_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n its_o founder_n the_o king_n thereof_o have_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o crown_n after_o a_o hereditary_a manner_n though_o not_o by_o a_o hereditary_a title_n they_o have_v real_o be_v absolute_a and_o their_o will_n go_v for_o a_o law_n for_o than_o they_o make_v peace_n and_o war_n when_o they_o please_v levy_v as_o many_o troop_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a punish_v or_o pardon_v at_o pleasure_n and_o reward_v where_o they_o see_v convenient_a and_o all_o the_o administration_n either_o of_o public_a or_o private_a affair_n be_v so_o whole_o lodge_v in_o the_o king_n hand_n that_o i_o have_v hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o sigismond_n ii_o 1574._o the_o last_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonic_a family_n be_v to_o the_o full_a as_o absolute_a as_o either_o the_o king_n of_o france_n or_o denmark_n be_v now_o whilst_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n thus_o maintain_v thereby_o a_o supreme_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n they_o exceed_o enlarge_v their_o dominion_n be_v both_o fear_v abroad_o and_o belove_v at_o home_n command_v potent_a and_o numerous_a army_n into_o the_o field_n execute_v most_o erterprise_n speedy_o and_o be_v almost_o always_o sure_o of_o success_n and_o this_o because_o they_o do_v not_o then_o as_o now_o depend_v upon_o the_o linger_a determination_n and_o tedious_a conclusion_n of_o a_o turbulent_a diet._n but_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n be_v once_o extinct_a by_o the_o death_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o who_o have_v resign_v his_o kingdom_n to_o the_o senate_n and_o polish_v gentry_n and_o give_v they_o full_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o dispose_v thereof_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v anew_o declare_v elective_a to_o the_o end_n that_o all_o the_o prince_n of_o christendom_n who_o have_v due_a merit_n and_o qualification_n may_v have_v a_o right_a to_o aspire_v thereunto_o gentry_n this_o give_v occasion_n to_o most_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o europe_n ever_o since_o to_o court_v the_o polish_v nobility_n after_o their_o king_n death_n and_o that_o either_o to_o get_v the_o succeed_a election_n determine_v in_o their_o own_o favour_n or_o else_o to_o have_v some_o of_o their_o friend_n advance_v to_o that_o great_a dignity_n but_o this_o most_o common_o rather_o with_o regard_n to_o their_o own_o private_a interest_n than_o out_o of_o any_o respect_n to_o the_o person_n they_o desire_v to_o promote_v as_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o bourbon_n have_v always_o practise_v thereupon_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n therefore_o observe_v that_o several_a prince_n at_o a_o time_n always_o aspire_v to_o their_o crown_n and_o consider_v that_o not_o one_o of_o they_o have_v more_o right_o than_o the_o rest_n as_o likewise_o that_o it_o lay_v altogether_o in_o their_o power_n to_o choose_v who_o they_o please_v resolve_v unanimous_o to_o elect_n none_o but_o such_o as_o shall_v condescend_v nay_o swear_v to_o observe_v the_o term_n and_o condition_n they_o propose_v prince_n hereby_o the_o pole_n by_o degree_n have_v clip_v and_o limit_v the_o ancient_a power_n of_o their_o king_n and_o have_v reduce_v they_o to_o the_o bound_n we_o now_o find_v they_o to_o have_v that_o be_v bare_o to_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o grand_a diet_n for_o the_o pole_n know_v very_o well_o that_o no_o prince_n will_v be_v so_o imprudent_a as_o to_o scruple_n submit_v to_o
any_o condition_n to_o become_v master_n of_o so_o considerable_a a_o kingdom_n to_o which_o he_o have_v no_o right_a either_o by_o birth_n or_o other_o claim_n and_o more_o especial_o since_o these_o condition_n be_v neither_o rigorous_a nor_o dishonourable_a but_o such_o as_o be_v decent_o consistent_a with_o the_o regal_a character_n he_o be_v to_o be_v invest_v with_o republic_n thus_o the_o polish_v gentry_n of_o a_o kind_n of_o monarchical_a government_n have_v in_o time_n make_v a_o perfect_a republic_n consist_v of_o three_o order_n the_o king_n senate_n and_o gentry_n which_o they_o call_v the_o nobility_n poland_n here_o my_o lord_n i_o must_v take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o the_o polish_v nation_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o sort_n of_o people_n the_o gentry_n or_o freeborn_a subject_n who_o be_v hardly_o a_o ten_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o vassal_n who_o be_v no_o better_a than_o slave_n to_o the_o gentry_n for_o they_o have_v no_o benefit_n of_o the_o law_n can_v buy_v no_o estate_n nor_o enjoy_v any_o property_n no_o more_o than_o our_o negro_n in_o the_o west-indies_n can_n and_o this_o because_o some_o age_n since_o the_o common_a people_n revolt_a against_o their_o lord_n and_o have_v drive_v they_o out_o of_o the_o nation_n the_o gentry_n come_v with_o a_o foreign_a power_n and_o reduce_v they_o to_o a_o great_a subjection_n than_o before_o in_o which_o they_o have_v be_v keep_v ever_o since_o so_o that_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n at_o present_a comprehend_v only_o the_o king_n and_o gentry_n by_o a_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n of_o poland_n be_v understand_v a_o person_n who_o either_o himself_n or_o his_o family_n have_v a_o possession_n in_o land_n for_o they_o never_o intermarry_v with_o the_o common_a people_n all_o the_o gentry_n from_o the_o king_n son_n to_o those_o that_o be_v but_o only_a master_n of_o a_o acre_n of_o land_n be_v equal_o noble_a both_o by_o their_o birth_n and_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o no_o body_n be_v bear_v either_o a_o palatine_n senator_n or_o lord_n but_o those_o title_n be_v always_o annex_v to_o certain_a employment_n which_o the_o king_n only_o give_v to_o person_n advance_v in_o age_n and_o recommend_v by_o their_o merit_n diet._n the_o diet_n of_o poland_n in_o some_o respect_n resemble_v our_o parliament_n be_v make_v up_o of_o two_o house_n the_o house_n of_o senator_n answerable_a to_o our_o house_n of_o lord_n and_o the_o house_n of_o nuncio_n not_o unlike_o our_o house_n of_o commons_o the_o senator_n be_v the_o bishop_n palatine_n castellan_n and_o the_o ten_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o all_o about_o 142._o in_o the_o upper-house_n the_o senator_n sit_v not_o by_o any_o writ_n of_o summons_n or_o letter_n patent_n as_o in_o england_n but_o only_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o great_a preferment_n in_o the_o king_n gift_n which_o they_o enjoy_v for_o life_n so_o that_o the_o king_n whole_o constitute_v the_o upper_a house_n but_o the_o low_a be_v the_o representative_n of_o the_o gentry_n elect_v by_o they_o alone_o in_o their_o respective_a province_n without_o the_o concurrence_n of_o the_o common_a people_n who_o have_v no_o privilege_n to_o vote_n in_o their_o election_n insomuch_o that_o at_o least_o nine_o part_n in_o ten_o of_o the_o people_n of_o poland_n be_v exclude_v from_o have_v any_o share_n in_o the_o government_n power_n the_o grand_a diet_n of_o poland_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o king_n senators_z and_o deputy_n assemble_v together_o in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o his_o majesty_n command_v without_o this_o great_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n the_o king_n can_v neither_o make_v nor_o repeal_n law_n declare_v war_n nor_o conclude_v a_o peace_n make_v no_o alliance_n with_o any_o foreign_a prince_n raise_v neither_o troop_n nor_o tax_n coin_v no_o money_n and_o in_o a_o word_n can_v determine_v no_o matter_n of_o state_n of_o any_o importance_n without_o the_o universal_a consent_n and_o concurrence_n of_o this_o parliament_n which_o they_o term_v the_o free_a state_n of_o poland_n government_n several_a powerful_a motive_n have_v incline_v the_o pole_n to_o establish_v this_o kind_n of_o mix_a government_n which_o they_o take_v to_o be_v a_o just_a temperament_n of_o whatever_o be_v to_o be_v find_v most_o excellent_a in_o the_o several_a monarchy_n aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n that_o have_v be_v in_o the_o world_n the_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o motive_n as_o i_o have_v meet_v with_o they_o in_o their_o history_n or_o learn_v they_o from_o the_o most_o know_v among_o their_o native_n be_v as_o follow_v motive_n first_o they_o think_v by_o this_o judicious_a choice_n of_o a_o government_n to_o preserve_v their_o kingdom_n from_o those_o disorder_n which_o most_o common_o attend_v absolute_a monarchy_n agree_v herein_o with_o that_o prince_n of_o philosopher_n aristotle_n who_o though_o he_o prefer_v this_o kind_n of_o government_n to_o all_o other_o yet_o be_v he_o nevertheless_o oblige_v to_o own_o that_o when_o ever_o it_o degenerate_v it_o be_v the_o most_o pernicious_a of_o all_o thus_o the_o pole_n have_v temper_v the_o exorbitant_a power_n of_o their_o king_n with_o the_o mixture_n of_o two_o other_o government_n whereby_o they_o think_v to_o secure_v their_o liberty_n a_o thing_n always_o most_o dear_a to_o they_o from_o the_o arbitrary_a will_n of_o a_o prince_n who_o by_o imagine_v himself_o above_o the_o law_n may_v fancy_n whatever_o his_o passion_n prompt_v he_o to_o allowable_a and_o his_o true_a interest_n to_o be_v the_o entire_a subjection_n of_o his_o people_n the_o miserable_a example_n of_o their_o neighbour_n the_o turk_n and_o moscovite_n have_v sufficient_o convince_v they_o of_o this_o truth_n wherefore_o the_o polish_v nation_n think_v it_o but_o convenient_a to_o limit_v the_o excessive_a power_n of_o their_o king_n and_o confine_v they_o to_o rule_v with_o more_o moderation_n and_o justice_n motive_n second_o the_o pole_n have_v observe_v as_o well_o from_o their_o own_o government_n as_o from_o that_o of_o their_o neighbour_n that_o no_o small_a disadvantage_n have_v flow_v from_o a_o aristocracy_n they_o can_v not_o be_v persuade_v but_o that_o the_o authority_n of_o one_o person_n be_v infinite_o more_o easy_a to_o be_v tolerate_v than_o that_o of_o many_o for_o that_o either_o the_o ambition_n or_o jealousy_n of_o such_o will_v often_o disturb_v the_o repose_n and_o tranquillity_n of_o the_o public_a poland_n also_o begin_v to_o reflect_v upon_o its_o former_a misery_n under_o its_o woievod_n when_o it_o be_v deplorable_o rend_v and_o tear_v by_o the_o faction_n among_o those_o palatine_n insomuch_o that_o even_o while_o it_o become_v a_o conqueror_n from_o without_o it_o be_v vanquish_v within_o and_o that_o by_o its_o own_o force_n this_o give_v the_o pole_n no_o small_a dislike_n to_o a_o aristocracy_n which_o they_o have_v resolve_v never_o more_o to_o admit_v among_o they_o motive_n the_o three_o reason_n of_o state_n which_o have_v oblige_v the_o pole_n to_o reject_v a_o democracy_n be_v that_o they_o look_v upon_o that_o sort_n of_o government_n to_o be_v the_o most_o dangerous_a of_o all_o be_v the_o easy_a inflame_v and_o the_o great_a enemy_n to_o true_a nobility_n its_o first_o maxim_n be_v to_o procure_v a_o universal_a level_v or_o make_v all_o alike_o whereby_o under_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o common_a liberty_n they_o weaken_v and_o enervate_v those_o great_a genius_n which_o be_v design_v to_o govern_v and_o protect_v they_o how_o then_o can_v it_o be_v expect_v that_o the_o descendants_n of_o those_o mighty_a warrior_n who_o found_v the_o polish_v nation_n and_o have_v so_o long_o maintain_v the_o honour_n of_o it_o by_o their_o valour_n shall_v submit_v to_o have_v their_o blood_n debase_v by_o mix_v it_o with_o the_o ignoble_a vulgar_a the_o tyranny_n of_o law_n which_o the_o noble_n be_v subject_v to_o in_o a_o absolute_a commonwealth_n will_v be_v too_o rude_a a_o check_n to_o this_o ambition_n which_o the_o pole_n have_v always_o have_v to_o command_v over_o their_o vassal_n and_o therefore_o they_o have_v always_o entertain_v a_o secret_a odium_n for_o those_o grecian_a republic_n that_o banish_v their_o great_a statesman_n mere_o because_o they_o will_v not_o have_v they_o gain_v too_o fast_o upon_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o people_n if_o any_o shall_v perhaps_o doubt_v of_o the_o pernicious_a consequence_n of_o a_o popular_a government_n where_o reason_n do_v not_o so_o much_o reign_v as_o a_o unruly_a violence_n of_o a_o people_n who_o know_v no_o other_o law_n than_o those_o of_o their_o passion_n let_v they_o cast_v their_o eye_n on_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n who_o be_v often_o ready_a to_o overturn_v the_o state_n have_v not_o the_o senate_n speedy_o apply_v a_o prudent_a remedy_n but_o there_o be_v other_o example_n more_o modern_a as_o the_o revolt_n
of_o the_o cosack_n and_o the_o last_o trouble_n in_o bohemia_n to_o these_o also_o may_v be_v add_v the_o revolution_n of_o our_o own_o nation_n in_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n i._n when_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o people_n extend_v their_o rage_n even_o to_o the_o dip_v their_o hand_n in_o this_o prince_n blood_n politician_n do_v general_o own_v that_o the_o people_n be_v a_o wild_a beast_n which_o ought_v rather_o to_o be_v lead_v than_o leave_v at_o liberty_n and_o by_o consequence_n have_v pronounce_v it_o most_o perilous_a to_o acquiesce_v under_o their_o subjection_n a_o anarchy_n will_v undoubted_o do_v more_o harm_n in_o a_o day_n than_o a_o tyrant_n can_v in_o all_o his_o reign_n if_o he_o punish_v it_o be_v with_o some_o pretence_n of_o justice_n when_o nothing_o can_v abate_v the_o people_n rage_n but_o a_o utter_a extinction_n of_o whatever_o be_v place_v over_o their_o heâ—ds_n a_o mix_a government_n therefore_o make_v out_o of_o all_o these_o three_o be_v that_o which_o have_v prove_v most_o government_n agreeable_a to_o the_o polish_v nation_n be_v a_o just_a medium_fw-la between_o the_o dangerous_a extremity_n of_o a_o absolute_a monarchy_n and_o those_o of_o aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n it_o be_v this_o the_o pole_n have_v pitch_v upon_o as_o most_o proper_a to_o preserve_v the_o public_a liberty_n and_o to_o perpetuate_v the_o happiness_n of_o their_o state_n be_v it_o seem_v persuade_v that_o a_o body_n politic_n resemble_v a_o humane_a in_o this_o that_o as_o the_o one_o borrow_v all_o its_o vigour_n and_o health_n from_o a_o just_a temperament_n of_o the_o different_a humour_n that_o compose_v it_o so_o the_o other_o depend_v absolute_o on_o that_o of_o the_o three_o beforementioned_a form_n of_o government_n and_o moreover_o as_o the_o former_a subsist_v by_o the_o mutual_a opposition_n of_o contrary_a quality_n so_o the_o king_n senate_n and_o gentry_n of_o poland_n have_v in_o some_o measure_n different_a interest_n and_o inclination_n be_v not_o only_o hinder_v from_o deviate_a into_o vicious_a extremity_n but_o also_o through_o a_o noble_a emulation_n be_v excite_v to_o labour_v careful_o for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o public_a republic_n the_o republic_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o state_n the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n yet_o both_o which_o be_v but_o as_o one_o body_n have_v the_o same_o king_n the_o same_o parliament_n the_o same_o law_n the_o same_o privilege_n the_o same_o religion_n and_o as_o the_o natural_a result_n of_o all_o these_o the_o same_o interest_n these_o two_o state_n be_v so_o very_o well_o unite_v that_o a_o king_n can_v be_v elect_v a_o law_n make_v nor_o any_o state-business_n do_v without_o the_o mutual_a consent_n of_o both_o but_o my_o lord_n as_o the_o king_n be_v the_o prime_n and_o chief_a member_n of_o this_o republic_n i_o will_v give_v your_o grace_n a_o account_n of_o his_o present_a power_n and_o prerogatives_n prerogatives_n the_o pole_n be_v too_o proud_a a_o nation_n to_o agree_v with_o those_o politician_n that_o measure_v the_o grandeur_n of_o a_o prince_n and_o happiness_n of_o a_o state_n by_o the_o despotic_a power_n of_o he_o that_o govern_v it_o and_o therefore_o those_o pernicious_a maxim_n of_o tyrant_n si_fw-la lubet_fw-la licet_fw-la oderint_fw-la dum_fw-la metuant_fw-la and_o the_o like_a will_v be_v but_o ill_o receive_v among_o a_o people_n that_o have_v all_o along_o secure_v their_o liberty_n by_o their_o prudence_n and_o valour_n this_o vassalage_n will_v suit_v well_o enough_o with_o the_o slave_n of_o asia_n and_o africa_n or_o with_o the_o moscovite_n and_o turk_n who_o all_o suffer_v themselves_o to_o be_v govern_v like_o beast_n and_o lead_v by_o the_o nose_n according_a to_o the_o different_a caprice_n or_o pleasure_n of_o their_o prince_n happiness_n as_o for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n they_o may_v rest_v in_o security_n in_o the_o bosom_n of_o their_o country_n even_o amid_o the_o noise_n of_o arm_n either_o without_o or_o within_o their_o dominion_n since_o they_o have_v always_o their_o subject_n to_o crowd_v about_o they_o for_o their_o guard_n through_o indispensable_a inclination_n for_o what_o contribute_v chief_o to_o the_o happiness_n of_o these_o prince_n be_v the_o loyal_a observance_n and_o voluntary_a obedience_n pay_v they_o even_o by_o those_o that_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o do_v the_o contrary_n i_o have_v often_o hear_v mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr polignac_n the_o french_a ambassador_n say_v at_o warsaw_n that_o he_o think_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n more_o happy_a in_o his_o person_n and_o condition_n than_o a_o king_n of_o france_n nevertheless_o this_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v so_o alloy_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n that_o it_o do_v not_o exact_v more_o veneration_n from_o the_o noble_n or_o gentry_n than_o they_o think_v he_o deserve_v for_o though_o their_o behaviour_n be_v general_o extraordinary_a observant_a yet_o do_v they_o tacit_o seem_v to_o call_v in_o question_n the_o power_n they_o have_v limit_v and_o often_o refuse_v that_o duty_n which_o they_o have_v deem_v he_o worthy_a of_o by_o his_o election_n unhappiness_n the_o polish_v nobility_n make_v no_o difference_n between_o their_o king_n be_v right_a and_o those_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o deputy_n affirm_v that_o since_o these_o three_o member_n compose_v but_o one_o body_n they_o ought_v equal_o to_o share_v in_o the_o same_o benefit_n and_o injury_n and_o consequent_o ought_v all_o either_o to_o reward_v the_o one_o or_o revenge_v the_o other_o state_n the_o small_a authority_n therefore_o of_o their_o king_n and_o the_o impossibility_n of_o their_o act_n by_o themselves_o have_v at_o all_o time_n expose_v poland_n to_o the_o insult_v of_o their_o neighbour_n and_o the_o rage_n of_o their_o own_o people_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o civil_a war_n of_o the_o cosack_n and_o the_o treachery_n and_o sedition_n of_o the_o confederate_n which_o can_v never_o have_v arrive_v at_o so_o great_a height_n if_o the_o king_n have_v have_v but_o sufficient_a power_n to_o have_v suppress_v they_o also_o the_o great_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n lubomirski_n will_v never_o have_v have_v the_o boldness_n to_o have_v oppose_v king_n casimir_n design_n open_o and_o to_o have_v form_v so_o many_o faction_n against_o the_o court_n have_v he_o not_o have_v some_o assurance_n of_o remain_v unpunished_a this_o make_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o be_v style_v a_o king_n of_o king_n and_o lord_n of_o lord_n since_o he_o have_v no_o better_a than_o companion_n and_o equal_n for_o his_o subject_n king_n we_o have_v divers_a instance_n of_o the_o pole_n love_v for_o their_o king_n and_o particular_o by_o their_o once_o enforce_v the_o right_n of_o sigismond_n iii_o to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n in_o a_o obstinate_a war_n which_o they_o begin_v several_a time_n as_o likewise_o in_o support_v afterward_o the_o pretence_n of_o vladislaus_n vii_o to_o moscovy_n to_o omit_v divers_a other_o of_o a_o more_o ancient_a date_n this_o respect_n of_o their_o oblige_v they_o frequent_o to_o come_v and_o spend_v their_o estate_n at_o court_n think_v to_o augment_v their_o prince_n grandeur_n by_o their_o prodigality_n and_o magnificence_n this_o appear_v by_o the_o mistake_v make_v by_o gregory_n king_n of_o bohemia_n at_o the_o interview_n between_o he_o and_o casimir_n the_o great_a at_o glogan_n which_o place_v the_o former_a have_v demand_v to_o bound_v the_o limit_n of_o silesia_n when_o he_o salute_v a_o private_a gentleman_n splendid_o clothe_v for_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n power_n the_o custom_n and_o inclination_n of_o the_o pole_n run_v so_o strong_a towards_o honour_v their_o prince_n that_o all_o they_o have_v or_o be_v able_a to_o do_v even_o to_o the_o destruction_n of_o their_o life_n and_o fortune_n they_o be_v willing_a to_o lavish_a in_o his_o service_n without_o expect_v any_o great_a recompense_n than_o the_o glory_n of_o wait_v on_o his_o majesty_n person_n insomuch_o that_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o be_v courageous_a and_o prudent_a just_a and_o sober_a liberal_a and_o religious_a one_o that_o observe_v the_o law_n and_o constitution_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o in_o a_o word_n who_o have_v no_o other_o interest_n but_o the_o common_a good_a and_o safety_n of_o his_o subject_n be_v as_o much_o respect_a and_o honour_a and_o as_o faithful_o obey_v both_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o war_n nay_o as_o formidable_a to_o all_o his_o enemy_n as_o most_o prince_n in_o europe_n as_o to_o what_o relate_v to_o war_n no_o monarch_n have_v great_a advantage_n than_o himself_o for_o he_o be_v neither_o at_o the_o trouble_n of_o raise_v force_n nor_o expense_n in_o maintain_v they_o his_o business_n be_v only_o to_o convene_v the_o diet_n and_o they_o do_v all_o these_o thing_n to_o his_o hand_n after_o war_n be_v once_o declare_v he_o can_v continue_v the_o
starostaship_n after_o the_o death_n of_o those_o that_o enjoy_v they_o if_o the_o king_n chance_n to_o die_v before_o the_o queen_n have_v this_o reformation_n assign_v she_o than_o the_o republic_n give_v she_o a_o yearly_o pension_n out_o of_o the_o crown-revenue_n but_o this_o no_o long_o than_o she_o continue_v unmarried_a or_o stay_v in_o the_o realm_n for_o otherwise_o in_o both_o those_o case_n the_o queen_n regent_n get_v it_o or_o else_o it_o revert_v to_o the_o state_n it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o queen_n regent_n never_o come_v by_o it_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n and_o that_o be_v no_o ordinary_a expense_n to_o she_o to_o procure_v by_o purchase_v almost_o all_o the_o vote_n of_o that_o mercenary_a assembly_n this_o may_v be_v see_v in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o present_a queen-dowager_n for_o when_o the_o queen_n her_o predecessor_n marry_v the_o duke_n of_o lorraine_n she_o observe_v that_o the_o settlement_n of_o her_o pension_n be_v like_a to_o be_v put_v off_o to_o the_o succeed_a diet_n which_o be_v convene_v only_o once_o in_o three_o year_n think_v it_o better_a to_o be_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o gain_v their_o vote_n at_o that_o session_n than_o to_o lose_v three_o year_n income_n this_o revenue_n be_v general_o compute_v at_o half_a a_o million_o polish_v which_o amount_v to_o about_o thirty_o thousand_o english_a pound_n as_o long_o as_o the_o queen-dowager_n enjoy_v this_o pension_n the_o queen-regent_n can_v have_v none_o for_o the_o pole_n say_v that_o it_o will_v be_v too_o much_o to_o pension_n two_o queen_n at_o once_o respect_n though_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v many_o important_a employment_n to_o distribute_v yet_o his_o power_n be_v always_o limit_v in_o the_o distribution_n of_o they_o for_o he_o can_v name_v any_o of_o his_o child_n no_o nor_o so_o much_o as_o the_o queen_n to_o any_o charge_v either_o ecclesiastical_a or_o temporal_a sigismond_n iii_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o give_v his_o queen_n constantia_n two_o starostaship_n vacant_a by_o the_o death_n of_o queen_n anne_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1625._o all_o the_o gentry_n oppose_v it_o by_o a_o great_a uproar_v in_o the_o diet_n and_o maintain_v vigorous_o that_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n ought_v not_o to_o part_v with_o any_o office_n without_o their_o consent_n neither_o can_v he_o purchase_v any_o land_n for_o they_o in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n although_o the_o late_a king_n buy_v several_a vast_a territory_n in_o other_o people_n name_n both_o in_o russia_n prussia_n and_o almost_o all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n and_o beside_o purchase_v a_o principality_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o silesia_n for_o prince_n james_n his_o elder_a son_n but_o the_o pole_n have_v long_o since_o discover_v the_o secret_a pretend_a when_o i_o be_v at_o warsaw_n that_o all_o those_o land_n must_v come_v to_o the_o crown_n after_o the_o king_n death_n some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n also_o have_v be_v so_o kind_a as_o to_o part_v with_o their_o prerogative_n in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n so_o that_o now_o they_o retain_v only_o the_o collation_n of_o benefice_n as_o for_o the_o foundation_n of_o monastery_n whatever_o power_n the_o king_n may_v have_v leave_v to_o erect_v they_o they_o must_v always_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o three_o order_n of_o the_o state_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v likewise_o limit_v in_o divers_a other_o respect_n for_o he_o can_v neither_o increase_v nor_o diminish_v the_o number_n of_o officer_n either_o of_o his_o court_n or_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o name_v any_o stranger_n that_o be_v not_o naturalize_v to_o any_o charge_n or_o government_n only_o in_o the_o foot_n army_n and_o there_o too_o such_o a_o person_n can_v pretend_v to_o no_o more_o than_o to_o be_v a_o captain_n or_o at_o most_o a_o colonel_n this_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o example_n of_o stephen_n batori_n who_o have_v have_v considerable_a service_n do_v he_o by_o the_o hungarian_n in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o moscovite_n he_o think_v it_o but_o reasonable_a to_o prefer_v some_o of_o they_o for_o recompense_n which_o extreme_o incense_v the_o pole_n and_o particular_o the_o grand_a general_n so_o much_o that_o he_o immediate_o thereupon_o resign_v his_o staff_n it_o be_v also_o out_o of_o the_o king_n power_n to_o advance_v some_o native_n for_o all_o citizen_n merchant_n tradesman_n and_o their_o son_n countryman_n labourer_n and_o general_o all_o artificer_n be_v not_o only_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n exclude_v from_o preferment_n which_o the_o king_n have_v the_o nomination_n of_o but_o also_o have_v not_o liberty_n either_o of_o buy_v or_o enjoy_v land_n or_o estate_n preferment_n it_o be_v then_o the_o nobility_n alone_o or_o freeborn_a of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n or_o of_o the_o other_o province_n incorporate_v into_o that_o monarchy_n that_o can_v pretend_v to_o any_o preferment_n in_o the_o republic_n wherefore_o the_o aforesaid_a king_n batori_n think_v to_o advance_v his_o nephew_n by_o reason_n he_o have_v no_o child_n design_v to_o get_v they_o naturalize_v in_o the_o diet_n hold_v the_o thirteen_o of_o december_n 1586_o but_o be_v prevent_v by_o death_n it_o must_v withal_o be_v understand_v that_o it_o be_v not_o every_o one_o of_o these_o that_o can_v aspire_v or_o lay_v claim_n to_o every_o preferment_n but_o only_o such_o as_o have_v land_n or_o estate_n in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o great_a duchy_n or_o any_o other_o incorporate_v province_n where_o the_o preferment_n lie_v for_o a_o freeborn_a native_a of_o the_o kingdom_n though_o he_o have_v a_o estate_n in_o it_o yet_o can_v be_v a_o governor_n of_o a_o city_n in_o lithuania_n nor_o have_v any_o kind_n of_o employment_n there_o without_o a_o settle_a estate_n in_o that_o country_n but_o the_o advantage_n that_o all_o freeborn_a native_n have_v be_v that_o they_o can_v buy_v a_o estate_n throughout_o the_o whole_a extent_n of_o the_o dominion_n of_o poland_n power_n there_o be_v another_o inconvenience_n which_o very_o much_o prejudices_fw-la and_o limit_n the_o king_n power_n and_o the_o public_a interest_n of_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n for_o wherever_o a_o noble_a pole_n be_v once_o name_v to_o a_o preferment_n and_o be_v in_o actual_a possession_n of_o it_o let_v he_o commit_v never_o so_o many_o crime_n against_o the_o crown_n or_o state_n he_o can_v never_o be_v deprive_v of_o his_o employ_v or_o turn_v out_o of_o it_o without_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o diet_n but_o shall_v continue_v in_o the_o same_o for_o life_n even_o against_o a_o the_o will_n of_o the_o diet_n if_o he_o have_v but_o one_o member_n on_o his_o side_n who_o will_v protest_v against_o the_o proceed_n for_o the_o negative_a voice_n of_o a_o member_n of_o the_o diet_n of_o poland_n have_v the_o same_o force_n with_o a_o negative_a of_o a_o king_n of_o england_n in_o parliament_n thereby_o this_o pernicious_a constitution_n occasion_n many_o trouble_n and_o animosity_n for_o it_o encourage_v unruly_a and_o mutinous_a people_n to_o disturb_v the_o commonwealth_n officer_n never_o serve_v the_o republic_n faithful_o treasurer_n arè_v thereby_o embolden_v to_o give_v no_o account_n of_o the_o public_a revenue_n the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n and_o governor_n of_o province_n and_o town_n do_v as_o they_o think_v fit_a and_o most_o common_o mind_v their_o own_o private_a affair_n more_o than_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o republic_n in_o a_o word_n though_o the_o pole_n term_v this_o constitution_n the_o great_a mark_n of_o their_o liberty_n it_o inevitable_o ruin_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o whole_a state_n and_o every_o one_o see_v what_o bad_a consequence_n must_v and_o do_v necessary_o follow_v from_o this_o excessive_a liberty_n or_o rather_o libertinism_n of_o every_o private_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n respect_n my_o lord_n this_o great_a privilege_n of_o the_o ofcer_n make_v they_o pay_v more_o than_o ordinary_a respect_n to_o the_o king_n before_o they_o be_v dignify_v and_o court_v he_o to_o give_v they_o a_o charge_v which_o he_o can_v never_o afterward_o take_v away_o moreover_o this_o power_n of_o the_o king_n be_v to_o name_n such_o of_o the_o qualify_v nobility_n as_o best_o please_v he_o to_o these_o important_a employment_n keep_v all_o the_o gentry_n in_o a_o great_a dependence_n on_o he_o for_o the_o design_n of_o the_o republic_n in_o lodging_n the_o nomination_n of_o officer_n in_o the_o king_n hand_n be_v that_o he_o shall_v take_v care_n to_o confer_v they_o on_o those_o that_o have_v best_o deserve_v they_o by_o their_o service_n either_o in_o peace_n or_o war_n and_o exclude_v such_o from_o they_o as_o have_v be_v stubborn_a mutinous_a and_o unserviceable_a to_o the_o state_n another_o reason_n that_o make_v the_o king_n respect_v be_v the_o natural_a ambition_n
excessive_a power_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n which_o they_o soon_o effect_v by_o be_v resolute_a and_o more_o in_o number_n but_o in_o poland_n it_o be_v quite_o otherwise_o for_o there_o the_o clergy_n and_o gentry_n have_v a_o common_a interest_n to_o keep_v the_o king_n and_o people_n in_o subjection_n the_o clergy_n have_v great_a privilege_n and_o be_v very_a rich._n the_o bishop_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v prince_n or_o duke_n they_o be_v all_o senator_n and_o sit_v in_o the_o diet_n before_o all_o the_o temporal_a lord_n so_o that_o by_o the_o great_a authority_n and_o veneration_n which_o they_o have_v procure_v to_o themselves_o from_o the_o slavish_a people_n they_o can_v hinder_v they_o from_o make_v any_o insurrection_n and_o by_o the_o arbitrary_a and_o free_a power_n which_o they_o and_o the_o gentry_n have_v hitherto_o maintain_v to_o elect_n who_o they_o please_v for_o king_n they_o will_v always_o keep_v he_o in_o such_o a_o dependence_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o his_o child_n that_o he_o shall_v hardly_o ever_o be_v able_a to_o effect_v any_o design_n upon_o their_o prerogative_n nay_o provide_v he_o have_v find_v any_o opportunity_n to_o compass_v such_o a_o dangerous_a enterprise_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o consist_v with_o prudence_n either_o to_o declare_v or_o attempt_v it_o for_o fear_v of_o incur_v the_o hatred_n and_o displeasure_n of_o the_o people_n which_o will_v not_o only_o tend_v to_o his_o own_o ruin_n but_o likewise_o obstruct_v the_o election_n of_o any_o of_o his_o family_n to_o the_o throne_n after_o his_o death_n so_o that_o the_o sure_a way_n for_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o continue_v the_o crown_n in_o his_o family_n be_v never_o to_o attempt_v any_o innovation_n family_n i_o will_v not_o however_o think_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n unfortunate_a in_o not_o be_v able_a to_o assure_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o throne_n to_o their_o child_n since_o they_o be_v thereby_o compel_v as_o it_o be_v by_o a_o lucky_a necessity_n to_o breed_v they_o up_o to_o all_o royal_a virtue_n and_o this_o to_o the_o end_n that_o it_o may_v render_v they_o more_o accomplish_v and_o worthy_a to_o be_v elect_v for_o where_o they_o be_v satisfy_v that_o the_o crown_n be_v not_o due_a to_o their_o blood_n but_o to_o their_o merit_n what_o will_v either_o the_o father_n or_o son_n omit_v to_o obtain_v it_o by_o the_o most_o glorious_a mean_n my_o lord_n officer_n i_o have_v hitherto_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o what_o relate_v to_o the_o form_n of_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o to_o the_o king_n power_n and_o revenue_n i_o will_v now_o give_v a_o particular_a account_n of_o the_o king_n court_n be_v it_o not_o like_a to_o that_o of_o other_o prince_n as_o to_o splendour_n and_o number_n of_o officer_n for_o beside_o the_o great_a crown-officer_n as_o the_o two_o great_a and_o little_a marshal_n as_o many_o chancellor_n and_o vicechancellor_n two_o general_n and_o two_o great_a and_o little_a treasurer_n the_o king_n have_v his_o lord-chamberlain_n his_o court-marshal_n or_o lord_n steward_n his_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n his_o secretary_n of_o state_n his_o standard-bearer_n chief_a huntsman_n his_o gentleman_n of_o the_o body_n answerable_a to_o our_o lord_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n his_o physician_n chaplain_n pensioner_n cupbearer_n sewer_n carver_n musician_n and_o guards_z pensioner_n the_o gentleman_n pensioner_n always_o attend_v the_o king_n on_o horseback_n this_o body_n of_o gentry_n consist_v of_o the_o noble_a youth_n of_o the_o kingdom_n whereof_o many_o have_v court_n and_o state-employment_n and_o be_v all_o subject_n to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o court-marshal_n there_o be_v some_o of_o these_o that_o attend_v his_o majesty_n on_o foot_n but_o in_o long_a journey_n they_o be_v always_o carry_v in_o wagon_n a_o set_a number_n of_o these_o keep_v guard_n day_n and_o night_n about_o the_o king_n whenever_o the_o king_n go_v in_o public_a these_o last_o march_n every_o way_n about_o he_o with_o long_a battleax_n on_o their_o shoulder_n and_o sabres_fw-es by_o their_o side_n but_o still_o admit_v the_o senator_n and_o chief_a courtier_n to_o march_v next_o he_o yet_o when_o the_o queen_n go_v with_o the_o king_n the_o senators_z and_o other_o person_n of_o quality_n be_v to_o walk_v before_o horse-guard_n the_o king_n horse-guard_n ought_v by_o the_o constitution_n to_o be_v either_o pole_n lithuanian_n or_o native_n of_o some_o of_o the_o incorporate_v province_n but_o however_o this_o law_n have_v be_v dispense_v with_o for_o the_o late_a king_n admit_v both_o german_n and_o hungarian_n among_o they_o their_o number_n by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o exceed_v 1200_o and_o their_o chief_a commander_n be_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o all_o the_o four_o marshal_n lithuania_n the_o king_n have_v the_o same_o number_n of_o court_n officer_n in_o lithuania_n as_o he_o have_v in_o poland_n the_o lithuanian_n be_v as_o ambitious_a to_o keep_v up_o the_o ancient_a grandeur_n of_o their_o great_a duke_n as_o the_o pole_n be_v for_o that_o of_o their_o king_n province_n the_o king_n have_v likewise_o the_o nomination_n of_o some_o court-officer_n in_o several_a province_n as_o in_o prussia_n masovia_n and_o russia_n which_o have_v former_o distinct_a prince_n of_o their_o own_o and_o be_v afterward_o unite_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o the_o king_n have_v the_o nomination_n of_o as_o many_o court-officer_n as_o any_o prince_n in_o europe_n but_o most_o of_o they_o be_v rather_o honorary_a than_o beneficial_a yet_o the_o gentry_n always_o make_v great_a interest_n to_o get_v into_o they_o precedence_n of_o which_o they_o be_v ambitious_a be_v regulate_v according_a to_o the_o nature_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o employment_n court._n as_o for_o the_o queen_n court_n it_o consist_v of_o about_o thirty_o officer_n the_o chief_z whereof_o be_v her_o marshal_n and_o chancellor_n their_o business_n be_v to_o preside_v over_o domestic_a affair_n in_o the_o queen_n court._n her_o marshal_n or_o steward_n be_v to_o carry_v the_o staff_n before_o she_o and_o her_o chancellor_n or_o secretary_n to_o write_v sign_n receive_v and_o answer_v all_o her_o letter_n there_o be_v her_o treasurer_n who_o manage_n her_o revenue_n her_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n cupbearer_n carver_n sewer_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n for_o woman_n servant_n she_o have_v her_o lady_n maid_n of_o honour_n dresser_n etc._n etc._n when_o she_o go_v in_o public_a she_o be_v always_o attend_v by_o a_o great_a number_n of_o she_o own_o sex_n court._n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o amiss_o to_o add_v something_o of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o inter-rex_a or_o primate_n and_o so_o i_o will_v conclude_v while_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n he_o have_v much_o the_o same_o officer_n with_o the_o king_n but_o when_o he_o have_v lay_v down_o that_o authority_n his_o officer_n be_v his_o marshal_n speak_v of_o before_o his_o chancellor_n who_o presides_n in_o his_o court_n of_o justice_n his_o almoner_n master_n of_o request_n cross-bearer_n steward_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n clerk_n of_o the_o kitchen_n etc._n etc._n he_o this_o archbishop_n alone_o as_o he_o be_v the_o chief_a senator_n of_o poland_n have_v drum_n beat_v and_o trumpets_z sounding_z both_z within_z and_o without_o door_n before_o he_o sit_v down_o to_o table_n he_o also_o by_o his_o prerogative_n be_v not_o to_o wait_v for_o the_o king_n command_n when_o he_o shall_v visit_v he_o but_o may_v go_v when_o and_o as_o often_o as_o he_o please_v before_o my_o lord_n i_o put_v a_o end_n to_o this_o letter_n permit_v i_o to_o take_v notice_n to_o your_o grace_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n do_v not_o name_n his_o privy-counsellor_n but_o all_o senator_n be_v counsellor_n of_o course_n for_o all_o of_o that_o dignity_n that_o be_v about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n reside_v have_v a_o right_a to_o sit_v at_o the_o council-board_n for_o fear_v notwithstanding_o that_o there_o shall_v not_o be_v always_o senator_n sufficient_a for_o that_o purpose_n at_o court_n the_o senate_n always_o depute_v four_o of_o their_o member_n to_o attend_v the_o king_n person_n by_o turn_n and_o that_o not_o only_o to_o give_v he_o advice_n but_o likewise_o to_o inspect_v into_o his_o conduct_n and_o to_o prevent_v he_o from_o act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n for_o the_o king_n and_o council_n be_v accountable_a to_o the_o diet_n for_o any_o mismanagement_n in_o the_o government_n in_o short_a the_o genius_n of_o the_o polish_v nation_n and_o the_o whole_a frame_n of_o their_o constitution_n be_v entire_o bend_v to_o curb_n the_o king_n power_n and_o to_o secure_v their_o law_n and_o prerogative_n against_o the_o encroach_a faction_n of_o foreign_a prince_n or_o of_o their_o own_o court-party_n i_o may_v here_o my_o lord_n add_v a_o great_a many_o
a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n the_o seventy_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o srzdo_n or_o sremsk_v a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o seventy_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o zarnow_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n the_o eighti_v lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o malagost_n or_o malogsch_n a_o town_n in_o the_o same_o the_o eighty_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o vielunia_n a_o territory_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n the_o eighty_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o praemislaw_n a_o district_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o russia_n the_o eighty_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o halicz_n a_o district_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o eighty_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o sanoch_n a_o district_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o eighty_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o chelm_fw-ge the_o eighty_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o drohiczin_n a_o district_n of_o the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n the_o eighty_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o poloviec_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n the_o eighty_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o premecz_n or_o primen_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o eighty_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kriven_n a_o town_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o nineti_v lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o czekow_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o sendomir_n the_o ninety_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o nakel_n or_o naklo_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n the_o ninety_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o rosprza_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n the_o ninety_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o biechovia_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi the_o ninety_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o bidgotz_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o inowlocz_n the_o ninety_o five_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o brezini_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi the_o ninety_o six_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kruswick_n a_o district_n and_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o bresty_n the_o ninety_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o oswieczin_n a_o duchy_n and_o city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n the_o ninety_o eight_o lie_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kamin_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kalisch_n the_o ninety_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o spicimiria_n or_o rizepice_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n the_o hundred_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o inowlocz_n the_o hundred_o and_o first_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o kowalow_v a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o bresty_n the_o hundred_o and_o second_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o zandoc_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n the_o hundred_o and_o three_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o sochazovia_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o rava_n the_o hundred_o and_o four_o lay_n senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o warsaw_n a_o district_n and_o famous_a city_n in_o the_o province_n of_o masovia_n the_o hundred_o and_o five_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o gostinin_n a_o district_n and_o capital_a city_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o rava_n the_o hundred_o and_o six_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o wisna_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n the_o hundred_o and_o seven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o radzanow_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o plosko_fw-mi the_o hundred_o and_o eight_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o sieprcz_n or_o siepez_n a_o town_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o hundred_o and_o nine_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o wissegrod_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n the_o hundred_o and_o ten_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o ripin_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o dobrina_n the_o hundred_o and_o eleven_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o zacrol_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n the_o hundred_o and_o twelve_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cickanow_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o hundred_o and_o thirteen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o liw_n or_o liwo_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n the_o hundred_o and_o fourteen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o slonsk_n a_o district_n and_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o dobrina_n the_o hundred_o and_o fifteen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o lubazow_n a_o town_n in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o konarzew_n a_o town_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n the_o hundred_o and_o seventeen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o konarzew_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi the_o hundred_o and_o eighteen_o lay_v senator_n be_v the_o castellan_n of_o konarzew_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o cujavia_n office_n have_v thus_o go_v through_o the_o several_a precedency_n of_o the_o bishop_n palatine_n and_o castellan_n in_o the_o senate_n your_o grace_n may_v please_v to_o observe_v that_o a_o palatin_n can_v be_v a_o castellan_n of_o the_o same_o place_n whereof_o he_o be_v palatin_a nor_o can_v either_o of_o they_o two_o be_v a_o starosta_n or_o any_o other_o officer_n in_o the_o same_o palatinate_n or_o castellany_n except_o some_o few_o and_o all_o those_o of_o lithuania_n and_o prussia_n where_o the_o palatine_n govern_v whole_o by_o martial_a law_n neither_o can_v a_o palatin_n castellan_n or_o starosta_n have_v two_o command_n either_o of_o the_o same_o kind_a or_o any_o other_o at_o the_o same_o time_n it_o be_v likewise_o to_o be_v observe_v that_o no_o castellan_n can_v be_v burgrave_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n or_o any_o other_o castle_n whilst_o he_o be_v castellan_n polish_v in_o the_o polish_v tongue_n the_o castellan_n be_v call_v lord_n of_o a_o place_n by_o add_v only_o the_o termination_n of_o ki_n or_o ski_n to_o it_o as_o pan_n poznanski_n lord_n of_o posnan_n etc._n etc._n crown-officer_n last_o of_o all_o the_o lay_n senator_n come_v the_o ten_o crown-officer_n who_o stand_v about_o the_o throne_n on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o king_n their_o degree_n be_v as_o follow_v viz._n the_o great_a marshal_n or_o great_a steward_n of_o poland_n the_o great_a marshal_n or_o great_a steward_n of_o lithuania_n the_o great_a chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o great_a chancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o vicechancellor_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o great_a treasurer_n of_o the_o crown_n the_o great_a treasurer_n of_o the_o duchy_n the_o little_a marshal_n or_o court-marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o little_a marshal_n or_o court-marshal_n of_o the_o duchy_n precede_v here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o five_o senator-officer_n of_o lithuania_n have_v the_o same_o dignity_n and_o power_n with_o those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n except_o that_o they_o give_v place_n to_o the_o former_a but_o first_o for_o lay-senator_n the_o hundred_o and_o nineteen_o lay-senator_n who_o be_v the_o great_a marshal_n or_o great_a steward_n of_o poland_n office_n his_o office_n be_v to_o prepare_v every_o thing_n for_o the_o general_a diet_n either_o by_o command_n of_o the_o king_n or_o the_o primate_n to_o assign_v station_n for_o the_o several_a member_n to_o exclude_v such_o as_o be_v none_o and_o to_o provide_v lodging_n for_o foreign_a minister_n and_o moreover_o to_o take_v care_n that_o all_o be_v safe_a where_o that_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o state_n be_v to_o convene_v likewise_o to_o set_v prize_n upon_o all_o vendible_n and_o to_o moderate_v public_a show_n authority_n he_o may_v punish_v offender_n and_o seditious_a person_n even_o with_o death_n without_o be_v subject_n to_o a_o appeal_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o a_o matter_n of_o very_a great_a consequence_n he_o have_v the_o authority_n to_o impose_v silence_n and_o to_o give_v liberty_n to_o speak_v he_o have_v a_o power_n to_o admonish_v a_o senator_n or_o deputy_n if_o he_o exceed_v the_o bound_n of_o modesty_n in_o his_o harangue_n his_o business_n be_v to_o promulgate_v the_o act_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o to_o put_v in_o execution_n the_o king_n decree_n either_o in_o case_n of_o infamy_n or_o death_n his_o duty_n be_v privilege_n also_o to_o carry_v a_o staff_n erect_v
then_o they_o proceed_v to_o institute_v the_o court_n call_v kaptur_n treat_v of_o before_o interregnum_fw-la this_o diet_n consist_v of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o represent_v the_o king_n person_n and_o the_o other_o senator_n together_o with_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n 275._o in_o case_n there_o be_v no_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n when_o the_o king_n die_v the_o office_n of_o inter-rex_a come_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cujavia_n and_o next_o to_o the_o bishop_n of_o posnan_n and_o so_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o lower_n poland_n which_o in_o this_o respect_n be_v prefer_v to_o the_o high_a though_o in_o nothing_o else_o yet_o however_o they_o may_v grant_v away_o their_o power_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o inter-regnum_n before_o the_o election_n of_o the_o late_a king_n when_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n officiate_v during_o the_o whole_a interregnum_fw-la by_o a_o common_a consent_n of_o those_o bishop_n proceed_n 291._o some_o of_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n be_v dispatch_v to_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n to_o remain_v with_o they_o and_o to_o be_v assist_v to_o they_o with_o their_o counsel_n in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o war._n some_o senator_n and_o deputy_n likewise_o be_v appoint_v to_o inspect_v the_o crown-treasure_n deposit_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n and_o to_o take_v a_o inventory_n thereof_o which_o they_o be_v afterward_o to_o report_v to_o the_o diet._n this_o treasure_n be_v common_o commit_v to_o the_o custody_n of_o eight_o senator_n who_o be_v the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatine_n of_o cracovia_n posnania_n vilna_n sendomir_n kalisch_n and_o troki_n together_o with_o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n each_o have_v his_o particular_a seal_n and_o key_n and_o therefore_o none_o to_o act_v without_o the_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o all_o also_o commissioner_n be_v send_v to_o inform_v themselves_o of_o the_o king_n crown-revenue_n which_o they_o be_v likewise_o to_o make_v their_o report_n of_o during_o this_o session_n and_o till_o a_o new_a king_n be_v proclaim_v the_o republic_n 306._o claim_v the_o title_n of_o most_o serene_a from_o all_o sovereign_a prince_n and_o crown_v head_n although_o hautaville_n say_v he_o have_v observe_v that_o the_o king_n of_o france_n write_v to_o this_o diet_n of_o election_n have_v not_o falute_v they_o with_o that_o title_n but_o only_o express_v himself_o in_o these_o term_n to_o our_o dear_a and_o well_o belove_a friend_n and_o ally_n the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n two_o whilst_o this_o diet_n sit_v which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o be_v above_o a_o fortnight_n without_o prorogation_n and_o from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o circular_a letter_n to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n all_o court_n of_o justice_n cease_v except_o only_o that_o of_o the_o marshal_n which_o continue_v as_o before_o and_o a_o court_n establish_v to_o prevent_v disorder_n in_o the_o diet._n as_o for_o all_o private_a affair_n and_o suit_n of_o law_n they_o be_v delay_v till_o after_o the_o new_a king_n coronation_n the_o proceed_n in_o this_o diet_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o those_o in_o other_o diet_n occasion_n most_o crown_v head_n and_o other_o christian_a prince_n send_v ambassador_n to_o this_o election_n and_o more_o especial_o the_o emperor_n and_o king_n of_o france_n the_o pope_n also_o always_o send_v his_o nuncio_n to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o election_n shall_v fall_v upon_o a_o profess_a catholic_n and_o one_o that_o be_v in_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n the_o emperor_n and_o french_a king_n always_o raise_v great_a faction_n to_o promote_v their_o several_a interest_n receive_v before_o any_o ambassador_n arrive_v they_o be_v to_o send_v notice_n of_o their_o come_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n who_o be_v to_o appoint_v they_o lodging_n at_o a_o distance_n from_o the_o city_n and_o to_o assign_v they_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n who_o business_n be_v rather_o to_o observe_v their_o conduct_n and_o to_o acquaint_v the_o diet_n therewith_o than_o to_o do_v they_o either_o any_o service_n or_o honour_n but_o however_o these_o rule_n be_v but_o seldom_o observe_v for_o prince_n ambassador_n now_o general_o live_v public_o at_o warsaw_n a_o gentleman_n it_o be_v true_a be_v still_o appoint_v to_o be_v always_o with_o they_o who_o chief_a business_n be_v to_o prevent_v their_o corrupt_v any_o with_o money_n but_o this_o precaution_n be_v notwithstanding_o now_o become_v useless_a since_o avarice_n bear_v so_o great_a a_o sway_n in_o poland_n that_o even_o the_o fidelity_n which_o a_o polish_v gentleman_n owe_v his_o country_n can_v withstand_v the_o charm_n of_o a_o thousand_o crown_n republic_n ambassador_n be_v not_o only_o receive_v from_o foreign_a prince_n and_o their_o master_n letter_n public_o read_v but_o also_o polish_v minister_n be_v send_v at_o this_o time_n from_o the_o republic_n to_o all_o neighbour_a state_n to_o answer_v their_o embassy_n and_o to_o request_v their_o amity_n here_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o all_o ambassador_n or_o envoy_n who_o have_v have_v audience_n of_o leave_n before_o the_o late_a king_n death_n be_v desire_v to_o depart_v within_o eight_o day_n minister_n ambassador_n from_o foreign_a court_n must_v take_v especial_a care_n to_o secure_v the_o diet_n in_o general_n since_o the_o bare_a disoblige_v of_o one_o particular_a member_n may_v render_v they_o for_o ever_o incapable_a of_o bring_v their_o design_n about_o as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o election_n of_o michael_n wiesnowiski_n where_o the_o true_a reason_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o newburg_n be_v exclude_v be_v the_o quarrel_n with_o the_o chancellor_n patz_n nevertheless_o it_o must_v be_v acknowledge_v that_o that_o election_n be_v tumultuary_a the_o nobility_n have_v not_o their_o free_a vote_n and_o that_o they_o be_v in_o a_o manner_n hurry_v away_o by_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o multitude_n which_o be_v so_o great_a that_o prasmowski_n than_o primate_n be_v force_v to_o proclaim_v he_o though_o he_o know_v that_o the_o republic_n at_o that_o juncture_n have_v need_n of_o both_o a_o rich_a and_o valiant_a king_n neither_o of_o which_o that_o prince_n can_v in_o the_o least_o pretend_v to_o be_v he_o be_v no_o soon_o proclaim_v but_o the_o chancellor_n begin_v to_o insinuate_v that_o he_o owe_v his_o crown_n to_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o a_o difficult_a task_n for_o he_o to_o impose_v on_o a_o prince_n who_o be_v easy_o govern_v and_o who_o have_v always_o show_v more_o good_a nature_n than_o judgement_n diet_n after_o the_o diet_n of_o convocation_n end_v the_o nuncios_fw-la and_o deputy_n retire_v to_o their_o several_a country_n where_o they_o acquaint_v the_o gentry_n be_v a_o second_o time_n assemble_v in_o their_o little_a diet_n of_o the_o proceed_n in_o this_o general_a convocation_n and_o particular_o of_o the_o day_n assign_v for_o the_o election_n whereupon_o the_o gentry_n immediate_o begin_v to_o consult_v about_o what_o be_v proper_a to_o be_v propose_v in_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n and_o they_o proceed_v to_o choose_v new_a deputy_n in_o prussia_n the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n be_v sole_a lord_n lieutenant_n summon_v all_o these_o little_a diet_n by_o his_o mandate_n election_n the_o general_a diet_n for_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n be_v former_o hold_v at_o petricovia_n but_o since_o the_o join_n of_o the_o kingdom_n with_o the_o great_a duchy_n be_v always_o hold_v in_o a_o open_a field_n half_a a_o league_n from_o warsaw_n and_o near_o the_o village_n of_o vola_fw-la and_o be_v not_o to_o continue_v by_o the_o law_n above_o six_o week_n the_o crown-treasurer_n at_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o republic_n build_v there_o a_o large_a booth_n or_o hall_n with_o board_n not_o unlike_a booth_n in_o our_o bartholomew_n fair_a the_o name_n the_o pole_n give_v to_o this_o place_n be_v 295._o szopa_n signify_v a_o cover_a room_n against_o the_o injury_n of_o wether_n it_o have_v but_o three_o door_n to_o go_v in_o at_o and_o they_o fortify_v it_o round_o with_o a_o broad_a and_o deep_a ditch_n when_o this_o place_n be_v thus_o finish_v by_o the_o care_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a officer_n and_o the_o day_n fix_v for_o the_o diet_n convening_n be_v arrive_v the_o senator_n and_o nobility_n go_v in_o great_a order_n to_o st._n john_n church_n at_o warsaw_n where_o they_o pray_v god_n to_o assist_v they_o in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n who_o may_v have_v all_o the_o quality_n necessary_a to_o defend_v the_o church_n and_o protect_v the_o republic_n then_o they_o go_v to_o wait_v on_o the_o queen_n dowager_n to_o condole_v the_o death_n of_o the_o decease_a king_n her_o husband_n the_o primate_n speak_v for_o the_o senate_n and_o the_o last_o nuncio-marshal_n for_o the_o deputy_n who_o be_v then_o answer_v in_o the_o queen_n
country_n but_o here_o the_o citizen_n in_o prussia_n be_v except_v for_o they_o may_v possess_v land_n of_o what_o extent_n soever_o out_o of_o their_o city_n also_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o cracow_n may_v purchase_v and_o enjoy_v land_n in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n likewise_o the_o magistrate_n of_o vilna_n have_v a_o power_n to_o possess_v land_n and_o the_o city_n of_o leopol_n in_o like_a manner_n have_v a_o privilege_n for_o its_o private_a citizen_n to_o hold_v land_n privilege_n a_o nobleman_n gentleman_z or_o one_o that_o be_v freeborn_a of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v the_o same_o thing_n every_o gentleman_n have_v his_o coat_n of_o arm_n grant_v he_o by_o the_o republic_n but_o then_o either_o he_o or_o some_o of_o his_o family_n must_v have_v possession_n in_o land_n there_o he_o can_v pretend_v to_o all_o the_o great_a employment_n and_o office_n in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o buy_v land_n where_o he_o please_v all_o over_o the_o dominion_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n he_o have_v moreover_o a_o right_n to_o the_o crown_n if_o his_o credit_n and_o interest_n can_v procure_v it_o every_o gentleman_n be_v a_o sovereign_a lord_n and_o master_n in_o his_o own_o land_n for_o he_o have_v the_o power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n over_o his_o tenant_n or_o as_o the_o pole_n term_v they_o his_o subject_n though_o i_o may_v better_o call_v they_o his_o slave_n for_o they_o have_v neither_o privilege_n nor_o law_n to_o protect_v they_o but_o be_v to_o be_v govern_v absolute_o by_o the_o will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o their_o lord_n they_o dare_v not_o leave_v his_o land_n to_o go_v to_o another_o under_o pain_n of_o death_n unless_o he_o sell_v they_o to_o his_o neighbour_n as_o he_o have_v the_o power_n to_o do_v or_o have_v violate_v or_o ravish_v their_o wife_n or_o daughter_n insomuch_o that_o i_o have_v hear_v that_o some_o have_v wish_v to_o have_v have_v a_o fine_a wife_n or_o daughter_n that_o their_o lord_n may_v thereby_o have_v give_v they_o occasion_n to_o get_v rid_v of_o he_o convict_v if_o a_o gentleman_n kill_v another_o gentleman_n slave_n he_o be_v neither_o to_o be_v try_v nor_o punish_v for_o it_o and_o be_v only_o oblige_v to_o give_v that_o gentleman_n another_o slave_n in_o the_o room_n of_o he_o or_o as_o much_o money_n as_o will_v buy_v one_o and_o beside_o to_o maintain_v the_o family_n of_o the_o person_n that_o he_o have_v kill_v likewise_o if_o he_o kill_v one_o of_o his_o own_o slave_n he_o only_o pay_v a_o matter_n of_o fifty_o livre_n to_o be_v quit_v nay_o if_o one_o gentleman_n kill_v another_o he_o can_v be_v apprehend_v nor_o clap_v into_o prison_n for_o his_o crime_n nisi_fw-la jure_fw-la victus_fw-la unless_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n have_v first_o convict_v he_o which_o common_o give_v he_o time_n enough_o to_o escape_v for_o he_o must_v first_o be_v cite_v to_o appear_v and_o upon_o his_o neglect_n he_o be_v declare_v contumacious_a and_o consequent_o convict_v but_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v suppose_v that_o he_o who_o know_v himself_o guilty_a will_v not_o run_v the_o hazard_n of_o appear_v nor_o venture_v the_o lose_n of_o his_o head_n this_o honour_n the_o pole_n likewise_o bestow_v on_o the_o common_a people_n hang_v being_n not_o the_o usual_a way_n of_o execution_n in_o their_o country_n exception_n however_o hartknoch_n have_v these_o exception_n from_o this_o privilege_n for_o say_v he_o if_o a_o nobleman_n be_v take_v in_o the_o very_a act_n of_o ravish_v burn_v of_o house_n theft_n robbery_n or_o the_o like_a he_o may_v be_v apprehend_v by_o the_o law_n likewise_o if_o he_o will_v not_o give_v sufficient_a caution_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o his_o offence_n or_o last_o if_o he_o be_v find_v in_o the_o register_n to_o have_v be_v thrice_o convict_v before_o notwithstanding_o this_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n say_v hauteville_n i_o have_v know_v one_o instance_n to_o the_o contrary_a for_o those_o who_o assassinate_v gonczenski_n petty_a general_n of_o lithuania_n be_v seize_v without_o any_o formality_n and_o carry_v prisoner_n to_o elbing_n and_o be_v afterward_o condemn_v to_o be_v behead_v at_o the_o general_a diet_n at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1664._o but_o then_o this_o crime_n of_o they_o be_v so_o notorious_a that_o the_o nobility_n may_v well_o have_v wave_v their_o privilege_n for_o these_o villain_n take_v that_o gentleman_n out_o of_o his_o bed_n at_o vilna_n and_o put_v he_o into_o a_o coach_n with_o a_o confessor_n carry_v he_o out_o of_o the_o city_n where_o they_o scarce_o allow_v he_o time_n to_o say_v his_o prayer_n before_o they_o shoot_v he_o dead_a with_o pistol_n consent_n a_o polish_v nobleman_n though_o he_o be_v proscribe_v and_o cite_v and_o find_v guilty_a can_v be_v execute_v without_o the_o king_n knowledge_n and_o consent_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o case_n of_o samuel_n zborowski_n who_o though_o he_o have_v be_v proscribe_v and_o condemn_v by_o the_o great_a chancellor_n and_o general_n of_o the_o army_n zamoiski_n yet_o will_v he_o not_o presume_v to_o behead_v he_o till_o he_o have_v know_v king_n stephen_n pleasure_n therein_o soldier_n the_o polish_v gentry_n also_o have_v another_o privilege_n which_o be_v that_o no_o soldier_n or_o officer_n of_o the_o army_n can_v be_v quarter_v upon_o they_o for_o if_o any_o one_o shall_v presume_v to_o attempt_v such_o a_o thing_n the_o diet_n will_v either_o condemn_v he_o to_o death_n or_o pronounce_v he_o infamous_a whereby_o he_o will_v be_v deprive_v of_o the_o power_n of_o give_v his_o vote_n in_o all_o assembly_n and_o moreover_o be_v render_v incapable_a of_o enjoy_v any_o office_n or_o employment_n in_o the_o state_n and_o this_o be_v as_o be_v degrade_v from_o his_o nobility_n whereupon_o i_o may_v take_v notice_n of_o a_o passage_n that_o happen_v at_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n of_o john_n iii_o and_o which_o do_v not_o a_o little_a contribute_v towards_o his_o be_v choose_v the_o palatin_n of_o smolensko_n son_n go_v and_o quarter_v at_o the_o house_n of_o wiesnowiski_n without_o his_o leave_n as_o be_v report_v by_o order_n of_o the_o grand_a general_n patz_n which_o occasion_v the_o marshal_n who_o be_v judge_n in_o these_o case_n two_o day_n before_o the_o break_n up_o of_o the_o diet_n to_o deprive_v this_o palatin_n of_o his_o vote_n in_o the_o election_n whereby_o sobieski_n be_v free_v from_o a_o declare_a enemy_n and_o the_o austrian_a faction_n lose_v a_o profess_a friend_n gentry_n the_o king_n likewise_o can_v now_o lodge_v in_o any_o nobleman_n house_n against_o his_o will_n as_o he_o can_v before_o the_o year_n 1433._o also_o wherever_o any_o foreigner_n die_v without_o heir_n his_o estate_n escheat_n to_o the_o lord_n of_o those_o land_n where_o he_o die_v and_o not_o to_o the_o king_n and_o where_o any_o polish_v gentleman_n die_v without_o heir_n the_o king_n can_v seize_v upon_o his_o estate_n by_o right_a of_o escheat_n if_o he_o have_v a_o relation_n leave_v of_o the_o eight_o degree_n inclusive_o the_o gentry_n also_o may_v have_v house_n in_o the_o king_n city_n and_o town_n but_o then_o they_o must_v not_o let_v such_o trade_n inhabit_v they_o as_o may_v prove_v obnoxious_a or_o a_o nuisance_n to_o the_o citizen_n and_o likewise_o these_o house_n ought_v to_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o city_n but_o which_o however_o be_v seldom_o or_o never_o observe_v the_o house_n of_o a_o nobleman_n moreover_o be_v a_o kind_a of_o asylum_n for_o though_o delinquent_n may_v be_v arrest_v there_o with_o his_o consent_n yet_o can_v they_o be_v take_v thence_o by_o force_n diet._n not_o less_o be_v a_o nobleman_n privilege_n as_o to_o custom_n and_o tax_n for_o if_o he_o will_v swear_v his_o good_n be_v not_o buy_v but_o arise_v from_o his_o land_n he_o may_v send_v they_o any_o where_o out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o be_v sell_v without_o pay_v duty_n and_o where_o he_o have_v once_o so_o swear_v his_o testimonial_n alone_o for_o the_o future_a will_v suffice_v to_o exempt_v they_o also_o his_o subject_n will_v have_v the_o same_o privilege_n wherever_o they_o trade_n in_o prussia_n the_o noble_n be_v not_o only_o free_a from_o custom_n but_o likewise_o all_o the_o other_o inhabitant_n by_o the_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la of_o culm_n but_o although_o the_o polish_v nobility_n be_v thus_o say_v to_o be_v free_a from_o tax_n yet_o upon_o emergent_a occasion_n and_o exigency_n the_o diet_n usual_o oblige_v they_o to_o pay_v they_o for_o a_o certain_a time_n preemption_n the_o nobility_n also_o have_v a_o privilege_n of_o preemption_n of_o salt_n for_o in_o the_o staple_n for_o that_o commodity_n there_o must_v be_v at_o least_o a_o month_n notice_n before_o any_o can_v be_v sell_v to_o any_o body_n else_o notwithstanding_o after_o all_o these_o privilege_n the_o polish_v nobility_n
have_v one_o very_o great_a grievance_n which_o be_v that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o serve_v in_o the_o pospolite_n ruszanie_n or_o general_n muster_v of_o the_o militia_n at_o their_o own_o charge_n privilege_n how_o the_o polish_v gentry_n come_v by_o all_o these_o privilege_n it_o may_v not_o be_v here_o improper_a to_o inquire_v since_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o former_o they_o be_v not_o much_o better_a than_o slave_n for_o to_o pass_v by_o many_o other_o example_n cromerus_n say_v they_o be_v once_o oblige_v to_o keep_v the_o king_n dog_n the_o first_o glimpse_n of_o their_o liberty_n may_v reasonable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o privilege_n grant_v the_o clergy_n by_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a but_o afterward_o when_o poland_n begin_v to_o be_v harass_v by_o civil_a war_n the_o gentry_n obtain_v many_o large_a privilege_n from_o their_o king_n and_o which_o they_o have_v since_o always_o take_v care_n to_o get_v augment_v at_o every_o new_a election_n honour_n all_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n be_v equal_a by_o birth_n notwithstanding_o some_o of_o the_o mean_a sort_v send_v their_o child_n to_o serve_v the_o great_a man_n as_o other_o servant_n and_o this_o principal_o to_o learn_v breed_n and_o to_o be_v keep_v in_o awe_n yet_o may_v that_o very_a same_o servant_n have_v as_o good_a a_o vote_n in_o the_o diet_n as_o his_o master_n they_o neither_o value_n nor_o care_n for_o title_n of_o honour_n for_o they_o think_v the_o great_a they_o can_v have_v be_v to_o be_v a_o noble_a pole_n or_o gentleman_n of_o poland_n neither_o the_o king_n nor_o republic_n give_v any_o title_n of_o prince_n duke_z marquess_z count_z viscount_n baron_n or_o knight_n to_o any_o of_o the_o freeborn_a of_o the_o nation_n think_v i_o suppose_v that_o none_o can_v be_v any_o way_n raise_v above_o another_o by_o a_o bare_a exterior_a denomination_n which_o argue_v more_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o prince_n than_o merit_n of_o the_o person_n prefer_v but_o rather_o by_o their_o service_n in_o the_o office_n and_o employment_n which_o they_o enjoy_v despise_v there_o be_v no_o prince_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o those_o which_o be_v of_o the_o royal_a family_n for_o although_o some_o of_o the_o pole_n have_v be_v make_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o the_o emperor_n as_o prince_n lubomirski_n etc._n etc._n yet_o it_o give_v they_o no_o precedence_n in_o poland_n but_o rather_o render_v they_o odious_a and_o despise_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o gentry_n who_o can_v endure_v that_o any_o shall_v pretend_v to_o any_o superiority_n among_o they_o especial_o by_o a_o title_n which_o be_v not_o annex_v to_o some_o employment_n in_o the_o nation_n undervalue_v king_n sigismond_n iii_o thought_n of_o establish_v a_o order_n of_o knighthood_n of_o the_o immaculate_a conception_n in_o poland_n and_o have_v effectual_o create_v several_a knight_n thereof_o allow_v they_o certain_a privilege_n and_o a_o superiority_n above_o other_o but_o these_o be_v so_o despise_v and_o undervalue_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o gentry_n that_o scarce_o any_o one_o afterward_o care_v for_o that_o upstart_a honour_n whereupon_o that_o order_n soon_o dwindle_v into_o nothing_o the_o pole_n have_v a_o proverb_n to_o prove_v their_o equality_n which_o be_v that_o they_o be_v measure_v like_o a_o bushel_n of_o corn_n that_o be_v whenever_o any_o one_o pretend_v to_o rise_v but_o a_o grain_n above_o the_o level_n he_o be_v immediate_o strike_v off_o and_o ridicule_v poland_n there_o be_v some_o gentleman_n in_o poland_n that_o have_v have_v dutchy_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n annex_v to_o their_o estate_n as_o duke_n radzivil_n in_o lithuania_n etc._n etc._n but_o there_o be_v no_o dutchy_n or_o county_n create_v by_o the_o king_n travel_v though_o the_o pole_n in_o their_o own_o country_n have_v no_o honorary_a title_n above_o a_o gentleman_n yet_o several_a have_v be_v know_v to_o have_v usurp_v they_o when_o they_o have_v travel_v into_o france_n italy_n and_o germany_n for_o they_o there_o frequent_o assume_v those_o of_o count_n to_o themselves_o in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o german_n in_o foreign_a country_n do_v those_o of_o baron_n for_o nothing_o be_v more_o common_a than_o monsieur_n le_fw-fr conte_n malakowski_n il_fw-fr signior_n conde_n potoski_n mynheer_n graff_n jablonowski_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o they_o do_v to_o be_v the_o more_o easy_o admit_v into_o company_n especial_o in_o germany_n where_o it_o be_v scarce_o think_v that_o any_o body_n can_v be_v a_o gentleman_n under_o a_o baron_n and_o consequent_o not_o fit_a for_o conversation_n dr._n connor_n likewise_o say_v he_o have_v know_v some_o of_o our_o english_a gentry_n in_o these_o country_n that_o have_v not_o scrupule_v to_o call_v themselves_o lord_n to_o procure_v they_o the_o great_a respect_n since_o they_o see_v that_o the_o title_n of_o gentleman_n alone_o be_v not_o regard_v there_o gentry_n the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n make_v and_o defend_v their_o own_o law_n and_o liberty_n elect_v their_o king_n with_o all_o manner_n of_o freedom_n give_v he_o the_o crown_n and_o sceptre_n appoint_v minister_n to_o counsel_n and_o instruct_v he_o and_o their_o number_n far_o exceed_v that_o of_o the_o senate_n they_o easy_o keep_v the_o king_n and_o senator_n in_o their_o duty_n and_o threaten_v both_o very_a often_o especial_o in_o the_o diet_n where_o each_o member_n have_v a_o liberty_n to_o speak_v what_o he_o think_v and_o to_o think_v what_o he_o please_v it_o be_v they_o that_o despute_v the_o nuncios_fw-la out_o of_o themselves_o for_o every_o province_n to_o meet_v and_o sit_v in_o the_o general_n diet_n with_o full_a instruction_n and_o absolute_a power_n not_o to_o consent_v to_o any_o proceed_n which_o shall_v in_o the_o least_o entrench_v on_o their_o privilege_n or_o if_o such_o deputy_n shall_v happen_v to_o be_v bribe_v to_o act_v contrary_a to_o their_o instruction_n then_o have_v the_o gentry_n of_o the_o province_n whence_o they_o be_v send_v a_o free_a authority_n to_o punish_v they_o for_o so_o do_v great_a not_o only_o these_o excessive_a privilege_n make_v the_o polish_v gentry_n powerful_a and_o great_a but_o likewise_o the_o vast_a territory_n which_o a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o enjoy_v with_o a_o despotic_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n for_o some_o possess_v five_o some_o ten_o some_o fifteen_o some_o twenty_o nay_o some_o thirty_o league_n of_o land_n out_o right_a whereon_o they_o have_v always_o their_o several_a pod-starostas_a or_o gentlemen-steward_n reside_v who_o be_v to_o take_v account_n of_o their_o revenue_n to_o sell_v some_o thing_n and_o to_o send_v the_o rest_n to_o their_o master_n house_n to_o defray_v the_o exigency_n of_o the_o family_n some_o also_o be_v hereditary_a sovereign_n of_o city_n which_o the_o king_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v with_o and_o one_o of_o the_o prince_n lubomirski_n possess_v above_o four_o thousand_o city_n town_n and_o village_n moreover_o some_o can_v raise_v a_o army_n of_o five_o six_o eight_o and_o ten_o thousand_o man_n and_o maintain_v they_o at_o their_o own_o charge_n when_o they_o have_v do_v dr._n connor_n say_v prince_n lubomirski_n have_v actual_o seven_o thousand_o horse_n foot_n and_o dragoon_n in_o pay_n when_o he_o be_v in_o poland_n magnificence_n all_o the_o gentry_n of_o note_n live_v most_o splendid_o they_o have_v all_o their_o horse_n and_o foot_n guard_n which_o keep_v sentry_n night_n and_o day_n at_o the_o gate_n of_o their_o house_n they_o call_v they_o court_v and_o in_o their_o antichamber_n these_o guard_n go_v before_o and_o after_o their_o master_n coach_n in_o the_o street_n but_o above_o all_o these_o nobleman_n make_v a_o extraordinary_a figure_n at_o the_o general_a diet_n where_o some_o have_v three_o hundred_o some_o five_o and_o some_o a_o thousand_o guard_n always_o attend_v they_o nay_o hauteville_n say_v that_o former_o some_o great_a person_n have_v be_v know_v to_o come_v to_o the_o diet_n with_o above_o ten_o thousand_o men._n they_o esteem_v themselves_o not_o only_o equal_a but_o also_o above_o the_o prince_n of_o germany_n especial_o such_o among_o they_o as_o be_v senator_n it_o be_v certain_a they_o want_v nothing_o to_o be_v as_o so_o many_o sovereign_a prince_n except_o the_o liberty_n of_o coin_v money_n which_o the_o republic_n have_v reserve_v whole_o to_o itself_o the_o doctor_n say_v he_o have_v no_o where_o see_v subject_n live_v with_o such_o excessive_a grandeur_n and_o splendour_n for_o these_o great_a man_n when_o they_o go_v to_o dinner_n or_o supper_n have_v always_o their_o trumpet_n sound_v and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o gentry_n to_o wait_v on_o they_o at_o table_n some_o whereof_o carve_v some_o give_v to_o drink_v other_o reach_v plate_n and_o all_o serve_v with_o extraordinary_a respect_n and_o submission_n for_o though_o all_o the_o gentry_n in_o poland_n be_v equal_a and_o have_v all_o their_o free_a vote_n in_o the_o diet_n yet_o
bear_v their_o own_o loss_n and_o suffer_v all_o disaster_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o temper_n so_o likewise_o they_o regard_v the_o misery_n and_o misfortune_n of_o other_o with_o the_o same_o indifference_n for_o they_o will_v often_o stand_v and_o see_v a_o house_n burn_v without_o offer_v in_o the_o least_o to_o lend_v a_o help_a hand_n to_o quench_v it_o neither_o be_v they_o more_o indulgent_a to_o their_o child_n or_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o child_n to_o their_o parent_n both_o who_o be_v reciprocal_o suffer_v to_o continue_v slave_n to_o the_o tartar_n when_o but_o a_o small_a sum_n of_o money_n will_v purchase_v their_o redemption_n practise_v in_o poland_n there_o be_v neither_o academy_n nor_o school_n for_o the_o manege_v ride_v the_o great_a horse_n fence_v nor_o dance_v and_o yet_o the_o gentry_n be_v natural_o bend_v to_o those_o exercise_n will_v either_o practise_v they_o at_o home_n after_o their_o own_o rude_a fashion_n or_o travel_v to_o inform_v themselves_o of_o stranger_n abroad_o of_o all_o these_o pastime_n music_n and_o dance_a be_v their_o darling_n pleasure_n for_o even_o the_o very_a nurse_n be_v order_v to_o teach_v their_o child_n this_o last_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o can_v go_v so_o that_o you_o shall_v often_o see_v two_o child_n trip_v it_o about_o a_o room_n to_o the_o dull_a note_n of_o their_o nurse_n or_o a_o servant_n pipe_n the_o pole_n be_v so_o addict_v to_o music_n that_o bargeman_n may_v be_v frequent_o see_v play_v on_o fiddle_n as_o they_o sail_v along_o the_o river_n vistula_n with_o corn._n the_o other_o custom_n and_o manner_n of_o the_o pole_n i_o shall_v inform_v your_o lordship_n of_o as_o methodical_o and_o succinct_o as_o the_o variety_n of_o matter_n will_v admit_v but_o first_o a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o polish_v family_n and_o name_n and_o the_o gentry_n be_v divide_v into_o many_o tribe_n all_o distinguish_v not_o by_o place_n or_o country_n but_o by_o several_a peculiar_a appellative_n and_o coat_n of_o arm_n out_o of_o every_o one_o of_o these_o spring_v several_a family_n of_o different_a name_n and_o affinity_n for_o example_n to_o the_o tribe_n of_o lelivicz_n who_o standard_n be_v a_o field_n azure_a charge_v with_o a_o new_a moon_n in_o chief_a and_o a_o star_n of_o the_o first_o magnitude_n between_o its_o horn_n belong_v the_o family_n of_o zarnowiski_n pileczki_n melstin_n etc._n etc._n now_o former_o the_o pole_n have_v their_o name_n from_o several_a occasion_n but_o of_o latter_a day_n they_o have_v be_v accustom_a to_o take_v they_o only_o from_o castle_n city_n town_n and_o village_n most_o common_o by_o add_v the_o termination_n ski_n or_o ki_n which_o signify_v son_n though_o some_o say_v dominion_n because_o they_o be_v general_o so_o call_v from_o the_o place_n which_o they_o govern._n in_o lithuania_n the_o termination_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v in_o witz_fw-fr which_o rather_o imply_v son_n than_o ski_n sometime_o also_o they_o take_v their_o name_n from_o these_o place_n by_o omit_v ski_n and_o witz_n and_o put_v before_o the_o place_n à _fw-la ab_fw-la in_fw-la or_o de_fw-fr as_o à _fw-fr gorka_n in_o tenstin_n de_fw-fr fulstin_n and_o the_o like_a some_o of_o the_o pole_n usual_a name_n be_v which_o i_o mention_v for_o the_o difficulty_n of_o pronunciation_n chrzonstowski_n krzikritzki_n grzmialtowski_n etc._n etc._n last_o several_a name_n in_o poland_n begin_v with_o a_o o_o as_o opalinski_n osolmski_n vzaorwski_n orzakowski_n and_o such_o like_a duration_n now_o as_o to_o marriage_n among_o the_o pole_n it_o must_v first_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o feast_n of_o those_o of_o the_o gentry_n always_o last_v three_o day_n be_v they_o that_o make_v they_o either_o poor_a or_o rich_a wherefore_o they_o must_v necessary_o be_v exceed_v expensive_a if_o a_o lady_n marry_o any_o of_o her_o wait_a maid_n she_o general_o expend_v as_o much_o as_o for_o one_o of_o her_o daughter_n but_o as_o the_o court-marriage_n will_v show_v the_o great_a magnificence_n of_o this_o kind_n i_o shall_v entertain_v your_o lordship_n out_o of_o hauteville_n with_o one_o of_o that_o sort_n court-marriage_n when_o the_o queen_n marry_v any_o of_o her_o maid_n of_o honour_n or_o when_o any_o senator_n or_o great_a lord_n be_v to_o be_v marry_v the_o first_o and_o second_o day_n the_o king_n give_v a_o great_a feast_n for_o this_o purpose_n a_o large_a hall_n be_v pitch_v upon_o where_o there_o be_v three_o table_n set_v out_o at_o the_o first_o table_n sit_v the_o king_n and_o queen_n in_o a_o manner_n that_o they_o both_o face_v the_o hall_n next_o the_o queen_n sit_v the_o two_o that_o be_v to_o be_v marry_v and_o next_o to_o the_o king_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n and_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n at_o the_o same_o table_n likewise_o sit_v the_o foreign_a ambassador_n over_o against_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n at_o the_o two_o other_o table_n extend_v the_o whole_a length_n of_o the_o hall_n all_o the_o lady_n senators_z and_o officer_n except_o only_o such_o as_o wait_v on_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n be_v place_v by_o a_o officer_n according_a to_o their_o respective_a precedence_n thereat_o most_o common_o this_o feast_n begin_v about_o four_o or_o five_o of_o the_o clock_n in_o the_o afternoon_n and_o last_v to_o two_o or_o three_o in_o the_o morning_n here_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o the_o senator_n be_v accustom_a to_o rise_v often_o and_o go_v up_o to_o the_o king_n table_n to_o drink_v his_o majesty_n health_n on_o their_o knee_n at_o these_o feast_n they_o eat_v little_a but_o drink_v hungarian_a wine_n to_o a_o immoderate_a degree_n the_o lady_n out_o of_o modesty_n only_o touch_v the_o top_n of_o the_o glass_n with_o their_o lip_n and_o so_o set_v they_o down_o before_o they_o or_o pour_v they_o into_o their_o plate_n in_o a_o manner_n thaâ—_n more_o wine_n be_v think_v to_o be_v spill_v and_o lose_v here_o than_o drink_v when_o they_o have_v sit_v about_o five_o or_o six_o hour_n at_o table_n the_o violin_n and_o a_o little_a sort_n of_o portable_a organ_n begin_v to_o strike_v up_o and_o then_o they_o spend_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o time_n in_o dance_v in_o this_o exercise_n every_o body_n join_v and_o not_o so_o much_o as_o the_o old_a people_n of_o either_o sex_n be_v excuse_v those_o that_o begin_v the_o dance_n be_v general_o the_o ancient_a senator_n and_o old_a lady_n who_o move_v slow_o about_o like_o so_o many_o friar_n or_o nun_n in_o procession_n but_o although_o the_o dance_a begin_v with_o so_o much_o gravity_n and_o formality_n yet_o it_o usual_o end_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o hurry_n and_o confusion_n bride_n on_o the_o second_o day_n all_o the_o guest_n present_v the_o bride_n with_o something_o new_a and_o none_o give_v less_o than_o a_o small_a piece_n of_o plate_n all_o these_o present_n be_v make_v before_o the_o queen_n this_o ceremony_n be_v perform_v before_o they_o sit_v down_o to_o table_n these_o present_v most_o common_o make_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o bride_n portion_n the_o late_a princess_n of_o poland_n when_o she_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n have_v above_o the_o value_n of_o 100000_o crown_n present_v she_o ceremony_n on_o the_o three_o day_n be_v solemnize_v the_o espousal_n all_o the_o wedding_n guest_n accompany_v the_o bridegroom_n and_o bride_n on_o horseback_n to_o church_n as_o likewise_o in_o their_o return_n home_o when_o they_o be_v always_o to_o pass_v by_o the_o king_n palace_n during_o all_o the_o time_n of_o their_o come_n and_o go_v the_o trumpets_z sound_n from_o the_o balcony_n on_o both_o side_n the_o way_n when_o the_o bride_n have_v be_v conduct_v to_o her_o husband_n house_n and_o a_o magnificent_a feast_n there_o prepare_v be_v end_v and_o the_o company_n go_v the_o bride_n begin_v to_o fall_v a_o cry_n it_o be_v the_o custom_n it_o seem_v in_o poland_n for_o maid_n to_o weep_v at_o that_o time_n and_o to_o seem_v concern_v for_o fear_n they_o shall_v be_v think_v impudent_a and_o immodest_a the_o other_o marriage_n of_o the_o gentry_n in_o poland_n be_v perform_v much_o after_o the_o same_o manner_n only_o with_o less_o magnificence_n dispensation_n the_o man_n and_o the_o woman_n that_o be_v godfather_n and_o godmother_n to_o child_n be_v always_o cousin_n and_o relation_n though_o they_o be_v not_o so_o before_o and_o consequent_o can_v be_v marry_v without_o a_o dispensation_n from_o the_o bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n procession_n the_o ceremony_n of_o burial_n in_o poland_n be_v usual_o celebrate_v with_o so_o great_a pomp_n and_o magnificence_n that_o one_o will_v rather_o take_v they_o for_o triumph_n than_o enterment_n the_o corpse_n have_v be_v put_v into_o the_o coffin_n it_o be_v place_v in_o a_o hearse_n or_o chariot_n with_o six_o horse_n all_o cover_v with_o black_a housing_n the_o coffin_n have_v a_o
any_o presumption_n i_o have_v to_o lay_v down_o any_o thing_n which_o may_v in_o the_o least_o contribute_v or_o add_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o general_n officer_n of_o your_o experience_n my_o lord_n militia_n in_o the_o infancy_n of_o the_o polish_v empire_n the_o pole_n be_v rather_o force_v by_o a_o arbitrary_a power_n than_o command_v by_o indulgent_a law_n to_o defend_v their_o country_n and_o extend_v its_o limit_n but_o since_o christianity_n have_v be_v receive_v among_o they_o bolestaus_fw-la chrobry_n their_o first_o king_n ordain_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o horse_n out_o of_o every_o palatinate_n and_o district_n and_o a_o set_a company_n of_o foot_n out_o of_o every_o city_n and_o town_n to_o be_v ready_a at_o a_o short_a warning_n and_o to_o bring_v their_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n along_o with_o they_o this_o be_v what_o they_o call_v their_o pospolite_n ruszenie_v or_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o militia_n of_o the_o kingdom_n gather_v together_o under_o one_o head_n or_o general_n at_o a_o place_n and_o time_n appoint_v by_o the_o king_n and_o those_o of_o the_o senate_n that_o be_v always_o to_o attend_v he_o as_o his_o privy-council_n horse_n to_o this_o general_a expedition_n first_o all_o land_a gentry_n as_o well_o public_a as_o private_a a_o few_o only_o except_v which_o i_o shall_v name_v hereafter_o be_v oblige_v to_o come_v 2._o all_o gentry_n that_o live_v in_o city_n or_o town_n upon_o usury_n or_o otherwise_o 3._o all_o citizen_n that_o enjoy_v land_n or_o tenement_n these_o beside_o all_o in_o prussia_n be_v those_o of_o cracow_n vilna_n and_o leopol_n 4._o all_o tenant_n that_o have_v hire_v land_n be_v to_o go_v themselves_o or_o to_o send_v out_o other_o 5._o the_o king_n tenant_n 6._o ecclesiastical_a scultet_n or_o advocate_n 7._o in_o case_n of_o imminent_a danger_n all_o citizen_n in_o general_n be_v order_v either_o to_o send_v or_o go_v themselves_o 8._o even_o those_o gentry_n that_o be_v clap_v up_o in_o jail_n for_o heinous_a crime_n be_v to_o be_v let_v out_o to_o assist_v at_o the_o pospolite_n yet_o when_o that_o be_v once_o over_o they_o be_v to_o return_v to_o prison_n again_o to_o expiate_v the_o whole_a extent_n of_o their_o sentence_n both_o all_o these_o be_v to_o be_v horse_n well_o accoutre_v but_o as_o a_o army_n can_v be_v complete_a without_o some_o foot_n this_o pospolite_n also_o do_v consist_v former_o of_o the_o 20_o boor_n out_o of_o every_o village_n or_o rather_o farm_n who_o be_v to_o be_v arm_v with_o a_o scymitar_n long_a gun_n and_o pole-ax_n but_o which_o be_v often_o now_o change_v to_o a_o mulct_n to_o hire_v foreigner_n yet_o there_o be_v still_o some_o polish_v foot_n though_o of_o small_a esteem_n every_o citizen_n that_o be_v now_o worth_a 8000_o florence_o be_v to_o find_v a_o horse_n and_o he_o that_o have_v only_o 4000_o be_v to_o set_v out_o a_o foot-soldier_n well_o provide_v the_o boor_n also_o be_v to_o fit_v out_o one_o among_o 28_o family_n and_o to_o furnish_v he_o with_o provision_n sufficient_a for_o half_a a_o year_n the_o pole_n term_v both_o these_o wybrancy_n that_o be_v pick_v or_o select_v man_n so_o that_o wybraniecka_n piechota_n be_v a_o pick_v soldier_n if_o any_o of_o all_o these_o refuse_v to_o appear_v upon_o the_o three_o summons_n their_o land_n or_o good_n be_v immediate_o confiscate_v to_o the_o king_n use_n serve_v those_o gentry_n that_o be_v excuse_v from_o appear_v at_o the_o pospolite_n be_v 1._o such_o as_o may_v depute_v other_o in_o their_o room_n viz._n superannuated_a or_o sick_a person_n widow_n orphan_n minor_n and_o last_o the_o clergy_n for_o their_o temporality_n when_o any_o public_a or_o private_a nobleman_n be_v sick_a he_o must_v notisie_n and_o attest_v it_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o several_a sufficient_a witness_n also_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o in_o lithuania_n a_o clergy_n man_n must_v send_v out_o both_o for_o his_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a estate_n as_o likewise_o in_o poland_n where_o there_o be_v any_o temporal_a land_n annex_v to_o his_o benefice_n 2._o those_o that_o have_v estate_n in_o several_a palatinate_n or_o district_n be_v oblige_v but_o to_o appear_v for_o one_o 3._o the_o poor_a sort_n of_o gentry_n be_v ease_v in_o some_o measure_n for_o several_a of_o they_o may_v join_v in_o the_o fit_v out_o of_o one_o horse_n which_o be_v practise_v especial_o in_o masovia_n also_o brother_n that_o be_v joint-tenant_n may_v depute_v one_o to_o appear_v for_o all_o 4._o the_o king_n court_n and_o retinue_n be_v not_o oblige_v to_o muster_n under_o the_o palatine_n and_o where_o the_o king_n do_v not_o go_v into_o the_o field_n in_o person_n they_o be_v to_o be_v total_o excuse_v 5._o about_o 30_o of_o the_o gentry_n of_o the_o queen_n court_n be_v exempt_a 6._o about_o 12_o of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n court_n and_o oftentimes_o some_o officer_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n and_o other_o bishop_n court_n especial_o where_o their_o attendance_n be_v otherwise_o require_v by_o the_o republic_n 7._o all_o minister_n to_o foreign_a court_n together_o with_o their_o domestic_n be_v absolute_o to_o be_v dispense_v with_o 8._o all_o starosta_n that_o be_v leave_v in_o garrison_n and_o their_o tribune_n and_o last_o the_o great_a constable_n or_o governor_n of_o cracow_n castle_n with_o his_o deputy_n the_o burgraves_n and_o two_o captain_n of_o foot_n be_v to_o be_v excuse_v several_a province_n and_o palatinate_v likewise_o have_v peculiar_a privilege_n relate_v to_o this_o general_a meeting_n for_o in_o the_o palatinate_v of_o masovia_n and_o plockzko_n six_o brother_n although_o they_o have_v distinct_a estate_n send_v but_o one_o horseman_n in_o podlachia_n out_o of_o ten_o farm_n they_o send_v but_o one_o light-horse_n and_o out_o of_o twenty_o but_o one_o cuirassier_n the_o palatinate_v of_o kiovia_n and_o braclaw_n have_v likewise_o peculiar_a privilege_n in_o a_o general_a expedition_n the_o gentry_n of_o podolia_n be_v to_o continue_v in_o garrison_n at_o caminiec_n while_o the_o pole_n have_v that_o city_n in_o possession_n the_o prussian_n also_o need_v not_o march_v beyond_o the_o river_n vistula_n ossa_n and_o drebnicz_n and_o last_o lithuanian_n be_v not_o to_o go_v beyond_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o great_a duchy_n now_o as_o to_o the_o great_a number_n assemble_v at_o this_o pospolite_n basko_n a_o polish_v writer_n say_v that_o only_o in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lenschet_fw-mi in_o the_o time_n of_o boleslaus_n chrobry_n 2000_o cuirassier_n and_o 4000_o light-horse_n be_v raise_v at_o one_o time_n starovolscius_fw-la say_v that_o uladislaus_n have_v 100000_o horse_n against_o the_o prussian_a knight_n over_z and_o above_o what_o he_o have_v leave_v to_o defend_v the_o province_n i_o may_v observe_v several_a other_o prodigious_a lustration_n out_o of_o the_o aforesaid_a author_n but_o for_o brevity_n sake_n i_o omit_v they_o only_o i_o may_v affirm_v with_o boterus_n in_o his_o description_n of_o poland_n that_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n the_o pole_n can_v raise_v upward_o of_o 100000_o horse_n and_o the_o lithuanian_n 70000_o but_o starovolscius_fw-la be_v of_o opinion_n they_o can_v both_o raise_v above_o 200000_o horse_n without_o expense_n also_o fredro_n think_v that_o the_o pole_n can_v raise_v above_o 200000_o horse_n the_o number_n of_o polish_v foot_n be_v uncertain_a they_o be_v at_o liberty_n to_o appear_v or_o to_o be_v excuse_v for_o money_n starovolscius_fw-la say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n they_o do_v not_o amount_v to_o many_o hundred_o be_v discourage_v by_o the_o rigour_n of_o their_o starosta_n and_o whole_o confine_v to_o their_o rustic_a drudgery_n though_o continue_v he_o they_o be_v more_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o hardship_n of_o war_n then_o either_o the_o german_n or_o hungarian_n who_o can_v scarce_o live_v in_o the_o polish_v air._n he_o also_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o polish_v infantry_n if_o encourage_v may_v amount_v to_o a_o considerable_a number_n and_o be_v not_o a_o little_a serviceable_a the_o foreign_a hire_a foot_n have_v sometime_o exceed_v 30000_o when_o the_o cosack_v serve_v the_o pole_n but_o they_o fight_v also_o on_o horseback_n and_o king_n stephen_n in_o his_o expedition_n against_o the_o suede_n in_o livonia_n have_v above_o 16000_o german_a and_o hungarian_a foot_n in_o his_o pay_n muster_v now_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o present_v your_o grace_n with_o a_o account_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o raise_v and_o muster_v this_o vast_a body_n of_o men._n when_o a_o pospolite_n be_v once_o agree_v by_o the_o general_n diet_n to_o be_v summon_v the_o king_n after_o the_o ancient_a manner_n send_v out_o his_o writ_n or_o letter_n into_o all_o the_o palatinate_v or_o district_v of_o his_o kingdom_n which_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o inferior_a officer_n they_o be_v fasten_v by_o a_o small_a cord_n to_o a_o long_a pole_n whence_o they_o be_v call_v
city_n have_v always_o above_o 2000_o soldier_n in_o service_n and_o they_o can_v easy_o maintain_v 12000_o but_o in_o case_n of_o necessity_n they_o have_v be_v know_v to_o have_v raise_v 60000._o for_o ship_n they_o have_v no_o man_n of_o war_n but_o abundance_n of_o merchantman_n of_o 3_o or_o 400_o tun_n each_o and_o 30_o or_o 40_o gun_n apiece_o they_o never_o trade_n so_o far_o as_o the_o east_n or_o west-indies_n but_o into_o the_o straits_n and_o all_o over_o europe_n they_o do_v prussia_n here_o it_o may_v not_o be_v improper_a to_o give_v your_o excellency_n some_o short_a account_n of_o their_o present_a coin_n in_o dantzick_n but_o first_o by_o way_n of_o digression_n i_o may_v observe_v that_o the_o coin_n which_o the_o teutonic_n order_v bring_v into_o prussia_n not_o prove_v sufficient_a to_o furnish_v that_o country_n with_o money_n those_o knight_n soon_o begin_v to_o set_v up_o mint_n and_o to_o coin_v money_n of_o their_o own_o there_o which_o they_o perform_v with_o so_o much_o accuracy_n that_o most_o nation_n have_v allow_v that_o wherever_o invent_v the_o art_n of_o coin_v be_v there_o first_o bring_v to_o perfection_n this_o have_v be_v confirm_v by_o the_o great_a antiquary_n spelman_n who_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o our_o english_a word_n sterling_n come_v from_o the_o easterling_n a_o people_n of_o prussia_n and_o who_o come_v from_o thence_o into_o england_n first_o teach_v we_o the_o art_n of_o refine_v and_o coin_v pure_a silver_n than_o we_o have_v before_o make_v use_n of_o dantzic_n the_o species_n of_o money_n now_o current_a in_o prussia_n or_o rather_o in_o dantzic_n be_v these_o gold_n ducat_n ourt_n choustack_n and_o chelons_n a_o ducat_n be_v worth_a two_o rixdollar_n or_o 9_o shilling_n english_a a_o ourt_n be_v a_o silver_n coin_n equal_a to_o the_o french_a piece_n of_o 15_o sous_fw-fr and_o worth_a 18_o gross_v of_o dantzic_n and_o 30_o of_o poland_n a_o choustack_n be_v of_o the_o value_n of_o 6_o dantzic-grosses_a or_o 10_o polish_v and_o as_o for_o their_o chelons_n three_o of_o they_o make_v one_o of_o their_o gross_v the_o far_a difference_n between_o the_o polish_v money_n and_o they_o stand_v thus_o the_o tinfe_fw-mi that_o be_v worth_a 30_o gross_v of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 18_o of_o those_o of_o dantzic_n the_o ducat_n which_o be_v of_o the_o value_n of_o 12_o frank_n of_o polish_v chelons_n be_v worth_a but_o 7_o of_o the_o current_a money_n here_o five_o choustack_n or_o a_o ourt_n and_o two_o choustack_n make_v a_o livre_fw-fr of_o dantzic-money_n because_o 5_o choustack_n make_v 30_o gross_v and_o 30_o gross_v make_v 20_o penny_n regain_v this_o city_n of_o dantzic_n be_v take_v from_o the_o dane_n by_o sabislaus_n grandson_n to_o swentorohus_n about_o the_o year_n 1186_o and_o be_v seize_v by_o the_o pole_n some_o short_a time_n after_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o it_o in_o 1305_o and_o wall_v it_o round_o in_o 1314._o casimir_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n surname_v the_o great_a regain_v it_o in_o 1454_o and_o grant_v very_o great_a privilege_n to_o the_o citizen_n who_o afterward_o declare_v for_o the_o auspurg-confession_n side_v with_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n against_o stephen_n batori_fw-la insomuch_o that_o the_o latter_a proscribe_v and_o even_o besiege_v they_o in_o 1577._o but_o however_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o other_o prince_n they_o be_v restore_v to_o their_o religion_n and_o liberty_n in_o 1597._o in_o 1656._o they_o vigorous_o repulse_v the_o suede_n and_o adhere_v to_o the_o interest_n of_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o at_o present_a they_o make_v one_o of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o state_n have_v be_v admit_v to_o a_o suffrage_n in_o the_o election_n of_o the_o polish_v monarch_n in_o the_o year_n 1632._o king_n this_o my_o lord_n be_v what_o i_o have_v be_v able_a to_o gather_v from_o dr._n connor_n memoir_n and_o the_o best_a author_n that_o have_v write_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o trade_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o famous_a city_n of_o dantzic_n and_o wherein_o if_o i_o may_v not_o be_v so_o happy_a as_o to_o correspond_v every_o where_o with_o your_o excellency_n great_a knowledge_n of_o those_o matter_n i_o hope_v at_o least_o i_o may_v be_v excuse_v upon_o account_n of_o my_o good_a will_n to_o entertain_v you_o and_o the_o public_a as_o far_o as_o my_o assistance_n go_v which_o if_o grant_v will_v abundant_o recompense_v the_o endeavour_n of_o my_o lord_n your_o excellency_n most_o humble_a servant_n j._n s._n letter_n viii_o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a charles_n earl_n of_o burlington_n of_o the_o origin_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o the_o succession_n of_o all_o its_o great_a master_n in_o the_o holy-land_n prussia_n and_o germany_n together_o with_o its_o present_a state_n in_o the_o empire_n my_o lord_n dr_n connor_n have_v design_v this_o letter_n for_o your_o lordship_n entertainment_n and_o not_o have_v have_v leisure_n to_o accomplish_v it_o himself_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o urgency_n of_o his_o profession_n desire_v of_o i_o to_o address_v it_o for_o he_o but_o upon_o a_o just_a reflection_n on_o the_o meanness_n of_o my_o ability_n and_o a_o awful_a regard_n to_o your_o lordship_n grandeur_n i_o find_v i_o have_v more_o than_o ordinary_a reason_n to_o decline_v it_o yet_o however_o upon_o balance_v your_o goodness_n with_o your_o great_a quality_n and_o consider_v my_o well_o mean_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o my_o attempt_n i_o hope_v i_o may_v not_o be_v so_o unfortunate_a as_o to_o offend_v if_o i_o undertake_v it_o and_o the_o rather_o because_o of_o the_o great_a conformity_n which_o the_o subject_n i_o be_v to_o write_v of_o have_v with_o the_o hope_n which_o the_o nation_n have_v in_o you_o my_o lord_n order_n your_o lordship_n will_v here_o find_v that_o this_o order_n be_v first_o found_v to_o reward_n and_o encourage_v great_a action_n and_o that_o particular_o in_o the_o german_a nation_n whence_o it_o come_v to_o have_v the_o title_n of_o teutonic_n for_o when_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n barberossa_n have_v engage_v in_o the_o crusade_n for_o recovery_n of_o the_o holy-land_n a_o great_a number_n of_o german_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n join_v his_o army_n as_o volunteer_n of_o this_o crusade_n be_v several_a other_o great_a prince_n of_o europe_n such_o as_o philip_n king_n of_o france_n richard_n i._o king_n of_o england_n frederic_n duke_n of_o suabia_n the_o duke_n of_o austria_n and_o bavaria_n philip_n earl_n of_o flanders_n plorant_fw-la earl_n of_o holland_n etc._n etc._n after_o this_o emperor_n death_n the_o german_n be_v before_o acon_n or_o ptolemais_n which_o they_o then_o besiege_v choose_v for_o their_o leader_n frederick_n duke_n of_o suabia_n second_o son_n to_o the_o aforesaid_a emperor_n and_o henry_n duke_n of_o brabant_n under_o these_o general_n they_o behave_v themselves_o so_o well_o both_o at_o the_o take_n of_o acon_n jerusalem_n and_o other_o place_n of_o the_o holy-land_n that_o henry_n king_n of_o jerusalem_n the_o patriarch_n and_o several_a other_o prince_n think_v themselves_o oblige_v to_o do_v something_o extraordinary_a in_o honour_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n hereupon_o they_o immediate_o resolve_v to_o erect_v a_o order_n of_o knight_n of_o that_o nation_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o st._n george_n but_o afterward_o they_o change_v that_o saint_n for_o the_o virgin_n mary_n by_o reason_n that_o she_o have_v a_o hospital_n already_o found_v on_o mount_n zion_n at_o jerusalem_n for_o the_o relief_n of_o german_a pilgrim_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o building_n which_o ashmole_n in_o his_o order_n of_o the_o garter_n give_v this_o follow_a account_n jerusalem_n he_o say_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o holy-war_n a_o wealthy_a gentleman_n of_o germany_n who_o dwell_v at_o jerusalem_n commiserate_v the_o condition_n of_o his_o countryman_n come_v thither_o on_o devotion_n and_o neither_o understanding_n the_o language_n of_o that_o place_n nor_o know_v where_o to_o lodge_v receive_v they_o hospitable_o into_o his_o house_n and_o give_v they_o all_o manner_n of_o suitable_a entertainment_n afterward_o obtain_v leave_n of_o the_o patriarch_n he_o erect_v a_o chapel_n for_o they_o and_o dedicate_v it_o to_o the_o virgin_n mary_n whence_o the_o knight_n that_o be_v establish_v there_o afterward_o come_v to_o have_v the_o title_n of_o equites_fw-la mariani_n other_o german_a gentleman_n contribute_v large_o to_o the_o maintain_n and_o increase_n this_o charitable_a work_n insomuch_o that_o in_o a_o short_a time_n these_o knight_n become_v very_o numerous_a and_o wealthy_a and_o give_v themselves_o to_o military_a employment_n and_o to_o act_n of_o piety_n and_o charity_n title_n in_o the_o year_n 1190_o they_o elect_v their_o first_o great_a master_n henry_n walpot_n and_o in_o the_o year_n follow_v have_v their_o order_n confirm_v upon_o the_o request_n of_o
peace_n strike_v up_o between_o they_o this_o person_n have_v no_o war_n during_o his_o regency_n and_o at_o last_o die_v of_o grief_n on_o account_n of_o his_o brother_n perverseness_n he_o be_v bury_v at_o marienburg_n 1450._o the_o twenty_o eighth_z great_a master_n be_v lewis_n ab_fw-la herlingshausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o during_o his_o administration_n a_o far_a part_n of_o prussia_n revolt_v to_o the_o aforesaid_a casimir_n to_o who_o also_o the_o garrison_n of_o marienburg_n sell_v that_o city_n for_o 476000_o florin_n together_o with_o several_a other_o city_n and_o castle_n afterward_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n enter_v again_o into_o a_o peace_n with_o this_o order_n by_o which_o mean_n he_o obtain_v pomerania_n for_o which_o the_o pole_n have_v contest_v with_o these_o knight_n for_o upward_o of_o 150_o year_n this_o great_a master_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1467._o the_o twenty_o nine_o adhere_v master_n of_o this_o order_n be_v henry_n rhew_v count_n of_o plaven_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o he_o only_o govern_v eleven_o week_n and_o then_o die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1468._o the_o thirty_o great_a master_n be_v henry_n count_n of_o richtenberg_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o and_o of_o pope_n sixtus_n iu._n he_o be_v a_o man_n of_o a_o very_a turbulent_a and_o inexorable_a temper_n for_o he_o throw_v theodore_n a_o prussian_a bishop_n into_o chain_n and_o suffer_v he_o to_o die_v with_o hunger_n he_o govern_v this_o order_n twelve_o year_n and_o then_o die_v at_o koningsberg_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o 1480._o the_o thirty_o first_o great_a master_n be_v martin_n truchse_v of_o uveczhausen_n elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n iii_o and_o of_o pope_n sixtus_n iu._n he_o pay_v homage_n and_o obedience_n to_o casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n die_v at_o koningsberg_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o 1489._o the_o thirty_o second_v great_a master_n be_v john_n de_fw-fr tiefen_n a_o swiss_n elect_v when_o maximilian_n i._o be_v emperor_n and_o julius_n pope_n the_o first_o year_n he_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o albert_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o in_o the_o next_o assist_v that_o king_n against_o the_o valachian_n but_o by_o who_o he_o be_v defeat_v and_o kill_v he_o be_v bury_v at_o koningsberg_n 1498._o the_o thirty_o third_n great_a master_n be_v frederic_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o marquis_n of_o thuringen_n this_o person_n refuse_v to_o do_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o therefore_o his_o dominion_n be_v very_o much_o ravage_v by_o the_o pole_n for_o 12_o year_n together_o and_o he_o exclude_v his_o country_n at_o what_o time_n he_o die_v 1512._o the_o thirty_o four_o and_o last_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n be_v albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n nephew_n to_o sigismond_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o time_n of_o maximilian_n the_o emperor_n and_o pope_n julius_n the_o chapter_n of_o this_o order_n choose_v he_o in_o hope_n that_o be_v so_o near_o a_o kinsman_n he_o may_v prevail_v upon_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n his_o uncle_n to_o restore_v to_o they_o what_o have_v be_v take_v from_o they_o by_o the_o pole_n but_o this_o great_a master_n be_v so_o far_o from_o answer_v their_o expectation_n that_o he_o likewise_o refuse_v to_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o fortify_v all_o his_o city_n for_o his_o defence_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o he_o draw_v a_o bloody_a war_n upon_o himself_o wherein_o great_a number_n be_v frequent_o slay_v and_o take_v on_o both_o side_n the_o particular_n of_o the_o chief_a of_o his_o action_n i_o think_v may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o lordship_n and_o which_o be_v as_o follow_v albert._n in_o the_o year_n 1519_o the_o war_n break_v out_o between_o he_o and_o his_o uncle_n and_o some_o few_o place_n be_v lose_v and_o take_v on_o both_o side_n but_o in_o 1529_o wolfang_n duke_n of_o schonemburg_n general_n of_o the_o teutonic_n army_n which_o consist_v of_o about_o 10000_o foot_n and_o 4000_o horse_n sit_v down_o before_o dantzick_n and_o from_o the_o bishop_n hill_n vulgar_o so_o call_v throw_v away_o near_o 4000_o bomb_n into_o the_o town_n to_o little_a or_o no_o purpose_n whilst_o the_o besieger_n be_v not_o a_o little_a incommoded_a by_o the_o town-cannon_n for_o scarce_o a_o man_n dare_v show_v his_o head_n but_o he_o have_v 40_o shot_n at_o he_o this_o so_o discourage_v the_o besieger_n that_o the_o major_a part_n of_o they_o soon_o discover_v their_o inclination_n to_o be_v go_v and_o for_o that_o purpose_n begin_v to_o mutiny_n against_o their_o officer_n whilst_o they_o be_v thus_o waver_v in_o their_o resolution_n and_o scarce_o do_v any_o duty_n but_o by_o compulsion_n the_o polish_v army_n appear_v be_v 12000_o horse_n send_v by_o the_o king_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n it_o be_v now_o high_a time_n for_o the_o besieger_n pole_n to_o scamper_v which_o they_o immediate_o set_v about_o with_o such_o precipitation_n that_o the_o pole_n find_v it_o no_o difficult_a matter_n to_o overtake_v even_o their_o foot_n yet_o however_o they_o kill_v some_o and_o take_v other_o prisoner_n after_o this_o the_o king_n army_n take_v in_o dirschow_n stargardie_n and_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o choinicz_n and_o afterward_o proceed_v on_o with_o so_o great_a vigour_n and_o diligence_n that_o most_o of_o the_o city_n and_o castle_n of_o the_o order_n surrender'd_n themselves_o by_o these_o mean_v the_o teutonic_n knight_n be_v total_o expel_v prussia_n which_o their_o great_a master_n albert_n perceive_v as_o likewise_o that_o he_o be_v no_o long_o able_a to_o contend_v with_o so_o powerful_a a_o monarch_n as_o he_o of_o poland_n though_o his_o ancestor_n have_v former_o do_v it_o for_o many_o year_n yet_o than_o they_o be_v in_o a_o better_a condition_n than_o he_o at_o present_a be_v in_o resolve_v to_o submit_v himself_o and_o his_o order_n to_o his_o uncle_n mercy_n which_o he_o not_o long_o afterward_o do_v in_o the_o public_a marketplace_n of_o cracow_n sigismond_n for_o this_o purpose_n a_o throne_n be_v erect_v for_o the_o king_n much_o after_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o that_o wherein_o he_o be_v wont_a to_o take_v the_o homage_n and_o oath_n of_o his_o subject_n after_o his_o coronation_n as_o your_o lordship_n may_v observe_v in_o the_o letter_n to_o my_o lord_n marlborough_n then_o the_o marquis_n deliver_v up_o the_o ensign_n of_o his_o order_n to_o the_o king_n and_o swear_v all_o manner_n of_o allegiance_n to_o he_o his_o majesty_n return_v he_o the_o ensign_n of_o prussia_n quarter_v with_o the_o polish_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n create_v he_o a_o duke_n of_o part_n of_o that_o country_n which_o from_o thence_o forward_o have_v have_v the_o name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n and_o continue_v all_o along_o in_o his_o family_n to_o this_o day_n germany_n the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v thus_o expel_v prussia_n they_o transfer_v their_o chapter_n to_o mergentheim_n or_o as_o some_o say_v to_o marienthall_n in_o franconia_n where_o they_o choose_v 1531._o walter_n de_fw-fr cronberg_n for_o their_o thirty_o five_o great_a master_n and_o administrator_n of_o prussia_n this_o great_a master_n appeal_v to_o the_o emperor_n concern_v the_o wrong_n do_v to_o his_o order_n by_o albert_n as_o likewise_o get_v albert_n excommunicate_v by_o the_o pope_n he_o afterward_o take_v his_o seat_n in_o the_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o empire_n equal_a with_o the_o archbishop_n as_o be_v great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n he_o die_v after_o 18_o year_n administration_n of_o this_o office_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o mergentheim_n 1543._o the_o thirty_o six_z great_a master_n be_v wolfang_n schutzbar_n otherwise_o call_v milchling_n elect_v in_o the_o chapter_n at_o spire_n the_o 16_o of_o april_n he_o have_v be_v provincial_a commander_n of_o the_o country_n of_o hesse_n and_o be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o that_o go_v to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o in_o his_o war_n about_o religion_n he_o recover_v the_o seat_n of_o this_o order_n at_o marpurg_n which_o have_v be_v usurp_v by_o the_o landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n after_o several_a more_o famous_a action_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1566._o 1566._o the_o thirty_o seven_o great_a master_n be_v george_n hundt_n de_fw-fr menckheim_n governor_n of_o the_o circle_n of_o franconia_n he_o die_v after_o 6_o year_n regency_n at_o mergentheim_n and_o be_v bury_v there_o in_o the_o year_n 1572._o 1572._o the_o thirty_o eighth_z great_a master_n be_v henry_n de_fw-fr bobenhausen_n elect_v at_o the_o general_n assembly_n of_o the_o knight_n at_o ulm_n upon_o the_o danube_n this_o great_a master_n upon_o george_n frederic_n marque_v of_o brandenburg_n possess_v himself_o of_o
the_o livonian_a order_n and_o to_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o 1561._o this_o happen_v not_o long_a after_o luther_n reformation_n influence_v duke_n gothotre_v to_o become_v a_o protestant_n and_o to_o marry_o which_o none_o of_o his_o order_n have_v ever_o do_v before_o he_o this_o duke_n have_v two_o son_n ferderic_n and_o william_n whereof_o the_o elder_a 1587._o frederic_n succeed_v he_o in_o the_o year_n 1587._o but_o at_o length_n die_v without_o issue_n these_o dukedom_n come_v to_o his_o brother_n 1602._o william_n who_o return_v from_o banishment_n be_v receive_v by_o the_o curlander_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o applause_n this_o duke_n have_v but_o one_o only_a son_n who_o be_v godson_n to_o our_o king_n james_n i._o after_o his_o death_n his_o son_n duke_n 1639._o james_n come_v to_o inherit_v the_o two_o dutchy_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n it_o this_o prince_n be_v much_o give_v to_o building_n of_o ship_n have_v every_o thing_n in_o his_o country_n proper_a for_o that_o purpose_n by_o mean_n of_o ship_n he_o discover_v the_o river_n semigal_a in_o guinea_n and_o the_o island_n of_o tobago_n one_o of_o the_o caribbee_n island_n in_o america_n which_o then_o be_v altogether_o uninhabited_a here_o he_o build_v a_o fort_n call_v it_o by_o his_o own_o name_n james-fort_n and_o moreover_o be_v at_o vast_a expense_n in_o cultivate_a and_o fortify_v this_o island_n and_o which_o he_o enjoy_v without_o any_o interruption_n for_o many_o year_n together_o it_o at_o length_n one_o lambson_n a_o zealander_n and_o a_o very_a rich_a man_n as_o likewise_o one_o of_o the_o state_n of_o holland_n get_v into_o a_o corner_n of_o this_o island_n and_o after_o much_o dispute_n be_v suffer_v to_o plant_v there_o upon_o pay_v a_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o duke_n he_o at_o last_o take_v advantage_n of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o suede_n and_o pole_n and_o of_o the_o duke_n imprisonment_n by_o the_o former_a to_o dispossess_v he_o of_o the_o say_a island_n which_o he_o effect_v after_o this_o manner_n he_o appear_v with_o some_o force_n before_o the_o aforesaid_a james-fort_n and_o persuade_v the_o garrison_n that_o the_o duke_n their_o protector_n be_v carry_v away_o prisoner_n by_o the_o suede_n can_v not_o possible_o relieve_v they_o and_o that_o therefore_o they_o must_v necessary_o perish_v unless_o they_o forthwith_o deliver_v up_o the_o fort_n and_o island_n to_o he_o the_o soldiers_z begin_v immediate_o to_o mutiny_n chain_v their_o governor_n and_o force_v he_o to_o capitulate_v and_o comply_v with_o the_o say_v lambson_n who_o at_o the_o same_o time_n engage_v himself_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o duke_n be_v set_v at_o liberty_n to_o restore_v the_o island_n and_o what_o be_v leave_v there_o according_a to_o a_o inventory_n then_o take_v it_o the_o dutch_a be_v thus_o get_v into_o possession_n of_o this_o island_n the_o duke_n after_o many_o long_a and_o fruitless_a endeavour_n with_o the_o lambsons_n first_o and_o afterward_o with_o the_o state_n find_v that_o neither_o of_o they_o be_v enclinable_a to_o restitution_n apply_v himself_o to_o our_o king_n charles_n ii_o for_o assistance_n in_o recovery_n of_o his_o right_n submit_v the_o island_n altogether_o to_o the_o king_n protection_n as_o be_v willing_a to_o hold_v it_o subtitulo_n concessionis_fw-la or_o by_o a_o grant_n from_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n whereupon_o the_o ensue_a treaty_n be_v formal_o conclude_v which_o for_o a_o great_a eclaircisement_n of_o the_o matter_n i_o have_v think_v not_o improper_a to_o insert_v the_o agreement_n be_v in_o these_o word_n curland_n be_v it_o know_v unto_o all_o and_o singular_a person_n and_o person_n to_o who_o these_o present_n shall_v come_v that_o on_o the_o 17_o of_o the_o month_n of_o november_n in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 1664._o by_o a_o double_a write_n of_o the_o same_o tenure_n and_o language_n it_o be_v agree_v between_o the_o most_o serene_a and_o most_o potent_a prince_n charles_n ii_o by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n king_n of_o great_a britain_n france_n and_o ireland_n defender_n of_o the_o faith_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o one_o part_n and_o the_o most_o illustrious_a prince_n james_z duke_z in_o livonia_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n on_o the_o other_o part_n that_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n by_o these_o present_v do_v give_v and_o grant_v to_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n full_a liberty_n of_o trade_n and_o commerce_n for_o such_o ship_n as_o do_v proper_o belong_v to_o he_o or_o they_o but_o not_o such_o ship_n as_o belong_v to_o any_o of_o his_o subject_n in_o any_o river_n or_o havens_n within_o the_o dominion_n of_o his_o majesty_n on_o africa_n the_o coast_n of_o africa_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o guinea_n as_o also_o in_o any_o merchandise_n not_o exceed_v the_o value_n of_o twelve_o thousand_o pound_n sterling_a yearly_a according_a to_o the_o price_n the_o say_v merchandize_n first_o be_v buy_v for_o on_o those_o coast_n and_o place_n from_o whence_o they_o be_v export_v together_o with_o full_a liberty_n to_o build_v one_o or_o more_o warehouse_n or_o storehouse_n fit_a for_o lay_v up_o merchandize_n under_o the_o castle_n and_o fort_n which_o shall_v belong_v to_o his_o say_a majesty_n or_o his_o subject_n on_o those_o coast_n to_o hold_v and_o enjoy_v the_o say_v liberty_n as_o long_o as_o there_o do_v continue_v friendship_n amity_n and_o good_a understanding_n between_o the_o say_a king_n and_o the_o say_a duke_n and_o upon_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o concession_n or_o grant_v thus_o make_v by_o his_o majesty_n the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n grant_n and_o make_v over_o unto_o his_o say_a majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n the_o fort_n of_o st._n andrews_n in_o guinea_n and_o all_o other_o fort_n fortification_n and_o sconce_n there_o belong_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n together_o with_o all_o gun_n bullet_n and_o powder_n and_o other_o instrument_n of_o war_n belong_v to_o the_o same_o or_o any_o of_o those_o fort_n condition_n and_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n do_v agree_v and_o promise_v for_o himself_o his_o heir_n and_o successor_n that_o they_o shall_v respective_o pay_v to_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n three_o in_o the_o hundred_o for_o custom_n of_o all_o good_n and_o merchandise_n in_o specie_fw-la as_o well_o into_o the_o port_n of_o his_o say_a majesty_n in_o guinea_n or_o thence_o export_v as_o aforesaid_a and_o that_o unto_o such_o officer_n or_o officer_n who_o or_o which_o his_o majesty_n his_o heir_n or_o successor_n shall_v establish_v or_o depute_v for_o the_o recover_n or_o receive_v of_o the_o say_a custom_n or_o duty_n tabago_n and_o moreover_o his_o say_a majesty_n by_o these_o present_v do_v give_v and_o grant_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n all_o and_o every_o that_o island_n call_v tobago_n situate_a about_o 12_o degree_n north-latitude_n and_o 316_o degree_n of_o longitude_n be_v one_o of_o those_o common_o call_v the_o caribbee_n island_n together_o with_o all_o the_o land_n havens_n creek_n river_n and_o profit_n to_o the_o same_o belong_v to_o be_v hold_v and_o enjoy_v under_o the_o king_n protection_n consideration_n provide_v always_o and_o under_o the_o condition_n that_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v not_o suffer_v or_o permit_v any_o other_o whatsoever_o beside_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n to_o abide_v in_o the_o say_a island_n to_o settle_v plantation_n or_o build_v house_n but_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v be_v always_o free_o permit_v to_o abide_v in_o the_o say_a island_n and_o to_o have_v plantation_n and_o house_n and_o to_o enjoy_v all_o such_o privilege_n liberty_n immunity_n and_o benefit_n as_o any_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v or_o may_v have_v hold_v use_v or_o enjoy_v without_o any_o contradiction_n or_o opposition_n whatsoever_o neither_o shall_v they_o be_v compel_v to_o pay_v any_o other_o contribution_n or_o imposition_n whatsoever_o save_v such_o as_o be_v necessary_o require_v for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o say_a island_n and_o equal_o in_o the_o same_o proportion_n pay_v by_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n moreover_o the_o say_a lord_n duke_n agree_v and_o promise_v that_o neither_o himself_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n nor_o any_o other_o for_o the_o use_n of_o he_o they_o or_o his_o subject_n shall_v export_v or_o import_n or_o suffer_v to_o be_v export_v or_o import_v any_o merchandise_n good_n or_o provision_n of_o the_o say_a island_n of_o tobago_n otherwise_o then_o out_o of_o or_o into_o some_o port_n belong_v to_o
england_n and_o curland_n or_o the_o port_n of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n war._n moreover_o for_o the_o acknowledgement_n that_o the_o say_a duke_n of_o curland_n do_v hold_v and_o enjoy_v the_o say_a island_n of_o tobago_n from_o and_o under_o his_o say_a majesty_n it_o be_v further_o provide_v and_o agree_v that_o when_o and_o as_o often_o as_o the_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n his_o heir_n or_o successor_n shall_v so_o require_v it_o or_o when_o he_o or_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o another_o king_n prince_n or_o state_n except_o only_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n at_o their_o own_o proper_a cost_v and_o charge_n from_o time_n to_o time_n shall_v bring_v or_o cause_n to_o be_v bring_v one_o good_a man_n of_o war_n furnish_v with_o 40_o great_a iron_n gun_n to_o such_o port_n station_n or_o place_n which_o his_o say_a majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v name_n into_o which_o ship_n his_o majesty_n his_o heir_n and_o successor_n shall_v put_v commander_n and_o seaman_n and_o supply_v they_o with_o food_n and_o wage_n under_o the_o conduct_n and_o at_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o say_a king_n so_o long_o as_o the_o say_a ship_n shall_v abide_v in_o his_o or_o their_o service_n which_o at_o one_o time_n shall_v never_o exceed_v the_o limit_n of_o a_o year_n for_o the_o testimony_n and_o undoubted_a confirmation_n whereof_o the_o abovesaid_a party_n namely_o the_o most_o serene_a and_o most_o potent_a king_n of_o great_a britain_n and_o the_o most_o illustrious_a duke_n of_o curland_n have_v set_v their_o hand_n interchangeable_o to_o the_o mutual_a agreement_n contain_v and_o explain_v in_o these_o present_n and_o moreover_o have_v apply_v their_o great_a seal_n for_o the_o establishment_n thereof_o effect_n hereupon_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n minister_n his_o majesty_n king_n charles_n ii_o scent_n a_o letter_n to_o the_o states-general_n to_o acquaint_v they_o with_o this_o his_o grant_n and_o to_o recommend_v to_o their_o consideration_n the_o just_a pretension_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n to_o this_o island_n but_o notwithstanding_o the_o state_n incline_v to_o favour_v the_o lambson_n interest_n who_o have_v the_o impudence_n to_o call_v this_o a_o sham-grant_a affirm_v that_o his_o majesty_n can_v not_o give_v that_o which_o be_v none_o of_o he_o to_o dispose_v of_o the_o say_v royal_a letter_n have_v little_a or_o no_o effect_n till_o it_o happen_v that_o count_n d'_fw-fr etree_n the_o french_a admiral_n take_v the_o island_n and_o make_v there_o a_o miserable_a slaughter_n and_o extirpation_n of_o the_o dutch_a but_o who_o think_v fit_a to_o quit_v the_o possession_n of_o it_o soon_o after_o king_n notwithstanding_o several_a of_o the_o french_a gentry_n and_o merchant_n have_v a_o prospect_n of_o benefit_n before_o their_o eye_n afterward_o solicit_v their_o king_n to_o grant_v the_o say_v conquer_a island_n to_o they_o but_o which_o he_o generous_o refuse_v declare_v that_o it_o belong_v to_o a_o neutral_a prince_n who_o do_v no_o body_n any_o harm_n charles_n hereupon_o the_o duke_n without_o further_a loss_n of_o time_n prepare_v to_o send_v ship_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o his_o right_n and_o upon_o his_o request_n king_n charles_n be_v please_v to_o favour_v he_o with_o his_o second_o royal_a letter_n to_o the_o government_n of_o barbadoes_n direct_v to_o the_o then_o governor_n sir_n jonathan_n atkins_n and_o date_v the_o 19_o of_o january_n 1680_o whereby_o that_o governor_n be_v order_v not_o only_o to_o permit_v and_o suffer_v the_o commander_n and_o officer_n of_o the_o say_a ship_n to_o provide_v and_o furnish_v themselves_o with_o what_o they_o may_v stand_v in_o need_n of_o but_o likewise_o to_o be_v aid_v and_o assist_v to_o they_o with_o his_o authority_n wherever_o there_o shall_v be_v find_v occasion_n intercept_v the_o like_a letter_n be_v some_o time_n before_o dispatch_v from_o king_n charles_n to_o the_o say_a government_n by_o one_o of_o the_o duke_n ship_n call_v the_o flowerpot_n but_o which_o together_o with_o the_o ship_n be_v betray_v to_o the_o pirate_n of_o algiers_n by_o one_o captain_n nagel_n the_o commander_n governor_n upon_o the_o governor_n of_o berbadoes_n receipt_n of_o the_o aforesaid_a royal_a letter_n the_o duke_n be_v encourage_v to_o send_v a_o governor_n to_o tobago_n and_o soon_o after_o several_a other_o from_o time_n to_o time_n to_o keep_v possession_n thereof_o till_o by_o assistance_n of_o the_o english_a he_o may_v be_v able_a to_o establish_v a_o colony_n there_o captain_n in_o 1681_o the_o duke_n enter_v into_o a_o contract_n with_o captain_n pointz_n grant_v 120000_o acre_n of_o the_o say_a island_n to_o he_o and_o company_n upon_o very_o advantageous_a term_n tobago_n this_o island_n lie_v very_o commodious_o among_o the_o caribbee_n or_o antilles_n have_v many_o excellent_a havens_n and_o rivers_n and_o afford_v divers_a good_a product_n and_o will_v be_v of_o very_o dangerous_a consequence_n to_o the_o english_a either_o in_o french_a or_o dutch_a hand_n for_o hand_n first_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1664_o 1665_o and_o 1666_o it_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o dutch_a they_o take_v in_o the_o war_n several_a hundred_o sail_n of_o ship_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n of_o england_n either_o go_v or_o come_v from_o the_o plantation_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o tobago_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a be_v it_o in_o the_o english_a hand_n under_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n their_o allegiance_n will_v prevent_v for_o the_o future_a the_o like_a damage_n second_o in_o the_o say_a war_n both_o french_a and_o dutch_a make_v up_o their_o fleet_n at_o the_o say_a island_n and_o take_v and_o plunder_v st._n christopher_n mountserat_fw-la antegoa_n berbudas_n etc._n etc._n to_o the_o great_a damage_n of_o the_o english_a three_o king_n charles_n be_v at_o excessive_a charge_n in_o fit_v out_o a_o fleet_n to_o preserve_v mevis_n from_o be_v take_v by_o the_o dutch_a in_o the_o say_a war_n and_o four_o the_o say_a island_n be_v accommodate_v with_o harbour_n and_o road_n beyond_o any_o other_o of_o the_o caribbee_n may_v probable_o shelter_v enemy_n to_o the_o english_a crown_n when_o if_o it_o be_v in_o their_o hand_n that_o inconveniency_n will_v be_v prevent_v call_v much_o more_o may_v be_v add_v concern_v this_o island_n but_o for_o brevity_n sake_n it_o be_v omit_v only_o i_o may_v take_v notice_n that_o a_o french_a geographer_n suppose_v that_o either_o tobacco_n have_v take_v its_o name_n from_o this_o island_n or_o this_o island_n have_v be_v so_o call_v from_o that_o weed_n issue_n this_o duke_n james_n upon_o his_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n be_v marry_v to_o chariotte_n the_o daughter_n of_o george_n william_n elector_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o last_o elector_n frederic_n william_n sister_n who_o die_v in_o 1676_o by_o who_o he_o have_v the_o late_a duke_n frederic_n casimir_n prince_n ferdinand_n lieutenant-general_n in_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n army_n and_o prince_n alexander_n who_o be_v wound_v by_o a_o cannon-ball_n at_o the_o siege_n of_o buda_n and_o who_o die_v in_o his_o way_n to_o vienna_n and_o three_o princess_n whereof_o lovis_n elizabeth_n marry_v frederic_n landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n of_o the_o line_n of_o hambourg_n marry_o amalia_n marry_v may_n 21_o 1673_o charles_n landtgrave_n of_o hesse_n of_o the_o line_n of_o cassel_n and_o the_o three_o charlotte_n live_v still_o unmarried_a in_o the_o king_n of_o sueden_n court._n duke_n james_n be_v succeed_v by_o his_o elder_a son_n 1683._o frederic_n casimir_n but_o now_o late_o decease_v who_o while_o he_o be_v prince_n serve_v under_o our_o present_a king_n in_o holland_n in_o the_o first_o french_a war_n bring_v several_a regiment_n of_o horse_n and_o dragoon_n along_o with_o he_o and_o there_o marry_v princess_n sophia_n amalia_n of_o nassau-siegen_n who_o die_v in_o childbed_n on_o the_o 25_o of_o december_n 1688_o by_o this_o duchess_n he_o have_v three_o princess_n alive_a he_o be_v a_o second_o time_n marry_v at_o berlin_n in_o the_o year_n 1691_o to_o the_o princess_n elizabeth_n sophia_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburgh_n sister_n by_o who_o he_o have_v two_o or_o more_o son_n this_o duke_n die_v at_o mittaw_n about_o the_o begin_n of_o february_n 1698_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o elder_a son_n 1698._o frederic_n casimir_n ii_o the_o present_a duke_n be_v a_o child_n not_o above_o six_o year_n of_o age._n poland_n the_o duke_n of_o curland_n be_v vassal_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o the_o elector_n be_v to_o the_o emperor_n for_o when_o any_o new_a king_n be_v elect_v there_o this_o duke_n be_v oblige_v to_o send_v his_o envoy_n to_o receive_v investiture_n by_o have_v a_o standard_n deliver_v with_o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n on_o one_o side_n
miâ—ceslaus_n i._n 24._o his_o christian_a wife_n ib._n his_o war_n 25._o ii_o his_o war_n 26._o character_n and_o death_n 27._o iii_o when_o elect_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 36._o whence_o surname_v the_o old_a ibid._n be_v dethrone_v 37._o endeavour_n to_o get_v restore_v 38._o be_v restore_v 40._o dethrone_v again_o ibid._n reinthron_v 41._o his_o death_n ibid._n michael_n wiesnowiski_n refuse_v the_o crown_n 144._o accept_v it_o ibid._n proclaim_a crown_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 145._o his_o marriage_n ibid._n his_o death_n 149._o leave_v no_o issue_n ibid._n bury_v 171._o marienburg_n city_n build_v 51._o it_o be_v description_n 262._o maximilian_n the_o emperor_n king_n elect_n acquaint_v that_o he_o be_v choose_v 87._o prevent_v invade_v poland_n by_o death_n 88_o maximilian_n of_o austria_n rout_v by_o the_o polish_v general_n 109._o beat_v again_o and_o make_v prisoner_n 110._o offer_a liberty_n on_o honourable_a term_n 111._o dissent_n ib._n consent_n ib._n mine_n 245._o of_o cracaw_n 246._o description_n of_o they_o ib._n etc._n etc._n manna_n particular_a sort_n and_o eat_v for_o sauce_n 248._o michalevia_n territory_n it_o be_v description_n 262._o marienburg_n pal._n it_o be_v chief_a city_n and_o town_n 262._o their_o several_a description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n masovia_n province_n its_o bound_n 283._o inhabitant_n 284._o division_n into_o palatinate_n ib._n their_o several_a arm_n 288._o 289._o 290._o masovia_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 284._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n 285._o their_o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n mindog_n duke_n of_o lithuania_n acknowledge_v king_n 308._o murder_a 309._o mscislaw_n pal._n description_n 333_o division_n into_o district_n ib._n etc._n etc._n chief_a city_n and_o town_n 334._o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 335._o mscislaw_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 334._o minski_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 337._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 338._o minski_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 337._o n._n number_n of_o polish_v prince_n 9_o of_o town_n and_o village_n in_o poland_n 217_o etc._n etc._n novogrodec_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 332._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n their_o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 333._o novogrodec_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 332._o o._n oliva_n treaty_n there_o 133._o p._n poland_n its_o origin_n 3._o whence_o so_o call_v 5._o what_o by_o the_o inhabitant_n ib._n by_o who_o found_v ib._n its_o policy_n 7._o make_v a_o figure_n in_o the_o ixth_o century_n 20._o it_o be_v ancient_a extent_n 213._o increase_v by_o conquest_n ib._n by_o policy_n 214._o present_a extent_n 225._o its_o bound_n and_o soil_n 216._o its_o product_n 217._o cilmate_fw-it 218._o river_n ib._n their_o several_a course_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o lake_n 220._o pole_n when_o first_o christian_n 24._o march_z to_o recover_v podolia_n 148._o conquer_v but_o fail_v in_o their_o design_n ib._n etc._n etc._n popiel_n i._n 16._o his_o vice_n and_o death_n ib._n ii_o ib._n judgement_n upon_o he_o 17._o piastus_n 21._o cause_o of_o his_o election_n ib._n his_o virtue_n and_o death_n 22._o how_o long_o his_o family_n reign_v ib._n give_v the_o name_n of_o piasto_n 23._o patron_n of_o poland_n 30._o premislus_n when_o crown_v 48._o murder_a ib._n prophecy_n comical_a 108._o post_n when_o first_o settle_v in_o poland_n 123._o peace_n conclude_v with_o the_o turk_n 173._o how_o long_o last_v ib._n prince_n james_n his_o character_n 188._o intend_a marriage_n disappoint_v ib._n marry_v to_o another_o 189._o weak_a and_o sickly_a ib._n officiate_n as_o ambassador_n 192._o resign_v his_o interest_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n 206._o princess_n john_n iii'_v daughter_n her_o character_n 190._o her_o marriage_n ib._n portion_n 191._o ceremony_n of_o her_o marriage_n ib._n equipage_n for_o her_o journey_n to_o brussels_n 193._o reception_n at_o berlin_n 195._o be_v meet_v by_o the_o elector_n 196._o proceed_v on_o her_o journey_n 197._o arrival_n at_o brussels_n 198._o physician_n a_o consultation_n of_o they_o 199._o posnan_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 221._o posnania_n palatinate_n its_o arm_n 226._o prussia_n province_n its_o bound_n 257._o product_n ib._n rivers_n 258._o lake_n ib._n division_n 259._o officer_n that_o belong_v to_o the_o great_a council_n ib._n its_o arm_n 265._o prussia_n royal_a division_n into_o palatinate_n 259._o prussia_n dueal_n it_o be_v chief_a city_n and_o town_n 264._o pomerania_n pal._n 260._o premislaw_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 269._o podolia_n pal_z wherefore_o famous_a 274._o division_n into_o district_n ib._n chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n their_o several_a description_n 175_o etc._n etc._n plosko_fw-mi pal._n division_n into_o district_n 288._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n their_o description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n plosko_fw-mi city_n it_o be_v description_n 288._o podlachia_n province_n its_o bound_n 296._o division_n into_o district_n ib._n chief_a city_n and_o town_n 〈◊〉_d their_o description_n 297_o etc._n etc._n arm_n of_o the_o proâ—ovince_n 298._o pinsko_fw-mi city_n it_o be_v description_n 331._o polocz_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 338._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n description_n ib._n etc._n etc._n its_o arm_n 339._o polocz_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 338._o q._n queen-dowager's_a zeal_n 156._o king_n michael_n assign_v a_o jointure_n 166._o queen_n john_n iii'_v first_o come_v into_o poland_n 186._o her_o first_o marriage_n ib._n age_n and_o qualification_n ib._n etc._n etc._n her_o address_n in_o dispose_v of_o employment_n 187._o r._n rochester_n lord_n his_o embassy_n into_o poland_n 172._o have_v audience_n of_o the_o queen_n at_o dantzick_n ib._n make_v a_o present_a to_o the_o princess_n ib._n receive_v by_o the_o king_n in_o his_o camp_n 173._o have_v public_a audience_n at_o zolkiew_n ib._n manner_n thereof_o ib._n his_o return_n home_o ib._n respect_n little_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n child_n 189._o rava_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 230._o its_o city_n and_o town_n ib._n etc._n etc._n rava_n city_n it_o be_v description_n 230_o etc._n etc._n russia_n province_n division_n and_o description_n 266._o division_n into_o palatinate_n ib._n arm_n 276_o 280_o 281_o 283._o russia_n pal._n division_n into_o district_n 267._o their_o several_a arm_n 269_o 271._o chief_a city_n and_o town_n ib._n rosienia_n capital_a of_o samogitia_n it_o be_v description_n 293._o religion_n ancient_a and_o present_a of_o lithuania_n 339_o etc._n etc._n s_o stratagem_n succeed_v 14._o defeat_v 15._o sigismond_n i._n when_o elect_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 69._o defeat_v a_o conspiracy_n and_o army_n ib._n other_o war_n ib._n etc._n etc._n his_o marriage_n 70._o war_n with_o the_o teutonic_n order_n ib._n grant_v liberty_n of_o conscience_n to_o dantzickers_n ib._n war_n with_o knight_n end_v by_o mediation_n 71._o force_v other_o invader_n to_o retire_v ib._n his_o death_n and_o age_n 72._o his_o character_n marriage_n and_o issue_n ib._n ii_o surname_v augustus_n when_o crown_v and_o how_o long_o reign_v 75._o his_o marriage_n displease_v the_o diet_n 76._o unite_v livonia_n to_o poland_n 77._o his_o war_n with_o the_o moscovite_n ib._n force_v the_o czar_n to_o a_o peace_n 78._o send_v a_o army_n to_o support_v bogdan_n in_o valachia_n ib._n oblige_v to_o return_v home_o ib._n rather_o favour_v than_o disturb_v the_o lutheran_n 79._o hear_v several_a of_o their_o preacher_n ib._n incline_v most_o bishop_n to_o that_o persuasion_n ib._n a_o great_a escape_n he_o have_v ib._n his_o death_n and_o issue_n ib._n stephen_n batori_fw-la king_n receive_v and_o crown_v 88_o primate_n submit_v ib._n who_o great_o assist_v to_o he_o in_o his_o election_n ib._n his_o rise_n 89._o his_o marriage_n ib._n more_o severe_a in_o punishment_n than_o law_n allow_v 90._o encourage_v speak_v latin_n 91._o a_o wonder_n to_o the_o french_a ib._n his_o war_n ib._n be_v refuse_v to_o name_v a_o successor_n 100_o his_o character_n ib._n his_o death_n and_o epitaph_n ib._n etc._n etc._n sigismond_n de_fw-fr vasa_n king_n ambassador_n send_v to_o acquaint_v he_o 107._o be_v crown_v in_o poland_n 109._o his_o marriage_n 111._o crown_v king_n of_o sweden_n 112._o depose_v there_o ib._n cause_n of_o his_o war_n with_o the_o moscovite_n 113._o his_o war_n with_o the_o turk_n 115._o invasion_n by_o gustavus_n adolthus_n 116._o sigismund_n death_n ib._n his_o character_n ib._n speech_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o premislaw_n 119._o another_o appease_v heat_n 143._o another_o by_o the_o palatin_n of_o russia_n 160._o byasses_n poland_n and_o part_n of_o lithuania_n 161._o senator_n of_o great_a poland_n 225_o 227_o 229_o 232_o 233_o 236._o of_o lesser_n poland_n 248_o 254_o 256._o of_o prussia_n 265._o of_o russia_n 274_o 276_o 277_o 280_o 281_o 283._o of_o masovia_n 287_o 289_o 290._o of_o samogitia_n 294._o of_o volhynia_n 296._o of_o podlachia_n 298._o of_o lithuania-prope_a 328_o 330_o 331._o of_o lithuanic-russia_n 333_o 335_o 336_o 338_o 339._o