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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54599	Fodinæ regales, or, The history, laws, and places of the chief mines and mineral works in England, Wales, and the English pale in Ireland as also of the mint and mony : with a clavis explaining some difficult words relating to mines, &c. / by Sir John Pettus, Knight.	Pettus, John, Sir, 1613-1690.	1670 (1670)	Wing P1908; ESTC R190	70,019	132

Family still continue in Cardiganshire and doubtless we had much of our knowledge from their Predecessors who revived this work in Cardiganshire They also entered upon another work of Copper at Keswick in Cumberland being within the Royalties of the Earl of Northumberland formerly granted to him from the Crown together with all Mines c. Whereupon the Earl opposed Houghsetter but the matter being brought to Tryal between the Queen and the Earl it was the opinion of the Judges that notwithstanding his Grant the Queen had power to search for Treasure in any ones ground So that it is good for Princes and even for mean Lords to keep a Claim to their Prerogatives and Customes lest time as in this case should cause an opposition For 70 years intermission made that questionable which for many ages before was out of question But this Suit being ended the Abstract of which Proceedings is hereto annexed to prevent the like occasion for the future the Queen May 28. in the 10th year of her Reign erects a Corporation of which William Earl of Pembroke was the first Governour and Robert Earl of Leicester James Lord Monjoy Sir William Cecill Assistants and many other Persons of Qualitie joyned consisting in all of 24 Persons and as many Shares and those Shares subdividable into half and quarter parts so that they might consist of 96 Persons their Votes being according to the proportion they had of Shares And this Society was and is entituled The Society for the Mines Royal and they have the Grant and care of Gold Silver Copper c. within 8 English Counties hereafter recited and of all Wales As for the Laws and Rules by which they were managed they are also annexed These Persons thus incorporated by a joynt Stock wrought several Mines with good success The Queen did also in the 7th year of her Reign grant to William Humfreys and Christopher Shute a German all Mines Minerals and Subterranean Treasures except Copperice and Allom which should be found in all other parts of England not mentioned in the former Patent or within the English pole in Ireland by the name of Gold Silver Copper Tin Lead Quicksilver Cadmian Oar or Lapis Calaminaris and all manner of Ewres or Oars simple or pure mixt or compounded for Latten Wire or Steel c. And also on the same 28th of May in the 10th of her Reign the Queen frames the Participants into a Corporation by the name of The Society for the Minerals and Buttery works As for their Laws and Rules they are also annexed with the other This also was look'd upon as so considerable a matter to the Crown that Sir Nicholas Bacon then Lord Keeper the Duke of Norfolk William Earl of Pembroke Robert Earl of Leicester William Lord Cobham Sir William Cecill Sir Walter Myldmay Sir Henry Sidney Sir Francis Jepson Sir William Gerard with 29 more considerable Persons Gentlemen Lawyers Citizens and Foreiners were Participants And this Society consisted of 36 Shares subdividable also into half and quarter parts so that it was capable of 144 Shares And this also by a joynt Stock did effect great things which turned to good advantage both to the King and to the Society THE ARMS OF THE SOCIETY OF THE MINES ROYAL Given Aug. 26 1568. Anno 10. Eliz. 1568 This Coat is blazoned in Page 24. and the other Coat in Page 23. above it As they are Blazon'd Silver with a Mount Vert. A Man working within a Mine with two Hammers and a Lamp all in their proper colours on a Chief Azure A Cake of Copper between a Bezant and a Plate on a Wreath Silver and Azure A Demy man called in Dutch the Schicht Master with an Escocheon on his Breast Or and Azure per Bend inverted in one of his Hands an Instrument called a Wedge and in the other Hand a Compass Gold mantled Silver doubled Azure supported with two Men the one called the Hammer-man with a Hammer on his Shoulder and the other the Smelter with a Fork in his Hand all in proper colours THE ARMS OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE MINERAL AND BATTERY WORKS Given also Anno 10. Eliz. As the are Blazon'd The Field Azure upon the Base point Vert a Dorick Argent supported by a Lion and a Gryffon armed and languid Gules On the top of the Pillar a Ducal Crown Or. On the Chief an Annulet Argent between two Bezants of the same The Crest on an Helmet and Wreath Argent and Vert. Two naked Arms and Hands supporting a Cake of Copper proper the Supporters an ancient Man in a Gown wearing an Headpiece on it a Cressent and holding one hand on the Escocheon in the other a Pickax on the other side a Woman holding also the Escocheon with one hand and in the other a Quadrant CHAP. XVIII KING JAMES ABout the second of King James both the Societies thought fit to renew their Charters with some Additional Powers also annexed and then William Earl of Pembroke was Governour to both Societies and so continued till his death in an Annual Election CHAP. XIX CHARLES I. AFter the death of William Earl of Pembroke in the Year 1630 Philip Earl of Pembroke was chosen Governour of both Societies and in this Kings Reign about the Year 1639 there was some Dispute between Sir Hugh Middleton and Sir Richard Price concerning the Mines at Tallabent in Wales whither Royal or not Royal and this was also about 70 years after the Tryal with the Earl of Northumberland Whereupon several Eminent Lawyers subscribed their Opinions hereto also annexed and the matter was soon quieted Then from 1641 to 1647 no Governour was chosen but the Mines in Wales continued working under Mr. Thomas Bushell who made them very serviceable to the Martial Concerns of the King during the Civil Wars CHAP. XX. CHARLES II. IN the Year 1649 Philip dies then his Son Philip now living was chosen Governour of both Companies and in 1662 the Lord Anthony Ashly-Cooper Chancellour of the Exchequer and one of His Majesty's Privy Councellours was joyned as Governour of both Societies with the Earl In 1668 the Earl of Pembroke being willing to quit the Government in respect of his retirement Pr. Rupert Duke of Bavaria and Cumberland Knight of the Order of the Garter and one of His Majesty's Privy Councellours was chosen together with the Lord Ashly-Cooper Governour of both Societies and the Deputy Governours of both Societies are now the Lord Brunker Sir Robert Murray Knight Sir John Pettus Knight Sir Francis Cobb Knight Col. Ashburnam Cofferer to His Majesty Thomas Foley Esquire Edward Swith and Edward Henshaw Esquires The Assistants to both Societies are Col. Ashburnham Edward Smith Paul Foley John Darrell John Wright Edward Henshaw Anthony Knightsbridge Dudly Dudly and Edward York Esquires Henry Kemp Thomas Hayes Roger Norton and Richard Reynoll Gentlemen and Citizens The Auditors Treasurers Register and Serjeant are chosen by the Governours and Assistants as occasion requires There are other Members

reasonable amends for any damage HENRY VI. The King by his Letters Patents granted to John Sollers all Mines of Gold and Silver in Devon and Cornwall Devon and Cornwall and all Mines of Lead holding Silver or Gold Gold Silver and Lead to hold from the expiration of 12 years formerly granted to the Duke of Bedford for 20 years paying the fifteenth part of pure Gold and pure Silver with libertie to dig and work the same but not to dig under any Houses or Castles and a Clause to provide for Wood and Labourers Dat. 11 Julii Anno 17. Hen. VI. Rot. 45. HENRY VI. The King by his Letters Patents makes his Chaplain John Bottwright Comptroller of all his Mines of Gold and Silver Devon and Cornwall Gold Silver Copper Latten and Lead Copper Latten and Copper Latten Lead within these two Counties Dat. 10 Sept. Anno 30. Hen. VI. Rot. 15. 20. HENRY VI. The King by His Letters Patents granted to the said Bottwright Provost and Governour of all his Mines Devon and Cornwall Copper Tyn and Lead prout ante and grants him all Mines of Copper Tin and Lead there whereout any Gold or Silver shall be fined to hold during his good behaviour paying the tenth part of pure Gold and Silver Copper Tin and Lead to be fined at his own charge with power to let and set for twelve years paying to the King the tenth Boule of Oar of Copper Tin and Lead holding Gold or Silver and to dig without interruption with a Clause to make a Provision for Wood and Labourers the Fee of the Church excepted Dat. 20 Junii Anno 31. Hen. VI. Rot. 20. 25. HENRY VI. The King by His Letters Patents Anno 34. Rot. 24. Devon and Cornewal Gold Silver and all Mettals containing Gold or Silver gives and grants to the Duke of York all his Mines of Gold and Silver and of all other Metals containing Gold or Silver within the Counties of Devon and Cornwall to hold at the pleasure of the King for 21 years with a Clause not to dig under the Houses or Medows of any person and with a Clause to free and indemnifie the Miners without impediment of the King or his Subjects wheresoever the said Mines shall be found within the said Counties HENRY VI. Among the Remembrances of the Exchequer Devon Anno 36. Regni in the Records of Easter Term Rot. 20. inter alia Devon Memorand That John Bottwright Governour of the Mines of Berryferres in Devon complains to this Court Mines that Robert Glover at the command of Roger Champernown took away 144 Bouls of Glance oar Glance oar valued at 15 l. 6 s. 8 d. and made profit of the same without any thing allowed to the King to the Kings damage 100 l. and thereupon desireth the Advice of the Court. CHAP. XV. EDWARD IV. THe King by his Letters Pattents England Lead holding Gold or Silver dat Dec. 20. Anno 8. Regni to Richard Earl of Warwick John Earl of Northumberland and others grants all Mines of Gold and Silver c. on the North side of Trent within England And all Mines of Lead holding Gold or Silver in the parts aforesaid agreeing with the Owners of the soyle to hold from the Feast of the Purification next for 40 years paying to the King the 12. part of pure gold and silver and to the Lord of the soyle a sixteenth part as they grow liberty to dig c. except under Houses or Castles without Licence EDWARD IV. The King by his Letters Pattents 30 Julii Anno 12. Rot. 2. grants to Gallias Lynne Semerset Glou cest Lead Tin and Copper holding Silver William Marriner and Simon Pert power to dig and search for Mines within the Counties of Somerset and Gloucestershire of Lead-Oar Tin or Copper holding silver or gold for the term of five years and to agree with the Lord of the soyl paying to the King every eighth Bowle of rich Oar with a clause to make their Mills to Fine and Melt as the Owner and they can agree And all Officers c. to be assistant EDWARD IV. The King by his Letters Pattents dat 23 Northumberland Martii Anno 15. Rot. 20. grants to his brother Richard Duke of Gloucester Henry Earle of Northumberland Copper and others the Mines of Blanch Lands called Shildane in Com. Northumb. And the Mine of Alston-Moor called Fetchers The Mine of Keswick in Cumberland and the Copper Myne neer Richmond in Yorkshire To hold from Lady day next for 15 years Paying the King the eighth part neat to the Lord of the Soil the ninth and to the Curat of the place a tenth as they arise EDWARD IV. The King by his Letters Pattents Dat. 11 Martii Northumberland Gold Silver Copper Lead Anno 18 Rot. 31. Upon surrenders of the former grants to William Goderswick and Doderick Vaverswick all Mines of Gold Silver Copper and Lead in Northumberland and Westmerland To hold from Lady day next for ten years paying to the King a fifteenth part neat to the Lord of the Soil and to the Curat as they can agree CHAP. XVI HENRY the VII THe King by His Letters Patents England Wales dat 27 Feb. Anno 1. Regni Rot. 92 makes Jasper Duke of Bedford and others Earls Lords and Knights Commissioners and Governours of all his Mines of Gold Silver Tin Gold Silver Tyn Lead and Copper Lead and Copper in England and Wales to answer the profits to the King and made Sir William Taylor Comptroller To hold from Candlemass day following for 20 years with Liberties of Court and other Priviledges Paying to the King the fifteenth part of pure Gold and Silver and to the Lord of the Soil the eleventh part as it grows Liberty to dig and search c. Except under the Houses and Castles of the King and his Subjects This Henry VII a wise Prince taking notice of his interest and Prerogative in the Mines did in the very first year of his Reign grant this Commission and by this and other ways raised a vast sum of Mony and left his rich Coffers to Henry VIII Who added to the Bulk by the Sale of Abbies c. But before Henry VIII his death almost all the Treasures of his Fathers and his own were consumed and what remained was left to Edward the VI. an Infant whose experience could not guide him to the Care of such affairs then followed Queen Mary who matching with Spain was thereby interessed in the wealth of Europe and needed no other support or inspection so this concern stood neglected for above 70 years CHAP. XVII QUEEN ELIZABETH ABout the third year of Queen Elizabeth she by the advice of her Council sent over for some Germans experienced in Mines and being supplied she the tenth of October in the sixth of her reign grants the Mines of eight Counties besides those in Wales to Houghsetter a German c. whose name and

IOHANNES PETTVS EQVES AVRATVS HIC TACENS ILLC SCRIBENS ALIBI LOQVENS AGENS PATIENS Aetate 57. 1670. W SHerwin ad 〈◊〉 facibat Fodinae Regales OR THE HISTORY LAWS AND PLACES OF THE Chief Mines and Mineral Works in England Wales and the English Pale in Ireland As also of the MINT and MONY WITH A CLAVIS Explaining some difficult Words relating to Mines c. By Sir JOHN PETTUS Knight LONDON Printed by H. L. and R. B. for Thomas Basset at the George in Fleetstreet near Cliffords Inne M.DC.LXX To His HIGHNESSE Prince Rupert Count-Palatine of the Rhine Duke of Cumberland Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter Constable of Windsor-Castle Chief Governor of the Mynes-Royal and Mineral Works in England c. And one of His MAJESTIES most Honourable PRIVY COUNCIL SIR THIS Treatise of the Mines Humbly submits it self to Your Patronage and the rather because as I therein observe at every 70 Years some signal Occurrence revived them to our Memories for in the sixth of Eliz. after several 70 Years a German gave us the clearest Guidance to their Conduct And your HIGHNESSE about 70 Years after made them very useful to his late MAJESTIES Martial Affairs during the Civil Wars and now in time of Peace we have made choice of you for our Chief Governor to both Societies But in respect you were not privy to the Grants and Priviledges belonging to us I conceive this short History or rather Abstract of what concerns us may be acceptable to you I confess they are unfit for your Perusal were not my Intents more zealously employed upon higher Advantages as your Highness may collect from my fisth and sixth Chapters for I think it requisite that the Countreys and Villages where such Mines and Minerals are should be exactly and publickly known which I shall in time divulge with the like for Plants whereby such Metallists Mineralists Botannists or other Artists who have occasion to use them need not trouble forein parts for with more ease and as much plenty they may be supplied at home But not to trouble your Highness further I was under your Command in the late Wars where I was in part witness to your great Conduct and Heroick Acts and I am now once more under your Command in the Affairs of the Mines whereby I have also observed your incomparable skill and general Knowledge in the lesser Arts and greater Sciences worthy of a Princes Recreation and Study all in their kind tending to some publick good and to inspect them no diminution of Greatness and in these wherein your Judgement may tonceive my Capacity extendable be pleased freely to Command SIR Your most Humble Obedient and Obliged Servant JO. PETTUS Anno 1670. To the Right Honourable The Lord Ashley Chancellor of the Exchequer one of the Governors of the Mines Royal and Mineral Works and of His MAJESTIES PRIVY COUNCIL MY LORD THIS Treatise presents it self also for your Lordships Concurrence wherin I have clearly stated the Kings Interest in our Mines by his Prerogative according to the most ancient and best Record I have also added the particular Customes of some Counties and other Discourses of things relating to our Societies And I did once resolve to have inserted first the reasons why we do not make such benefit of our Mines and Minerals as we might do and secondly the remedies which may be used for the better managing of them But I do forbear to publish them because I have seen the bad effects of Printing those worthy Designs concerning Fishing the Guiny Trade and Farthings c. for if they had been only in the breast of the State till every circumstance and opposition had been well weigh'd resolved and unexpected to others put in execution they would have redounded much more to the publick advantage And this Affair of our native Mines and Metals is much of the like nature for I conceive the King and Kingdoms Interest is first to be considered Next how the Proprietors may be so sweetned by profit to them that they may not only concurre in voluntary Discoveries but assist in their Operations and this may be done without diminution of the Kings Prerogative Thirdly how we may supplant Foreiners herein who hitherto have supplanted us Fourthly how to countenance Discoverers either by rewards or assistance Fifthly to encourage Lessees and to prevent their fraud of which hitherto many have been too guilty And lastly how by these to make some honest and reasonable profit to our selves And that these may be the better digested it is humbly recommended to your Lordship That a Committee of the Societies may be chosen being upon Oath which may Modell these Heads or more into fit Representations to His MAJESTIE and according to his Approbation the Societies to put them in action and to them I shall be ready to represent my thoughts and Considerations with a constant recourse to your Lordships Vniversal Knowledge which may direct us in the most facile way of effecting what is aimed at by My Lord Your Lordships most Humble and faithful Servant JO. PETTUS Anno 1670. TO MY HONOVRED FRIENDS OF THE SOCIETIES OF THE Mines and Mineral Works in this History Mentioned ABout Twelve Years since you were pleased freely to make me a Participant in both your Societies to gratifie which Favours I have ever since studied and endeavoured your Services and at some of our Meetings Considerations being had that it was sitting to make our Societies more publickly known for the benefit of Lessees and Discoverers of Mines c. I resolved to write and by the Encouragements of my Honoured Friends Sir Robert Murray and Sir Francis Cobb and some of the Long Robe both Common and Civil and the help of our own Records I have at last produced this History wherein I can call nothing my own but the imperfect Method Style some few Observations and the pleasure I took in finding such a worthy Diversion from Idlenesse It is the first Collection extant of this kind and if I have pleased you herein and facilitated the way to any future Additions by others I hope to receive their thanks and yours which is all that is expected by Your Grateful Friend and Servant JO. PETTUS Anno 1670. AN INTRODUCTION TO THIS HISTORY THE Usual Method of Historians is to to begin with the Creation wherein I might tell you that when GOD breathed upon the Face of the Waters that was a Putrefying Breath and that such Waters as were quiet and calm turned into Plains or Levelled Earth and the Boisterous Waters into Hills and Mountains according to the proportion of the Billows and their Spaces into Vallies which have ever since continued in those wonderful and pleasant Dimensions the Seminal Virtues of all Sublunary things being locked up and more durably preserved in them and yet from thence they are transmitted through Terrene Pores either from their own Exuberancies or the Sun or Stars Extractions into various and visible Forms

Charges 01 10 00   03 11 00 Total Charges 16 11 10 If the said Tun of Metal be made either of Goginian Coomervin or the Darrein oar the same yields in Silver per Tun of Metal 14 00 00 One Tun of Lead the Waste being deducted as aforesaid is 12 00 00   26 00 00 The Charge in all is 16 11 10 Deducted out of 26 l. the clear profit of a Tun of Lead is 09 08 02 If the said Tun of Metal be made of the Oar of Coomsumblock it yields 20 l. per Tun in Silver       This is only to shew the manner of computing a Mine Royal by Art but some are of opinion that all Metals do contain Gold or Silver in them and that therefore all Veins of Metals do belong to the King But for the Readers satisfaction as to matter of Law in that point he is referred to the Second Part of this Treatise And thus having briefly described Mines Metals Minerals their places and definitions the next is to shew what Governours or Officers the Kings of England have from time to time deputed and what Directions and Powers have been granted for their better Regulation CHAP. IX Of the Antiquitie of the Mines Royal. THese Works in Wales with some other in Devonshire Somersetshire and Cornwall as far as Tradition can assure us were anciently wrought by the Romans By the Damonii in Devonshire and Cornwall by the Belgae in Somersetshire and by the Dimetae in Cardiganshire And Caesar in his Commentaries saith that one reason of his invading the Britans was because they assisted the Gauls with their Treasures with which their Countrie did abound And Cimboline Prince of the Trinobantes wherein Essex is included who had lived much at Rome in Augustus his time was seated at Walden in that Countie and did according to the Roman way coin Monie instead of Rings which might be from that Mine which was afterward discovered in Hen. IV. his time in that Countie as yet unknown to the Societie However 't is certain there were Mines which did supply former Ages and may be again used with very great advantage to this present Age. As for the Laws made by the Romans concerning Mines the most material of them are abridged and annexed in their genuine Language that others may make their own Interpretations Most of which Laws are agreeable to the Grants and Powers of our succeeding Kings onely as to the Condemning such Men and Women to the Mines who had committed some heinous Crime against the Laws of the Empire our Kings have been more merciful therein though that point were in this Age worthy of consideration in respect of the yearly multitudes of able ingenious persons that suffer death by the Laws whose Lives upon this Imployment might be very useful CHAP. X. Of the Powers granted by our Kings concerning the Mines EDWARD I. Anno 33. THe King for advancement of the Stannaries in Cornwall frees the Tinners from all pleas of the Natives touching the Court Cornwall and from answering before any Justices c. concerning the Stannaries save onely the Keeper of the Stannaries Pleas of Land Life and Member excepted neither are they to be kept from work but by the said Keeper and indemnifies them from Tolls c. gives them libertie to dig Tin and Turf any where in the said Countie and to turn Water-courses for their Works at pleasure Tinners with many other Privileges both to the Keeper and Tinners concerning weighing and selling their Tin CHAP. XI EDWARD III. KIng Eward III. by Indenture dated 11 July Anno 32. Rot. 4. grants unto John Ballanter and Walter Bolbolter all his Mines of Gold Silver and Copper in the Countie of Devon for two years with libertie to dig and search Devon except in Gardens yielding 20 marks the first year and the 5th part the second year and all other persons are excluded from digging there EDWARD III. Among the Remembrances of the Exchequer Slop the King to John Jugg and Henry of Wisbich Whereas We are informed that certain Mines of Lead mixt with Gold and Lead Oar are found in the Countie of Salop He wills that the Barons of the Exchequer and Treasurer may be certified of the manner of finding the said Mines Gold and lead Oar mixt and whether any hath been transported and by whom and impowers them to inquire upon oath and commands them to certifie His Treasurer and Barons thereof at c. so that further Order may be taken and to return the Inquisition c. Witness Our Treasurer 30 Octob. Anno 7. CHAP. XII RICHARD II. KIng Richard II. by his Letters Patents dated 11 Junii Devon Gold and Silver Anno 8. grants to Richard Wake Clerk his Mines of Gold and Silver in the Countie of Devon and libertie to dig paying damage to the Owners of the Grounds as well within Liberties as without for ten years paying a tenth part of the profit unto the Holy Church and to the Exchequer the nineth part and all other persons to be excluded prout ante RICHARD II. The King to Hugh of Burnell Salop. and our Sheriff of Salop Whereas We are informed by James Miner of a Mine of Copper and Silver in or near the Lordship or Priory of Wenlock whereout no little profit would accrue to Us if wrought by experienced Workmen We assign you to ordain the said James to work the same without any let he not doing any thing against the Laws of our Kingdom or demolishing any Houses or Gardens c. Witness the King at Westminster 4 Junii Anno 17. Regni Rot. 12. CHAP. XIII HENRY IV. KIng Henry IV. by his Letter of Mandamus Essex Gold dat 11. Maii Anno 2. Rot. 34. commands Walter Fitz-Walter upon Information of a Concealed Mine of Gold to apprehend all such persons as he in his judgment thinks fit that do conceal the said Mine and to bring them before the King and his Council there to receive what shall be thought fit to be ordered HENRY IV. The King to William Charleton Prior of Pilton Devon Holding Silver Whereas we have granted to Henry and John Darby the Lead Mines holding Silver in Com. Devon for ten years paying Us nine pounds of pure Silver yearly and to Us and others all other dues We make you Comptroller thereof and command your diligence therein during pleasure Dat. 9 Feb. Anno 7. Regni Rot. 20. CHAP. XIV HENRY VI. THe King by His Letters Patents England Gold and Silver dat 24 Feb. Anno 5. grants to John Duke of Bedford Regent of France and Protector of England all Mines of Gold and Silver within His Kingdom of England for 10 years paying the tenth part to the Holy Church to the King the 15th and to the Lord of the Soil the twentieth part to dig c. but not under Houses in Arable Land or Medow without Licence of the Lord of the Soil and to make

were not as yet known or not discovered before the year after Christs Nativitie 1240. for then as a Writer of that Age recordeth was Tyn Mettal found in Germany by a certain Cornish-man driven out of his Native soile to the great loss and hindrance of Richard Earl of Cornwall This Richard began to make Ordinances for these Tyn-works and afterwards Edmund his son granted a Charter and certain Liberties and withal prescribed certain Laws concerning the same which he ratified or strengthned under his seale and imposed a Tribute or Rent upon Tyn to be answered to the Earles These Liberties The Common-wealth of Tymurs Priviledges and Laws King Edw. 3. did afterwards confirm and augment the whole Commonwealth of those Tynners and Workmen as it were in one bodie he divided into four quarters which from the places they call Foymore Blackmore Irewarnayle and Penwith Warden of the Stannaries over them all He ordained a Warden called Lord Warden of the Stannaries of Stannum that is Tin who are to give judgment as wel according to equity and conscience as Law and appointed to every quarter their Stewards who once every three weeks every one in his several Quarter ministers justice in Causes Personal between Tinner and Tinner and between Tinner and Foreiner except in Causes of Land Life or Member from whence there lieth an Appeal to the Lord Warden from him to the Duke and from him to the King in matters of moment There are by the Warden General Parlements or several Assemblies summoned whereunto Jurats are sent out of every Stannary whose Constitutions do bind them As for those who deal with Tin they are of four sorts the Owners of the Soil the Adventurers the Merchants or Regrators and the Labourers called the Spadyards of their Spade The Kings of England and Dukes of Cornwall in their times have reserved to themselves a Preemption of Tin as well in regard of the Propriety as being Chief Lords or Proprietaries as of their total Prerogative lest the Tribute of Rent imposed should be imbezelled and the Dukes of Cornwall defrauded unto whom by the old Custom for every thousand pounds weight of Tin there is paid forty Shillings It is by a Law provided that all the Tin which is cast and wrought be brought to one of the said four appointed Towns where twice in the Year it is weighed and signed with a Stamp they call it Coinage and the said Impost accordingly paid Neither is it lawful for any man before that to sell or send it abroad under Forfeiture of their Tin And not onely Tin here is found but also therewith Gold and Silver yea and Diamonds shaped and pointed Angle-wayes Cornish Diamonds smoothed also by Nature her self whereof some are as big as Walnuts and inferiour to the Orient Diamonds onely in blackness and hardness Sir John Dodderich his History of the ancient and modern Establishment of the Dutchy of Cornwall c. is almost verbatim with what Cambden hath writ concerning Tin and both of them from Carews Survey of Cornwall But all the Laws concerning Tin are fully digested in the Lord Cokes 12th Report concerning the Case of the Stanaries CHAP. XIX Concerning the Laws of the Lead Mines in Derbyshire and Mendip in Somersetshire From the Bundle of the Exchequer and the Inquisition of the Year of the Reign of King EDWARD the First 16. EDWARD by the Grace of God King of England Derby Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitain to the Sheriff of the County of Derby Greeting Know ye that We have assigned Our Faithful and Well-beloved Reynold of the Ley and William of Memill to inquire by the Oaths of good and lawful men of your County by the which the truth may best be known of the Liberty which our Miners do claim to have in those parts and which they have hitherto used to have and by what means and how and from what time and by what Warrant And therefore We do command thee that a certain Day and Place which the said Reynold and William shall appoint thee thou shalt cause to come before them so many and such good and lawful Men of thy Bailiwick by the which the truth may there the best be known in the premisses by the Inquirie and that thou have there the Writ Witness Our Well-beloved Cousin Edmond Earl of Cornwall at Westminster the 28th day of April in the Year of Our Reign the 16th By William of Hambleton and at the instance of Hugh of Cressingham the Day is appointed at Ashbourne upon Saturday next after the Feast of the Holie Trinitie An Inquisition taken at Ashbourne upon Saturday next after the Holy Trinity in the Year of the Reign of EDWARD the First the 16. before Reynold of the Ley and William of Meignil of the Liberties which the Miners of the said Sovereign Lord the King in the Peake do claim to have hitherto used to have in those part by what means and how and from what time and by what Warrant By the Oath of Tho. Foliamo Will. Hawley Ralph Cotterill William of Longsden John of Tearture Clement of Ford William of Bradlow Peter of Rowland Richard of Longsden Jur William son of the Smith of Bradwall Henry Foliambic John of Longsden All Jurors 1. Who say upon their Oaths Of a new Field that in the beginning when the Miners did come to the Field seeking for a Mine and finding a Mine they do come to the Bailiff which is called Burghmaster and did desire if it were a new Field that they might have two Meers of Ground that is to say one for the finding thereof and the other by the Miners Fine viz. paying a mere Dish of his first Oar. 2. An old Work and length of a Meer And the Miners desired also in an old Work of right to be measured to the said Miners every Meer to contain four Measures and the hole of the Mine to be 7 feet wide or broad 3. The length of the Measure the King to have a 3d. Meer in a new Field And everie Measure shall be of 24 feet and the King shall have the third Meer next the Finder and the other two Meers shall be delivered to the Workman Finder of the new Mine by the Burghmaster 4. And in an old Field everie Workman demanding such Work one Meer in the Field next our Soveraign Lord the King 5. The King is to have the 13th Dish for lot And the King shall have the 13th Dish or Measure of Oar which is called Th. Lot 6. And this hath been used and for this our Sovereign Lord the King shall find unto the Miners free ingress and egress into and from their Mines For which cause Lot is paid to carrie and bear their Oar unto the Kings High way 7. The King shall have Oar giving as much as another And the Jurie do say that they are used for coming in Mines that our Soveraign Lord the King shall