Recordatio Remembrance or a calling to minde derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anamnaomai recordor to remember or call to minde Anamnesis is a figure whereby the speaker calling to minde matters past whether of sorrow joy c. doth make recital of them for his own advantage or for the benefit of those that hear him as Psal. 137.1 By the Rivers there we sate down yea we wept when we remembred Sion c. Luke 15.17 The Prodigal son when he came to himself said How many hired servants of my fathers house have bread enough and to spare and I perish with hunger I will arise and go to my father c. Gen. 32.10 Thus Jacob in his return from Laban in thankful remembrance of the goodnesse of God to him breaks out With my staffe I passed over this Jordan and now I am become two bands c. Psal. 77.5 6. saith David I have considered the days of old the years of ancient times I call to remembrance my song in the night c. See Prov. 5.12 c. EXPEDITIO expedition or quick dispatch Expedition is a figure when many parts or reasons of an argument being enumerated and touched all are destroyed save that only upon which the speaker intends to conclude stand to and rest upon One of these courses must be taken either you must distinctly observe and practise these rules or deny that ever you received instructions or alledge want of capacity in your self or want of use of them in your life That they are not necessary you cannot say for what more necessary in your life then to write well That you are uncapable is a slander and a contradiction to your own conscience and my experience that hath seen such fair essays of your endeavours And to say you had never any directions were to give your two eyes the lye and to make me believe that I did never but dream your good Therefore must your labour conspire with my inventions and so much you unavoidably become skilful Seeing that this land was mine thou must needs shew that either thou didst possesse it being void or made it thine by use or purchase or else that it came to thee by Inheritance Thou couldst not possesse it void when I was in possession also thou canst not make it thine by use nor custome Thou hast no deed to evidence thy purchase of it I being alive it could not descend upon thee by Inheritance it follows then that thou wouldst put me from mine own land before I be dead DIATYPOSIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Descriptio Informatio Description information of a thing derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diatypoo describo informo to describe inform c. A figure when a thing is so described by more words that it may seem to be set as it were before our eyes or When we have spoken of a thing in general descend unto particulars Latin Examples Personabant omnia vocibus ebriorum natabant pavimenta mero madebant parietes c. vid. Ovid. in descript pestis lib. Metam 7. v. 5.28 procellae lib. 11. ver 500. diluvii lib. 1. v. 260. Virgil. in descrip scuti Aeneae lib. 8. Aeneid v. 620. English Examples If you desire that I make you a picture or lively description of the nature of Desire I will tell you It is a strange countrey whereunto the Prodigal child sailed when he forsook his fathers house to undertake a banishment a countrey where corn is still in grasse vines in the bud trees perpetually in blossome and birds always in the shell you neither see corn fruit nor any thing fully shaped all is there only in expectation A countrey where the Inhabitants are never without feavers one is no sooner gone but another comes into its place here time looks on you afar off and never comes neer you but shews you an inchanted looking-glasse wherein you see a thousand false colours which amuse you Here at best you have nothing to dinner but smoke and expectation Scriptural Examples of Diatyposis Psal. 7.13 14. God judgeth the righteous God is angry with the wicked every day if he turn not he will whet his sword he hath bent his bow he hath also prepared for him the instruments of death he ordaineth his arrows against the persecutors 2 Tim. 3 1 2 c. This know also that in the last days perillous times shall come for men shall be lovers of their own selves covetous boasters proud blasphemers disobedient to parents unthankful unholy c. So if speaking of war the blood-shed enemies clamours depopulations c. which happen by it are laid open See Revel 21.10 Revel 1.13 Isa. 1.7 8 c. PROECTHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 expositio quae praemittitur an exposition which is sent afore derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 porectithemi priori loco expono to expound in the former place It is as it were a prae-exposition or a praeposition of a speech wherein that which comes into controversie or debate is presented unto the eye A figure usual in Scripture when the speaker doth by his answer containing a reason of what he or some other hath said or done defend himself or the other person as unblameable in such speech or action Thus Job being accused and rebuked of his friends of impatiency sin folly c. Replyes thus Job 6.2 c. O that my grief were throughly weighed and my calamities laid together in the ballance for the arrows of the Almighty are within me the poyson whereof drinketh up my spirit c. Doth the wild Asse brâ—y when he hath grasse or loweth the Oxe over his sodder In this form of speech our Saviour many times defends his doings against the accusation of his adversaries as for healing the man with the withered hand on the Sabbath day Mark 3.4 And he saith unto them Is it lawful to do good on the Sabbath dayes or to do evill to save life or to kill but they held their peace The like in Matth. 12.11 What man shall there be among you that shall have one sheep and if it fall into a pit on the Sabbath day will he not lay hold on it and lift it out How much then is a man better then a sheep Wherefore it is lawful to doe well on the Sabbath dayes In like manner in Luke 6.1 2 c. Mark 2.23 He defends his Disciples being accused for pulling the ears of corn on the Sabbath day by alledging the example of David eating the Shew-bread in his great hunger Secondly By shewing his authority as Lord of the Sabbath And then by citing a saying of Hos. 6.6 I will have mercy and not sacrifice And in Matth. 9.12 13. He being accused for eating and drinking with publicans and sinners answers They that are whole need not a Physitian but they that are sick I came not to call the righteous but sinners to repentance DIALOGISMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sermocinatio a Diâ—logue or conference
Imprimatur Joh. Hall R. P. D. Episc. Lond. Ã Sac Domest 25 th August 1664. The Mysterie OF RHETORIQUE UNVEIL'D Wherein above 130 The TROPES and FIGURES are severally derived from the Greek into English together with lively Definitions and Variety Of Latin English Scriptural Examples Pertinent to each of them apart Conducing very much to the right understanding of the Sense of the Letter of the Scripture the want whereof occasions many dangerous Errors this day Eminently delightful and profitable for young Scholars and others of all sorts enabling them to discern and imitate the Elegancy in any Author they read c. By JOHN SMITH Gent. Ut hominis decus est ingenium Sic ingenii lumen est Eloquentia Cic. London Printed by E. Cotes for George Eversden at the Mayden-head in St. Pauls-Church-yard 1665. To the Right Worshipful Sir Martin Noell Knight Honoured Sir THE good Affection you bear unto all kinds of polite Literature accompanied with your genuine Inclination thereunto and in particular to Elocution together with those manifold Obligements which your Noble Self and Worthy Stock viz. Mr. Edward Noell and James Noell of Tottenham in the County of Middlesex Esq have accumulated upon me doe incite and encourage me to employ that breath which I would have spent in Expressions of Gratitude and Observance to beg your Worship to increase the Causes of it and doe thereupon beseech you to accept the tender of my Duty in this small Present to grant that your Protection and the Author your Pardon with favourable Permission to style himself Your Worships faithful Humble Servitour JOHN SMITH The Author to the Reader Courteous Reader WEre it absolutely necessary for him that would write of Eloquence to be perfectly eloquent I would easily confesse myself too rash in this enterprise But having seen often those treat knowingly of painting that never held Pencil and Cicero remarking that Aratus by the common consent of learned men wrote excellently of the Heavens and Stars though he was no noted Astronomer I 'm encourag'd to say why then may not I too discourse of Eloquence without being an Oratour Galen that great Master of Physick who wrote so learnedly of every part of that Science was little seen in the Practick Nor are those that discourse best of the embattailing Armies and differencing Military functions alwayes the best Warriers or the most daring The like may happen in this Subject that he who is able to set down the rules and laws which ought to be observed in speech or style may notwithstanding find himself defective in the application and so may be said to give that to others which he hath not himself But this Treatise indeed may not so properly be termed a Direction to the Art of Rhetorique as a Key to unlock and lay open those abstruse difficulties which the Tropes and Figures have hitherto not only been masked with but lock'd up under I mean from such at least as are altogether unacquainted with the Greek tongue and have not directed their studies to that subject Object But it may be you will say there were several books extant before that much illustrate the Tropes and Figures of Rhetorique Answ. It is very true that many learned Worthies have done exceeding well herein yet to use the expression of one of them That a child upon a Gyant shoulders can see further then the Gyant So I having the help of thâ—ir labours and of other Books have by Divine assistance without ostentation be it mentioned used a more distinct and easie method throughout the whole current of my Discourse then any other upon this Subject yet extant whereby matters of high and excellent sublimity are bowed down to the weakest capacities I render the English of each Trope and Figure likewise the English of the words from whence they are derived whether from the Greek or Latin then a brief definition and lively character and representation of each Trope and Figure then choyse Latin and English Examples pertinent to each of them as also a brief and plain explanation of the terms used in Rhetorique with an Alphabetical Table for the ready finding each of the Tropes and Figures Lastly For that the holy Scripture is not barren of but abounds with tropes and figures of all sorts as containing the most excellent and sublimest eloquence and is like a pleasant garden bedecked with flowers or a fruitful field full of precious treasures I apprehended it a work worthy the undertaking to dig into those sacred Minerals for the better finding out the Metaphors Metonymies Synecdoches c. which lie hid there and have given Scriptural Examples pertinent to each of the Tropes and Figures For the bare reading of the Scripture without searching into its heavenly mysteries and meaning is like the coming into a Treasury wherein we see many costly things folded up and some ends appearing out but when they be all unfolded then doth their glory more affect us for the present yea and leave in us a deep impression of their excellency Besides the ignorance of Rhetorique is one ground yea and a great one of many dangerous Errors this day as upon perusal of the Scriptural Examples of Synecdoche Metonymie c. will manifestly appear where you have not only bare instances but divers Texts cleared and explained for though the Spirit of the Lord be indeed that Golden Key that opens the sealed mysteries of the Book of Truth and inspires the soul with the understanding of the hidden wisdom therein and those men whose understandings are not opened by him who hath the Key of David be they never so learned yet by reason of the blindnesse of their hearts seeing they see not and hearing they understand not the wonders in Gods law yet all Science and particularly Rhetorique where it is reduced to a blessed subordination and conformity to the teachings of the Spirit of Truth is a good gift of God proceeding from the Father of lights and very conducent to the unfolding and right understanding of the Figurative and Tropical Elegancies of that blessed Book which abounds with the most excellent and divinest eloquence And herein we must beware that we take not those things literally which are to be understood spiritually that we go not out to a figurative acceptation of any place of Scripture where we have not a sufficient reason grounded upon some word of truth why the proper sense or signification of the words may not be adhered unto for we must never leave off the proper sense unlesse the coherence of the Text the Analogie of faith or some other place of Scripture require a figurative Exposition And it is very dangerous to make figures where the Scripture makes none or to make the scope and sense bleed with straining it too hard Origen would sometimes take that literally which ought to be understood mystically and thus mistaking that place Matth. 19.12 And there be Eunuches
Righteousnesse shall look down from heaven i. e. God in whom righteousnesse resteth Hos. 4.1 There is no truth nor mercy nor knowledge of God in the Land by which Adjuncts is signified that there are none or very few at most in whom those graces may be found This Metonymie is made these 9 waies viz. 1. When the sign is put for the thing signified thereby as k Fasces pro Magistratu Sceptrum pro Regne Toga pro pace Arma pro bello Huic consilio palmam damus i. e. victoriam English Examples Thus weapons and armes signâ—fie war the keys power and the palm victory as being signs of war power c. Scriptural Examples Gen. 49.10 The scepter shall not depâ—â—â— from Juaah i. e. the Kingdome inâ—imâ—â—iâ—g that Kings should not cease from the house oâ— Judah Rom. 13.4 He beareth not the swoâ—◠〈◊〉 vain i. e. Authority Jer. 24.10 Thus here the sword is put for war Thus also the name is often put for the thing it self as Rev 3 4 Thou hast a few names Prov. 18.10 The name of the Lord i. e. the Lord himself Phil. 2.10 That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow c. Ephes. 5 20. Act. 1.15 2. When the quality is put for the person subject thereunto as l Scelus pro scelesto villany for a villain Deserts are preferred i. e. men deserving are c. Give room to the Quoise i. e. to the Serjeant 3. When the Adjunct of time is put for the persons or things subject thereunto as m Aetas nulla i. e. homines nullius aetatis Aspera tum positis mitescent secula bellis i. e. homines qui istis seculis vixerunt Temeritas est florentis aetatis prudentia senectutis i. e. Juvenum senum Juventus i e. Juvenes Senectus i. e. Senes Oculisve aut pectore noctem Accipit Noctem pro somno qui noctus capitur English Examples Thus the night is put for sleep which is usually taken in the night Take heed young idlenesse i. e. idle youth Scriptural Examples Ephes. 5.16 The dayes are evill i. e. the hearts and conversations of the men of these dayes are evil 4. When the names of the vertues themselves are put for good men and of the vices for evill men and also when the names of divers other things are used for the persons to whom they are adjoyned or appertain as Ex hac parte pudor pugnat illic petulantia ubi pudor pro pudicis petulantia pro petulantibus ponitur c. Virtutem praesentem odimus i. e. viros bonos Justitia pro Justo c. English Examples Thus vertue is put for good men and justice for a just man 5. When the thing set in the place is put for the place it self as n Libelli pro libraria Ludus pro Circo Te quaesivimus omnibus libellis Bibliothecis English Examples Thus Books are put for a Library or Study A play for a play-house 6. When the thing contained is put for the container or the Abstract for the Concrete as Aen. Virg. i. Vina coronant i. e. pateram vina continentem Wine is put for the cup that contains it English Examples Psal. 11.7 The righteous Lord loveth righteousnesse i. e. righteous men 1 Cor. 12.28 Helps governments for helpers and governors Phil. 3.3 Circumcision is put for the persons circumcised Tit. 1.12 Wickednesse is put for wicked men See Gen. 19.15 Prov. 11.5 Rom. 4.9 Gal. 2.12 It is very usual in Scripture to put the Abstract for the Concrete to set forth the excellency of the person or thing spoken of Thus God tels Abraham that he shall not only be blessed Sed erit ipsissima benedictio Gen. 12.2 i. e. affluens omni benedictione non tam benedictus quam ipsa benedicto dicitur Thus in 1 Cor. 1.30 Christ is not called righteous but righteousnesse 7. When the Antecedent or that which goes before is put for the consequent or that which followes as Discumbere pro coenare Audire vel auscultare pro obtemperare Fuimus Troes pro non amplius sumus Vixit i. e. mortuus est Strato discumbitur ostro i.e. cibum capiunt English Examples Thus to hear is to obey He hath lived i e. he is dead They are set i. e aâ— sâ—pper The sword is drawn whereby is signified the ensuing slaughter Scriptural Examples Exod. 19.9 Deut. 5.27 Hear is put for obey So in Exod. 18 19. Hearken unto my voice for Obey my voice or commandement 8. When the Consequent is put for the Antecedent as Sepultus est pro mortuus est Evigilabit pro dormitat English Examples The Guests are risen i. e. have supped He is buried i. e. he is dead Scriptural Examples Gen. 3.19 In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread c. here by sweat following labour is signified labour before meat Isa. 28.16 He that believeth shall not make haste this Paul in Rom. 9.33 interprets shall not be ashamed shame and confusion being effects of making haste c. 9. When all things going together one is put for another as Juxta Terentium castra posuerat Annibal i.e. hujus illius exercitus Annibal ibi moratur pro exercitu Annibalis English Examples Thus Hannibal is put for his Army or any Captain General for the Army under his conduct and command Scriptural Examples Josh. 11.21.23 Joshua overcame the Canaanites i. e. he and his Army So in 1 Sam. 18.7 Saul hath slain his thousands c. So in Mat. 25.35 Christ is put for his Members A Metonymie of the End is when the end is put for the means conducing to the same as Subeat virtus vestra experimenta majora i.e. pericula Aris imponit honorem i.e. sacrificium Dicitur planstris vexisse poâ—mata Thespis i. e. Scenas in quibus poemata fiebant An English Example Let your courage enterprize greater experiments i. e. dangers He layes honour upon the altar i. e. a sacrifice for that in the old Law none but such as were Priests unto God were admitted to sacrifice unto him which was a dignity importing honour Scriptural Examples Jude 7. Sodome and Gomorrah were set forth for examples i. e. were punished for examples sake Psal. 57.8 Awake my glory i. e. my tongue given to glorifie God See 1 Cor. 10.6 A Metonymie of the form is when the form is put for the thing to which it gives a being as Luxuries in flagitiis Crudeli as in suppliciis avaritia in rapinis superbia in contumeliâ—s pro luxurioso crudeli avaro superbo Ars mendicando quaerit honesta cibum i. e. Artifices honesti English Examples Thus Art is put for an Artificer pride for a proud man and covetousness for a covetous man and the soul for man Heare you modesty it self i. e. some one very modest Scriptural Examples Exod. 1.5 Seventy souls went down into Egypt i. e. men The like in Gen. 12.5 46.18
his body It is also by this Synecdoche when any thing is spoken concerning many persons together which yet appertains not to every one of them precisely as Gen. 35.26 In this and the three precedent verses you have a recital of the twelve sons of Jacob which as this verse declares were born unto him in Padan-aram and yet this appertains not unto Benjamin who yet is reckoned with the rest as in vers 24. for he was born in the way near Ephrath as in vers 16. And in Heb. 11.13 The Apostle having enumerated many Saints and among the rest Enoch as in vers 5. generally addes These all died in the faith c. and yet Enoch was translated that he should not see death and was not found because God had translated him as likewise appears by the 5. verse Thus the plural Number is put for the singular as Nos pro ego Nos populo imposuimus Oratores visi sumus ubi de se tantum loquitur Orator An English Example Cicero to Brutus We deceived the people and seemed Orators speaking of himselfe only Scriptural Examples Judg. 12.7 And Jephthah was buried in the cities of Gilead i. e in one City of that Region Mat. 27.44 The thieves also which were crucified with him upbraided him i. e. one of the thieves namely the unbelieving and unconverted thief So also Gen. 21.7 46.7 compared with the 15 17. verses But of the Grammarians it is called a Synecdoche or Comprehension when a common word or name is restrained to a part which is expressed by the Accusative Case And they call it Comprehension because the particular is comprehended of the universal This Synecdoche is a figure of Construction and is when that which is part is attributed to the whole as Aethiops albus dentes an Ethiopian white in the teeth here white agreeing to the teeth only is attributed to the whole Ethiopian Pro toto positae partes quam passio signat Quartum vel sextum casum Synecdoche tradit Passivis Neutris adjectis participiisq 1. Dentibus alba 2. Caput doleo 3. Spoliata lacertos 1. Dentibus alba White in the teeth 2. Caput doleo I am pained in my head 3. Spoliata lacertos Bereft of the strength of the body By this Synecdoche all Nouns Adjectives signifying any property also Verbs Passives and Neuters signifying any passion may govern an Accusative or an Ablative Case signifying the place wherein the property or passion is as Aeger pedes or pedibus Diseased in the feet Rubet Capillos His hairs are red Truncatus membra bipenni Cut in the limbs with an axe Caetera similes uno differunt Like in other things in one thing they differ IRonia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Simulatio irrisio mocking or counterfeiting derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in loquendo dissimulatione utor to dissemble in speaking or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eiro dico from whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eiron Simulator qui aliter dicit ac sontit from which Ironia is taken for dissimulation whereby one thing is thought and another spoken it signifies also taunting speeches or a speaking by contraries as if we should say black is whiâ—te It is called the mocking Trope whereby in derision we speak contrary to what we think or mean or when one contrary is signified by another This Trope is not so well perceived by the words as either by the contrariety of the matter or the manner of utterance or both Antiphrasis and this are of very nigh affinity only differing in this that Antiphrasis consists in the contrary sense of a word and Ironia of a sentence Contra quam sentit solet Ironia jocari Scilicet a egregiam laudem b pulchre c bone custos a Egregiam laudem i. e. turpe potius dedecus infamiam b Pulchrè i. e. foediffimè c Bone custos i. e. male custos O salve a bone vir curasti b prebè i. e. a pessime b negligenter foedè neglexisti Si genus humanum mortalia temnitis arma At 1 sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi Alter erit maculis auro 2 squalentibus ardens Hunc ego si potui tantum 1 sperare dolorem 1. Sperate i.e. timete Sperare i. e. timere 2. Squalentibus i. e. splendentibus Est in hic vocibus Catachresis English Examples of an Irony He was no notorious Malefactor but he had been twice on the Pillory and once burnt in the hand for trifling oversights Milo had but a slender strength who carried an oxe a furlong on his back then kill'd him with his fist and eat him to his breakfast So when the Persian army was at variance among themselves Philip of Macedon their utter enemy said He would send his army to make them friends Thus Gnatho speaks Ironically to Thraso What quoth he they knew you not after I had shewn them your good conditions and made mention of your vertues Then answered Thraso You did like an honest man I heartily thank you Here both the saying of Gnatho and Thrasoe's Answer have a contrary signification Scriptural Examples Gen. 3.22 And the Lord God said Behold the man is become as one of us whereby the Lord declares his great disdain of their affectation oâ— an impossible preheminence in being like to God as if he had said he is now by his sin become most unlike unto us I see how well Satan hath performed his promise to them is he not become like one of us Judg. 10.14 Go cry to the gods which ye have choâ—en So in Isa. 14.4 8 9. The Lord teaches his children to deride the proud insulting King of Babylon Our Saviour also to awaken his drousie Disciples out of their security doth in Mat. 26.45 use this form of speech Sleeep on now and take your rest c. as if he had said A perillous â—ime is at hand wherein you shall have little list or leisure to sleep you have therefore now the moe need to watch and pray So Micaiah in 1 King 2â— 15 bids Ahab go to battail against Ramoth-Gilead and prosper i. e. go up and perish Thus in 1 King 18.27 Elijah mocked the worsâ—ippers of Baal Cry aloud for he is a god either he is talking or he is pursuing or he is in a journey or peradventure he sleepeth and must be awakâ—ned Joâ— 1â— 2 â—hus he taunts at his false friends No â—oâ—bt but â—e â—â—e the people and wisdome shall â—e witâ— yoâ— as if he hâ—d sâ—id In your own conceits there are none wise but your selves No doubt but reason hath left us and is gone wholly unto you yea wisdome is so tyed to your persons that her conversation and ruine depends upon yours 1 Cor. 4.8 10. We are fools ye are wise we nothing ye all c. See Amos 4.4 5. Eccles. 11.9 CAtachresis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 abusio abuse derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 catachraomai abutor to abuse
or from the praeposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 cata contra against and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 chresis usus use It is a form of speech whereby the speaker or writer wanting a pâ—oper word borroweth the next or the likest to the thing that he would signifie It is an improper kinde of speech somewhat more desperate than a Metaphor and is the expressing of one matter by the name of another which is incompatible with and sometimes clean contraâ—y to it and is when the change of speeâ—h is hard strange and unwonted or It is the abuse of a Trope when words are too faâ— wrested from their native signification or when one word is abusively put for another for lack of the proper word Duâ—ior impropâ—iae est Catachresis abusio vocis Vir gregis ultorem promisi pulchra minatus Vir gregis ipse caper deerravit i. e. Dux gregis Capitis nives i e. Cani capilli Speraâ—e doloâ—em i e. timeâ—e dolorem Facies simillima Lauro nam facies propriè hominis est English Examples of Catachresis A voice beautiful to his ears He threatens me a good turn I promised him an executioner I gave order to some servants of mine whom I thought as apt for such Charities as my self to lead him out into a forrest and kill him where Charity is used or rather abused for Cruelty They build a horse by Pallas are divine here the Poet traduceth that to a beast which is proper to the making of a house And as he said that mislik'd a picture with a crooked nose The elbow of his nose is disproportionable By the license of this figure we give names to many things which lack names as when we say The water runs which is improper for to run is proper to those creatures which have feet and not unto water By this form also we attribute hornes to a snail and feet to a stool and so likewise to many other things which lack their proper names Scriptural Examples of Catachresis A Caution Note that though this Trope be to be found in divers places of Scripture yet not as if the Scripture abused words but because those words which are Catachestical depart a little from the usual custome of figurative speaking and are spoken or hang together more roughly or hardly as Heb. 11.5 Enoch was translated that he should not see death Hos. 4.8 They eat up the sins of my people Deut. 32.14 The blood of the grape didst thou drink i. e. the juice of the grape Prov. 30.15 By this form of speech Solomon nameth the two daughters of the horseleech Psal. 137.5 Let my right hand forget her cunning here is forgetting applyed to the hand which is proper to the minde Jer. 46.10 The sword shall devour here to devour the property of a living creature with teeth is Catachrestically applied in the sword Lev. 26.30 And I will cutt down your Images and cast your carkasses upon the carkasses of your Idols c. here pieces of Images are called carkasses Exod. 23.19 Thou shalt not seeth a Kid in his Mothers milk Thus in Psal. 6.8 Prayers and tears are said to have a voice the like of tears in Psal. 39.12 The Lord hath heard the voice of my weeping Isa. 64.1 Oh that thou wouldst rent the heavens c. The Prophet here speaks of God after the manner of men if a man weâ—e in heaven and should descend he having a body of grosse substance must divide and rend the heavens but God being a most pure Spirit passeth through all things without any dividing or rending yet is there in these divine condescensions of speech a singular excellency Rev. 1.12 And I turned to see the voice c. So Exod. 20.22 Ye have seen that I have talked c. i. e. ye have heard the Lord speak See Exod. 5.21 c. MEtalepsis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Transumptio participatio Participation or a taking from one another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metalambano transumo aut particeps sum to take of or partake with another Metalepsis is a forme of speech whereby the Oratour or speaker in one word expressed signifieth another word or thing removed from it by certain degrees Or It is the cloathing of a Trope with excellency or the multiplying of a Trope in one word to wit first when by one improper word another is signified then by that improper word perhaps another and so one after another till it comes to the proper word a mean or middle degree which affords a passing over or change intervening It is the continuation of a Trope in one word through the succession of significations This Trope is a kinde of Metonymie signifying by the Effect a Cause far off by an effect nigh at hand and it teaches the understanding to drive down to the bottome of the sense and instructs the eye of the wit to discern a meaning afar off for which properly it may be aptly compared to an high prospect which presents to the view of the beholder an object remote by leading the eye from one mark to another by a lineal direction till it discerns the object inquired Transcendit mediis gradibus Metalepsis ad altum Hinc movet 1 Euphrates bellum Mirabar 2 aristas 1 Euphrates pro Mesopotamia per Meton Adjuncti Mesopotamia pro Orientalibus per Synecdochen membri 2. Aristas pro spicis per Synecdochen Membri Spica pro segete per Synecdochen iâ—em Membri Seges pro aestate quo anni tempore in agris luxuriatur per Metonymiam subjecti pro Adjuncto aestas pro anno rursum per Synechdochen Membri Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam i. e. Invadunt Trojanos somno vinoque sepultos Vrbem pro Troja per Synecdochen Generis Troja pro Trojanis per Metonymiam Subjecti English Examples of Metalepsis Virgil by ears of corn signifieth summers by a Metonymie of the subject and by summers years by a Synecdoche of the part They invade and enter the City drowned in sleep and wine i e they invade Troy or the Trojans buried in sleep and wine Scriptural Examples Lam. 4.4 The tongue of the sucking childe cleaveth to the roof of his mouth for very thirst c. Here by the extreme thirst of the sucking babes the Prophet signifies the mothers barren and dry beasts and by the dry beasts the extreme hunger and famine and by the famine the wofull affliction and great misery of the people Mat. 21.10 All the City was moved where the City is put for Jerusalem the general word comprehending the particular by a Synecdoche Generis and Jerusalem for its inhabitants by a Metonymie of the subject Mal. 4.2 The Sun of righteousnesse shall arise with healing in his wings Where wings are put for beams by a Catachrestical Metaphor And beams for comfort and refreshing by a Metaphor See Esth. 2.16 Exod. 27.20 HYperbole 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Superlatio Exuperatio
of Canticles the sweet conference between Christ and his Church is set down in the words and expressions proper to husband and wife Thus old age is most elegantly decipher'd in Eccles. 12.5 6. 2. An Allegory inforc'd and wrested is such as is lest destitute of a probable ground or foundation in the literal sense either it differs too much from the thing from which it is taken or it is agreeable to another and thwart object or otherwise it is too far remote from the Analogie of the Scriptures as such are Mat. 13 8. And other seeds fell into good ground and brought forth fruit some an hundred fold c. See Psal. 110.1 Mat. 15.11 Other Allegories Jer. 23.5 6. Behold the daies come saith the Lord that I will raise unto a David a righteous branch c. In his daies Judah shall be saved and Israel dwell safely so in Zech. 3.10 Which Allegorically represents the glorious peace and tranquillity of all Saints when Christ shall have set up his Kingdome and reign from the River to the end of the land See Hos. 13 14 15. Job 29.6 Prov. 23.29 ANtonomasia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nominis unius pro alio positio A putting of one name for another or the exchanging or a name derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro for and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onomazo nomino to name Antonomasia is a form of speech whereby the oratour or speaker for a proper name putteth another and some name of dignity office profession science or trade It is a kinde of a Metonymie and Synecdoche Generis and is when another name a nickname or common name is put instead of the proper name or when a word being put without a name supplies the place of the name Antonomasia imponit cognomen ut a Irus Impius b Aeacides c Poenus d Cytherea e Poeta a Irus being a poor Messenger of Penelopes woers is here put for any poor man Impius wicked the wicked fellow is put for any man notoriously wicked b Achilles the Nephew of Aeacus c Carthaginian for Hannibal who was the eminent man of Carthage d Any remarkable person of Cythera but here it signifies Venus who was carried to Cythera in a cockle-shell and was the goddesse of that place e Poeta the Poet for Virgil or Homer Arma virumque cano ubi intelligitur Aeneas English Examples This Rhetorical Exornation is used five waies viz. 1. Hereby the Oratour speaking to high dignities boweth as it were the knee of his speech and lifts up the eye of his phrase to the bright beams of earthly glory thereby declaring his reverence and their dignity thus when he speaks to a King or a Prince he saith your Majesty your Highnesse to a Nobleman your Lordship your Honour 2. In stead of name or title he useth a decent and due Epithet thus Honourable Judge Honoured Sir 3. The Author by the name of his profession or science as when we say the Philosopher for Aristotle The Roman Orator for Cicero The Psalmograph for David 4. A man by the name of his Countrey as the Persian the Germane the Britain 5. When we give to one man the name of another for the affinities sake of their manners or conditions In praise thus As when we call a grave man a Cato a just dealer an Aâ—istides a wise man a Solomon In dispraise To call an envious detractor a Zoilus a captious reprehender a Momus a tyrant a Nero a voluptuous liver an Epicure Scriptural Examples of Antonomasia Prov. 18.10 The name of the Lord is a strong Tower c. Joel 2.11 He is strong that executes his word Gen. 21.33 The everlasting God where the common attributes strong and everlasting are put for Jehovah the more proper name of God So in Mat. 21.3 Joh. 11 3 12. Christ is called Loâ—d and in Joh. 11.28 Master and in Mat 8.20 9.6 The son of man in Gen. 48.16 The Angel in Exod. 3.2 The Angel of the Lord and in Isai. 63.9 the Angel of the Lords presence and Euphrates is in Gen. 31.21 called the River and Christ in Dan. 11.22 is called the Prince oft he Covenant and in Gen. 3.15 the seed of the woman and in Heb. 12.24 the Mediator of the New Covenant Thus Christ also calls his Church his Sister his Love and his Dove and the Church in like manner him her Beloved LItotes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 tenuitas tenuity smalness or finenesse derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 litos tenuis small or fine It is a kinde of Synecdoche A Trope when a word is put down with a sign of negation and yet as much is signified as if we spake affirmatively if not more and by others it is called a Figure When lesse is said then signifyed and whereby the oratour or speaker for modesties sake seems to extenuate that which he expresses Non equidem laudo est Litotes nec munera sperno Non sperno i. e. diligo Rhodi Romanis haud infesti i. e. amicissimi Et Gens illa quidem sumptis non tarda pharetris i. e. velocissima Me non spernitis i. e. di igitis English Examples It is no small account that he makes of his own wit or he setteth not a little by himselfe Here by the negations of small and little or much are both signified and properly amplified Also by denying the Superlative it takes the Positive degree thus He is not the wisest man in the world or he is none of the wisest i e. he is not wise at all This and such like formes of speaking are used for modesties sake for it were not so seemly to say that he lacks wit or that he is a fool So if a man had some good occasion or just cause to commend himself he cannot by any means do it in more modest manner then by this form of speech as if he should say I was not the last in the field to engage the enemies of my Countrey Here if he should have said I was first or one of the foremost in the field although he had spoken never so truly it would have savoured of arrogancy and boasting Scriptural Examples of Litotes Psal. 51.17 A broken heart God will not despise i. e. he will highly prize it 1 Thess. 5.20 Despise not prophesying i. e see that you highly prize it The like in Rom. 2.4 Psal. 105.15 Touch not mine anointed c. i. e. hurt them not take heed you be not found among the persecutors of my anointed ones Job 10.3 Despise not the work of thine hands i. e. do thou graciously take notice of the work c. Psal. 9.12 He will not forget the cry of the humble i. e. he will surely remember their cry c. Thus when the Scripture would strongly affirm it doth it oftentimes by denying the contrary as Isai. 38.1 Thou shalt die and not live i.e. thou shalt certainly die The like in Ezek. 18.21 Deut. 28 33.
Metaphor signifie the Greek Letters Nilotis Quill fram'd Greek letters for Nilotis Pen c. by a Metonymie of the Matter Nilus is the name of a River in Egypt by the side whereof Reeds grow which are here called Nilotis Quill by a Catachrestical Metaphor also Sepia a fish whose blood is as black as ink also black liquor c. here put for ink by Synecdoche Speceii or a Metaphor Cnidus a City where Venus the Goddess of Love was worshipped here put for Venus by Antonomasia or Synecdoche Generis and Venus for Love by a Metonymie of the Efficient Mitto tibi Lunam Solem simul canis iram Quae reddas à te dulcis amice precor id est ex Corde te saluto Auri b Sacra c fames mortalia d pector a perdit a Aurum pro aureis nummis per Metonymiam Materiae b Sacrum pro exsecrando per Ironiam seu Antiphrasin c Fames pro desiderio per Metaphoram d Pectus pro homine per Synecdochen partis Quid hoc esse censes Non ego de toto mihi corpore vendico vires At Capitis pugnâ nulli certare recuso Grande mihi Caput est totum quoque pondus in ipso Malleus est Fabrilis Dic quibus in terris eris mihi magnus Apollo Tres pateat Coeli spacium non amplius ulnas Quid hoc esse existimas Sum nondum dira confectus morte sepultus Haud urnâ haud saxum non humus ulla tegit Et loquor supio vitalibus abdicor auris Meque capit vivus mâ—que vehit tumulus Hic modus nihil nobis facesset negotii amplius si Jonae historiam diligenter excusserimus cum hoc Aenigmate contulerimus Is enim ex ventre Orcae piscis seu ut ipse existimavit ex medio Orci hoc sibi epitaphium vere ponere potuisset English Examples of Aenigma I consume my mother that bare me I eat up my nurse that fed me then I die leaving them all blind that saw me This is meant of the flame of a Candle which when it hath consumed both wax and wicke goes out leaving them in the dark that saw by it Ten thousand children beautiful of this my body bred Both sons and daughters finely deckt I live and they are dead My sons were put to extreme death by such as lov'd them well My daughters dy'd in extreme age but where I cannot tell By the Mother understand a Tree by the sons and daughters understand the fruit and leaves by the sons being put to death by such as loved them well understand those that gathered and eat the fruit by the daughters death in age understand the leaves falling off by the returning of the sap to the Root in Autumn c. Anatomie of wonders great I speak and yet am dead Men suck sweet juyce from these black veins which Mother Wisdome bread By Anatomie of wonders c. understand a book by the sweet juice instruction and by the black veins the letters and lines in the book An Arithmetical Aenigma Suppose 30 Malefactors viz. 15 English men and 15 Turks are adjudged to be executed for Piracie and that the Sheriff hath after this sentence power given him to save one half of these Malefactors but must execute every ninth man I demand how he may place them in such order and rank as that he may execute all the Turks and 〈◊〉 â—erve the English men Let him place them by this verse following and for that he would save the English let him begin with them for that o is the first vowel mentioned here let him place or ranck four of the English men it being the fourth vowel c. Let o signifie the English man and 1 the Turk Populeam Virgam mater Regina tenebat 45.2.1 3. 1. 1.2 2.3.1 2 2.1 But if the Sheriff had been to have executed every tenth man He should place them by this verse Rex Paphi cum Gente bona dat signa Serena 2. 1. 3. 5. 2.2.4.1 1. 3. 1. 2.2.1 But if the Sheriff were to execute every 2.3 or any number of the men between two and sixteen I shall since Art is silent herein insert a Mechanical way for the ready performing the same and shall give one President which followed mutatis mutandis will lead to the accomplishment of your desire in any the rest of these questions viz. Suppose the Sheriff had been to have executed every fifth man first represent the 30 Malefactors by 30 ciphers or what characters you please then cancel with your pen every fifth of them till you have cancelled half of them then have you the direct order of placing the men before your eye for the ciphers or characters câ—ncelled represent the Turks to be executed and the other uncancelled those that are to escape Scriptural Examples of Aenigma Gen. 40. 41. chap. The dreams and visions there of Pharaohs chief Butler and chief Baker as likewise Pharaohs own dreams were Aenigmatical The significations whereof were expounded by the Spirit of wisdome and Revelation in Joseph as appears by Gen. 40.12 13.18 19. Gen. 41.26 27. c. Dan. 4.10 11. c. We have Nebuchadnizzars vision which is also Aenigmatical Thus were the visions of mine head in my bed I saw and behold a Tree in the midst of the earth and the height thereof was great the tree grew and was strong and the height thereof reached unto heaven and the sight thereof to the ends of the earth the leaves thereof were fair and the fruit thereof much and it was meat for all the beasts of the field had shadow under it and the sowls of the heaven dwelt in the boughs thereof c. which Daniel by the Spirit of the Lord opens in the same chapter In Judg. 14.14 we have Sampsons Riddle Out of the eater came forth meat and out of the strong sweetnesse Isa. 11.1 2. And there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse and a branch shall grow out of his roots and the Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him the Spirit of wisdom and might c. See Ezek 17.2 26. chap. of the Proverbs and divers other chapters in that Book you shall find divers riddles and dark sayings and the same opened and explained in the demonstration of the same Spirit of wisdome they were proposed Figures of a word see pag. 5. 6. EPizeuxis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Adjunctio a joyning together of the same word or sound derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epizeugnumi conjungo to joyn together Epizeuxis is a figure of a word whereby a word is geminated and repeated by way of Emphasis and usually without interposition of any other word or it is the repetition of the same word or sound likewise when one or more words intervene by Parenthesis This figure serves to the Emphatical setting forth of the vehemency of the affections and passions of the mind
Ejusdem sit Epizexuis repeâ—itio vocis Ah Corydon Corydon me me bella horrida bella Talis amor Daphnim qualis cum fessa juvencam Per nemora atq altos quaerendo bucula lucos c. Talis amor teneat nec sit mihi cura mederi This figure is twofold viz. 1. In part of a word which is 1. in the beginning of a Sentence 2. in the end of a Sentence 1. In part of a word in the beginning of a Sentence as O utinam possem populos reparare paternis Artibus atque animos formatae iufundere terrae 2. In a part of a word in the end of a sentence as Titus Annius ad illam pestem comprimendam extinguendam fund itus delendam natus esse videtur 2. In a whole word as Ipsa sonant arbusta Deus Deus ille Menalca Si nisi quae facio poterit te digna videri Nulla futura tua est nulla futura tua est Excitate excitate cum fi potestis ab inferis English Examples of Epizeuxis Thus Cicero to Anthony Thou thou Anthony gavest cause of civil war to Caesar willing to turn all upside down Thus Virgil Ah Corydon Corydon what madnesse hath thee moved O let not let not from you be poured upon me destruction It is not believe me it is not wisdome to hazard our salvation upon so weak a ground as mans opinion Terrors terrors upon terrors laid hold on me Scriptural Examples Isa. 51.9 Awake awake put on strength Oh arm of the Lord c. Matth. 23.37 Oh Jerusalem Jerusalem thou that killest the Prophets c. here the woâ—d is geminated to expresse the ardency of the speakers affections Isa. 52.1 Awake awake put on thy strength O Zion c. See Isa. 51.17 12 38 19 40 1. Judg. 5.12 Ezek. 21.9.27 A sword a sword is sharpened c. I will overturn overtuâ—n overturn it c. i.e. I will certainly overturn it Thus David bewaileth the death of his son Absalom in 2 Sam. 18.33 O my son Absalom my son my son Absalom would God I had dyed thee O Absalom my son my son This you may find sometimes by way of Amplification as Psal. 145.18 The Lord is nigh to all that call upon him even to all that call upon him in truth so Psal. 68.12 and Joel 3.14 And sometimes also by way of Transition as Hos. 2.21 I will hear saith the Lord I will hear the heavens and they shall hear the earth and the earth shall hear the corn c. ANadiplosis 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Reduplicatio Reduplication or redoubling derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 re again et 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 diploo duplico to double A figure whereby the last word or sound of the first clause is repeated in the beginning of the next Est Anadiplosis quoties ex fine prioris Membri Principium fit dictio prima sequentis Pierides vos haec facietis maxima Gallo Gallo cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas Spectatum veniunt veniunt spectentur ut ipsi English Examples With death death must be recompensed On mischief mischief must be heapt Let us at any rate buy the truth Truth will make us no losers Prize wisdom wisdom is a jewel too precious to be slighted Scriptural Examples of Anadiplosis Isa. 30.9 This is a rebellious people lying children children that will not hear the law of the Lord. Deut. 8.7 For the Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land a land of brooks of water c. Rom. 14.8 If we live we live unto the Lord if we die we die unto the Lord c. Pâ—al 48.8 As we have heard so have we seen in the City of our God God will establish it c. See Psal. 122.2 3. Our feet shall I stand within thy gates oh Jerusalem Jerusalem is builded as a City see the 5. verse of the same Psalm Psal. 145.18 Jer. 2.13.12.11 Luk. 7.31 32. Psal. 9.8 c. CLimax 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Gradatio Gradation or a climbing by steps derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 clino reclino acclino to bend towards or incline to for that its ascending is rising upwards and its descending declining or turning away Gradation is a kind of Anadiplosis by degrees making the last word a step to a further meaning It is a figure when a gradual progresse is used in the site or placing of the same word or When the succeeding clauses of a sentece transcend each other by divers degrees or steps of the same sound Continua serie est repetita Gradatio Climax Quod libet id licet his et quod licet id satis andent Quodque audent faciunt faciunt quodcunque molestum est Mars videt hanc visamque cupit potiturque cupita Nec vero se populo solum sed Senatui commisit nec Senatui modo sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis nec his tantum sed ejus potestati cui Senatus totam Rempub. commisit Pulchrum est bene dicere pulchrius bene sentire pulchâ—rrimum bene facere English Examples of Gradation His Arm no oftner gave blows then the blows gave wounds then the wounds gave death Your words are full of cunning your cunning of promises your promises of wind A young man of great beauty beautified with great honour honoured with great valour You could not enjoy your goods without Government no Government without a Magistrate no Magistrate without obedience and no obedience where every one upon his private passion interprets the rulers actions Out of idleness comes lust out of lust impudence out of impudence a contempt of whatsoever is good Scriptural Examples Matth. 10.40 He that receiveth you receiveth me and he that receiveth me receiveth him that sent me Rom. 5 3 4 5. Knowing that tribulation worketh patience and patience experience and experience hope c. 2 Pet. 1.5 7. Add to your faith vertue and to vertue knowledge and to knowledge temperance and to temperance patience and to patience godlinesse and to godlinesse brotherly-kindnesse and to brotherly-kindnesse love 1 Cor. 11.3 The head of every man is Christ and the head of the woman is the man and the head of Christ is God c. Rom. 8.30 Whom he predestinated them also he called and whom he called them also he justified and whom he justified them also he glorified See Rom. 10 14 15. 1 Cor. 3.23 22. All are yours you are Christs and Christ is Gods ANaphora 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Relatio Relation or a bringing of the same again derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anaphero refero to bring again or rehearse It is the repetition of a word of importance and effectual signification or It is a figure when several clauses of a sentence are begun with the same word or sound Diversis membris frontem dat Anaphora eandem Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum Ter frustra câ—mprehensa manus effugit imago Tu pugnare potes
mici sacri est consilii vis Tu vires sine mente geris mihi cura futuri est Sic oculos sic ille manus sic ora movebat English Examples You whom vertue hath made the Princess of felicity be not the Minister of ruine you whom my choyce hath made the Load-star of all my sublunary comfort be not the rock of my shipwrack An Example of Cicero in the praise of Pompey A witnesse is Italy which Lucius Sylla being Victor confessed was by this mans counsel delivered A wiâ—nesse is Africa which being opprest with great Armies of enemies flowed with the blood of slain men A witnesse is France through which a way was made with great slaughter of Frenchmen for our Armies into Spain A witnesse is Spain which hath very often seen that by this man many enemies have been overcome and vanquished Scriptural Examples of Anaphora Psal. 29.4 5. The voice of the Lord is powerful The Voice of the Lord is full of Majesty The voyce of the Lord breaketh the Cedars c. Jer. 8.2 Whom they loved whom they served whom they ran after whom they sought whom they worshipped c. 1 Cor. 1.20 Where is the wise where is the Scribe where is the disputer of this world c. Psal. 118 8 9. Better it is to trust in the Lord then to put confidence in man better it is to trust in the Lord then to put confidence in Princes c. Jer. 50.35 36 37. A sword is upon the Caldeans c. a sword is upon the Lyars c. a sword is upon her mighty men c. See Rom. 8.38 Psal. 27.1.118.2 4.124.1 2.148 1.2 3.150 1. Ezek. 27.12 15. Rom. 1.22 23. Amos 1.3.6.9 EPISTROPHE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Conversio Conversion or a turning to the same sound or a changing of course derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epi prope near to and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 strepho verto to turn or change It is a repetition of the same word or sound in the ends of divers members of a sentence A figure when divers sentences end alike or when divers clauses end with the same word or words Complures clausus concludit Epistrophe eodem Dicto Crede mihi si te quoq pontus haberet Te sequerer cenjux et me quoq pontus haberet Surgamus solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra Juniperi gravis umbra nocent frugibus umbrae English Examples Ambition seeks to be next to the best after that to be equal with the best then to be chief and above the best Where the richnesse did invite the eyes the fashion did entertain the eyes and the device did teach the eyes We are born to sorrow passe our time in sorrow end our days in sorrow Either arm their lives or take away their lives Since the time that concord was taken from the city liberty was taken away fidelity was taken away friendship was taken away Scriptural Examples of Epistrophe 1 Cor. 13.11 When I was a childe I spake as a childe I understood as a childe I thought as a childe Psal. 115.9 10 11. Oh Israel trust in the Lord he is their help and their shield O house of Aaron trust in the Lord he is their help and their shield Ye that fear the Lord trust in the Lord he is their help and their shield Matth. 7.22 Have we not prophesied in thy name have we not cast out Devils in thy name and done miracles in thy name 2 Cor. 11.22 Are they Hebrews so am I are they Israelites so am I are they the seed of Abraham so am I. See Joel 2.26 27. Ezek. 33.25 26 27. Ezek 36.23 24 â—5 c. Amos 4.6 8. c. Hag. 2 8 9. Lam. 3.41 c. SYMPLOCE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Complexio Complicatio an agreement of words in a sentence or Complication or folding together derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 symplico Complico Connecto to wrap or couple together Symploce is the joyning together of Anaphora and Epistrophe A figure when several sentences or clauses of sentences have the same beginning and the same ending or when all our beginnings and all our endings are like Symploce eas jungit complexa utramque figuram Quam bene Caune tuo poteram nurus esse parenti Quam bene Caune meo poteras gener esse parenti English Examples An Example of Cicero Him would you pardon and acquit by your sentence whom the Senate hath condemned whom the people of Rome have condemned whom all men have condemned O cruel death why hast thou taken away my choice my dear choyce my dearest and most beloved choyce and hid her in the dark where I cannot find her Can the Host of Heaven help me can Angels help me can these inefriour creatures help me Scriptural Examples of Symploce Psal. 47.6 Sing praises to our God sing praises Sing praises to our King sing praises Psal. 118.2 3 4. Let Israel now say that his mercy endureth for ever let the house of Aaâ—on now say that his mercy endureth for ever c. Rom. 14.8 Whether we live we live unto the Lord whether we die we die unto the Lord whether we live therefore or die we are the Lords See Psal. 136.1 2 3. Jer. 9.23 1 Cor. 12.4 5.6 1 Cor. 14 15. 2 Cor. 9.6 c. EPANALEPSIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Resumptio a taking back derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epi after 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ana again and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lambano accipio to take from whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lepsis acceptio a taking Epâ—nalesis is the same in one sentence which Symploce is in several A figure when for elegancies sake a sentence is begun and ended with the same word or sound Incipit voce exit Epanalepsis eadem Pauper amet cautâ— timeat maledicere pauper Vna dies aperit conficit una dies Vidimus tuam victoriam praeliorum exitu terminatam gladium vagina vacuum non vidâ—mus English Examples Severe to his Servants to his children severe His superiour in means in place his superiour In sorow was I born and must die in sorrow Unkindness moved me and what can so throuble me or wrack my thoughts are unkindness At midnight thou wentst out of the house and returnedst against at midnight Scriptural Examples of Epanalepsis Phil. 4.4 Rejoyce in the Lord alwayes and again I say rejoyce 2 King 18.33 My Son Absalom my son c. 1 Cor. 3.21 22. All things are yours c. whether things present or things to come all are yours See 2 Cor. 4.3 Psal. 8.1 9. Psal. 46.1 ult EPANODOS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Regressio regression or turning back derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epi again and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 anodos ascensus an ascending or climbing up which is derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ano sursum upwards and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hodos via
the accomplishment of their pernicious enterprizes the third of scorners who glory in their wickednesse and scoffe at reproof See more examples in Psal. 2.2 3. Isa. 1.4 Psal. 7.6 Psal. 18.38 39. Ezek. 2.6 Dan. 9.5 Hab. 1.5 Zech. 7.11 12. 1 Cor 4.8 1 Joh. 1.1 c. As there are in the precedent examples gradual ascensions from the lowest to the highest called Incrementum but by the Greeks Anabasis Ascensus So on the contrary are there Descensions from the highest to the lowest called Catabasis Descensus as In the names of metals Ezek. 22.18 Son of man the house of Israel is unto me as dross all they are brasse and tin and iron and lead in the midst of the furnace they are even the drosse of silver Phil. 2.6 7 8. Who being in the form of God thought it no robbery to be equal with God but he made himself of no reputation and took on him the form of a servant and was made like unto men and was found in shape as a man he humbled himself and became obedient unto the death even the death of the Crosse. EROTESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Interrogatio Interrogation or questioning derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 erotao interrogo to question It is but a warm proposition yet it oftentimes doth better than a bare affirmation which were but too easie and livelesse a speech it is easie and gentile to sharpen the flats of affirmation and down-right relations A figure whereby we either 1 demand a question 2 earnestly affirm or 3 vehemently deny a thing Note that an affiâ—mative Interrogation is a vehement denying and a negative a vehement affirming and a negative interrogation sometimes vehemently commands and an affirmative interrogation in like manner forbids Quaerit Erotesis poterat quod dicere recte Et procul ò miseri quae tanta insania cives Creditis avectos hostes aut ulla putatis Dona carere dolis Danaum sic notus Vlysses 1. When we demand a question as Cujum pecus an Meliboei 2. When we earnestly affirm as Quousque tandem Catilina abutere patientiâ nostra When we vehemently deny as Aeneid 1. Et quisquam numen Junonis adoret Eclog. 3. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille Item pro Balbo A negative Interrogation commands with a chiding or threatning and an affirmative Interrogation in like manner forbids as Aen. 4. Non arma expedient totaque ex urbe sequentur English Examples of Erotesis The credit of behaviour is to cover imperfection and set forth your good parts better now for that this is too flat and lively a speech aptly to expresse the affection of the mind expresse it by Interrogation thus Is it not the chiefest credit of behaviour to set forth your good parts fairly and clearly and to cover imperfection Did the Sun ever bring fruitful Harvest but was more hot than pleasant Have you any fathers that be not sometimes froward Have you any of your children that be not sometimes cumbersome Shall we therefore curse the Sun disobey our fathers and hate our children Scriptural Examples There are in Scripture nine kinds of questions inter alia 1. Sometimes a question is asked with desire only to receive an answer as The Mariners of Jonas Jonas 1.8 Tell us say they for whose cause is this evill come upon us what is thine occupation and whence comest thou Such a question you may finde the wise men made touching Christ in Matth. 2.2 2. Interrogations in Scripture are sometimes emphatical and strong affirmations as Gen. 4.7 If thou doe well shalt thou not be accepted i. e. thou aâ—d thy Sacrifice shall both certainly be accepted c. Josh. 1.9 Have not I commanded thee c. I have without all question assuredly commanded thee c. See more examples in Gen. 13.9.37.13 2 Sam. 13.28 2 King 6.32 Joh. 4.35 Mar. 12.24 Jer. 23.23 24 c. 2 King 12.19 3. Interrogations also are sometimes strong and vehement negations as Psal. 19.12 Who can understand his errors i. e. no man can understand the depth of them Gen. 18.14 Is any thing too hard for God Job 8.3 11. Doth God prevert judgement or doth the Almighty pervert justice Can the rush grow up without mire Can the flag grow without water c. See Matth. 12.26 Rom. 3.3 10 14 15. 8.35 4. Interrogations sometimes diminish and abate the sense as Zech. 4.7 Who art thou O great Mountain before Zerubbabel thou shalt be a plain c. i. e Thou lookest very big and great but who art thou I will tell thee oh proud oppressor of my people though in thy own conceit thou art a Mountain immoveable yet in my peoples eyes thou art but a Mole-hill and shall shortly be made a nothing even as a plain before them Thus in 2 Sam. 7.18 David when he would abase himself cryes out Who am I O Lord God and what is my house that thou hast brought me hitherto 5. Interrogations sometimes raise and heighten the sense by way of admiration as Psal. 8.9 O Lord our Lord how excellent is thy name in all the world Exod. 15.11 Who is a God like unto thee c. i. e. Let all the world if they can shew such a God as thou art See Mark 7.18 Who is a God like unto thee that pardoneth iniquity and passeth by the transgression of the remnant of his heritage c. The question here puts the brightest glory upon God in pardoning sin There is no sin-pardoning God but our God only 6. Interrogations are sometimes expostulatory and complain as Job 3.11 12. Why dyed I not from the womb why did I not give up the ghost when I came out of the belly Why did the knees prevent me or why the breasts that I should suck Psal. 22.1 My God my God why hast thou forsaken me c. Jer. 12.1 Wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper so in Isa. 1.21 c. 7. You find in the Scripture doubting questions as Psal. 77.7 8. Will the Lord cast off for ever and will he be favourable no more Is his mercy clean gone for ever c. 8. You may also finde teaching questions as Isa. 60.8 Who are these that flie as a clowd and as the Doves to their windows This teaches us the multitude of those that shall when the Angels shall be sent out of the Temple to preach the everlasting Gospel flock in unto Christ. 9. You may also finde learning questions as Acts 2.37 Men and Brethren what shall we doe to be saved c. ECPHONESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Exclamatio Exclamation or a crying out derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ecphoneo exclamo to cry out Ecphonesis is a pathetical figure whereby as the Orator or speaker expresses the vehement affection and passion of his own mind so he also excites and stirs up the minds and affections of those to whom he speaks It is exprest or understood by an
Adverb of crying out as Oh alas behold which are the signs of this figure Concitat Ecphonesis Exclamatio mentem Heu pietas ô spes falsas proh vana voluptas O clementiam admirabilem O scelus ô pestis ô labes ò libidinem effraenatam atque indomitam O utinam tunc cum Lacedaemona classe petîsset Obrutus insanis esset adulter aquis English Examples Thus Pyrocles seeing the milde Philoclea innocently beheaded bursts forth into this exclamation O Tyrant heaven and Traytor earth how is this done How is this suffered Hath this world a government Alas what delights and how great enjoyments hath one day deprived thee of Ah poor confidence oh glorious triumphs over unarmed captives Oh admirable clemency and mercy Oh most wicked presumption from whence art thou sprung up to cover the earth with falshood and deceit Scriptural Examples of Ecphonesis This figure is made in Scripture these ten wayes viz. 1. In way of Admiration as Rom. 11.33 Oh the depths of the riches both of the wisdome and knowledge of God! c. Psal. 8.1 O Lord how excellent is thy Name 144.15 O happy people that are in such a case c. 2. In way of Indignationâ— as Acts 13.10 O full of all subtilty and mischief thou childe of the devil thou enemy of all righteousnesse c. 3. In way of Detestation and abhorrencie as Rom. 7.24 O wretched man that I am who shall deliver me from the body of this death Jer. 44.4 O doe not this abominable thing that I hate c. 4. In the way of entreaty or wishing as Psal. 14.17 O that the salvation of Israel were come out of Sion Isa. 64.1 O that thou wouldst rent the heavens c. see 1 Chron. 11.17 Job 6.8 O that I might have my request and that God would grant me the thing I long for Psal. 55.6 O that I had the wings of a Dove that I might flie and be at rest See Gen. 17.18 Deut. 5.29 5. In way of Commiseration and Lamentation as Luke 13.34 O Jerusalem Jerusalem which killest the Prophets c. how often would I have gathered thy children together c. Lam. 1.1 How is the golden City spoiled how doth the City sit solitary that was full of people c. how is she become as a widow 6. In way of Reprehension as Gal. 3.1 O foolish Galatians who hath bewitched you c. See in Acts 7.51 52 c. 7. In way of Derision as Mark 15.29 And they that passed by our Saviour rayled on him wagging their heads and saying Ah thou that destroyest the Temple and buildest it in three dayes 8. In way of Love as Psal. 84.1 O how amiable are thy Tabernacles thou Lord of Hosts 9. In way of exultation and triumph as 1 Cor. 15.55 Oh death where is thy sting oh grave where is thy victory 10. In way of Fear as 1 Tim. 6.11 But thou O man of God flee these things and follow after righteousnesse c. EPIPHONEMA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Acclamatio Acclamation or a shooting out of the voyce derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epiphoneo acclamo to cry out or shoot forth the voice It is an applause of a thing approved or a sententioâ—s â—lause of a discourse and serves for Amplification when after a great crime or desert exclaimed upon or extolled it gives a moral note worthy of credit and observation Acclamation is a figure when after a thing is done or declared a clause or paâ—t of a sentence is added briefly purporting some Emphasis and the speakers censure of the thing so done or declared Narratae subit rei Epiphonema probatae Acclamation is brought in with these words viz. Sic ita adeo ut quippe tantus quantus talis qualis ecce videamus ergo c. ut Tant molis erat Romanam condere gentem Quam ut adipiscantur omnes optant eandem accusant adepti Tanta est stultitia et perversitas Cic. de Senect Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum Lucr. 1. Adeo à te teneris assuescere multum est Jam indicant tot hominum fletus quam sis charus tuis adeo ut omnes videant quam misere insaniunt qui opes virtuti praeferunt English Examples of Acclamation Thus after the relation of Scipio Affricanus's course who having been Generalissimo of the greatest Armies in the world having for a long time had Kings sâ—itors for his favour and to the day of his death Nations kept in aw of 〈◊〉 name yet in 56 years neither bought nor sold goods nor lands nor built any house or Castle of his own left not above 46 l. in gold and 6 l. in silver behind him at his death It may be folded up in this Acclamation So little need hath he to stoop to private cares that thrives upon publique victories and so small leisure has he to be desirous of riches that hath been so long possest and satisfied with honour which our Ancestors reputed the immortal end of mortal actions So inconstant is the favour of Princes Thus dangerous is the satisfaction of a sensual appetite So hard is it to escape the force of temptations So weighty a matter it was to set up the Roman Nation Scriptural Examples of Acclamation Thus in Matth. 22. in the beginning of the Chapter after the relation of the Parable of the Kings sons marriage and of the man who for that he had nor on a wedding garment was cast into outer darkness c. you finde this acclamation elegantly added at the end of that discourse as In the 14 verse For many are called but few are chosen So the Psalmograph having in the former part of the 2. Psalm spoken of the terrors of Gods indignation when his wrath is kindled against his Adversaries we find this acclamation In the last verse Blessed are all they that put their trust in him Thus also he having in the 72. Psalm highly set forth the glorious excellency of the name of God shuts up his praise with this Acclamation In the last verse Blessed be his glorious name for ever and let the whole earth be filled with his glory Luk. 10.30 see Act. 19 20. Matth. 19.27 Mark 7.37 EPANORTHOSIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Correctio emendatio Correction or amending derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 epanorthoâ— Corrigo to correct or amend Correction having used a word of sufficient force yet pretending a greater strength of meaning refuses it and supplyes the place with one of more extension It is the reinforcement of the clause last uttered by the subsequent A figure when in our speech something that went before is called back and corrected whereof there are two kinds the one is when a word is corrected after the other when a word is corrected before it is spoken This Exornation is made four ways viz. 1. By degrees of comparison 2. By comparison of the greater and lesser 3. By doubting 4. By the signs
c. Isa. 5.3 4. Now therefore oh Inhabitants of Jerusalem and men of Judah judge I pray you between me and my Vineyard What could I have done any more to my Vineyard that I have not done unto it c. Jer. 23.23 Am I a God at hand am I not also a God a far off See Luke 11.19 1 Cor. 4.21 chap. 10.15 16. chap. 11.15 14. Gal. 4.21.3.12 c. PROSOPOPOEIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fictio personae the feigning of a person derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 prosopon persona a person and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 poieo facio vel fingo to make or feign Prâ—sopopoeia is the feigning of a person to speak or the attributing of a person to the inanimate creatures as when we bring in persons that are dead or the inanimate creatures speaking or hearing c. A figurative Exornation when in our speech what thing soever which is not a person is Metaphorically brought in and represended as a person or when the properties of man are for similitude and agreeablenesse sake attributed unto other things whence it is said that this form of speech animates and makes dead men speak or it is When in our speech we feign another person speaking By this figure God Angels and men dead or alive the Heavens Earth Sea c. are brought in speaking hearing c. Personam inducit Prosopopoeia loquentem Hósue mihi fructus hunc fertilitatis honorem Officiique refers quod adunci vulnera aratri Rastrorumque fero totoque exerceor anno Sic Aeneae Prosopopoeiam Virgilius Aeneid 2. composuit cum Aeneas sociis cibum vinumque Dividit dictis marentia pectora mulcet O Socii neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum O passi graviora dabit Deus his quoque finem c. Tandem sic Prosopopoeiam claudit Talia voce refert Look that your access to and retreat from this figure be comely lest you seem precipitantly to rush in upon it English Examples of Prosopopoeia Thus Sir Philip Sidney gives sense and speech to the needle and silk in Pamela's hands and life and speech unto Learning and a Lilly yea Death it self is feigned to live and make a speech Thus if an Orator having occasion to commend Truth or any vertue unto his hearers he may after some due praise of it feign it a person and bring it in bitterly complaining how cruelly she is oppressed and how little esteemed how many be her enemies and how few her friends how she wandereth hither and thither without entertainment and remains without habitation c. I see my words will not move you but suppose some of your grave Ancestors should thus speak to you Children can we behold your manners without indignation being full of pride effeminatenesse c. If your Ancestors were now alive and saw you abusing your self in mispending your estate by them providently gathered together and conferred upon you would they not say thus c. Scriptural Examples of Prosopopoeia Josh. 24.27 Behold this stone shall be a witnesse unto us for it hath heard all the words of the Lord which he hath spoken unto us c. Judg. 9.8 Thus Jotham brings in the trees speaking as men The Olive-tree will not leave his fatnesse nor the figtree his sweetnesse nor the vine his wine to reign over others but it is the bramble that affecteth soveraignty and domination a base scratching worthlesse fruitlesse shrub good for nothing but to stop gaps and keep out beasts from spoyling the pleasant fields and afterwards to be burnt 1 Kings 13.2 And he cryed against the Altar in the word of the Lord and said O Altar Altar thus saith the Lord c. Psal. 98.8 Let the floods clap their hands let the hills rejoyce together Thus in Isa. 35.1 2. the Prophet attributes joy and singing to the Wildernesse the Solitary place and the Desert See Psal. 51.8 Psal. 103.1 Psal. 82.1 2. Rom. 8.19 20. Isa. 1.2 Thus in Joel 2. from 1. to the 12. ver you have a most lively Rhetorical Prosopopoeical description of the terrible Army of the Babylonians Prosopopaeia is two-fold Imperfect or Perfect 1. An Imperfect Prosopopaeia is when the speech of another is set down lightly and indirectly as in Ps. 11.1 David brings in the wicked as saying unto his soul Flee as a bird unto your Mountain 2. A Perfect Prosopopoeia is when the whole feigning of the person is set down in our speech with a fit entring into and leaving off of the same Thus in Prov. 8. Wisdom cryeth at the Gates c. Unto you O men I call c. where the entrance is in the beginning of the chapter her speech in the latter part of iâ— APOSTROPHE 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aversio a turning away or dislike derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 apo from and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 strepho verto to turn Apostrophe is a diversion of speech to another person then the speech appointed did intend or require or it is a turning of the speech from one person to another many times abruptly A figure when we break off the course of our speech and speak to some new person present or absent as to the people or witnesses when it was before directed to the Judges or Opponent This Diversion of speech is made these nine wayes viz. 1 To God 2 to Angels 3 to men in their several ranks whether absent or present dead or alive 4 to the adversary 5 to the heavenly bodies and Meteors 6 to the earth and things in it 7 to the Sea and things in it 8 to beasts birds and fishes 9 to inanimate things Sermonem a praesenti avertit Apostrophe et auro Vi potitur Quid non mortalia pectora cogit Auri sacra fames Vos Sanctissimi Angeli testes volo meae innocentiae Quousque tandem Catilina abutere patientiâ nostrâ Vos adeste ciconiae et ingratitudinem hominum redarguite Vos agri vos parietes obtestor an non sudabatis cum tantum nefas hoc loco perpetrabatur Per Apostrophen Poeticam mutando casum Terretur minimo pennae stridore columba Vngnibus accipiter saucia facta tuis English Examples of Apostrophe To the people thus Now let me entreat any man here present that thinks himself not exempted from the like wrong but lyable to the like prejudice to imagine himself in my case and to undertake for my sake some few thoughts of my distress Herein you witnesses are to consult with your own consciences and to enter into a true examination of your own memory Did you mark his speeches did you note his looks Sometimes the occasion is taken from some quality or other thing whereto your self gives shew of life as Hope tell me what ground hast thou to hope for c. Love be ashamed to be called Love Scriptural Examples of Apostrophe The Lord by his Prophet Hosea having long complained of Israel for
their high provocations against him doth break off from speaking of Israel and turns his speech to Israel as Hos. 13.9 O Israel thou hast destroyed thy self but in me is thine help Thus David having denounced Gods judgments against the Kings and Rulers of the earth in the 2. Psalm doth presently divert his speech to the Kings and great ones themselves Psal. 2.9 10. Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron c. Be wise therefore oh ye Kings be instructed ye Judges of the earth Thus Isaah finding the people to be rebellious to whom he was speaking diverts his speech to the inanimate creatures Isa. 1.2 Hear oh heavens and give ear oh earth for the Lord hath spoken I have nourished and brought up children and they have rebelled against me David being dismayed with the number of his enemies turns his speech to God saying Psal. 3.3 But thou oh Lord art a shield for me my glory and the lifter up of my head See Gen. 49.18 Psal. 33.20 21 22. Judg. 5.11 SYNONYMIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nominis communio seu nomina diversa idem significantia a partaking together of a name or divers words signifying one and the same thing whereof the latter is usually explanatory to the former derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 syn simul together and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 onoma nomen a name or word A Synonymie is a commodious heaping together of divers words of one signification A figure when by a variation and change of words that are of like signification one thing is iterated divers times This kind of Elocution is to be used as often as we see not enough in one word evidently to signifie the dignity or magnitude of the thing mentioned This figure and Palalogia which signifies Repetition of the same word are alike and serves to amplifie and to excite vehement affection and passion when from one thing many wayes expressed we fasten many stings as it were in the minde of the hearer Verba Synonymia addit rem significantia eandem Enses gladii Superatne vescitur aura Aetherea nec adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris Prostavit perculit affixit Abiit excessit evasit erupit English Examples of a Synonymie Wisdom in the poor man lyes as a thing despised rejected oppressed buryed and utterly extinct Is it not a certain mark and token of intolerable arrogancy and venemous envy where the tongue is still exercised in depraving slandering defacing deriding and condemning of other mens words and works Who more worthy of renown honour and same then Caesar who more worthily esteemed beloved reverenced and honoured then noble Cesar who amongst men was his equal in knowledge understanding policie and wisdom what was he that might be compared to him either in courage of heart in fortitude of minde or magnanimity of nature Thus to describe a beautiful woman may be said She hath a most winning countenance a most pleasant eye a most amiable presence a chearful aspect she is a most delicate object c. Your beauty sweet Lady hath conquered my reason subdued my will mastered my judgment Scriptural Examples of a Synonymie Isa. 19.8 The fishers also shall mourn and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament c. Psal. 18.13 The Lord also thundred in the heavens and the Highest gave his voyce c. Here the first sentence is repeated by the latter but yet with other words of the same signification for in the former is the Lord in the latter the Highest in the former thundred in the latter gave his voyce Psal. 18.2 The Lord is my rock and my fortresse and my deliverer my God my strength in whom I will trust my buckler and the horn of my salvation and my high Tower Prov. 1.20 Wisdom cryeth without she uttereth her voice in the streets Prov. 2.2 So that thou encline thine ear unto wisdom and apply thy heart to understanding yea if thou cryest after knowledge and liftest up thy voyce for understanding c. Prov. 4.14 15. Enter not into the path of the wicked and goe not in the way of the ungodly avoid it passe not by it turn from it and pass away Prov. 9.10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom and the knowledge of the Holy is understanding Prov. 30.14 The poor from off the earth and the needy from among men See Prov. 5.10 13.2.11 21. Psal. 74.2 7 18. Prov. 16.18 23. Prov. 6.4.8.34 Isa. 14.25 c. HIRMOS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nexus series a bond or knot or an heaping up of many things of different kinds derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 heiro necto copulo to knit or couple together A figure whereby a sudden entrance is made into a confused heap of matter or when that which might have been spoken in one word is for plainnesse and evidence sake mustered together or rehearsed through many species or forms Diversas specie res multas congerit Hirmos Grammaticus Rhetor Geometres pictor aliptes Augur Schoenobates Medicus Magus omnia novit English Examples of Hirmos All men exclaim upon these exactions Nobles Gentry Commonalty Poor Rich Merchants Peasants young old high low and all cry out upon the hard impositions of these butthens Loves companions be unquietnesse longings fond comforts faint discomforts hopes jealousies rages carelesnesse carefulnesse yieldings c. Scriptural Examples Isa. 3.16 Because the daughters of Sion are haughty and walk with stâ—etched-out necks and with wandering eyes walking and mincing as they goe and making a tinckling with their feet Isa. 1.11 What have I to do with the multitude of your sacrifices saith the Lord I am full of the burnt offerings of rams and of the fat of fed beasts and I desire not the blood of bullocks nor of lambs nor of goats c. See Isa. 1.12 13 14. Rom. 1.29 30. Gal. 5.19 20 21 22 c. APOPHASIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 negatio a denying derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 phao dico to speak and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 apo which sometimes signifies a denying or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 apophemi nego to deny It is a kind of an Irony whereby we deny that we say or doe that which we especially say or doe Non dico Apophasis Nec ea dico quae si dicam tamen infirmare non possis Nil dico Quid memorem efferam repetam c. English Examples I say nothing Neither will I mention those things which if I should you notwithstanding could neither confute nor speak against them For that this figure and the next differ only in the manneâ— of speaking take the Scriptural Examples of both together PARALIPSIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paraleipsis praeteritio an over-passing derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paraleipo praetermitto omitto to pretermit or leave out Preterition is a kind of an Irony and is when you say you let passe that which notwithstanding you
contempt of evil through due consideration of the justnesse of the cause controversie and call but temerity is a foolish enterprise of perils without due consideration of either Scriptural Examples of Horismos Job 28.28 Behold the fear of the Lord that is wisdom and to depart from evil is understanding Isa. 58 4 4 6 7. Thus you have an hypocritical fast elegantly defined and distinguished from such a one as is acceptable with God See Luke 4.18 Isa. 61.1 Gal. 5.19.20 21 22 c. Prov. 27.3 4. METABASIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Transitio Transition or a passing over from one thing to another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 metabaino transeo to passe over from one thing to another A figure whereby the parts of an oration or speech are knit together and is When we are briefly put in mind of what hath been said and what remains further to be spoken This Exornation conduces to eloquence and attention to the understanding and remembrance of the things handled in a speech The first part of this figure hath respect unto the precedent the later part makes way for or prepares the Reader unto the following matter Latin and English Examples interwoven This figure is made eight ways viz. 1. From the equal At haec erant jucundissima nec minus voluptatis attulerunt illa In English But these things were most pleasant and delectable nor shall those bring lesse pleasure The matters which you have already heard were wonderful and those that you shall hear are no lesse marvellous 2. From the unequal Sed haec utcumque ignoscenda illud quis ferat audistis gravissima sed audietis graviora In English But these things howsoever to be forgiven who can bear that you have heard very grievous things but ye shall hear more grievous I have declared unto you many of the commendable faculties of his mind yet I will tell you of many more and far more excellent 3. From the like Haec perfida designavit cujus generis sunt illa quae nuper Romae patrasse dicitur In English thus He hath evidently marked out these trayterous and disloyal acts of which sort also are those which are reported to have been lately perpetrated at Rome I have hitherto made mention of his noble enterprises in France and now will I rehearse his worthy acts done in England 4. From the contrary Sed haec juvâ—nis peccavit nunc Senis virtutes audietis In English thus But this young man hath offended now ye shall hear the vertues and properties of an old man As I have spoken of his sad adversity and misery so will I now speak of his happy prosperity which at length ensued as the bright day doth the dark night 5. From the differing De moribus habes nunc de doctrinâ reliquum est ut dicamus In English thus You have a relation touching manners now it remains that we speak concerning doctrine 6. As it were by anticipation or the prevention of an objection Jam ad reliqua properabimus si prius illud unum adjecerimus In English thus Now we will hasten unto that which is behind if we shall first add in that one thing By Anticipation more clearly thus Peradventure you think me too long in the threatnings of the Law I will now passe to the sweet promises of the Gospel 7. By Reprehension Quid his immoror ad id quod est hujus causa caput festinet oratio In English thus Why stay I upon these things I shall hasten my speech unto that which is the principal point of the matter in question 8. From Consequents or from things relating to something precedent Habes quod in illum contulerim beneficiorum nunc quam gratiam mihi retulerit audi In English thus You have heard what kindnesses I conferr'd on him now what return he made me of those favours attend ye You have heard how he promised and now I will tell you how he performed c. Scriptural Examples of Transition 1 Cor. 12 31. And I will yet shew you a more excellent way The first part looks to the precedent but the latter makes way for the subsequent matter Which is as much as if Paul had said You have heard of the gifts of prophesying and interpretation of the gifts of miracles of healing of diversity of tongues c. which are indeed eminent gifts and such as I exhort you to desire and look out after But the way of love which this Transition makes way for and which he comes to in the first verse of the next chapter is a far more excellent way then all these It is the custome likewise of the same Apostle that passing over from one matter to another he gives a certain entrance or a little beginning whereby he doth as it were prepare the Reader to the following matter as 1 Cor. 15.1 2. He admonishes the Corinthians to remember what they had learned So 1 Cor. 11.17 having briefly reprehended them he passes over unto another matter PARECBASIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Digressio Digression excursion or a going from a matter in hand to speak of another thing derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parecbaino digredior to digress or goe from the purpose Digression is as it were a wandering from the purpose or intended matter It is the handling of some matter going out from order but yet upon sufficient ground and for the advantage and illustration of the cause or matter we have in hand Digression is a figure when something is added beside or beyond the purpose or intended matter and goes out from the appointed discouâ—se Note that digression ought in some respect to be agreeable and pertinent to those matters which we have in hand and not to be strange or remote from the purpose and that by the abuses of this Exornation namely by going forth abruptly by tarrying too long abroad and returning in unto the matter overthwartly we shall in stead of adorning and garnishing our cause or speech darken our main cause or principal matter and deform the Oration This Exornation is frequent in Scripture as Rom. 1. from 1. to 8. The Apostle Paul here digresses from his name to the description of his calling in the first verse then unto the definition of the Gospel in the 2. verse by and by to the description of Christ in the 3. 4. verses then he again as it were slides unto his calling in the 5. verse at length he prayes for grace and peace for the Romans unto whom his Epistle is directed and so he doth as it were finish his course or compasse and these are occasioned by the words in the sentences or things spoken of Col 1.3 4. We give thanks to God even the fâ—ther of our Lord Jesus Christ alwayes praying for you since we heard of your faith in Christ Jesus and of your love toward all Saints Where you see the Digression noted then you have the apt return into the
matter Since we heard of c. Gen. 2.8 to 15. verse And the Lord God planted a garden Eastward in Eden and there he put the man whom he had made for out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree pleasant to the sight c. the Digression here begins at the 9. and ends with the 14 verse then in the 15. verse you have the return unto the matter in hand in these words Then the Lord God took the man and put him into the Garden of Eden c. See 1 Cor. 1.13 Ephes. 3.1 Gen. 38. the whole chapter PARECHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 allusio allusion or a resembling of one thing to another derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parecheo sono assimilis sum to resemble or allude unto Parechesis is a figure when we bring in something of anothers to another intent then his own or When the allusion of words is to be searched after in another language or speech then in that wherein the Author wrote Latin Examples Quod Orator de caecitate de ignorantia dico vultus perpetua nocte coopertus non concipit nefas ad quod ducibus oculis pervenitur tua quo Nero senecae in me merita dum vita suppetit aeterna erunt De bonorum societate dicere licet quod Ovidius de Jovis sui habitaculo lib. 1. Metam Hic locus est quem si verbis audacia detur Haud timeam magni dixisse palatia coeli English Examples I may say of flatterers as Tacitus of Courtiers They speak more readily with the Princes fortune then himself We may say of Providence as Ovid of the Sun It sees all things and by it all things on earth are govern'd I may say of an ill conscience as Socrates of a wandering traveller It is no wonder if it be out of temper when it hath it's self for its companion Scriptural Examples of Parechâ—sis Matth. 11.17 We have piped unto you and ye have not danced c. John 10.1 He that entreth not in by the door into the sheepfold but climbeth up another way he is a thief and a robber 1 Cor. 1.23 But we preach Christ crucified unto the Jews even a stumbling block and unto the Graecians foolishnesse but unto c. See Gen. 48.14 c. John 1.5 GNOME 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Sententia a Sentence derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gnoo nosco to know A Sentence is some excellent profitable and remarkable saying it is a pearle in a discourse Gnome is a figure when we bring in a sentence or such a remarkable saying of anothers to the same purpose with the Author he being not named Latine Examples Fit ex malè agendo consuetudo deinde natura Ita vivendum est cum hominibus tanquam Deus videat sic loquendum cum deo tanquam homines audiant Civitatis anima sunt leges English Examples Where ever the Sun shines is a wise mans countrey The rich mans bounty is the poor mans Exchequer Error and Repentance are the companions of rashnesse The covetous man wants as well that which he hath as that which he hath not Unlawful desires are punished after the effect of enjoying but impossible desires are punished in the desire it self Scriptural Examples of Gnome Sentences are by Solomon in Prov. 1.2 called words of wisdom and understanding Prov. 10.19 In the multitude of words there wanteth not sin but he that refraineth his lips is wise Vers. 5. He that gathereth in Summer is a wise son but he that sleepeth in harvest is a son that causeth shame See Eccles. 12.11 and divers other places of the Scripture PAREGMENON 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 derivatum deductum a derivative or derived from this word is a particle of the preterpefect tense passive of the verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 parago deduco derivo to derive or take from A figure when words whereof one is derived of another are conjoyned Latin Examples Is domum miser cujus miseriam nobilitas locupletavit Ingenioque faves ingeniose tuo English Examples Marvel not at that which is so little marvellous A discreet discretion Sometimes there is a double Paregmenon in one sentence as He wished rather to die a present death then to live in the misery of life The humble soul is established by humility Scriptural Examples of Paregmenon Dan. 2.21 He giveth wisdome unto the wise c. Rom. 9.32 For they stumbled at that stumbling stone 1 Cor. 15.47 The first man was of the earth earthy the second is the Lord from heaven heavenly Prov. 11.15 He that hateth suretyship is sure See 1 Cor. 1.19 Prov. 11.17 25 c. MIMESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 imitatio Imitation derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mimeomai imitor to imitate or resemble It is an Imitation or a using of the language of others which is usual in the Scriptures as In Psal. 2 3. David uses the language of rebellious rulers Let us break their bands and cast away their cords from us So in 1 Cor. 15.32 Paul uses the words of Epicures What advantages it me if the dead rise not let us eat and drink for to morrow we shall die Thus the Prophet Isaiah speaks in the language of the profane rulers in Jerusalem who made a mock at Gods Word and threats Isa. 28.15 We have made a Covenant with death and with hell are we at agreement we have made lies our refuge and under a falshood have we hid our selves The like in Micah 3.11 c. MYCTERISMUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Subsannatio irrisio a disdainful gibe or scoffe derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mycterizo subsanno naso suspendo to mock or scoffe with bending of the brows or with blowing the nose at one or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 aeiro erigo suspendo to lift up or hang up and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mycter nasus the nose It is a privy kind of mock or scoff yet not so privy but that it may well be perceived It is near to a Sarcasm but that is more manifest this more privy that more easie and this more hard And sometimes is a figure when in shew of disdainful contempt of a person or thing we fling up our nose Thus when a certain man that was bald had spightfully râ—yled against Diogenes after a little pawse Diogenes answered him thus My friend further I have done thee no harm but this I must say to thee I do much commend the haiâ—s that are fallen from thy head for I suppose they were wise in that they made haste to leave the company of so foolish a skull To one that demanded of Demonax the Philosopher if Philosophers did use to eat sweet Cakes Demonax made this answer Dost thou think saith he that Bees gather their hony for fools only Luke 16.14 Thus the Pharisees derided Christ they did not simply contemn him but they shewed their contempt of him by their gestures ANAMNEâ—IS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
between two derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dialogizomai sermocino to dispute or talk Dialogismus is a figure or form of speech whereby the speaker feigns a person to speak much or little according to comelinesse much like unto Prosopopoeia differing only in this When the person feigned speaks all himself then it is Prosopopoeia but when the speaker answers now and then to the question or objection which the feigned person makes unto him it is called Dialogismus Or it is When as one discussing a thing by himsâ—lf as it were talking with another doth move the question and make the answer as Hos. 12.7 8 9. Saith the Lord by the Prophet there concerning Ephraim He is a Merchant the ballances of deceit are in his hands he loveth to oppresse Then follows the fiction of Ephraims speech Yet I am become rich I have found me out substance in all my labours they shall find none iniquity in me that were sin Then you have the Lords answer to this objection And I that am the Lord thy God from the land of Egypt will yet make thee to dwell in Tabernacles as in the days of the solemn feast c. Here note that care be taken that the speech be suitable to the person feigned and that it be no otherwise then in probability the same person would use as here in this example Ephraims speech savours of pride arrogancy and self-justification suitable to the condition this and other Scriptures prove him to be of if this caution be not observed this form of speech will seem vain and absurd EMPHASIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 efficacia significandi the vertue and efficacy of signifying ones mind derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 emphaino repraesento to represent Or It is an earnest vehement or expresse signification of ones mind Emphasis is a figure whereby a tacite vertue and efficacy of signification is given unto words Or It is a form of speech which signifieth that which it doth not expresse the signification whereof is understood either by the manner of pronunciation or by the nature of the words themselves English Examples When the signification is to be understood by the pronunciation Darest thou presume to praise him i. e. Is ignorance fit to commend learning or folly meâ—â— to praise wisdom Wilt thou believe a Scot whereby is signified not simply a man born in Scotland but any other dissembler after the nature and disposition of that Nation Thy looks upon a sudden are become dismal thy brow dull as Saturns issue thy lips are hung with black as if thy tongue were to pronounce some funeral He talked with such vehemency of passion as though his heart would climbe up into his mouth to take his tongues office I could wish you were secretary of my thoughts or that there were a crystal casement in my breast through which you might espy the inward motions and palpitations of my heart then you would certified of the sincerity of my heart in this affirmation Scriptural Examples of Emphasis Eccles. 10.20 Solomon there uses an excellent emphasis where he gives us warning that we should not speak or think evil of the King no not in our bed-chamber for saith he A bird of the air shall carry the voyce and that which hath wings shall tell the matter Job 17.14 I have said to corruption Thou art my father to the worm Thou art my moher and my sister Heb. 12.24 To the blood of sprinkling that speaketh better things then that of Abel Prov. 30.8 9. Give me neither poverty nor riches feed me with food convenient for me lest I be full and deny thee and say Who is the Lord or lest I be poor c. See Isa. 2.4.5 Micah 4.3 1 King 20.11 Mat. 12.35 SYLLOGISMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ratiocinatio collectio quae ratiocinando fit reasoning a conclusion which is made by reasoning together in argument derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 syllogizomai ratiocinatione colligo to conclude by reasoning A Rhetorical syllogism is also by the Grecians called Epichirema 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 argumentum quo aliquid probari illustrari argui potest An argument whereby any thing may be proved illustrated and reasoned A Rhetorical Syllogism is a form of speech whereby the speaker amplyfieth a matter by conjecture that is by expressing some signs or circumstances of a matter which circumstances are of three sorts either going before it annexed with or following after it 1. As to Circumstances going before the matter 1 Kings 17.1 As the Lord God of Israel liveth before whom I stand there shall not be dew nor rain these years but according to my word Here by the great drought Elisha signifies the great famine and dearth which should be brought by it Gen. 7.4 Isa. 4.1 Mat. 10.30 24.20 2. As to circumstances annexed with the matter 1 Sam. 17.6 7. The huge statute and great strength of Goliah is signified by the weight of his brigandine and spears head and by the monstrous bignesse of his spear staffe compared to a weavers beam See Act 24.26 Matth. 26.75 1 Kings 12.10 Isai. 2.9 Luke 7.44 3. As to circumstances following after the matter 2 Sam. 18.33 There Davids sorrowful bewailing of his son Absoloms death is described whereby may be collected how dearly he loved his son notwithstanding his evill inclinations See Isai. 49.20 c. A Logical Syllogism is a perfect argument consisting of three parts inferring a necessary conclusion or whereby something is necessarily proved The first part of a Syllogism is called the Proposition or Major whereby the consequent of the question or the conclusion is at least disposed with the argument The second the Assumption or Minor and this is affirmed from the proposition The third the conclusion this embraceth the part of the question and concludes it Examples of a Syllogism in Logick Major 1. Every vertue is honorable Minor 2. Patience is a vertue Conclusion 3. Therefore patience is honourable Every just thing is profitable Every honest thing is just Every honest thing therefore is profitable Every rationable creature is sensible But every man is rationable creature Therefore every man is sensible ENTHYMEMA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 animi conceptus conception of the mind derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 enthymeomai animo concipio to conceive in the mind An Enthymem is a form of speech which Quintilian interpreteth a Comment for that it may well be called the whole action and sentence of the mind and it is as Cicero saith when the sentence concluded consisteth of contraries When any part of the Syllogism is wanting it is said to be an Enthymem It is an imperfect or an unprofitable Syllogism where one proposition is reserved in the mind and not declared or it is a Syllogism of one Proposition in which one argument or proposition being laid down the conclusion is inferred Enthymema est imperfectus Syllogismus in quâ— nimirum Major Minor ve desideratur It is
an imperfect Syllogism that is to say such a Syllogism wherein the Major or Minor being wanting is looked for Latin Examples Pius fuit fortis sapiens Deum quippe coluit hostes contudit fortunam utramque moderatè tulit imo superavit Quem alienum fidum invenies si tuis hostis fueris English Enthymems Our Ancestors made war not only that they might be free but also that they might rule but thou thinkest war may be left off that we might be made bondslaves to serve If great wealth brings cares and poverty misery then the mean between these two extreams is a great blessing They which may doe me good will not and they which are willing cannot therefore my distresse remains If intemperance be hurtful temperance is profitable And if intemperance be not hurtful neither is temperance profitable If fish bred in the salt water may want salting then laws may need a law to mend them DILEMMA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Argumentum cornutum an horned argument or a double argument derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 dis twice or double and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lemma Assumptio the Assumption or Minor Proposition but sometimes it signifies the Major Proposition also Dilemma is an argument which convinceth every way and consists of two propositions which both wayes conclude or convince ones adversary wherein whether of the two you grant he will take hold of or reprove you If he be a good man why speak you ill of him if he be naught why doe you keep him company Why should I sharply reprove him if he be a good man a friendly admonition is better but if he be an evill man reproof is odious and contemptible with him If you deem me unworthy of an answer it proceeds of contempt if your passion defers a reply it argues a displeasure Either covetousnesse or poverty exposed him to this act not covetousnesse for the course of his life declares him no covetous man nor poverty for he hath large possessions Scriptural Dilemma's 1 Cor. 9.17 For if I doe this thing willingly I have a reward but if against my will a dispensation of the Gospel is committed unto me John 18.23 If I have spoken evill bear witnesse of the evill but if well why smitest thou me Mark 11.30 31 c. HYPOTHESIS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suppositio a supposition or argument derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hypotithemai suppono to suppose or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hypo sub beneath or under and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 thesis positio a position or sentence propounded Hypothesis is an argument or matter whereon one may dispute or it is a conditional proposition By Rhetoricians it is in its peculiar signification said to be a finite question Of Questions there are two kinds The one is infinite or endlesse The other finite or limited The infinite question is by the Greeks called Thesis which signifies also a general argument proposed The finite question they call Hypothesis which is as it were a conditional Proposition Suppositions in Scripture are no Positions When the speech is only Hypothetical it concludes nothing for a conditional proposition doth not simply affirm and therefore conclusions gathered from it as if it were affirmative will not hold as Ezek. 18.24 If a righteous man turn away from his righteousnesse c. Hence would some conclude that a righteous man may finally fall from grace but this is no other then a supposition and so concludes not Matth. 11.21 If the mighty works which were done in you had been done in Tyre and Sidon they would have repented long ago in sack-cloth and ashes It follows not that there was some inclination in Tyre and Sidon to repentance Luke 19.46 If these should hold their peace the stones would immediately cry out It will not hence follow that there was some inclination in the stones to speak or cry out PARALOGISMVS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 falsa ratiocinatio false reasoning or debating of a matter or a decietful conclusion derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 paralogizomai subdolâ supputatione fallo vel falsâ argumentatione utens decipio to deceive by supposition full of deceits and wiles or to defraud by false reasoning A Paralogism is a sophistical or deceitful conclusion it is a manner of argument which seems true when it is not Examples He that affirms William to be a living creature saith true He that affirms William to be a Jack-daw affirms him to be a living creature And therefore he that affirms William to be a Jack-daw saith true All sin is evill Every Christian doth sin Therefore every Christian is evill It may be answered that the assumption in this place doth not take the argument out of the proposition but puts in another thing and so it is no right frame of concluding the assumption being not affirmed from the proposition Sometimes all the parts of the Syllogism are denyed as No Pope is a Devill No man is a Devill Therefore no man is a Pope This may be answered that it is not according to the Definition of a Negative Syllogism which must have always one Affirmative PATHOPOEIA 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pathopoiia affectus expressio expression of the affection of the mind derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pathos which signifies every more vehement affection or an exceeding stirring up of the affections of the mind and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 poieo qualitate afficior to be affected with the quality of such ardent affections Pathopoeia is a form of speech whereby the Speaker moves the mind of his hearers to some vehemency of affection as of love hatred gladness sorrow c. It is when the speaker himself being inwardly moved with any of those deep and vehement affections doth by evident demonstration pâ—ssionate pronunciation and suitable gestures make a lively expression thereof Scriptural Examples Isa. 49.15 Can a woman forget her sucking child yea they may forget yet will I not forget thee Behold I have graven thee upon the palms of my hands c. Jer. 31.20 Is Ephraim my dear son is he a pleasant childe for since I spake against him I do earnestly remember him still therefore my bowels are troubled for him I will surely have mercy upon him saith the Lord. Jer. 9.1 2. O that my head were waters and mine eyes a fountain of tears that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people Oh that I had in the wildernesse a lodging place c. See Hos. 11.7 8. 1 Cor 4.14 15. 2 Cor. 2.4 Jer. 23.9 10. FINIS A Brief Explanation of the several Points used by the Learned in their writings illustrated by particular and pertinent Examples upon each FOrasmuch as the Points or Notes used by the Learned in distinguishing writing though not precisely pertinent to Rhetorique are not the least part of Orthography or of the right manner of writing the ignorance whereof is frequently not only an