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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A01426	The discoueries of the world from their first originall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1555. Briefly written in the Portugall tongue by Antonie Galuano, gouernour of Ternate, the chiefe island of the Malucos: corrected, quoted, and now published in English by Richard Hakluyt, sometimes student of Christ church in Oxford; Tratato. Que compôs o nobre & notavel capitão Antonio Galvão, dos diversos & desvayrados caminhos, por onde nos tempos passados a pimenta & especearia veyo da India ás nossas partes. English	Galvão, António, d. 1557.; Hakluyt, Richard, 1552?-1616.	1601 (1601)	STC 11543; ESTC S105675	96,105	110

THE DISCOVERIES of the World from their first originall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1555. Briefly written in the Portugall tongue by ANTONIE GALVANO Gouernour of Ternate the chiefe Island of the Malucos Corrected quoted and now published in English by Richard Hakluyt sometimes student of Christchurch in Oxford LONDINI Impensis G. Bishop 1601. TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE SIR Robert Cecill Knight principall Secretarie to her Maiestie Master of the Court of VVards and Liueries the woorthy Chancellour of the Vniuersitie of Cambridge and one of her Maiesties most honorable priuie Counsell RIght Honorable while I went about to publish our English Voyages and Discoueries I was aduised by master WALTER COPE a gentleman of rare and excellent parts to draw them into a short sum adding that in his opinion that course woulde prooue most acceptable to the world especially to men of great action and employment Although in that worke then vnder the presse I could not conueniently alter my course yet holding his aduise as in many things else so in this for sound and very good I heere present vnto your Honour a briefe Treatie most agreeable to the same The authour whereof was one Antonie Galuano a Portugall gentleman of whose pietie towards God equitie towards men fidelity to his Prince loue to his countrey skill in sea causes experience in Histories liberalitie towards his nation vigilance valour wisedome and diligence in restoring setling the decaied state of The Isles of Maluco where he remained sixe or seuen yeeres gouernour if it please your Honour to read Fernando Lopez de Castagneda or Ioannes Maffeius in their Histories of The East Indies you shall finde more written in his singular commendation then a large Epistle can well comprehend The worke though s●all in bulke containeth so much rare and profitable matter as I know not where to seeke the like within so narrow and streite a compasse For heerein is orderly declared who were The first Discouerours of the world since the time of the flood by what waies from age to age the spicerie drugs and riches of the East were conueied into The West what were the causes of the alterations of those courses as namely the changes of Empires and gouernments The ceasing of all trafficke for many yeeres by The Gothes inuasion of the Romane Empire The rising vp of The Mahumetane sect with their ouerrunning of Afrike and Spaine The renewing againe after many yeeres disturbance of the trafficke and entercourse of The East Indies first by the Califas of the aforesaid sect and eftsoones by The Venetians Ienowais and Florentines Then followeth the taking of Ceuta in Barbarie by Iohn the first king of Portugall of that name in the yeere of our Lord 1415. whose third sonne Don Henry which he had by the vertuous Ladie Philippa daughter of Iohn of Gante and sister to Henry the fourth king of England was the first beginner of all the Portugall discoueries and continued the same for the space of fortie and three yeeres euen to his dying day By whose encouragement the kings of Portugall found out with much patience and constancie the last way of the bringing the Spicerie into Europe by The Cape of Buona Sperança and for these hundred yeeres past haue become the chiefe Lords of the riches of the Orient By emulation of which their good endeuours The Antiles and The west Indies began to be discouered by The kings of Spaine The infancies of both which most important enterprises The progresse of the same from time to time the discoueries of Islands riuers baies and harbours of many rich prouinces kingdomes and countries The erecting of castles in sundry conuenient Islands and places with the drawing of trafficke vnto the same where when by whom and by whose authority is heere succinctly and faithfully recorded So that if it please your Honour at your conuenient leisure to take a sea card or a mappe of the world and carie your eie vpon the coast of Africa from Cape de Non lying on the mayne in 29. degrees of northerly latitude and follow the shore about the Cape of Buona Sperança till you come to the mouth of The Redde Sea and passing thence along by the countrey of Arabia crosse ouer to India and doubling Cape Comory compasse the gulfe of Bengala shooting by the citie of Malacca through The streite of Cincapura coast al the south of Asia to the northeast part of China and comprehend in this view all the Islands from The Açores and Madera in the West to The Malucoes The Philippinas and Iapan in the East you shall heere finde by order who were the first discouerours conquerours and planters in euery place as also the natures and commodities of the soyles togither with the forces qualities and conditions of the inhabitants And that which I mention of the Orient is likewise to be vnderstood of The Occident Now touching the translation it may please you sir to be aduertised that it was first done into our language by some honest and well affected marchant of our nation whose name by no meanes I could attaine vnto and that as it seemeth many yeeres ago For it hath lien by me aboue these twelue yeeres In all which space though I haue made much inquirie and sent to Lisbon where it seemeth it was printed yet to this day I could neuer obtaine the originall copie whereby I might reforme the manifold errours of the translator For whereas a good translator ought to be well acquainted with the proprietie of the tongue out of which and of that into which he translateth and thirdly with the subiect or matter it selfe I found this translator very defectiue in all three especially in the last For the supplying of whose defects I had none other remedie but to haue recourse vnto the originall histories which as it appeereth are very many and many of them exceeding rare and hard to come by out of which the authour himselfe drew the greatest part of this discourse And in very deede it cost me more trauaile to search out the grounds thereof and to annexe the marginall quotations vnto the worke then the translation of many such bookes would haue put me vnto Of which quotations there is yet a farther vse to wit that such as haue leasure sufficient and are desirous to reade these things more at large for breuitie oftentimes breedeth obscuritie may fully satisfie their desires by hauing recourse by the helpe therof to the pure fountaines out of which those waters which are drawne are for the most part most sweete and holsome Now if any man shall maruel that in these Discoueries of The World for the ●pace almost of fower thousand yeeres here set downe our nation is scarce fower times mentioned Hee is to vnderstand that when this authour ended this discourse which was about the yeere of Grace 1555. there was little extant of our mens trauailes And for ought I can see there had no great matter yet come to

light if my selfe had not vndertaken that heauie burden being neuer therein entertained to any purpose vntill I had recourse vnto your selfe by whose speciall fauour and bountifull patronage I haue been often much encouraged and as it were reuiued Which trauailes of our men because as yet they be not come to ripenes and haue been made for the most part to places first discouered by others when they shall come to more perfection and become more profitable to the aduenturers will then be more fit to be reduced into briefe epitomes by my selfe or some other endued with an honest zeale of the honour of our countrey In the meane season nothing doubting of your fauourable acceptation of this my labour I humbly beseech the authour of all goodnes to replenish and enrich you with his best blessings long to protect and preserue your Honour to the profitable seruice of her Maiestie and to the common benefit and good of the Realme From London this 29. of October 1061. Your Honors Chaplein in all dutie most readie to be commanded RICHARD HAKLVYT Francis de Sousa Tauares vnto the high and mightie Prince Don IOHN Duke of Aueiro ANtonie Galuano vpon his death bed left vnto me in his testament among his papers this booke And because I am certaine he ordained it to bee presented vnto your Grace I haue thought good herein to fulfill his wil testament though in other things I haue done nothing the fault remaining not in me And by all reason this treatie ought to be set foorth by a Portugall seeing it intreateth of the variable waies from whence the pepper and spices came in times past into our partes and also of all the nauigations and discoueries in the old time In both of which things the Portugals haue most trauailed In this treatie and in nine or ten bookes of things touching Maluco and India which the Cardinall willed me to giue to Damian de Goes saying that he should content me for otherwise I could not deliuer them this true Portugall occupied himselfe against the vnfortunate and sorrow●ull times which he had been in which were all ended before all our daies and times for when he receiued the captainship and fortresses of Maluco all the kings and gouernours of all the Ilands about being agreed to make war against the Portugals vntill such time as they might driue them all out of the countrey he fought against them all with onely 130. Portugals when they were all together and strong in Tidore and he gaue them the ouerthrow and killed their king and one ●ernate the principal author of that war and he tooke from them their fortresse so vpon this victorie they submitted themselues and came vnder the obeisance and seruice of our king of Portugall Herein two things happened of great admiration The first that all the kings and gouernours of Maluco agreed togither against vs a thing that neuer fell out nor yet credible to be like to happen for they are euer at variance among themselues The second that the captaine of Maluco with onely his ordinarie soldiers should haue the victorie against so many being all together For sometimes it happeneth that some of the captaines of Maluco with many extraordinarie soldiers besides their ordinarie yea and with the aide of al the Kings and Lords of Maluco in their fauour and aide went against one King onely of them and came backe againe with losse So there may be reckoned three notable things done in India I say of qualitie but of more quantitie and importance there haue been others which were the taking of Muar by Emmanuel Falcon and the winning of Bitam by Peter Mascarenas and this whereof we presently treate For all these three deedes seemed to be impossible to be atchieued considering the small quantitie of soldiers which the captaines had in giuing the enterprise against so many with the order and maner by them ordained how and which waies to obtaine their purpose as well by their enimies as by themselues And they could not be atchieued otherwise but by vsing a meane and order not thought of at the first by the Portugals nor yet euer suspected by their enimies And besides this his father and fower of his brethren were all slaine in the kings seruice And he now being the last of his linage caried with him into Maluco woorth ten thousand crusadoes which he spent not in idlenes nor yet in play but onely in bringing of many kings and innumerable townes vnto our holy faith and in the preseruing of Maluco employing all his power and strength that all the cloues might come vnto the hands of the kings highnes which with Maluco yeelded vnto him euery yeere fiue hundred thousand crusadoes being all to his great preiudice let and hinderance For if he had gathered cloues for himselfe as the captaines of Maluco haue done and doe then he had come home very rich But when he came home into Portugall in great hope such is the simplicitie of the best natures to be rewarded for his good seruice and to be more fauoured and honored then if he had brought home with him an hundred thousand crusadoes he was greatly deceiued For he found neither fauour nor yet honor but onely among the poore and miserable to wit in an hospitall where he was kept seuenteene yeeres vntill the hower of his death and there he had allowed vnto him his winding sheete to burie him in and the brotherhood of the Couent prepared for his buriall as for a poore courtier cast off by all men leauing himselfe indebted in two thousand crusadoes whereof part came out of India and part thereof many of his friends had lent him to maintaine him in the hospitall for in all these seuenteene yeeres he had not of his highnes for to helpe himselfe with so much as one riall of plate nor yet I of the bookes which I deliuered receiued any thing to discharge his will with Yet for all this euen as vpon the prosperitie of his victories he neuer made any boast so likewise in his aduersities his great stomacke did nothing abate his hart As there are good proofes that with so many and so continuall disgraces as he suffered he neuer vnto the hower of his death left off to raise and to augment the yeerely rent vnto a Counto which some made strange and would not giue eare vnto So that euen as he was extreme painfull in the performance of his seruice so he was the like in the things sounding vnto the perfecting of the same which was the cause that he was brought vnto the state that he died in For he could not see the qualitie of the time but onely those of his great seruice by reason of the great charges that it stood him in And his saying was That he was borne not for to say that his constellation was in the wars victorious but in the ouercomming of kings by the arte of warfare readines in resoluing prudence

Gastro arriued at the Island of Mindanao sixe kings receiued the water of Baptisme with their wiues children and subiects and the most of them Antonie Galuano gaue commandement to be called by the name of Iohn in remembrance that king Iohn the third raigned then in Portugall The Portugals and Spaniards which haue béene in these Islands affirme that there be certaine hogs in them which besides the téeth which they haue in their mouthes haue other two growing out of their snouts and as many behinde their eares of a large span and an halfe in length Likewise they say there is a tree the one halfe whereof which standeth towards the east is a good medicine against all poyson the other side of the trée which standeth toward the west is very poison and the fruite on that side is like a bigge pease and there is made of it the strongest poyson that is in all the world Also they report that there is there another trée the fruite whereof whosoeuer doth eate shall be twelue houres besides himselfe and when he commeth againe vnto himselfe he shall not remember what he did in the time of his madnes Moreouer there are certaine crabs of the land whereof whosoeuer doth eate shall be a certaine space out of his wits Likewise the countrey people declare that there is a stone in these Islands whereon whosoeuer sitteth shall be broken in his bodie It is farther to be noted that the people of these Islands do gild their téeth In the yéere 1539. Cortes sent thrée ships with Francis Vlloa to discouer the coast of Coludean northward They vient from Acapulco and touched at S. Iago de buqna sperança and entred into the gulfe that Cortes had discouered and sailed till they came in 32. degrées which is almost the farthest end of that gulfe which place they named Ancon de Sane Andres because they came thither on that saints daie Then they came out a long the coast on the other side and doubled the point of California and entred in betwéene certaine Islands and the point and so sailed along by it till they came to 32. degrées from whence they returned to newe Spaine enforced thereunto by contrarie windes and want of victuals hauing béene out about a yéere Cortes according to his account spent 200000. ducates in these discoueries From Cabo del Enganno to another cape called Cabo de Liampo in China there are 1000. or 1200. leagues sayling Cortes and his captaines discouered new Spaine from 12. degrées to 32. from south to the north being 700. leagues finding it more warme then cold although snow do lie vpon certaine mountaines most part of the yéere In new Spaine there be many trées flowers and fruits of diuers sorts and profitable for many things The principall trée is named Metl It groweth not very high nor thicke They plant and dresse it as we do our vines They say it hath fortie kinde of leaues like wouen clothes which serue for many vses When they be tender they make conserues of them paper and a thing like vnto flaxe they make of it mantles mats shooes girdles and cordage These trées haue certaine prickles so strong and sharpe that they sewe with them The roots make fire and ashes which ashes make excellent good lie They open the earth from the roote and scrape it and the iuice which commeth out is like a sirrupe If you do féeth it it will become honie if you purifie it it will be sugar Also you may make wine and vineger thereof It beareth the Coco The rinde rosted and crushed vpon sores and hurts healeth and cureth The iuice of the tops and roots mingled with incense are good against poyson and the biting of a viper For these manifold benefits it is the most profitable trée knowne to growe in those parts Also there be there certaine small birds named Vicmalim Their bill is small and long They liue of the dewe and the iuice of flowers and roses Their feathers be verie small and of diuers colours They be greatly estéemed to worke golde with They die or sléepe euerie yéere in the moneth of October fitting vpon a little bough in a warme and close place they reuiue or wake againe in the moneth of Aprill after that the flowers be sprung and therefore they call them the reuiued birds Likewise there be snakes in these parts which sound as though they had bels when they créepe There be other which engender at the mouth euen as they report of the viper There be hogges which haue a nauell on the ridge of their backs which assoone as they be killed and cut out will by and by corrupt and stinke Besides these there be certaine fishes which make a noyse like vnto hogs and will snort for which cause they be named snorters In the yéere 1538. and 1539. after that Diego de Almagro was beheaded the Marques Francis Pisarro was not idle For he sent straight one Peter de Baldiuia with a good companie of men to discouer and conquere the countrey of Chili He was wel receiued of those of the countrey but afterwards they rose against him and would haue killed him by treason Yet for all the warre that he had with them he discouered much land and the coast of the sea toward the southeast till he came into 40. degrées and more in latitude While he was in these discoueries he heard newes of a king called Leucengolma which commonly brought to the field two hundred thousand fighting men against another king his neighbour and that this Leucengolma had an Island and a temple therein with two thousand priestes and that beyond them were the Amazones whose Quéene was called Guanomilla that is to say The goldeu heauen But as yet there are none of these things discouered About this time Gomez de Aluarado went to conquer the prouince of Guanuco and Francis de Chauez went to subdue the Conchincos which troubled the towne of Truxillo and the countreyes adioyning Peter de Vergara went to the Bracamores a people dwelling toward the north from Quito Iohn Perez de Vergara went against the Ciaciapoians Alfonsus de Mercadiglio went vnto Mulubamba Ferdinando and Gonzaluo Pisarros went to subdue Collao a countrey very rich in gold Peter de Candia went to the lower part of Collao Peranzures also went to conquer the said countrey And thus the Spanyards dispersed themselues and conquered aboue seuen hundred leagues of countrey in a very short space though not without great trauailes and losse of men The countreyes of Brasill and Peru stand east and west almost 800. leagues distant The néerest is from the Cape of Saint Augustine vnto the hauen of Truxillo for they stand both almost in one parallele and latitude And the farthest is 950. leagues reckoning from the riuer of Peru to the streits of Magellan which places lie directly north south through which countrey passe certaine mountaines named the

at Acapulco messengers came vnto him from Don Antonio de Mendoça the Viceroy to certifie him of his arriuall and also he sent him the coppie of a letter wherein Francis Pisarro wrote that Mango Ynga was risen against him and was come to the citie of Cusco with an hundred thousand fighting men and that they had killed his brother Iohn Pisarro and aboue 400. Spaniards and 200. horses and he himselfe was in danger so that he demanded succour and aide Cortes being informed of the state of Pisarro and of the arriuall of Don Antonio de Mendoça because he would not as yet be at obediēce First he determined to sende to Maluco to discouer that way a long vnder the Equinoctial line because The Islands of Cloues stand vnder that paralele And for that purpose he prepared 2. ships with prouision victuals men besides all other things necessarie He gaue the charge of one of these ships to Ferdinando de Grijalua and of the other vnto one Aluarado a Gentleman They went first to Saint Michael de Tangarara in Peru to succour Francis Pisarro and from thence to Maluco all along néere the line as they were commanded And it is declared that they sailed aboue a thousand leagues without fight of land on she one side nor yet on the other of the Equinoctiall And in two degrées toward the north they discouered one Island named Asea which séemeth to be one of the Islands of Cloues 500. leagues little more or lesse as they sailed they came to the sight of another which they named Isla de los Pescadores Going still in this course they sawe another Island called Hayme towards the south and another named Apia and then they came to the fight of Seri turning towards the north one degrée they came to anker at another Island named Coroa and from thence they came to another vnder the liue 〈…〉 and from thence vnto Bufu standing in the same course The people of all these Islands are blacke and haue their haire frisled whom the people of Maluco do call Papuas The most of them eate mans flesh and are witches so giuen to diuilishnes that the diuels walk among them as cōpanions If these wicked spirits do finde one alone they kill him with cruell blowes or smoother him Therefore they vse not to goe but when two or thrée may be in a companie There is héere a bird as bigge as a Crane he flieth not nor hath any wings wherewith to flée he runneth on the ground like a Déere of their small feathers they do make haire for their idols There is also an herbe which being washed in warme water if the leafe thereof be laide on any member and licked with the toong it will draw out all the blood of a mans body and with this leafe they vse to let themselues blood From these Islands they came vnto others named the Guelles standing one degree towards the north east and west from the Isle Terenate wherein the Portugals haue a fortresse these men are haired like the people of the Malucoes These Islands stande 124. leagues from the Island named Moro and from Terenate betwéene 40. and 50. From whence they went to the Isle of Moro the Islāds of Cloues going from the one vnto the other But the people of the countrey would not suffer them to come on lande saying vnto them Go vnto the fortresse where the captain Antonie Galuano is and we will receiue you with a good will for they would not suffer them to come on land without his licence for he was factor of the countrey as they named him A thing woorthie to be noted that those of the countrey were so affectioned to the Portugals that they would venter for them their liues wiues children and goods In the yéere 1537. the licenciate Iohn de Vadillo gouernour of Cartagena went out with a good armie from a porte of Vraba called Saint Sebastian de buena Vista being in the gulfe of Vraba and from thence to Rio verde from thence by land without knowing any way nor yet hauing any carriages they went to the end of the countrey of Peru and to the towne La plata by the space of 1200. leagues a thing woorthie of memorie For from this riuer to the mountaines of Abibe the countrey is full of hils thicke forests of trées and many riuers and for lacke of a beaten way they had pierced sides The mountaines of Abibe as it is recorded haue 20. leagues in bredth They must be passed ouer in Ianuarie Februarie March and Aprill And from that time forward it raineth much and the riuers will be so greatly encreased that you cannot passe for them There are in those mountaines many heards of swine many dantes lyons tygers beares ounses and great cats and monkeis and mightie snakes and other such vermine Also there be in these mountaines abundance of partridges quailes turtle doues pigeons and other birdes and foules of sundrie sorts Likewise in the riuers is such plentie of fish that they did kill of them with their staues and carrying canes and nets they affirme that a great army might be sustained that way without being distressed for want of victuals Moreouer they declared the diuersities of the people toongs and apparell that they obserued in the countries kingdomes and prouinces which they went through and the great trauels and dangers that they were in till they came to the towne called Villa de la Plata and vnto the sea there unto adioyning This was the greatest discouerie that hath béene heard of by land and in so short a time And if it had not béene done in our daies the credite thereof would haue béene doubtfull In the yéere 1538. there went out of Mexico certaine friers of the order of Saint Francis towards the north to preach to the Indians the Catholicke faith He that went farthest was one frier Marke de Nizza who passed through Cul●acan and came to the prouince of Sibola where he found seuen cities and the farther he went the richer he found the countrie of gold siluer precious stones and shéepe bearing very fine wool Vpon the fame of this welth the viceroy don Antonio de Mendoça and Cortes determined to send a power thither But when they could not agrée thereupon Cortes went ouer into Spaine in the yéere 1540. where afterward he died In this yéere 1538. began the ciuil warre betweene Pisarro and Alonagro wherein at the last Alinagro was taken and beheaded In the same yéere 1538. Antonie Galuano being chiefe captaine in the isles of Maluco sent a ship towards the north whereof one Francis de Castro was captaine hauing commandement to conuert as many as he could to the faith He himselfe christened many as the lords of the Celebes Macasares Amboynos Moros Moratax and diuers other places When Francis de