Messias the Lamb of God that was to take away the sins of the World. Now the Bread and Wine not having been at all discovered to be such Signs of our Saviours Body and Blood to the Disciples nor consequently considered as so it was against the Rules of human discourse to say they were his Body and Blood if no more was meant than that they were Signs of them and as absurd as for Moses before the formal Institution of the Paschal Sacrifice recited at large in Exod. 12. to have said to the People upon Sacrificing a Lamb This is the Lords Passover Or This Passover is your Saviour For it was to be known and considered as a Passover Sacrifice and as a Type of the Messias before he could reasonably have affirmed thus of it 3. The Jewish Passover was a Type of this Sacrament and so it is generally acknowledged by the Fathers to be now that there should be a Sign of a Sign only a Type of that which it self was but a Type Instituted by Christ is very unreasonable to imagin especially since we do not now live under a Law of Shadows and Figures but of Verity and substance Since therefore the Paschal Lamb was really and in a proper Sense the Sacrifice of the Lords Passover according to that true Paschal Form in Holy Scripture because a true Paschal Sacrifice was offered by the Jews as well for a grateful acknowledgment of their past benefit as of one that was certainly to come since this Passover Sacrifice was really a Saviour or Salvation to the Jews as well as a Type of the Messias since the Lamb drest in the Paschal Supper was not only call'd but really was the Body of the Passover Sacrifice or Paschal Lamb according to the foremention'd expressions of Esdras and the Rabins which notwithstanding we can by no means allow to be Paschal Forms of constant usage since they so vary from one another much less of Divine Institution because no such are used in Holy Scripture since the Bread which the Jews Eat when they used that Phrase This is the Bread of Affliction was Real Bread and all that Eat this Bread as they ought to do were really afflicted when they seriously consider'd what their Fathers suffer'd in Egypt because they also for their own sins deserv'd to suffer as much this Bread also being the same which their Fathers did Eat viz. unleavened Bread Surely none can be so hard of belief as to imagin after serious consideration that there was less of truth and reality in our Lords words This is my Body in which as is not improbable he might imitate some of these Phrases than there was even in these expressions which were used under the Law of Types and Shadows And to shew the Analogy the more perfectly and not to represent it partially as our Adversaries do we are further to consider That as the Bread of Affliction which was yearly Eaten by the Jews at the time of the Paschal Solemnity was really Bread and of the same kind with that which their Fathers did Eat in Egypt and was also a Memorial of the first Bread of this kind which their Fathers did Eat As the Paschal Lamb that was yearly drest and really Eaten was the Real Body of the Passover Sacrifice thus yearly offer'd and was also to put the Jews in mind of the first deliverance wrought upon the first Paschal Offering so Christians when they renew the Sacrifice of Eucharist feed upon Christs Real Body which is the Antitype of the Paschal Lamb and at the same time Remember that first Oblation which Christ made of the same Body altho' in a different manner upon the Cross DISCOURSE And nothing is more common in all Languages than to give the name of the thing signified to the Sign As the delivery of a Deed or Writing under hand and Seal is call'd a conveyance or making over of such an Estate and it is really so not the delivery of mere Wax and Parchment but the conveyance of a Real Estate as truly and really to all effects and purposes of Law as if the very material Houses and Lands themselves could be and were actually delivered into my Hands In like manner the names of the things themselves made over to us in the new Covenant of the Gospel between God and Man are given to the Signs and Seals of that Covenant By Baptism Christians are said to be made partakers of the Holy Ghost Heb. 6. 4. And by the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper we are said to Communicate or to be made partakers of the Body of Christ which was broken and of his Blood which was shed for us that is of the real benefits of his Death and Passion And thus St. Paul speaks of this Sacrament 1 Cor. 10. 16. The Cup of blessing which we bless is it not the Communion of the Blood of Christ The Bread which we break is it not the Communion of the Body of Christ But still it is Bread and he still calls it so v. 17. For we being many are one Bread and one Body for we are partakers of that one Bread. The Church of Rome might if they pleased as well argue from hence that all Christians are substantially changed first into Bread and then into the natural Body of Christ by their participation of the Sacrament because they are said thereby to be one Bread and one Body And the same Apostle in the next Chapter after he had spoken of the Consecration of the Elements still calls them the Bread and the Cup in three verses together As often as ye Eat this Bread and Drink this Cup v. 26. Whosoever shall Eat this Bread and Drink this Cup of the Lord unworthily v. 27. But let a Man examin himself and so let him Eat of this Bread and Drink of that Cup v. 28. And our Saviour himself when he had said this is my Blood of the New Testament immediately adds but I say unto you I will not henceforth Drink of this fruit of the Vine until I Drink it new with you in my Father's Kingdom that is not till after his Resurrection which was the first step of his Exaltation into the Kingdom given him by his Father when the Scripture tells us he did Eat and Drink with his Disciples But that which I observe from our Saviour's words is that after the Consecration of the Cup and the delivering of it to his Disciples to Drink of it he tells them that he would thenceforth Drink no more of the fruit of the Vine which he had now Drank with them till after his Resurrection From whence it is plain that it was the fruit of the Vine Real Wine which our Saviour Drank of and Communicated to his Disciples in the Sacrament ANSWER Here since neither the Authority of the Fathers nor the Word of God can afford the Authors cause any relief he at length flies to the Laws of Men
10. That Water which was by our Lord converted into Wine is still called Water Joh. 2. 9. The Angels are called Men Gen. 19. 8. because they appeared in the shape of Men according to the usual Language of Sense very many instances of which are to be found For our Saviour had fully instructed them before that the Bread which he would give them was his flesh Joh. 6. 51. The Apostle also saith again v. 17. For we being many are one Bread and one Body for we are partakers of that one Bread and that one Bread can signifie nothing here but the Body of Christ which indeed is but one altho' appearing in innumerable place of the World at the same and at several times because it is still animated by the same one Soul and Divinity of Christ which cannot be said of the Bread in the Sacrament if but mere Bread for then it would not be one Bread or Loaf but many and of several sorts being received at very many places at the same time And the true reason here why they are called one Bread and one Body or Society of Christians is because they are all partakers of that one Bread viz. the Body of Christ and therefore also all inspired with the same Spirit But in the Authors Sense it would be no reason but they should rather have been many Bodies because they did Eat of so many Breads So that we see he hath still the same success in bringing those Texts of Scripture to uphold his cause which are the most pregnant proofs against him He then proceeds to teach the Catholics how they might argue in his new way from a Sign already Instituted and known as so to an AEnigma or dark saying taken from things of a disparate and really different nature and of no acknowledg'd Resemblance that is from Chalk to Cheese but they beg his Pardon for that Well but the same Apostle in the next Chapter after he had spoken of the Consecration of the Elements still calls them the Bread and the Cup in three verses together as often as ye Eat THIS Bread and Drink THIS Cup v. 26. Whosoever shall Eat THIS Bread and Drink THIS Cup of the Lord unworthily v. 27. But let a Man Examin himself and so let him Eat of THAT Bread and Drink of THAT Cup v. 28. It is true it was Bread Metaphorically but it was still this Bread with an Emphasis not such Bread as you ordinarily Eat but the Body of Christ which he told us was truly Meat or Meat indeed the true Bread from Heaven John 6. 32. It was a Cup but it was this Cup that is his Blood which was truly Drink or Drink indeed as he also hath taught us John 6. 55. and after examination let the true Christian Eat of that Bread and Drink of that Cup which will strengthen his Body and Soul both much more than the ordinary Bread and Wine can his Body only Our Saviour himself when he had said This is my Blood of the New Testament immediately adds but I say unto you I will not henceforth Drink of this Fruit of the Vine that is of the true Vine as our Lord is pleased to call himself or of that Wine which by the Words of Benediction becomes my Blood being Originally the Fruit of the Vine or possibly it may refer to the unconsecrated Wine that was left in the Vessels until I drink it new that is fresh and newly Consecrated again with you in my Fathers Kingdom or after my Resurrection as some with the Author interpret the place but as others more generally till I drink of that new Wine of another sort and nature in the Kingdom of my heavenly Father where we shall drink of the River of his pleasures Psal 36. 8. and therefore the Authors following observation is nothing worth For after the Apostles were satisfied that they really drank the Blood of our Lord in this Sacrament and fed upon his Real Body it was an easy and familiar Metaphor to call them Bread and Wine because the outward Species gave a sufficient hint for the understanding of this Figurative Speech suitable to the Language of Sense in the instances above mentioned out of Scripture and because there was true Spiritual nourishment conveyed to the faithful by the Body and Blood of our Saviour thus received as there is Corporeal nourishment received by the Natural Bread and Wine which we take for the refection of our Bodies DISCOURSE Besides if we consider that he celebrated this Sacrament before his Passion it is impossible these words should be understood literally of the natural Body and Blood of Christ because it was his Body broken and his Blood shed which he gave to his Disciples which if we understand literally of his natural Body broken and his blood shed then these words this is my Body which is broken and this is my Blood which is shed could not be true because his Body was then whole and unbroken and his Blood not then shed nor could it be a propitiatory Sacrifice as they affirm this Sacrament to be unless they will say that Propitiation was made before Christ suffered And it is likewise impossible that the Disciples should understand these words literally because they not only plainly saw that what he gave them was Bread and Wine but they saw likewise as plainly that it was not his Body which was given but his Body which gave that which was given no his Body broken and this Blood shed because they saw him alive at that very time and beheld his Body whole and unpierc'd and therefore they could not understand these words literally If they did can we imagine that the Disciples who upon all other occasions were so full of questions and objections should make no difficulty of this matter nor so much as ask our Saviour how can these things be that they should not tell him we see this to be Bread and that to be Wine and we see thy Body to be distinct from both we see thy Body not broken aud thy Blood not shed From all which it must needs be very evident to any man that will impartially consider things how little reason there is to understand those words of our Saviour this is my Body and This is my Blood in the sense of Transubstantiation nay on the contrary that there is very great reason and an evident necessity to understand them otherwise I proceed to shew ANSWER Besides if we consider that our Lord celebrated this Sacrament before his Passion it is impossible that these words should be understood otherwise than properly of the real Body and Blood of Christ because it was his Body broken and his Blood poured out which he gave to his Disciples which if we understand as figurative only of his natural Body broken and his Blood shed then these words this is my Body which is broken and this is my Blood which is shed could not be true because his
away and will walk no more with him in the Communion of his Church Having thus made it to appear that these words of Christs Institution This is my Body according to the Rules of human discourse ought to be taken in a proper Sense not only if considered in themselves but especially if we regard what Christ hath said before touching the Sacrament to dispose his Apostles thus to believe them it will necessarily follow that those words also of the Institution This do in remembrance of me which relate chiefly to the Priests Power and Duty as the other did to the Body of Christ in the Sacrament and which St. Paul explains in these words As often as ye eat this Bread and drink this Cup ye shew the Lords Death till he come ought not to be considered as a determination of the former words of the Institution in a Figurative Sense after the Sacramentarian way but as a Declaration of one great end of the Sacrament viz. The calling to mind and setting forth of Christs Death till he comes which is so far from being a Reason to prove that Christs Body is not Really there that on the contrary this Commemoration and Annunciation is founded upon the Real Presence of Christs Sacrificed Body and Blood in this Sacrament since without this it could not be done so effectually in Christs Church as now it is For as the Jews in eating the Peace-Offerings did remember that they were slain for them so by Offering here the Real Body of Christ after the manner of an unbloody Sacrifice we commemorate and set forth in this lively Exemplar that Bloody Sacrifice which Christ himself offered in a different manner upon the Cross and receive the benefit thereof which we need not to question since he gives us daily of this Victim to feed upon in the Blessed Sacrament tho' without the horror of Blood. Shall Christians then under a pretence of Celebrating the Memory of the Passion in the Eucharist evacuate Christs Institution by taking away from this pious Commemoration that which he out of his tender love hath given us as most efficacious in it for the good of our Bodies into which this Sacrifice of Christs Body being received Sanctifies them and Consecrates and prepares them for a Glorious Resurrection as wells as for the good of our Souls Ought we not to consider that Jesus Christ doth not only Command us to remember him but likewise that we should do this by feeding upon his Sacramented Body and Blood since he doth not say that Bread and Wine should be a Memorial of his Body and Blood but that in doing what he prescribes us to do which is that in Receiving his Body and Blood we should remember him And what more precious and lively Memorial could he give to his Disciples and to all his beloved Children what better Legacy could he bequeath them at his departure out of the World than this If the the Primitive Christians were inflamed with Zeal and Devotion when they approached to the Monuments where the Bodies only of Holy Martyrs lay Intombed more especially if they could but touch any of their precious Reliqus being by this means stirred up to a Pious Memorial and imitation of their Holy Lives and Deaths and therefore did Religiously preserve the smallest pieces and even the Nails of that Cross upon which Christ suffered Commemorating thereby his Holy Passion how much more then should our Memory and Love be excited when we approach to the Holy Altar and know that we Receive there tho' veiled under the Sacred Symbols the very Body and Blood of our Lord who Sacrificed himself for us enlivened and quickened by his Grace and Spirit I could now proceed to shew for the further confirmation of what I have here alledged from the Authority of Holy Scripture that unless the words of St. Johns Gospel above mentioned as also the words of our Saviours Institution be taken in the Sense of the Reality or Transubstantiation that there is no promise to be found in Holy Writ of any Spiritual vertue to accompany this Sacrament so that our Adversaries whilst they are so eager to oppose the Reality do as much as in them lies destroy the nature and end of this Blessed Institution and have no argument at all to use against the Socinian who denies the Real Vertue as well as the Real Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament Which is the reason why I do sometimes term this Vertue which the Author without ground conceives to be in this Ordinance tho' separate from Christs Real Body Imaginary because there is no reason to conclude the vertue of the Body to be here from Scripture unless the Body be so too not that I would derogate at all from the vertue of Christs Body which by reason of the Hypostatical union is Infinite But this task is already performed by a Learned Modern Author And the Reader may easily discern the Truth of what I have here asserted by inspecting such places of Holy Scripture as relate to this Sacrament into the number of which they will not allow the sixth Chapter of St. Johns Gospel to be admitted Having therefore thus explained those places of Holy Scripture which relate to the Blessed Sacrament as also those other Forms of speaking both of Divine and Human Authority which the Author is pleas'd to compare with the Words of our Lords Institution and shew'd upon comparing them together that they will not at all fit his purpose but prove the quite contrary to what he would have them to do I shall now sum up such of the Reasons and Arguments for the understanding the Words in which our Saviour Instituted this Blessed Sacrament in a proper Sense as the Catholic Church expounds them as are plainly deduced from the Nature and End of this Holy Institution and the Manner of expressing it in Holy Scripture which I intreat the Christian Reader seriously to consider of and so conclude this Head of Discourse 1. Because Christ the great Lover of Souls never spake to his Apostles and Disciples in Figures and Parables which had any obscurity or difficult Sense especially if the Discourse related to the Practice of a necessary Duty with an intention to keep them in Ignorance but that their humble and well disposed minds might be the more excited and inflamed with a desire of inquiring into and understanding the true meaning of what he said and that they might the better retain it And because in all such cases even of less difficulty than this of the Sacrament as particularly in the Parable of the Sower of Seed altho' the Mystery concerning the success of the Gospel which was herein prefigured was not necessary for every one to know as that of the Eucharist was Christ did fully explain himself to his Disciples who were also to instruct others Therefore since the words of the Institution of the Blessed Sacrament if understood Figuratively as the
have been made by their Learned Professors in the Publick Schools of both their Vniversities ever since this last Declaration was receiv'd whether they are not fully satisfied that they have been much more Positive for a Real Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament in a further Sense than the abovementioned Author and others in their Late Discourses against Transubstantiation declare themselves to be And I have the rather given the Sense before expressed of the last clause of their new Declaration which indeed is the only one it can truly bear because the Catholic Church Authoriseth it in the Council of Trent by Declaring there that these two things are not inconsistent viz. that Our Saviour according to his Natural way of Existing should sit at the Right hand of his Father in Heaven and that he should be in the substance Present to us Sacramentally by that manner of Existence which altho' it can scarcely be expressed in words yet our mind enlightened by Faith can be brought to conceive that it is possible with God. I hope therefore that Christian Charity may in time put a happy end to the tedious Disputes which have been so long held about the Blessed Sacrament that so the Sacred Symbols of Peace and Vnity may no longer be made the Subject of Contention Especially when we consider that tho' when the strange Opinion of there being only some certain Vertue of Christs Body in the Sacrament and not that very Body it self was first privately held about eight hundred and eighteen Years after our Saviours time by some Persons that erred through ignorance yet they were asham'd publickly to contradict as some in this last Age have done that Real Presence which the whole Christian World believ'd and confest and concerning which none had ever before erred in the Church but those who had erred concerning Christ himself Likwise that altho' the fourth Great Council of Lateran one of the Greatest which ever was held in the Christian World that they might put an end to the contentions then arisen and maintain Christian verity and peace amongst the Faithful did in declaring the Faith of the Church concerning the Blessed Sacrament make use of the word Transubstantiated to express precisely that Great and Supernatural change therein made which the Catholic Church had in all precedent Ages even from Christs time believed as being necessarily deduced from our Saviours words and exprest by the Primitive Fathers in several other terms signifying the same thing yet the Catholic Church thought it not necessary to determin any thing concerning those nicer speculations about the modes of this wonderful change which have exercised the more subtle Wits even before the time of the Lateran Council and ever since And of this excellent moderation used by the Catholic Church we have a clear evidence from the proceedings of the Council of Trent in reference to this matter which as Padre Paul himself notwithstanding he was no great friend to Catholics in his Historical Relations of the Proceedings of this Council relates determin'd to use so very few and those Universal terms in the Article of the Blessed Sacrament as might satisfie both Parties viz. the Scotists and Thomists and be fitly accommodated to the Sense of each of them but not so as to establish their distinct private speculations Cardinal Pallavicino likewise tells us speaking concerning the circumspection of the Tridentin Fathers that they would have nothing determin'd concerning the modus or manner of the Sacramental Presence of Christ So far were they from prejudicing either of the Theological Classes or from offering to declare those things as Articles of Faith which were not the Revelations of God but the speculations of Men. So that if we can agree that this great supernatural change is made in the Sacrament without the admission of which those of the English Church can never prove that Presence of Christs Body in the Holy Eucharist which they acknowledge to be no less true than we do they will be yet left at liberty and need not determin rashly concerning the manner of it nor so much as anxiously to inquire into this Point For indeed Transubstantiation is a great mystery of Christian Religion so is the Doctrin of the Trinity so is the Incarnation of our Lord to which the Primitive Fathers do so often compare the supernatural change made in the Sacrament so is the Resurrection of our Bodies yet these Articles of Christian Faith are to be believed upon the Authority of the Revealer and not too curiously to be pried into I shall insist only upon the Resurrection at present to shew how little ground they have to believe this upon the account of natural Reason who reject the belief of Transubstantiation by Vertue of which we receive the Instrument and pledge of our Resurrection Christs Real Body in the Sacrament Both these indeed may seem contrary to Reason before enlightned by Faith For how can that convince us that the same Body which dies shall rise again since some that eat Mans Flesh in the extremity of Famin or as the Cannibals out of luxury have the substance of the Bodies that they eat converted into the substance of their own Bodies by the way of nourishment And several other ways there be by which the reduced parts of our Dead Bodies are changed into the substance of other Human Bodies even so that the same Bodies may be claimed by many at the Resurrection Notwithstanding we believe that we shall rise with the same Bodies we had whilst living Dim sighted Reason will ask how this can be since it is against the Nature of a Body to be in two places at the same time Yet Nature and experience prepare us for the belief of the Resurrection which seems to be against Nature by the example of those things which are obvious to Sense Seed as the Apostle instanceth is cast into the ground it corrupts and yet riseth again for God giveth it a Body and to every Seed it 's own Body So to dispose us to the belief of the supernatural change made in the Sacrament nothing is more familiar than Natural Transubstantiation for our life is sustained by a dayly change of the substance of other Creatures into that of our Bodies we should soon die without this Nay we cannot breath but the substance of our Bodies is converted into Air and he that denies this Transubstantiation confutes himself while he speaks Thus Bread also was dayly Transubstantiated into our Lords Body whilst he fed upon it here on Earth All which may dispose us to believe that the Bread in the Sacramental Consecration as Gregory Nyssen teacheth us passeth into the Body of Christ the Word not indeed as it did by the way of manducation and nourishment but being suddainly transform'd into the Body of the Word as is said by the Word This is my Body And if our curious Inquirers shall further ask
how this can be since the accidents or outward species of Bread still remain I desire them to resolve these Questions How a thousand species can be reflected from the same Glass at once to a thousand Eyes at the same time How the same Glass being whole transmits one intire species and yet broken into many small pieces every piece reflects the same whole and intire species there being all the while but one subject and what that subject is wherein these species do subsist Or let them but give a true account of the nature of any small Particle of that matter which composeth the Vniverse before they pry too far into the secrets of Divine and supernatural Mysteries and think that God can do nothing but in such a manner as they can comprehend Therefore our Adversaries had good reason to say speaking concerning the Objections against the Trinity Incarnation and the Resurrection with identity of Bodies That if there were as plain Revelation of Transubstantiation as of those then this Argument were good and that if it were possible to bring a thousand more Arguments against Transubstantiation yet that we are to believe the Revelation in despite of them all Again That Those who believe the Trinity in all those Niceties of Explications which are in the Schools and which now a days pass for the Doctrin of the Church believe them with as much violence to the principles of natural and supernatural Philosophy as can be imagin'd to be in the Point of Transubstantiation And do not therefore insist upon the Point how far Reason is to be submitted to Divine Authority in case of certainty that there is a Divine Revelation for what they are to believe And that there are things haud pauca not few in number which we all believe that if human Reason be consulted do not seem less impossible and less manifestly contradictory than Transubstantiation it self Now that the words of our Lord This is my Body being understood in a proper Sense as in the ensuing Answer is prov'd they ought to be do necessarily infer Transubstantiation is manifest Because as is allowed by all that was Bread which our Lord took into his hands before he spoke those Words there must therefore a Change be made otherwise it could not Really become Christs Body nor that which he gave his Disciples be in a proper Sense so called And the Accidents or sensible species still remaining as before the change must be made in the substance This is what the Tridentine Council infers in these Words Because Christ our Redeemer did affirm that truly to be his Body which he offer'd under the species of Bread therefore it was ever believed in the Church of God which also the Holy Synod now again Declares that by the Consecration of the Bread and Wine there is a Conversion made of the whole substance of Bread into the substance of the Body of our Lord Christ and of the whole substance of the Wine into the substance of his Blood which Conversion is by the Holy Catholic Church fitly and properly called Transubstantiation The foregoing Inference will evidently appear to be true if we consider the proper and genuin Sense of every particular Word in that Proposition of our Lord This is my Body This here in its true and proper Sense signifies some Thing Essence Substance or Object in general under such an appearance as was Demonstrated to Sense For if by the word This were exprest the whole Nature of the Predicate in such a Proposition e. g. as This is Bread or This is my Body then the Proposition would be purely Identical or Tautological for it would be no more than if one should say This Bread is Bread or This my Body is my Body Whereas it is the property of the Attribute to extend and fully to determin the Idea of the Subject by adding clearness to it And we must remember that the English word This is exprest by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Original Greek here as also in most other Languages not by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the Masculine Gender so as to agree with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Bread. Now tho' there be no distinction as to the Gender in the English word This Yet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 This Bread as our Adversaries would have here meant is false Grammar In like manner the Word Is hath here it's proper Sense not as it is used sometimes for Signifies The Word My can have Relation to no other Person but our Lord who spoke it nor consequently to any other Body but his own truly so as to it's Substance and therefore truly exprest by the Word Body that which was before Bread at the beginning of the Enunciation This is my Body being now made to be his Body at its Conclusion because in Practical Propositions as this is with God to say and to do are the same thing and thus you see what is meant by each word in the Proposition This is my Body as explicated by Catholics tho' you do not believe the Mystery Let us now observe what a Late Expostulator hath said against this Explication He undertakes to prove that the Words This is my Body cannot be taken in a literal I conceive he means proper in opposition to Figurative Sense which he supposes his Enemies themselves of our Party will grant if he proves that the This here mentioned is Bread which he thus undertakes to do That saith he which our Saviour took into his Hands when he was about the Institution was Bread that which he blessed was the same thing that he had taken into his hands that which he brake was the same thing that he had blessed that which he gave them when he said it was his Body was that which he had broken But that which he broke which he blessed which he took into his hands was Bread Therefore it was Bread which he gave his Disciples and by This is meant This Bread. This Induction saith the Expostulator is so fair and so clear that I am sure you cannot evade it But what Sir if after all your mighty boasting This prove to be neither a fair Induction nor any Argument at all but a mere Fallacy or Illusion proceeding from what Logicians call Ignoratio Elenchi Ignorance of Argument or proof And just such a one as This would be if proposed to you That which the Butcher exposed to Sale was raw Flesh that which you bought was the same thing that the Butcher exposed to Sale that which you Eat was the same thing that you bought But that which you bought which the Butcher expos'd to Sale was raw Flesh therefore you Eat raw Flesh The Kitchin-Boy will tell you where the Fallacy lies and help you out at a dead lift But to make the matter yet more plain I shall give you some other instances in your way of Sophistry which the most ignorant at the first
and such passages in it it is possible all this may be otherwise The second is how high soever he talk of the Catholics not being certain and his own being sure of having the Scripture for them yet he doth not vouchsafe to tell us what he means by that Word viz. whether express Texts or deductions only If express Texts Let him produce one if he can for that new Article of his Creed a Creed much younger than that of Pope Pius the fourth I do believe that there is not any Transubstantiation in the Lord's Supper or in the Elements of Bread and Wine c. If Deductions only Why may not the Catholics who have the express Words of Scripture that it is his Body infer as surely from thence that there is a change in the Elements of Bread and Wine as the Protestants who have no such express Text that it is not his Body can do to prove that there is no change DISCOURSE Of the first of these I shall now treat and endeavour to shew against the Church of Rome That in this Sacrament there is no substantial change made of the Elements of Bread and Wine into the natural Body and Blood of Christ that Body which was born of the Virgin Mary and suffered upon the Cross for so they explain that hard word Transubstantiation ANSWER Of the former of these I shall now treat and endeavour to vindicate the Catholic Church which declares it as an Article of Faith that by Vertue of Consecration in the Sacrament there is a Conversion made of the whole substance of the Bread into the substance of the Body of our Lord and of the whole substance of the Wine into the substance of his Blood which Conversion she conveniently and properly calls Transubstantiation a hard word indeed to those who will not believe the great Mystery expressed by it DISCOURSE Before I engage in this Argument I cannot but observe what an unreasonable task we are put upon by the bold confidence of our Adversaries to dispute a matter of Sense which is one of those things about which Aristotle hath long since pronounc'd there ought to be no dispute ANSWER Before I engage in this Argument I cannot but observe what an unreasonable task we are put upon by the bold confidence of our Adversary not to dispute a matter of sense since upon this all parties are agreed that there ought to be no dispute but to Answer all the absurdities which the Author is engaged in by espousing false principles and among the rest as the chief that Sense can judge of the internal nature or substance of things For all that is the proper object of Sense that is the species or outward accidents of Bread and Wine are allowed to be present in the Sacrament by all Catholics as well as Separatists And we strangely admire that he should not remember that Rule of his Master Aristotle which every young Scholar learns in the beginning of his Logick that Substantia non incurrit in sensus Substance is not the object of sense From whence it is apparent to all Men that have the use of their Reason that all the Authors cracking confidence upon this Argument is founded upon a vulgar Error slily insinuated that Catholics believe that which they see in the Sacrament of the Eucharist to be the substance of the Body and Blood of Christ But lest any should be deceived with this popular Argument and take up a prejudice against us as in good reason they may since they are made to believe that we would perswade them out of their Senses I shall be so far from endeavouring to do this as the Author fondly imagins all Catholics do that rather out of a deep sentiment of gratitude to the great God of Nature who hath so fearfully and wonderfully made these Bodies of ours I shall freely acknowledge that the Senses do not deceive us at all For the deception doth not lie at any time in the Senses but in the Judgment and the Senses do always give true hints to the mind when their Organs and the Medium are rightly disposed and they are employed about their proper and adequate Objects What we may certainly conclude from the goodness and veracity of God is that he will not deceive Man the Creature that he loves and therefore usually those objects which are represented to him by his Senses as having relation to the conservation of his Body are of such and such a determinate substance as the outward and sensible accidents do hint them to be of So that he is not mistaken in them unless he judge rashly and then too there are means provided by which he may correct his Error Thus the substance of Fire is generally represented under the species or usual form of Fire Of a Dove under the usual form or likness of a Dove So that we may allow in this manner that ordinarily the substance doth incur into the mind through the Senses by means of the accidents but it is certain that the Senses cannot judge either of the substance or accidents Therefore God who is the Author of Nature and can change it when he pleaseth that Man may not be deceived in this kind doth usually inform him when he maketh any substantial change of this Nature in his Creatures which is above the reason of Man to comprehend from any hints made by his senses as being truly Miraculous Thus when the Holy Ghost appeared in the form of a Dove Man was informed by God that it was really the Holy Ghost in substance of Nature and not a Dove When the same Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles in the Visible appearance of Cloven Tongues of Fire they had notice from Heaven that this was truly that Holy Spirit which came in this Visible shape When Angels appeared in the forms of Men they had it revealed to them that they were notwithstanding Angels When our Lord presented himself to his Disciples under the species of Bread he told them plainly that it was his Body To shew which Revelation to have been made from the Authority of Holy Scripture and Fathers will be the subject of the ensuing Discourse This which I have here said being fully conclusive against the Argument of sense's being properly the Judge of substance And now who is it that abuseth the senses the Author or Catholics He by applying them to judge of substance which is an object that is no way adequate to them would make them to deceive Men. We employing them about their proper objects which are here the accidents or outward species of Bread and Wine which as by them we are convinced do still remain after Consecration prove the Miracle from sense because at the same time that these appear the understanding being inlightened by Faith discerns the true and real substance of Christs Body to be veiled under them which makes the thing truly Miraculous To employ therefore the senses about
these expressions altho' explained afterwards and one word includes the Comparison It is otherwise in the expression of our Lord This is my Body supposing that by the Term This Bread is meant in the Sacramentarian Sense 1 for the Body of Christ is not a fit thing to Resemble Bread by the notion of Bread is not the more sensibly imprinted by comparing Christs Body with it neither doth the Memory by this means the better retain it the applying the Idea of Christs Body 2 to Bread doth not render the nature of Bread more familiar but on the contrary more abstruse and difficult to apprehend 3 the Resemblance lies in none of the visible qualities 4 the Terms of Relation are not suppressed for no such Relation can be conceived Now to proceed In the former expressions the things which are expressed are of an Inferior nature to the things of which they are expressed yet more sensible therefore the Terms are not convertible For altho' it be said Christ is the Door yet we cannot say of any particular Door that it is Christ altho' it is affirmed that Christ is the true Vine yet we cannot say of any Vine pointing to it that it is Christ altho' he be called a Rock yet we cannot say designing some particular Rock that this Rock is Christ For in that Proposition the Rock was Christ we must not regard the order of the words but the Sense of the Proposition to find out the Subject and the Predicate so that when it was said the Rock was Christ the meaning is Christ was Typified by that Rock or Christ was like that Rock unless we understand as we ought to do from the preceding words of the Apostle by the Term Rock a Spiritual Rock and so he was really such a Rock and not Typically so Altho' it be said that the Church is the Body of Christ yet we cannot affirm of the natural Body of Christ that it is his Church It is otherwise in the expression of our Lord For the Predicate is here of the same nature with the Subject if understood in the Sense of Catholics it is of a Superior nature if understood in the Sense of our Adversaries the Terms if taken in the former Sense are convertible for as it was said by Christ This is my Body meaning the thing that was contained under the visible Species so it might be affirmed of the same Body that it was this which was thus contained In the latter Sense we may as well affirm that the Body of Christ was Bread as that Bread was the Body of Christ for indeed neither of these could be truly affirmed since these Propositions in this Sense would be false and absurd there being no sensible Resemblance nor no identity for the Terms are incompatible And therefore we need not consider of the Sense of them to find out which is the Subject and which the Predicate for there is no true Sense here to be found nor no such relation because our Lord had not declared the Bread to be a sign of Institution before he spoke these words This is my Body and the Bread was not naturally a sign of his Body as shall be shewed in the ensuing Discourse Well but tho' the Proposition seem so very absurd in this Sense where the Body of Christ is taken for the Predicate or thing by which Bread is resembled yet if This that is the Bread shew'd in Christs Hands according to our Adversaries be taken for the Predicate meaning by the Proposition This is my Body that This Bread is a Resemblance of my Body they will say perhaps it is not so But I shall prove it to be so for these Reasons 1. Because if the words were to be so understood then if the Predicate were restored to its proper place the Sense would be clear and obvious as in that Proposition of our Lord Joh. 6. 33. The Bread of God is he which cometh down from Heaven when we change the position of the words and say He which cometh down from Heaven is the Bread of God for now the Subject and Predicate have their proper places But it is otherwise in this Proposition This is my Body meaning by This the Bread then Demonstrated for you cannot say without absurdity that the Body of Christ is this Bread meaning some particular Bread. 2. In Metaphorical expressions the Predicate is not put in the place of the Subject at the first proposal of the Similitude Parable or the like but afterwards when the Explanation is made according to the Sixth and Seventh Rules before mentioned Thus it was said by our Lord Matt. 13. 24. The Kingdom of Heaven That is Christ the Son of Man setting forth and obtaining this Kingdom for us is likened to a Man that Sowed good Seed in his Field before he would say by way of Explication Ver. 37. He that Sowed the good Seed is the Son of Man and when he had proposed the rest of the Parable unto them then by way of Explication it also follows The Field is the World The good Seed are the Children of the Kingdom but the Tares are the Children of the wicked one Which method is also used in the other Parables of Scripture that are Explained 3. The Predicate or thing Resembling in these Metaphors whether it be put in the place of the Subject or in it's own is never particularised by a Pronoun Demonstrative For our Lord doth not say Pointing to any Husband-man This is the Son of Man or of a Field that he was in This is the World or of any good Grains of Corn that he sees Sown These are the Children of the Kingdom So likewise it would have been improper to have said This my Body is Bread or This Bread is my Body Lastly Those of the English Church do pretend from these words of Christ This is my Body that there is some Spiritual Blessing or Vertue of Christs Body tho' the Body it self be not there annexed to the Elements or their Reception which if they were but a mere Metaphorical expression like the rest mentioned by the Author it is highly unreasonable to conclude Therefore for this reason as also for all the disparities before shewed we may truly affirm that there is no such Resemblance as the Author pretends between the foregoing expressions alledged out of Scripture where our Saviour is call'd a Vine a Door c. And that of our Lord's Institution This is my Body I shall now proceed to examin the next that are Cited which are of a very different nature from the former As when Joseph Expounding Pharaohs Dream to him Gen. 41. 26. Says the Seven good Kine are Seven Years and the Seven good Ears of Corn are Seven Years Which expressions as also that out of Justin Martyr that follows the Author compares to the words of Christs Institution Now that I may shew that there is no reason that our
Lords words should be taken in the Figurative Sense of these expressions but contrarywise in a proper Sense I shall lay down these distinctions and Rules to shew the disparity by Signs are either Naturally so as black Clouds are a Sign of Rain Smoak is a Sign of Fire or else so only by Institution and agreement concerning which latter I again distinguish That of Signs of Institution some have so much of Natural Resemblance as that they may fitly be chosen to signifie and represent altho' not enough to exhibit the Idea of the thing upon the bare sight or mentioning which afterwards by Institution they are to signifie unto us Thus a living Creature Sacrificed Typifies or signifies Christ Crucified upon the Cross and some have not Thus the word Moses doth signifie such a Man where there is no Natural Resemblance between these Letters compounded into a word and the person Represented by them but this depends upon mere Institution and compact amongst Men. 2. All rational Discourse used amongst Men is founded upon the imperfect penetration at least into the Minds of those with whom we discourse and the presumed Knowledge of them For we regulate our Speech according to the apprehension that we believe those with whom we converse have of it If we believe Mens Minds to be prepared to understand our Discourse then we utter it to them if they are notable as yet to perceive what we say then we must either prepare them beforehand or else give a distinct and formal explication of our words soon after we have uttered them otherwise we abuse our Auditors From whence it follows 3. That that sort of improper Discourse wherein we give the Sign the name of the thing signified or to the thing signified the name of the Sign being very rare to make it intelligible it is required 1. That the Sign be plainly Instituted 2. It must be justly presumed that those to whom we speak regard the thing as a Sign or else we ought to advertise them that we intend to use it as so For there is no example either in Scripture or ordinary human Discourse of a like expression to this of our Lords by which at the very first constituting any thing into a Sign it is called the thing signified without preparing the minds of the Auditors to understand it so To apply these Rules to the case in hand we must observe that this Dream or Vision of Pharaohs was a Sign of Institution it having been appointed by God to signifie something to him Again indeed this Sign had some sort of fitness in it's own nature to be made a Sign of what it was to represent even more than Bread hath to represent Christs Body yet it could not exhibit to Pharaohs Mind the thing which it was to signifie without some explicit interpretation of good Authority and it was so obscure a Sign that none of all his Magicians could give it Therefore Pharaoh proposes this to Joseph as a Dream Gen. 41. v. 22. Advertising him of what he saw in a Dream which Joseph undertaking to Interpret Pharoah could not but consider his words as an Interpretation of this Sign of Institution therefore by the Second and Third Rules beforementioned it was very rational for him to put the Predicate in the place of the Subject the Sign for the thing signified by saying the Seven good Kine are Seven Years and the Seven good Ears of Corn are Seven Years that is they signified or represented Seven Years of Plenty since it is very well known that in the Hebrew Language things are commonly said to be that which they do signifie and represent But then it must be known beforehand that they do only signifie and represent otherwise it cannot be understood when they only express a Resemblance and when Identity On the contrary if in the expression of our Lord This is my Body the Bread had been a Sign of Institution tho' it have some remote resemblance yet since it could not of it self before plain positive Institution bring the Idea of the thing supposed to be represented to the Mind therefore since there was no such foregoing Institution or action to prepare the Minds of the Apostles to consider it as so and these words of Christ are no explication of a Sign of Institution but must be the Original Institution it self of a Sign if any had been here made and the Apostles were no ways advertised before-hand to consider the Bread as a Sign since the Predicate therefore could not rightly here be put in the place of the Subject much less a Pronoun Demonstrative be used according to a former Rule therefore these words This is my Body according to the known Rules of human Discourse which it were Blasphemy to say our Lord would swerve from so as to speak absurdly do signifie that That was his Real Body which he held in his hands and not a Sign only of his Body as our Adversaries falsly pretend Neither do I believe that any sensible man who had never heard before of this figurative Sense which the Author and Sacramentarians have so often inculcated into their Followers as to make them prejudiced in the Case would upon reading the Institution of the Sacrament in the Gospel or if they had heard Christ speak the words ever have imagined that by these words This is my Body no more was to be understood than that this which Christ held in his hands was only a Sign of his Body any more than our Saviours Apostles and Disciples could be made to understand the like words John 6. 51 52. I am the living Bread that came down from Heaven And the Bread that I will give is my Flesh which I will give for the life of the world the Jews therefore strove amongst themselves saying how can this Man give us his Flesh to eat in that Sense But would have understood his meaning to have been thus This which hath the outward appearance of Bread is really my Body This which hath the resemblance of Wine is my Blood. Not as the Author fallaciously proposeth the meaning This Bread signifies my Body this Cup signifies my Blood But that he should enjoyn them to do that which they then saw him do That is offer up hereafter his Real Body and Blood under the Species of Bread and Wine by way of an unbloody Sacrifice for a Memorial of that Bloody one of his Body and Blood which he was soon after to offer up upon the Cross And in this great Mystery a true Christian one that hath an humble Soul rightly disposed for the Belief of our Lords words as St. Augustin had who speaking of our Lord saith Christ was carried in his own hands when recommending to them his very Body he saith This is my Body For he carried that Body in his hands such a one I say can readily believe that our Saviour did properly and really hold himself in his hand and give
for it where we shall see him immediately cast himself and be non-suited at the very beginning of his Trial. He tells us that the delivery of a Deed or Writing under Hand and Seal is called a Conveyance or making over of such an Estate that is of a Title to such an Estate and that it really is so that we deny unless there be possession also given as I shall presently shew And yet what do we affirm more of Christs words in the Sacrament This is my Body which is given for you c. which we have taken from his own mouth by the Hands of inspired Pen-men Sealed by himself with Miracles and delivered to his Church than that they are a Conveyance or making over of his Sacred Body to us and that they are so really not only in Sign or Figure He proceeds to tell us That this Delivery of a Deed or Writing under Hand and Seal is not the Delivery of mere Wax and Parchment but the conveyance of a Real Estate as truly and really to all effects and purposes of Law as if the material Houses and Lands themselves could be and were actually delivered into my hands Well but we say that a Deed of Feoffment takes not effect to all purposes of Law without Livery and Seisin neither doth it convey an Estate without that nor a Deed of Release neither unless the Purchaser be put in Possession before hand by a Lease and then too not by the Common Law but so necessary is Possession deemed for the through Conveyance of an Estate that in case of absence from the Land or the like the Law-makers have by a particular Statute necessarily provided to give Possession otherwise for it is not necessary to the making a Man in Possession of an Estate that he should hold his Land and House in his Arms or stand always upon the Premises But I hope the Author will not so far endeavor to invalidate the Common Assurance of the Nation as to maintain that because the Man hath thus a Conveyance of a real Estate to all effects and purposes of Law therefore he must not enter upon it dwell in the House Reap the Fruits of the ground and nourish himself therewith I imagin the Purchaser will not be put off so In like manner the words of Christ delivered as his Act and Deed by the Priest his Substitute in the Consecration of the Sacrament for the use of those that are to Communicate is not the bare delivery of so many Words only but the making over of a real Title to them to the thing which is meant by them that is the Body of our Lord as truly and really to all effects and purposes of the Gospel as if it actually hung upon the Cross before their Eyes in that Form and with the same configuration and quality of parts as it once did Shall they therefore be hindred from taking immediate Possession of what is thus made over to them No this were too great a Sacriledge against God and violation of the property of a Christian They shall receive Christs Body and Blood that they may dwell in him and he in them They shall partake of the Fruits of the Sacrament as of a goodly Heritage of their own since Christ hath given them a just Right and Title to it and shall cherish their Souls and Bodies therewith to Immortality Those who are contented only to hear of or to see this goodly Land and not to go and possess it Those who will leave their Fathers House the Catholic Church and go abroad to feed upon Husks and imaginary vertue are the objects of our pity So indeed there is a sort of a Fiction in Law in the Authors way of conveyance of a Tenant by Deed or Lease of possession who notwithstanding hath nothing to do to enter upon the Estate or enjoy it if the Author be contented with such a Title only in the Sacrament I am sorry for him And thus the Similitude is reasonably applied as for our Adversaries way who saith that as the delivery of a Deed or Writing under Hand and Seal is call'd a Conveyance or making over of such an Estate he should have prov'd that the Deed is called the Estate it self and not only the Conveyance of an Estate if he would have made this phrase any thing suitable to that of our Lord This is my Body in like manner the names of the things themselves made over to us in the New Covenant of the Gospel between God and Man are given to the Signs and Seals of the Covenant whereas there is no Analogy between these things nor truth neither in this instance It is just as if one should say that Tenterden Steeple were like the Goodwin Sands I confess I have often admired with my self at this sort of Similitude which Protestants are mighty big with pretending to Illustrate their fond opinion about the Sacrament clearly hereby which being examined proves as you see but a mere Tympany of the Brain The Author having before told us that nothing is more Common in all Languages than to give the name of the thing signified to the Sign proceeds now to give us examples of this out of Holy Scripture by Baptism saith he Christians are said to be partakers of the Holy Ghost Heb. 6. 4. And so they really are and their Bodies are his Temples But since Baptism is the Sign and the Holy Ghost the thing signified according to him why doth he not bring us one instance out of Scripture of Baptisms being called the Holy Ghost as they pretend that Bread in the words of Institution is called Christs Body For this which he hath brought of Baptism is no Example to his Common Rule We may reasonably conclude that if the Sacrament of Baptism had been so very like this of the Eucharist as they would have it it would have been Instituted in a like Form but it is quite otherwise For neither Water nor Baptism it self are called in Holy Scripture the Holy Ghost neither is there any Form of Cousecration of the Element delivered Indeed by the Sacrament of the Lords Supper we are also said to Communicate or to be made partakers of the Body of Christ which was broken and his Blood that was shed for us but that is his Real Body and Blood together with all the real benefits of his Death and Passion which do thereby accrue to us And thus St. Paul speaks of this Sacrament 1 Cor. 10. 16. The Cup of blessing which we bless is it not the Communion of the Blood of Christ The Bread which we break is it not the Communion of the Body of Christ That is after Consecration it really is so altho' the Apostle calls it Bread by a Metaphor that being to our Souls what the ordinary Bread is to our Bodies true nourishment so also it is said that Aarons Rod devour'd the other Rods Exod. 7. 12. altho' it was then become a Serpent v.
natural organized and visible Body was then whole and unbroken and its Blood not then shed yet that very Body as broken in the Sacrament was said to be then given for them that very Blood as there poured out was said then to be poured out for the remission of sins Therefore it was a propitiatory Sacrifice although offered before as well as after Christ had suffered to Pay the full Price of our Redemption because its whole nature did consist in the relation which it had to the Sacrifice that was offered up for us upon the Cross from which it received all its vertue It was very possible therefore for our Lords Disciples to understand these words properly because although they plainly saw that what he gave them had the Species of Bread and Wine yet they believed him when he said that it was his Body that was given for them although his Body at the same time gave what was given his Body broken and his Blood poured out for them although they saw him alive at that very time and beheld his Body whole and unpierced because he had plainly told them so who had the Words of eternal Life and could not deceive them and for this reason they could not but understand his words properly Otherwise can we imagin that the Disciples who upon all other occasions were so full of questions and objections if they could have conceiv'd that these words were to be understood in a parabolical or improper Sense would not have desired an Explication of them of our Lord as they did of other Parables which were more easy to be understood than these words in such a Sense nor so much as ask our Saviour how can these things be That they should not tell him we see This to be Bread and That to be Wine and we see thy Body to be distinct from both we see thy Body not broken and thy Blood not shed what therefore should be the meaning of these words or that our Saviour the true Guid and greatest Lover of Souls or any of his Apostles after him should never have given any Explanation of them I have already shewed in answer to the Author that the words of our Lord This is my Body could not according to the Rules of Human Discourse be taken Figuratively so as to Signifie this is a Sign of my Body unless the Apostles had bin before-hand prepared to understand them as so There are no words Recorded by any of the Evangelists to dispose them to believe the words in such a sense nor any indeed that relate to the matter unless it be some sayings of our Lord in the Sixth Chapter of Saint Johns Gospel that were delivered before the Institution of the Eucharist which I shall now consider for the further Clearing of the Point as also those words of Saint Luke This do in remembrance of me used by our Lord at the time of the Institution and prove that none of these expressions do at all favor our Adversaries Figurative Sense but the clean contrary We Read in the Sixth Chapter of Saint John's Gospel that our Saviour had prepared the minds of his Disciples before-hand by two great Miracles both which tended towards the strengthning of their Faith in the Sacred Eucharist the Former being a Figure of this Sacrament since in it he multiplied Five Loaves so as to make them feed five thousand persons altho' the fragments which remained filled twelve baskets and were more in quantity than the five Loaves were at the first so that they needed not to doubt but he could feed as many thousands as he pleas'd with his own precious Body exhibited under the Species of Bread in the blessed Sacrament and yet his Body be still one and the same The latter shewing them that he could Convey his Body how and whither he pleased which made them ask him when they saw him on the other side the Sea without taking Ship at the shore Rabbi when camest thou hither Then he proceeds to instruct them in Three of the greatest Mysteries of Religion 1. His Incarnation or coming down from Heaven and taking Human Flesh upon him from verse 27. where he also gives them a hint of the blessed Sacrament that meat that perisheth not to v. 51. 2. The Real Presence of his Body and Manducation thereof in the Sacrament which wonderful Presence there the Fathers did ever compare to the Incarnation it self from v. 51 to v. 59. 3. The Ascension is mentioned to Prove the two former Mysteries v. 62. Our Saviour having styled himself the Bread of Life towards the beginning of the Discourse of the Incarnation v. 33 and 35. after some Explication made of this Repeats it again twice v. 49 and 51 to inculcate it the better into his Disciples minds And then instructs them how they should be partakers of this Bread not by believing only that the Son of God came down from Heaven and was made Man taking upon him Human Flesh but by feeding upon his Flesh in the Sacrament which being a deep Mystery that they might not doubt of the truth of it he explains to them what he meant when he said v. 51. I am the living Bread which came down from Heaven if any man eat of me he shall live for ever not by telling them that by this Bread is meant the Doctrin which he taught or that by eating this Bread is to be understood the believing of this Doctrin in a Metaphorical or parabolical Sense as the Socinians and Sacramentarians fondly imagin or in like manner as he Explained the Parable of the Sower that Sowed good Seed telling them that the Field is the World the good Seed are the Children of the Kingdom or as when he had said I have meat to eat which ye know not of he explained himself by saying my Meat is to do the Will of him that sent me putting the Predicate in the place of the Subject in the manner before hinted and saying the Bread is my Word or the Doctrin that I teach but quite otherwise he assures them that the Bread that he will give them is his Flesh which he promiseth to give for the life of the world and which by an Elegant Metaphor Christ calleth Bread because it was to afford nourishment to the Soul and Body both in a Spiritual manner in the Sacrament as the ordinary Bread was to nourish the Body in a carnal manner by way of corporeal digestion out of the Sacrament And there is no doubt but the Jews understood our Lord in a proper Sense when they said v. 52. How can this Man give us his flesh to eat Our Saviour did not answer this doubt by telling them as he easily might have done in the Sacramentarian way that no more was meant but believing stedfastly in his Death and applying to themselves the merits of it and which Explication he would have certainly given them then or afterwards by
Himself or by his Disciples if no more had bin meant than so as he did in the case of Parables less difficult to understand than this would have bin if it had bin by our Lord proposed as one but proceeds to deliver this profound Mystery to them in more express words using a vehement Asseveration to confirm the truth of it Verily verily I say unto you except ye eat the Flesh of the Son of man and drink his Blood ye have no life in you Whoso eateth my Flesh and drinketh my Blood hath eternal Life and I will raise him up at the last day For my Flesh is truly meat my Blood is truly drink He that eateth my Flesh and drinketh my Blood dwelleth in me and I in him As the living Father hath sent me and I live by the Father So he that eateth me even he shall live by me This is that Bread which came down from Heaven not as your Fathers did eat Manna and are Dead He that eateth of this Bread shall live for ever All which words being used by our Lord to clear the doubt and answer that Question of the Jews How can this man give us his Flesh to eat I cannot imagin how the Real Presence of Christs Body and its Manducation in the Sacrament could have bin more fully Asserted in order to the disposing of his Disciples to believe the Sense of the Reality when he should Institute his blessed Sacrament And so the Fathers interpret this place And do not say that the Manna mentioned in the 58 verse which was miraculously sent from Heaven was a Type of ordinary Bread made by the Hands of Men and set upon the Table which is of a far more Ignoble Nature and less Significant than the Manna which thus came down from Heaven but of the Real Body of Christ in the Sacrament which was the true Bread from Heaven that nourished to Immortality After our Saviour had spoke thus to them many of the Disciples themselves to whom Christ did not think fit as yet to reveal the manner of feeding upon his Body in the Blessed Sacrament thinking that he meant that his Body was to be eaten in a gross manner like the Capernaites cried out this is a hard saying who can hear it To whom as well as to the Jews who before are said to murmur at him because he said I am the Bread which came down from Heaven and that ask how this Man could give them his Flesh to eat our Lord replies doth this offend you and then clears the Doctrins to them as far as he judg'd convenient for the confirmation of such high Mysteries about which they were to exercise a strong and a lively Faith by saying thus v. 62. What and if ye shall see the Son of Man ascend up where he was before As if he should have said if you do not yet believe that the Son of Man came down from Heaven yet when you see him ascend thither again you will be more ready to believe that it was really God who came down took Flesh and dwelt amongst you which Solution had relation chiefly to the former of the Mysteries viz. his Incarnation but withal insinuates that such as believe not his words touching the holy Sacrament and think it impossible for him to give his Body to be eaten in so many places at once being yet on Earth would be much more Scandalized and Tempted after they saw or knew him to have Ascended into Heaven Therefore to clear the latter Mystery and Solve their doubt who thought like the Capernaites that Christ was to have cut pieces of flesh from his body and to have given them to be eaten or that thought his Body to be that of a mere Man he tells them v. 63. It is the Spirit that quickneth the Flesh profiteth nothing that is the Flesh which he had told them before that they must eat altho' not in the gross manner without the Spirit profiteth nothing not but that by the Spirit quickning it it profits very much Suitable to that of St. Paul. 1 Cor. 8. 1. Knowledge puffeth up but Charity edifieth that is Knowledge without Charity puffeth up altho' when Chariy is joyned with it to enliven it it edifies and Charity it self edifieth by Knowledge For if these words of Christ were to be taken in the Sense of the Sacramentarians they would derogate no less from his Incarnation Manhood and Death than from the Real Presence of his Body in the Sacrament in all which without doubt the flesh profiteth very much Wherefore our Lord goes on to tell them here that the words which he spake unto them were Spirit and Life therefore not to be understood in the gross carnal Sense before mentioned which some of his Disciples took them in For it is the use of the Scripture to call Mans natural Sense carnal Reasoning and resisting or not reaching to the belief of Supernatural Truths Flesh and Blood as Matth. 16. 17. Flesh and blood revealed not this to thee c. but the words that I speak unto you they are Spirit and Life therefore not to be carnally understood But as by the Word of God the World was Created and Nature hath been since often chang'd so there is no doubt but Christ could by it change the Bread into his Body as he did daily by ordinary Natural Nutrition but here in a supernatural way Our Lord therefore said unto them that their Fathers did Eat Manna in the Wilderness which was but a Type of this Heavenly Manna in the Sacrament and yet they did Spiritually feed upon Christ the Messias for it is said 1 Cor. 10. 3 4. That they did all eat the same Spiritual Meat and did all Drink the same Spiritual Drink for they Drank of that Spiritual Rock that followed them and that Rock was Christ and yet they are Dead all of them a Temporal some of them an Eternal Death also and those of them which now live the Life Eternal received this Life from the Son of God who hath now given us the Antitype of that Manna which the Children of Israel did eat viz. his own Body in the Sacrament something of a far more excellent nature to feed upon which will be to our Bodies as well as to our Souls the Seed of Immortality the Instrument and Pledge of our Resurrection Ascension and Glorification Yet as our Lord said to his Disciples there are some of you which believe not so we may say still of the Sacramentarians who notwithstanding all that Christ hath said will admit of nothing but Signs and Figures of imaginary vertue whom nevertheless our Saviour hath no further instructed in any such easie Sense as this which might certainly have prevented their relapse as well as that of the Jews his Disciples and which if any such Sense had been to be admitted would most certainly have been given that they will not believe our Lord and therefore they go
Transubstantiation Defended And Prov'd from SCRIPTURE IN ANSWER TO THE FIRST PART OF A TREATISE INTITLED A Discourse against Transubstantiation The First Part. S. Ignatius Ep. ad Smyrnaeos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 They abstain from our Communion because they do not confess the Eucharist to be the Flesh of our Saviour Jesus Christ that very Flesh which suffer'd for our sins which the Father of his bounty raised again Those therefore which contradict this free gift of God die scrupulously Questioning the matter amongst themselves Publish'd with Allowance LONDON Printed by Henry Hills Printer to the King 's Most Excellent Maiesty for His Houshold and Chappel 1687. The Principal Contents of the Introduction 1. Reasons why the Discourse against Transubstantiation lay so long unanswer'd 2. The Real or Essential Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament shew'd to be the Doctrin of the English Church 3. How the Catholic Church necessarily inferreth Transubstantiation from our Saviours words understood in a proper Sense 4. The Pretended Demonstration to the contrary from the Sense of the Word This in those Words of our Lord This is my Body so highly boasted of in the Expostulatory Letter to Mr. Sclater of Putney shew'd to be a mere Illusion AN INTRODUCTION To the ensuing ANSVVER SOme have wondred whilst others Triumph't and a late Writer particularly hath vainly boasted in a certain Letter to a Friend that Two great Doctors of the English Church had baffled their Adversaries of Rome even to the silencing of that Party and all this was because the Discourse against Transubstantiation lay so long unanswer'd The best account that I can give of the so long silence is that the more considerate knew that the said Discourse contained no new matter but only what had been very often objected against us since the Pretended Reformation of the English Church and as often fully Answered as also that there have been two large Volums Writen by a Learned Catholic Author and cited by the Discourser himself wherein the Objections against Transubstantiation are put much further than this late Discourse urges them and all clear'd beyond the Power of any solid Answer and we find none for many Years last past so much as offer'd at against the said Treatises nor yet to a more compendious one Entitled A Rational Discourse concerning Transubstantiation Publish't 1676. In which the chief Objections repeated since by the Discourser are fully clear'd Moreover the Doctrin of the English Church concerning the Real Presence being no less vigorously attacqu't by the late Discourser than that of the Roman Catholic it was thought more proper that some of them should have first return'd an Answer to it because they had the greater Reason to resent the injury done them since a wound from a pretended Friend is more grievous than from a profest Adversary Indeed I would not have the Genuin Sons of the English Church to think that we differ so much with them in this Point as some by Misrepresenting the thing would make us to do seeing that they do acknowledge with Bishop Andrews praesentiam non minus quam nos veram no less True Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament than we do and I am sure that is True enough our difference with them who deny Consubstantiation as is manifest from their Writings being only about the not admitting the Word Transubstantiation whereas they have so long freely acknowledged the thing For if the Body of Christ be Really present in the Sacrament and not with the substance of Bread it must be there without it under the External Species only of Bread and consequently such a change of substance as the Catholic Church calls Transubstantiation must certainly be made and there can be no other Sense given of that Real Presence which hath been received in their Church Now that the Real Presence of Christs Body together with it's Vertue and Efficacy is the acknowledged Belief of the Greatest and most Learned Persons of the English Communion is certain notwithstanding the weak endeavor of an imperfect Answerer to the Animadversions upon the Alterations of their Rubrick lately Publisht to shew the contrary Which that it may the more plainly appear I shall add one Observation made by a Famed Doctor of their Church which will be the more Authentick because it was drawn from their Records It was proposed saith this Doctor to have the Communion Book viz. That put forth in the beginning of Queen Elizabeths Reign so contriv'd that it might not exclude the Belief of the Corporal Presence I doubt not but they meant after a Spiritual manner as Catholics do suitably to St. Paul who uses the words Spiritual Body to signifie a Real Body existing after a Spiritual manner For the chief Design of the Queens Council was to unite the Nation in one Faith and the Greater part of the Nation continued to believe such a Presence which however seems to have been determin'd against in their former Articles and Rubrick Thereupon the Rubrick that explain'd the reason for kneeling at the Sacrament that thereby no Adoration is intended to any Corporal Presence of Christs Natural Flesh and Blood because that is only in Heaven which had been in King Edwards Liturgy is left out And in the Article about the Lords Supper the Refutation of the Corporal Presence was by Common consent left out And in the next Convocation the Articles were subscribed without them of which he tells us he had seen the Original Now whatsoever this Doctor whose usual Practice it hath been like the Snake in the Fable to bite and betray those that have cherisht him pretends to know of a Secret concerning this matter for which he doth not bring the least proof or Authority whereas he had seen the Original to be an evidence of what he had before said yet for my part I have more Deference for the English Church than to believe that the Real Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament was after so much consideration about the matter now behold the secret comes out left as a speculative Opinion as he saith and not determin'd but every Man left to the freedom of his own mind because an express Definition against the Real Presence might drive from the Church many who were still of that perswasion For then those studiously alter'd Articles and Rubrick had only been made as a Trap to draw Men into Idolatry and keep them in it if you will believe some of the great Modern Writers who live in Communion at present with the English Church and yet deny that Real Presence which was both in Queen Elizabeths time and ever since believed in that Church and tax those with Idolatry who Worship Christ thus present Therefore we have good Reason to allow what he tells us afterwards that some we are sure that many of the most Learned amongst them have since truly inferr'd that the Chief Pastors of the Church did then
disapprove of the Definition made in King Edwards time and that they were for a Real Presence And of this we can make no doubt when we peruse the Writings of those Pastors who succeeding them till this very time have given so full an account of their Faith in this weighty instance and yet have past uncensur'd nay have been of greatest esteem in their Church And how indeed can we imagin that Men of the least sincerity would leave an Article of infinite concern to Mens Immortal Souls in so undeterminat a Sense that Christians might believe which they pleas'd either that Christs Body was thus Really present in the Sacrament which if it were not they incurr'd the guilt of gross Idolatry or that it was not so which if Really it was they were guilty of Infidelity in not believing Our Lord upon his Word and a breach of the first Commandment in not Worshipping the second Person in the Trinity presenting himself to us in this Sacrament according to that saying of the Great St. Augustin concerning this matter Peccamus non adorando We sin in not Worshipping Such an Equivocation as this in an Assembly of Christian Pastors upon the proposal of so great a Point must needs have been of far more dangerous consequence to Christians than the Ambiguous Answers of the Delphic Oracle were to the Heathen World. This far then the business is clear'd that the Real and not Virtual Presence only of Christs Body in the Sacrament was the Doctrin of the English Church for what some Men amongst them of great Latitude in Belief have maintain'd to the contrary doth not prejudice the truth which the more sound of that Communion have generally asserted And notwithstanding that their Late Clergy in the Year 1661. in compliance to the Dissenting Party by the chief management of the late Lord Shaftsbury's Politic Spirit were induced after hard solliciting to receive an Additional Declaration tho' not Printed in their Rubrick Letter at the end of their Communion Service yet since they would not by any means be brought to receive the former Declaration of King Edward the Sixth's time without the change of those words It is here declared that no Adoration is here intended or ought to be done unto any Real and Essential Presence of Christs Natural Flesh and Blood into these which follow It is here declared that no Adoration is here intended or ought to be done either unto the Sacramental Bread and Wine there Bodily Received or unto any Corporal Presence of Christs Natural Flesh and Blood the words Real and Essential as you see being changed into Corporal this cannot but reasonably be imagin'd to be done out of Caution to the Present Church her maintaining still a Real and Essential Presence of Christs Body in the Sacrament whereas those in the latter time of King Edward seem to have denied it Moreover tho' it be said in this last Declaration that the Sacramental Bread and Wine remain still in their very Natural Substances and therefore may not be Adored yet if by Natural Substances or Essences here is no more meant as the words may very well be understood and are shewn by Catholics to be understood in the Authorities of Theodoret and Gelasius than the external and sensible Essences or properties of Bread and Wine and not the internal Substance or Essence this Declaration will not be repugnant either to the Real Presence or to Transubstantiation and the Adoration will be terminated neither on the Internal or External Essences of Bread and Wine but upon Christ the only begotten Son of God Really Present in the Blessed Sacrament which the Council of Trent it self hath declared to be the Sense of the Catholic Church as to the Point of Adoration Again if the last part of this Declaration wherein it is said that the Natural Body and Blood of Christ are in Heaven and not here it being against the Truth of Christs Natural Body to be at one time in more places than one be yet urg'd to prove that the above mention'd Real Presence of Christs Body in the Eucharist is not at present the Doctrin of the English Church I answer that whereas it is there said that the Natural Body and Blood of Christ are in Heaven and not here meaning in the Sacrament if by Natural Body be there understood Christs Body according to the Natural manner of a Bodies being present and according to which tho' in a glorified state it actually exists in Heaven we do not say that the Body of Christ is here in this Sacrament in that natural manner any more than the Doctors of the English Communion but if no more be mean't by the words Natural Body but the very true and as we may call it Essential Body of Christ tho' present in a supernatural manner proper to the Sacrament it is a very bold assertion to say absolutely that it is against the Truth of it to be so or that this cannot possibly be true since we know so little to what the Omnipotence of God which could convey this very Body into the Room where the Disciples were the Doors being fast shut can extend it self and yet the Body be the very same Body in verity of Nature which is in Heaven the Presence of which in the Sacrament a late Eminent Author of the English Church sufficiently intimates that some he might have said very many of their Divines have maintain'd notwithstanding the vain endeavors which the Answerer to the Treatise Printed at Oxford to shew the sentiment of the Church of England Divines in this Point has us'd to wrest them to another Sense For after having told us his own Opinion viz. that all which the Doctrin of his Church meaning the Church of England implies is only a Real Presence of Christ's Invisible Power and Grace so in and with the Elements as by the Faithful receiving of them to convey Spiritual and Real Effects to the Souls of Men he subjoyns if any one yet thinks that some at least of our Divines have gone farther than this i. e. do seem to speak of the Presence of the very same Body which is in Heaven let them know says he it is the Doctrin of our Church I am to defend and not of every particular Divine in it Now altho' by those wary terms of every particular Divine and seeming to speak he endeavors what he can both to diminish the number and their clear acknowledgment of the Presence of the same Body in the Sacrament which is in Heaven yet he could not but know that the Asserters of it were very many and still are even since the Declaration and such as may be presumed to know the meaning of it as cunningly worded as it is as well if not better than himself and for this besides what I have had by particular converse with divers I will appeal to the sincerity of those who have heard the Determinations which
said This Cup is the New Testament in my Blood which is shed or more properly poured out for you and for many for the remission of Sins Did not our Lord plainly read in the minds of his Disciples that by the Cup they would understand that which was contained in the Cup If any one should advise the Author when he is thirsty to drink off his Glass would he be so inconsiderate as to swallow it together with the Wine Nay further so unhappy is the Author as to urge this instance of holy Scripture in the first place which alone is enough fully to clear the Point against him Neither the Apostles nor any men else could be so ignorant of the manner of human discourse as not to apprehend that our Saviour by the Cup meant what was contained in it which was most certainly Christs Blood for otherwise it could not be said of it as it is Luke 22. 20. that it was then poured out for the Apostles and for many for the remission of Sins it is said is poured out in the Present Tense not shall be poured out in the Future therefore here can be meant only the Blood of Christ as now poured out in the Sacrament for them not as it was afterwards shed from his Crucified Body upon the ground The Original runs thus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Where in construction 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 agrees with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and not with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And Wine as a Figure only of Christs Blood or signifying its virtue could not be poured out for the remission of Sins You might with more congruity of Speech affirm of an Image of the Blessed Virgin This is that which conceived the Son of God because in this there is some plain resemblance to the Prototype Beza a great Critic in his way though an Adversary to the Catholic Doctrin in this Point not being able to deny this Proof would rather have the Scripture to be thought false although that be the whole Foundation of their Faith than change his Opinion and saith that it is a Solecism and should be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 He concludes that the holy Spirit or St. Luke that divinely inspired Pen-man the most eloquent of all the Evangelists could be sooner mistaken though in a matter of so great moment than himself or else he would have the Scripture to be falsified and corrupt in this place and not himself For he acknowledges that all the ancient Manuscripts which he had seen and even his own which was of great Authority and of venerable Antiquity venerandae Antiquitatis together with the Syriac Version to which he gives this Elogy that it was deservedly accounted to be of greatest authority maximae meritò authoritatis did conspire together to refer the effusion of Blood to the Cup. The Author therefore and all that separate from the Catholic Church in this Point must either at last be forced to confess here as Beza doth concerning those words of our Lord This is my Body That this saying thus exprest cannot be retained but it must prove Transubstantiation after the manner of the Papists or else that the Holy Scripture the Foundation of Christian Faith is made invalid So that it is plain from what hath been said that the Cup is here put for what is contained in the Cup and that the words so taken do signifie and operate a substantial Change not of the Cup but of the Wine in the Cup and that not into the New Testament or Covenant but into the Blood of Christ in which this New Covenant or Testament is made sealed and confirmed Besides that his Blood is said here then to be poured out and his Body then to be broken and given for us which they could not be unless they were then really in the Sacrament because the Passion wherein his Body was peirced only not broken as in the Sacrament and his Blood was shed from his Crucified Body upon the ground not only poured forth from one Vessel to another and drunk as in the Sacrament followed the Institution and first Celebration of this Sacrament DISCOURSE But that there is no necessity to understand our Saviour's words in the sense of Transubstantiation I will take the plain concession of a great number of the most learned Writers of the Church of Rome in this Controversie Bellarmin Suarez and Vasques do acknowledg Scotus the great Schoolman to have said that this Doctrin cannot be evidently proved from Scripture And Bellarmin grants this not to be improbable and Suarez and Vasques acknowledg Durandus to have said as much Ocham another famous Schoolman says expresly that the Doctrin which holds the Substance of the Bread and Wine to remain after Consecration is neither repugnant to Reason nor to Scripture Petrus ab Alliaco Cardinal of Cambrey says plainly That the Doctrin of the Substance of Bread and Wine remaining after Consecration is more easie and free from Absurdity more rational and no ways repugnant to the Authority of Scripture nay more that for the other Doctrin viz. of Transubstantiation there is no evidence in Scripture Gabriel Biel another great Schoolman and Divine of their Church freely declares that as to any thing express'd in the Canon of the Scriptures a man may believe that the substance of Bread and Wine doth remain after Consecration and therefore he resolves the belief of Transubstantiation into some other Revelation besides Scripture which he supposeth the Church had about it Cardinal Cajetan confesseth that the Gospel doth no where express that the Bread is changed into the Body of Christ that we have this from the Authority of the Church Nay he goes farther That there is nothing in the Gospel which enforceth any man to understand these words of Christ this is my Body in a proper and not a metaphorical Sense but the Church having understood them in a proper Sense they are to be so explained Which words in the Roman Edition of Cajetan are expunged by order of Pope Pius V. Cardinal Contarenus and Melchior Canus one of the best and most judicious Writers that Church ever had reckon this Doctrin among those which are not so expresly found in Scripture I will add but one more of great authority in the Church and a reputed Martyr Fisher Bishop of Rochester who ingenuously confesseth that in the words of the Institution there is not one word from whence the true Presence of the Flesh and Blood of Christ in our Mass can be proved So that we need not much contend that this Doctrin hath no certain foundation in Scripture when this is so fully and frankly acknowledged by our Adversaries themselves ANSWER The Author hath had very little Success yet in that which he calls a Discourse against Transubstantiation therefore because he would now do some Execution he is forc't to come down to his Adversaries
necessarily deduc'd from Scripture and therefore this Authority makes nothing against us Cardinal Cajetan ' s words were censur'd and expunged by Authority and therefore ought not to be brought against us Cardinal Contarenus freely declares that all Divines agree although it be not plainly deliver'd viz. not in express words yet following Reason as their Guide and what is this but necessary rational deduction That this viz. which is done in the Sacrament cannot be effected by a local motion but by some change of the substance of Bread into the Body of Christ which is call'd Transubstantiation Melchior Canus doth acknowledg that the Church hath by the Spirit of Truth explain'd some things which are accounted obscure in the Holy Writings and that She doth justly judge the Authors of the contrary Opinions to be Heretics But things may be necessarily contain'd in Scripture altho' with some obscurity So that there is not so much as one of these Authors unless it be that which is condemn'd by the Church and therefore in that Point is none of ours who hath told us That there is no necessity to understand our Saviours Words in the Sense of Transubstantiation Lastly As if that true Martyr Bishop Fisher had not suffer'd enough already the Author exercises further cruelty against him by a false and imperfect recital of his words and corrupting their Sense This Holy Bishop indeed speaking of the words of Institution saith There is not one word put here by which it can be prov'd that in OVR Mass the true Presence of the Body and Blood of Christ is made to be which last words Is made to be The Author falsly renders by these words can be proved But this good Martyr doth not say that Christs words of Institution are not to be understood in the Sense of the True and Real Presence of his Body as made to be in that Sacrament which our Lord himself Consecrated but that the Power of Priests NOW to Consecrate in our Mass after the same manner is not express'd in the bare words of Institution And it is evident from the immediately following words of this Reverend Bishop that this is his true Sense which words run thus For altho' Christ made of the Bread his Flesh and of the Wine his Blood it doth not therefore follow by vertue of any word here plac'd that WE shall effect the same as often as we endeavor it As is also plain from the other words of this Reverend Authors in the same Chapter Without the Interpretation of the Fathers and the usage of the Church by them deliver'd down unto us no body will prove out of the bare words of Scripture that any Priest can Consecrate the true Body and Blood of Christ For although we allow Christ to have said what Scripture saith he did in this kind to the Apostles out of Luke and Paul it doth not therefore follow that he gave the same Power to all that were to succeed them for a Power of casting out Devils was given to the Apostles But that this Learned and Pious Bishop asserted the change of the substance of the Bread into the Body of Christ to be the necessary Sense of the words of Christ This is my Body is clear from these words of his If the Substance saith he of Bread is changed into Christ's Body Christ ought not to have said otherwise than he hath said And again If the substance of Bread remain then Christ ought to have spoke otherwise We must take notice that this Pious Bishop was defending Tradition as necessary for the Interpretation of some places of Scripture and particularly such which relate to the Power that those who succeed the Apostles have to Consecrate and upon very good Grounds since without Tradition we cannot conclude the Scripture it self to be the Word of God and no Church can prove the Succession of her Pastors to this high Function which is without doubt a Fundamental Point Since therefore the Protestants hold that there is a lawful Succession of Pastors in Gods Church as necessary to the Salvation of Mankind as evidently deduced from Scripture interpreted by Tradition tho' not from the bare words of the Institution of the Eucharist no less than Catholics and that they have as full a Right to Consecrate as the Apostles themselves they must therefore allow that they do do so And then there can be no doubt rais'd from the words of this holy Bishop but that Christ's Body and Blood are truly in the Sacrament by way of Transubstantiation which Doctrin he allows to have a certain Foundation in Scripture But the Author here would rather pull down the Pillars on which the Church of Christ stands by interrupting the Episcopal Succession and undermine its very Foundation than not set a Face upon his Argument that he may thereby delude unwary Christians Upon the whole matter it is plain from what hath been said 1. That not any of these Catholic Authors which are cited held that there was no necessity to understand our Saviours words in the Sense of Transubstantiation but the contrary 2. That they indeed differed only about some curious Speculations concerning the Dependences and Circumstances of this Doctrin of Transubstantiation which they Discours'd of in a Problematical way as for instance Whether this Transubstantiation is a Mutation and Transubstantiation Productive that is to say by vertue of which the Substance of the Body is produc'd from the Substance of Bread or a Mutation and Transubstantiation Adductive that is to say by vertue of which the Substance of Bread ceases to be and that of the Body be Introdu'd in it's place And whether in this Adductive Transubstantiation the Cessation of the Substance of Bread and Wine is to be call'd Annihilation or whether it ought to be exempt from this Name for as much as altho' it cease to be nevertheless this Cessation of it's Essence hath not Non entity for it's final Term but the Substitution of the Essence of the Body of Christ or the like and such kind of disputes which did not at all relate to the Essence of the Article of Transubstantiation but only to some consequences and modes of it for all the School-men agree That the Bread and Wine are chang'd and Transubstantiated into the Body and Blood of Christ by vertue of Consecration the Substances of Bread and Wine ceasing to be and those of the Body and Blood being substituted in their place 3. They evidently deduce the Essential part of the Doctrin of Transubstantiation from Scripture and altho some few of them do sometimes say that the bare words of Scripture do not compell us to believe the less material consequences of it yet they do not deny that these also may be rationally deduc'd 4. The Author doth not pretend to prove from these Authorities that these Writers did not hold the Real Presence of Christs Body here but only a sign and
one should hold up a true piece of Gold which is discoloured so by Sulphur that it looks but like Silver and should be informing us that this is a piece of true Gold we should before he hath spoke his words conclude it was but Silver So it would have been prejudice in our Lord's Disciples to have concluded of the determinate nature of that which he held in his Hands when he was going to tell them what it really was viz. his Body before he had fully pronounced the Proposition saying This is my Body Which the Sacramentarians and our Author do rashly determining the thing which appears as Bread to be so in Substance upon the exhibiting the Species and saying This which notwithstanding when the Proposition is finished is in the Sacrament made and declared to be the Body of Christ This therefore being a Pronoun demonstrative it is enough that it exhibits something unto us under a certain outward appearance without signifying distinctly and clearly the whole nature of the thing for it is the propperty of the Attribute or thing that is affirmed of another to add clearness to the subject or thing of which it is affirmed by explaining the nature of the thing intended to be demonstrated in the Proposition more fully otherwise the Proposition would be ridiculous as if one should say this Bread is Bread or this my Body is my Body This therefore in the Proposition This is my Body only discovers some Real Thing which appears in such a manner as for instance the Species of Bread to the Senses which our Saviour who was Truth it self who did know the truth of all things and could alter the nature of any Created thing by his Word declares fully unto them to be his Body tho' under such an appearance so that whether the change was made before or at that very instant of time when our Lord spake the words the latter of which is the general opinion of Catholics the Proposition is strictly true in a proper Sense I shall only premise one thing more before I examin the Authors pretended proofs from Scripture because I would by no means make the breach betwixt us wider than it is which is this That Catholics acknowledge a Figure in the Sacrament no less than Protestants Thus the Bread and Wine before Consecration being distinct things and separate one from the other do resemble Christs Body and Blood separated upon the Cross and his Soul separated from his Body altho' they could not do this in their own nature and till after the first Institution they were exposed upon the Altar for such a use as might make us consider them as such resemblances since there is not so much of natural likeness as to call the Idea of the Passion into our mind We believe also that after Consecration Christs Body in the Sacrament under the Veils of the Species of Bread and Wine is a Figure Similitude or Examplar of the same Body of Christ as it suffer'd upon the Cross in like manner as his Body when newly born was a Resemblance and Exemplar and express Image of his Body at full growth But this we conclude not from those words of our Lord This is my Body which must still be understood in a proper Sense but from the nature of the thing it self after the Institution known to be made From whence we firmly believe the Body of Christ to be there it being of the nature of a Sacrament to represent and exhibit somthing more unto us than what it outwardly appears to be I now proceed to consider the Expressions which the Author produceth out of Scripture by which he would prove a Figurative Presence of Christs Body in opposition to a Real one in the Catholic Sense And this being the main Proof upon which those who have renounced the Authority of the Church do pretend to build their Faith since they allow that nothing ought to be admitted as an Article of Faith which is not clearly deduced from hence and consequently nothing ought to be condemned as contrary to the Christian Faith but what is manifestly repugnant to this From hence then it is that he should bring an evidence which is able to overthrow the Authority of so many Councils and several of them General ones as have determined this Point against him and to shew plainly that the whole true visible Church of Christ which hath for near MDCC years received the Doctrin of the Real Presence of Christs Body hath erred in so necessary a Point of Faith and been guilty of Idolatry even grosser than that of the Heathen World as the Author pretends notwithstanding the Evidence of the same Holy Scripture that the Holy Spirit shall lead it into all Truth and that the Gates of Hell shall not be able to prevail against it Let us see therefore how well he acquits himself in this vast enterprise of so great concern to the Christian World. His Argument from Scripture is this there are other expressions in Scripture which are taken figuratively therefore this must be so taken Out of the innumerable like expressions in Holy Scripture as he is pleased to term them he citeth two very different sorts The first are barely figurative such as are used in ordinary human discourse as well as Scripture without preparing of the mind of the Hearer beforehand that he may receive them Then he compares the words of our Lords Institution to a Dream or Vision of the Night that was to be interpreted which indeed hath something more of resemblance than the former expressions which he alledgeth because it being known that the things which are represented in Dreams and Visions are not real but imaginary yet since they are sometimes considered as representing real things that are to come to pass they are of the nature of Signs of Institution and so may come nearer to the Case in hand But he seems to be soon weary of these resemblances which being so different in nature one from the other are not like to agree to the same third thing the Sacrament Then he flies from Scripture to Justin Martyr's Testimony concerning the ancient form of the Passover used by the Jews Yet he knows not whether he should stick to this expression which is Sacrifical or Sacramental and so most likely to resemble the Sacramental about which he argues or the former which are not so For he begins his Periods thus Whether we consider the like expressions in Scripture as where our Saviour saith c. or whether we compare these words with the ancient form of the Passover And I am sure these are not of a like nature with the other Surely there is no Man of common Sense that can admit of such a sort of Proof as this from one Author that so fluctuates in his judgment since it hath the visible Character of Falshood in its very Front and condemns the Real Presence of Christs Body in a proper Sense which was never
openly contested in Christs Church till Berengarius's time nor so much as privately till the time of Pascasius unless by those that denied the Incarnation of our Lord it self as well as the more explicit Sense Transubstantiation against the Authority of all the Doctors of the Catholic Church and its constant Tradition for so many Ages But lest any one should be deceived with such a pretended Evidence from Scripture I shall shew plainly that never a one of these sorts of expressions suits with this of our Saviours in Scripture and that therefore most certainly all of them do not The first that are mentioned are barely figurative expressions as where our Saviour saith I am the Door and the true Vine and the Church of Rome may triumph in this that our Lord saith that his Flesh is truly Meat 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Joh. 6. 55. the Church is said to be Christs Body and Christ is termed a Rock in a Spiritual Sense 1 Cor. 10. 4. They drank of that Spiritual Rock which followed them and that which before is called a Spiritual Rock without doubt was Christ Though the Author is pleas'd to leave out the word Spiritual but I would advise him to have a care of that Curse which justly falls upon those that diminish from Holy Scripture to favour a Party That I may the better demonstrate the dissimilitude of these and the other figurative expressions which are by the Author alledged out of Holy Scripture to that proper one of our Lord This is my Body I shall lay down these Rules to distinguish them by 1. The desire which Men have to make themselves to be understood and to imprint lively Ideas of that which they conceive themselves in the minds of others and of retaining them the better doth naturally incline them to search for Comparisons and Resemblances which may render the Idea that they would form the more sensible The reason of which is because things of Sense do most affect the mind and make the deepest and most lasting impressions and this Rule is the ground of most metaphorical expressions which are of so great use and ornament in human discourse 2. Hence it follows that the qualities of the thing which we affirm of another in this figurative way should be more plain and familiar to us or at least fully as plain as the thing of which we affirm it otherwise it will not be fit to work the effect before mentioned 3. The resemblance lies usually in but one or but some few at the most of those qualities wherein the thing that is affirmed is like to that thing whereof it is affirmed 4. The inclination which Men naturally have to abridge their discourse joined with the desire of imprinting things in the mind by sensible Ideas is the cause they ordinarily include these comparisons in the same words that the things they are compar'd to are exprest by suppressing all the terms of relation and expressing them as if the things of which they speak were really those things which they use as Images to express them the more clearly by Thus we find it said Gen. 49. 9. Judah is a Lions Whelp v. 22. Joseph is a fruitful Bough Hos 10. 1. Israel is an empty Vine 5. The thing from which the resemblance is taken is generally more ignoble and of an inferior order to that of which it is affirmed as being more sensible for the objects of Sense are inferior to those of pure Understanding and heavenly things are of that exalted nature that they cannot be compared to any thing that is above them 6. Therefore the terms are not convertible for altho' we call a Man of courage a Lion by reason of the resemblance of the quality of boldness yet we term not a Lion a Man. And the reason of this is because in the Subject is understood the whole Idea of the thing expressed but in the Predicate but some qualities 7. Altho' for the explaining a barely metaphorical expression a Parable or a Dream that which is properly the Predicate be put in the place of the Subject yet it is rarely so used but upon such like occasions as this and then too it doth not lose its nature but is the Predicate still for we are not to mind the position of the words to find out the Predicate but the sense of the Proposition As in that Proposition of our Lord Joh. 6. 33. The Bread of God is he which cometh down from Heaven he which cometh down from Heaven is the Subject altho' put in the place of the Predicate as is plain So that here the thing which is signified or resembled is always the Subject and the thing signifying or resembling the Predicate 8. In Metaphors you cannot punctually design the thing to which another is resembled by pointing to it or using a pronoun Demonstrative as for instance tho' Christ in Scripture be called a Way and a Shepherd yet you cannot say Christ is this Way pointing to some particular Way nor Christ is this Shepherd demonstrating some particular Man that is a Shepherd nor on the other hand that this Way is Christ this Shepherd is Christ 9. None ever can pretend that after a mere Metaphorical Allusion in way of Doctrin a real Vertue should be imparted by receiving that thing to which another is compared As when Christ calls himself a Vine in Scripture that the eating of the fruit of the Vine should have conveyed Christs Blessing and Vertue It will be easie to discern the great disparity between the expression of our Lord This is my Body and those Metaphorical ones which the Author here alledgeth by comparing them together and examining them by the foregoing Rules Our Saviour calleth himself a Door because of the natural resemblance which the Mind casting about for the meaning of this expression immediatly without any difficulty finds and he himself declares for as by a Door we enter into the House so by Christ we enter into Heaven for through him the way is opened A Vine in like manner because from him all true Believers as Branches receive their nourishment and growth in Grace by which they are enabled to bear Fruit A Rock because from him the Fountain of Living Waters doth Spring The Church his Body because of the Union of the Members of his Body one with another and of all with the Head and the mutual assistance which they afford each to other in which the Spiritual Body Resembles a Natural Body By these sensible and easie comparisons the Idea of the thing which our Saviour expresses by them is more lively imprinted in our Minds and by this means the Memory the better retains them These do explain the things of which they are affirmed and render them the more familiar to us and yet the Resemblance lies in but one or at the most but some few of the qualities the terms of relation are suppressed in the first proposal of