be excommunicated nor their Territories suspended from Divine Service unless due notice be first given to the King or to his Chief Justice to the end that that which belongs to the Jurisdiction of the King's Court may be tried there and that which ought to be tryed in the Ecclesiastical may be referr'd to it The Eighth That an Appeal may be brought from the Arch-deacon's Court to the Bishop's and from the latter to that of the Arch-bishop and if the Arch-bishop has not done Justice application may be made to the King to the end that the Cause may be decided in the Arch-bishop's Court without liberty to enter an Appeal unless by his Majesty's special allowance The Ninth That in case a Contest arise between a Clerk and a Lay-man about an Estate which one asserts to depend on the Church and the other on a temporal Lordship the Chief Justice shall send for twelve Assistants to examine to what Jurisdiction it ought to be appropriated that if they judge it to belong to the Church the Cause shall be tried in the Ecclesiastical Court but if they find it to belong to the Lay-Fee it shall be referr'd to the cognizance of the Lord of the Mannor The Tenth That if any Person be cited by his Arch-deacon or his Bishop to answer to an Accusation and he refuse to appear he may be suspended but cannot be excommunicated till the Chief Justice of the Place has summon'd him to make his appearance and that if that Judge should neglect to do his Duty the King shall take the matter in Hand The Eleventh does not relate to Ecclesiastical Affairs The Twelfth ordains That the King shall enjoy the Revenues of the Arch-bishopricks Bishopricks Abbeys and Priories during a Vacancy that to fill it up the King shall issue out a Conge d'Elire to the most eminent Men of the Place who shall carry on the Election in his Chappel with the King's Consent and by the Advice of the Lords who shall be conven'd for that purpose and that the Person elected shall do Homage to the King before he be ordain'd The Thirteenth Article imports That the King shall cause Justice to be done to the Bishops and the Bishops to the King The Fourteenth That Cattel seiz'd on for a Trespass shall not be detain'd by the Clergy but put into the Custody of the Officers of the Royal Court The Fifteenth That Courts of Judicature shall be kept by the King's Justices The Sixteenth That the Sons of the Peasants shall not be ordain'd but with the Consent of their Lords These Articles were not sign'd by the Bishops but were acknowledg'd in the Assembly and three Copies of them were taken viz. one for the King the Second for the Arch-bishop of Canterbury and the Third for the Arch-bishop of York The Arch-bishop of Canterbury being retir'd his Friends and Domesticks began to murmur Some of them excus'd him in regard that he could not act otherwise by reason of so unhappy The Arch-bishop of Canterbury repents of having sign'd the Articles a Conjuncture of Affairs and others complain'd on the contrary That all the Immunities of the Church of England were ruin'd by that compliance His Cross-bearer who was more bold than the rest presum'd to make a remonstrance to that effect and the Arch-bishop being perswaded that he had done ill was affected with a sensible grief took a resolution to do Pennance and abstain'd from celebrating Divine Service till Pope Alexander III. who then resided at Sens wrote to him not to do it any longer and gave him Absolution for the Offence he might have committed upon condition that he should confess it to a Priest As soon as the King understood that the Arch-bishop repented of what he had done he fell into a strange Passion against him In the mean while Thomas being inform'd thereof retir'd The retreat of Thomas Becket to his Abbey of Alintere situated near the Sea-shore and embark'd twice to pass over into France but the Wind continuing contrary he return'd to Canterbury and presum'd even to present himself before the King by whom he was very ill treated At last that Prince despairing to bring over the Arch-bishop to his Interest made application to the Pope to compass Negotiations between the King and the Pope his Design to which purpose he sent the Bishop of Lisieux and the Arch-deacon of Poitiers to prevail with him to constitute the Arch-bishop of York his Legate in England and to order Thomas and the other Prelates to observe the Customs of his Kingdom The Pope having refus'd to do both the King sent new Deputies to demand the same thing again with greater importunity and to entreat him to confirm the Customs and Privileges of his Kingdom by the authority of the Holy See The Pope absolutely deny'd the latter request but to amuse him he conferr'd the Dignity of Legate on the Arch-bishop of York nevertheless upon condition that he should not have any jurisdiction over the Person or Arch-bishoprick of Thomas and without exempting the Bishops of England from the Obedience they ow'd to their Primate Forasmuch as this Restriction render'd the authority of the Arch-bishop of York useless with respect to the King's design which was to depose Thomas he sent back the Letter to the Pope with indignation The Pope wrote another Letter to divert him from making any further attempts on the Rights of the Churches of his Kingdom but that Prince instead of submitting to his Admonitions caus'd the Arch-bishop of Canterbury to be summon'd to appear in Person before his Majesty to answer to divers Informations that were brought against him Thomas on the other side entreated the King not to take it ill that he stood to the Privileges of his Dignity which exempted him from appearing before Secular Judges The King being much more exasperated by that excuse gave Orders to the Bishops and Temporal Lords of his Kingdom An Assembly at Northampton against Thomas Becket to meet together in his Royal Castle at Northampton and compell'd the Arch-bishop of Canterbury to repair thither in quality of a Criminal rather than of a Judge The First thing done in the Assembly was to pronounce Sentence against him for neglecting to make a personal appearance when he receiv'd a Summons from the King and his Estate Goods and Chattels were Confiscated upon condition nevertheless that the execution of that Sentence should depend on his Majestys pleasure Afterwards he was convey'd into one of the Halls of the Court where he being lock'd in an Account was demanded of him of the Revenues of the vacant Bishopricks and Abbeys that he had enjoy'd for several years when he was Chancellor He reply'd That he would take advice about the matter Henry Bishop of Winchester said that he remember'd that when Thomas Becket was chosen Arch-bishop he had a general Discharge Gilbert Bishop of London propos'd that he should resign his Arch-bishoprick to appease the King's Anger and the
beginning of his Bishoprick and that 't is very probable they were not written till about the Year 390 or 391 when Peace was restor'd to the Church after the Death of the Tyrant Maximus He follow'd and imitated in these Three Books the Design and Method of Tully's Offices He confirms those good Maxims which this Orator had laid down and corrects those that are imperfect refutes those that are false and adds several others which are infinitely more excellent more pure and more sublime The first Six Chapters of the First Book of St. Ambrose's Offices are a Preface to the whole Work wherein he enquires when and how it is seasonable to Speak or to be Silent The Bishops are oblig'd by their Office to explain the Word of God but they ought to discharge this Duty with Humility they must learn by teaching and that they may teach This is what St. Ambrose applies to himself For says he being remov'd all of the sudden from the Civil Bench and from the Office of a Judge that I might be promoted to the Priesthood I have taught what I had not then learn'd and was oblig'd to Learn and Teach at the same time After this he discovers the Advantages of being Silent and the Dangers to which a Man exposes himself by speaking but yet he would not have Men always to continue in silence On the contrary he says that it is useful and necessary to speak provided it be done with Humility and Moderation provided that one weighs his Words in the balance of the Sanctuary and does not follow the Motions of his Lusts but Reason and Justice and provided that he does not employ his Voice to retaliate Reproaches by Reproaches After this Preface he enters upon the Matter and undertakes to treat of Offices He affirms that this Name was not only in use among the Philosophers but that it is in the Holy Scripture He quotes one single Passage taken out of the Gospel of St. Luke Ch. 1. P. 23. Where there is mention made of the Ministry of Zacharias and he translates the Greek Word by Office This example does not prove very strongly what he had affirm'd After this he gives two Etymologies of the Word Officium the First is ab efficiendo quasi efficium and the Second ab officiendo The Philosophers distinguish'd Three Sorts of Offices of Honesty of Profit and of Pleasure St. Ambrose says that the Christians know no other but that of Honesty because they referr all to the Happiness of Heaven being persuaded that the Profits and Pleasures of this Life are neither true Profits nor true Pleasures And therefore he treats only of the Offices which have reference to Honesty He affirms that this Term of Honesty and Decency was known to David before the Philosophers used it and for proof of this he quotes Psal. 64. 2. Praise becomes thee O Lord in Zion Te decet hymnus Deus in Sion He adds some Passages of St. Paul where he speaks of Decency and Honesty He affirms that Pythagoras follow'd David in imposing the Law of Silence upon his Disciples But he puts a very great difference between their Precepts in that Pythagoras wholly forbade his Scholars to speak whereas David teaches us to speak with moderation and to hold our Peace when it is convenient to do so He distinguishes Two Sorts of Offices the less perfect which he calls medium and the most perfect He explains this by the Words of Jesus Christ to the young Man who ask'd him what he must do to inherit Eternal Life Jesus Christ answer'd him at first Keep the Commandments Do not commit Murder nor Adultery c. These says St. Ambrose are the less perfect Offices to which there is still something wanting Those that are perfect are design'd by what Jesus Christ said afterwards to the young Man when he had answer'd him that he had observ'd all these things If you would be perfect go and sell all your Goods and give them to the Poor and you shall have Treasure in Heaven and come and follow me This gave occasion to St. Ambrose to recommend Alms giving as one of the principal Duties of the Christian Life Here he treats very largely of the Providence of God and proves against the Philosophers that it extends to all Creatures Why then do the Wicked here enjoy Plenty This is the common Objection To which St. Ambrose answers First that this Abundance does not make them happy in this Life because the remorse of their Conscience torments them He adds in the Second place that we must not wonder if the Wicked seem to be happy in this Life and on the contrary the Good seem to be miserable because this is not the Place of Reward or Punishment That we must wait till the other Life when every one shall receive according to his Works that here we are in a place of Combate that the Just are to endure continual Assaults that they may obtain one day the Reward of their Victory whereas the Wicked here enjoy Repose who deserve no Reward after which shall follow the Punishments which their Sins deserve That in short God has granted to those the good Things and Advantages of this Life that they might be without Excuse in the Day of Judgment for not observing the Commandments of God St. Ambrose having thus establish'd these general Maxims enters upon the particular consideration of the Duties of every State He begins with those which belong to young Men He recommends to them above all things Shamefac'dness and Modesty he gives a wonderful description of this Vertue and proves how necessary it is to Clergy-men He says that he had hindred one from entring into Holy Orders because his Countenance was not modest enough and that he had forbid another to walk before him because he had too confident a Gate He counsels them not to be present at Feasts and to shun the Conversation of Women he recommends to them to stay at home and to apply themselves to the Duties of Piety which are agreeable to their Ministry Afterwards he gives Precepts for restraining the Motions of Anger and of other Passions He describes the Discourses of Clergy-men He does not think it fit that they should use Railery He gives them Three Rules for the good Conduct of their Actions The First is to hold their Passions in subjection to Reason The Second is to observe Moderation The Third is to do all things seasonably and in order He illustrates these Maxims by the Examples of many Saints in the Old Testament After he has laid down these general Rules he discourses of Vertues in particular comparing the Idea's which Christians have of them with those which the Pagan Philosophers had and shews that those of the Christians are much more sublime As for example Justice among Christians does not allow that they should render Evil for Evil it acknowledges no particular Interest and it takes place not only with respect to Friends but
this Bishop was his open and profess'd Enemy Exhorts him to a Reconciliation and gives him to understand that he was accus'd of Rapines He takes Notice to him of the Excommunication of one nam'd Aldramus which the Bishop of Beauvais had thunder'd out and which he said that the Archbishop of Rheims was bound to put in execution As to this point he tells him that he was always ready to follow the advice and opinion of other Bishops but that he knew of no Power which the Church of Beauvais had to command the Church of Rheims and that this Excommunication was not grounded on a Lawful and Canonical Reason but only because this Man had left the Interest of Eudes and embraced that of King Charles He likewise Summoned him to appear at the Ordination of the Bishops of Senlis and Chalons and gave him to understand that Pope Stephen had order'd him to send him to Ravenna The Fifteenth is a Letter of Compliment to Teuthaldus Bishop of Langres The Sixteenth was directed to Radulphus Successor to Didon Bishop of Laon whose Promotion to that Dignity he Congratulates and advertis'd him that he had too rashly Excommunicated one of his Diocesans hinting withal that he gave him his advice as a Friend to a Friend not being willing to make use of that Authority and Priviledge which the Church of Rheims had from all Antiquity of succouring all those who made their Application to it and thought themselves injur'd by their Bishops We might likewise to these Letters joyn that of Mancion Bishop of Chalons directed to Fulcus and publish'd by Father Mabillon in the third Tome of his Collections wherein he asks the Arch-bishop's Advice how he ought to behave himself with relation to a Priest who was solemnly betrothed to a Woman and would marry her publickly In the seventh Chapter Flodoard speaks of several Letters of Fulcus directed to Abbots and to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of Fuâ—… to the Aâ—bâ—ts Persons of Note The first was directed to an Abbot called Stephen whom he comforts upon his having been depriv'd of a Bishoprick to which he had been elected In the second he reprov'd Baldwin Count of Flanders for the many Injuries he offer'd to the Churches of his Country and among others for having caus'd a Priest to be whip'd for having turn'd out several Parochial Priests out of their Churches in order to make room for others of his own choosing for having unjustly seiz'd upon an Estate which the King had bestow'd on the Church of Noyon for having seiz'd upon a Monastery c. he threaten'd to Excommunicate him in case he did not forthwith make Restitution and leave off his Cruelties to the Church The third is directed to the Clergy and Laiety of Senlis upon the Election of a Bishop The fourth to the Clergy of Laon upon the same Subject The fifth to the Monks of Corby whom he severely reproves for their having cruelly turn'd out their Abbot These are all the Letters of Fulcus which are mention'd in Flodoard the very Extracts of which shew us that this Archbishop wrote with a great deal of Strength and Authority That he was zealous for the welfare of the Church for the Dignity of Bishops and particularly for the Rights and Prerogatives of the Church of Rheims He was assassinated by Winâ—mare and others of Count Baldwin's Creatures in the Year 900 which Count was incens'd against him for having taken away from him the Abby of S. Wast and the Castle of Arras HERVEUS Archbishop of Rheims HIS Successor was one HERVEUS a young Lord belonging to Court and Nephew to Count Hughbold He was ordain'd by the unanimous consent of all the Bishops of the Province HERVEUS Arch-bishop of Rheims Immediately after his Ordination he soon render'd himself capable of governing his Diocess and gain'd the Esteem and Love of all the World by his Charity to the Poor by his sweet Temper by his good Nature and by the Zeal he expressed for the Welfare of the Church and for Ecclesiastical Discipline He held several Provincial Councils wherein he discours'd very usefully of Religion and of the Peace both of Church and State and of the Conversion of the Normans who about that time embrac'd the Christian Faith It was for their sakes that he sent to Guy Archbishop of Roan a Letter containing three and twenty Articles extracted out of the Canons and Letters of the Popes about the manner of treating those who after they had been baptiz'd had apostatiz'd and afterward's return'd to the Church In the Year 909. he held a Council at Trosly a Village near The Council of Trosly in 909. Soissons at which assisted the Archbishop of Roan with the Bishops of Laon Beauvais Noyon Chalons Soissons Cambray Meaux Senlis Terouane and Amiens in which after he had discours'd at large of the Miseries under which France groan'd which he imputed to the Sins both of the Laity and the Clergy he gave them very fine and large Instructions grounded on several Passages of the Fathers and Canons of Councils 1. Concerning the Honour and Respect due to Churches and to Ecclesiasticks 2. Concerning the Duty and Allegiance which Bishops and Ecclesiasticks ow'd to their King and concerning the Duties and Qualifications of a Prince 3. Concerning the Reformation of those Abuses which were crept into the Monastick Life and particularly concerning the Abbeys which were possess'd by Laicks It was ordain'd that Abbots should be Religious Persons well skill'd in the Regular Discipline and that the Monks and Religious should live according to their Profession and Rule praying for the Welfare of Kings for the Peace of the Kingdom and for the Tranquility of the Church without concerning themselves with Secular Affairs without hunting after the Pomps of this World and without incroaching on the Rights and Priviledges of Ecclesiasticks and that they might have no Excuse for stragling the Abbots were enjoyn'd or at least those who had the Government of Monasteries in their Care to provide them Necessaries 4. Against those who either by violence or by any other method seiz'd on Church Lands which he look'd upon as Sacrilege 5. Against those who either abus'd or persecuted the Clergy 6. Against those who would not pay Tenths and the other Revenues belonging to the Church The Duty of Tithes reached not only to the Fruits of the Earth and to the Breed of Cattle but likewise to those things which were the Profits of a Man's Industry and Labour 7. Concerning the Rapines and Robberies so rise at that time He demonstrates the Enormity thereof and shews the Obligation they lay under of making Restitution before they could expect Absolution 8. Against stealing young Women and against clandestine or unlawful Marriages 9. Concerning the Prohibitions renew'd so often by the Canons against Priests having Women amongst them 10. Concerning the Chastity which all Christians were oblig'd to preserve in their Words and Actions 11. Concerning the Obligation of keeping strictly to the Oaths
they took without being perjur'd 12. Against quarrelsome Persons who took delight in Law-Suits and vexatious Prosecutions 13. Against Homicides and Lyars 14. Against the Abuse which then prevail'd of rifling the Goods of Bishops after their Decease Upon this he advises that two or three of the neighbouring Bishops upon the News of the Death of their Brother should go and perform the last Offices over him In the Conclusion he exhorted the Bishops to refute the Errors of Phetius Lastly He sums up in a few words what Christians ought to believe and practice and exhorts them faithfully to discharge their Duties In the Year 921. Herveus held another Council at the same place wherein he took off the Excommunication The Council of Trosly in the Year 921. issued out against Count Ertebold who had seiz'd upon some of the Church Revenues This Archbishop assisted Charles the Simple in his Expedition against the Hunns who ravag'd Lorrain and was the only Man who continued Loyal to that Prince when he was abandon'd by the French Lords In the Year 920. he brought him back to Rheims and adjusted Matters betwixt him and his Lords and re-establish'd him in his Kingdom But within a short time after the Lords revolted again and being met at Rheims they elected King Robert and Herveus was constrain'd to crown him He did not survive this Coronation but four days and dy'd in the Year 922. having presided over the Church of Rheims Two and twenty years lacking four days Robert caus'd Seulfus to be elected in his room who was then Archdeacon of that Church He had been the Disciple of Remy of Auxerra who had instructed him in the Sciences both Divine and Seulsus Archibishop of Rheims Prophane He was ordain'd by Abbo Bishop of Soissons and by the other Bishops of the Province of Rheims Eudes the Brother of Herveus and a Nephew of that Name were cited before him being accus'd of Disloyalty to Robert and they not justifying themselves were strip'd of all the Revenues of the Church of Rheims in their possession and cast into Prison the former in the Custody of Hebert Count of Vermandois and the latter at Paris In a Provincial Council held in the Year 923. he impos'd a Pennance on those who had born Arms in the War between Robert and Charles and in another Council held in the Year 924. at Trosly he put an end to the Difference which was between Count Isaac and Stephen Bishop of Cambray the former paying an hundred pounds to the latter for the wrong he had done to his Church 'T is said that Seulfus agreed with Hebert to resign the Arch-bishoprick to the Son of that Count. However the case was Seulfus did not enjoy this Dignity long being prison'd in the Year 925. by the order of Hebert as it is supposed Presently after his death that Count came to Rheims and having called thither Abbo Bishop of Soissons and Bauvo Bishop of Chalons he caus'd his Son Hugh who was not then above five years old Hugh Archbishop of Rheims to be elected by the Clergy and People of Rheims Afterwards he procured the Confirmation of this Election by King Radulphus who committed the Temporalities of this Diocess to Hebert till his Son came of Age to take upon himself the Government thereof The Spiritualities were conferr'd by Pope John X. on Abbo Bishop of Soissons so that Hebert became absolute Master of that Church and drove out of it all the Clergy whom he suppos'd to be against his Interests and among others Flodoard as he himself informs us In the Year 927. King Radulphus and Count Hebert fell out upon the account of the Earldom of Laon which Hebert would have had given to his Son Odo and which the King desir'd to keep for The Wars between Hebert and Radulphus himself Hebert willing to rely on a Power which might support his Pretensions had an Interview with Henry King of Germany and struck up an Alliance with him He caus'd a Council to be conven'd the same Year at Trosly notwithstanding the Prohibition of King Radulphus which consisted of six Bishops of the Province of Rheims Afterwards he deliver'd Charles the Simple out of Prison brought him to S. Quintin and procur'd an Interview between him and Radulphus Duke of Normandy from whence he brought him to Rheims and writ to Pope John X. for the restablishing of that Prince This attempt oblig'd Radulphus to quit the City of Laon to Hebert and to adjust Matters with him Radulphus Duke of the Normans would not restore to Hebert his Son Odo till he had set Charles at liberty and promis'd to obey him At the same time Hebert invited to Rheims Odalric Archbishop of Aix who had been turn'd out of his Church by the Saracens that he might there discharge his Episcopal Functions and to reward him he gave him the Abby of S. Timotheus with the Revenue of a Prebend France was then as it were parted between the great Lords and the Regal Authority was extreamly cramp'd Hugh the White Count of Paris and Hebert were two of the most powerful The State of France Radulphus had the Title of King and that little of the Regal Authority which remain'd For Charles was the sport and pastime of all three As soon as Hebert was reconcil'd to Radulphus he threw Charles again into Prison and Radulphus afterwards returning to Rheims gave him a seeming sort of Liberty which he did not long enjoy dying on the Seventh of October in the Year 929. After his Death Hugh and Hebert fell out the Umbrage of which quarrel was that the Latter had given Entertainment to several Vassals belonging to the former and among others to Herluin Count Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims of Monstreuil Radulphus sided with his Brother-in-law Hugh and there was a warm War between them but Radulphus having taken the City of Rheims in the Year 931. caus'd Artaldus a Monk of S. Remy to be ordain'd Archbishop of the place who the year after receiv'd the Pall from Pope John XI This Archbishop held a Council in the Year 934. at Chatteau-Thierry where he ordain'd Hildegarius Bishop of Beauvais and in the same year he ordain'd Fulbert Bishop of Cambray The year after he held another Council at Fismes wherein he Excommunicated those who had made an unlawful Seisure on the Revenue of the Church King Radulphus being dead Hugh the White recall'd out of England Lewis Charles the Simple's Son call'd upon that account Lewis dâ—Outremer and caus'd him to be crown'd at Laon by Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims who continued in the peaceable possession of his Archbishoprick for some time and ordain'd Bishops in all the Churches of his Province except Chalons and Amiens But Hebert would not endure that any other but himself should be in the possession of so considerable a Post and thereupon sent several of his Troops to take and rifle the Castles and Villages which
their own Hands reading and prayer 7. He prohibits Incestuous Marriages with Nuns or near Relations 8. He recommends Peace and Union 9. He enjoyns the Observation of the Solemn Fasts of Lent of the Ember-Weeks of Wednesday and Friday and the Celebration of Divine Service on Sundays and Festivals Lastly He recommends the payment of Tythes There is also a Pastoral Letter written by this Archbishop and directed to his Suffragans which is related by William of Malmsbury Edmund being kill'd in the year 946. his Brother Elred took possession of the Throne We have An Assembly of Bishops at London A. C. 948. no Laws enacted by this Prince only the Charter of a considerable Donation made by him to the Monastery of Crowland in favour of Turketulus who had been formerly Chancellor of the Kingdom and to whom he gave that Abbey This was done in an Assembly of Bishops and Lords held at London in the year 948. After the death of Elred which happen'd in 955 Edwin the Son of Edmund was proclaim'd King but sometime after part of England Revolting Edgar the Brother of Edwin got a share of his Dominions and upon his Brother's Death obtain'd the sole Possession of the whole Kingdom This Prince being more Religious than his Predecessors entirely re-establish'd the Purity of Discipline in the Church of England and brought the Monastical Course of Life into Repute by the Advice of S. Dunstan who may be call'd the Restorer of thâ— Ecclesiastical Discipline in England This Saint was born in the Country of the West-Saxons in the first year of King Ethelstan's Reign A. C. 923. He enter'd into Holy Orders very young and after having compleated his Studies S. Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury made application to Athelm Archbishop of Canterbury who introduc'd him into the Presence of King Ethelstan Afterward having fall'n into some disgrace at Court he retir'd to Elfeg Bishop of Winchester who advis'd him to embrace the Monastical Life which he accordingly did and continued in his Retirement till the Reign of King Edmund when he was invited to Court by that Prince He did not remain long there without being obnoxious to the Envy and Hatred of several Persons who misrepresented him to the King insomuch that he was oblig'd to retire to his Solitude of Glassenbury where he took up his Abode altho' he was restor'd to the Favour of King Edmund who had always a great respect for him granted considerable Revenues to his Monastery and continu'd to follow his Counsels not only in the management of Civil Affairs but also of Ecclesiastical He was no less esteem'd by King Elred who determin'd to nominate him to the Bishoprick of Winchester but Edwin having receiv'd a severe Reprimand for his Irregularities from this Abbot banish'd him and pillaged his Monastery However King Edgar recall'd him immediately after his Accession to the Crown and made him not only Bishop of Winchester but also conferr'd on him the Government of the Church of London At last the Archbishoprick of Canterbury being vacant in the year 961. by the death of Odo Elfsin Bishop of Winchester who was appointed to supply his place dying in a Journey he made over the Alps to Rome to fetch the Pall and Berthelim who was substituted in his room having refus'd to accept that Dignity Dunstan was Invested with it a few days after and went to Rome to receive the Pall. At his return he apply'd himself altogether to the Reformation of the Clergy of England and took upon him to Expel all those who refus'd to lead a Regular Course of Life and to Restore the Monks to their former Station This Saint had for his Fellow Labourers and Imitators of his Zeal Ethelwold Bishop of Winchester and Oswald Bishop of Worcester who founded a great number of Monasteries and took much pains in Reforming the Clergy and Extirpating the Vices that were predominant in England The former dyed in the year 984. before S. Dunstan who foretold his approaching Death as well as that of the Bishop of Rochester in a Visit which those two Prelates made him but the latter did not dye till after this Archbishop viz. in the year 992. As for S. Dunstan he surviv'd King Edgar who dy'd in 975 and maintain'd the Right of the young Prince Edward against the Pretensions of Alfride who endeavour'd to transfer the Crown to her Son Ethelfred but Edward being Assassinated Three years after by the Treachery of that Queen Dunstan was constrained to Crown Ethelfred and foretold the Calamities that should befall England and the Family of this young Prince as a Punishment for his Crime and that of his Mother At last S. Dunstan dy'd laden with years and honour A. C. 988. In his time and apparently by his Direction King Edgar in 967. not only publish'd Laws like to those of his Predecessors for the preservation of the Revenues of the Church for the Payment of Tythes and S. Peter's Pence and for the Solemn Observations of Sundays and Festivals but also divers Ecclesiastical Constitutions relating to the Manners and Functions of Clergy-men to the Celebration of the Mass to the Confession and Pennances that ought to be impos'd on those who commit Sin c. Indeed these Canons may serve as a kind of Ritual for the Use of Curates It is affirm'd that they were made in the year 967. by King Edgar but this does not appear to be altogether certain and perhaps they are of a later date The Discourse which this King made to Dunstan Archbishop of Canterbury and to Oswald and Ethelwold Bishops of Worcester and Winchester is much more certain He there inveighs against the Irregularities and Disorders of the Clergy and pathetically Exhorts those Bishops to joyn their Authority with His to repress their Insolence and to oblige them to apply the Ecclesiastical Revenues to the Relief of the Poor for which Use they were design'd To the end that this Order might be put in Execution he granted a Commission to those three Prelates to take the Matter in hand and gave them power to turn out of the Churches such Clergy-men as liv'd dissolutely and to Substitute others in their room By virtue of this Injunction S. Dunstan held a General Council A. C. 973. in which he ordain'd A general Council of England in the year 973. that all the Priests Deacons and Subdeacons who would not lead a sober Life should be Expell'd their Churches and caus'd a Decree to be made to oblige them to Embrace a Regular and Monastick Course of Life or to Retire And accordingly these three Bishops turn'd the old Clergy-men out of most part of the Churches and put Monks in their place or else forc'd them to assume the Monastical Habit. S. Dunstan did not only shew his Constancy and Zeal with respect to the Clergy but was also as zealous in treating Kings and Princes For he sharply reprov'd King Edgar for abusing a young Maid whom he had sent for out of
that that Council was to consist of the same Persons who had already Condemn'd him rashly and unjustly The Fifth Because according to the Canons it was requir'd that such a place should be made choice of to Try any one as was near to his own Country where one might produce Witnesses and pass a definitive Sentence That besides he was reconcil'd to Count Manasses and to all those who were at Difference with him except Bruno who was neither his Clerk nor Born nor Baptiz'd in his Diocess but a Prebendary of S. Cunibert of Cologne for whom he was not much concern'd and who had serv'd him basely tho' under particular Obligations to him and except another Clerk nam'd Pontius whom he had convicted of Falshood in the Council of Rome That if he had no Accusers he was not oblig'd to come and clear himself before the Council by the Testimony of six Bishops of an unblameable Life That when he would have done it he could not because of the shortness of the time that was allow'd him and that it would be difficult to find in his Province six Bishops who were not his Enemies and without Reproach That when he had promis'd to the Pope to appear before the Council which should be held by his Legats he meant only such a Council as should be held in France and in case he had not lawful Reasons to excuse his Non-appearance Lastly That for his part he did not acknowlege Hugh of Dia to be Legat since the Pope had granted him the favour of refusing him for his Judge That however to shew his Submission to the Holy See he offer'd him to appear at a Synod which should be held in some City near to Rheims either in Lent or at Easter and that he would there receive him with all the Honour that was due to the Legats of the Pope That he exhorted him to accept of this Offer because it would be more advantageous to the Holy See to attract the Respect and Submission of the French by Acts of Moderation than by Acts of Severity to keep them at a distance That if notwithstanding this Remonstrance he still would persist in the same mind and pronounce a Sentence of Deposition and Excommunication against him the Popes S. Gregory and S. Leo had instructed him that he ought not to look upon such an Excommunication as issuing from the Holy See These are the Reasons contain'd in the Apology of Manasses which is a very fine Piece and written in a very elegant Style and publish'd by Father Mabillon in the first Tome of his Treasury of Italy Hugh of Dia had no regard to this Manifesto but in the Council of Lions pronounc'd a Sentence of Deposition against Manasses and the Pope confirm'd it in the Synod of Rome held the beginning of the Year 1080. and gave Manasses notice of it by the Twentieth Letter of the Seventh Book dated April the 7th of the same Year allowing him notwithstanding further time till the Feast of S. Michael to justifie himself either at Rome or before his Legats by producing as an Evidence of his Innocence some Bishops his Suffragans by restoring to the two Persons who had accus'd him the Revenues which he had taken from them and upon Condition that he would retire to Cluny or some other Monastery till Ascension-day and forbear till then all Episcopal Functions Manasses did not hearken to this Sentence and continued in Possession of his Archbishoprick without submitting in the least to the Pope who wrote immediately to the Clergy and Laity of Rheims to the Suffragans of that Metropolitanship to King Philip and to Count Ebold ordering them no longer to acknowledge him for Archbishop of Rheims to turn him out of that Church and to Elect or cause to be Elected another in his stead This is the subject Matter of the Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth and Twentieth Letters of the Eighth Book dated Decemb. 27th in the same Year This Manasses is accus'd by the Authors of that time of having attain'd to the Archbishoprick of Rheims by Simony and of having exercis'd an insupportable Tyranny and Oppression over his Clergy of having rifled Churches plunder'd Monasteries exacted Mony from his Clergy persecuted Men of Estates of seizing the Revenues of the richest Abbies of having liv'd more like a Great Lord than a Bishop of having greater Care of his Soldiers than of his Clergy of having more Concern for the Temporalities than for the Spiritualities of his Archbishoprick and of being so impious as to say That the Archbishoprick of Rheims would be a very pretty Thing if no singing of Mass were required 'T is thus that he is set out by William Abbot of S. Arnulphus of Metz Guilbert Abbot of Nogent and Hugh of Flaviany However Fulcoius Subdeacon of Meaux has made his Elogy and the Clergy of Noyon in a Letter which they wrote at that very time to the Clergy of Cambray to prove that the Sons of Clerks and Priests might be admitted into Priests Orders maintain That the Excommunication of Manasses had been made by a Motive of Envy and that it was rash and unjust This Letter is related by Father Mabillon after the Apology of Manasses All this makes it appear That tho' Manasses had been as guilty as they would have him thought to be yet he was not condemn'd in due Form There had been for several Years past a Contest between the Archbishop of Tours and the The Cause of the Arch-bishop of Tours and the Bishop of Dol. Bishop of Dol who pretended likewise to the Dignity of an Archbishop or the Right of Metropolian over the Bishops of Bretagne The Popes always declar'd themselves in favour of the Archbishop of Tours Gregory VII seem'd at first to favour the Bishop of Dol for the Clergy and Laity having sent to the Pope him whom they had elected to be Bishop he refused to ordain him because he was too young But having chosen Yves Abbot of S. Melaine who was come to Rome with the Deputies of Dol he consecrated him by their Consent and granted him the Pall upon Condition that he would come to Rome whenever he should be sent for thither to regulate the Contest which was between the Church of Dol and that of Tours about the Right of Metropolitanship The Archbishop of Tours thinking that the Pope had by this prejudiced his Right complain'd of it but Gregory sent him word that he had no occasion to complain since he had taken such Measures that what he had done should be no Prejudice to him and that he would do him Justice when that Affair was in a Posture of being try'd This is the Subject Matter of the Fourth Fifth and Thirteenth Letters of the Fourth Book of which the two first about the Ordination of Yves are directed the one to the People of Dol and the other to the Bishops of Bretagne dated September 27 in the Year 1076. and the last to Radulphus Archbishop of
had made with the Holy See about Investitures By the sixth he confirms the Privileges of the Church of Brague By the seventh and eighth those of the Church of Bamberg By the ninth and tenth those of the Abbey of Vendome In the eleventh he refers to the Bishop of Langres a difference which was between the Monastery of St. Peter the Lively of Sens and the Abbots of Molesin and of St. Rhemy of Rheims The next are written in favour of the Chapter of St. John of Besanzon to whom he adjudg'd the Right of the Cathedral The four next are Privileges granted to the Abbey of Tornus The twenty first and second are other Privileges granted to the Abbey of Cluny The twenty third is a Letter of Compliment to King Lewis the Gross to whom he recommends his Legat. The twenty fourth is directed to Gerbert Bishop of Paris He therein orders that all the Churches and Abbeys of his Diocess shall be subject to him and that the Canon of his Church who had been made a Bishop shall no longer hold his Prebend In the twenty fifth he permits a certain Lord of Germany to found a Monastery upon Condition that the Revenues which he bestow'd should be under the Protection of the Holy See to which than Monastery should give every fourth Year an Albe and some white Vestments and that neither he 〈◊〉 his Successors should have any thing to do with what related to the Monastery In the twenty sixth and seventh he approves the Institution of the Regular Canons in the Churches of Benriad and Berchgetesgaden By the twenty eighth he Establishes Gerard Bishop of Angoulême his Legat in the Provinces of Bourges Bourdeaux Auche Tours and Bretagne In the twenty ninth directed to the Bishops of Orleans and Paris he confirms the Prohibitions made by his Legat against Celebrating Divine Service where-ever William the Son of Count Robert who had Marry'd the Daughter of the Count Anger 's his Kinsman should be In the thirtieth directed to Pontius Abbot of Aniana he adjudg'd to that Abbot a Priory which was Contested between him and the Arch-Bishop of Arles and the Monks of the Abbey de la Chaise-Dieu In the thirty first and second he order'd that those who pillag'd the Revenues of the Village of Mongodin belonging to the Chapter of Mascon shall be Excommunicated In the four next he confirms the Primacy of the Arch-Bishoprick of Toledo To these Letters is annex'd a Letter of Lewis the Gross directed to that Pope as an Answer to that which he had sent into France upon the taking of Burdin wherein after he had declar'd to him the Joy he conceiv'd at this Success he returns him thanks for having superseded for a while the Sentence pass'd against the Arch-Bishop of Sens in favour of the Arch-Bishop of Lions and desires he would be pleas'd wholly to revoke it observing to him that he had laid this business very much to heart and would expose himself and his Kingdom to the utmost dangers rather than put up such an Affront He puts his Holiness in mind of the great services which the Kings of France had always done to the Holy See and of those which in a particular manner he had done for him by being present at the Council of Rheims wherein he had more regard to the Honour of the Holy See than to his own Interest He conjur'd him as an acknowledgment of those good turns that he would be pleas'd to preserve the Church of Sens in its Ancient Liberty which could not be taken away from it by a Privilege granted by Stealth and without his knowledge to the Arch-Bishop of Lions The four Sermons upon St. James attributed to Calixtus II. Publish'd by Mariana and inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum are supposititious pieces and unworthy of that Pope CHAP. III. The History and Letters of the Popes Honorius II. Innocent II. Celestine II. Lucius II. and Eugenius III. POPE Calixtus being Dead Leo Franchipani forbad the Cardinals to proceed to a New Election till three days after under pretence that they might have time sufficient to deliberate on the Honorius II. Choice they were to make and to consult the Canons relating to Elections thereupon Franchipani's design was to get Lambert Bishop of Ostia Elected the People were for the Cardinal of St. Stephen whom Franchipani seem'd also to favour But the Cardinals casting an eye upon Thibaud Priest and Cardinal of St. Anastasius gave their Votes for him and would have Proclaim'd him Pope under the Name of Celestine II. When in the mean time Leo Franchipani observing the People were against this Election propos'd to them the aforesaid Lambert who was soon after Proclaim'd by the common suffrage of the Clergy and People was Clothed in his Pontifical Habit and Nam'd Honorius II. Nevertheless the better to gain the Cardinal's Approbation in few days after he threw off his Papal Ornaments in their presence which won so extreamly upon them that they were soon brought to acknowledge him and confirm his Election He Govern'd Peaceably and Prudently the Holy See for five Years and two Months In the Year 1125. 〈◊〉 Excommunicated Frederic and Conrade Nephews to the Emperor Henry V. who would have seiz'd upon the Empire and who made War upon Lotharius In 1127 he declar'd War himself against Roger Count of Sicily who pretended to have a right to the Dutchies of Calabria and Apulia Independant from the Pope The Year after he Excommunicated this Prince and Dy'd the 14th of February in the Year 1130. After the Death of Honorius II. the Cardinals that were then present on the same day Elected Gregory Cardinal of St. Angelo who was then Nam'd Innocent II. At the same time Cardinal Peter of Innocent II. Leon formerly a Monk of the Abbey of Cluny caus'd himself to be Elected under the Name of Anacletus by another Faction of Cardinals The Party of Cardinal Peter was by much the stronger which oblig'd those that were for Innocent to retire to strong Holds and afterwards to fly with that Pope to the City of Pisa. This occasion'd Innocent to come into France where an Assembly of Prelates was held on his account at Etampes in the Year 1130. to which St. Bernard was sent He spoke very notably in favour of Innocent and his Opinion was follow'd by the whole Council This Pope being thus acknowledg'd by France went immediately thither and was splendidly receiv'd at Orleans by King Lewis the Gross and several Bishops that came to wait on that Prince From thence he set forwards to Chartres where Henry I. King of England acknowledg'd him likewise He had not long after the Approbation and Consent of the Emperor Lotharius whom he went to meet at Liege in the beginning of the following Year This Prince receiv'd him very honourably but however he would needs make use of this occasion to get the Investitures restor'd This very much surpriz'd the â—…ns and St. Bernard labour'd all he could to disswade
being repugnant to the Spirit of Religion to buy Drugs to send for Physicians or to take Physick In the Three Hundred Forty Sixth he exhorts Pope Innocent II. not to favour the unjust cause of William Arch-Bishop of York In the Three Hundred Forty Seventh he recommends to him the Deputies which went to Rome to complain of this Arch-Bishop In the Three Hundred Forty Eighth he recommends to the same Pope Arnone Elected Bishop of Lisieux who had a Dispute in the Court of Rome about his Election with Geofrey Count of Anger 's The three following are also Letters of Recommendation to the same Pope The Three Hundred Fifty Second contains a Privilege granted by Pope Innocent to St. Bernard and his Successors in consideration of the great Services he had done the Church of Rome during the Schism caus'd by Peter of Leon by which this Pope takes under the Protection of the Holy See all Revenues present and to come belonging to the Abby of Clairvaux as likewise grants to the Monks of Cisteaux leave to chose an Abbot out of their Order and to the Abbeys which have others under them he grants permission to chose any of those Abbots for their Head or any of the Monks belonging to such Orders He forbids the Bishops to constrain the Abbots of Clairvaux and the other Abbots of the Order of Cisteaux to come to any Council providing it be not about matters of Faith He prohibits all Persons to receive any Fryars of their Order after they are profess'd and lastly declares the Monks of this Order exempt from paying Tithes of Fruits or Cattle In the Three Hundred Fifty Third he Comforts William Abbot of Rivau in the Diocess of York in that the Arch-Bishop of that See has been Countenanc'd at Rome Assuring him withal that the Sacraments Administred and Ordinations made by bad Ministers are Valid since it is God that Baptizes and Consecrates In the Three Hundred Fifty Fourth he Comforts Melisenda Queen of Jerusalem for the Death of Fulk her Husband and exhorts her to govern her Kingdom with Prudence and Justice In the Three Hundred Fifty Fifth he Recommends to this Queen the Monks of Premontre who were on their Journey to the Holy Land By the Three Hundred Fifty Sixth he sends back to Malachy Arch-Bishop of Armagh the Monks which he had sent him He likewise Recommends them to him in the Letter following In the Three Hundred Fifty Eighth he writes to Pope Celestine II. to Pardon Thibaud Count of Champagne The Three Hundred Fifty Ninth is written to the same Pope in the Name of the Monks of Clairvaux who beg of his Holiness not to permit Rainaud Abbot of Morimond to quit his Monastery to go to Jerusalem In the Three Hundred and Sixtieth he again exhorts William Abbot of Rivau to bear patiently with the Arch-Bishop of York In the Three Hundred Sixty First he recommends to Thibaud Arch-Bishop of Canterbury John Bishop of Salisbury In the Three Hundred Sixty Second he recommends to Robert Pallus Cardinal and Chancellor of the Church of Rome to behave himself becoming his Dignity to Eugenius III. newly Elected Pope In the Three Hundred Sixty Third he exhorts the Christians of France and Bavaria to take up Arms for relief of the Holy Land and moreover admonishes them neither to put the Jews to Death nor so much as to persecute them In the Three Hundred Sixty Fourth he invites Peter Abbot of Cluny to an Assembly to be held after Easter at Chartres there to deliberate on the manner of relieving the Christians of the Holy Land In the Three Hundred Sixty Fifth Addressed to Henry Arch-Bishop of Mayence he writes against a Monk named Radulph who by his Preaching authoriz'd killing of the Jews The Three Hundred Sixty Sixth is Address'd to Hildegarda Abbess of Mont-Saint-Robert near Binghen in the Diocess of Mayence After having rejected the Praises given to him he congratulates her upon the extraordinary Gifts the has received from God and exhorts her to make a suitable return thereto by Humility and Devotion The Three Hundred Sixty Seventh is a Letter of Recommendation to Guy Chancellor of the Church of Rome in favour of Stephen Bishop of Mets. The Three Hundred Sixty Eighth is a Letter of Compliment to a Cardinal which contains wholesome Advice to wean him from the Cares of the World In the Three Hundred Sixty Ninth and Three Hundred and Seventieth he congratulates Sugerus Abbot of St. Denys in having reform'd the Church of St. Genevieve by introducing regular Canons into it He exhorts him to do the same thing in the Church of St. Victor In the following Letter Address'd to the same he disswades him from making the Match between the Count of Anger 's and the King's Daughter by reason of their near Kindred In the Three Hundred Seventy Second he commends Peter Bishop of Palenzade for his Humility and Application to the reading of good Books The Three Hundred Seventy Third is a Letter of the Abbot of Epine in the Diocess of Palenza Address'd to St. Bernard by which this Abbot testifies the great Concern he has for having been drawn out of the Abby of Clairvaux and charg'd with the Government of a Monastery which he earnestly entreats St. Bernard to get him discharged from In the Three Hundred Seventy Fourth he comforts the Monks of his Order in Ireland for the death of their Abbot St. Malachy In the Three Hundred Seventy Fifth he complains to Ida Countess of Nivernois that her Servants molest and detain those who go to the Abby of Vezelay In the Three Hundred Seventy Sixth he exhorts Sugerus Abbot of St. Denys to hinder the Duels which certain French Lords were engaged in against each other In the Three Hundred Seventy Seventh he commends this Abbot in that he design'd to Assemble the Clergy for the publick Good The four Letters following are likewise Address'd to Sugerus whereof the two first are Letters of Recommendation The Third is concerning the Estate the Church of the East was then in and in the last says that he is sorry that this Abbot is accus'd of the disturbances in the Kingdom and wills him therefore to do his utmost to prevent 'em and not to suffer any in his Abby which are any ways the cause of them In the Three Hundred Eighty Second written to Leonius Abbot of St. Berthin he expresses his Gratitude for the Favours he has received from him and moreover acquaints him that Thomas of St. Omer who had left his Order to come to his of Clairvaux could not possibly return In the Three Hundred Eighty Third Address'd to the same he thanks him for the many proofs of Friendship which he has received from him He passes the same Compliment on the Monks of St. Berthin in the following Letter and in the Three Hundred Eighty Fifth he commends them for having reform'd themselves and exhorts them to endeavour to perfect themselves every day more and more The Three Hundred
other Prelates except the Bishop of Winchester were of the same Opinion Thomas would not hearken to that proposal but to be set at Liberty he express'd his desire to speak with two Lords who were with the King when they were come he desir'd that he might be allow'd time till the next day and said that then he would make such an Answer as God should direct him Whereupon the Assembly deputed the Bishops of London and Rochester to deliver that Message to the King but the former said that the Arch-bishop was desirous to have time in order to look over his Papers and to prepare to give an account to his Majesty The King being satisfy'd with that Declaration sent him word by the two Lords with whom he desir'd to speak That he was willing to grant him the time he sued for provided that he kept his word in giving an account of the things that were committed to his Charge Thomas forthwith declar'd that he never made such a promise However he was permitted to depart and that very Night he was seiz'd with a violent fit of the Colick which hindred him from rising the next Morning The King sent two Lords of his Court to enquire whether he were Sick and at the same time to give him a Summons He excus'd himself for the present by reason of his Indisposition of which they were Witnesses and promis'd to appear the next day In the mean while a report was spread abroad that if he went to the Royal Palace he would be Assassinated or arrested the next day several Bishops us'd their utmost endeavours to perswade him to make a resignation of his Arch-bishoprick and of all his Possessions to the King in regard that they were much afraid lest he should lose his Life if he did not submit He did not seem to be at all concern'd at their Remonstrance but forbid all the Bishops to assist at the Proceedings that were to be carried on against him and declar'd that he appeal'd to the Holy See The Bishop of London protested against the Prohibition â—he then made and retir'd with all the Bishops except those of Winchester and Salisbury who continu'd with Thomas Becket However that Prelate after having Celebrated Mass went to the Palace bearing his Crosier Staff himself The King refus'd to admit him into his Presence and retiring into a private Chamber sent for the other Bishops and made great complaints to them against Thomas Becket The Bishops approv'd the King's Resentments avouching that that Arch-bishop was a perjur'd Traytor and that it was requisite to proceed against him as guilty of High Treason However they durst not bring him to a Formal Tryal but only sent him word by Hilary Bishop of Chichester That forasmuch as after having promis'd Obedience to the King and Sworn to observe the Customs of the Kingdom he acted contrary to his Oath they did not take themselves to be any longer obliged to obey him that therefore they put their Persons and Churches under the Popes Protection and cited him to his Tribunal The King likewise sent him word by Robert Earl of Leicester that he expected an account Thomas Becket's Retreat to France of the Things committed to his Charge Thomas protested that he was discharg'd by the King's Son when he was made Arch-bishop of Canterbury Afterwards he refus'd to submit to the Judgment of the King Bishops and other Lords of the Kingdom declar'd that he would acknowledge no other Judge but the Pope and cited the Bishops before him After having made this Declaration he went out of the Palace the Doors of which he open'd with the Keys that were found hanging on the Wall and was accompanied to his House by a crowd of poor People On that very Night he took a resolution to retire and to the end that it might be done more secretly he feign'd an inclination to lie in the Church and made his escape having chang'd his Cloaths and Name but before he embark'd he took some turns about the Coasts of England to avoid being apprehended Then he pass'd over into Flanders arriv'd at Graveline and retir'd from thence to the Abby of St. Berthin where he discover'd himself and sent Deputies to Lewis VII King of France to inform him of his present distress and to entreat his Majesty to permit him to stay in his Kingdom They were prevented by the Deputies of the King of England but the French King did not receive them favourably and declar'd on behalf of Thomas Becket even before the arrival of his Deputies These last were kindly entertain'd and the King promis'd all manner of Protection to the Arch-bishop in his Kingdom and said that in that Point he only follow'd the Custom of the Kings his Predecessors who by a very peculiar Privilege were always in a capacity to afford a Sanctuary in their Dominions to Persecuted Bishops and to defend them against all their Enemies The Deputies of the King of England and those of the Arch-bishop went to the Pope The Pope's Declaration in his Favour who was then at Sens The former brought over some of the Cardinals to their side but the Pope stood for the Arch-bishop nevertheless he gave Audience to the Deputies of the King of England who press'd him to oblige the Arch-bishop to return to England and entreated him to send a Legate a latere to take cognizance of that Affair and to accommodate it or to determine it without Appeal The Pope refus'd to do any thing till the Arch-bishop arriv'd in Person and having declar'd his resolution to the Deputies they departed very much dissatisfy'd A little after Thomas Becket accompanied by the Arch-bishop of Trier and the Abbot of Berthin came to Soissons where King Lâ—wis admitted him into his Presence and re-iterated the promises he had made to his Deputies Afterwards he went to Sens to meet the Pope whom he soon made sensible of the Justice of his Cause by shewing him the Articles that were drawn up at Clarendon which with common consent were found contrary to the Interest and Liberty of the Church The next day he proffer'd to quit his Metropolitical Dignity and entreated his Holiness to nominate another Person to supply his place But the Pope would by no means allow it order'd him to keep his Arch-bishoprick and recommended him to the Abbot of Pontigny into whose Monastery he retir'd The King of England being informed of the Pope's Answer by his Deputies consiscated the wâ—ole Estate and Goods of the Arch-bishop of Canterbury with those of his Relations and Friends banish'd them from his Kingdom and publish'd new Ordinances more prejudicial to the Liberty of the Church than the former Thomas Becket wrote to him as also to some Bishops of England about that Matter but those Remonstrances prov'd ineffectual However he propos'd a Conference in which the Pope was to assist but his Holiness being return'd to Rome the King sent Deputies to him whom he caus'd to pass through
in that City The Pope being set at liberty by the Normans of Apulia grants them all the Territories which they had subdu'd and those that they might obtain by Conquest from the Greeks and Saracens A Contest between the Churches of Grado and Aquileia for the Metropolitan Right determin'd in the Council of Rome in favour of Grado The Pope's Letter to the Bishops of Venice and Istria confirming that Right A Council at Rome  1054 Leo IX dies Apr. 15. and the Papal See continues vacant during a whole year Hildebrand goes to meet the Emperor to demand Gebâ—hart Bishop of Eichstadt who was made Pope the next year under name of Victor II. I. XV. Constantin Monomachus dies and Theodora Porphyrogenneta governs the Empire I. Pope Leo's Letters which confirm the Metropolitan Right of the Church of Carthage over all those of Africa The Pope sends Legats to Constantinople to treat about the Re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches Pope Leo's Letters on that Subject to the Emperor Constantin and to Michael Cerularius Patriarch of Constantinople A Contest between the Legats and that Patriarch An Answer by Cardinal Humbert the Pope's Legat to the Letter of Michael Cerularius and Leo of Acris Nicetas Pectoratus a Monk of Seuda composes a Tract against the Latin Church Cardinal Humbert's Answer to that Piece Nicetas makes a Recantation and burns his Writings A Sentence of Excommunication denounc'd by the Legats against Michael Cerularius The Patriarch in like manner excommunicates the Legats by a publick Edict and raises a Sedition which obliges the Emperor to deliver up their Interpreters who are misus'd and put in Prison A Council at Narbonne Humbert Cardinal Nicetas Pectoratus a Monk of Seuda Dominick Patriarch of Grado Peter Patriarch of Antioch 1055 II. XVI II. Berenger abjures his Opinions in the Council of Tours in the presence of Hildebrand Maugier Archbishop of Rouen is depos'd in the Council of Lisieux and Marrillus a Monk of Fecamp put in his place A Council at Florence A Council at Lyons A Council at Tours against Bereinger A Council at Lisieux  1056 II. Pope Victor goes to Germany where he was invited by the Emperor Henry III. XVII The Emperor Henry dies Oct. 3. Henry IV. his Son aged only 5 years succeeds him and is at first put under the Tuition of his Mother who obtains the Administration of the Government III. Theodora dies in the end of the year and Michael whom she had made Emperor a little before reigns alone  A Council at Toulouse  1057 Victor dies at Florence July 28. and Frederick Abbot of Mount Cassin is chosen in his place on the Festival of S. Stephen whence he took the Name of Stephen IX I. I. Michael abdicates the Imperial Throne and leaves it to Isaac Commenus I. Pope Victor's Letter which confirms and augments the Privileges granted to the Church of Selve-Blanche Frederick is made Abbot of Mount Cassin a little after Cardinal and at last Pope Alphonsus Abbot of St. Benedict at Salerno is ordain'd Archbishop of that City A Letter by which Pope Stephen IX re-unites the Bishoprick of Marli which was sometime divided Peter Damian is made Cardinal and Bishop of Ostia by that Pope A Council at Rome Peter Damian Alphanus 1058 Stephen dies at Florence March 29. The Count of Frescati and Gregory of Lateran cause Mincius Bishop of Veletri to be chosen Pope who assumes the name of Benedict Cardinal Humbert and many others refuse to own his Authority Gerard Bp. of Florence is chosen and this Election is approv'd by the Emperor Henry II. II. Pope Stephen sends Legats to Constantinople who return without pursuing their Journey having receiv'd Information of his death Michael Cerularius is turn'd out of the Patriarchal See of Constantinople and Constantin Lichudes is substituted in his room Evershelm is made Abbot of St. Peter at Ghent Marianus Scotus an English Monk passes into Germany where he continues ten years a Recluse in the Monastery of Fulda Lambert of Aschaffemburg assumes the Monastick Habit at Hirlfeldt under the Abbot Meginher in a little while after is ordain'd Priest by Lupold Archbishop of Mentz and undertakes a Journey to the Holy Land without the knowledg of his Abbot from whence he returns the next year   1059 II. Gerard is ordain'd Bp. of Rome in the beginning of Jan. and takes the name of Nicolas II. I. Mincius renounces the Papal Dignity and is suspended for ever from Ecclesiastcal Functions III. III. Isaac resigns the Imperial Dignity to Constantin Ducas and retires to a Monastery I. A Privilege granted to the Nunnery of St. Felicitas near Florence The Election of Popes reserv'd to the Cardinals in the Council of Rome Berenger abjures his Opinions in that Council and makes a Confession of Faith Peter Damian is sent Legat to Milan to reform the Clergy who publickly us'd Simoniacal Practices The Bishop of Trani is depos'd in the Council of Melfi Sigefroy or Sigifred succeeds Luitbold in the Arch-bishoprick of Mentz A Council at Rome A Council at Melfi A Council at Benevento held in the beginning of the Month of August  1060 II. IV. Henry I. King of France causes his II. St. Anselm embraces the Monastick Life in the Abbey of Bec. A Council at Tours Guitmond Arch-bishop of Aversa Durand Abbot of Troarn Franco a Philosopher  Son Philip to be crown'd at Rheims May 22. dies in the end of this year    of Liege Warin Abbot of St. Arnulphus at Mets. 1061 III. The death of Nicolas II. in the Month of July Anselm Bishop of Lucca is elected three Months after and ordain'd Pope under the name of Alexander II. The Emperor Henry incens'd by reason that he was chosen without his knowledg causes Cadalous Bishop of Parma to be proclaim'd Pope who endeavours to make himself Master of the City of Rome but being repuls'd was oblig'd to return to Parma the next year V. III.   Michael Psellus Alberic a Monk of Mount Cassin Merellus Abbot of Tergensee 1062 I. VI. IV.    1063 II. VII V. A Contest between Peter Arch-bishop of Florence and his Monks The Pope sends the Pall to Peter Archbishop of Dalmatia Lanfranc is made Abbot of the Abbey of St. Stephen at Caen newly founded and St. Anselm succeeds him in the Office of Prior of Bec Abbey Maurillus Archbishop of Rouen holds a Synod for the Dedication of the Cathedral Church of that City which was newly built A Confession of Faith publish'd in that Synod against Berenger's Opinions A Privilege granted by the Pope to the Abbey of Vendome Peter Damian the Pope's Legat in France determins in the Council of Challon the Differences between the Bishop of that City and the Abbey of Cluny about the Privileges of the same Abbey which are confirm'd in the Council A Council at Rome A Council at Rouen A Council at Challon  1064 III. Cadalous causes some Disturbances Alexander is own'd as
lawful Pope VIII VI. Guibert Grand Lord of Parma and Chancellor to Henry Emperor of Germany is ordain'd Archbishop of Ravenna A Council at Mantua  in the Council of Mantua and pardons Cadalous who dies a little while after      1065 IV. IX VII The Heresy of the Nicolaitans condemn'd in two Councils held at Rome A Council at Rome Another Council at Rome A Council at Elna in Roussillon Lanfranc 1066 V. X. VIII John Xiphylin is chosen Patriarch of Constantinople instead of Constantin Lichudes The Charters of Edward King of England for authorizing the Confirmation of the Privileges of the Church of Westminster which was granted by the Popes Leo IX and Nicolas II. William Duke of Normandy passes over into England and defeats Harald who had taken Possession of the Throne after the death of King Edward   1067 VI. XI IX Constantin Ducas dies leaving 3 Children and his Wife Eudoxia who takes upon her the Administration of the Government    1068 VII XII II. Eudoxia marries Romanus Diogenes who is proclaim'd Emperor I. Peter Damian is sent Legat into Germany to hinder the Emperor Henry from divorcing Bertha his Wife Marianus Scotus who liv'd as a Recluse in the Monastery of Fulda goes to Mentz to end his Life there in the same Quality   1069 VIII XIII II. The death of Maurillus Archbishop of Rouen Lanfranc refuses to accept of that Archbishoprick which is obtain'd by John de Bayeux Bishop of Auranchez Lanfranc goes to Rome to cause that Translation to be ratify'd and to get the Pall for the same Archbishop The Emperor Henry endeavours to get himself divorc'd from Bertha in the Council of Mentz but is oppos'd by Peter Damian the Pope's Legat. A Council at Mentz The death of Evershelm Abbot of Aumont 1070 IX XIV III. Lanfranc is oblig'd to accept of the Archbishoprick of Canterbury The Pope gives leave to Gebehard Archbishop of Saltzburg to erect a Bishoprick in his Province A Council at Windsor Benno Cardinal 1071 X. XV. IV. Romanus Diogenes is taken Prisoner by the Turks and Michael the Son of Constantin Ducas is proclaim'd Emperor Diogenes being deliver'd has his Eyes put out by Michael's Order and dies a little while after Charles nominated by the Emperor Henry to the Bishoprick of Constance not being able to get Ordination by reason of Simoniacal Practices resigns his Ring and Crosier-staff to the Emperor in the Council of Mentz A Council at Mentz A Council held at Winchester this year Theophylact. 1072 XI XVI II. Peter Damian is sent by the Pope to Ravenna to take off the Excommunication denounc'd against that City by reason of the Contests which the Bishop of that Diocess had with the See of Rome A Council at Rouen Hepidannus writes two Books of the Life and Miracles of St. Wiborada 1073 XII Alexander dies April 22. and Hildebrand is chosen in his place on the same day He is ordain'd Priest and consecrated Pope under the Name of Gregory 7th in the Month of June I. XVII III. William Archbishop of Auche and Pontius Bishop of Beziers are depos'd by Gerald Cardinal of Ostia the Pope's Legat for having voluntarily communicated with certain Persons who lay under a Sentence of Excommunication Pope Alexander confirms the Settlement of a Convent of Regular Canons made by Altman Bishop of Passaw Dominic Patriarch of Venice is deputed by Pope Gregory to negotiate at Constantinople about the Re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches Pope Gregory's Decree against Persons guilty of Simony and against Clerks who marry or keep Concubines Letters written by the same Pope to the Bishops and Princes about putting that Decree in execution Other Letters by Gregory against Godfrey Archbishop of Milan and the Bishops of Lombardy who were excommunicated for their Simoniacal Practices But they were protected by Henry Emperor of Germany which gave occasion to the Dissensions that afterward broke forth between that Prince and the Pope A Council at Erford The death of Peter Damian on Febr. 23. Robert de Tombalene Abbot of St. Vigor William Abbot of St. Arnulphus at Metz. Hugh Bp. of Die Anselm Bishop of Lucca Manasses Arch-bishop of Rheims 1073   Anselm who succeeded Pope Alexander II. in the Bishoprick of Lucca but repenting that he had receiv'd the Investiture of that Bishoprick from the Emperor Henry IV. retir'd to the Monastery of Cluny from whence he was recall'd by the Pope to govern his Bishoprick Landric Arch-deacon of Autun is chosen Bishop of Mascon and consecrated the next Year by the Pope the Bishops of France not daring to ordain him The Pope's Complaints and Menaces against Philip I. King of France Pope Gregory lays claim to Spain and by vertue of it gives to Ebol Count of Rocey all the Countries that he could wrest out of the Hands of the Saracens on condition that he should hold them of the Holy See and should pay him a certain Tribute He exacts an Oath of Allegiance of Landulphus Duke of Benevento and of Richard Duke of Capua He promises the Pall to Bruno Bishop of Verona provided he come to Rome to receive it there in Person He confirms all the Privileges granted by Alexander II. to Wradislaâ—s Duke of Bohemia Jeromir Bishop of Prague is suspended and depriv'd of the Revenues of his Church by the Pope's Legats for opposing their reception in Bohemia A Contest between the same Bishop of Prague and the Bishop of Moravia for the possession of certain Territories The Pope's Remonstrance to the Inhabitants of Carthage some of whom had deliver'd up Cyriacus their Bishop into the Hands of the Saracens    1074 II. XVIII IV. Garnier Bishop of Strasburg excommunicated for Simoniacal Practices is absolv'd in the Council of Rome Hugh is ordain'd Bishop of Die by the Pope in that Council A Decree against Investitures made by the Pope in the same Council according to the Relation of some Authors Robert Guiscard Duke of Apulia is excommunicated in the same Council of Rome The Agreement between the Bishops of Prague and Moravia confirm'd by the Pope's Bull dated March 2. William Archbishop of Auche and Pontius Bishop of Beziers restor'd to their respective Sees The Pope reproves the Inhabitants of Ragusa for imprisoning Vitalis their Bishop and substituting another in his room He summons both the Bishops to Rome if the A Council at Rouen A Council at Rome Another at Poitiers A Council held at Erford in the Month of Octob.  1074   Matter cannot be determin'd by his Legat in that City The Pope's Legats sent to the Emperor Henry about the Affair of the Bishops of Lombardy The Contest between those Legats and Sigefred Archbishop of Mentz about the Right of calling a Council which the Archbishop claim'd as Vicar of the Holy See The Legats return'd without any effect of their Negotiation The first Project of a Crusade form'd by the Pope The Pope's Letters to divers