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lord_n	abbey_n	abbot_n	monk_n	105	3	8.5233	4	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A14341	An abridgement of the notable woorke of Polidore Vergile conteignyng the deuisers and firste finders out as well of artes, ministeries, feactes & ciuill ordinaunces, as of rites, and ceremonies, commo[n]ly vsed in the churche: and the originall beginnyng of the same. Co[m]pendiously gathered by Thomas Langley; De rerum inventoribus. English. Abridgments	Vergil, Polydore, 1470?-1555.; Langley, Thomas, d. 1581. aut	1546 (1546)	STC 24656; ESTC S107600	129,908	356

y e one was more then a prophete so the other was aboue the state and condicion of Monkes Some assigne the original of it to Antony other referre it to one Paule a Thebane surnamed Heremite bycause he laide the foūdacion of y e maner of liuyng solytary Neuertheles for so muche as euery mā may speake his phantasye in a thing doubtful I thynke y e institucion of this monastical life to haue proceded of y e Essees a religiouse brotherhod among y e Hebrues that liued after a greater perfection then the Monkes did in their supersticiouse phātastical tradiciōs as appeareth by the .viii. boke of Eusebius de preparatione euangelica Of their precedence Antonye and Paule the Thebane toke example of orderyng the rules and preceptes of theyr religiouse scolars Albeit it shal agre of good right to ascribe the oryginal of it to Antony whiche although he were not the fyrst yet he did specially encorage the endeuours of al other to lead that lyfe and aucthorised the discipline of Monkes in Egypt And afterwarde Basilius in Grece and Hilarion in Syria dyd muche augment amplifie that purpose For this Hilarion a man of great vertue by callyng on the name of Iesus healed at the cytie of Gaza the sonnes of a noble woman whervpon the brute of him was so noysed that many out of Syria Egypte repayred vnto him he foūded abbeys in Palestine instructed thē w t rules of liuyng As for Antony he liued in the wildernes of Thebais in Egypt builded there an abbeye where he him selfe w t Sarmatas Amatas and Macarius his disciples liued in so ernest contemplacion and praier ▪ that they liued onely with bread and water his holynes was suche that Helena mother of Constantine dyd commende her selfe and her sonne to his praiers He dyed in the wyldernes when he was an C.v. yeres olde the yere of oure saluacion CCC.lxi his disciples Amatas and Macharius encreased muche the religion after his death Sarmatas was slayne by the Saracenes The institucion of this state of liuyng came I graunte of a good zeele to godlynes but the deuil peruerter of all good thynges dyd so empoysone the heartes of them that folowed that they had more trust in their workes then fayth in Christes blod then euery man beganne new rules of workes to be theyr owne sauiours and went so supersticiousely to worke that al was out of rule and abhominable in the sight of God ❧ The .ii. Chapiter ¶ The diuision of monastical life into sundry sec●●s and ●actions AN hundreth .lxvi. yeare after y e death of Antony Benet an Italiā borne at Nursie in Vmbria when he had liued long in solitarines resorted to a cytie of Italy named Sublaque a cytie of the Latines forty miles from Rome And forbecause he was greatly delited with wyldernes and also the people preased there muche to see and heare his preachynges he departed thence to Cassine And in y e tyme of Iohn the fyrst about y e yere of our lord CCCCC xxiiii he buylded ther an abbey and assembled the Monkes that were dispersed alone in diuerse places into one couente and ordered them with instructions of maners rules of liuyng confyrmed with thre vowes that is chastitee wylfull pouertie and obedience because they shuld al together mortify their owne wyl and lustes These thre forenamed vowes Basilius bishop of Gesaria did fyrst institute and publishe in the yere of oure lorde CCC.lxxxiii And also assigne the yere of probacion or trial that religiouse persons had afore they were professed The order of Cluniacēses were ordeyned by one Odon an abbotte at Masticense a village of Burgundie And Williā duke of Aquitany gaue them on house the yere of our lorde ixC xvi in the tyme of Sergius the thyrd Not long after the religion of Camaldimenses was begōne by Romoaldus of Rauenna in the mounte Apenninus the yere of our lord .viii. C.l. they kept perpetual silēce euery wednesday friday they fast bread water they go barefoote lye on the ground In a part of the same mountayne called Vallis Vmbrosa or the shadowed valey in y e yere of Christes incarnacion M lx vnder Gregory y e vi Iohn Gualbert begāne a new sect of Monkes named thē of the place where the abbey stode the shadowed valie order The Monkes of Oliuere sprong vp as a fruite of discorde the same yere that the variance was amōg the thre bishops were instituted by Barnardus Ptolomeus y e yere of Christ M. cccc.vii vnder Gregory the .xii. The faction of Grandimontensers beganne by Steuen of Auerne in Aquitany or Guyen the yere of our lord M.lxxvi vnder Alexander the second had theyr tytle of y e mountayne where their abbey stode A litle after y e same tyme Robert abbot of Molisme in Cistercium a Forest of Burgundie dyd institute y e order of Cistercians albeit some ascrib this to one Ordingus a Monke that persuaded Robert to the same aboue the yere of our lord M.xcviii vnder Vrbane the second Of this religion was the great clerke s Barnarde Almost an C. yere after this in y e yere of our lorde M.C.lxvi The order of Humiliates was diuised by certeine persons exiled by Fredericus Barbarussa which when thei were restored to theyr coūtre apparelled the selfes in white liued by a kynd of vow in praiers penury workyng wulle were admitted by Innocentius the thyrd and other his successours Celestines were founded by Celestinus the fyfte of that name bishop of Rome in the yere of our lorde M.C.xcviii In England saint Gylbert at Tyrington Sempringham begāne an order called after him Gylbertines in the tyme of Eugenius the fourth the yere of Christes incarnacion Mcxlviii The Iustinianes were inuented by Lewes Barbus a religiouse man of Venice In the abbey of sainct Iustine at Padway the yere of our saluacion M. CCCC.xii in the daies of Iohn the .xxiii. There were also orders of Nūnes diuised after the same rules of supersticion as the other be ❧ The .iii. Chapiter ¶ Of the Hierominians Chanons Chatterhouse Monkes Whyte frears Crouchefryes with other HIERONIMIANS had theyr beginnyng of s Hierome whiche leauyng his natyue coūtre went into Iury and ther not farre frō Bethlehem builded him an house where he liued very deuoutly the latter ende of his life in the tyme of Innocentius the .vii. The yere of our lorde M. CCCC.v After his example other counterfetted a resemblant of perfeccion namyng thē selues Hieronimians wearyng their cloothes of whyte and a coope playted aboue ouer their coate girde with a leather gyrdel There were also certayne Heremites called Hierominians of the foundacion of one Charles Grauel of Florence which made him selfe an Hermite of the same religion in the moūtaynes of Fessulus other there

Therefore we must receiue confession for the absolucion sake that is geuen into the handes of the ministers The .ii. Chapiter ¶ Matyns singyng of psalmes by course Legendes of sainctes MATINS with Pryme and houres wer appointed fyrst by Hierom for one Eusebius of Cremona diuerse other that liued with him to y e entent that they might haue certain laudes and praisyng of God to syng in the churches And the fathers and old gouernours of congregacions receyued them folowyng this verse of Dauid in the .c.xix. psal Seuen tymes in y e day haue I geuen and song praise to the. Cipriane writeth that the Pryme and other houres toke their originall of Daniel Whiche after the custome of his countre thrise in y e day mornyng noone euenyng on his knees vsed to praye It was also the rite of the Heathen to haue mornyng prayers for Apuleius saieth that their religious when all thynges were duely finished song salutacions of the newe light and shewed that it was Prime of the daye where he meaneth by salutacions the mornyng songes that we cal Matyns and there declareth howe the houres of the day were sorted and deuided for sacrifices prayers Pelagius the secōd was the fyrst that cōmaunded priestes to say them daily that like as the iust mā falleth vii tymes on the daye so by instante continual praier he might as often ryse and amende Gregorius put to the beginnyng of euery houre Deus in adiutorium and Gloria patri c. Vrbanus the seconde ordayned the lady Mattyns to be sayd dayly and cōfirmed them in the counsel whiche he had at mount Clare in Fraunce The diuision of Dauids psalter in to .vii. partes called nocturnes accordyng to the .vii. dayes in the weke was the worke of Hierome at the request of Damasus bishoppe of Rome whiche also gaue cōmaūdement that it should be redde so in the churches and added Gloria patri to the end of euery psalme The Gloria patri was made in the counsel of Nicene Damasus also instituted that the psalmes should be song and sayd by course Albeit some say Ignatius did deuyse that afore his tyme whiche thyng was learned of Dauid or Asaph for in the olde sinagoge they vsed to syng their psalmes after that sorte but oure singyng is farre from their maner For our singers cry out so loude that we heare nothyng saue a noyse and those that be present can not be edified with the word It wer great furtheraunce to the religion if those singers not far vnlike to Iaies were either vanished out of the temples or elles their syngyng were so modifyed with more sobernesse that the wordes myght be vnderstande to the edifiyng of the layitie whiche is sore blinded with singyng and sound of instrumentes that be not fyt to edifye but to delight the eares This modest singyng was vsed by the holy Athanasius byshop of Alexandria through all his prouince and diocese as Austen witnesseth Damasus commaunded that the cōmon Crede shuld be sayd at euery houre Vitalianus inuented the decente tunes wherein the hymnes be song and ioyned the Organs to them Legendes of sainctes were made the yere of our lorde D.ccc. by Paulus Diaconus and Isuardus a monk at the desire of Charles the great And forsomuche as the persecucions wer so great that in the time of Dioclesian y e emperour there died .xvii. M. christē men within .xxx. daies space thei could not particulerly write al their lyues but made certaine general Legendes of martyres Cōfessours virgyns whiche we now cal the cōmon the fathers cōmaunded those to be red in y e churche on suche sainctes daies Afterward many thinkyng that they should be hearde rather for their muche bablyng sake deuised sundrye maners of praiyng diuerse vses as Benettes mōkes had one vse Barnardes another and Domynickes brethren had one order by thē selues euery prouincial byshop made a seueral vse in his diocese and all were confirmed by the bishoppes of Rome The .iii. Chapiter ¶ The beginnyng of fastyng almesse Aduent Lent Embryng daies FASTYNGE and Almesse deedes be as sainct Austen saieth the two wynges of praier wherewith it is made strōger and lighter to flye into y e presence of God and be more acceptable in his sight Fastyng hath bene vsed frō the beginnyng of the worlde What tyme the fruite of the tree of knowing good and euyl was forbodden to our fyrst parentes in Paradise bycause by suche abstinence thei myghte obteyne and enioye the felicitie euerlastyng Almesse in lyke maner sprong of the infirmitie and nedines of the nature of men for as thei felte hunger colde nakednes and suche other calamities as be in our mortall lyfe thei were constrayned to desyre aide and succour of other men and of almes Albeit Moses was fyrst that euer prescribed any lawe of gyuyng almes as apereth in the boke of Deutronomie Thys charitable almes must bee so freelye gyuen that we exempte none from the vse and part takyng of it and as the scripture sayth without respecte of parsonnes As for fastyng of that original proceded further for the vse of flesh and wyne from Adam tyl the time of Noha was vnknowne And Moses forbare meate fortie dayes and Helias dyd lykewyse Our sauioure Christe fasted the same space And God pardoned the Niniuites of their crimes because they fasted with repētaunce The Iewes also in their lawe so ofte as they either asked any benifite of God or would pacifie his wrath or render thankes for his benefytes or kept any solemne feastes vsed commonly to fast And certees he kepeth 〈◊〉 the true fast whiche forbeareth 〈◊〉 or forgoeth his supper but he that mynysheth his affections abateth his anger swageth hys pryde modifieth his desires mortifieth his lustes suffereth paciently all aduersitie that chaunseth to him that mā is the true faster Albeit the other is a coadiutoure to that thyng and helpeth muche that purpose Therfore to the intent we myght reclayme suche corrupcions of oure olde Adam The Apostles dyd ordeyne the fast of Lente as Hierome in a pistle to Mercella doth playnely declare Wherfore they that referre it to Telesphorus be foulye disceyued for he dyd not institute it fyrst but appoint that it should be kepte afore the Easter And added another weke to it that we cal Quinquagesima This weke he commaunded priestes to fast more then the layitie bicause y t thei which ought to be holier then the rest shuld in this ordinarye fast shewe more abstinence thē other The Apostles also instituted that .iii. wekes afore y e Natiuite of our Lord named Christmas shuld be solemnely fasted which cōstitucion was a while kept vniuersally but afterward it was resigned to the monkes and religious persons Calistus or as some thynke Vrbanus dyd begyn the Embringdaies quarterly for the preseruacion and amplificacion of fruites ordayned for the sustenaunce of man

clothes The white coloure was thought fittest for the dedde bicause it is clere pure and syncer and leaste defiled and when the tyme of their wepyng was expired thei put on their other vestures Of this ceremonie as I take it the Frenche quenes toke occasion after the death of their housebandes the kynges too weare onely white clothyng and if there bee any suche widdowe she is commonly called the white quene The Iewes ended their mournyng after .xxx. daies and Englishe men kepe the same rite The mournyng garmentes for the moste parte bee altogether of blacke colour and thei vse to weare theim a whole yere continually onlesse it bee bicause of a generall triumphe or reioysyng or newe magistrate chosyng orels when thei bee toward mariage But the custome of mournyng is no other thyng then mere supersticion specially if womē or men haue a ●ouryng loke and a laughyng herte For all suche lamētaciō helpeth nothyng the dedde corps or solle of the deceased and disquieteth sore the liuyng THE maner of washyng ded bodies and specially of noble men and anoyntyng thē was receiued of our auncetrie whiche vsed to washe the bodies of the dedde and it was the office of theim that wer nerest of his kyndred to dooe it Solle Masse daie that is the second daie of Nouember was begon by Odilo that was Prouoste or Prouinciall of the Monkes of Cluniacenses order vpon the occasion that he heard about Aetna the moūtain of Sicilie oftentymes great wepyng lamentacion criyng whiche he supposed to bee the yellyng of eiuill spirites that bewailed bicause the solles of dedde menne wer taken from theim by the peticions and sacrifices of wel disposed christen people therfore he perswaded his couēte in the tyme of Ihon bishop of Rome to make a generall obite of all solles the daie next after the feast of al sainctes Aboute the yere of our lorde M and twoo our fathers receiued it as a godly instituciō full of pitiful charitee thus by processe of this Monkes supposicion sprong muche vain supersticion ❧ The .viii. Chapiter ¶ Of the seuenth daie thirty daie old maner of buriall hallowyng chalices priestes garmentes with other thynges HORATIVS the Poete and Seruius write that the Romaynes vsed customably y e nynth daie after the buriall to renewe the sacryfices and solemne rites of the funerall whiche thei named in latyne Nouemdialis of this we in our religiō haue gathered the fashion of kepyng the seuēth daie with exequies and other ordinary oblacions And in England the custome is to kepe the thirty daie or moneth mynde with like Obites as were dooen on the buriall daies Or els it mighte seme that this kepyng of the seuēth daie was brought vp after thesame sort emong vs as in mariages thei vsed in old tyme to renewe their vowes the seuenth daie For like as that daie was the solēne beginnyng of encreasyng the issue of mankynde so thesame daie of burial is or should be the complet finishyng and ende of euery thyng The Massiliens in Fraunce passed and spente the daies of their burialles with priuate oblacions and feastyng of their kinsefolke without any maner lamētacion or sorowe whiche thyng the Englishe at this daie vse commonly to dooe In burials the old rite was that the ●ded corps was borne afore and the people folowed after as one should saie we shall dye and folowe after hym as their laste woordes to the coarse did pretende For thei vsed too saie when it was buried on this wise fare well wee come after thee and of the folowyng of y e multitude thei were called exequies Albeeit thei vsed at kynges and noble mennes funeralles to goo afore with tapers ▪ whiche custome we kepe still CHALICES wherin the bloud of Christe is consecrated were at the first of woode and that was the instituciō of the Apostles whiche would preuent all occasiō of auarise in priestes but Zepherinus afterward commaunded that thei should consecrate in a vessel of glasse Notwithstādyng in processe that custome was broken And Gratianus decreed y t thei should saie Masse and consecrate with chalices of siluer or golde orels if those mighte not bee gotten in chalices of tynne albeit some referre this to Vrbane the firste Sextus the firste commaunded that the corporaces should bee of linen clothe onely and that of the finest and purest and he forbade that any laye manne should handle the hallowed vessels and namely womē wer inhibited The hallowyng of priestes vestures and altare clothes with other ornamētes of the churche and the diuersitee of vestures of sundry orders was taken out of the Hebrues priesthod vsed in our churche fyrst by Steuen bishop of Rome fyrst of that name For at the beginnyng priestes in their massyng vsed rather inwarde vertues of solle then outward apparel of the body whiche is rather a gloriouse gase then any godly edifiyng Sabinianus decreed fyrst that the people should be assembled together to heare seruice at certayne houres of the day by ringyng of belles And Iohn the .xxii. ordeined that belles should be tolled euerye daye thrise in y e euenyng that then euery mā should say thrise the Aue maria The vse of belles came fyrst of the Hebrues wher y e high priest or bishop had in the skyrtes of his vppermoost vestures litle belles to ryng when he was in the holy place within y e vaile And euen the vayle hangynges candelsteckes with other vessels that we vse in the churche came also of theyr ceremonies The baners that be hanged abroad in the easter tyme may be vsed to declare the triumph of Christ ouer death the deuil and hel were taken of the heathen whiche in their victories did beare baners to declare signifye y e cōquest of their enemies The .ix. Chapiter ¶ Of vowes goyng barefoote Letanies praiyng for them that neese crossyng the mouth when men yawne WHen we be brought into any extreme calamytie or daūgerouse aduēture y t can by no mans power or prouision bee releued the vrgent necessytie cōstrainyng vs we fal to praiers and vowes makyng as when we promise to set vp cādels Images of waxe or siluer w t other lyke supposyng therby to obteine remedy of our grief This custome was borowed of the Hebrues whiche vsed to make suche vowes to God diuerse other coūtries of the Gētiles vsed y e ryte to their false gods In like maner goyng barefoote was taken vp of the Iewes fashion whiche in their sickenes other misfortunes were wōt to pray cōtinually .xxx. dayes forbeare wyne shaue their heare and after go barefoote to the temple make oblacion This maner of vowe was so ernestly vsed in the tyme of y e emperour Nero when Florus was president of Iurye y e Bernice sister to kyng Agrippa went her selfe barefote to the tēpte of Hierusalem to obteine some

be y t say one Redo earle of mount Granel did institute them in Fessulus in the tyme of Gregorye the .xii. Yet there be that say that the originall of this brotherhod was instituted of Hierom in deserte that Eusebius of Cremona with other deuoute and holy men whiche kept conuersacion with him did enlarge and augment the familie of that profession As concernyng the Channons reguler ther be two opinions for some saye that Austen by and by after he was created byshoppe broughte hys Chānons in this rule and fourme of liuyng wherin they haue bene so lōg trayned and noseled vp other some bragge and make their vaunt that it was deuised of the Apostles and of this opinion was Thomas of Aquine But howsoeuer the matter go Austen was doubtles ether the inuentour of the secte or renewer of it and therfore maye be iustlye taken for an autoure of that faction and so was he likewyse of Augustines Hermites The Chanons clothyng was a white cote a linnyn rochet vnder a blacke coape with a scapuler to couer their head and shoulders The Hermites haue a contrary vesture a blacke coat with alike scapuler and another coat of whyte a lether gyrdle Of these there be diuerse orders As y e order of s Sauiour of the scopettines whiche wer ordeined by one Steuen Iames two men of Senes in the tyme of Vrbane the .v. the yere of Christ M.ccc.lxx and Gregory the .xi. by his consent confirmed thē in their hipocrisie The Frisonaries is another brood which began among the Hetrurians in the countie of Luces that is other wise called lateraneuse by the diuise of Iames Britiane in y e tyme of Ihō the .xxiiii. the yere of Christ M. cccc.xii thei were amplified encreased bi Eugenius the .iiii. The .iii. order is titled y e brethred of s Gregory de Alga this was ordeyned at Venece by Laurence Iustinian in the time of Innocencius the .vii. y e yere of our lord M cccc vii with diuers other orders whiche forsomuche as they rise sodēly like toad stoles in a raine I wyl omit thē Bruno of Colen y e red sometime the philosophi lecture at Paris did institute the Charterhouse monkes in the diocese of Gracianopolis at a place named Cartusia in the yere of our lord M.lxxx vnder Gregorye the .vii. their life was outwardly ful of painted holines in forbering flesh fasting bread and water eueri friday ful of solitarines muche silence euer pinned in and women were banished out of the house with other semblable ceremonies The Carmelites or white friers wer as some say begon in mount Carmelus after the example of Helias y e prophet which liued their lōg solitary they wer fyrst assēbled together by Almericus B. of Antioch y e yere of our lord M.clxx in y e time of Alexander the .iii. they wer so called our Lady friers of a chapel of our lady y t was in y e hil Carmelus Neuertheles vpon cccc yeares after in the tyme of Innocentius the third they were reformed by Albartus byshop of Hierusalem accordyng to the rule of Basilius and the colowre of their coape was turned into whyte by Honorius the third where afore it was russet The order of Pemōstratenses was instituted in the diocesse of Laudune by Northbergus a priest and the preceptes of that couent were gathered out of s Austens rules and admitted for good by Calixtus the seconde in the yere of our lorde M.C.xx. The Crouch or crosse Friers began about the yere of our lorde M.cc.xv. by the diuise of Cyriacus bishoppe of Hierusalem whiche shewed Helene mother of Constantine wher y e crosse lay hyd And in memorial of y e crosse he caused this brotherhod colledge of Friers to beare the crosse And yet they neuer knew what y e crosse weied in their bodyes or in their heartes forsomuche as they were sore wasted Innocentius the .iii. renewed the religion The .iiii. Chapiter ¶ Blacke and Gray friers the Trinite order Brigidians Iesuates new Hermites and Bonhomes ABOVTE the tyme of Innocentius the third arose two famouse founders of two supersticious sectes I meane Dominicke the Spaniarde and Frauncis the Italian of the countrie of Vmbria Dominicke at the fyrst was a Chanon but bycause he could not suffre to haue a superior and was also wery of the cloyster he inuented a newe fraternite named Dominicans black Friers or Friers preachers bycause they had the charge to preache y e Gospel without mixture of any pharisaical leauen The newe guyse of their vesture made innocente Innocentius to wonder But Honorius the .iii. by his bulle honorably admytted them the yeare of our lorde M.CC.xx. and Gregory the ninth putte the matter out of all doubt canonised Dominicke and by his bulle vnder lead alowed him for a sainct Frauncesse that was fyrst of y e friers Austens thinkyng that secte not to be sufficiently furnished with hipocrisie beganne a newe trade of liuyng in the mounte Appoeninus in a place named cōmonly Iauerna doubtles a ground worthy for suche a foūdacion as was besyde the worde of God it was set vp in the tyme of Honorius aforesayd They were named Minores of the humilitie lowlynes of hart that thei shuld haue but that was smally regarded furthest from their study Two yeres after y t was the yere of oure Lorde M.CC.xxix Frauncisse was sanctified by Gregory made a sainct Fraunciscanes afterward fel at cōtencion for the rules of their profession They that fayled somewhat of y e vnperfecte perfection of them retayned the name of Minorites styl the other titled them selues obseruauntes more worthy to be called obstinate The latter felowes were broughte into England by kyng Edwarde the iiii were greatly enhaunced by the famouse prince kyng Henry the .vii. At the same tyme was Clara the Vyrgyn countrie woman to sayncte Frauncisse whiche was a great foundresse of Nunnes of y e same rule that Frauncesse gaue his couent of them sprōg the basterde penitencers in the dayes of Iohn the .xxii. and the yere of our lord M.CCC.xv The order of the Trinite vnder the sayd Innocentius was begonne by Iohn Marta and Felyx Anachorita in Fraunce in the countrie of Meldine Then also was founded or els not long after in the tyme of Martin the fourth the brotherhod of Mayres seruauntes by one Philip of Florencia a Phisician and Benedicte the .xi confirmed it in the yere of our Lorde M.CCC.lxxxv The order of Brigidians was instituted by Brigidia a wyddowe that was princesse of Sueta vnder Vrbane the .v. in the yeare of oure Lorde M.ccc.lxx it was aswell of men as women albeit thei dwelled seuerally by them selues The familie of Iesuites was the inuēcion of Iohannes Colūbinus in the citie of Senes in the time of the same Vrbane the yere of