of Windsors case Hob. 4. f. sentire debet onus The Commissioners in the Commission of Sewers ought to tax all which are in dammage or in danger of dammage and not only him which hath the lands next adjoyning to the river for it may be that the rage and force of the water might be such that the value of the land adjoyning would not serve to amend it therefore the statute would have all in peril 6 H. 6. c. 5. and which take commodity by the making of the Banks to be contributary to the amendment thereof Quod ab initio non valet tractu temporis non convaelescet Tenant for life of a carve of Land the reversion to the father in fee the Son and Heir apparent of the Father indoweth his Wife of this carve by the assent of the Father the Tenant for life dyeth the Husband dyeth the reversion was a Tenement in the father and yet this is no good indowment ex assensu patris because the father at the time of the assent had but a reversion expectant upon a freehold whereof he could not have indowed his own Wise though the Tenant for life dyed living the Husband Quod prius est tempore Litt. Com 14. ae potius est jure quod prius dignius And therefore among the males the eldest brother and his posterity shall inherit lands in fee simple before any younger brother or any descending from him Quod semel meum est Litt. Com. 49. b. amplius meum esse non potest And therefore if a man let land for a term of years the remainder over to another for life or in tail or in fee in this case it behoveth the Lessor to make livery of seizin to the Lessee for years otherwise nothing passeth to them in the remainder although the Lessee enters into the tenements And if the termor in this case enter before any livery of seizin made to him then is the freehold and also the reversion in the lessor And if the Lessor afterwards make livery to the Lessee it is void for by the entry of the Lessee he is in actuall possession and livery cannot be made to him that is in possession Quod semel placuit in electionibus Litt. Com. 146. a. amplius displicere non potest If a man grant by his deed a rent charge to another and the rent is behind the grantee may bring a writ of Annuity or distrain at his election but he cannot have both together For if he recover by a writ of annuity the land is discharged of the distress And if he distrain for the arrearages and the Tenant sue a Replevin and the grantee avow the taking of the distress in the land in a Court of Record then is the land charged and the person of the Grantor discharged of the Action of Annuity Quoties in verbis nulla est ambiguitas Litt. Com. 14.7 a. ibi nulla expositio contra verba expressae fienda est If a rent be granted out of the Mannour of D. and the Grantor grant over that if the rent be behind the Grantee shall distrain for the same rent in the Mannor of S. this is but a penalty in the mannor of S. For the Law needs not to make construction that this shall amount to the grant of a rent for here a rent is expresly granted to be issuing out of the Mannor of D. and the parties have expresly limited out of what land the Rent shall issue and upon what land the distress shall be taken and the Law will not make an exposition against the express words and intention of the parties Quod constat clare Coke l. 9. fol. 33. Batens case non debet verificari In a Quod permittat if it appear to the Court that the Nusance is to the dammage of the Plantiff he need not shew it specially as if the house of the Defendant hangeth over the House of the Plaintiff's Refert à quo fiat perquisitum Litt. Com. 12. a. Ployd 47. Sir Edw. Clere's case Coke l. 5. f. 76. Paget's case None shall inherit any lands as heir but only the blood of the first purchasor Remoto impedimento emergit actio If tenant for life remainder for life the remainder in fee make waste in Trees and after he in remainder for life dye an action of waste is maintainable by him in the remainder in fee for the waste done in the life of him in remainder for life because to the disinheritance of him in remainder in fee and now the impediment which was the mean estate for life is taken away Repellitur à Sacramento infamis Litt. Com. 158 a. If a Juror be attainted or convicted of Treason or Felony or of any offence to life or member or in attaint for a false verdict or for perjury be adjudged to the Pillory or the like or to be branded or stigmatized or to have any other corporall punishment whereby he becometh infamous these and the like are principal causes of challenge Res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet Litt. Com. 152. b. And therefore if a Lessor by Covin suffer a common recovery the Lessee may falsifie it by the Stat. of 14 E. c. 1. S. Sensus verborum ex causa dicendi accipiendus est Coke l. 4. 105. Birchlye's case sermones secundum subjectam materiam sermo relatus ad personam intelligi debet de conditione personae The Defendant said to B. Clerk of the Kings Bench and sworn to deal duly without corruption You are well known to be a corrupt man and to deal corruptly adjudged that the action lyes because the words ex causa dicendi imply that he hath dealt corruptly in his profession Semper praesumitur Lit. 126. a. pro legitimatione puerorum And therefore if the Husband be within the four Seas that is within the Jurisdiction of the King of England if the Wife hath issue no proof is admitted to prove the child a bastard Si mulâ—er nebilis nupserit ignobili Litt. 16. b. Coke l. 6 53. l. 4.18 b. desinit esse nobilis If a woman gain Nobility by Marriage if she marry under the degrees of Nobility she loseth it otherwise if Noble by descent Solus Deus facere potest haeredem Litt. com 7. b 22. b. And therefore during the life of the Father he cannot be heire but heir apparent And therefore a Lease for life the remainder to the right Heirs of J. S. if Tenant for life die living J. S. the remainder cannot rest there being no heirs of J. S. but onely apparent Stabitur praesumptioni donec probetur in contrarium Lit. Com. 310. b. 393. b. If a man plead the Feoffment of a Mannor he need not plead an Atturnment of the Tenants for that shall be presumed till it bee shewn to the contrary T. Testamento cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur Litt. Com. 112. b.
and against reason that a man shall be Tenant of an estate of inheritance to another and the Lord should not have any manner of service for if he does not fealty hee shall not do any manner of services to his Lord Litt. Com. 188. a Ployd 419. Bracebridge's case Nihil de re accrescit ei qui nihil in re quando jus accresceret habet If two joynt Tenants be of a Rent and one of them disseize the Tenant of the Land this is a severance of the Joynture for a time for the moity of the Rent is suspended by unity of possession and therefore cannot stand in Joynture with the other moiety in possession And here if one of them die there shall be no survi vour For there shall never be any survivour unlesse the thing be in joynture at the instant of the death of him that first dieth Non refert an quis assensum praebeat verbis au rebus factis 44 E. 3. fines 37.37 H. 6.17 7. E. 3.50 If the Baron accept the grant of a Reversion that amounteth to an Attornment 44. E. 3.37 Hee which hath interesse termini cannot by express words surrender it but the acceptance of a new Lease shall drown it Non valet impedimentum quod de jure non sortitur effectum Coke l. 4.31 Frenches ease Litt. 361. h. Quod contralegem sit pro infecto habotur If Copy-hold Lands be forfeited or escheat and the Lord Lease them for years or life or any other estate by Deed or without Deed this Land can never again be granted by Copy for the Custom is destroyed For during these Estates the Land was not demisable by Copy But if the interruption be tortious as by Disseizin and Discent false Verdict or erroneous Judgement there it may be granted again by Copy Non afficit conatus nisi Coke l. 6.4 Mildmay's case sequatur effectus A gift in tail upon condition that his Estate shall cease if he go about to alien c. This condition is void for endeavour of a breach is not a breach Non est baeres viventis Litt. Com. 22. b. 217. a. If a man by Deed make a Lease for years the remainder to the right heirs of J. S. and the Lessor make livery to the Lessee secundum formam Chartae this Livery is void because during the life of J. S. his right heir cannot take and in that case the Free-hold shall not remain in the Lessor and expect the death of J. S. during the term For albeit J. S. dye during the term yet the remainder is void because a Livery of seizin cannot expect Non valet pactum de re meanon alienanda Litt. Com. 223. a. As a Feofment upon condition that the Feoffee shall not alien the condition is void Nullum iniquum in jure praesumendum Coke l. 4. fol. 70. Hynde's case Records are so high and sacred that they import in themselves inviolable verity which if any gainsay they shall be tryed only by themselves and not by the Country And if averment against a Record should be permitted then the effect and validity of the Record should be tryed by the Country which is against the Rule of Law Nullum iniquum est in jure praesumendum Nullum tempus occurrit Regi Litt. Com. 118. a. 90. b. 119. a. Ployd 156.159 9 H. 6.21.12 H. 7.12 For if the villain of the King purchase any lands and alien before the King upon and office found for him doth enter yet the King after Office found shall have the Land Nullum semile est idem Litt. Com. 43. b. Tenant by Statute Merchant Staple or Elegit are said to hold land ut liberum tenementum untill their debt be paid Yet in truth they have not Freehold but a Chattle which shall go to the Executors and the Executors if ousted shall have an Assize But is similitudinaric because they shall by the Statutes have an Assize as a Tenant of the Freehold shall have and in that respect hath similitude of a Freehold but no like is the same thing Nullus commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria Litt. Com. 148. b. If B. make a Lease of one Acre for life to A. and A. is seized of another Acre in Fee and A. granteth a rent-charge to B. out of both Acres and doth waste in that Acre which he holdeth for life B. recovereth in waste The whole Rent is not extinct but shall be apportioned and yet B. claimeth one Acre under A So if A. had aliened in Fee and B. had entred for the forfeiture O. Oninis privatio praesupponit habitum A person maketh the Lease for years reserving a Rent and dieth the Lease is determined by his death Also in a reall action a Parson Vicar Archdeacon Prebend shall have did of the Patron and Ordinary as Tenant for life shall have So that to many purposes a person hath in effect but an estate for life and to many a qualified Fee simple But the entire Fee and Right is not in him and therefore he cannot discontinue the Fee simple that he hath not nor ever had for Omnis privatio praesupponit habitum Omnia quae movent ad mortem sunt deodanda Coke l. 5.190 Foxley's case Stamf. l. 1. c. 12. fol. 20 If a man ride in a Chariot and the Chariot fall upon him and kill him the Horses as well as the Chariot shall be a Deodand Omne testamentum morte consummatum est Coke l. 4. fol. 60. Forse and Hemblings case Lit. 112. b. The making of a Will is but an inception thereof and it doth not take any effect till the death of the Devisor Omne majus continet in se minus Coke l. 5. 114. Wade's case If a man be bound in a Bond for a sum of money to be paid at a certain day and at the day the Obligee tender more than the summe yet it is a good tender for the reason above-said Litt. Com. 43. b. Omne majus trahit ad se minus The King cannot be said to be a Minor for when the Royall Body Politick of the King doth meet with the naturall capacity in one person the whole Body shall have the quality of the Body politick which is the greater and more worthy and wherein is no minority Omnia quae sunt uxoris sunt ipsius viri Litt. Com. 112. a. b. And therefore she is disabled to contract with any without the consent of the husband neither hath she power to dispose of any personal estate in her own right Omnis ratihabitio retrotrahitur Litt. Com. 180. b. mandato aequiparatur As if A. disseize one to the use of B. who knoweth not of it and B. assent to it in this case till the agreement A. was Tenant to the Land and after agreement B. is Tenant of the Land but both be disseizors Coke l. 5. fol. 321. Playters case
taketh place ib. Traditio loqui facis chartum Delivery makes the Deed valid 103 U Vana est potentia quae nunquam venit in actum That power is frustraneous which is never produced into act ib. Vbi non est principalis ibi non patest esse accessarius Where there is no principal there can be no accessary 104 Vbi endem ratio ibi idem jus The same reason the same Law 105 Vbi nullum matrimonium ibi nulla dos No marriage no dower 106 Verba accipienda sunt in mitiori sensu Words are to be taken in a favourable sence 107 Verba sunt accipienda cum effectu Words are to be taken with the effect ib. Verba aquivoca intelliguntur digniere sensu Doubtful words are to be taken in the more worthy sence 108 Verba rolat a hoe maxime operantur per referentiam ut in esse videantur Relative words do especially work this by reference as they may seem in being 109 Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem The words of a Deed are most strongly taken against the Grantor ib. Vnumquodque dissolvitur eo ligamine quo ligatur Every thing is dissolved by the same it obliges ib. Vltima voluntas testatoris perimplendae est secundum veram intentionem The Will of the Testator is exactly to be performed 110 Voluntas testatoris ambulatoria est usque ad mortem The last Wil only stands 111 Volenti non fit injuria To him that is willing there is no injury done ib. Vtile per inutile non vitiatur That which is profitable is not destroyed by that which is frustrane ous 112. Vxor non est sui juris sed sub potestate viri The Wife has not her own swing but is under the power of her husband Law-Principles Reduc'd to Practice A. ACcessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum Principale As if a man letteth Lands for life rendring certain rent if he grant in Reversion to another and the Tenant attorn all the Rent and Service pass by this word Reversion because the Rent in such case is incident to the Reversion But albeit he granteth the Rent to another 10 H. 7.10 Coke l. 5.21 Ployd 235. a. the Reversion doth not pass by such grant Litt. 152. a. 33. H. 6.33 A communi observantia non est recedendum A common opinion is good authority in Law Lit. 186. a. Coke Actio personalis moritur cum persona If a Lessee for years doth waste and dyeth Litt 53. b. Dy. 114. a Writ of waste lieth not against his Executor or Administrator for waste done in his life-time Actus Deinemini facit injuriam As Cokel 1.98 a. Coke l. 148. Coke l. 8.72.63 a. l. 5.86 If a Lessee covenant to leave the wood in as good a plight as it was at the time of the Lease and after the trees are subverted by tempests he is discharged of the Covenant Actus Legis nulli facit injuriam If Land out of which Rent-charge is granted be recovered by an older Title and thereby the Rent-charge is avoided yet the Grantee shall have a Writ of Annuity for that the Rent-charge is avoided by the course of Law Coke Lit. 148. a. 178. a Coke l. 5.87 Dy 60. Actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea And therefore in criminal Causes as Felony the Act and Wrong of a mad-man shal not be imputed to him Lit. Com. 247. b. Doct. Stud. 148. Actus repugnans non Coke l. 1. potest in esse produci Corbet's Case Dy. 153.21 E. 436.4 E. 4.29 Ployd 255. a. As if a Gift in Tail upon condition that if the Donee aliene that then it shall remain to another it is repugnant for after alienation it cannot remain An Obligation solvendum nunquam the Solvendum is void for the contrariety and the thing presently due Actus me invito factus Lit. Com. 253. b. 14. Ass pl. 20.21 E. 4.28 Coke l. 2.9 Ployd 18. a. Coke l. 4.70 Lit. Com. 233. b. non est meus As when one is compelled for fear of Imprisonment to make a Bond or other Deed such fear sufficeth to avoid the same Actori incumbit onus probandi Bargainee and Bargainee if the Bargainer intend to avoid the Bargain by reason of non-inrollment within six months he must make manifest proof thereof or else it will be presumed that it was inrolled Additio probat minoritatem When it is said any where Lit. Com. 139. a. that a man is seized in Fee it shall be intended Fee-simple and not Fee-tail unless there be added to it this addition Fee-tail Ad proximum antecedens fiat relatio Litt. Com. 20. b. Dy. 14. b. 46. b. Coke l. 2.71 Cromwel's Case If a man let Land to A. for life the remainder to B. in Tail the remainder to C in formâ praedictâ this remainder is void for the uncertainty But if the remainder had been to C. in eadem forma this had been a good Estate Tail for Idem semper proximo antecedenti refertur Ad quaestionem facti non respondent Indiecs Lit. Com. 155. b. Ad quaestionem Iuris non respondent Iuratores The most usual trial of matters of fact is by twelve men And matters in ' Law the Judges ought to decide Aestimatio praeteriti delicti post factum nunquam crescit 11 H. 4.12 If the Gaoler let the Parcussor voluntarily to go at liberty and after the party wounded dyeth yet it is no feloninus escape Affectio nomen imponit operi Lit. Com. 49. b. If it be agreed between the Disseisor and Disseised Ployd 86. 141.21 H. 6.55 1 E. 4.11 4 E. 4.23 that the Disseised shall release all his right to the Disseisor upon the Land and accordingly the Disseised entreth into the Land and delivereth the Release to the Disseisor upon the Land This is a good Release and the Entry of the Disseizee being to this purpose shall not avoid the Disseizin for his intent in this case did guide his Entry to a special purpose Affectus punitur licet non sequatur effectus 34 H. 6.26.27 Ass pl. 44.19 R. 2. Breife 726. To give money to one returned on the Jury though he be not sworn is Maintenance Affirmativum negativum implicat Coke l. 9.56 As W. 2. 2.6.11 Westm c. 3. 4. Ployd 206. b. That upon account before Auditors and Arre-ages they have power to send their Bodies to the next Gool of the Lord their King in those parts Hence it is that it is herd 27 H. 6.8 That the Auditor ought to commit him to the next Gaol though another County Agentes consentientes pari poena plectuntur 22. Ass pl. 82. Coke l. 5.80 a. A. maimeth B. by the consent of C. An Appeal lyeth against A. and C. and damages equally against both Aliquis non potest esse Judex in propriâ causa Litt. Com. 141. a. Coke l. 8.118 Dy. 65.12 H. 8.11
judgement between the King and the Prior of Worcester concerning an Appropriation Et examinatis intellectis recordo et processu coram toto Concilio c. Finis rei attendendus Coke l. 5. 87. The end and fruit of a Suit is satisfaction 14 H. 7.8.33 H. 6.47 but execution of the body is no satisfaction but a gage for the debt And therefore after his death he shall resort to another execution Filiatio non potest probari Litt. Com. 126. a. A man leaveth his wise enseint with a child issue shall not be taken that she was not enseint by her Husband on the day of his death for Filiatio non potest probari Firmior est operatio legis quam dispositio hominis Litt. Com. 224. a. A Lease upon condition Coke l. 10.67 b. that if the Lessee make any waste 37 H. 6.16 a re-entry if a stranger doth waste Dy. 281. Doct. stud l. 2. c. 4. he may re-enter Yet if the Tenant had been bound in an obligation that he shall do no waste he shall not forfeit his Bond by the waste of a stranger Frustra sit per plura quod fieri potest per pauciora Coke l. 6.167 a. Ployd 191. b. 9 H. 7.24 If the King by his Patent reciting the estate tail grant the reversion and further grant the Lands in possession those several Grants in one Patent are as strong in Law as if the King by one Patent had recited the estate tail and granted the reversion and by another patent the Lands in possession Furiosus furore suo punitur Litt. Com 247. b. Ployd 19. a. Litt. 124. b. And therefore if a Mad man commit Felony he shall not dye for it for though he hath broken the words of the Law yet he hath not broken the Law G Generale nil certum implicat Coke l. 2. fol. 33. Doddington lib. 8.98 a. Baspoles case If a man be bound to be Non suited in all actions that he hath against another in the common Bench he may say that he hath no action therein otherwise if the condition be particular viz. that he shall be non-suited in a Formedon So in arbitrement when the submâ—ssion is general an award of one cause though there were more between them is good Generalibus semper specialia insunt Ployd 467. b. 68. a. As the Stat. of Gloucester giveth an action of wast against him which holdeth for years which is in the plurall number yet it may be taken for him that holdeth for a year or half a year Generalis clausula ad expressa non refertur Coke l. 4. fol. 80. Noke's Case An Assignee of a lease shall have a Writ of Covenant upon the words Demise and Graunt yet if there be an expresse Covenant that the Lessee shall enjoy it without eviction of the lessor or any claiming under him this express covenant qualifieth the generality of the covenant in Law and restraineth it by mutuall consent of both parties that it shall not extend to the Assignee Generalis clausula non porrig itur ad ea Coke l. 4.131 Dy. 56.6 quae antea sunt spicialiter comprehensa When a deed at first contains special words and then concludeth in words general both shall stand As Lands given to one and the heirs of his body habendum to him and his heirs he hath an estate tail and a fee simple expectant Generalia sunt praeponenda sin gularibus Fâ—â—z Nat. B ev 2. a. As in a Writ or Plaint the general shall be put in demand before the special as Messâ—age before lands Lands before Meadow Mendow before Pasture Pasture before Wood Wood before Jancary c. H. Haeres est pars antecessoris Lit. Com. 22. b. Coke l. 7.12.10 H. 7.8 Dy. 868. Kep 151. And therefore if Lands be given to a man and his heirs all his heirs are so totally in him as he may give the Lands to whom he will Haeres legitimus Coke l. 7.44 a. Litt. 7.6 est quem nuptiae demonstrant One who is ingendred in a vowtry during the coverture is a Mulier by the temporal and common Law Haeres non tenetur ad debita antecessoris reddenda Britton fol. 65. b. Litt. Com. 209. a. 383. b. nisi per antecessorem ad hoc fuerit obligatus praeterquam debita regis tantum If the heir be not named in the obligation he shall not be bound by the deed of his Ancestor except to the King Hermaphrodita tam masculo quam faeminae Litt. Com. 8. a. g. b. comparatur secundum praevalescentiam sexus incalescentis An Hermaphrodite shall be heir either as male or female according to that kind of the sex which doth prevail and accordingly it ought to be baptized I Id certum est Litt. Com. 45. b. 43. b. 96. a. Ployd 273. b. Dy. 91. b. 44. a. quod certum reddi potest Albeit there appear no certainty of years in a lease yet if by reference to a certainty it may be made certain it sufficeth As a lease to A. 11 H. 11. 7.17 for so many years as B. shall name when B. hath named the years it is a good lease for so many Idem semper proximo antecedenti refertur Litt. Com. 20. b. As if a man let Lands to A. for life the remainder to B. in taile the remainder to C. in forma praedicta this remainder is void for the incertainty But if it had been the remainder to C. in eadem forma this had been a good estate-tail Ignorantia juris non excusat Doct. St. 2. c. 46. Coke l. 1. fol. 177. Mildmay's Case If a statute penall be made and it is enacted that the statute shall be proclaimed by such a day in every Shire and it is not proclaimed before the day yet if any offend against this statute he shall not be excused for the not proclaiming of it for he is bound to take notice of the Law at his peril Ignorantia facti excusat Coke l. 2. fol. 3. b. Mauser Doct. Stud. l. 2. c. 47. 31 E. 3.3 As if an illiterate man be bound to seal a Deed he is not tyed to do it if there be not some present to read it if required or if it be read amisse he may plead non est factum Ignoratis terminis Coke Lit. 177. a. 2. a. 68. a. ignoratur ars Every art hath its vocabula artis which being not conceived that art cannot be comprehended Therefore the significations of words in all arts and sciences are necessary which Master Littleton and Coke upon him ordinarily observe Impotentia excusat legem Coke Litt. 29. a. 258. b. 263. b. Coke Rep. Laughter case Coke l. 98. A man seized of an advowson or rent in fee hath issue a daughter who is married and hath issue and dies seized the wife before the rent became due or the Church became void
ultimum ratum est In one Will where there be diverse devises of one thing the last devise taketh place Traditio loqui facit chartam A Lease dated 26. May. 25 Coke l. 5. f. 1. Claylon's case Eliz. to hold from three years henceforth it was delivered at three of the Clock in the afternnon of the 20th of Junt after from henceforth shall be taken the day of the delivery inclusive for the day of the delivery is parcel of the term but à die confectionis or à die datus the term beginneth the day after the date V. Vana est potentia quae nunquam venit in actum Coke l. 2. fol. 50. Tenant in Tail Cholmley's case the remainder in Tail the remainder bargains and sells the land and all his estate to I. S. for the life of Tenant in Tail the remainder to the Queen the remainder to the Queen is void because the Grantee for life of Tenant in Tail took nothing for it is a void Grant And a remainder dicitur quasi terra remauens which cannot be here And the remainder must take effect when the particular estate ends and here it never begins Et vana est illa potentia quae nunquam venit in actum Vbi factum nullum ibi fortia nulla Coke l. 4. fol. 43. Syers case ubi non est principalis non potest esse accessarius If the principall be pardoned or hath his Clergy the Accessary cannot be arraigned for none can bee principall before it be so adjudged by Law viz. by Judgement upon the Verdict or Confession or by Outlary And it sufficeth not that in truth he be principall and the acceptance of pardon or prayer of Clergy is an argument but no judgment in Law that he is guilty Vbi eadem ratio ibi idom jus Litt. Com. 232. a. 191. a. If two men do a trespass to another who releases to one of them by his Deed all actions personall and notwithstanding sueth an action of Trespasse against the other the Defendant may shew that the Trespasse was done by him and by another his fellow and that the Plantiff by his Deed which he sheweth forth release to his fellow all actions personal and demand the Judgment And yet such Deed belongeth to his fellow and not to him But because he may have advantage by the Deed if he will shew the Deed to the Court he may plead this By the same reason may the Feoffer if he is come by the Deed Poll when he ought to have advantage by the Condition comprised within the Deed Poll. Lit. Com. 32. c. Vbi nullum matrimenium ibi nulla dos To the having of Dower it is necessary that the Marriage do continue for if that be dissolved the Dower ceaseth Verba accipienda sunt in mitiori sensu As Coke l. 4.13 Thou art a Thief and hast stollen a Tree spoken of another it shall be intended a Tree standing Verba accipienda sunt cum effectu Cok. Rep. l. 4. f. 48. Ognel's case Litt. Com. 183. b. 112. b. Coke l. 3.23 Ployd 197. b. 213. c. ◠If Lands be given to two men and to the heirs of their two bodies begotten the Donees have a joynt Estate for the tearm of their lives and yet they have severall inheritances inasmuch as they cannot have an heir between them ingendred the Law will that their estate be such as is reasonable according to the form and effect of the words of the Gift viz. the Heirs which the one shall beget of his body by any of his wives and so of the other Verba aequivoca in dubie posita intelliguntur digniori potentiori sensu Coke l. 6. fol. 20. Gregorie's case secundum excellentiam As if the speech or writing be of I. S. generally it shall be intended of the father where the father and son are both of a name So if of two brothers of one name it shall be intended of the eldest for these are more worthy So where the Statute of 4. 5. Phil. Mar. speaketh in any Court of Record it shall be intended of the four Courts at Westminster because the King's Atturney it Attendant there Verba relata hoc maxime operantur per referentiam ut in esse videantur Litt. Com. 9. b. As if the father infeoff the son to have and to hold to him and his heirs And the son infeoffeth the father as fully as the father infeoffed him By this the father hath a fee-simple Verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem As If two joynt-Tenants grant a Rent of 10 s. the Grantee shall have a Rent of 20 s. out of the land Vnumquodque dissolvitur eo ligamine quo ligatur Litt. 5 H. 7.33 4 H. 7.7 b. In an Annuity growing by prescription rien arrear is a good plea for this prescription is matter in fact But in an Annuity by Deed it is no good plea without shewing an Acquittance Vltima voluntas Testatoris perimplenda est secundum veram intentionem Litt. Com. 322. a. b. If a man let lands devisable to another for life or for years and deviseth the Reversion by his Testament to another in Fee or in Tail and dyeth and after the Tenant commits waste He to whom the Devise was made shall have writ of waste although the Tenant never Atturn And the reason is for that the Will of the Devisor may be performed according to his intent And if the effect of this should lie upon the Attournment of the Tenant then perchance the Tenant would never Attorn and then the Will of the Devisor should never be perform'd And for this the Devisee may distrain c. or bring an action of Waste without Attournment Voluntas testatoris ambulatoria est usque ad mortem Litt. 112. a. b. Coke l. 4. f. 60. Forse and Hemling's case And therefore if a man at divers times make divers Devises and Testaments yet the last Devise and Will made by him shall stand and the other are void for the latter Will doth countermand the first Volenti non fit injuria Pop. 9. As if Lessee for twenty yeares accept another Lease for ten years the first Lease is void and gone being the acceptance of the second is in Law the surrender of the first and no wrong in the Lessor Vtile per inutile non vitiatur Litt. com 227. a. If the Jury give a Verdict of the whole issue and of more c. that which is more is surplusage and shall not stay Judgment Vxor non est sui-juris sed sub potestate viri Litt. com 112. a. And therefore during the Coverture she is disabled to contract with any without the consent of the husband Rules and Principles of Law LAW is an Art of well ordering a civil Society Lawes are Native or Positive Native are those Laws which are in us of themselves and therefore unchangeable and perpetual These are
higher nature determineth a matter of lower nature 21 H. 7.5.33 H. 8. Dy. 50. A man hath liberty by prescription and after taketh a grant of those liberties by Letters Patents from the King this determneth the prescriptions for a matter in writing determineth a matter in fair The more worthy draweth to it things of less worthiness 11 H. 4.31 10 El. 321 b. 3. Eliz. 238. An adulterer if he takes away another mans wife and puts her in New cloaths the Husband may take the wife with her cloaths And therefore Things accessary are of the nature of the Principal 40 Ass pl. 25. 7 H. 6.19 b. 26 H. 8. Dy. 7. b. A Servant procureth another to kill his Master This is not petty Treason in the Servant because it is but felony in the other which is the principal A Man 's own words are void when the Law speaketh as much 30 Ass pl. S. Lands given to two uni corum diutius viventi they make partition and one dyeth yet the lessor shall have again the moyety of him that dyeth for uni corum diuâ—ius viventi are but idle words because without them the joyntenant by course of Law is to have all if he do survive From the Rule of Method In things of Formality The Generals must go before The Rule of the Register and the Specialls follow after In a writ the general shall be put in demand and in plaint before the speciall as land before prede pasture wood c. wood before Alders Willows c. The more worthy is to be set before the less worthy The entire thing shall be demanded before the moiety ibid. part ibid. or parts The thing of greater dignity before that which is of less as a Mease before Land a Castle before a messuage or mannor Next are the precepts of Natural Philosophy Law respecteth the bonds of nature As the Son may maintain his father and one brother another The Law judgeth and esteemeth of all according to their nature both persons and their ages things actions and the time of the doing them In persons It looketh to the excellency of some and giveth them singular priviledges and preheminencies above the rest As to the King the Queen his Wife Noble-men and Peers of the Realm Also unto them of the Church It tendreth the weakness and debilities of others As of men out of the Realm or in prison femes Covert and therefore favoureth them for their Dowers infants men unlettered Ideots c. If a disseizor die seized the disseizee being all the while within age Covert-Baron in prison or out of the Realm it shall be no discent to toll the entrie of the disseizee And an Ideot or man of nonsane memory may enter or have an action to avoid their own Peoffments It favoreth strangers not parties nor privies Lessee for years grants a rent-charge 1 El. 198. and surrenders yet the rent shall be paid during the years And therefore things done in anothers right A person Out-lawed or Excommunicated may have an Action as Executor of another man It dis-favoureth othersome Aliens neither borne within the Realme nor free Denizons that they shall not participate of the Priviledges of natural-born subjects Especially Alient that are enemies Alien enemies shall not have so much as a personal action which other Aliens may Touching their Ages It holdeth 21 their full age to make good any act they do 14 their age of discretion And therefore That a competent age to binde a man in matter of marriage 12 to binde the woman 9 to deserve her Dower In things It respecteth every one according to worthiness As. Life and liberty most the person above his Possessions Freehold and Inheritance more than it doth Chattels Real Chattels more then Personal A Villain infranchised for an hour is free for ever So if infranchised upon condition the condition is void and the infranchisment absolute A matter in right more then a matter in Possession 3 E. 3.88 In Avowrie or Annuity aid shall not be of a person if the Plaintiff be seized by the hands of the same person because it is of the person 's own wrong to deny it Otherwise in a Cessavit for that is in the right for the land Yet it favoureth Possession where the right is equall A man purchaseth at one time several lands 8 El. 296. holden of severall Lords by Knights-service and dyeth the Lord that first can happe the Wardship of his heir shall have it It favoureth Matters of Profit and Interest largely of Pleasure 13 H. 7.13 12 H. 7.25.11 H. 7.12.35 H. 6.58 4 E. 6.68 b. Ease Trust Anthority or limitation strictly Way granted to Church over my Land extends not to to any other but himself for it is but an Easement If the Sheriffe behead one that should be hanged it is felon y. A Lease to A and B c. for their liv s. A dieth B shall have all during his life for it is an interest But if a Lease be made to J. S. during the life of A. and B. there if one of them die the estate is determined for that is a limitation Therefore These may be countermanded 9 E. 4.4 b. 1 E. 5.2 28 H. 8. Dy. 22. 14 E. 4.2 Perk. 19. b. so cannot those A licence to come to my house to speak with me Goods bailed over to deliver to J. S. or to bestow in almes A Letter of Attourney to deliver seizin All these may bee countermanded before they be dones But if I present J. S. to a Church I cannot after vary and present a new for a kind of interest passeth out of me It favovreth matters of Substance more then matters of Circumstance Pleas in Bar and Replications though the Plaintiff be afterwards Non-suite make an Estoppell for they are express allegations and material As 21 H. 7.24 b. in Debt upon Obligacion if the. 33 H. 6.10 b. Defendant plead in Barre an Acquittance made at D. Or if the Defendant plead an Acquittance and the Plaintiff reply That it was made by duress of Imprisonment at D. Now in another action neither the Defendant shall plead that the Acquittance nor the Plaintiff that the duress was at another place But a matter in the Writ or Count makes no Estoppel for they are but supposals 20 H. 7.11.32 H. 8. Br. Darrein Preâ—â—…ments Things executed and done more then things executory and to do A Feofment to the use of ones Will if this Will be declared before or at the time of hit Feoffment it cannot be altered because it is executed It favoureth possibility of things And therefore 1 H. 4.1.15 H. 7.10.41 E. 3.11 Nothing to be void that by possibility may be good A messualtie is given in Tail reserving a Rent this is good for the Tenancie may Escheat to the Doriee and then the Donor shall distrain for all his arrerager It favoureth a mutual recompence An