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life_n	body_n	soul_n	unite_v	6,137	5	9.8589	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A21131	Obseruations vpon the fiue first bookes of Cæsars commentaries setting fourth the practise of the art military in the time of the Roman Empire : wherein are handled all the chiefest point of their discipline, with the true reason of euery part, together with such instructions as may be drawn from their proceedings, for the better direction of our moderne warres / by Clement Edmunds.	Edmondes, Clement, Sir, 1566 or 7-1622.; Caesar, Julius. De bello Gallico. English. Abridgments.	1600 (1600)	STC 7488; ESTC S121459	200,986	215

assertions with a pleasing deliuerie And therfore how great soeuer the controuersie be that partie which exceedeth not the boundes of modestie but maketh mildnesse his chiefest aduocate will so preuaile in any auditorie that albeit equitie doth disallow her title yet the maner of his cariage will cleare him from offering wrong in that he vseth the sequels of innocencie to proue his interest in that which he demandeth But to leaue this circumstance as only to be noted let vs proceed to the war it selfe which I made the second part of this historie CAP. XV. The Treuiri bring newes of one hundred townships of the Sweui that were come to the Rhene Caesar taketh in Besanson his souldiers are surprised with an extreame feare of the Germans AT the same instant as this countermessage returned from Ariouistus there came messengers from the Hedui and Treuiri vnto Caesar the Hedui complained that the Harudes which were lately come into Gallia did sacke their country and spoile their territories neither could they conclude any peace with Ariouistus but by giuing sufficient pledges for their alleageance The Treuiri brought newes of one hundred towneshippes of the Sueui that were come vnto the riuer Rhene to seeke a passage into Gallia conducted by Nasua and Cimberius two brethren Whereat Caesar being moued thought his best means of preuention to consist in celerity least the difficultie of resisting should grow greater when those newe forces of the Sueui were ioyned with that power which was alreadie with Ariouistus And therfore hauing prouided corne he made haste to seeke the Germans and hauing gone three daies iourney on his way he had intelligence that Ariouistus with all his forces was going to take in Besanson and that he was three daies iourney on his waie alreadie Caesar knowing how much it imported him to preuent that disaduantage for as much as the scite of the towne was of that strength that he that commanded it might prolong the warre at his owne pleasure being incircled with the riuer Alduabis excepting a small space of 600 foote which was fortified with an exceeding high hill and the hill strengthened with a wall and so ioyned to the towne made al the haste he could to take in the towne left a strong garrison in the same And as he rested there a fewe daies to make prouision of corne his whole Armie was surprised with such an extraordinarie feare that their mindes were not a little troubled therewith For the Romans enquiring of the Galles and marchant-men concerning the quality of the Germans vnderstood that they were men of a huge stature of courage inuincible and of great practise and experience in feates of Armes Whereof the Galles had oftentimes made triall for when they incountred them they were not able to indure so much as the sternenes of their countenance or the fearcenesse of their lookes whereat the whole Armie conceiued such a feare that the courage of his men was wonderfullie appalled The feare began among the Tribunes and Prefects and such other as accompanied Caesar in this iourney and had small or no skill in matter of warre these men faining some one excuse and some an other of verie earnest businesse which called them home desired leaue to depart The rest whom shame would not suffer to forsake the campe bewraied the like passion by their countenances and hauiour For hiding themselues in their tentes they either bewailed their destiny secretly to themselues or otherwise with their acquaintance and familiar friendes they lamented the danger they were all like to fall into so that throughout the whole campe there was nothing but making and signing of testaments And through the talke and fearefulnesse of these men the olde souldiers and Centurions and such as had great experience in the campe began by little to apprehend the terrour wherewith the rest were amazed and those that would seeme to be lesse fearefull said they feared not the enemie but the narrownesse of the waies the greatnesse of the woods that were betweene them and Ariouistus or otherwise they cast doubtes where they might haue prouision of corne and manie stucke not to tell Caesar that whensoeuer he should giue commandement to march forward or to aduance the standarts the souldiers would refuse to doe it OBSERVATIONS WHerein for that we finde a strange alteration no waie answerable to that courage which a late gotten victorie doth vsually breede in noble spirits it shall not be amisse a little to insist vpon the quality of the accident and to gather such breefe instructions from their weakenesse as may best serue to qualifie the amasement of horror and mitigate the frensie of so violent a passion And albeit my ignorance in the works of nature cannot promise any such learning as may discouer the true meanes and secret motions whereby a sore conceiued feare doth trouble the senses and astonish the minde yet since the historie offereth it to our scanning giue me leaue only to note the strangenes of the circumstance rudely to delineat the purtraiture of a beast oftener seene then well knowen vsing the vnweldie pile for my pensile and suting my speech to a warlike auditorie I know not how it happeneth but thus it may happen that when the senses receiue intelligence of an eminent euill which may either dispossesse the soule of this earthly mansion or trouble the quiet wherein she resteth the spirits as it seemeth by the direction of their soueraigne mistresse retire themselues into the inner cabinets and secreter pauillions of the body where the chiefest part of the soule is most resident and so they leaue the frontire quarters of her kingdome naked and vngarrizoned the better to strengthen that capitall citie of the heart out of which the life cannot flie but to the vtter ruine and destruction of the whole body For feare is not onely a perturbation of the soule proceeding from the opinion it hath of some euill to come but it is also a contraction and closing vp of the heart when the blood and the spirits are recalled from the outward partes to assist that place which giueth life and motion to all the rest In this chaos and confusion of Humors and spirits when the multiplicitie of faculties which otherwise require an ordinate distinction in their seruice and by the order of nature should be disposed into seuerall instruments and be dilated throughout the body are thus blended confusedly together the conceptions of the minde which presently rise from these aduertisements are suddenly choaked with the disordered mixture of so many seuerall properties and are stifled as it were in the throng before they can be transported to our iudgment or examined by reason for want of that ordinate vniformitie of place which nature requireth in the powers of the minde And hence proceedeth that amazednesse and astonishment which so daunteth the hearts of men when they are taken with this passion that because the soule giueth

farre spent and might easilie be lingered out hee commanded pledges to be brought vnto him and set downe what yearely tribute the Britaines should paie to the Romans the hostages being taken he caried backe his Armie to the sea imbarked his men and arriued safe with all his ships vpon the coast of Gallia THE OBSERVATION ANd thus ended the warre in Britanie which affoordeth little matter of discourse being indeede but a scambling warre as wel in regard of the Britaines themselues who after they had felt the strength of the Roman legions would neuer aduenture to buckle with them in any standing battel as also in regard that there were no such townes in Britany as are recorded to haue been in Gallia which might haue giuen great honour to the warre if there had been any such to haue been besieged and taken in by Caesar And although Tacitus saith that Britanie was rather viewed then subdued by Caesar being desirous to draw that honour to his father in law Agricola yet we finde here that the Trinobantes which were more then either the skirt or the heart of Britanie for our Historians doe vnderstand them to haue inhabited that part which lieth as farre as Yorkeshire and Lancashire were brought vnder the Roman Empire by Caesar who was the first that euer laide tribute vpon Britanie in the behalfe of the people of Rome or cast vpon them the heauie name of a subdued people TO THE WOORTHIE KNIGHT SIR ROBERT DRVRIE SIR my purpose was to haue concluded these discourses with the ende of the Brittish warre reseruing the latter part of this fift booke for an entrance vnto such obseruations as may be gathered from the sixt and seauenth Commentaries which I intend to make a second part of this worke but your desire to see the errours of Sabinus and Cotta discouered and the famous fight of Q. Cicero in his wintering campe hath brought them forth somwhat before their time annexing that to the first part which was meant for the latter If my labour shall be found too weake to deserue well of militarie dessignes yet I thinke it verie well imploide in that it pleaseth you to giue it the reading and so rest Readie to doe you seruice C. EDMVNDS CHAP. VIII Caesar disposeth his legions into their wintetering campes AFTER he had put his ships in harbour and held a councell of the Galles at Samarobrina forasmuch as that yeare by reason of the drought there was some scarcitie of corne in Gallia he was constrained to garizon his Armie and to disperse them into more cities then he had done the years before And 1 he gaue one legion to Caius Fabius to be led among the Morini another to Q. Cicero to be carried to the Neruij another to L. Roscius to be conducted to the Essui a fourth he commanded to winter amongst the men of Rheimes in the marches of the Treuiri vnder T. Labienus three he placed in Belgia with whom hee sent Marcus Crassus his Questor L. Munatius Planus and C. Trebonius Legates he sent one legion that which he had last inrolled beyond the riuer Po in Italie with fiue cohortes vnto the Eburones the greatest part of whose countrie lieth betweene the Maze and the Rhene with them he sent Q. Titurius Sabinus and Lucius Arunculeius Cotta By distributing his legions in this maner he thought to remedie the scarcitie of corne and yet the garrizons of all these legions excepting that which Roscius carried into a quiet and peaceable part were contained within the space of 100 mile and vntil his legions were settled and their wintering campes fortified he determined to abide in Gallia THE FIRST OBSERVATION I Haue heard it oftentimes contradicted by some that vnderstand not the waight of a multitude when it was said that an Armie keeping head continually in one part of a kingdome was more burthensome to the common-wealth in regard of the expence of victuals then when it was dispersed into particular cities and families before the time of the muster and inrolement for say they in the generall account of the publike weale it differeth nothing whether a multitude of 30000 men be maintained with necessarie prouisions in one intire body together or dispersed particularly throughout euerie part of the countrie forasmuch as euerie man hath but a competent quantitie allotted vnto him which hee cannot want in what sort or condition of life soeuer he be ranged neither doth the charge of a multitude grow in regard they are vnited together but in regard they amount to such a multitude wheresoeuer But such as looke into the difference with iudgement shall finde a maruellous inequalitie both in regarde of the portion of victuals which is spent and the meanes whereby it is prouided for first we must vnderstand that an armie lying continually in one place falleth so heauie vpon that part that it quickly consumeth both the fatte and the flesh as they say and leaueth nothing vnspent which that part can affoord them and without further supply of prouisions would in a small time come to vtter destruction This want then must be relieued by taking from the plentie of other bordering quarters to furnish the wants of so great a multitude wherin there cannot be obserued that proportion of moderate taking to vittaile the Armie with a sufficient competencie but the partiall respect which the purueiers and vittailers will haue to their priuat commodity wil quickly make an inconuenience either in the countrey from whence it is taken or in the Armie for which it is prouided according as the errour may best aduantage their particular what discipline soeuer be established in that behalfe Whereas on the contrarie part when euerie particular man of that multitude shal be billeted in a seueral family throughout all parts of the kingdome the charge will be so insensible in regard of the expence of the said families that the country will neuer feele any inconuenience And if euerie housholder that had receiued into his house one of the said army should giue a true account of that which riseth aboue his ordinary expence by the addition of one man it would fall farre short of that treasure which is necessarily required to maintaine the saide number of men vnited together into one bodie Neither doth the difference consist in the quantitie of vittailes which euerie man hath for his portion whether they be dispersed or vnited but in the maner of prouision and the meanes which is vsed to maintaine them wherein euery master or steward of a familie endeuoureth to make his prouisions at the best hand so to husband it that it may serue for competencie and not for superfluitie and by that means the general plenty of the country is maintained the cōmon-wealth florisheth by well directed moderation But in the victualing of an army there is no such respect had which may any way aduantage the publike good for there the gaine of the purueier riseth by experience superfluous

their charges they suddenly sallied out of the woods and assaulted the Romans but being speedely driuen in againe with the losse of manie of them as the Romans followed them farre into the woods had some few of their men slaine The time that remained Caesar resolued to spend in cutting downe the woods and least the souldiers might bee taken vnawares while they were busied in that worke he caused them to place all the trees which they cut downe on either side of the Armie that they might serue for a defence against sudden assaultes A great quantitie of ground was thus rid within a few daies so that their goods and cattell was taken by the Romans but they themselues were fled into thicker woods At which time there happened such a continuall raine as forced them to leaue of the worke and the souldiers could no longer indure to lie in tentes of skins and therefore Caesar after he had wasted and spoiled their country burned their townes and their houses he carried backe his Armie and placed them in such citties to winter in as were subdued by the late warres OBSERVATIONS THe Irish rebels hauing the like commoditie of woods and bogs doe entertaine the like course of warre as the Morini did with Caesar the meanes which he vsed to disappoint them of that practise was to cutte downe the woods which if it be thought monstrous in this age or ridiculous to our men of warre let them consider that the Roman discipline wrought greater effectes of valour then can bee made credible by the vse of these times For besides their exquisite discipline which of it selfe was able to frame patterns of vnexampled magnanimitie their industrie was admirable in the execution thereof and carried it with such vncessant trauell that the souldiers thought it great happines when they came to wage battell with the enemie and could haue meanes to quit their continuall trauell with the hazard of their liues Neither let it seeme strange that the Romans vndertooke to cut down the woods but rather let vs admire their facilitie in so difficult a taske for as the historie witnesseth magno spacio paucis diebus confecto incredibili celeritate a great quantitie of ground was rid in a few daies with incredible speede And after the woods were cut downe they tooke more paines in placing it on each side of the legions to hinder anie sudden assault then they did in cutting it downe which deserueth as great admiration as the former part There is another place in the sixt booke of these Commentaries which expresseth more particularly the nature of such warres and may serue to acquaint vs with that which Caesar did in these difficulties The Eburones or the men of Liege had the like commoditie of woods and bogges and made vse of them in the warre they had with Caesar The matter saith hee required great diligence not so much in regard of the perill of the whole Armie for there could no danger come from an enemie that was frighted and dispersed as the safetie of euerie particular souldier which in part did pertaine to the welfare of the whole Armie For the desire of bootie caried manie of the souldiers farre from the bodie of the Armie and the woods being full of vnknowne and secret passages would not suffer them to go either thicke together or close imbattailed If he desired to haue the warre ended and the race of those wicked men to bee rooted out hee must of force make manie small companies and deuide his men into many bodies but if hee would haue the maniples to keepe at their ensignes as the discipline and custome of the Roman Army required then the place was a shelter and defence to the enemie neither did they want courage to laie ambushments and to circumuent such as they found alone stragling from their companies In these difficulties there was as much done as diligence could doe prouiding rather to be wanting in the offensiue part although all mens mindes were set on fire with reuenge then to hurt the enemie with the losse of the Roman souldier Caesar sent messengers to the bordering states to come out and sacke the Eburones and they should haue all the praie for their labour that the life of the Galles rather then his legionarie souldiers might be hazarded in those woods as also that with so great a multitude both the race and name of that people might bee quite extinguished There are many particularities in this relation which concerne the true motion of the Irish warres which may be better obserued by such as know those warres by experience then by my selfe that vnderstand them onely by relation and therefore to preuent such exceptions as my rule shall make of the parallell in these two cases I will leaue it to be done by themselues And thus endeth the third Commentarie THE FOVRTH COMMENTARIE THE ARGVMENT THe Vsipetes and Tenchtheri are driuen to seeke newe seates in Gallia they driue the Menapij out of their territories but in the end are ouerthrowen by Caesar That warre being ended he made a bridge vpon the Rhene and carried his Armie ouer into Germanie He taketh reuenge vpon the Sicambri and giueth libertie to the Vbij returneth into Gallia and carrieth his Armie ouer into Britanie with the occurrences of that warre CHAP. I. The Vsipetes and Tenchtheri bring great multitudes of peoples ouer the Rhene into Gallia the nature of the Sueui THE winter following Pompeie and Crassus being Consuls the Vsipetes and Tenchtheri two Germaine nations passed ouer the Rhene with great multitudes of people not far from the place where it falleth into the sea The reason of their flitting was the ill intreatie which for manie yeares together they had receiued of the Sueui the greatest warlikest nation amongst the Germains For these Sueui had one hundred Cantons or shires which yearely furnished their warres with 1000 men a piece and kept as manie at home to maintaine both themselues and their Armies abroad and these the yeare following were in Armes and the other staied at home and performed the like dutie and so by this meanes they all continued their experience both of tillage and matter of warre They liued chiefly vpon cattell and milke and vsed much hunting which was the cause what through the qualitie of their diet their continuall exercise and libertie of life being neuer tied to any discipline nor vrged to any thing against their disposition that they were strong and of a large stature vsing skins and hides for their cloathing which couered but part of their body the rest being naked Their horsmen oftentimes in time of battell forsooke their horse and fought on foot being taught to stand still in one place that when they would they might returne vnto them Neither was there any thing more base or dishonest in the course of their life then to vse furniture for horses would aduenture to charge vpon great troups of horse that vsed