A place where a Sacrifice or Oblation was laid when to be offered up Here is the first express mention of an Altar though it be supposed in Gen. 4.3 4. Burnt-offerings i. e. They were Offerings which were entirely burnt Levit. 6.9 21. Smelled a sweet savour i. e. God did graciously accept as the Chaldee hath it which is here expressed after the manner of Men by smelling a savour that being gratefull to the sense of a Man In his heart Or as the Hebrew will bear to his heart i. e. God spake comfortably unto Noah To speak to the heart of a Man is in the Scripture-phrase to comfort and speak kindly to him Gen. 50.21 ch 34.3 Isa 40.2 For the imagination c. Or Although the imagination c. For so the Hebrew Particle which we render For signifies and is sometimes rendred Josh 17.18 Exod. 13.17 Levit. 11.5 6 7. Deut. 29.19 1 Kings 20.5 Jer. 51.5 As I have done Not by a Deluge or Universal destruction thereupon ensuing 22. Remaineth i. e. Unto the End of this World CHAP. IX The ARGUMENT God blesseth Noah and his Sons The eating of Bloud is forbidden and the Murderer threatned with Death God makes a Covenant not any more to destroy the Earth with a Floud and appoints the Rain-bow for a token of it The Sons of Noah Noah is drunken with the Wine of the Vine which he had planted Of his Nakedness and of the Behaviour of Ham the Father of Canaan towards him The care of Shem and Japheth in covering their Father's nakedness Noah curseth Canaan and fore-tells the prosperity of Shem and Japheth The Age and Death of Noah 1. AND God blessed Noah and his sons and said unto them Be fruitfull and multiply and replenish the earth 2. And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth and upon every fowl of the air upon all that moveth upon the earth and upon all the fishes of the sea into your hand are they delivered 3. Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you even as the green herb have I given you all things 4. But flesh with the life thereof which is the bloud thereof shall you not eat 5. And surely your bloud of your lives will I require at the hand of every beast will I require it and at the hand of man at the hand of every mans brother will I require the life of man 6. Whoso sheddeth man's bloud by man shall his bloud be shed for in the image of God made he man 7. And you be ye fruitfull and multiply bring forth abundantly in the earth and multiply therein 8. And God spake unto Noah and to his sons with him saying 9. And I behold I establish my covenant with you and with your seed after you 10. And with every living creature that is with you of the fowl of the cattel and of every beast of the earth with you from all that go out of the ark to every beast of the earth 11. And I will establish my covenant with you neither shall all flesh be cut off any more by the waters of a floud neither shall there any more be a floud to destroy the earth 12. And God said this is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you for perpetual generations 13. I do set my bow in the cloud and it shall be for a token of a covenant between me and the earth 14. And it shall come to pass when I bring a cloud over the earth that the bow shall be seen in the cloud 15. And I will remember my covenant which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh and the waters shall no more become a floud to destroy all flesh 16. And the bow shall be in the cloud and I will look upon it that I may remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth 17. And God said unto Noah This is the token of the covenant which I have established between me and all flesh that is upon the earth 18. And the sons of Noah that went forth of the ark were Shem and Ham and Japheth and Ham is the father of Canaan 19. These are the three sons of Noah and of them was the whole earth over-spread 20. And Noah began to be an husbandman and he planted a vineyard 21. And he drank of the wine and was drunken and he was uncovered within his tent 22. And Ham the father of Canaan saw the nakedness of his father and told his two brethren without 23. And Shem and Japheth took a garment and laid it upon both their shoulders and went backward and covered the nakedness of their father and their faces were backward and they saw not their father's nakedness 24. And Noah awoke from his wine and knew what his younger son had done unto him 25. And he said Cursed be Canaan a servant of servants shall he be unto his brethren 26. And he said Blessed be the LORD God of Shem and Canaan shall be his servant 27. God shall enlarge Japheth and he shall dwell in the tents of Shem and Canaan shall be his servant 28. And Noah lived after the floud three hundred and fifty years 29. And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years and he died 1. God blessed As he did our first Parents See chap. 1.28 with the Note there The Blessing upon Noah and his Off-spring is more particularly expressed afterward I. In blessing them with increase Be fruitfull c. v. 7. II. Restoring them to their Dominion over the Creatures v. 2. III. Allowing them the living Creatures for food v. 3. IV. Assuring them that he would take a special care of their lives v. 5. V. and that he would not destroy the Earth by another floud v. 11. 2. The fear of you c. Other creatures shall be so far from destroying the race of mankind that they shall be afraid of men and fly from them and brought under and tamed by them Psal 104.20 22. Jam. 3.7 3. That liveth c. God granteth here to Noah and his Sons a larger allowance for food than what he had expresly granted to our first parents chap. 1. v. 29. Those creatures which die alone or were not legally killed were afterwards excepted expresly Exod. 22.31 Levit. 17.15.22.8 and are not allowed in this grant But then lest the liberty of eating living creatures should be misunderstood it follows 4. But flesh c. q. d. Though I have given you living creatures for meat yet ye may not eat them alive and in their bloud The bloud of a beast is its life Deut. 12.23 Lev. 17.14 and the seat of the vital spirits To eat a creature alive hath a great appearance of cruelty and violence which men ought carefully to avoid considering the wickedness which the old World
life of the flesh is in the blood and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul 12. Therefore I said unto the children of Israel No soul of you shall eat blood neither shall any stranger that sojourneth among you eat blood 13. And whatsoever man there be of the children of Israel or of the strangers that sojourn among you which bunteth and catcheth any beast or fowl that may be eaten he shall even pour out the blood thereof and couer it with dust 14. For it is the life of all flesh the blood of it is for the life thereof therefore I said unto the children of Israel Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof whosoever eateth it shall be cut off 15. And every soul that eateth that which died of it self or that which was torn with beasts whether it be one of your own country or a stranger he shall both wash his clothes and bathe himself in water and be unclean untill the even then shall he be clean 16. But if he wash them not nor bathe his flesh then he shall bear his iniquity 2. Vnto Aaron and unto his sons and unto all the children of Israel This following Precept concerned the Priests and all the People as appears from v. 5 6. and is accordingly given unto all of them 4. And bringeth it not c. While the Israelites were in the Wilderness they were to eat no Meat at their own private Tables whether it were the Flesh of Bullock Lamb or Goat v. 3. but that whereof they had first sacrificed to God at the Tabernacle And this was commanded the more effectually to take them off from Sacrificing to Devils v. 7. This Command was dispensed with when they were setled in their own Land and their Dwellings were remote from the Tabernacle Deut. 12.21 An offering i. e. A Peace-offering of which the People as well as the Priest had a share as appears from v. 5. Blood shall be imputed unto that man i. e. His Transgression shall be hatefull to God as Murder Isa 66.3 5. In the open field i. e. Without the Camp v. 3. where they would be most prone to transgress this Law being most remote from the Observation of others 6. Sweet savour Exod. 29.18 chap. 4.31 7. No more Here is an intimation of their guilt formerly in this kind see Act. 7.42 43. of which we have a more express account in the words which follow And this is the reason of the Law above-mentioned by the practice whereof they were obliged to renounce their Sacrificing to Devils 1 Cor. 10.18 20 21. Vnto Devils i. e. Unto Idols See 1 Cor. 10.19 with v. 20. It is very likely that the Idols which they Worshipped might be in the figure of Goats that are hairy the Hebrew word importing some such rough or hairy Creatures The word is rendred Satyr Isa 34.14 compare Deut. 32.17 2 Chron. 11.15 Whoring Idolatry is frequently called Whoredom or Fornication See the Notes on Exod. 20.5 This This is to be understood of the Idolatry just before forbidden and may also be extended to the Law concerning the Priests mentioned before v. 6. 8. Strangers i. e. Proselytes as the Greek have it Sacrifice i. e. Of any other sort or kind 10. Eateth any manner of blood See the Notes on Gen. 9.4 and Levit. 3.17 11. The life The blood and the life are inseparable and are therefore put one for another and upon that account the blood was offered upon the Altar The beginning of this Verse may well be translated thus Because the life of the flesh is in the blood therefore I have given it to you c. 12. Therefore viz. Because it is appointed to make atonement And is consequently a type of the blood of the Messias Rom. 3.25 Eph. 1.7 Col. 1.14 20. Heb. 9.12 22. This 〈◊〉 therefore the principal Cause why the eating of blood is here forbidden 13. Which hunteth Heb. That hunteth any hunting 14. For it is c. Gen. 9.4 See also the Notes there 15. That eateth See Deut. 14.21 That which died of it self Heb. A carcase 16. Iniquity Or Punishment due to him for his offence CHAP. XVIII The ARGUMENT The Israelites are warned to shun the Practices of Egypt and Canaan Of unlawfull Marriages Adultery is forbid and several other impure Mixtures and Practices 1. AND the LORD spake unto Moses saying 2. Speak unto the children of Israel and say unto them I am the LORD your God 3. After the doings of the land of Egypt wherein ye dwelt shall ye not do and after the doings of the land of Canaan whither I bring you shall ye not do neither shall ye walk in their ordinances 4. Ye shall do my judgments and keep mine ordinances to walk therein I am the LORD your God 5. Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and my judgments which if a man do he shall live in them I am the LORD 6. None of you shall approach to any that is near of kin to him to uncover their nakedness I am the LORD 7. The nakedness of thy father or the nakedness of thy mother shalt thou not uncover she is thy mother thou shalt not uncover her nakedness 8. The nakedness of thy father's wife shalt thou not uncover it is thy father's nakedness 9. The nakedness of thy sister the daughter of thy father or daughter of thy mother whether she be born at home or born abroad even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover 10. The nakedness of thy son's daughter or of thy daughter's daughter even their nakedness thou shalt not uncover for theirs is thine own nakedness 11. The nakedness of thy father's wives daughter begotten of thy father she is thy sister thou shalt not uncover her nakedness 12. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's sister she is thy father's near kinswoman 13. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy mother's sister for she is thy mother's near kinswoman 14. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy father's brother thou shalt not approach to his wife she is thine aunt 15. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy daughter-in-law she is thy son's wife thou shalt not uncover her nakedness 16. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of thy brother's wife it is thy brother's nakedness 17. Thou shalt not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter neither shalt thou take her son's daughter or her daughter's daughter to uncover her nakedness for they are her near kinswomen it is wickedness 18. Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister to vex her to uncover her nakedness besides the other in her life time 19. Also thou shalt not approach unto a woman to uncover her nakedness as long as she is put apart for her uncleanness 20. Moreover thou shalt not lie carnally with thy
His resisting the importunity of his Mistress is an Example of Vertue never to be forgotten He was then a Servant in a strange Country He was tempted by an imperious Woman If he complied he wou'd be sure of Concealment and of Rewards he wou'd be sure to enjoy his Place and be advanced If he resisted he wou'd however be sure to be accused and treated as a Criminal and must expect to be deprived of his Place of his Liberty of his Fame and perhaps of his Life too Yet all this prevails not He will rather submit to Chains to Ignominy to Death than be guilty of so foul a Crime and Sin against God V. We have also in this Book the severest Examples of God's displeasure and wrath against the Wickedness of Men. And two instances we have that are very awakening that of the Floud which over-whelmed an ungodly World and the over-throw of Sodom and Gomorrha for their Wickedness There 's nothing wanting in this Book to recommend it to the study and care of the well-disposed Reader It serves greatly to advance Piety and true Wisdom It gives the best account of the Origin of the World and of the Primitive Condition of Mankind It shews how we fell from God and shews us the way of our Recovery by the Messiah 'T is stored with conspicuous Examples of Piety and Vertue and gives us an occasion to adore the Power the Wisdom the Justice and Goodness and Providence of the great Creator of Heaven and of Earth NOTES ON THE Book of GENESIS CHAP. I. The ARGUMENT This Chapter gives an account of the Creation of the World and the several parts of it as also of the order in which they were made and distinguished with the use and intention of them Here is also a particular account of the Creation of Man in the Image of God and of the food which his Creator appointed him 1. 4004. 1. IN the beginning God created the heaven and the earth 2. And the earth was without form and void and darkness was upon the face of the deep and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters 3. And God said Let there be light and there was light 4. And God saw the light that it was good and God divided the light from the darkness 5. And God called the light Day and the darkness he called Night and the evening and the morning were the first day 6. And God said Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters and let it divide the waters from the waters 7. And God made the firmament and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament and it was so 8. And God called the firmament Heaven and the evening and the morning were the second day 9. And God said Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place and let the dry land appear and it was so 10. And God called the dry land Earth and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas and God saw that it was good 11. And God said Let the earth bring forth grass the herb yielding seed and the fruit-tree yielding fruit after his kind whose seed is in it self upon the earth and it was so 12. And the earth brought forth grass and herb yielding seed after his kind and the tree yielding fruit whose seed was in it self after his kind and God saw that it was good 13. And the evening and the morning were the third day 14. And God said Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years 15. And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth and it was so 16. And God made two great lights the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night he made the stars also 17. And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth 18. And to rule over the day and over the night and to divide the light from the darkness and God saw that it was good 19. And the evening and the morning were the fourth day 20. And God said Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven 21. And God created great whales and every living creature that moveth which the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind and every winged fowl after his kind and God saw that it was good 22. And God blessed them saying Be fruitfull and multiply and fill the waters in the seas and let fowl multiply in the earth 23. And the evening and the morning were the fifth day 24. And God said Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind cattel and creeping thing and beast of the earth after his kind and it was so 25. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind and cattel after their kind and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind and God saw that it was good 26. And God said Let us make man in our image after our likeness and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and over the cattel and over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth 27. So God created man in his own image in the image of God created he him male and female created he them 28. And God blessed them and God said unto them Be fruitfull and multiply and replenish the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth 29. And God said Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earth and every tree in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed to you it shall be for meat 30. And to every beast of the earth and to every fowl of the air and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth wherein there is life I have given every green herb for meat and it was so 31. And God saw every thing that he had made and behold it was very good And the evening and the morning were the sixth day 1. IN the beginning 1. 4004. That is in the beginning of time Heb. 1.10 Created That is made out of nothing Heb. 11.3 or gave a being to things which had no such being before The Heaven and the Earth or the World In the Scripture-phrase the Heaven and Earth are used to express what is otherwise called the World or Universe God that made the World and all things therein seeing that he is Lord of Heaven and Earth dwelleth not in Temples made with hands Act. 17.24 See
stands charged with chap. 6.11 13. Besides this cruelty would have disposed men to murder which is severely forbidden in the following words 5. The bloud of your lives i. e. That bloud which shall without just cause be spilt in the death of a man Require i. e. Find out and punish Psal 9.12 Deut. 18.19 with Acts 3.23 Beast viz. That shall shed man's bloud This afterwards God made into a Law Exod. 21.28 Brother So every man is to another man which does aggravate the Sin of Murder 6. Sheddeth i. e. Wittingly and without just cause Compare Deut. 19.4 12. By man i. e. By the Magistrate to whom this properly belongs Rom. 13.4 By witnesses according to the sentence of the Judges says the Chaldee Paraphrast See Numb 35.19 29 30. Exod. 21.12 For in the image c. This also aggravates the Sin of Murder It is a great Trespass upon God as it destroys his likeness See ch 1.24 And Self-murder upon this account is forbid as well as Killing others 11. My Covenant Or Promise For it is an absolute promise on God's part Isa 54.19 that there shall not be any more such a Floud to destroy the Earth 13. Bow i. e. The Rain-bow as Josephus hath it This Bow was in its Causes before and did questionless exist but is not till now made a pledge or token of God's Covenant or Promise 14. In the cloud There from whence Men might reasonably have feared another Floud 15. To destroy all flesh Some Inundations or particular Flouds are no objection against God's veracity 16. Remember See the Note on ch 8.1 18. Of Canaan He had other Sons besides ch 10.6 But Canaan is here mentioned as the Head of a cursed Race and in order to the ensuing relation v. 25. 20. Began It is not implied that Noah was not an Husbandman before Compare Luk. 12.1 with Matt. 16.1 25. Canaan He is justly thought to be partaker in the sin with his Father and 't is not for nothing that he is twice named with him v. 18 22. and then no wonder that we find him under a Curse Prov. 30.17 and not his Brethren Noah foretells the Evils which should befall his Off-spring of which we read at large in the Book of Joshua A servant of servants i. e. A mean or vile servant See for the phrase Eccles 1.2 Thus the Lord of Lords is the supreme Lord. 26. Lord God Who is the Author of all the Blessings that Shem shall receive and is therefore to be praised Shem is here blessed in that God is said to be the Lord God of Shem. Compare Psal 144.15 27. God c. Noah fore-tells I. That God would give the greater part of the Earth in proportion to what Shem or Ham should possess to the Sons of Japheth This sence agrees best with the Hebrew Text and may be confirmed from chap. 10. II. That He would preserve his Church among the Off-spring of Shem which is expressed by dwelling in his tents God had his House among them and of that Race he sent his Son who dwelt or pitched his Tent among them Joh. 1.14 III. The servile and base condition of Canaan's Race And Canaan shall be his Servant CHAP. X. The ARGUMENT The Original of the several Nations which sprang from the Sons of Noah The numerous Off-spring of Japheth and their large Possessions The Posterity of Ham and more particularly of Nimrod The Children of Shem. 1. NOW these are the generations of the sons of Noah Shem Ham and Japheth and unto them were sons born after the floud 2. The sons of Japheth Gomer and Magog and Modai and Javen and Tubal and Meshech and Tiras 3. And the sons of Gomer Ashkeraz and Riphath and Togarmah 4. And the sons of Javan Elishah and Tarshish Kittim and Dodanim 5. By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands every one after his tongue after their families in their nations 6. And the sons of Ham Cush and Mizraim and Phut and Canaan 7. And the sons of Cush Seba and Havilah and Sabtah and Raamah and Sabtecha and the sons of Raamah Sheba and Dedan 8. And Cush begat Nimrod he began to be a mighty one in the earth 9. He was a mighty hunter before the LORD wherefore it is said Even as Nimrod the mighty hunter before the LORD 10. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and Erech and Accad and Calneh in the land of Shinar 11. Out of that land went forth Ashur and builded Nineveh and the city Rehoboth and Calah 12. And Resen between Nineveh and Calah the same is a great city 13. And Mizraim begat Ludim and Anamim and Lehabim and Naphtuhim 14. And Pathrusim and Casluhim out of whom came Philistiim and Caphtorim 15. And Canaan begat Sidon his first born and Heth 16. And the Jebusite and the Emorite and the Girgasite 17. And the Hivite and the Arkite and the Sinite 18. And the Arvadite and the Zemarite and the Hamathite and afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad 19. And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon as thou comest to Gerar unto Gaza as thou goest unto Sodom and Gomorrah and Admah and Zeboim even unto Lashah 20. These are the sons of Ham after their families after their tongues in there countries and in their nations 21. Vnto Shem also the father of all the children of Eber the brother of Japheth the elder even to him were children born 22. The children of Shem Elam and Ashur and Arphaxad and Lud and Aram. 23. And the children of Aram Vz and Hul and Gether and Mash 24. And Arphaxad begat Salah and Salah begat Eber. 25. And unto Eber were born two sons the name of one was Peleg for in his days was the earth divided and his brothers name was Joktan 26. And Joktan begat Almodad and Sheleph and Hazermaveth and Jerah 27. And Hadoram and Vzal and Diklah 28. And Obal and Abimael and Sheba 29. And Ophir and Havilah and Jobab all these were the sons of Joktan 30. And their dwelling was from Mesha as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the east 31. These are the sons of Shem after their families after their tongues in their lands after their nations 32. These are the families of the sons of Noah after their generations in their nations and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood 2. Gomer See Ezek 38.6 Hence 't is thought the Cimbrians came Josephus expresly tells us that the Galatians came hence Joseph Antiq. l. 1. c. 7. Magog Whence came the Scythians says Josephus Compare Ezek. 38.2 3 15. and chap. 39.2 6. Madai Hence the Medes Joseph Javan From whom the Greeks sprang Iâ—â—ia according to Josephus comes hence Hence Greece is called Javan Isa 66.19 Dan. 8.21 and ch 10.21 Tubal Of whom says Josephus came the Iberians Meshech It hath been thought that the Moscovites Josephus expresly affirms that the Cappadocians sprang from Meshech Tiras Hence the
for they were 2. Vows Prov. 7.14 Jon. 1.16 Levit. 7.16 Or else 3. A voluntary or free-will Offering which was offered without the antecedent Obligation of a Vow Levit. 7.16 In these Sacrifices the Offerer as well as the Priest did partake of the Altar Levit 7.14 Deut. 27.7 1 Sam. 11.15 and ch 1.4 Upon which account some have thought them to be called Peace-offerings But then it was provided that none that were unclean should eat thereof Levit. 7.19 20. And it was required that the Priest's portion should be eaten in a clean place Levit. 10.14 with ch 7.34 Or female Which was not admitted in the whole Burnt-offering Levit. 1.3 10. 2. At the door of the Tabernacle i. e. At the Entrance or East-end which was a place less Holy See Levit. 7.30 3. The fat Or the suet Exod. 29.22 4. Caul above the liver with the kidneys Or Midriff over the liver and over the kidneys 9. The whole rump This peculiarly belongs to this kind of Peace-offering the Rump of Sheep in those Eastern Countries being fat and very large The food Heb. Bread i. e. the part which was to be consumed upon the Altar 13. Before the Tabernacle See v. 2. 16. All the fat is the LORD's i. e. All the fat mentioned in the Law of Sacrifices and commanded to be offered upon the Altar does thereupon of right appertain to that service ch 7.25 17. That ye eat neither fat This is to be understood of that fat which is the Lord's v. 16. and not of that fat which is mingled with the body of the flesh which they were allowed to eat And it is especially meant of the fat of those beasts which were used in Sacrifice ch 7.25 even then when they were not killed as Sacrifices which seems to be implied in those words Throughout all your dwellings And fat signifying the best of a thing in Scripture-phrase Psal 81.16 they were put in mind to offer the best of what they had unto God Blood Gen. 9.4 ch 7.26 and 17.14 It being the life of the beast and that which made atonement for their Souls v. 11. and was to be offered up See the Notes on Gen. 9.4 CHAP. IV. The ARGUMENT Of a Sin through Ignorance and the Sin-offering in that case Of the Sin-offering of the High-priest Of that of the whole Congregation Of that of the Ruler and that of a private Person 1. AND the LORD spake unto Moses saying 2. Speak unto the children of Israel saying If a soul shall sin through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which ought not to be done and shall do against any of them 3. If the priest that is anointed do sin according to the sin of the people then let him bring for his sin which he hath sinned a young bullock without blemish unto the LORD for a sin-offering 4. And he shall bring the bullock unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD and shall lay his hand upon the bullock's head and kill the bullock before the LORD 5. And the priest that is anointed shall take of the bullock's blood and bring it to the tabernacle of the congregation 6. And the priest shall dip his finger in the blood and sprinkle of the blood seven times before the LORD before the veil of the sanctuary 7. And the priest shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet incense before the LORD which is in the tabernacle of the congregation and shall pour all the blood of the bullock at the bottom of the altar of the burnt-offering which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation 8. And he shall take off from it all the fat of the bullock for the sin-offering the fat that covereth the inwards and all the fat that is upon the inwards 9. And the two kidneys and the fat that is upon them which is by the flanks and the caul above the liver with the kidneys it shall he take away 10. As it was taken off from the bullock of the sacrifice of peace-offerings and the priest shall burn them upon the altar of the burnt-offering 11. And the skin of the bullock and all his flesh with his head and with his legs and his inwards and his dung 12. Even the whole bullock shall he carry forth without the camp unto a clean place where the ashes are poured out and burn him on the wood with fire where the ashes are poured out shall he be burnt 13. And if the whole congregation of Israel sin through ignorance and the thing be hid from the eyes of the assembly and they have done somewhat against any of the commandments of the LORD concerning things which should not be done and are guilty 14. When the sin which they have sinned against it is known then the congregation shall offer a young bullock for the sin and bring him before the tabernacle of the congregation 15. And the elders of the congregation shall lay their hands upon the head of the bullock before the LORD and the bullock shall be killed before the LORD 16. And the priest that is anointed shall bring of the bullock's blood to the tabernacle of the congregation 17. And the priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood and sprinkle it seven times before the LORD even before the veil 18. And he shall put some of the blood upon the horns of the altar which is before the LORD that is in the tabernacle of the congregation and shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the altar of the burnt-offering which is at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation 19. And he shall take all his fat from him and burn it upon the altar 20. And he shall do with the bullock as he did with the bullock for a sin-offering so shall he do with this and the priest shall make an atonement for them and it shall be forgiven them 21. And he shall carry forth the bullock without the camp and burn him as he burned the first bullock it is a sin-offering for the congregation 22. When a ruler hath sinned and done somewhat through ignorance against any of the commandments of the LORD his God concerning things which should not be done and is guilty 23. Or if his sin wherein he hath sinned come to his knowledge he shall bring his offering a kid of the goats a male without blemish 24. And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt-offering before the LORD it is a sin-offering 25. And the priest shall take of the blood of the sin-offering with his finger and put it upon the horns of the altar of burnt-offering and shall pour out his blood at the bottom of the altar of burnt-offering 26. And he shall burn all his fat upon the altar as the fat of the sacrifice of peace-offerings and
the Peace-offering be a Vow or Voluntary Offering 7. Not be accepted Ch. 7.18 9. When ye reap Ch. 23.22 11. Steal c. Theft is the occasion of these sins which follow viz. Lying and Fraud and Perjury Vid. Notes on Exod. 22.11 And is fitly forbid in the first place 12. Swear Exod. 20.7 Deut. 5.11 Matt. 5.34 Jam. 5.12 Profane the name The Name of God is then profaned when it is irreverently used or appealed to in confirmation of a Lye as it is in Perjury and Common Swearing 13. The wages Deut. 24.14 15. Tob. 4.14 14. Curse the deaf c. Though the Deaf cannot hear the Curse nor the Blind discern the Stumbling and they could not be convicted of these Crimes yet the fear of God ought to restrain them Deut. 27.18 15. Respect Exod 23.3 Deut. 1.17 and 16.19 Prov. 24.23 Jam. 2.9 1 Joh. 2.11 16. A tale-bearer The word is observed to signifie a Merchant and here denotes one that drives a trade in carrying Tales and Stories from one to another and especially Accusations which disturb the Peace and sometimes endanger the Lives of Men and is therefore fitly forbid together with the standing against the Blood or Life of a Neighbour Ezek. 22.9 Neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour i. e. Thou shalt not suffer an innocent Israelite to lose his Life when it is in thy power to help him In this sense these words are understood by the Jewish Writers Seld. de Jur. Natural l. iv c. iii. 17. Thou shalt not c. 1 Joh. 2.11 Thou shalt in any wise Ecclus 19.13 Matt. 18.15 And not suffer sin upon him Or That thou bear not sin for him This Marginal reading agrees well with the Hebrew Text and with the Ancient Versions And then we are taught That he who does not reprove his Brother who goes on in a sinfull course shall be punished for that sin which he might have prevented 18. Avenge Or Return one Evil for another Jer. 50.15 Rom. 12.18 19. But thou c. Matt. 5.43 and 22.39 Rom. 13.9 Gal. 5.14 Jam. 2.8 19. With a diverse kind God had wisely created the several Orders of Beings and Kinds of living Creatures and distinguished these Creatures into Sexes and will not that this Order should be disturbed by Men. And he that transgressed this Law seemed to derogate from the Wisdom of God's Creation With mingled seed By this and the following Prohibition they were warned against perverting the Order of Things and causing Confusion And simplicity of Manners and Dealing may very well at the same time be insinuated and commended to them Besides that a mingled Garment is forbid because the Idolatrous Priests were wont to wear such Garments at that time saith Maimon More Nevochim p. 3. c. 37. 20. Betrothed to an husband Or Abused by any Heb. Reproached by or for man She shall be scourged Or they Heb. There shall be a scourging The meaning of the place is this That whereas according to the Law Deut. 22.23 24. He that lay with a betrothed Damsel that is a Free-woman is punishable with Death as well as the Adulterer he that should lie with a Bond-woman should not therefore die but in this case the Woman should be scourged as well as the Man should be obliged to bring a Sacrifice v. 21. 23. As uncircumcised And consequently to be rejected as it follows It shall not be eaten of Three years shall it be as uncircumcised This Precept seems to have been given to draw them from the practices of Idolaters whose custom it was to offer up part of the first Fruits of those Trees of whose Fruit they were wont to eat and to eat part of them in the Idol's Temple being of an Opinion that the Tree which was planted would not otherwise thrive And because generally the Trees planted in Canaan at the farthest brought forth in the space of three years this is made the term during which their Fruit is to be reputed as Uncircumcised This Maimon expressly affirms vid. More Nevochim p. 3. c. 37. 24. Holy to praise the LORD withall Heb. Holiness of praises to the Lorâ— That is They were then set apart and consecrated to God with praise they being then either given to the Priests or eaten by the Owners before the Lord as the second Tithes Deut. 12.17 18. Vid. Joseph Antiq. l. 4. c. 8. 25. Ye shall eat As your own property That it may yield i. e. Whiles you obey my Precepts ch 26.3 4. 26. With the blood i. e. Before the Blood be separated Vse inchantment That which is by these words forbid seems to be this That they should not govern themselves by a superstitious Observation of casual Events and thence make conjectures of future successes As they do who from the passing by of Beasts or the chattering of Birds undertake to conclude concerning their future Successes and do accordingly govern themselves which is an argument of a great distrust of the Divine Providence Nor observe times i. e. Not repute them lucky and unlucky and govern themselves by those superstitious Observations 27. Ye shall not round c. Ch. 21.5 This seems to have been the Manner of the Heathens especially in their Mourning Isa 15.2 Jer. 48.37 28. make any cuttings Deut. 14.1 29. Prostitute Heb. Profane 30. Reverence my sanctuary i. e. Use it with great regard for the sake of God who was more especially present there and for that cause it was not to be used as a common but as a separated and consecrated place See Eccles 5.1 Joh. 2.14 15 16. Mark 11.16 31. Familiar spirits The Hebrew word is observed to be derived from a word that signifies a Bottle and from thence to denote the Belly and the Greek here render it by a word which signifies those who spake out of the Belly and by that means imposed upon Men. Wizards The Hebrew word implies the Knowledge which these Men made profession of And agreeably may be called Cunning or Wise Men who pretended to tell what was not to be known by Natural Causes or Ordinary Means 32. Honour Lam. 5.12 33. If a stranger Exod. 22.21 Vex Or Oppress 34. But the stranger Exod. 23.9 35. In mete-yard i. e. Measure or just extent by which Cloth and such things were sold Weight This was the way of paying Gold or Silver and selling Brass and Iron Measure Thus Wine and Oyl c. were sold by certain Measures of several known and standing Capacities 36. Just Prov. 11.1 16.11 20.10 Weights Heb. Stones Ephah and Hin These are put for all sorts of Measures whether of liquid things or dry CHAP. XX. The ARGUMENT The punishment of him that giveth of his Seed to Molech Of him that consults familiar Spirits and Wizards and curseth his Pâ—â—ents Of the Adulterer and Incestuous Of the Sodomite and him or her the lieth with a Beast and others that are guilty of unlawfull mixtures The Israelites are warned to obserâ—â— the difference between
which he hath given thee the unclean and the clean may eat thereof as of the roe-buck and as of the hart 16. Onely ye shall not eat the blood ye shall pour it upon the earth as water 17. Thou mayest not eat within thy gates the tithe of thy corn or of thy wine or of thy oyl or the firstlings of the herds or of thy flock nor any of thy vows which thou vowest nor thy free-will-offerings or heave-offering of thine hand 18. But thou must eat them before the LORD thy God in the place which the LORD thy God shall choose thou and thy son and thy daughter and thy man-servant and thy maid servant and the Levite that is within thy gates and thou shalt rejoice before the LORD thy God in all that thou puttest thine hands unto 19. Take heed to thy self that thou forsake not the Levite as long as thou livest upon thy earth 20. When the LORD thy God shall enlarge thy border as he hath promised thee and thou shalt say I will eat flesh because thy soul longeth to eat flesh thou mayest eat flesh whatsoever thy soul lusteth after 21. If the place which the LORD thy God hath chosen to put his name there be too far from thee then thou shalt kill of thy herd and of thy flock which the LORD hath given thee as I have commanded thee and thou shalt eat in thy gates whatsoever thy soul lusteth after 22. Even as the roe-buck and the hart is eaten so thou shalt eat them the unclean and the clean shall eat of them alike 23. Onely be sure that thou eat not the blood for the blood is the life and thou mayest not eat the life with the flesh 24. Thou shalt not eat it thou shalt pour it upon the earth as water 25. Thou shalt not eat it that it may go well with thee and with thy children after thee when thou shalt do that which is right in the sight of the LORD 26. Onely thy holy things which thou hast and thy vows thou shalt take and go unto the place which the LORD shall choose 27. And thou shalt offer thy burnt-offerings the flesh and the blood upon the altar of the LORD thy God and the blood of thy sacrifices shall be poured out upon the altar of the LORD thy God and thou shalt eat the flesh 28. Observe and hear all these words which I command thee that it may go well with thee and with thy children after thee for ever when thou doest that which is good and right in the sight of the LORD thy God 29. When the LORD thy God shall cut off the nations from before thee whither thou goest to possess them and thou succeedest them and dwellest in their land 30. Take heed to thy self that thou be not snared by following them after that they be destroyed from before thee and that thou enquire not after their gods saying How did these nations serve their gods even so will I do likewise 31. Thou shalt not do so unto the LORD thy God for every abomination to the LORD which he hateth have they done unto their gods for even their sons and their daughters they have burnt in the fire to their gods 32. What thing soever I command you observe to do it thou shalt not add thereto nor diminish from it 2. Ye shall utterly destroy Ch. 7.5 God did not think it enough to forbid them Idolatry but commands them to destroy all the Monuments and Memorials thereof Possess Or Inherit 3. You shall overthrow Heb. Break down their altars c. Judg. 2.2 This enumeration of Particulars after what was said v. 2. speaks God's great care that the Israelites should flie from all Idolatry 4. Ye shall not do so unto the LORD your God By diligent comparing what is said above v. 2 3. and what follows v. 5 6. it appears that the meaning of this place is q. d. Ye shall not for the publick worship of God set up several Altars in sundry Mountains and Groves c. as the Idolatrous Nations did but serve him publickly in one place which he should choose v. 5 6. 5. Choose Or set a-part for that purpose as he did Jerusalem afterwards 1 King 8.29 2 Chron. 7.12 To put his name there i. e. To dwell or more especially to be present there where he is worshipped according to his Will The Name of God is put for God himself see Levit. 24.11 16. and 2 Sam. 6.2 And so it is â—â—â—re there is mention of calling on his Name building an House to his Name believing on his Name Psal 80.18 23.3 1 Chron. 22.8 and that so it is in this place is evident from the words of God to Solomon concerning the Temple which he had built I have chosen this place to my self for an house of sacrifice 2 Chron. 7.12 And this sense is confirmed from the following words in this Verse Even unto his habitation shall ye seek and from v. 11. There shall be a place which the Lord your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell there 6. And thither ye shall bring c. This Command was for the preventing Idolatry which would not easily have been prevented had they been allowed their several Groves and Altars which the Idolaters had made use of And your tithes By Tithes here are not meant the Tithes paid to the Levites which were holy unto the Lord Levit. 27.30 and therefore not to be eaten by the People v. 18. nor yet the Tithe of those Tithes which was paid to the Priests Numb 18.26 and belonged onely to them and their Families Neh. 10.38 But a second Tithe which the People were to set aside after they had paid the Levites and which they might eat together with the Levite the Stranger Fatherless and Widow of which see Deut. 14.22 23 27 29. This second Tithe which the People was commanded to set aside every year was thus to be imployed viz. It was to be eaten for two years together in Jerusalem when God had chosen that place v. 17 18. and ch 14.23 and might be eaten by the first Owners and their Families with the Levites And in case the persons setting aside this Tithe lived at a great distance from Jerusalem they were allowed to turn it into Money and spend it there chap. 14.24 25 26. But every third year this same Tithe was to be laid up in the Country whence it did arise and to be eaten there not onely with the Levites as that which was spent at Jerusalem but with the other poor People of the Neighbourhood chap. 14.28 29. And heave-offerings of your hand viz. The first-fruits of the Earth of which see chap. 18.4 with chap. 26.2 The firstlings of your herds c. These are expressed as distinct from the first-fruits of the Earth expressed before by Heave-offerings 7. Ye shall eat viz. Your allowed part 8. This day That is this time of your wandring in the Wilderness where they could
c. The Condition whereof is mentioned v. 9. If thou shalt keep all these commandments c. 14. Thou shalt not remove thy neighbour's land mark c. This Precept is very seasonably subjoined to that of Man-slaughter and Murther the removing of Land-marks being an occasion of great quarrels and shedding of Blood and it was not to be allowed it being against the Constitution of their Forefathers who divided the several Bounds of their Inheritance by Divine Direction which is intimated in the following words Which they of old time have set c. Prov. 22.28 15. One witness See chap. 17.6 and the Note upon that place 17. Shall stand before the LORD That is in a case of this difficulty they shall as is directed ch 17.8 come to the place which God should choose to place his Name there which may well be implyed in standing before the LORD see the Note upon Levit. 1.5 to the priests and judges which shall be in those days 18. A diligent inquisition For it being a matter of difficulty to detect a false Witness it required great Diligence It appears plainly that it was not a matter of Faith that they were concerned in but of Fact onely And the False-witness being liable to the Evil which he designed to bring upon his Brother it was needfull that a strict Inquisition should be made 19. Put the evil away Both the evil Man and such evil Practices as is implyed v. 20. 21. Life shall go for life eye for eye c. See the Note on Exod. 21.24 CHAP. XX. The ARGUMENT They are required not to be afraid of their Enemies against whom they were to fight The part of the Priest and Officers on this occasion How to use the Cities that accept or refuse the offers of Peace Who they are that are to be destroyed absolutely Of the Trees which may and may not be destroyed in a Siege 1. WHen thou goest out to battel against thine enemies and seest horses and chariots and a people more then thou be not afraid of them for the LORD thy God is with thee which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt 2. And it shall be when ye are come nigh unto the battel that the priest shall approach and speak unto the people 3. And shall say unto them Hear O Israel you approach this day unto battel against your enemies let not your hearts faint fear not and do not tremble neither be ye terrified because of them 4. For the LORD your God is he that goeth with you to fight for you against your enemies to save you 5. And the officers shall speak unto the people saying What man is there that hath built a new house and hath not dedicated it let him go and return to his house lest he die in the battel and another man dedicate it 6. And what man is he that hath planted a vineyard and hath not yet eaten of it let him also go and return unto his house lest he die in the battel and another man eat of it 7. And what man is there that hath betrothed a wife and hath not taken her let him go and return unto his house lest he die in battel and another man take her 8. And the officers shall speak further unto the people and they shall say What man is there that is fearfull and faint-hearted let him go and return unto his house lest his brethrens heart faint as well as his heart 9. And it shall be when the officers have made an end of speaking unto the people that they shall make captains of the armies to lead the people 10. When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it then proclaim peace unto it 11. And it shall be if it make thee answer of peace and open unto thee then it shall be that all the people that is found therein shall be tributaries unto thee and they shall serve thee 12. And if it will make no peace with thee but will make war against thee then thou shalt besiege it 13. And when the LORD thy God hath delivered it unto thine hands thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword 14. But the women and the little ones and the cattel and all that is in the city even all the spoil thereof shalt thou take unto thy self and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies which the LORD thy God hath given thee 15. Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far off from thee which are not of the cities of these nations 16. But of the cities of these people which the LORD thy God doth give thee for an inheritance thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth 17. But thou shalt utterly destroy them namely the Hittites and the Amorites the Canaanites and the Perizzites the Hivites and the Jebusites as the LORD thy God hath commanded thee 18. That they teach you not to do after all their abominations which they have done unto their gods so should ye sin against the LORD your God 19. When thou shalt besiege a city a long time in making war against it to take it thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an ax against them for thou mayest eat of them and thou shalt not cut them down for the tree of the field is man's life to employ them in the siege 20. Onely the trees which thou knowest that they be not trees for meat thou shalt destroy and cut them down and thou shalt build bulwarks against the city that maketh war with thee until it be subdued 1. WHich brought thee up out of the land of Egypt This is here mentioned as a famous instance of the Power of God who brought them out of Egypt notwithstanding all the Craft and Power of the Egyptians which combined against them 2. The priest This was a Priest who was set a-part on purpose for this affair as the Jews tell us who call him The priest anointed for the war See Numb 31.6 3. Tremble Heb. Make haste Do not give way as the Vulgar hath it or be not forward to fly from the approaching danger 5. What man is there that hath built c. The reason of this and the other two Cases which next follow seems to be this That Men in these Circumstances were therefore discharged because they would be apt to be intangled with these cares and thereby rendred less serviceable in the War To this the Apostle seems to allude No man that warreth entangleth himself with the affairs of this life 2 Tim. 2.4 Dedicated That is he hath not enjoyed it which Men began to do with a Feast upon their first entrance see the Title to Psalm 30. Nehem. 12.27 or at least some expressions of Joy 6. And hath not yet eaten of it Heb. And hath not yet made it common The Law was this that when they planted Trees for Food which Law extended to Vines Ezek. 15.6 compared with Jer. 31.5 they
Lot upon the Goats severally as they stood before him on his right and left Hand Maim Jom Hak-kippur c. 3. With reference to the Box the Lot may be said to come up and with respect to the Goat on whom it was put to fall Josh 18.11 ch 19.1 Numb 33.54 10. To make an atonement This Goat was a Sin-offering as well as the other and is so called v. 5. And though he were not slain as the other yet was he charged with the Iniquity of the Israelites and might therefore be said to bear their Iniquities and to make Atonement for them 12. The Altar i. e. The Altar of Burnt-offerings or the brazen Altar 13. Put the incense This was done after the Bullock mentioned v. 3 11. was killed and before the blood was sprinkled And by this means the way was prepared into the Holy of Holies v. 2. Incense was a Figure of Prayer And the Incense which the High-priest here offers up was a Figure of the fervent Prayers which our Saviour made a little before his going into Heaven or that entring into the Holy place which is mentioned Heb. 9.12 That he die not See v. 2. and Exod. 33.20 14. He shall take Heb. 9.13 and ch 10.4 Sprinkle Ch. 4.6 Vpon the mercy-seat i. e. Upon the top of the Mercy-seat This the Jews say was done once besides the seven times before the Mercy-seat as follows 16. Because of the uncleanness Or from the uncleanness By this means it shall be purged or cleansed from the uncleanness of the Israelites Heb. 9.23 Remaineth Heb. Dwelleth 17. No man Luk. 1.10 The High-priest alone was concerned in this Service and in that a fit Type of Christ who by himself purged our sins Heb. 1.3 18. Altar i. e. The Altar of Incense Exod. 30.10 And the blood viz. Mingled together 20. Reconciling Or Purging See v. 19. 21. His hands See ch 4.1 Confess In the name of the People this Confession was to be made and the Jews in after-times tell us the form of words which were used viz. O Lord thy people the house of Israel have done iniquity trespassed and sinned before thee O Lord make atonement for the iniquities transgressions and sins which thy people the house of Israel have done unrighteously transgressed and sinned before thee as it is written in the law of Moses thy servant saying In this day he shall make atonement for you c. Joma c. 6. m. 2. Putting them upon c. After this manner transferring the guilt of Israel upon the head of the Goat which was a Type of Christ on whom the Lord hath laid the iniquity of us all Isa 53.6 2 Cor. 5.21 A fit man Heb. A man of opportunity Or a man prepared and designed for that service 22. Not inhabited Heb. Of separation 25. Fat This was onely to be burnt upon the Altar the Body was burnt without the Camp v. 27. 27. And the Bullock c. Ch. 6.30 Heb. 13.11 29. A statute for ever During the Legal Dispensation it was to continue among them But then Christ put an end to it and rendred the Service useless and the destruction of their Temple rendred it unpracticable 30. From all your sins This is to be understood with relation to the Blood of Christ 1 Joh. 2.1 2. which cleanseth us from all Sin 1 Joh. 1.7 And also upon the Repentance of the Sinner without which he was not pardoned by the day of Expiation 31. A Sabbath of rest c. It was a time in which they were to forbear their ordinary and common Work and abstain from their food and sensual Pleasures See Isa 58.13 Levit. 23.29 30. 32. Whom he shall anoint i. e. Who shall be anointed as the Vulgar hath it And so whom he shall consecrate i. e. who shall be consecrated An active Verb without a Person is frequently in the Holy Scripture to be taken passively The well observing whereof will tend to the removing many difficulties E. g. They could not believe because that Esaias said again He hath blinded their eyes and hath hardened their hearts Joh. 12.39 40. The Jews unbelief is not there imputed to God as to the Cause 'T is not so imputed by the Prophet Esai 6.9 nor by St. Matthew who cites that place ch 13.14 15. All it imports is That their eyes were blinded and their hearts hardened And thus 't is expressed Act. 28.27 Thus He hardened Pharaoh's heart Exod. 7.13 signifies no more than that his heart was hardened See the Note on that place Thus He moved David 2 Sam. 24.1 imports no more but this That David was moved There are many such places See Luk. 12.20.16.9.14.35 Isa 9.9 Matt. 5.13 34. Once a year Exod. 30.10 Heb. 9.7 CHAP. XVII The ARGUMENT Whoever killed an Ox Lamb or Goat during the Israelites stay in the Wilderness was obliged to bring it to the door of the Tabernacle that the Blood of it might be sprinkled on the Altar Sacrificing to Devils is forbidden The eating of Blood again forbidden That which dies of it self and is torn by Beasts is also forbidden 1. AND the LORD spake unto Moses saying 2. Speak unto Aaron and unto his sons and unto all the children of Israel and say unto them This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded saying 3. What man soever there be of the house of Israel that killeth an ox or lamb or goat in the camp or that killeth it out of the camp 4. And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation to offer an offering unto the LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD blood shall be imputed unto that man he hath shed blood and that man shall be cut off from among his people 5. To the end that the children of Israel may bring their sacrifices which they offer in the open field even that they may bring them unto the LORD unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation unto the priest and offer them for peace-offerings unto the LORD 6. And the priest shall sprinkle the blood upon the altar of the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation and burn the fat for a sweet savour unto the LORD 7. And they shall no more offer their sacrifices unto devils after whom they have gone a whoring This shall be a statute for ever unto them throughout their generations 8. And thou shalt say unto them Whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel or of the strangers which sojourn among you that offereth a burnt-offering or sacrifice 9. And bringeth it not unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation to offer it unto the LORD even that man shall be cut off from among his people 10. And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel or of the strangers that sojourn among you that eateth any manner of blood I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood and will cut him off from among his people 11. For the