me so much and torment your selves for me who am happier than you Is it because the Darkness wherein I am frights you or because you think I am smothered with the Weight of my Tomb But a Dead Man has nothing to fear since now he is past all Apprehensions of Death and my burnt or putrified Eyes have no need to see the Light Besides were I miserable what good could all your Complaints do or the smitings of your Breasts to the Tunes of Instruments and this crowned Tomb these Tears and Lamentation of Women Do you think this Wine which you pour out runs down to Hell or is good to drink in another World as for the Beasts which you but in Sacrifice one part of them rises in Smoke and the rest is consumed into Ashes whic are very indifferent Food This sort of mourning for the Dead was much alike at Rome and Greece But their Burials differ according to the Diversity of Nations for the one burn or bury them and the other embalm them I have been present at the Feasts in Aegypt where they set them at the end of their Table and sometimes a Man or Woman is forced to deliver up the Body of his Father or Mother to conform to that Custom As for Monuments Columns Pyramids and Inscriptions nothing is more useless there are some that celebrate Plays in Memory of the Dead and make Funeral Orations at their Burials as if they would give them a Certificate or Testimonial of their Life and Manners After all this some treat the Company where the Friends comfort you and desire you to eat How long say they will you lament the dead You can't recall them to Life again by all your Tears Will you kill your selves with Despai◠for your Friends and leave your Children Orphans You ought at least to eat because by this means you may mourn the longer Thus far Lucian When the Body is laid upon the Pile of Wood to be burnt some Person opens his Eyes as it were to make him look up to Heaven and having called him several Times with a loud Voice his next Relation sets Fire to the Pile of Wood with a Torch turning his Back upon it to shew that he does that Service for the Dead with Regret Pliny is of Opinion that burning of the Bodies of the Dead was not ancient at Rome We do not says he find that any of the Cornelian Family were burnt till Sylla but Pliny seems to contradict himself when he writes that King Numa forbad to pour Wine upon the Fires which were kindled for the burning of the Dead and Plutarch assures us that Numa did strictly forbid that his Body should be burnt after his Death but he ordered Two Tombs of Stone to be built in one of which his Body should be laid and in the other those holy Books which be had written about Religion and the Worship of the Gods which is Proof that burning of Bodies was very ancient and that it was at least used in his Time The Laws of the XII Tables which were made Three Hundred Years after the building of Rome which forbad the Burial or burning of Bodies within the City does not at all favour the first Opinion of Pliny for nothing else can be concluded but that there were Two ways of disposing of dead Bodies in use burying or burning and both were forbidden within the City to avoid Infection and secure it from the danger of Fires which might happen by that means Cicero teaches us that the Custom of burying Bodies was introduced at Athens by Cecrops and that they buried them with their Faces to the West whereas at Megara they turned their Faces to the East The Custom of burying Bodies lasted a very long time throughout all Greece and that of burning them came from the Gymnosophists of India who had used it long before The Aegyptians embalm the Bodies of the Dead to preserve them from Corruption The Aethopians had diverse ways sometimes they cast them into the Currents of Brooks and Rivers sometimes they burnt them or put them in Earthern Vessels according to the Testimony of Herodotus and Strabo The Indians eat them that by this curious Secret they might give them a second Life by converting them into their own Substance Those People whom Herodotus calls the Macrobies or Long-lived dry the Bodies then paint their Faces with white and so restore them to their Natural Colour and Complexion Then they wrapt them up in a Pillar of Glass in which having kept the Body a whole Year they set it up in some place near the City where all might see it Diodorus Siculas relates that there were certain People who after they had burnt the Bodies put their Ashes and Bones into Statues of Gold Silver and Earth covering them over with Glass The Garamantes bury their dead on the Shore in the Sand that they may be washed by the Sea When the Body of the dead is consumed by the Fire and all present have taken their last farewell Vale aternum nos eo ordine quo Natura vlouerit sequemur the nearest Relations gather up the Ashes and Bones which they sprinkle with holy Water and then put them into Urns of different Matter to set them in their Tombs pouring out Tears upon them which being catched in small Vessels called Lacrymatoriae they are likewise reposited with the Urn in the Tomb. It is very uncertain how they could gather the Ashes and keep them mingling with those of the Wood and other things which were burnt with the Bodies Pliny mentions a sort of Linnen which grows in the Indies called by the Greeks Asbestos 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 not to be burnt of which is made a Cloath that will not burn although it be cast into the Fire In this the Body being wrapped up the Ashes of it may easily be kept together without mixing with those of the Wood but this is not probable since the same Pliny tells us that this Cloth was very rare and was preserved for the Kings of the Country only Perhaps they made use of another Cloath made of the Stone Amiantus which Pliny says they had the Art of spinning at that Time and Plutarch assures us that in his Age there was a Quarry of that Stone in the Isle of Negropont and the like is found in the Isle of Cyprus Tines and elsewhere They might have also some other Invention as to set the Body upon the Fire in a Coffin of Brass or Iron from whence it was easy to gather the Ashes and Bones that were not consumed CADMUS the Son of Agenor King of Phoenicia who was sent by his Father to find out Europa which Jupiter had taken away but not hearing of her after several long and dangerous Voyages he went to consult the Oracle of Delphi who ordered him to build a City in the Place whither an Ox should lead him And preparing in the first place to sacrifice to the Gods he sent
Generals of the Armies had broke their word they should make atonement for their faults That the Pontiffs should be Judges in Affairs concerning Religion between both Priests and Laymen That they should make new Laws according to their own mind concerning Sacrifies That they should examine the Priests and keep them to their Duty That they should give reasons for the Worship of Gods and Genius's and of all the Religious Ceremonies practised therein to those that should inquire of them about the same That those who should despise their Ordinances should be punished by them according to their faults and that they should be subject to none All these Laws are mentioned by Livy Plutarch and Florus And the reason that St. Austin gives for the Multiplicity of these Priests is that having so great a number of Gods they were afraid they should be confounded one with another ANNUS duodecim esset mentium That the year should be of twelve of Months Two Months were added to the year of Romulus viz. January and February DIES omnes in fastos nefastosque distribuerentur That the days should be divided in holy days and working days UT SI Pater filio concesserit uxorem ducere quae futura illi juxta leges sacrorum bonorumque omnium particeps eidem patri postea nullum jus vendendi filium esset That if a Father has given leave to his Son to marry his Wife comes into a common propriety to the Goods with him and the Father after that cannot sell his Son UT CONTRACTUS dubii sine testibus fide ac jurejurando terminaretur utique Magistratus ac Judices in dubiis causis ex alterius fide Sacramento suam interponerent sentmetiam That doubtful Contracts made without Witnesses should be certified by Oath and that the Judges should give Judment in doubtful Causes upon the Oath of one of the Parties These were the Laws made by the Kings Tullus Hostilius the third King of the Romans established a Law That when a Woman should bring forth three Children at one Birth they should be brought up at the publick charges till they came to Age. UT trigeminis quoties nascerentur alimenta ex publico iisque ad pubertatem darentur He renewed again the Law of Romulus concerning the Officers called Feciales Ut Feciales foederum belli pacis induciariumque Oratores Judicesque essent bella disceptarent Tarquinius Priscus made these following Laws UT Regia Romanorum Majestas corena aurea sceptro sella eburnea togaâ—picta Lictoribus duodecim aliisque ornamentis insignis esset That Kings should wear a Crown of Gold with a Scepter in their hand that they should have an Ivory Chair with an Embroidered Robe and that twelve Lictors should walk before them Ut quisque civis veram bonorum suorum quae qualiacumque essent astimationem Jurejurando probaret probatamque ad Regem deferret genus item aetatem nomina uxorum liberorum familiae que omnis quae cujus generis praedia quis servorum pecudumque numerus quae qualiacunque fundorum Instrumenta singulatim sine dolo malo profiteretur quaque urbis in parte â—uove extra urbem loco habitaret suas que res possideret sancte indicaret qui secus fecisset bonis publicatis civitatem amitteret caesusque virgis sub hasta veniret That each Citizen should be bound to bring to the King an account of all his Goods whatsoever and certifie by Oath the truth thereof as also to declare his Family and his own Age the name of his Wife Children and all his Family and tell the number of his Fields and what they were proper for and the whole without any fraud That if any failed therein he lost the Citizen's freedom and forfeited his Goods he should be whipped and then sold by publick Sale UT QUISQUE Pater familias pro nascentibus quidem ad aedem Junonis Lucina pro sumentibus vero togam virilem ad Juventutis pro desunctis denique ad Libitinae certas stipes penderent easque quotannis Aeditui in tabulas referrent ex quibus puerorum puberum ac mortuorum certus numerus singulis annis cognosceretur That each Master of a Family should give a certain sum of Money to the Temple of June Lucina for new born Children another to the Temple of Youth when their Children put on the toga virilis and a third to the Temple of the Goddess Libytina when they died The Sextons of the Temple were bound to keep Registers of the names of those for whom these presence were made to the Goddesses that it might be known what number of Children were born how many had put on the toga virilis and how many were dead UTI in Tribus urbanus atque jus civitatis servi ab civibus Romanis manumissi qui vellent ad sciscerentur libertini ad omnia plebeiorum admitterentur munia That Slaves freed by the Romans might be admitted into the Tribes of the City if they desired it and enjoy the freedom of Citizens and that Freemen's Children should be received in all Offices like the Roman People NE QUIS ob debitum foenus in vincula traheretur neve faeneratoribus jus in libera corpora sed debitorum contenti facultatibus essent That no body should be put in Prison for Debt and that Creditors should have no right over free Persons but should be contented with the substance of their Debtors We have but this Law of Tarquinius Superbus Uti facrorum causa quotannis semel in moutem Albanum Romani Latinique nomine populi Romani a supreme Magistratu Romano cogerentur Jovi Latiali consensu communi sacra facturi ferias mercatus celebraturi una epulaturi That every year the Soveraign Magistrate of Rome should Summons the Romans and Latins upon Mount Albanus to offer unanimously a Sacrifice to Jupiter Latialis and keep there a Holy-day a Market and a Feast together These are all the Laws made by the Kings which Sextus Papirius a Lawyer has collected into a body to preserve them to Posterity which are called after his name Jus Papiriâ— We must now speak of the Laws made during the Commonwealth whereof some were established by the Decemviri others by the Consuls Dictators and Tribunes of the people The Laws of the Decemviri comprehended under the names of the Laws of twelve Tables were most considerable for they were collected from the Republicks of Greece and the most just customs of the Romans and other Nations to which the Royal Laws were added This Collection was made with great care and deliberation by the most able Men amongst the Romans Then the Decemviri called an Assembly of the Senate to whom they proposed these Laws to be examined The Senate after a serious consideration unanimously approved of them by a Decree and the people afterwards confirmed them by a Plebicitum in an Assemby of Hundreds Then they were Ingraved upon Brass Plates exposed in the publick
they plac'd themselves at Table and chang'd their Cloths putting on a Garment which they called Vestis coenatoria and putting off their Shoes that they might not dirty the Beds They bound about their Heads Fillets of Wool to prevent the Distempers of the Head which the Fumes of Meat and Wine might cause for which reason they used afterwards Garlands of Flowers Their Women did not eat lying after this manner such a Posture being esteem'd indecent and immodest in them except at a Debauch where they appear'd without any Shame or Modesty yet in an antient Marble which is at Rome we find the figure of a Woman lying at a Table upon a Bed as her Husband does and Virgil also seems to attest this when he represents Dido lying at Table at a Feast which she made upon the Arrival of Aeneas unless he means that she was already smitten with Love with her new Guest ACCUSARE in the Law to Accuse to draw up or lay an Accusation or Process The antient Lawyers put a difference between these three words Postulare Deserre and Accusare for first leave was desired to lay an Action against one and this was called Postulare and Postulatio after this he against whom the Action was laid was brought before the Judg which was call'd Deserre and nominis Delatio and lastly the Accusation was drawn up accusabatur The Accuser was obliged by the Law to sign his Accusation at the head of which he plac'd the Name of the Consul which signified the Year when the Romans reckon'd Years by their Consuls he set down also the Day the Hour and the Judg before whom he intended to prosecute his Accusation We learn from Tacitus that the Accusers had two days given them to make their Complaint in and the Accused three days to make his Defence and that six days were allow'd between them both to prepare themselves From the very moment that any Person was accused of a Capital Crime that deserved Death he was stript of all his Marks of Honour and appear'd in a careless Habit he was obliged to give Sureties that he would appear in Court when there was occasion which if he did not he was laid up in Prison to secure his Person The Libel being drawn the Accused was summoned to appear at three Market-days in trinundinum and he always came attended with his Neighbours and Friends who were concerned for him and threw themselves at the feet of the Magistrates and People to beg favour for him in case he were found guilty If the Accused refus'd to appear he was summoned with the Sound of a Trumpet before his House or Castle and after the time allow'd was expir'd he was condemn'd for Contumacy The Accuser had two hours wherein to speak against the Accused and three hours were granted to the Accused to make his Defence which was measured by an Hour-glass of Water called Clepsydra of which I shall give an account in its proper place which made a Greek Orator say to the Judg when he had a mind to signifie to him the Goodness of his Cause That he would bestow part of his Water on his Adversary i. e. of his Time which the Lex Pompeia made by Pompey in his third Consulship allowed him for his Defence If the Accused was found guilty Sentence was pronounced against him in these words Videtur fecisse i. e. he is attainted and convicted of having committed the Crime If on the contrary he was found not guilty he was then declared innocent in these terms Videtur non fecisse i. e. he is cleared from all Suspicion of Guilt All these Circumstances which were observed in Accusations are related by Cicero and Tacitus But if it appeared by the Event that the Accuser was a Calumniator i. e. that he had falsly accused the other Party or that he was a Prevaricator i. e. that he had betray'd his Cause to make way for the Criminal to escape and obtain Absolution or at least that he had desisted from and given over Prosecution without the Leave of the Magistrate or the Prince and without a lawful Cause then he was sentenced by the Magistrate to suffer the same Punishment which the guilty Person deserv'd ACERRA a little Pot which held the Incense and Perfumes for Sacrifices such as are now made in the form of a small Boat and are used in the Church of Rome at this day An Incense-Box for burning Perfumes upon the Altars of the Gods and before the dead Bodies The Rich says Horace offer'd Boxes full of the finest Perfumes to their false Deities Et plenâ supplex veneratur Acerrâ And the Poor according to Lucian were excused for making a Bow and throwing some grains of Incense into the Fire that burnt upon the Altars ACESSEUS the Name of a certain Seaman who was very careless and always attributed the bad Success of his Voyages to the Moon from whence comes the Latin Proverb Accessei Luna to signifie a lazy and negligent sort of People who always throw off the Blame from themselves in case of any bad Success tho their own Negligence was the only Cause of it ACETABULUM a small antient Measure which contained about the fourth part of an Hemine being about two ounces and an half of either liquid or dry things as Pliny explains it towards the end of his twelfth book This Measure held a Cup and an half and answers to our Quartern but is now more in use among Druggists and Apothecaries than Victuallers both for Liquids and Solids It was also a kind of Spice-Box which contained all sorts of Spices whereof the Ancients used to make their Sauces to season their Victuals together with Vinegar and Verjuice It was made in the form of a Pyramid and had several Drawers wherein were put different sorts of Spices as Pepper Nutmegs c. ACHELOUS a River whose Spring-head rises on Mount Pindus in Thessaly and from thence crosses over Acarnania which it separates from Etolia and then dividing it self into two Streams it runs into the Gulph of Corinth This River was called Thoas according to Stephanus and afterwards Achelous from one Achelous who came from Thessaly to inhabit in these parts with Alcmeon the Son of Amphiaraus who kill'd his Mother Eryphile he is commonly called Aspri and according to others Catochi He was according to the Poets the Son of the Ocean and the Earth or of Thetis as Servius would have it who makes him the Father of the Syrens He wrestled with Hercules for the fair Deïanira whom her Father OEnus King of Calydon would not bestow in marriage upon any Man but him who was victorious in this kind of Exercise Achelous finding himself too weak was put to his shifts and changed himself sometimes into a Serpent and sometimes into a Bull but this avail'd him nothing for Hercules overcame him and pluck'd off one of his Horns which the Naiades took up and having fill'd it with Fruits and Flowers they call'd it Cornutopia
summoning the Party which is call'd in Law Vocatio in jus and in jus vocare This was antiently done vivâ vote by the Party himself who meeting him against whom he intended to bring his Action declared his Intention to him and commanded him immediately to go before a Magistrate and make his Defence if he would not go willingly he might force and drag him along against his will unless he gave Security to appear at a day agreed upon but if he fail'd to appear at the day appointed then the Plaintiff whensoever he met him might take him along with him by force calling any By-standers to bear witness by asking them Vis antestari who presently turn'd their Ear towards him in token of their Consent to do it This Horace expresses in these Verses in his Satyr against the Impertinent lib. 1. Satyr 9. Casu venit obvius illi Adversarius Et quò tu turpissimè magnâ Exclamat voce Et licet antestari Ego verò Oppone auriculam rapit in jus clamer utrinque By chance says Horace he meets his Adversary and crys to him with a loud voice Whither art thou flying thou infamous Fellow and then addressing himself to me he prays me to bear witness whereupon I turn my Ear to him and then he seizes upon the Party and drags him before a Court of Justice with a great Noise on both sides The Verses preceding these discover that he had fail'd to appear at the day and hour appointed by the Citation But because this kind of Proceeding was attended with some sort of Outrage and Violence therefore Persons of Honour who were advanced to any Dignity were not thus to be summoned into Court without desiring express leave of the Magistrate by a Petition as we have remarked before Afterwards this manner of proceeding was changed and that other introduced of summoning the Party by a Sergeant and a Writ per Libellum which they call in Law Libellum Conventionis a Writ of Summons This Writ was to contain the Pretensions of the Prosecutor that the other Party being made acquainted with them might either resolve to satisfie them or else come prepar'd to defend himself And so the Summons was to express the Cause of Action i. e. to contain the Complaint of the Prosecutor which they called edere Actionem ACTOR upon the Theatre an Actor one who acts a Part and represents some Person in a Tragedy or Comedy In former times many Regulations were made about their Salary and for punishing those who indulg'd themselves in too great a Liberty The chief of them as Tacitus says were these That a Senator could not visit them at their Houses nor a Roman Knight walk with them in the Street That they could not act but upon a publick Theatre The Senate had a mind to give the Praetor a Power of chastising the Actors with Rods But Haterius Agrippa the Tribune of the People oppos'd it and by his Opposition gain'd the point because Augustus had declar'd the Actors exempt from whipping and Tibarius would not violate his Orders ACTOR in the Law He who has an Action against another he who prosecutes another in a Court of Judicature ACTOR the Name of one of Hercules's Companions in the War against the Amazons He was married to the Nymph Aegina the Mistress of Jupiter by whom he had Menetius who was the Father of Patroclus who from thence was call'd Actorides ACTUARIOLUM and ACTUARIUM NAVIGIUM a Brigantine a little Vessel at Sea very light for sailing or rowing ACTUARIUS a Notary or Scribe who in former times wrote very swiftly at the Bar the Pleadings of the Advocates and for that end used Cyphers or single Letters or certain Abbreviations to signifie a whole word ACTUARII PALI Stakes which were set up in a piece of Ground of twenty six feet which was the Length of one of the sides of the Measure for Land which the Latins call'd Actus quadratus ACTUMEST a Phrase antiently used in the Comick Poets 'T is done there is no Remedy ACTUMNE AGAS 'T is done withal it cannot be helpt ACTUM AGIS 'T is lost labour this is to begin a thing after 't is done withal ACTUS a piece of Ground of 120 feet There were three sorts of this Measure Actus minimus the least which contained 120 feet in Length and four only in Breadth the second which they call Actus quadratus a Square had 120 feet every way and the third was a double Square being 240 feet long and 120 broad which made an Acre of Ground or as much as a Yoke of Oxen could plough in a day ACTUS an Act the name of certain Divisions which are made in Dramatic Poems to give some Respite to the Actors and Spectators Comedies sometimes consisted of three Acts but generally of five ADAD the Worship which was given to Adad i. e. to the Sun was easily transfer'd to Adad the King of Syria and the Founder of many Temples dedicated to the Sun in the City of Damas as Josephus tells us Some think that the Prophet Isaiah speaks of this Worship of the Sun under the name of Achad for the Hebrew word Achad is the same with the Chaldee Adad and it signifies unicus i. e. One only which agrees to the Sun ADDICERE a Term of the Roman Law to adjudge a piece of Land or an Inheritance to any person Licetur Aebutius deterrentur emptores partim gratiâ partim pretio fundus addicitur Aebutio Aebutius bid money the Buyers were hindred by Favour and Money whereupon the Land was adjudg'd to Aebutius for the Price he had offer'd The Custom was then as it is at this day not to adjudge a piece of Land to any Person upon the first Offers that are made but to prescribe a certain time for admitting Buyers to come in which being expir'd the thing was adjudg'd for the Price that was offer'd And upon this account 't is commonly said at this day T is adjudg'd saving the eighth or fifteenth day i. e. provided that in eight or fifteen days no more is offer'd Ille fundus centumque esto tibi emptus si quis intra Calendas Januarias proximas meliorem conditionem non fecerit quo res à domino abeat This Land shall be yours for an hundred Crowns provided another do not give more for it before the first day of January ADDICERE an Augural Term to approve to authorize an Enterprize After the Augurs had consulted the Will of the Gods by the Flying of Birds if the Signs were favourable they answer'd thus Id addicunt aves the Gods favour this Enterprize Cùm omnium Sacellorum exaugurationes admitterent aves in Termini fano non addixere The Birds having approv'd the Prophanation of all the other Temples did not approve of this Prophanation in the Chappel of the God Terminus ADDICTIO a Judgment for delivering the Goods of the Debtor into the hands of his Creditor when he had not satisfied him
their opinions about the Occasion of this Feast Varro will have it so call'd from a Ceremony used in all Sacrifices where the Priest being ready to offer Sacrifice asks the Sacrificer Agon ' which was used then for Agamne Shall I strike Festus derives this Word either from Agonia which signifies a Sacrifice which they led to the Altar ab agendo from whence these sorts of Ministers were call'd Agones or from the God Agonius the God of Action or from Agones which signifie Mountains and so the Agonalia were Sacrifices which were offer'd upon a Mountain Indeed the Mount Quirinalis was called Agonus and the Colline-Gate which led thither Porta Agonensis which the same Festus will have so call'd from the Games which were celebrated without that Gate in Honour of Apollo near the Temple of Venus Erycina where the Cirque of Flaminius was overflow'd by the Tiber. But it is more probable that this Feast was called Agonalia from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Sports and Combats which were us'd in Greece in imitation of those which Hercules appointed at Elis first and consecrated to Jupiter as these Verses of Ovid shew Lib. I. Fastorum v. 359. Fas etiam fieri selitis aetate priorum Nomina de Ludis Graeca tulisse diem Et prius antiquus dicebat Agonia sermo Veraque judicio est ultima causa meo There are Two Feasts celebrated at Rome of the same Name one upon April 21. which falls on the day of the Palilia on which the Building of Rome is commemorated and the other on December 11. according to Festus AGONES the Salii of whom Varro speaks in his Fifth Book of the Latin Tongue See Salii AGONES CAPITOLINI Games which were celebrated every Five Years in the Capitol instituted by the Emperor Domitian in his Consulship and that of Corn. Dolabella Sergius All sorts of Exercises both of Body and Mind were represented there as at the Olympick-Games as Players on Instruments Poets Jack-Puddings and Mimics which strove every one in his own Profession who should gain the Prize The Poet Statius recited his Thebais there which was not well lik'd as he complains in several places of his Silvae This serves to explain a place in Juvenal not well understood Sed cum fregit subsellia versu Esurit intactam Paridi nisi vendat Agaven Sat. VII v. 86. But his Thebais not having the Success he expected and he having procured no Patron by it dyed of Hunger and after being to subsist himself by selling the Tragedy of Agave the Mother of Pentheus which was never acted by Paris the Stage-Player Some Commentators explain this place of Juvenal otherwise and think the Poet meant the contrary that his Work was well receiv'd and universally applauded Altho this Explication be allowable enough yet 't is evidently contrary to the Complaints which Statius makes in several places of his Poems unless we think it better to say that Statius complains that after he had receiv'd Applause for his Thebais he was nevertheless ill requited for it afterwards In these Exercises the chief Conqueror receiv'd a Laurel Crown adorn'd with Ribbands but the others receiv'd a plain One without any Ornament as we may see by these Verses of Ausonius Et quae jamdudum tibi palma Poetica pollet Lemnisco ornata est quo mea palma caret Poets thus crowned were call'd Laureati These Sports were so much esteem'd by Domitian that he changed the Account of Years and instead of reckoning by Lustra which is the space of five years they counted by Agonalia and Agones Capitolini from their Institution to the time of Censorinus AGRARIA LEX the Agrarian Law was made for the dividing Lands got by Conquest which the Tribuni Plebis would have to be shared among the People by Poll. Spurius Cassius Vicellinus being Consul first propounded this Agrarian Law Anno U. C. 267 which was the cause of a very great Quarrel betwixt the Senate and the People but it was rejected the first time There are two Agragrian Laws mentioned in the Digests one made by Julius Caesar and the other by the Emperour Nerva but they had respect only to the Bounds of Lands and had no relation to that we now speak of Cassius perceiving the strong Opposition which some made that this Agrarian Law might not be received proposed to distribute among the People the Money which arose from the Sale of the Corn brought from Sicily but the People refused it After this first Attempt a peace was settled in Rome for some years but in the Consulship of Caeso Fabius and Aemilius Mamercus Licinius Stolo Tribune of the People proposed the Agrarian Law a second time in the year 269 from the Building of Rome This second Attempt had no better Success than the former tho it was pass'd over calmly enough Nevertheless the Consul Caeso seeing the People fond of this Law and that the Senate was positive it ought not to be received contriv'd a way to satisfie both Parties as he thought by proposing that only the Lands of the Vejentes conquer'd under his Consulship should be divided among the People but this met withno better Success than the other The Tribunes of the People being angry at the Opposition of the Senate drew up many Accusations against the Patricians and Noblemen before the People and caused many of them to be fined and banish'd which so much provok'd the Cousuls that they caused Genutius the Tribune to be stab'd this Assassination raised a great Tumult in Rome and stir'd up the People to revenge till the Consul Sempronius was condemned to pay a large Fine Lastly In the year 320 from the Building of Rome Mutius Scaevola put Tiberius Gracchus the Tribune of the People in mind to have the Agrarian Law established against the Will of the Senate Nobles and Rich Commons Octavius his Partner being rich was not of the same mind and opposed the Law Gracchus seeing that accused him before the People of Prevarication and Unfaithfulness in his Office and caused him to be depos'd with Disgrace This Obstacle being remov'd the Agrarian Law passed and Commissioners were appointed to divide the Lands AGRIPPA several Persons among the Antients bore this Name which was usually given to such as came into the World with Difficulty or which were born with their Feet forward as Aulus Gellius affirms The most eminent of this Name were AGRIPPA SYLVIUS the twelfth King of the Latins the Son of Tyberinus Sylvius whom he succeeded he reigned thirty or forty years and Aremulus succeeded him in the year of the World 3281. AGRIPPA MENENIUS surnamed Lanatus he was chosen General of the Romans against the Sabins whom he conquer'd and obtain'd the lesser Triumph called Ovation he was endow'd with admirable Eloquence which made him undertake with Success to reconcile the Senate and the People of Rome to this end he went to the Aventine Mount where he pathetically represented
uti sies volens propitiusque mihi domo familiaeque nostrae quo jus rei ergo agrum terram fundumque meum suovitaurilia circumagi jussi uti tu morbos vilos invisosque viduertatem vastitudinemque calamitates intempestasque prohibessis defendas averruncesque uti tu fruges vineta frumenta virgultaque grandire beneque evenire sinas pastores pascuaque salva servassis dicisque bonam salutem valetudinemque mihi domo familiaeque nostrae Harumce rerum ergo fundi terrae agrique mei lustrandi lustrique faciendi ergo sicut dixi macte hisce suovitaurilibus lactantibus immolandis esto Mars Pater ejusdem rei ergo macte hisce suovitaurililibus lactentibus esto Item Cultro facito struem ferctum uti adsiet The same Author hath left us also another Form of Prayer which was made in the second Feast of Perambulation in the month of July in which they sacrific'd a Sow before they began their Harvest which they call'd Porca praecedanea This Prayer was put up to Janus Jupiter and Juno and not to Ceres any more than the former Priusquam porcam foeminam immolabis saith Cato Jane struem commoveto sic Jane Pater te hac strue commovendâ bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi liberisque meis domo familiaeque meae mactus hoc fercto Ferctum Jovi moveto mactato sic Jupiter te hoc fercto obmovendo bonas preces precor uti sies volens propitius mihi c. Postea Jano vinum dato sic Jane Pater uti te struem commovendo bonat preces benè precatus sum ejusdem rei ergo macte vino inferio esto Postea Jovi sit Jupiter macte sercto esto macte vino inferio esto We find likewise that this Ceremony was perform'd by the Master of the Family accompany'd with his Children and Servants every one of them being crowned with Oaken Leaves as well as the Sacrifice which they led three times round the Lands and Vineyards singing Hymns to his honour after which they sacrific'd to him sweet Wine with Honey and Milk as we may see by the Verses of Virgil Georg. lib. 1. This manner of Procession was always us'd in the Country were they had no Arval Priests as at Rome AMBEGNAE or AMBIGNAE Victims which were accompany'd and encompass'd with other Victims says Varro AMBITUS signifies in the Law of the XII Tables Aspace of Ground of two feet and an half which was left to go about an House for the Houses of old were not contiguous for fear of Fire AMBITUS an earnest Solicitation to get into publick Offices Properly 't is the surrounding a Person to have his Vote in Elections being always busie about him embracing and caressing him for that end The Romans made it a Crime to solicite Offices by too eager Applications as by extraordinary Gifts Threatnings or open Force they made several Laws to hinder this soliciting and punish those that were found guilty of it The most considerable of them was that which was made in the Consulship of Cieero called from his Name Lex Tullia By that Law the Candidates were forbidden to bestow any Combats of the Gladiators on the People to make any publick Feast or to cause themselves to be follow'd by a Crowd of Clients for two years before they put in for any place A Senator who was guilty of a Breach of this Law was punish'd with ten years Banishment others were find and render'd incapable of any Dignity for ever as may be seen in Cicero's Oration against Vatinius and Sextius Nevertheless these things had gone so far in the corrupt times of the Commonwealth that some would publickly tell the Tribes what Sums of Money they would give them for their Votes which was call'd Pronuntiare in tribus says Cicero They made use of three sorts of Persons for this purpose which they call'd Interpretes Mediators who assisted in making the Bargain per quos pactio inducebatur says Asconius Pedianus Sequestres who are the Trustees in whose hands the Money agreed for is deposited and lastly Divisores Dividers who were to distribute the Money to every particular person in the Tribe AMBROSIA the Food of the Gods according to the Poets Lucian rallying these Poetical Gods tells us that Ambrosia and Nectar of which one is the Meat and the other the Drink of the Gods were not so excellent as the Poets describe them since they will leave them for the Blood and Fat which they come to suck from the the Altars like Flies Ambrosia was also a certain Feast which the Romans celebrated on the 24th of November instituted in honour of Bacchus by Romulus which the Romans call'd Brumalia but the Greeks Ambrosia AMBUBAIAE Syrian Women which dwelt at Rome and play'd on a Pipe in the Cirque and other Places of Sports like our Gipsies who play upon the Tabor and pretend to tell Fortunes and do a thousand other cheating Tricks to sharp People of their Money Turnebus assures us that they liv'd after this tricking manner near the Hot Baths at Baiae Cruquius is of another opinion and says they were a sort of Women who sold Cosmeticks and Drugs for painting the Skin Horace speaks thus of them Ambabaiarum collegia pharmacopolae Sat. 2. lib. 1. AMBURBALIA and AMBURBALES Hostiae See Ambarvalia which is the same thing AMBUSTA the Marks of Burning which remain'd upon the Skin It is a Title in Valerius Maximus Ambustarum lib. 8. cap. 1. speaking of two Women whose Reputation was only blemish'd as a Body scarr'd with Burning tho they were not condemn'd by any publick Sentence So among the Antients those who were kill'd by Thunder were call'd Consumpti whereas those were termed Ambusti who were only Thunder-struck For which reason it was that â—â—â—ius was surnamed Ambustus as was also his whole Family because he was smitten with Thunder in the hinder-parts Vt Jovis dicatur fiâ—ius in partibus Fabius adurtiur mollibus obsignaturque posticis AMILCAR the Admiral of Carthage who raised the Honour of his Nation by many brave Actions which he did against the Romans He ordinarily said of his three Sons that he nourish'd three Lions which would one day tear Rome in pieces and he made his eldest Son the Great Hannibal to swear upon the Altars of the Gods that he would never be at peace with Rome AMISSA Things lost These were the ways which the Antients made use of to find the things they had lost Marsus teaches us that they fix'd Papers upon some Post or Pillar in publick places declaring what was lost the Name of the Person who lost it and the place of his Dwelling promising a Reward to him that should bring it as it is practised at this day Quas siquis mihi retuleris donabitur anro I puer eitas haec-aliqud propone columnd Et dominum Exquiliis scribe habitare tuuns Apuleius tells us that they caus'd the thing to be cry'd in the Cross-streets
to Dag a Fish Lastly Juno or Astarte takes the figure of a Cow because Hastaroth signifies Herds of Oxen. 'T is not to be doubted but from the time of Moses the Egyptians worshipped their Gods under the figure of Animals since Moses himself answers That the Israelites could not offer a solemn Sacrifice in Egypt lest they should expose themselves to be stoned by the Egyptians whose Gods they must sacrifice to the true God ANNA PERENNA This fabulous Story is told of her This Anna according to some Authors was the Daughter of Belus and Sister of Dido who fled to Battus King of the Isle of Malta after the death of her Sister when Hierbas the King of the Getuli attempted to take Carthage When she perceiv'd herself not safe with Battus because of the Threats of Hierbas she fled into Italy to Laurentum where Aeneas was settled and as he walked one day along the Bank of the River Numicius he met Anna and presently knew her and conducting her to his Palace he treated her according to her Quality Lavinia was troubled at it and sought her Destruction as being her Rival but she being admonished of it in a Dream escaped to the River Numicius whereof she was made a Nymph as she told them that searched for her and ordered them to call her for the future Anna Perenna because she should be for ever under these Waters Placidi sum Nympha Numici Amne perenne latens Anna Perenna vocor Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 653. This News oblig'd the Albans to make great Rejoycings along the Banks of the River in Dances and Feasting and in imitation of them the Romans did the same on the Banks of Tiber. The Virgins took very undecent Liberties dancing and Iasciviously sporting without any Modesty Ovid has describ'd these Feasts which were made on the 15th of March They sacrific'd to her to obtain a long Life Annare Perennare Some have thought that she was an old Woman of Bovillae who brought Meat to the People of Rome of old and then fled into the holy Aventine-Mount and in Gratitude this Feast was appointed in Honour of her by the Romans Pace domi fact â signum posuêre perenne Quod sibi defectis illa ferebat opem Ovid. Fast Lib. III. v. 673. ANNALES Annals a chronological History which describes the remarkable Events of a State yearly as the Annals of Cornellus Tacitus Whereas History says Aulus Gellius descants upon those Events and upon the Causes which produc'd ' em It was allow'd at first to the Chief-Priests only to write the Annals of the People of Rome that is to say the considerable things that happen'd every year and from thence they were called Annaies Maximi non à magnitudine sed quòd eos Pontifex consecrasset says Festus ANNALIS LEX The Law which appointed the Age at which any Person was promoted to Offices of State Eighteen Years was required for one to be made a Roman Knight and Twenty five to obtain a Consulship and so for other Offices The Romans took this Law from the Athenians ANNALIS CLAVUS The Nail which the Praetor Consul or Dictator fix'd every Year in the Wall of Jupiter's Temple upon the Ides of September to shew the Number of Years But this Custom was after changed and the Years were reckon'd by the Consuls ANNIBAL an African the Son of Amilcar and General of the Carthaginians in the Wars against the Romans whom he beat and defeated in several Battels He pass'd from Spain to the foot of the Alps in his way to Italy and went up to the top of those Mountains in Nine days time notwihstanding the Snow with which they were covered and in spight of the Resistance of the Mountaineers which inhabit there whom he shut up in a Rock which they used for a Retreat and by an unheard of Invention he cut a way through that part of this Mountain which most obstructed his passage with Fire and Vinegar After this he over-run all Italy and brought Terrour and Dread with him into all Parts and chiefly after the Battel of Cannae which is a small Village of Apulia in which the Romans lost Forty Thousand Men together with the Consul Aemilius Annibal sent Three Bushels of Gold Rings to Carthage and made himself a Bridg of dead Bodies 'T was at this Battel that he shew'd that the greatest Men commit the greatest Faults for he forgot himself and lost by his own Carelesness a complete Victory for instead of attacking Rome he went and drown'd all his Glory and Hopes in the Pleasures of Capua He dyed at the Palace of Prusias King of Bithynia having poyson'd himself because he apprehended that this barbarous King would deliver him into the hands of the Romans Thus dyed this great General after he had made War Sixteen Years in Italy won several Battels brought several Nations to a Submission either by Force or Agreement besieg'd Rome and made himself Master of divers Cities Juvenal having briefly run over the great Exploits of Annibal concludes that all this Glory ended at last with being conquer'd banish'd and living as a Fugitive reduc'd to so mean a condition as to court a petty King of Asia and lastly with killing himself by a Ring which was a sort of Revenge on him for that incredible multitude of Rings which he had taken from the Roman Nobles slain in the Battel of Cannae Lucian makes him speak thus of himself in one of his Dialogues of the Dead Having pass'd out of Africk into Spain with an handful of Men I first made my self famous by my Valour and after the death of my Wives Brother having the command of the Armies I subdu'd the Spaniards and Western Gauls then marching over the Alps I conquer'd all Italy as far as Rome after I had gain'd Three great Battels and slain in one day so many Enemies that I measured the Gold Rings which the Knights were by the Bushel and marched upon a Bridg of dead Bodies Being recall'd into Africa to oppose Scipio I obey'd as if I had been one of the meanest of the Citizens and after being unjustly condemn'd I bore my Banishment patiently ANNONA the Victuals or the provision of Corn for a Year Annona Civilis the Corn with which the Granaries of Cities were fill'd every Year for the Subsistance of the Citizens Annona Militaris the Corn which was laid up in the Magazines for the Subsistance of an Army during the Campaign ANNULUS a Ring which the Antients wore on their Fingers There are Three sorts of 'em one sort was call'd Annuli Sponsalitii Pronubi or Geniales Rings of Espousals or Marriage-Rings which the Bride-groom gives his Bride at their Marriage others were call'd Annuli Honorarii Rings of Honour which were us'd as Marks of Honour and distinction between the different Orders of Men and with which those also were rewarded who had done some signal Service to the Common-wealth the Third sort were call'd Annuli Signatorii or
the Secrets of Nature and Pythagoras taught them a sort of Philosophy which he call'd Divine and is the same with the Talismans or Rings made under a certain Constellation The Gods of Samothrace were those who presided over the Talismans Tertullian mentions three Altars dedicated to three sorts of Deities Magnis Potentibus Valentibus and adds 'T is credible that these were the Gods of Samothrace who were potent for the Execution of difficult Designs and who presided over great Undertakings Varro calls them Divi Potentes and supposes 'em to be Heaven and Earth ANNUS the Year 'T is properly speaking that Time which the Sun takes in passing through the 12 Signs of the Zodiack After several Observations Astronomers having determin'd That the several Recesses of the Sun have certain Periods after which that Planet seems to return to the same Points in respect to us and much about the same time makes the same Alteratoins of Seasons and Temperature of the Air call'd the Year that Number of Days which the Sun is passing through those several differences of Distances and Recesses Those who observ'd these things with greater Exactness did first acknowledge That the Sun did run from East to West round the Earth in twenty four Hours by the swift Motion of the Primum Mobile or Highest Orb. Then they observ'd That the Sun besides this Motion which is common to all the Planets had another also proper to it self which was from West to East round the same Globe of Earth in the Ecliptick which cutting the Aequator obliquely rises on both sides towards the Poles as far as the Tropicks And lastly That the Sun running in one Year through the full Extent of this great Circle of the Ecliptick which they have divided into twelve Parts or Signs by its Motion causes two very different Seasons viz. Summer and Winter when it arrives at the Tropicks that is to say at the two Points of the Solstices and two other more temperate viz. Spring and Autumn when the Sun cuts the Aequator or the Aequinoctial The Year is call'd in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say Returning into it self whence it is that the Egyptians have represented the Year by a Serpent turning round and biting its Tail which made Virgil say in his Georgicks lib. 2. v. 402. Atque in se sua pervestigia volvitur annus The Year is either Natural which is otherwise call'd Tropical or Civil The Natural or Tropick Year is that exact Space of Time which the Sun takes in passing through the Ecliptick which is not always the same because of the Inequality of the Sun's Motion which seems to have been observ'd in the most antient Times by the Aegyptian Priests and Sacrificers to Jupiter Ammon by means of the different Quantity of Oyl which was burnt continually before the Statue of that God for measuring with all the exactness possible what they spent in the whole year they found that there was a considerable Difference between one Year and another and from thence infer'd that the Years were not exactly equal Astronomers have since by the Exactness of their Calculations and Observations proved that the Mechanical Conjecture of the Aegyptians for the Term of the Solar Year observ'd in the time of Hipparchus and Piolemy and about 750 years after by Albategnius was still found very different in the time of Alphonsus King of Castile which was about 400 years after and the Modern Discoveries that have been made from the most curious and diligent Observations have no Agreement with the Antients And as the Duration of the Solar Year which we have from Ptolemy's Observations is the greatest of all that in Albategnius the least so that in Alphonsus's time is in some sort a Mean between both but that of our time seems to come near the greatest Copernicus who liv'd about the end of the last Age but one took occasion to conjecture that these tho different Inequalities had their determin'd Periods and that in a certain Revolution of time they pass'd through all these Differences and then return'd to the same Posture they were in before He has found out by a laborious Computation that the Term of this Period is about 1716 years in which time the Solar year runs through all these several Changes But because it would be very hard to fix upon a Computation of Years according to such nice Differences which consist in some few Minutes for each year the Astronomers have for that reason made use of a mean Duration between the greater and the less which contains 365 days 15 hours and about 49 minutes The Civil Year which is commonly us'd by all Nations is very different both as to its Beginning and Duration which nevertheless may be refer'd to three different Heads for they either follow the Course of the Sun or of the Moon or of both The Hebrews had two sorts of Years the Secular or Natural Year and the Sacred or Ecclesiastical The Secular had respect to the Civil Government for buying and selling and began at the Autumnal Aequinox in the month called Tisri which answers to our September because they believed that God created the World at that time The Sacred Year had reference to their Religion and began at the Vernal Aequinox in the month called Nisan which answers to our April at which time they kept their Passover The Aegyptians Chaldaeans and Assyrians were the first that measur'd their Year by the Course of the Sun and they thought at first that the Solar Year had 360 days only which they divided into twelve months containing thirty days each at the end of which as we may conjecture by the Story which Plutarch relates concerning Rhea and Saturn Mercury added five days which he called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Added by which means the year became 365 days long without counting the six hours or thereabouts by which the Solar Year exceeds that number of days and which making one day in four years is the cause that Thot i. e. the Aegyptian year has no determin'd and fix'd place in any part of the Solar Year which it anticipates one day every four years and one month in 120 years running through its whole Course in the space of 1440 years after which it returns to the same point from which it first began This way of reckoning the Years has been a long time in use among the Aegyptians till after the defeat of Mark Anthony by Augustus at the Battel of Actium their Country was made a Province of the Roman Empire and they were forced to submit to the Laws of the Conquerours and their Computation of years which was the Julian keeping only the Names of the months which answer'd after such a manner to the Roman Months that their Thot the first day of the Year always happen'd upon the 29th of August whence it comes to pass that the first day of the Aegyptian Year which
other answers si appenderes in â—anibus meis mille argenteos This sicle of Silver was of the value of 2 Shillings and Six Pence in our Money ARGILETUM a long Street in the City of Rome over against the Mens Palatinus which reach'd from the end of the Velabrum or Tuscan Street as far as the Theatre of Marcellus to the Herb-Market It was so called from one Argus who a had mind to kill Evander but he himself was slain and buried there Varro thinks that this Place was also call'd by this Name from Argilla or fat Earth whereof there is a great quantity in that Place ARGONAVIS the Ship of the Argonauts in which Jason sail'd to Colchos to fetch the Golden Fleece This Ship was built by Argus with the help of Miuerva of the Pine Trees in the Forest of Pelens or Dedona Phaedrus in the 4th Book of his Fables Fab. 6. speaks of it after the following manner I would to God that the Thassalian Ax had never cut down the high Pines of the Forrest of Peleus and that the subtil Argus having a mind to go upon the Waters a daring Voyage expos'd to many visible dangers of Death had never fram'd a Ship by the Art of Pallas which by opening the 1st Entrance into the Sea that hitherto had continued inaccessible has been so fatal both to the Greeks and Barbarians You will tell me doubtless continues the same Author that all this Prayer is impertinent and founded upon a mistake about the 1st Ship since it is certain that a long time before the Argonautes Minos overcame the Violence of the Egâ—an Sea by covering it with a great Fleet and reveng'd the Death of his Son by a Punishment no less just than Exemplary ARGONAUTAE the Argonauts a great number of Illustrious Greeks who embark'd with Jason to go and fetch the Golden Fleece viz. Hercules Theseus Castor and Pollux Orpheus Typhis Lynaâ—â—s and some others who arrived all safe at Colchos after they had escap'd some Dangers ARGUS the Son of Apis succeeded his Father in the Kingdom of the Argives and from him the Argives took their Name for they were not so call'd before It was under his Reign that Greece 1st began to maâ—sure the Ground and sow Corn. Argus after his Death was honour'd as a God and Temples and Sacrifices were appointed for him which Honour had been given before him to one called Honogyrus who was struck dead with a Thunderbolt and was the 1st who yok'd Oxen to draw St. August B. 〈◊〉 Of the City of God Chap. 6. Argus the Son of Aâ—estor a vigilant Prince and one of great Circumspection to whom the Poets gave a hundred Eyes to denote his Vigilance They also feign'd that Juno employ'd him to observe the Actions of Jupiter her Husband and to guard Io the Daughter of Inacus whom he lov'd But Mercury killed this Argus by the order of Jupiter after he had lulled him asleep with the sound of his Pipe Juno to recompence the Faithfulness of her Spy chang'd him into a Peacock which has as many golden Circles in his Tail as Argus had Eyes Ariadne the Daughter of Minos King of Crete or Candia by Pusiphae When Thescuâ— was sent to Candia by the Athenians to be devour'd by the Minotaure she instructed him how to get out of the Labyrinth in which this Monster was enblos'd by giving him a Clue of Thread which succeeded so well that after he had killed the Monster he got out of the Labyrinth though the escape was very difficult by reason of the many turnings and windings that were in it After his Escape he forgat his Benefactress and abandon'd her in the Isle of Chio or Naxos where she married Bacthus who plac'd the Crown she had then upon her Head amongst the Stars ARICIA a little of City Latium in Italy which was built by Hippoliâ—us the Son of Theseus in Memory of his Wife who had the same Name as Martial tells us B. 4. Her Name was also given to a Forest wherein Diana concealed Hippolytus after he was rais'd from the Dead by Aesculapius as an acknowledgement for so great a Benefit he erected a Temple to him whose Priests were to be fugitive Slaves Hard by there was a Fountain sacred to the Nymph Egeria where King Numa having learned Hydromancy or the Art of Divination by Waters boasted that he had frequent Conversation with that Nymph that he might the more firmly establish his Empire raise his own Reputation to a higher Pitch and conciliate greater Authority to his Laws among the common People â—oliâ—ms and Cassius Hemina think that the City of Aricia was built by Archilacus the Sicilian in the Year 425. from the building of Rome It obtain'd the Priviledge of the Roman Freedom and was at first a Municipal City and afterwards a Roman Colony as Florus tells us Marius Anttum Ariciam Laviniâ—n colonaias devastavit It was the Place of the Nativity of Accia the Mother of the Emperor Augustus ARIES a Ram a Warlike Engine us'd by the Ancients It was a great Beam of Wood strengthned with Iron at the end which represented the Head of a Ram wherewith the Ancients were to batter the Walls of Cities there were Three sorts of them one was hang'd upon Ropes another run upon Wheels and a third sort was born up in the Arms of those who made use of it This Machine was first invented after this manner when the Carthaginians laid Siege to Gades they thought it convenient immediatly to demolish a Castle which they had taken but having no proper instruments for that purpose they made use of a great Beam of Wood which many Men bore up in their Arms and striking the top of the Walls with the end of this Beam by their redoubled blows they made the uppermost Stones to come down and so descending lower from one Lay of Stones to another they batter'd down the whole Fortification After this a Carpenter of the City of Tyre call'd Pephasmenos taking the hint from the former Experiment hang'd one Beam upon another like a Balance which being thrust forward with great force by many repeated blows he beat down the Wall of the City of Gades Cetras the Caelcdonian was the 1st who made a Carr of Wood which moved upon Wheels Upon the Carr he laid many pieces of Timber whereof some stood upright and others lay athwart which he join'd together and made a Hut of them in which he hung up a Ram and then he cover'd it with Ox-hides to secure those who play'd the Engine for battering down a Wall And this Hut was called a Snail to the Ram because it moved but very slowly Polydus the Thessalian at last perfected the Engine at the Siege which King Philip the Son of Amyntas laid to Bizantium This is what Vitruvius tells us B. 10. Ch. 17. But Athenaeus in his Book De Machinis thinks that Geras the Carthaginian was the Inventor of this Engine He says also that this
swiftness so she resolved to marry none but him that should excel her in running Hippomenes the Son of Mars entred the Lifts with her and gained the Victory by casting three Golden Apples which Venus had given him out of the Garden of the Hesperides in her way for she stopping to take them up her Eyes were dazled with their shining and he overcame her by this Stratagem and enjoyed his Love but lying with her in the Temple of Cybele the Goddess was angry at the action and metamorphosed them the one into a Lion and the other into a Lioness ATE a Prophetess or Goddess according to Plutarch In his Banquet of the seven wise Men whom Jupiter cast down headlong from Heaven to Earth at the Birth of Hercules wherein Juno deceived him Homer makes Aâ—e the Daughter of Jupiter who was sent to Men to be the Source of all Evils in the Company of the Litae the Daughters of Jupiter who comfort them but because they are very old lame and blind they come often very late Homer also makes mention of Ate whom he affirms to be a Goddess for midable to Men Gods and even to Jupiter himself although she is his Daughter And after he has related the Surprize that Juno put Jupiter in when she caused Eurysthcus to be born before Hercules which gave him Power over Hercules he says that Jupiter being angry with Ate cast her down headlong from Heaven to Earth swearing that she should never return thither again So that Ate concerns her self wholly with humane Affairs Illico corripuit Aten juravit firmum juramentum nunquam in Olympum Coelum stellatum redituram Aten quae omnes infortunio afficit 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sic fatus ejicit à Coelo stellato manu rotans fulgur mex autem pervenit ad opera hominum It is evident that the name of this Goddess comes from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nocco who if Homer makes the Daughter of Jupiter 't is because no Evil happens to us but by the permission of Providence that if this Goddess was heretofore in Heaven and was banished out of it 't was because the Division among the Angels was but once made when they became Evil of Good as they were created and by their own Sin separated themselves from the Company of Blessed Spirits The Banishment of Ate to the Earth signifies nothing else but the terrible Effects of divine Justice which shews itself only upon the Earth because that 's the only Theatre of Injustice ATELLANAE COMOEDIAE Atellan Comedies or Farces which were acted at the end of Comedies to divert the People The Original of these Farces was as Atella a City of Apulia in Campania between Capua and Naples whose Inhabitants were very Satyrical and full of filthy and obscene words These Farces were acted by the Youth in Masquerade as Festus observes and Titus Livius adds that the Atellans would not suffer any to act their Farces that were Stage-players or Comedians for they were not removed from their Tribe as infamous nor prohibited from going to War as other Comedians were Tertia species est fabularum latinarum quae à civitate Oscorum At-llâ in quâ primum caeptae Atellanae dictae sunt Diomedes the Grammarian Quod genus ludorum ab Oscis acceptum tenuit juventus nec'ab histrionibus pollxi passa est â—oinstitutum manet ut actores Atellanarum nec tribu moveantur stipendia tanquam expertes artis ludicrae faciant ATELLANI VERSUS Verses of which these sorts of Farces were composed which were very free and a little lascivious ATHAMAS King of Thebes and Son of Aeolus He married Nephele by whom he had two Children Phryxus and Helle Nephele being turned mad by Bacchus Athamas divorced her and married Themisto the Daughter of Hypsaeus by whom he had Sphincius and Orchomenus but being also divorced from her he married Ino the Daughter of Cadmus by whom he had Learchus and Melicâ—rtus Themisto being very angry to see her self so supplanted resolved to put Ino's Children to Death and hiding her self in a Place of the Palace she slew her own Children instead of her Rivals being deceived by the Cloaths which the Nurse had put on them This cruel Mistake made her slay her self Ino being thus rid of Themisto's Children contrived to take off Nepheles's Children whom she hated and to that end procured a Famine in her Country being advised to parch the Corn and not sow it which caused a Famine and a Plague Athamas sent to consult the Oracle at Delphos how he might be delivered from these Evils but his Messengers being bribed by Ino told him that the Oracle had ordered that he should sacrifice his Son Phryxus who offered himself voluntarily to Death notwithstanding Athamas was against it But as they went to sacrifice him the Accomplices discovered to Athamas the Malice of Ino who immediately delivered her and her Son Melicertus to Phryxus to be revenged on her but as he was going to put them to Death Bacchus whom she had nursed delivered them by covering them with a Cloud Athamas was punished with Madness by Jupiter and slew his Son Learchus whom he took for a Lyons Whelp Ino escaped with her Son Melicertus and cast her self head long into the Sea where Neptune Deifyed them Ino under the name of Lâ—â—oâ—thea or the Mother Mutata and Melicertus under the Name of Palaemon or Portunus ATHENAEA Feasts at Athens dedicated to the Honour of Minerva of which some were kept every Year and others every Five Years according to the Institution of Ericthonius King of Athens as Pausanias says ATHENAEUM a Place at Athens consecrated to Minerva where the Greek Poets went to make an Offering of their Works as the Latins consecrated them in the Temple of Apollo This Place was like a publick School where they taught the Liberal Arts. ATHENAE Athens the most famous City of Greece situated in that part of Achaia which lies upon the Coast from whence it was called Acte and after Attica The first Founder of it was Cecreps in the time of Moses from whence it was called Cecropia or Ionia from Ion the Son of Xuthus and afterwards Athens from Minerva for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifies Minerva This City was famous for Learning and Eloquence and the Defence of all Greece says Lucian in his Praise of Demosthenes I might adds he speak of the Gods to whom it owes its beginning their Amours Decrees Dwellings Presence and Mysteries I might speak of its Laws Decrees Assemblies Colonies Victories and Trophies which are so great and many as well by Sea as by Land that he must be more eloquent than D mosthenes which can sufficiently describe them It was governed by Kings for the Space of 460 Years of whom the first was Cecrops but their Power degenerating into Tyranny the People shook of the Regal Yoke which ended in Codrus They were governed for a long time after by 500 Magistrates named PRYTANES who
Augustus by the Senate an Epithet which the Romans gave to their Gods as well as Emperors He was the Son of Octavius the Praetor and Accia great Grand Child of Julius Caesar who adopted him Observe what Vitruvius says in his Preface to his Six Books of Architecture which he dedicated to him When I consider Sir that by Vertue of your divine Genius you are become Master of the whole World that your invincible Valour has vanquished all your Enemies and gloriously protected your Subjects for which all Nations pay Homage to you that the People and Senate of Rome do build the Assurance of the Peace which they enjoy upon the Wisdom of your Government only When I reflect upon the large Extent of your Mind whose cares are not confined to the Affairs of State but has regard to the most minute advantages of the publick I observe that you are not content to make the City of Rome the Mistress of so many Provinces as have submitted to her but you make her admirable for the excellent Structure of her great Buildings and that you will have their Magnificence to equal the Majesty of your Empire Indeed there never was a Prince that was more Magnificent in his Buildings or more Liberal than Augustus having built many Temples to the Gods it Rome and elsewhere He composed several ingenious Works which discover his Personal Learning but they are lost through the Injuries of Time As his Exhortations to Philosophy 13 Books of his Life the Funeral Orations of Julia his Aunt Octavia his Sister Drusus Marcellus and Agrippa his Treatises of Government a Poem on Sicily the Tragedies of Ajax and Achilles and several other Greek and Latin Works which he read says Suetonius in the Senate and before the People Being Consul the sixth time and seeing his Power established by the Defeat of Lepidus and Autonius which put an end to that cruel Tri-umverate he abolished the Laws which he had made in his Usurpation and made others says Tacitus by which the People might live in Peace under his Empire He died at Nola in the 67th Year of his Age and left only one Daughter and she very loose and wicked His Will was brought to the Senate by the Vestal Virgins he made Tiberius and Livia his Heirs adopting him into the Family of the Caesars and giving her the Title of Empress He gave to the People of Rome 43500000 Sesterces a 1000 to every Souldier of his Guards and 300 to them in the Legions His Body was carried to the Fire upon the Senators Shoulders and burnt in Mars's Field which he had appointed for his Burial He refused the Dignity of Dictator and King and was content with a more modest Title the Prince of the Senate His Funeral being performed Temples and Divine Honours were appointed him not only at Rome but also almost in all Places with Sacrifices and Priests A Society of 25 Priests was instituted in Imitation of that which Titus Tatius introduced long before at Rome to preserve something of the Religion of the Sabâ—â—s This Society consisted of 21 of the chief Men of the City which were chosen by Lot and Tiberius Drusus Glaudius and Germanicus were added to them One Month in the Roman Calendar which before was called Sextilis was named from him Augustus He was the first that bore the name of Pater Patriae according to the Testimony of Pliny which Title also Ovid gives him Sancte Pater Patriae tibi plebs tibi Curiae nomen Hoc dedit Fast Lib. II. v. 127. Tiberius his Successor began to build him 2 Temple at Rome which was finished by Caligula and repaired by Antoninus Pius as his Medals shew AUGUSTALES and SODALES AUGUSTALES Augustines or a Society of Priests instituted in Honour of Augustus after the Romans in Flattery had ranked him amongst the Number of the Immortal Gods It was the Emperor Tiberius who founded this Society or College which he called AUGUSTALES to offer Sacrifices in the Temple he had built for him appointing a Revenue for their Subsistance This was not only done at Rome but also in the Provinces of the Gauls and chiefly at the City of Lyons where he had a Magnificent Temple built to him at the Expence of Twelve Cities in which was a Statue for every Province to to shew to Posterity that they all had contributed to the adorning of that Temple 'T is credible that that Temple stood where now is the Abby of Aisnay at that Place where the Saone and the Rhone join for there are yet some Ruins of it which are Cast Pillars as is justified by a certain ancient Marble which is to be seen at Lyons in the Church of St. Peter belonging to the Nuns JOVI OP MAX. Q. ADICINNIUS URBICI Fâ—L MARTINUS SEQ. SACERDOS ROMAE ET AUGUST Ad aram ad Confluentes Araris Rhodani FLAMEN 〈◊〉 VIR IN CIVITATE SEQUANORUM Thus Flattery and Superstition increasing Communities of Priests were at length instituted in Honour of the Emperors whom they deified after their Death and called them by the general Name of Augustales or by the Name of the Emperor to whose Service they were consecrated as FLAVII ADRIAN ALES AELIANI ANTONINI But that which made these Societies more eminent and famous was this that the new Emperors themselves entred among them in Imitation of Tiberius who entred himself into the number of the Priests of Augustus and caused Drusus Germanicus and Claudius to do the like Nero also did the same and therein was followed by other Emperors AUGUSTALIA Feasts celebrated Octob. 12. for the happy Return of Augustus to Rome after he had settled Sicily Greece Syria Asia and Parthia in Peace and to that end an Altar was built with this Title Fortunae Reduci AUGUSTALES Plays instituted in Honour of Augustus The publick Plays says Tacitus newly consecrated to the Memory of Augustus were interrupted at the first Show by the Emulation of the Actors This Prince had before shewed that he was much pleased with these sorts of Diversions in Favour of Maecenas who was passionately in Love with a Mimick named Batillus AURELIUS Marcus Aucelius the Roman Emperor who was adopted by Antoninus His Medals represent him with a grave and modest Countenance which the Philosophers affected He imitated them with their long Beard and was surnamed the Philosopher to honour him for the Inclination which he had for their Learning and way of living The title of the Speech of Athenagoras who was sent to this Prince to make an Apology for the Christian Religion is in these Terms TO THE EMPERORS MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS AND LUCIUS AURELIUS COMMODUS ARMENIANS SARMATIANS AND WHICH IS MORE PHILOSOPHERS And the beginning of the Life of Marcus Anrelius written by Capitolinus is in these Terms MARCO ANTONINO IN OMNI VITA PHILOSOPHANTI VIRO He also often repeats this Sentence of Plato That those Sâ—ates are most flourishing where Philosophers ruled or where the Rulers studied Philosophy He was
Crew more fit for a Ball than for a Warlike Encounter disdained at first to take Arms and thought to send their Women to fight them for fear they should disgrace their Valour by such an unworthy Victory but when they understood that that Army though ridiculous kindled a Fire every where for Fire is the Dart of Bacchus which he hath borrowed from the Thunder of his Father they armed themselves in hast and mounting upon their Elephants came full of Rage and Anger to encounter these Incendiaries When they came in sight of them they put themselves in order for Battel covering the Front of their Troops with their Elephants Bacchus also mustered his Army and set Silene on his right Hand which is that great flat Nos'd Captain above mention'd and Pan on his left and plac'd himself in the middle after he had dispersed the Satyrs every where as many Officers and Captains and given them for their word Evohe Immediately the Bacchae sounded a Signal with their little Drums and Trumpets and a Satyr having blown his Horn the Ass of Silene began to bray so terribly that being joyned with the howling of the Bacchae who then discovered the Iron of their Thyrses and the Serpents they were girded withal the Indians and their Elephants sied before they were within reach of their Spears and so they were defeated and subdued Diodorus in his second Book of his Antiquities gives an historical Relation of Bacchus and tells us that the most wise of the Indians say that Bacchus invaded their Country with a great Army from the Western Parts and that he over ran all the Indies not finding any City that dare oppose him but the great Heats of the Country much incommoding his Army he left the Plains and retired with his Army into the hollow of the Mountains which he called the Thigh which gave an occasion to the Greeks to feign that Jupiter put him into his Thigh He taught them afterward how to plant and dress a Vineyard caused several Cities to be built among them and furnished them with Laws and died after he had reigned over them 52 Years Antiquity has given Bacchus several Names He is called BIMATER that is to say One who had Two Mothers viz. Semele and Jupiter in whose Thigh he fulfilled his Time after he was taken out of the Belly of his Mother He was named Dionysius from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Jupiter his Father and the City Nysa where he was nursed Diodorus places this City in Arabia or in Aegypt on the Confines of Arabia Arrian and Quintus Curtius say 't is in the Indies of whose Opinion is Pomponius Mâ—la thus speaking of it The fairest and largest of all the Cities in the Indies is Nysa where Bacchus was nursed which gave occasion to the Greeks to feign that he was shuâ— up in Jupiter's Thigh Pliny speaks of another City called Nysa which is in Caria Stephanus reckons Ten of the same Name in several Kingdoms Some give him the name of Liber either because he rejoices and frees the Mind from the Troubles of Life or because he obtained Liberty for the Country of Baeotia He is also surnamed BROMIUS 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Fear or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from Thunder being born of a Mother who was consumed by Jupiter's Thunder He is called LYAEUS from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to drive away or because Wine excels Grief Lastly some give him the Epithet of Evan which in the Indian Tongue signifies Ivy which is consecrated to him We see him sometimes represented to us in the Shape of a Child holding in his Arm a Bunch of Grapes and sometimes in the Form of a Man carrying a Pine-branch We have a reverse of a Medal of Severus and Julia where is the Figure of a Chariot drawn by Two Panthers in which is set a Young Man holding a Pot in his left Hand and in the other a Tygers Skin to shew us that Bacchus was the Conqueror of the Indies and other Eastern Countries because he is pictured in a Triumphal Chariot with a Dart in his Hand and his Enemy prostrate at his Feet The Philosopher Albricus tells us that some have painted Bacchus with the Face of a Woman with naked Breasts and Horns on his Head crowned with Vine-leaves and riding upon a Tyger carrying a Pot in his left Hand and a Bunch of Grapes in his right Some picture Bacchus both Male and Female as is visible on the Consular Medals of the Cassian Family which shew us the Figures of Liber and Libera i. e. Bacchus both Male and Female Orpheus in his Hymn against Masae has positively asserted that Bacchus was ever thought to be of both Sexes as the greatest part of the Gods are He had a Magnificent Temple at Rome in which they sacrificed to him Hee-Goats because they destroy the Vine-branches and eat the Grapes as Virgil teaches us Baccho Caper omnibus aris Caeditur Georg. II. v. 380. BACCHUS the Son of Jupiter and Semele otherwise called Dionysius from the Island Dia now Naxus after he had over-run all the East with his Army subdued the greatest part of the Indies and taught Men the use of Wine was put by them into the Number of the Immortal Gods but when the Thebans disputed his Dignity publishing that he was not the Son of Jupiter but of some Man who had left his Mother he filled their Women with a divine Fury so that they ran with their Hair flying about their Shoulders loose into Mount Cytheron crying Evohe Tiresias and Cadmus were by this Action convinced of his Divinity and none but Pentheus opposed it discoursing of the Superstition of the Orgiae and labouring entirely to abolish them at which the God being provoked made him mad also and drove him into Mount Cytheron where he was torn in pieces by the Theban Women who were before turned Furies and took him for a Lion and his Mother Agave was the Woman that cut off his Head not knowing who he was The Tyrrhenians famous Pirates in the Mediterranean Sea as they were robbing upon the Coasts of the Aegaean Sea met with Bacchus upon the Shore and having taken him Captive thought they had got a considerable Prize whereupon they began to insult over him and to offer him some Indignities but the God seeing their ill Designs changed them into Dolphins to punish them as we learn from Philostratus in his Character of the Tyrrhenians Tzetzes thinks that Noab lived at the same time with the Bacchus of the Indians and Osiris of the Aegyptians and that he had for his Servant Mercurius Trismegistus who was the first Inventer of Learning and Arts from the Instructions which he had received from Noah who had preserved Arts Learning and Sciences which had been invented and exercised during the 16 or 17 Ages which preceded the Deluge The same Author says elsewhere that near the Mountains of India are to be seen the Pillars of
an Hecattomb of these Artificial Creatures to the Gods BRABEIA the Rewards which the Ancients gave to Actors Dancing-Women Jack-puddings Vaulters and Stage-players BRABEUTES was he who in the publick Shows and Plays ordered them provide the Expence and distributed the Rewards BRACCAE Breeches the Linnen which covers the secret Parts as our Linings This word is from the Celtae who gave the Name of Gallia Bracata to that part of France called afterward Gallia Narbonensis They were a sort of Breeches or as others think a short Gown Mr. Du Cange accounts them that part of the Cloaths that cover the Thighs as our Breeches do that the word comes from Brace or Braccae because they were short Salmasius will have it to be derived from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and others think it comes from the Hebrew Borec which signifies a Knee because that Garment reached no further than their Knees BRACHIALE a defensive Armour to secure the Arm. The Compleat Horsemen of Old wore them The Switz-Foot also do so now but they are only the Pike-men BRACHMANES Brachmans Philosophers and Poets among the Indians Strabo gives us an elegant Description of these Brachmans and represents them to us as a Nation devoted as much to Religion as the Jews were As soon as their Children are born their Doctors come and bless their Mothers and give them some virtuous Instructions While they are in their Infancy they appoint them Masters and accustom them to a thrifty way of Living They teach their Philosophy in Woods and allow none to marry till they are Thirty Seven Years of Age Their Life is very laborious and mortifying but after that they allow something more Liberty Their Doctrine was that this Life is only a preparation and passage to an eternal and happy Life to those who live well That the joy and grief good and evil of this World are but Dreams and Fantoms They were much of the same Opinions with the Greeks that the World had a beginning and should have an end That God made it governs it is present in it and fills it Strabo afterward relates a Discourse which Alexander the Great had with one of the most famous Brachmans named Calanus who laughed at the rich Garments of Alexander telling him that in the Golden Age Nature produced a great Plenty of those things but now Jupiter had changed the State of Affairs and obliged Men to procure themselves another sort of Plenty by Arts Labour and Thriftiness that Men began to abuse this second Favour which was a just Reason to think that the World was now quite changed St. Clement of Alexandria speaks of the Brachmans almost in the same manner as Strabo He assures us that they would not eat any living Creature nor drink Wine observed a continual Continency eat but once a Day and some of them only once in Two or Three Days and that they looked upon Death as a Passage into another Life BRANCHIDAE the Priests of Apollo Didymaeus who uttered his Oracles near the Promontory of Ionia This Name was from one Branchut a Thessalian who affirmed himself to be the Son of Apollo and to whom Sacrifices were offered as to a God BRIAREUS one of the Giants the Son of Coelum and Terra who had an Hundred Arms according to the Fable He was chosen by the Sun and Neotune to decide their difference about the Territory of Corinth which he adjudged to Neptune and gave the Sun the Promontory above the City BRITANNICUS the Son of the Emperor Claudius and Messalina His mother-in-Mother-in-Law Agrippina raised Nero to the Empire to his Prejudice by means of Tiberius He was poisoned at the Age of Fourteen Years by Nero's Order The Account which Tacitus gives of him is this Among other Pastimes which the Youth used at the Feast of the Saturnalia there was a certain Play in which they made a King who commanded all the Company It fell to Nero's Lot to be chosen who gave trifling Commands sometimes to one and sometimes to another but when he came to Britannicus he ordered him to rise up and reherse some Verses thinking to make him laughed at but he not seeking to excuse himself began a Poem wherein he complained of the Wrong done him and described the Misfortune of a Prince who had been deprived of his Kingdom where by he moved the Compassion of all present Then Nero being nearly touched with this Affront resolved to kill him immediately by poisoning him and to that end gave a Commission to the Captain of the Praetorian Band named Pollio who had in his Custody that famous Woman for poisoning named Locusta whom he had before made use of to destroy the Father of Britannicus It was a Custom for the Emperors Children to dine with the other Princes who were of the same Age at a Table that was not served with so much State Wherefore to prevent that the Person who was to tast Britannicus's Meat and Drink should not be poisoned they gave him some Drink a little too hot which when he had tasted he gave to the young Prince who refusing to drink it they gave him some cooler Water which was poisoned and seized all his Members in such a manner that he lost his Speech and Life in an Instant He was carried into Mars's Field with very little Ceremony but in so great a Tempest that the People took it for a mark of the divine Anger who detested so black and infamous an Action BRONTES one of the Cyclops who wrought in Vulcan's Forge so called from the Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies Thunder because of the Noise and Clatter which he makes upon his Anvil Hesiod makes him the Son of Coelum and Terra as well as the other Cyclops Styropes and Piracmon BROTHEUS the Son of Vulcan and Minerva who seeing himself derided for his Deformity cast himself into the Fire preferring Death before a contemptible Life BRUMALIA the Saturnalia which were kept at the Winter Solstice or upon the shortest Day of the Year See SATURNALIA BRUTUS the Name of several Romans Lucius Junius Brutus the Founder of the Liberty and Common-wealth of Rome which had been governed by Seven Kings Successively He had seemed till the Death of Lucretia to be of a very dull and slow Wit but the Death of that famous Woman changed him on a sudden for he delivered a funeral Oration in praise of her so well that the People looked upon this Proof of his excellent Wit and Eloquence for a Prodigy and Miracle from the Gods The People at the Conclusion of this Speech cried out LIBERTY and made Brutus Consul giving him an absolute Power He was slain in a single Fight with Aruns the Son of Tarquinius but slew his Enemy at the same time The Roman Matrons lamented him and wore Mourning for him a whole Year acknowledging him the Revenger of the violated Ghastity of their Sex in the Person of Lâ—â—retia M. and Decius Brutus were the Institutors
Kalend. 2. IV 2. IV 2. VI 2. IV 2. VI 2. IV 2. VI 2. IV 2. IV 2. VI 2. IV 2. IV 3. III 3. III 3. V 3. III 3. V 3. III 3. V 3. III 3. III 3. V 3. III 3. III 4. Prid. 4. Prid. 4. IV 4. Prid. 4. IV 4. Prid. 4. IV 4. Prid. 4. Prid. 4. IV 4. Prid. 4. Prid. 5. Non. 5. Non. 5. III 5. Non. 5. III 5. Non. 5. III 5. Non. 5. Non. 5. III 5. Non. 5. Non. 6. VIII 6. VIII 6. Prid. 6. VIII 6. Prid. 6. VIII 6. Prid. 6. VIII 6. VIII 6. Prid. 6. VIII 6. VIII 7. VII 7. VII 7. Non. 7. VII 7. Non. 7. VII 7. Non. 7. VII 7. VII 7. Non. 7. VII 7. VII 8. VI 8. VI 8. VIII 8. VI 8. VIII 8. VI 8. VIII 8. VI 8. VI 8. VIII 8. VI 8. VI 9. V 9. V 9. VII 9. V 9. VII 9. V 9. VII 9. V 9. V 9. VII 9. V 9. V 10. IV 10. IV 10. VI 10. IV 10. VI 10. IV. 10. VI 10. IV 10. IV 10. VI 10. IV 10. IV 11. III 11. III 11. V 11. III 11. V 11. III. 11. V 11. III 11. III 11. V 11. III 11. III 12. Prid. 12. Prid. 12. IV 12. Prid. 12. IV 12. Prid. 12. IV 12. Prid. 12. Prid. 12. IV 12. Prid. 12. Prid. 13. Id. 13. Id. 13. III 13. Id. 13. III 13. Id. 13. III 13. Id. 13. Id. 13. III 13. Id. 13. Id. 14. XVII 14. XVI 14. Prid. 14. XVII 14. Prid. 14. XVII 14. Prid. 14. XVII 14. XVII 14. Prid. 14. XVII 14. XVII 15. XVI 15. XV 15. Id. 15. XVI 15. Id. 15. XVI 15. Id. 15. XVI 15. XVI 15. Id. 15. XVI 15. XVI 16. XV 16. XIV 16. XVII 16. XV 16. XVII 16. XV 16. XVII 16. XV 16. XV 16. XVII 16. XV 16. XV 17. XIV 17. XIII 17. XVI 17. XIV 17. XVI 17. XIV 17. XVI 17. XIV 17. XIV 17. XVI 17. XIV 17. XIV 18. XIII 18. XII 18. XV 18. XIII 18. XV 18. XIII 18. XV 18. XIII 18. XIII 18. XV 18. XIII 18. XIII 19. XII 19. XI 19. XIV 19. XII 19. XIV 19. XII 19. XIV 19. XII 19. XII 19. XIV 19. XII 19. XII 20. XI 20. X 20. XIII 20. XI 20. XIII 20. XI 20. XIII 20. XI 20. XI 20. XIII 20. XI 20. XI 21. X 21. IX 21. XII 21. X 21. XII 21. X 21. XII 21. X 21. X 21. XII 21. X 21. X 22. IX 22. VIII 22. XI 22. IX 22. XI 22. IX 22. XI 22. IX 22. IX 22. XI 22. IX 22. IX 23. VIII 23. VII 23. X 23. VIII 23. X 23. VIII 23. X 23. VIII 23. VIII 23. X 23. VIII 23. VIII 24. VII 24. VI 24. IX 24. VII 24. IX 24. VII 24. IX 24. VII 24. VII 24. IX 24. VII 24. VII 25. VI 25. V 25. VIII 25. VI 25. VIII 25. VI 25. VIII 25. VI 25. VI 25. VIII 25. VI 25. VI 26. V 26. IV 26. VII 26. V 26. VII 26. V 26. VII 26. V 26. V 26. VII 26. V 26. V 27. IV 27. III 27. VI 27. IV 27. VI 27. IV 27. VI 27. IV 27. IV 27. VI 27. IV 27. IV 28. III 28. Prid. 28. V 28. III 28. V 28. III 28. V 28. III 28. III 28. V 28. III 28. III 29. Prid. Â Â 29. IV 29. Prid. 29. IV. 29. Prid. 29. IV 29. Prid. 29. Prid. 29. IV 29. Prid. 29. Prid. Â Â Â Â 30. III Â Â 30. III Â Â 30. III Â Â Â Â 30. III Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â 31. Prid. Â Â 31. Prid. Â Â 31. Prid. Â Â Â Â 31. Prid. Â Â Â Â And to add the greater Weight and Authority to this Law he appointed the High-priests to put it in Execution and enjoyn'd them to signifie to the People the Time and Manner in which this Intercalation of extraordinary Days must be made But these Priests either thro' Ignorance or Malice brought the Account of Time and other Matters depending upon it into so great Confusion that the Festivals happen'd at such Seasons as were directly opposite to the Times of their Institution and the Feasts of Autumn fell out in the Spring and those of Harvest in the Middle of Winter This Disorder came to so great a Height that when Julius Caesar was Dictator and High-priest after the Battle of Pharsalia he thought the Reformation of the Calendar to be a Thing well worthy of his Care and necessary for the good Government of the Empire And for this purpose he fetch'd one Sosigenes from Alexandria who was esteemed the best Astronomer of that Time and he by the Order of the Emperor after he had several times corrected it himself declared that the Destribution of Time in the Calendar could never be settled as certain and unalterable unless a principal Regard was had to the Annual Course of the Sun and that it was necessary for the Future by a Method contrary to that which had been hitherto practised to adjust the Lunar Year by the Motion of the Sun rather than accommodate the Course of the Sun to the unequal Laws of the Moon 's Motion And because it passed then for a thing certain among A stronomers that the Annual Period of the Sun's Course was predsely 365 Days and Six Hours therefore he resolved to give the whole Time of 365 Days to the Year in his Calendar reserving the Six Hours to the End of Four Years when they made a whole Day which he then added to the rest by way of Intercalation so that this Year did not consist of 365 Days as the other Years did which he called common but of 366 Days And since according to the Institution of Numa Pompilius the Intercalation of the Month Merâ—edonius was made towards the End of February the same Sosigenes by order of the Emperor used the same Time for the Intercalation of this Day which happened to fall out on that Day which they called Regifugium because the Romans in ancient Times had drove their Kings out of Rome on that Day and on the Day which follows another Festival called Terminalia i. e. on the 24th Day of February or to speak in the Language of the Romans on the Sixth of the Calends of March and because this Day was called the second Sixth of the Calends which in Latin is Bissâ—xius therefore the Year in which this Intercalation was made was called Bissextile or Intercalary He chang'd nothing in the Order nor Names of the Months nor yet in the Number of Days in these Four viz. March May Quintil is and October which had each 31 Days in Numa's Calendar but to make room for the Ten Days whereby the Solar Year exceeded that of Numa he added Two Days to each of these Three Months January Sextilis and December which had only 29 Days before and so he made them equal to the other Months which had 31 but he added only
as they had been used to do and submitted to the Intercalation of a Day once every Four Years 'T is true the Observation of the Julian Calendar brought no other Alteration into these Countries but each of them still retain'd the free Use of their own Customs and Traditions for Divine Worship Thus the Jews continued in the ancient Observation of the Law without changing any thing as to their Sabbath Festivals or Ceremonies and herein the other Nations of the World did imitate them although they were subject to the Roman Empire The primitive Christians made use of the Division of Tune according to the Custom of the Romans to whose Power they were subject except such Customs as were peculiar to the City of Rome or savoured of their blind Superstition and Idolatry They kept therefore the same Names of the Months the same Number of their Days the same Division of these Days into Calends Nones and Ides and the same Intercalation of a Day every Four Years in the Year which was called Bissextile or Leap-year They left out the Nundinal Letters which were used in the Calendar of the Romans and in their stead placed other Letters to signifie every holy Sunday throughout the Year They took no Notice of their Dies Fasti Nefasti or Comitiales because they were employ'd only for some Uses peculiar to they City of Rome but they rejected with Abhorrence the Festivals and Games of the Romans as being Ceremonies consecrated to the Devil and in their stead introduced the Feasts and Ceremonies of the true Religion CALIGA a Boot or Buskin a sort of Shoes that were worn by a common Roman Soldier in time of War from whence the Word Caligatus comes to signifie a common Soldier And thus we must understand that Passage of Suetonius in the Life of Augustus Coronas murales sape etiam caligatis tribuit that he often gave the Mural Coronet to common Soldiers who first scal'd the Walls of the Enemies Cities and also that Proverb which Seneca uses speaking of Marius that from a common Soldier he arrived at the Consulship à caligâ ad consulatum pervenisse Thus Agrippina caused her Son Caius to be nam'd Caligula because he being born in the Army she caused him to wear these Buskins like a common Soldier to gain their Good-will by this Complaisance These sort of Shoes came up as high as the Middle of the Leg and had at the Top the Figure of the Head of a Lion or Leopard or only of the Muzzle of these Animals It was garnish'd with little Nails of Iron and sometimes even of Gold and Silver and had a Sole of Wood. There was a Fund set apart for providing these Nails for the Soldiers which was called Clavarium and the Officers that distributed it were called Clavarii of which Number was the Father of Suetonius The Soldiers did very often desire of the Emperors the Clavarium i. e. the Money of this Fund for buying Nails to adorn their Shoes so they did of Vitellius according to the Relation of Tacitus in L. 3. of his History Justin tells us that all the Soldiers of Antiochus's Army caused their Buskins to be adorn'd with Nails of God Argenti certè aurique tantùm ut etiam gregarii milites caligas auro suffigerent CALIGULA CAIUS the Fourth Roman Emperor the Son of Germanicus and Agrippina he succeeded Tiberius in the Empire He was surnamed Caligula from the Military Shoes which his Mother caused him to wear in the Army and which were called Caliga He had an ill-shaped Body a small Neck a large Forehead and slender Legs he affected sometimes says Suetonius to put on a terrible Countenance to strike a Dread into the Minds of those who came near him his Chin turned up which was a Sign of Cruelty but he would put on a modest Look which was only a Copy of his Countenance says Tacitus to cover his naked Designs He gave an Example of all sorts of Vices and committed the most enormous Crimes He endeavoured to gain the Good-will of the People by Largesses and Shows of extraordinary Expence and Magnificence He caused a Bridge to be built upon the Sea a Mile long with Moles upon which he erected Towers and built Houses out of a foolish and ridiculous Fancy that by this means he had subdued this Element He caused many of the Statues of the Gods to be maimed breaking off their Heads that he might place his own in the Room of them In fine he was a Monster of Cruelty and Prodigality His own Servants killed him after he had reigned Four Years CALLIOPE who was the Mother of Orpheus and the first of the Nine Muses according to the Poets who presided over Harmony and the Hymns made in Honour of the Gods CALLISTO the Daughter of Lycaon King of Arcadia and a Nymph of Diana who suffered her self to be debauched by Jupiter whereupon the Goddess being angry chang'd her into a Bear But afterwards her Lover placed her in the Heavens and this is that Constellation which is called the Great Bear CALUMNIA Calumny of which the Athenians made a Deity and to which they built a Temple Lucian has given us an Emblem of Calumny in a Dialogue under the same Title Apelles says he being accused by a Painter jealous of his Glory that he had conspired against Ptolomy and caused the Revolt of Tyre and the taking of Pelusium and being acquitted from this Accusation by one of the Painter's Accomplices Ptolomy was so sensibly touched with Sorrow for what was done that he gave Apelles 100 Talents and deliver'd up the Accuser into his Hands to do with him as he should think fit Apelles therefore to be revenged on Calumny which had done him such an ill turn made the following Picture He painted a Prince with large Ears as commonly Midas's are painted sitting upon a Throne encompassed with Suspicion and Ignorance and while he is in this State he reaches out his Hand a great Way off to Calumny which advances towards him having a Face very bright and sparkling with extraordinary Charms and Enticements She holds in her Left-hand a sorch and with the other drags an innocent young Man by the Hair who holds up his Hands to Heaven and implores its Assistance Before her marches Envy with a pale Face and squinting Eyes which set off and dress up Calumny to make her the more acceptable After her comes Repentance under the Figure of a Lady in Mourning-Habit with her Garments rent which turns her Head towards Truth who weeps for Sorrow and Shame CALYPSO was one of the Nymphs the Daughter of Oceanus and Tethys She reigned in the Isle of Ogygia where she entertain'd Vlysses kindly when he was cast upon it by a Storm They lived together for Seven Years in great Privacy But Vlysses at last forsook it and preferred his own Country and his dear Penelopy to his new Mistress Lucian in L. 2. of his true History says That as he was going
the Temple of the true God CANDIDATI the Candidates or such as aspir'd to Offices in the Commonwealth were so call'd from the white Garment they were oblig'd to wear during the two Years of their solliciting for the Place This Garment was to be wore singly without any other Cloaths according to the Relation of Plutarch in the Life of Coriolanus to avoid any Suspicion the People might have of conceal'd Money for purchasing Votes and also that they might the more easily show to the People the Scars of those Wounds they had receiv'd in fighting for the Defence of the Commonwealth In the first Year of their Canvassing they ask'd leave of the Magistrate to harangue the People or to make a Speech to them by some of their Friends At the End of these Speeches they declar'd to them that they desir'd to obtain such an Office by their good Opinion of them and pray'd them to have regard to their Ancestors and the Services they had done of which they gave a large Account This was call'd profiteri nomen suum and this Year was call'd annus professionis which was wholly employ'd in making Friends among the Grandees and Populace either by Games and Feasts or by building some Work for the Publick or by defending at the Bar such as were sued At the Beginning of the second Year they return'd to the Magistrate with the Recommendation of the People which was commonly express'd in these Terms rationem illius habe and they pray'd him to set down their Names in the List of Candidates which they call'd Edere nomen apud Praetorem aut Consulem And there was this difference between profiteri apud populum profiteri apud Magistratum i. e. Between declaring their Intention to the People and petitioning them for an Office and being admitted by the Magistrate to petition for it that no Person was ever hindred from desiring a Favour of the People but every one was not admitted by the Magistrate to put in his Petition in publick on the Day of Election For as soon as the Magistrate had seen the Petition of the Candidate together with the Recommendation of the People he call'd together the Ordinary Council of Senators and after they had examin'd the Reasons he offer'd for desiring such an Office and inform'd themselves of his Life and Behaviour the Magistrate gave him leave to put in for the Place in these Terms rationem habebo renuntiabo or else he rejected him and answer'd rationem non habebo non renuntiabo i. e. I will have no regard to you We have an infinite Number of Examples to this purpose Asconius-Pedianus writes that Catiline desir'd the Consulship of the People at his return from Africa and yet the Consul Volcatius having call'd the Senate together declar'd that he was by no means to be admitted C. Martius Rutilius put in for the Office of Censor but the Consuls protested that they would have no regard at all to his Name non renuntiabo This Opposition was so powerful that it prevail'd above the Favour of the People and even above the Authority of the Tribunes It was never known that any Man did more powerfully sollicite or had greater Favour shown him than Pelicanus had for obtaining the Consulship for he was supported by the Tribunes and favour'd by the People and yet the Consul Piso declar'd with a loud Voice in the Presence of the People as Valerius Maximus relates it that he would not name him at all non renunriabo The Tribunes also very often opposed the Candidates when the Magistrate appear'd not to be sufficiently inform'd of their Defects or plainly dissembled his knowledge of them for then the Tribunes would exclude them The most general and essential Defect which excluded any Person from Offices was his bad Life and wicked Actions A second Defect which render'd any Person uncapable was the want of that Age which was prescrib'd by the Laws to every one that should obtain the Offices of the Commonwealth Tacitus informs that at the Beginning of the Commonwealth the Person 's Age was not at all consider'd but any one was admitted indifferently to Dignities and even to the Consulship the Young as well as the Old but in succeeding Times they were forc'd to make Laws which prescrib'd a certain Age for Offices One must be 27 Years of Age to be Quaestor 30 to be Tribune and the Office of the Major or Curule Edile could not be administred by any one under the Age of 37 Years nor of Praetor under 39 nor of Consul under 43 Years of Age But according to the Opinion of Justus Lipsius none could be Quaestor until he was 25 Years old nor Tribune or Edile Major until he had entred upon the 27th or 28th Year of his Age nor Praetor until he was 30 Years old nor Consul until he had entred upon the 43th Year of his Age. Nevertheless they did very often dispense with the Rigor of these Laws for Scipio was made Consul at 24 and Pompey at 34 Years of Age. There was also a third Defect which render'd them uncapable of Offices and that was when they endeavour'd to obtain the greater Offices before they had passed thro' the lesser Thus it was forbidden that any one should put in for the Office of a Consul until he had first passed thro' the other inferior Offices Upon which account Cicero in his Book entituled Brutus calls the Petition of Caesar for the Office of Consul An over-hasty and unusual Petition Extraordinariam praematurum petitionem because he had been formerly no more than Edile And we learn from History that Sylla testified so great a Zeal for the Observation of this Law that he kill'd Q Lucretius Osella with his own Hand for deliring the Consulship before he had exercised the Office of Quaestor or Praetor The Reader may consult the Word Annus where we have given an Account of the Years which were prescrib'd for the several Offices The Magistrate having admitted the Pretender to put in a Petition for the Office he made it his Business to find out Friends which were of great Credit and Authority among the Grandees of Rome and the Populace that by their Interest he might obtain it To this end they made use of all manner of Civilities and the little Arts of pleasing to gain the Good-Will of the Voters they courted private Persons not only with Complements but Gifts and in the corrupt Times of the Commonwealth they came at last to that pass as to purchase openly the Votes of the Tribes For buying their Votes they made use of three sorts of Persons who were call'd Interpretes Divisores Sequestres Interpretes i. e. Brokers who help'd to make the Bargain per quos pactio inducebatur says Asconius Pedianus Divisores Distributers who divided the Money among the Tribes and Sequestres Persons in whose Hands the Money was deposited to give it to the Voters in case they did not fail to give their Votes
daturus Ausoniae populis ventura in secula civem Ille super Cangem super exauditus Indos Implebit terras voce furialia bella Fulmine compescet lingue nec deinde relinquet Par decus eloquii cuiquam sperare nepotum MARCI FILIUS his Father was called Marcus Tullius who being a Man of a weak Constitution spent his Life for the most part at Arpinum in Learning Q. Calenus falsly asserts that he exercised the Trade of a Fuller and that he dressed Vines and Olive-Trees MARCINEPOS the Grandson of Marcus who dwelt at Arpinum and who opposed M. Gratidius the Author of the Lex tabellaria to give Vote by Scrutiny CORNELIA of the Cornelian Tribe which was one of the 35 Tribes of Rome into which all the People were divided and which included the Inhabitants of Arpinum CICERO because he had a Wart like a Chick-pea upon his Face He was born on the Third of the Nones of January in the Consulship of Servilius Cepio and C. Attilius Serranus 103 Years before Jesus Christ and in the Year of the Building of Rome 647. His Father was named M. Tullius and his Mother Helvia and not Olbia as some falsely read it in Plutarch as Eusebius and Paulus Diaconus in the Supplement to Eutropius prove He came very young to Rome where he spent his first Years in studying the Greek Learning as he informs us himself in his Epistle to Titinnius I remember says he that in my Child-hood one Plotius taught Latin at Rome I was troubled that I was not one of his Scholars because he was an ingenious Man and taught very well but I was diverted from him by the Opinion of very learned Men who thought that the Greek Learning improved the Mind better Equidem memeriâ teneo pueris nobis primum Latine docere coepisse L. Plotium quendam Ad quem cùm fieret concursus quòd studiosissimus quisque apud eum exerceretur dolebam mihi idem non licere Continebar autem doctissimorum hominum auctoritate qui existimabant Graecis exercitationibus ali meliùs ingenia posse He studied Philosophy under Philo the Academick Law under Scaevola Rhetorick under Apollonius Molo He travelled into Greece and tarried Three Years at Athens where he applied himself to Phoedrus and Zeno Two Epicurean Philosophers and Antiochus of Ascalon a Person of rare Eloquence He married Terentia and divorced her afterward although he had Children by her viz. a Son named Tullius and a Daughter called Tullia and Tulliola and married Popilia who was very young rich and handsome Terentia said he married her for her Beauty but Tiro Cicero's Free-man tells us that it was for her great Estate with which he paid his Debts The great Desert of this excellent Man being joined with his Eloquence raised him to the chief Offices of the Commonwealth he was first Praetor then Quaestor and Consul and in his Consulship he dissipated the Conspiracy of Catiline by his Vigilance and Care for which he gained the Name of Pater Patriae He accused Clodius and prosecuted him vigorously but at length he was forced to yield to the prevailing Interest and the Fierceness of Clodius and flie from Rome into Exile But the Senate and all good Men bore his Absence so impatiently that they caused him to be recalled soon At his Return he found a Civil War kindled between Caesar and Pompey and although at first he embraced Caesar's Party yet at last he turned to Pompey but after the Battle of Pharsalia he was reconciled to Julius Caesar who was slain a little after in the Senate Octavius Caesar surnamed Augustus succeeded him and when that cruel Triumvirate of Antonius Lepidus and Caesar was formed to the Ruine of the Commonwealth and all good Men Cicero was abandoned by Octavius Caesar to the Resentment of Antony whom he had made his Enemy by his Philippicks so that he was banished and pursued to Death by Popilius Lanatus whose Life he had saved a little before He cut off his Head and his Right Hand having taken him as he was flying in his Litter towards the Sea of Cajeta His Head and Hand were brought to Rome and laid by Antony upon the Orators Bench from whence he had often spoken to the People and delivered his eloquent Orations for the Defence of the publick Liberty Fulvia the Wife of Antony having uttered a thousand Reproaches against these sad Relicks pulled his Tongue out of his Mouth and pricked it several times thro' with her Bodkin He was slain in the 63d Year 11 Months and 5 Days of his Age upon the Ides of December in the Year of the Building of Rome 710. We have several of his chief Pieces of Oratory but many are lost through the Injury of Time of which he gives us a Catalogue in his second Book de Divinatione His Epistles are inimitable His Brother Quintus came to the same unhappy End as himself for he was also one of those that were banished with him and being betray'd by his own Servants he was killed at the same time with his Brother Cicero CIMMERII a certain People of Scythia which inhabited a Part of the Kingdom of Pontus near the Bosphorus called after their Name the Cimmerian because they dwelt in a Country compassed about with Woods and always covered with thick Clouds which caused a great Darkness it gave an Occasion to the Proverb which calls great Darkness Cimmeriae Tenebrae such as were in Aegypt Festus and some Authors with him say that there were certain People of that Name in Italy between Bajae and Cumae near the Lake Avernus who dwelt in Caves under Ground never saw the Sun and never came out but in the Night CINCINNATUS a Roman Captain born in a mean Place but great for his Vertue and Courage as he was plowing a Field of Four Acres the People of Rome made him Dictator which they had not done but that the Affairs of their Republick were in a desperate Condition He accepted of that Dignity unwillingly and having settled the Publick Affairs in Seventeen Days he left it freely and returned to his Plough as before CINCIUS a Senator of Rome who caused the Lex Fannia to be received by which he moderated the superfluous Expences of publick Feasts He was also the Author of the Law which was called Lex Muneralis made against such as bribed the People with Money to obtain any Office it forbad those who canvassed for any Office to come clad in Two Garments into the Assemblies to prevent their hiding of Money they used to bring to buy Votes CINERARIUM an Earthen-pot to gather the Ashes and Bones of burnt Bodies CINERES and RELIQUIAE the Ashes and Remnants of the Bodies burnt at Rome When a Body was burnt the Mother Wife Children or other Relations of the Dead cloathing themselves in Mourning gathered the Ashes and Bones that were not consumed by the Fire They began it by inâ—ocating the Dii Manes and the Soul of the Deceased
says Delatus est a clementissimis Principibus ordinarius consulatus he was made Consul the first of January Constantine the Great restored the antient custom and ordered that the Consulship should be for a whole year making yet some titular Consuls as Julius Caesar had done according to Suetonius Cassiodorus relates a formular made use of by the Emperors in conferring the dignity of a Consul which may be seen lib. 6. Ep. 21. A Catalogue of the Roman Consuls And an Abridgment of all the memorable deeds that were transacted during their respective Consulate THe Romans having driven away Terquinius Superbus resolved never to suffer any more the Government of Kings and established a kind of Government mixt of Aristocracy and Democracy the people chose every year two Soveraign Magistrates called Consuls because they bestowed their Counsels and care upon their Country Their authority was equal and had no other limits but the time They were cloathed with purple like Kings and had Serjeants as well as they or Mace-bearers carrying bundles of Rods with an Ax bound up in the midst of them owning no Superiours but the Gods and the Laws The Senate was the Council of the Consuls and judged of all sorts of affairs but there was appeal from them to the people They had also other Judges and inferiour Magistrates of whom we shall speak in the sequel of this Book This change happened in the year of the creation of the world 3545. of the foundation of Rome 244. and before the birth of our Saviour 509. The first Consuls were the Authors of the publick liberty viz. LUCIUS JUNIUS BRUTUS and LUCIUS TARQUINIUS COLLATINUS This last was not only forced to quit his Consulship but also to go out of Rome because his name was the same with that of the banished Tarquinius and PUBLIUS VALERIUS was chosen Consul in his room to make an end of the year Brutus having called the people together and caused them to take an Oath that they should never submit themselves to the Royal Authority afterwards he increased the Senate with three hundred new Senators and was killed at the head of the Horse fighting against Aruns Tarquinius his Son The Ladies mourned a whole year for him because they lookt upon him as the Revenger of violated chastity in the person of Lucretia Valerius chose for his colleague in the room of Brutus either Titus Lucretius as Livy says or Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus Father to Lucretia Anno Mundi 3547. Romae 246. M. HORATIUS PULVILLUS P. VALERIUS Horatius dedicated the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus which Tarquinius had built he signalized his courage at the Siege that Porsenna King of Tuscany had laid before Rome who having seized upon Janiculum Castle attacked the Sublician Bridge which had a communication with the Town and had almost got possession of it but Horatius alone made head against the Enemies at the entry of the Bridge whilst his own men were cutting it down behind him and then threw himself down into the Tiber and got safe into the Town having received no wounds in the very midst of the Darts his Enemies flung at him A. M. 3548. R. 247. M. VALER VOLUSIUS PUBLIUS POSTHUMIUS TUBERTUS The Calendars of the Capitol record two Consuls after these viz. Spur. Largius Flavus or Ruus and T. Herennius Aquilinus and instead of Marcus the Roman Calendars record T. Valerius Cassiodorus P. Valerius Plutarch agrees with Livy and adds the Sirname of Tubertus to that of Posthumius which Livy doth not mention These two Consuls got two great Victories over the Sabines for which they obtain'd the Honour of publiek Triumph A. M. 3550. R. 249. Publius Valerius Publicola Titus Lucretius Plutarch records this Consulship as the fourth of Valerius and Dionysius Halicarnasseus puts M. Horatius in the room of Iucretius During this Consulship Appius Clausus a Sabine who was afterwards named Claudius came to shelter himself at Rome with those of his Party to the number of five thousand He was received in the Senate where he took a place as Senator and the freedom of Citizens was bestowed upon the other Men that came along with him with two Acres of Ground to each of them upon the Banks of Anio A. M. 3551. R. 250. MENENIUS AGRIPPA LANATUS PUBLIUS POSTHUMIUS TUBERTUS Valerius Publicola died in the beginning of the following Year crowned with Glory and Blessings the Roman Ladies mourned for him as they did for the death of Brutus The Sabines made an Irruption into the Roman Territories Posthumius the Consul made head against them but they forc'd him to retire to a disadvantageous place where they besieg'd him yet Agrippa's Colleague got him off and vanquish'd the Sabines The great Triumph was decreed to Agrippa and the lesser called Ovatio to Posthamius A. M. 3552. R. 251. VIRGINIUS OPITER TRICOSTUS SPUR CASSIUS VICELLINUS These Consuls defeated the Aruntians and cut off the Head of all their Generals after they had led them in Triumph The Lands of the Aruntians were destributed to the People to punish them for the plunder they had committed in the Roman Country A. M. 3553. R. 252. POSTHUMIUS CAMINUS ARUNCUS T. LAERTIUS Cassiodorus reckons two Years less but this supputation agrees with Eutropius Upon the rumour that Manilius Tarquiniu's Son-in-law was making a powerful League against the Romans to restore Tarquinius the Senate re-united the authority of the Consuls in the person of one Magistrate whom they created and called him Dictator He had power of life and death over the Romans and had four and twenty Lictors walking before him The first that was honour'd with this Office was T. Largius A. M. 3554. R. 253. SERVIUS SULPITIUS M. TULLUS or TULLIUS LONGUS There was nothing considerable done this year during which all things were quiet A. M. 3555. R. 254. T. AEBUTIUS HELLUA C. or L. or P. VETURIUS GEMINUS The Consuls besieged Fidenas and proclaimed war against the Latins who had sided with all the Enemies of Rome A. M. 3556. R. 255. CLELIUS SICULUS T. or LAERTIUS FLAVUS The Latins having made a Confederacy with the people called Volcae the Romans made Aulus Posthumius Dictator to resist them The Armies did encounter near Lake Regillus where there was a bloody and obstinate Fight and it was reported that Castor and Pollux had fought for the Ro-mans under the shape of two young Horsemen and that they had themselves brought to Rome the news of the Victory obtained by the Romans The Senate ordered the honour of Triumph to the Dictator A. M. 3557. R. 256. AULUS SEMPRONIUS ATTRATINUS M. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS They dedicated the Temple of Saturn and instituted the Feasts called Saturnalia for the 17th day of December Tarquinius and Manilius engaged seventeen Commonalties of the Latins against Rome A. M. 3558. R. 257. AULUS POSTHUMIUS ALBUS REGILLENSIS T. VIRGINIUS TRICOSTUS A War was proclaimed against the Volcae A. M. 3559. R. 258. APPIUS CLAUDIUS SABICUS M. or P. SERVILIUS PRISNUS This Year was
themselves so that they were forced to have recourse to the Confederates The Slaves chose for their General Appius Ardonius a Sabine by Birth and under his command they seized upon the Capitol which they stored with Arms and Provisions Valerius the Consul came thither to attack them but was killed The Senate sent in his room Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus Father to Caeso who disarmed the slaves and made a cruel example of them by the horror of their punishments A. M. 3595. R. 294. C. FABIUS VIBULLANUS Q. L. CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS They made an end of the tenth account of the people which began the foregoing year and found a million three hundred thirty two thousand four hundred and nineteen heads of Families A. M. 3596. R. 295. L. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS L. or C. NAUTIUS RUTILIUS The people called Aequi forced the Consul Minutius to quit the Field and besieged him in his Camp The Senate in this sad conjuncture durst not call back the other Consul Nautius from the Frontiers of the Sabines wherefore they made Dictator L. Quintius Cincimatus whom they took from ploughing in a little Field having lost the rest of his Estate by the injustice of the people He chose for General of the Horse a brave man oppressed like himself called L. Tarquinius These two illustrious poor men raised an Army in sixteen days lead it against the Enemies whom they defeated and brought the vanquished under the Yoke they triumphed and deposed Minutius from his Consulship and Q. Fabius who had got so much glory during his former Consulship was appointed in his place A. M. 3597. R. 296. Q. or P. MINUTIUS AUGURINUS M. or C. HORATIUS PULVILLUS Ten Tribunes of the people were created instead of five Livy says that this alteration was made two and thirty years after the creation of the first Tribunes and Saballicus says six and thirty years A. M. 3598. R. 297. L. or M. VALERIUS MAXIMUS SPURIUS VIRGINIUS COELIMONTANUS A great dearth of Provisions kept the Romans at rest Dionysius Halicarnasseus mentions here a Sedition rais'd at Rome occasioned by a violent Plebeian called Icellius whom a Lictor had us'd too roughly The Senate gave Mount Aventinus to any man that would build there 't is a Hill within the compass of Rome containing about twelve Furlongs or fifteen hundred paces of Ground A. M. 3599. R. 298. T. ROMILIUS VATICANUS C. VETURIUS CICURINUS or CIMINUS The Tribunes renewed the Law Tarentilla but to no purpose A. M. 3600. R. 299. SPURIUS TARPEIUS CAPITOLINUS AULUS ATERINUS FONTINALIS Romilius who was Consul the foregoing year was accused for having commanded to a dangerous post the Tribune Siccius and was fined for the same A Law was made giving leave to every Magistrate to impeach the other Magistrates who should be convicted of having done any thing either against the Law or the Discipline Three Deputies were sent into Greece to fetch the Laws of Solon and instruct themselves in the Customs of the Republick of Athens and other most famous Commonwealths of Greece These Deputies were Posthumius Albus Aulus Manlius P. or Servius Sulpitius A. M. 3601. R. 300. P. CURIATIUS or HORATIUS TERGEMINUS SEXTUS QUINTILIUS VARUS or QUINTIUS The Plague and the Famine raged so much in the Town and in the Country that the Consul Quintilius three Tribunes an Augure and the Priest of Quirinus died of it A. M. 3602. R. 301. L. or T. MENENIUS LANATUS P. SEXTIUS CAPITOLINUS The Deputies who were sent to Greece came back again and brought the Laws of Solon A. M. 3603. R. 302. APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSINUS T. GENUTIUS AUGURINUS Livy Dionysius Halicarnasseus Cassiodorus and Sabellicus make no mention of these Consuls they are only recorded in the Calendars of the Capitol The People took a distaste of the Consulary Government whereupon the Senate created ten Soveraign Magistrates called Decemviri to govern the Commonwealth and to examine the Laws of Solon which were called the Laws of the twelve Tables because they were engraven upon twelve Tables of Brass They were at first chosen out of the number of Patricians Appius Claudius President of the Assembly got himself to be one of the Decemviri These new Magistrates exercised their Magistracy with all sorts of violence and ryranny during three years together says Cassiodorus or during two years according to Sabellicus and Dionysius Halicarnasseus Whereupon Valerlus and Horatius prevailed upon the People to agree that first of all the Decemviri should quit their Office and the Ancient Consulary Government should be restor'd which was perform'd and the Mediators of the Peace were made Consuls A. M. 3606. R. 305. L. VALERIUS POTITUS M. HORATIUS BARBATUS Appius and Oppius Decemviri killed themselves to avoid the shame of their Condemnation one for being the cause of the death of Virginia and the other for having order'd a Veteran Soldier to be whipt beyond all measure and without cause The other Decemviri banish'd themselves The Consul Horatius routed the Sabini The Senate would deny him the honour of Triumph out of hatred but the triumphed against their will A. M. 3607. R. 306. SP. or L. HERMINIUS EXQUILINUS T. VIRGINIUS COELIMONTANUS TRICOSTUS There was nothing considerable done this year against the Enemies only the Tribunes grew hot against the Patricians A. M. 3608. R. 307. M. GEGANIUS MACERINUS C. JULIUS JULUS All things continued quiet within and without A. M. 3609. R. 308. T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS AGRIPPA FURIUS FUSUS The Volcae and the Aequi took opportunity from the civil Divisions of the Romans to advance as far as the Esquilinian Gate destroying all that they met in their way but Consul Quintius drove them back to their own Frontiers A. M. 3610. R. 309. M. GEGANIUS AUGURINUS P. CURIATIUS or C. FURIUS FUSUS or C. QUINTIUS or CURTIUS PHILO Canuleius Tribune of the People propos'd that it might be lawful for the Patricians to Marry into Plebeian Familes and that the people might chuse the Consuls out of the body of the Senate and their own The Senate was forc'd to pass this Law but in ambiguous words for it was order'd that Marriages should be free and that the Plebeians should be admitted to the Military Tribunate with the same Authority as the Consuls had Military Tribunes With the Authority of Consuls ANNO Mun 3611. R. 310. AULUS SEMPRONIUS ATTRATINUS L. ATTILIUS T. CECILIUS These three Tribunes were Patricians and kept their Office but three Months because the Auspices at their Election were found defective whereupon they made an Inter-rex to preside in the Assemblies in which they created two Consuls for the remaining part of the Year viz. Papyrius Mugillanensis L. Sempronius Attratinus A. M. 3612 R. 311. M. GEGANIUS MACERINUS T. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS The first Censors were created this year who were at first very little reputed but afterwards became the first Magistrates of Rome The Consul Geganius assisted the Ardeates against the Volcae whom he brought under their yoke and Clavilius General of the Volcae followed his
execution of the Treaty Camillus who tho absent had been named Dictator arrived and charged the besiegers of whom they killed a great number The Gauls being retired the Tribunes proposed again to go to inhabit Veii and leave the smoaking ruins of Rome but Camillus prevented it restored the service of the Gods and marked out a Temple in honour of that voice that they had despised when it gave warning of the coming of the Gauls and instituted sacrifices to it under the name of the God Locutius Pliny affirms that a while before the taking of Rome they had numbred one hundred fifty two thousand five hundred and fourscore heads of Families A. M. 3667. R. 366. AULUS VALERIUS PULLICOLA L. VIRGINIUS P. CORNELIUS AULUS MANLIUS L. AEMILIUS L. POSTHUMIUS The Romans remembring that the eighteenth day of July says Livy or the fifteenth according to Sabellicus they had been defeated at Cremera where all the Fabians were kill'd and that upon the same day they were routed on the banks of the Allia by the Gauls they did mark out that day in their Fasts or Calendar for a fatal and unlucky day and forbad by a solemnal decree to undertake any thing for the future upon that day Camillus was made Dictator â—he reduced the Volsoi to the Romans obedience after they had maintained their Liberty for seventy Years says Eutropius He marched afterwards against the Aequi whom he overcame as he did also the Tuscans His Triumph lasted three days together for having subdued these three Nations and out of the Spoils that he had got he repaid the Roman Ladies the price of the Jewels they had bestowed to enrich the Offering that the Roman People had made to Apollo A. M. 3688. R. 367. T. Q. CINCINNATUS Q. SERVILIUS FIDENAS C. JULIUS JULUS L. AQUILIUS CORVUS L. LUCRETIUS TRICIPITINUS The Fields of the Aequi were plunder'd and the Romans took from the Tusoans Cortuosa and Contenebra A. M. 3669. R. 368. L. PAPYRIUS CN SERGIUS L. AEMILIUS L. LICINIUS M. MENENIUS L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA C. CORNELIUS The Tribes called Pometina Sabina Stellatina Arniâ—nsis were added to the former and so made in all thirty five A. M. 3670. R. 369. M. FURIUS CAMILLUS SEXTUS GORN. MALUGINENSIS L. SERGIUS FIDENAS L. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS L. HORATIUS PULVILLUS T. VALERIUS Camillus and Valerius march'd against the Antiates whom they defeated and took Satricum A. M. 3671. R. 370. AULUS MANLIUS P. CORNELIUS T. and L. QUINTIUS CAPITOLINUS L. PAPYRIUS CURSOR C. SERGIUS M. Manlius attempted to make himself Sovereign of Rome and in order to it spread abroad several reports against the Senate who thereupon made Aulus Cornelius Cossus Dictator who oppos'd Manlius and summon'd him to appear before the People and discover the place where the Senate had hid the Gold which he accused them to keep for themselves Manlius shifted off this Question with ambiguous Answers which discovered his Calumny wherefore the Dictator caus'd him to be arrested but the people grumbling at it and threatning the City with a Sedition the Dictator thought fit to release Manlius A. M. 3672. R. 371. SERGIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS P. VALERIUS POTITUS L. POSTHUMIUS M. FURIUS CAMILLUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS T. QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS C. PAPYRIUS CRASSUS M. Manlius renewed his Intreagues and the Senate having won to their Interest the Tribunes of the People Manlius was summon'd again he appeared and was convicted of aspiring to a tyrannical Government and condemned to be thrown headlong from that same Rock that he had defended against the Gauls in the Siege of the Capitol his House was razed and they forbid his Family to take for the future the fore-name of Maâ—â—â— The Plague and the Famine did a world of damage both in the City and the Country A. M. 3673. R. 372. L. VALERIUS AULUS MANLIUS L. LUCRETIUS L. AEMILIUS M. TREBONIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS Colonies were sent this year to Pâ—â—ptine and Nepete A. M. 3674. R. 373. SPUR and L. PAPYRIUS SERVIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS Q. SERVILIUS C. SULPITIUS L. AEMILIUS Rome was a little mortified for the loss of Satricum which was taken by storm by the Volsci and all the Romans of that Colony were put to the Sword A. M. 3675. R. 374. M. FURIUS CAMILLUS AULUS and L. POSTHUMII REGILLENSES L. FURIUS L. LUCRETIUS M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS Camillus with Furiâ—â— his Colleague made war against the Volsci defeated them and took their Camp by storm and because he found some Tusculans among the Prisoners this was a sufficient reason for proclaiming war against them but the Tusculans opened their Gates without offering to make any defence thereupon Camillus granted them the freedom of Citizens of Rome A. M. 3676. R. 375. LUCIUS and P. VALERIJ C. SERGIUS LICINIUS MANCINUS L. PAPYRIUS SERGIUS CORNELIUS MALUGINENSIS The Tribunes of the people rais'd a Sedition and demanded the releafe of Usuries but the Senate denying their request they stopt the raising of Forces to oppose the Inhabitants of Praeneste who made Incursions to the very Gate Collina Quintias Cincinnatus was thereupon created Dictator and march'd against the Enemy who made a stand on the banks of the River Allia but he vanquish'd them and took in twenty days nine of their Towns and Praeneste their capital City was surrender'd by Capitulation A. M. 3677. R. 376. C MANLIUS P. MANLIUS L. JULIUS PATRICIUS C. SEXTILLIUS M. ALBINUS L. ANTISTIUS The Volsci got this year some advantage over the Tribunes A. M. 3678. R. 377. SP. FURIUS Q. SERVILIUS LICINIUS MANCINUS M. HORATIUS P. CLAELIUS L. GEGANIUS The Tribunes of the people propos'd that all persons in debt should be relieved and the Senate consented that no man should be put in prison for debt so long as the war against the Volsci should last A Tax was laid upon the People for the lining with Stonè the Ramparts of Rome A. M. 3679. R. 378. L. AEMILIUS B. VALERIUS C. VETURIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS L. and C. QUINTIJ CINCINNATI The Tribunes of the people made several Demands to the Senate 1. That the Interest that had been paid by the Creditors might be deducted from the Principal and that the remaining part should be paid off at several times in three years 2. That no Roman Citizen should be allowed to possess above five hundred Acres of Ground 3. That one of the Consuls for the future should be a Plebeian The Senate oppos'd these Laws and the Tribunes on their side would not consent to the creation of the Magistrates Curules so that Rome was five years without Magistrates of the first Order A. M. 3685. R. 384. L. FURIUS AULUS MANLIUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS L. CORNELIUS AULUS and CAIUS VALERIJ The two last raised the siege of Tusculum which was besieg'd by the Vilitrians A. M. 3686. R. 385. Q. SERVILIUS C. VETURIUS A. and M. CORNELIJ Q. QUINTIUS M. FABIUS The Tribunes propos'd to create ten Magistrates to take care of the affairs of Religion and the Books of the Sibylt and that five of them should be taken out among
the Tribunes gave notice of their design to the people who could not come to any resolution for a long time so that the Commonwealth was governed by by eight Inter-reges A. M. 3700. R. 399. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS M. or L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA All was quiet within and without the City till the latter end of the year when the Patricians used their interests for getting the Consulship for those that were of the body in which they succeeded A. M. 3701. R. 400. M. FABIUS AMBUSTUS T. QUINTIUS or M. POPILIUS Fabius defeated the Tiburtini took Salucium and forced them to lay down their Arms. The Tarquins were also routed and their Prisoners killed by way of retaliation The triumph was allowed to Fabius without any opposition A league was solemny made with the Samnites A. M. 3702. R. 401. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS M. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA Sabillicus mentions C. Martius Rutilius instead of Sulpitius The Tuscans Ceratani and the Volsci raised a great many Forces whereupon the Senate created T. Manlius Torquatus Dictator who proclaimed War against the Ceretani because they had joyned with the Tuscans to plunder the Roman Fields The Ceretani frighted thereat sent an Embassy to Rome to excuse themselves and they were pardoned upon consideration that their Town had been a place of Refuge for sacred things when Rome was burnt by the Gauls The Towers and Ramparts of Rome were repaired and the Temple of Apollo was dedicated A great Rebellion broke out at the latter end of the year because the Patricians would keep the Consulship among themselves but they were brought again to the Law of Licinius and a Plebeian was made Consul A. M. 3703. R. 402. L. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA a Patrician C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS a Plebeian Five Commissioners were established for the regulation of Usuries who were called Mensarii C. Julius was elected Dictator A. M. 3704. R. 403. C. SULPITIUS PETICUS T. QUINTIUS POENUS CINCINNATUS The Senate created M. Fabius Ambustus Dictator without any pretence whatsoever but notwithstanding the opposition of the Senate and the Dictator the Licinian Law was put into Execution and a Consul was chosen out of the Body of the people A. M. 3705. R. 404. L. CORNELIUS SCIPIO a Patrician M. POPILIUS LOENAS a Plebeian Scipio falling sick Popilius marched with the Army against the Gauls whom he put at first in disorder and then attacked them in their Camp where he forced them with an invincible courage L. Furius Camillus was named Dictator A. M. 3706. R. 405. L. FURIUS CAMILLUS APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS The Gauls came again this year and incamped near Albano with a formidable power The Romans raised an Army of forty two thousand Foot and three thousand Horse This Army incamped near the Gauls and one of them challenging the Romans to a single Combat M. Valerius a young Tribune commanding a thousand men offered himself to fight him 'T is related that during the fight a Raven came to the help of Valerius and pearched upon his Head-piece flying at the face of the Gaul and pecking him insomuch that Valerius killed his adversary This false story probably is grounded upon the custom of the antient Romans who crested their Head-pieces with figures of Animals thinking thereby to render themselves more terrible to their Enemies and no doubt but Valerius had the figure of a Raven upon his Head-piece and they have represented this Figure alive and moving only to represent the agility of Val rius in this fight However it was Valerius got the sirname of Corvinus which remained to all his posterity The Senate went on with their Intreagues to elude the Licinian Law and made F. Manlius Torquatus Dictator but the people carried it for Laenas A. M. 3707. R. 406. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS M. POPILIUS LOENAS Valerius was then but three and twenty years of age yet his want of the age was dispensed within consideration of the victory he had obtained over the Gaul whom he had killed the last year The Plague was very troublesom to the Romans The Carthaginians made a league with the Roman people A. M. 3708. R. 407. T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS C. PLAUTIUS VENOX The use of Money was reduced again to half per Cent. A. M. 3709. R. 408. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS C. PETILIUS LIBO Valerius pursued the Volsci as far as Satricum where he forced them burnt the Town and demolished its Fortifications He obtained the Honour of Triumph wherein he appeared attended by four thousand Prisoners A. M. 3710. R. 409. M. FABIUS DORSO SERVIUS SULPITIUS CAMERINUS The Aruncians renewed the War plundering the Country about Rome whereupon L. Furius Camillus was made Dictator who engaged and overcame the Aruncians having first devoted a Temple to Juno Moneta which was built in the place where the House of Manlius Capitolinus formerly stood A. M. 3711. R. 410. C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS Livy relates a great many prodigies that happened this year for it rained Stones and the Sun was eclipsed at noon P. Valerius Publicola was chosen Dictator A. M. 3712. R. 411. M. VALERIUS CORVINUS AULUS or C. CORNELIUS COSSUS Valerius got a great Victory over the Samnites he took one hundred and seventy Colours and forty thousand Shields The Carthaginians hearing of it sent to congratulate the Roman people and offered a Crown of Gold of five and twenty pounds weight to Jupiter Capitolinus A. M. 3713. R. 412. C. MARTIUS RUTILIUS Q. SERVILIUS AHALA The Legions that were in Winter quarters at Capua considering how pleasant and fruitful that Country was resolved to make themselves masters of that rich Town killing all the Inhabitants thereof but Martius prevented that cruel and treacherous design removing the several authors of that enterprize by diverse Commissions M. Valerius Corvinus was made Dictator A. M. 3714. R. 413. C. PLAUTIUS L. AEMILIUS MAMERCUS The Camp and the Country of the Volsci were plunder'd Aemilius put all the Samnites Country to the Fire and Sword and forc'd them to sue for Peace which was granted them A. M. 3715. R. 414. T. MANLIUS TORQUATUS P. DECIUS MUS War being proclaim'd against the Latins the two Consuls raised their Forces and marched toward the Enemies who expected them near Capua Both the Consuls separately saw a Ghost who told them with a distinct voice that one of the two Armies should perish and the Commander of the other should be kill'd The Entrails of Victims foretold the same so that both the Consuls agreed among themselves that the first of them that should find his Forces in a wavering condition should devote himself to the Infernal Gods to have the Roman Army The Son of Maulius the Consul who was order'd to march with a body of Horse to observe the Enemy was challeng'd by the Commander of an advanced Post This young man ambitious of Glory not thinking of the Prohibition the Generals had made accepted of the Challenge kill'd his Enemy and brought the Spoils to his Fathers feet who barbarously put him to death and sacrific'd his
no more said in jest Julio Caesare Coss Caesar got the Government of Gaul for five years A. M. 3995. R. 694. L. CALPURNIUS PISO AULUS GABINIUS PAULUS The hatred of the Tribune Clodius broke out against Cicero who had impeach'd him for having prophaned the Mysteries of Ceres because he went into the house of Calpurnia dressed in a Womans Apparel upon the account of Galantry Cicero to avoid his fury went into Gaul where he served in the quality of Caesar's Lieutenant Clodius's anger seemed to be over because Cicero was out of his reach but Cicero fell into the snare for he returned to Rome where immediately Clodius accused him of having put to death Lentulus Cethegus Sura and other accomplices of Catiline without having observed any formality of Justice Upon this accusation Cicero was banished Rome and his Houses both in the Town and Country were burnt down Alexander Son to Aristobulus having made his escape out of Pompey's hands came into Judea where he rais'd ten thousand Foot and fifteen hundred Horse and then attack'd Gabinius but was beaten Alexander lost three thousand men and retired into Alexandria where he defended himself for some time but at last was forced to surrender Aristobulus King of the Jews with Antigonus his Son escaped also out of the Prisons of Rome and would attempt to raise men in arms as Alexander had done but he had no better success than Alexander for he was brought again prisoner to Rome A. M. 3996. R. 695. P. CORNELIUS LENTULUS SPINTER Q. CAECILIUS METELLUS Pompey taking notice that the esteem the people had for him was lessen'd by the Artifices of Clodius resolv'd to be reveng'd of him and to recal Cicero out of his banishment and restore him to all his Estate Clodius could never prevent it by his Veto or opposition for the Senate ordered that all exercise should cease till Cicero's return Clodius being afraid that this decree of the Senate should be approved of by the People raised as many Men as he could to prevent it and Pompey and the Senate likewise raised forces and engaged Clodius and his Men. The sight was bloody but the Senate got the best and Cicero returned The Commission for bringing Corn to Rome was bestowed upon Pompey as a reward in consideration of Cicero's return A while after Milo murthered Clodius whereupon Cicero made a sine Apology in the behalf of the murther of Clodius his Enemy which is to be seen in his Orations A. M. 3997. R. 696. CN CORNELIUS LENTULUS L. MARTIUS PHILIPPUS Caesar form'd the famous Triumvirat with Pompey and Crassus which was so fatal to the Commonwealth that at last it brought the Roman people under the subjection of one man Cato and the Consul Martius his father-in-Father-in-law attempted to break this league but could not accomplish it A. M. 3998. R. 697. CN POMPEIUS MAGNUS M. LICINIUS CRASSUS The Consuls got an order by which Caesar should remain in his Government for five years more Pompey should be Governour in Spain and Africa and that Crassus should have Syria and Aegypt with the absolute power of making war against what Nation soever he should think fit Crassus was so impatient of being at war with the Parthians that he put to Sea before the Spring in a very hard season so that he lost a great many of his Ships He plunder'd the Temple of Jerusalem which Pompey and Gabinius had spared out of respect and carried away two thousand Talents of consecrated Silver An Arabian whom Plutarch calls Ariamenes and Appianus Abaris guided Crassus and his Army into a dry and barren Plain and expos'd him to the Parthians fury who defeated him kill'd his Son and the greatest part of his Soldiers he attempted to escape in the dark but another Arabian whom he had took for his Guide betrayed him also for he guided his forces during the night so that the next morning they were in a great plain in sight of the Parthians Surena the Parthians Commander pretended to be willing to come to a treaty with Crassus whereupon the Consul advanced to the Parley but the Parthians surrounded him and kill'd him with their Arrows Caesar was more fortunate in his Government he defeated the Sicambri and Usipeles which were the people of Guelderland and Zutphen and laid a Bridge over the River Rhine and passed over into Germany where he stay'd but eighteen days and came back again into Gaul from whence he undertook the Conquest of England A. M. 3999. R. 698. APPIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER L. DOMITIUS AENEOBARBUS The death of Crassus created Jealousy betwixt Pompey and Caesar Julia Pompey's Wife and Caesar's Daughter died in Child-bed And after her death Pompey seeing that Caesar's Victories had got him the love of the people could not bear his preference wherefore he would have laid down his Employments but Cato who was Caesar's Enemy perswaded him to the contrary A. M. 4000. R. 699. CN DOMITIUS CALVUS M. VALERIUS MESSALA Caesar went over a second time into England with eight hundred Sail and all the choice of the Nobility of Gaul The English made no great resistance Castivelanus their King submitted to the Romans The people of Namur and Hainault took up Arms and besieged Cicero in his Camp but Caesar came to his relief and got him off being then reduc'd to the last extremity Afterwards Caesar went towards Rome and sent to Pompey to borrow two Legions of him which Pompey sent him Scipio Hipseus and Milo stood both at Rome with open force for the Consulship whereupon the Senate named Pompey the only Consul with the power of chusing a Colleague A. M. 4001. R. 700. CN POMPEIUS MAGNUS He chose for his Colleague Q. Caecilius Metellus Pompey being a Widower took Cornelia Scipio's Daughter for his second Wife and all his care was to make himself sure of the Senate to counter-ballance the favour of the people who declared openly for Caesar He was continued Governour of Spain and Africa for four years and Caesar obtain'd the Government of Gaul for the same time Many disturbances arose in Gaul that kept Caesar very busie He defeated Vercingentorix besieged and took Avaricum now Bourges Bituricum now the chief City in Berry and Alexia near Vellacundirum Auxerre and forc'd Vircingentorix to surrender himself A. M. 4002. R. 701. M. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS SERVIUS SULPITIUS RUFUS Marcellus upon Pompey's motion proposed to send a successour to Caesar but Sulpitius's Colleague and the Tribunes of the people oppos'd it saying that Caesar had obtained his Government for four years which time was appointed by the Senate and that it would argue much injustice and imprudence in the people to take his Government from him while he was victorious and before the time appointed by the Senate was expired The Proposal was then rejected for this time A. M. 4003. R. 702. L. AEMILIUS PAULUS C. CLAUDIUS MARCELLUS Marcellus Cousin German to the last Consul of this name proposed again to recal Caesar and send him
the Son of Priam to be judged by him who gave it for Venus the Goddess of Beauty whereupon Juno grew angry and in revenge thereof destroyed Troy and the Trojans together Saevae memorem Junonis ob iram Who remembred the judgment that Paris had pronounced in the behalf of Venus DISCUS A quoit which Gamesters used in ancient exercises It was a round thing of Metal or Stone a foot broad which they threw into the air to shew their skill and strength Discus was also a round consecrated Shield made to represent a memorable deed of some of the Heroes of Antiquity and to keep it in remembrance thereof in a Temple of the Gods where it was to be hung up DIVORTIUM Divorce between a Husband and his Wife At first Divorce was rare among the Romans Romulus says Plutarch made many Laws but the most rigorous of all was that which forbad the Wife to forsake her Husband and allowed the Husband the liberty of forsaking his Wife in this three cases If she has made use of Poyson to kill the Fruit of her Womb if she has put another Child upon him instead of his own and in case of Adultery If the Husband dismissed his Wife upon any other account he was bound to give her part of his Estate and the other part was consecrated to Ceres and then he was obliged to offer a Sacrifice to the Gods called Manes Leges etiam quasdam tulit Romulus inter quas vehemens est illa quâ mulieri maritum relinquendi potestas adimitur viro autem ejicere uxorem conceditur si veneficio circa prolem usa fuerit aut alienam pro suâ subdidisset aut adulterium commississet Si quis aliâ de causâ repudiasset conjugem ejus mariti bona partim uxori cederent partim Cereri sacra forent atque Diie Manibus rem sacram facere tenebatur The Law of the twelve Tables permits Divorce upon the fore-mentioned causes and prescribes some rites that are to be observed in that case the neglect whereof made it void It was to be made in the presence of seven Roman Citizens all men of ripe age Divortia septem civibus Romanis puberibus testibus adhibitis postea faciunto aliter facta pro infectis habentor says the Lex Julia. The Husband took the Keys of his house from the hands of his Wife and sent her back with these words Res tuas tibi habeto or Res tuas tibi agito i. e. what is your own take it again Tully says in his Phillippick Frugi factus est mimam illam suas sibi res habere dixit ex duodâ—cim tabulis clavis ademit exegit He is become an honest man he has bid this lewd Creature to take what was her own again and has took the Keys from her and put her away Though the Laws allowed Divorce yet it was not put into practice at Rome till the year 70 when a certain person named Spurius Carvilius Ruga in the time of the Consulship of M. Pomponius and Caius Papyrius or of M. Attilius and P. Valerius put away his Wife for barrenness DODONA A Town of Chaonia famous for the Forest where the Oaks spoke by the Oracle of Jupiter called Dedonaeus Aristotle as Suidas relates says that there were two Pillars at Dodona and upon one thereof a Bason of Brass and upon the other a Child holding a Whip with Cords made of Brass which occasioned a noise when the Wind drove them against the Bason Demon as the same Suidas relates says that the Oracle of Jupiter called Dodoneus is compassed round about with Basons which when they are driven one against the other communicate their motion round about and make a noise that lasts a while Others say that the noise proceeded from a sounding Oak that shook its Branches and Leaves when it was consulted and declared its Will by the Priests called Dodonaei Poets tell us that the Ships of the Argonauts were built with Timber fetched out of the Dodonaean Forest wherefore they spoke upon the Sea and pronounced Oracles There was in the Town of Dodona a Fountain the Waters thereof though very cold yet would light a Torch lately put out when dipt in ' em Lucretius ascribes this effect to the hot Vapours that issued from the great quantity of Brimstone which is in the veins of the Earth and some others ascribe it to the Antiperistasis of the great cold that condensed the heat remaining still in the Torch and thus lighted it again DOLABRA The Pontifical Ax to knock down the Victim in Sacrifices DOMITIANUS The twelfth Emperor of Rome Son to Vespasian and Titus's Brother During his Father's life he gave himself to Poetry and made great progress in it and Quintilian Pliny and Silius Italicus commend him for the same At his first coming to the Empire he shew'd much modesty and justice making many good Laws and forbad the making of Eunuchs He renewed the Lex Julia against Adulterers forbad the use of litters to publick Women and deprived them of the right of Inheriting To these Vertues was joined a great Magnificence and Liberality giving to the People several very costly Games and Shews but soon after he discovered his cruel and lascivious temper which he had hitherto hidden For he kept company with his Niece as if she had been his lawful Wife His Vanity was not less than his Incontinence he took upon him the Name of God and Lord and was proud of having that Title given to him in all Petitions presented to him The People were obliged to comply with the fantastical Impiety of a Man who was not then capable of hearing reason The Poets of his time and especially Martial were not sparing of his Praises and their Verses are still shameful Testimonies of their Flatteries of a Prince who deserved so little the name of God that he was unworthy of bearing the Name of Man He renewed the Persecution that his Father had begun against Philosophers who were obliged to disguise themselves and fly away into Foreign Countries As for the Christians he cruelly persecuted them and banished St John the Evangelist into the Isle of Pathmos after he was miraculously come out of a great Kettle full of boiling Oyl wherein this Tyrant had ordered him to be cast His design was to ruin utterly the Christian Religion but a Man named Stephen made free by Clemens the Consul delivered the Church and Empire of this cruel Persecutor Suet onius relates that the day before his Death he said that the next day the Moon should be bloody for him in the Sign of Aquarius The Senate pull'd down his Statues and razed out all the Titles he had usurped and Men out of a base compliance had bestowed upon him The greatest part of the day he passed in his Closet killing Flies with a golden Bodkin Wherefore it was said that he was always alone and that there was not so much as a Fly with him He built a
to perswad us that they had Chimneys in their Chambers Suetonins tells us that the Chamber of Vitellius was burnt the Chimney having took fire Nec ante in Praetorium rediit quam flagrante triclinio ex conceptu camini Horace writes to his Friend to get a good fire in his chimney Dissolve frigus ligna super foco Large reponens Od. 9. l. 1. Tully writing to his Friend Atticus tells him Camino Luculento tibi utendum censco And Vitruvius speaking of the cornishes that are made in Chambers give warning to make them plain and without Carver's work in places where they make fire However in those ages if they had any chimneys like ours they were very rare Blondus and Salmuth say that chimneys were not in use among the Ancients but Pancirollus and many others affirm the contrary Wherefore without deciding absolutely the question 't is most certain they had Kilns to warm their Chambers and other apartments of their Houses called Fornaces vaporaria and Stoves called Hypocausta Philander says that the Kilns were under ground built along the Wall with small Pipes to each story to warm the Rooms They had also Stoves that were removed from one Room to another for Tully writes that he had removed his Stove because the Pipe thro which the fire came out was under his Chamber Hypocausta in alterum apodyterii angulum promovi propterea quod ita erant posita ut eorum vaporarium ex quo ignis erumpit esset subjectum cubiculo The Romans did not only make use of Wood to warm their rooms but also of the Beams of the Sun which they gathered in some Kilns as we do with our Burning-glasses This Kiln was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Latin Solarium or solare vaporarium and it was not allowed to plant Trees that might be a hindrance to the gathering of the Beams of the Sun as Ulpian says It doth not appear neither by the writings or buildings that remain of the Ancients that they had Privies in their Houses And what they call latrinas were publick places where the persons who had no Slaves went to empty and wash their Pans and these persons were called latrinae from lavando according to the Aetymology of M. Varro for Plautus speaks of the Servant-maid quae latrinam lavat who washes the Pan. And in this place of Plautus latrina can't be understood of the publick Houses of Office which were cleansed by Pipes under the ground which carried the Waters of the Tiber to these places and 't is likely that Plautus made use of the word latrina to insinuate that sella familiaris erat velut latrina particularis The Publick Necessary Houses for the day were for the conveniency of the People in several places of the Town and were called Sterqulinia covered and full of Spunges as we learn of Seneca in his Epistles As for the night they had running Waters thro all the Streets of Rome and there they threw all their ordure but rich men used Pans which the Servants emptied into the Sinks that carried all their Waters into the great Sink of the Town and from thence into the Tiber DONARIA Gifts and Presents offered to the Gods and hung up in their Temples DONATIVUM A Gift and Largess in Money which the Emperors bestowed upon Soldiers to get their affection and votes in time of need DRACHMA A Dram a kind of weight composed of two Scruples and each Scruple of two oboli and so a Dram was six oboli As for the proportion that the Dram of the Greeks did bear with the Ounce of the Romans Q. Rommus in his Poem of Weights and Measures makes the Dram the eighth part of an Ounce which is not much different from the Crown of the Arabians which weighs something more than the Dram. The Dram and the Roman Denarius were of the like value so that the Dram may be worth about Sevenpence Halfpenny of English Money DRACONARIUS The Dragonbearer the standard of the Roman Infantry the head whereof was drawn in Silver and the rest of the Body was of Taffety hung up at the top of a Pike fluttering in the Air like a Dragon and out of it hung down great Bands with tufts of Silk at the end DRACO A Dragon so called from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to see plain to be clear-sighted and for his watchfulness this Animal is dedicated to Minerva 'T is said that he loves Gold wherefore a Dragon watched the Golden Fleece at Colchos and the Golden Apples of the Garden of the Hesperides and 't is reported that the Dragon of Pallas dwelt near Athens because the Athenians did wear their Hair tuckt up with Tresses of Gold DRUIDAE The Priest of the Ancient Gauls Thus Caesar speaks of them l. 4. of the Wars of the Gauls The Druides of the first Order are Overseers of the worship of the Gods and Religion and have the direction of both Publick and Private Affairs and teaching of Youth If there is any Murther or Crime committed or Suit at Law about an Inheritance or some other Dispute they decide it ordaining Punishments and Rewards and when a Man won't stand to their Judgment they suspend him from communicating in their Mysteries And those who are so excommunicated are accounted wicked and impious and every Body shuns their Conversation if they are at law with other Men they can have no Justice and are admitted neither to Employments nor Dignities and die without Honour and Reputation All the Druides have an High Priest who has an absolute Power After his Death the most worthy among them succeeds him and if there are many Pretenders to his Office the Election is decided by Votes and sometimes by force of Arms. They met every Year in the Country of Chartres which is in the middle of Gaul in a place consecrated and appointed for that purpose where those who are at Law or at Variance met from all places and stand to their Decisions 'T is thought that their Institution came from Brittain and those who will have perfect knowledge of their Mysteries travell'd into that Country They never follow the War and are free from all Taxes and Slavery wherefore many get into their order and every one puts in for a place among them for his Son or Kinsman They must learn by heart a great number of Verses for it is forbid to write them either to exercise their Memory or lest they should profane the Mysteries in publishing them wherefore they remain sometimes twenty Years in the College In other things they make use of writing in Greek Characters One of the chiefest points of their Theology is the Immortality of the Soul as a profitable Belief that inclines Men to Vertue by contempt of Death They hold Metempsychosis and have many Dogma's of Theology and Philosophy which they teach their youth Diodorous Siculus joins the Druides to Poets in the Authority of pronouncing like Soverâ—ign Judges about Controversies
speak The God of Speech FACTIO Factions distinguished by Colours Gruter in his Inscriptions mentions four chief Factions viz. Russatam the Red Prasinam the Green Venetam the Blue Albatam the White 'T is thought that the Ancients intended thereby to represent the four Seasons of the Year when Nature puts on new Cloaths each Faction or Troop of Horse representing one of the Seasons with his Colour The Green represented the Spring the Red the Summer the Blue the Autumn and the white the Winter covered with Snow and Ice Domitianus says Suetonius added to these four Factions the Gold and the Purple i. e. two new Troops who went by the name of their Colours These Factions in the Games grew sometimes so hot one against the other that they came to Blows Zonoras tells us that at Bizantium in Justinian's time two Factions conceived so factious an emulation one against the other that forty thousand Men of both sides were killed on the spot Caligula took a great fancy for the green Colour and had his Horse Incitatus put among them FALCIDIUS A Roman Tribune Author of the Law called Falcidia so remarkable in the Roman Law This Law was made sometime before the Empire of Augustus during the Triumviratus By the Law Falcidia it was ordered that Men should dispose by their last Will but of the three parts of their Estate and were bound to leave the other fourth part to their lawful Heir And if they transgressed against this Rule the Heir deducted the fourth part of each particular Legacy to make up the Sum adjudged to him by this Law FALERNUM A Country in Campania near Capua abundant in excellent Wine so much commended by Horace and others FAMA Fame Ovid has left us a description of Fame and the Graces that commonly attend her and represents her wonderful Palace surrounded with a thousand reports true or false Mistaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur Millia rumorum Credulity Error false Joys Fears Suspicions and Seditions commonly meet here FAMES Hunger Poets have very ingeniously described Hunger and in particular Ovid who hath left us her Image in the eighth Book of his Metamorphoses under the shape of a tall lean Woman with a dreadful Countenance and hollow Eyes her Body transparent out of leanness lying upon the ground and feeding upon Grass Virgil places her abode at the entry of Hell with Griefs Tears Diseases and Old Age. Luctus ultrices posuere cubilia Curae Pallentesque habitant Morbi tristisque Senectus Et malè-suada Fames FANNIUS A Roman Consul Author of the Law Fannia whereby the charges of publick and private Feasts were fixed and Excesses and Superfluities forbid FANA Temples consecrated by the Pontiffs pronouncing certain words Fantur FANUS A God of the Heathens protecting Travellers accounted also the God of the Year The Phaenicians represented him says Macrobous under the Figure of a Snake with his Tail in his Mouth FARONIA See Feronia FASCES These Fasces were Axes fastned to a long Staff tied together with a bundle of Rods which the Officers called Lictors carried before the great Roman Magistrates Romulus was the first who instituted Fasces to inspire a greater respect and fear in the mind of the People and to punish Malefactors J. Lictor expedi virgas When the Magistrates who by right had these Axes carried before them had a mind to shew some deference for the People or some person of a singular merit they sent back the Lictors or bid them to lower the Fasces before them which was called submittere Fasces For that same reason the Consul Publicola a great Politician being ready to make a Speech to the Roman People sent back his Lictors Fasces says Livy Majestati populi Romani submisit And Pompey the Great coming into the House of Possidonius the Philosopher when he was at the Door sent back the Lictors in honour of Possidonius's Learning FASCINUM A Man's Yard At the Wedding the Bride sat upon the Knees of a naked Priapus to prevent by that Ceremony charming and bewitching FASTI The Roman Calendar wherein all days of Feasts Games and Ceremonies were mark'd The six last Books of the Fasti of Ovid are lost See Calendarium Fasti were also Table-Books whereupon they wrote the Names of the Consuls and the most memorable things that were transacted in the Commonwealth The Consuls gave also some small Pocket-books of Silver or Ivory wherein their Names were written as Sidonius Apollinaris says speaking of the Consulship of Asterius datique fasti FASTIDIES During these days the Romans were allowed to sue at Law and the Praetor to pronounce these three words Do Dico Abdico FATUA See Fauna FATUM Fate Destiny It was represented as of a Goddess treading upon the Globe of the World because all that is contain'd in it is submitted to her Laws She holds in her hand a Vessel or the fatal Urn wherein as Poets say all the names of mortal men were deposited The Heathens complained in their Epitaphs of the malice envy and cruelty of the Fates that were inflexible and could not be moved with tears It can't be objected that the Latin word Fatum is not of the feminine gender and therefore the Destiny should not be represented by the figure of a Goddess for we see that many Divinities as Venus the Moon and Bacchus were accounted both male and female And this seems to have been taken from the opinion of the Stoicks who maintain'd that the Gods were of both Sexes And the Greeks themselves who were Authors of the Roman Superstitions called Destiny by a feminine name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as we learn of Phurnutus in his book of the nature of the Gods Destiny says he is that which disposes and rules all things according to the order of an eternal principle There is a Golden Medal of Dioclesian ingraven in Pignorius's observations upon the Images of the Gods where the Destinies are represented on the reverse thereof by the figures of three women Procopius tells us that the Temple of Janus was built at Rome in the Market-place near the three Destinies called by the Romans Parcae This Writer like Apuleius confounds the Parcae with the Destinies The Ancients reckoned the Fates to be three in number because said they all things that are under Heaven have their beginning progress and end Wherefore these same Fates are represented by three different female terms i. e. by three Women represented only with half-bodies like the terms as we may see by the following Inscription FATIS Q. FABIUS NISUS EX VOTO For the terms were the Gods of bounds and the Fates sets bounds to our Life and put an end to all our undertakings Lucan in many places of his Books has confounded Fortune with Fate Ovid introduces Jupiter speaking to Venus and telling her that 't is to no purpose to attempt to break the decrees of the three Parcaes which are immutable and eternal and rule all things that are done Sola
invention of the Sling though others say that the Phaenicians found it out Florus and Strabo tells us that there were three kinds of Slings longer or shorter and that they made use of them according to the distance that they were from the Enemy FUNDITORES The Slingers men who slung Stones with a Sling The Slingers were part of the Roman Militia FUNEBRIS ORATIO A Funeral Oration The Roman custom was to have Funeral Speeches at the burying of the great men of Rome spoken from the Rostra in the Forum Romanum where the Funeral Parade stood The man chosen to make the Speech published the Praises of the Dead and began with the greatness of his Ancestors the ancientness of his Family the sweetness of his Manners his Liberality and the Services he had rendered to the Commonwealth both in time of Peace and of War The Children or the Relations performed often this duty or the Senate appointed some Eloquent Orator to perform the same Augustus being but twelve years old made a publick Speech to praise his Grandmother and being Emperor he made another to praise Germanicus his Nephew Tiberius says Suetonius made a Speech at nine years of age in honour of his Father and few years after he was raised to the Imperial Dignity he pronounced a Funeral Speech in praise of his Son Caligula having not yet put on the Toga Viriliis made a publick discourse in commendation of his Grand-mother then dead and Nero made also an Oration to praise the Emperor Claudius his Predecessor Valerius Publicola was the first man who made a Funeral Speech at Rome for Polybius relates that Junius Brutus his Colleague in the Consulship having been killed at the Battle against the Toscans he ordered his Corps to be brought on a Bed in the publick place and he went up into the Rofira and set forth in a discourse to the people the Atchievements of that great man We read in Alexander ab Alexandro and in Plutarch that this custom was practised and that Quintus Fabius Maximus spoke the Funeral Oration of Scipio and of his own Children We learn of Livy that this honour was also granted to the Roman Matrons after their death because they had formally offered to part with their Necklaces and Jewels in atime that Money was scarce and in acknowledgment of their Piety it was ordered that Funeral Speeches in their commendarian should be allowed to them Popilia was the first Roman Lady who received that honour and Crassus her Son made her Funeral Oration Suetonius reports that Julius Caesar being then Quaestor pronounced a publick discourse of praise in the place called Rostra in honour of his Aunt Julia and Cornelia his Wife FUNERATICUM The Funeral charges which amounted sometimes to excessive summs of Money Nero spent for the Funerals of Poppea more Cinnamon and Cassia than Arabia was able to produce in a whole year and Suetonius says that the Funerals of Nero came to a hundred thousand Sesterces which according to the supputation of Mursius amounts to seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds FUNICULUS An ancient measure of the Aegyptians being a distance or the space of a place containing sixty furlongs in length which are about seven thousand five hundred paces or 6 miles and a quarter of English measure FUNUS Funerals Obsequies Burial Ceremonies The eighth day after the death being over a publick Cryer gave notice to the people of the time of the Funerals in these words N. QUIRIS LETHO DATUS EST ADEXEQUIAS QUIBUS EST COMMODUMIRE JAM TEMPUS EST OLLUS EX AEDIBUS EFFERTUR Such a Citizen is dead those who have time to go to his Funerals 't is time they are ready to carry away the Corps out of the House The Funerals thus published by the publick Cryer were called Indictivae but this was practised but at the Funerals of the Emperors or Persons of quality and to honour them the better they gave Games and Shews to the people to wit fights of Gladiators and Horse-races Men are still thus invited in France at the Funerals of Kings Princes Soveraign Courts and other Ministers of State by fourscore sworn Cryers together with the Great Masters of the Ceremonies The Ancient Romans had still other Funerals where no body was invited called Simpludiarea or Simpliludiarea funera then the Funeral Parade was only attended by Vaulters and Buffoons called Ludii and Corvitores Some hired Women attending the Funerals named Praeficae cryed and mourned singing sad and mournful Songs intermixt with the praises of the dead and moved other Women to imitate them and some other men called Pantomimi counterfeiting the motions actions and the voice of the deceased person Whereupon Suetomius relates a pleasant fancy of a Buffoon called Faâ—o who being invited to a Funeral came masked with a Vizard and in a disguise like the Emperor Vespatian who being taxed with convetousness and counterfeiting him according to custom asked aloud before the Assembly those who had the management of the Funerals how much the charges of the Burial came to and when he heard that it amounted to a hundred Sesterces which is about seven hundred and fifty pounds he cried out that if they would give him that summ of Money they might throw him after his death where they should think fit The Designator or Master of the Ceremonies having disposed all in a good order the Funeral Parade began to march with great pomp along the great Streets and Cross-ways of Rome then stopt in the place of the Rosira where a Funeral Speech was made in honour of the deceased person They carried before the Corps vessels full of Perfumes and precious Liquors to throw into the wood-pile when the Corps was burning to prevent its bad smell Afterwards Warlike men marched carrying the Standards and Spoils of the Enemies and other Trophies of Arms as Draughts of conquer'd Cities names of the subdued Nations Titles of the Laws made by them Military Presents and other badges of Honour They carried also the Effigies of their Ancestors made of Wax of imbossed Work which they kept in Niches at the entry of their Houses and crowned them with Garlands of Flowers upon certain days of the year Then followed the Priests and Religions Orders after them the Magistrates in mouming wearing the badges of their Magistracy as also the badges of the offices of the dead The Corps dressed in a habit suitable to the condition of the dead was carried upon a Bed of State adorned with Ivory and covered with a rich Carpet Besides this Bed of State there were many other Beds adorâ—â—d with Garlands and Crowns of Flowers and the Images of the Ancestors of the deceased person were tied to their Beds six thousand of these Beds were carried at the Funerals of the Dictator Silla and six hundred at the Funeral of M. Marcellus the Son of Octavia Sister to Augustus says Valeriâ— Maximus After this Funeral Bed carried by the nearest Relations of the dead or
Evening-star The beginning of the night was called Crepusculum after that they lighted the Lamps and that time was called Prima fax Prima lumina when they went to bed Concubitum or Concubia nox the time of the first sleep Nox intempestia or silentium The middle of the night was called Media nox then Gallicinium the Cocks crowing then Conticinium when the Cock had done crowing After that came Diluculum the dawning of the day and at last Aurora and Solis ortus HORATIUS Horace There were many of this name HORACE called COCLES or one ey'd A Roman Captain who sustain'd the efforts of the Enemy attempting by force of Arms to restore King Tarquinius into Rome till the Sublician Bridge was broke and then cast himself into the Tiber and thus escap'd the Enemies fury The Consul Publicola erected him a Statue in the Temple of Vulcan HORACE Sirnamed Flaccus Native of Venusian a Town in Apulia a Lyrick Poet and intimate Friend of Maecenas a great Lover of Learned Men. He has left us four Books of admirable Odes wherefore the Romans have no occasion to envy the Greeks Pindar besides a Book of Epods two Satyrs and several Epistles with a learned Treatise of the Art of Poetry which have made him famous to posterity He died the 57th year of his age and 746 after the foundation of Rome There were also three Brothers of that name who fought for the Roman Liberty with three Brothers call'd Curiatii of the City of Alba the Inhabitants whereof pretended to the Soveraign Power Two of the Horace's lost their Lives in the fight but the third who remain'd alive himself kill'd the three Guriatii and thus the Inhabitants of Alba became Subjects to the Romans Horace came victorious to Rome and was receiv'd with the Acclamations of the people but he blasted his Victory by the death of his Sister who was to marry one of the Curiatii not being able to bear the reproachful words of an angry Maid for the death of her Lover HORMUS A kind of Dance of Girls and Boys where the Boy leads the Dance with Masculine and Warlike Postures and the Girl followed him with soft and modest steps to represent an Harmony of two Vertues Power and Temperance HOROLOGIUM A Clock an Engine that moves of it self or has the principle of its motion in it self used to measure Time and shew the hours of the day and night At first the Romans had no certain Rule for the time of their Employments they measur'd it only by the Course of the Sun Pliny reports that in the Laws of the twelve Tables that were collected in the Year 301 there was nothing mention'd concerning time but only the rising and the setting of the Sun and Noon Papyrius Cursor set up a Sun-Dial at the Temple of Quirinus but it did not prove right Thirty years afterwards the Consul M. Valerius Messola as Varro relates after the taking of Catana in Sicily in the Year 477 during the first Punick War brought from thence to Rome a Dial which he fasten'd to a Pillar near the Rostra but the Lines thereof not being drawn according to the degrees of the latitude of the pole it did not prove exact yet they made use of it during the space of eleven years when Martius Philippus Censor with L. Paulus set up another more true The Greeks were also a long time without either Clocks or Sun-Dials Anaximenes Milisius Anaximander's Scholar was the first Inventer of Sun-Dials amongst the Greeks Pliny says that Thales shew'd the use thereof to the Lacedemonians The Greeks called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Romans Solaria But how exact so ever these Dials were yet in the night or in cloudy weather they were of no use Wherefore Scipio Nasica the Colleague of Lanatus to prevent this inconveniency found out the Clepsydra or Water-Clock 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. to steal Water because it pass'd so insensibly that it seem'd to steal upon the sight Pierius in the sixth Book of his Hieroglyphicks says that the invention of the Clepsydra was found in the Town of Achanta beyond the River Nile where three hundred and sixty Priests were every day pouring water out of the Nile into a Vessel out of which they let the water drop by little and little to measure the hours of the day And tho' the word Horologium commonly signifies Clocks that go by Weights and have Wheels and a Ballance with a Bell yet those that are made with Wheels and fit to carry about called Watches and those called Sciotherick Dials or Sun-Dials which shews the hour by the shadow of a Needle elevated upon different surfaces falling upon lines dispos'd in order by Gnonomicks may be called also by the name of Horologia as well as the Clepsydra's and Clocks with Wheels and Bells Vitâ—uvius speaks of many kinds of Sun-Dials The Hemicyclus or the half Circle is a Dial hewn into a square and cut to incline like the Equinox Berosus a Chaldean was the inventer thereof The Hemisphere Dial was found out by Aristarchus Samius The Dials call'd Scaphia were hewn in a round Figure having an elevated Needle in the middle The Discus of Aristarchus was an horizontal Dial the sides whereof were somewhat rais'd to prevent the inconveniency found in the Dials that had their Needle upright and perpendicularly elevated upon the Horizon for their sides thus rais'd up keep the shadow from extending it self too far off The Spider invented by Eudoxus is the same as the Anaphoric Horologium Some say that Apollonius has found out the Plinthus or Dial-post which was set in the Circus Flaminius Scopas Syracusanus made the Dial called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 used for places mentioned in History Parmenion was the inventor of the universal Dial fit for all Climats Theodosius and Andreas Patrocles invented the Pelecynon which is a Dial made in the figure of a Hatchet where the opposite lines that shew the Constellations and the Months are close towards the middle and stretched towards the sides which make the form of a Hatchet with two edges Dionysidorus found the Cone Apollonius the Quiver which are vertical Dials opposite to the East and West and being broad and obliquely set represent a Quiver There were yet many other kinds of Sun-Dials invented as the Gonarcus Engonatus Antiboreus These are not mentioned neither in Greek nor Latin Authors The Gonarcus and Engonatus seem deriv'd from the Greek and signifie Dials made upon several surfaces some whereof being horizontal others vertical and some others oblique make many Angles wherefore these angular Dials are called by the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. e. Angle or Knee The Antiboreus is an Equinoxial Dial turn'd towards the North. An Hour-Glass us'd to measure time by the running of sand is made with two small Glasses join'd together by the ends one of them is full of very small sand which runs through a little hole of a thin plate of Brass
to build Towns and create Magistrates has also taught them to make Laws and assume to themselves a private and particular right to be the tye and rule of their Societies and this is called the Civil Law i. e. the Law of the City or Countrey The Civil Law which is now taught in Schools is a body composed of Roman Laws viz. a Collection of the Law received introduced and observed in the City of Rome and all the extent of the Roman Empire during the space of more then twelve hundred years during which time the Roman people who seem'd born to command not only made a considerable Progress by their Valour towards the general Empire of the Universe but also carefully and diligently inquired after the best methods and rules to govern themselves and their Subjects with Justice and Equity and render to every particular Man what was due to him keeping withal all Men in their Duty And to succeed in their design not being satisfied with their own they lent to Greece then flourishing in all kinds of Learning to inquire after their Laws Wherefore the Body of the Roman Law is not the work of a man only nor of some few Years but the work of many Nations and Ages together brought to perfection by a long and laborious Observation of humane affairs that the greatest wits of that flourishing State fully instructed by the exercise of inferiour Magistrates and from thence raised to the highest Offices of the Empire have collected and reduced under certain Principles and general Maxims of which it was formed and perfected And because so many Men having put their hand to this work the number of Volumes were grown almost infinite Justinian the Emperour gave order to Trebonianus his Chancellor and some other great Lawyers of his Age to reduce it to a perfect Body which they divided into three Volumes which are remaining still viz. Pandectae or Digests the Code and Institutes as we may see in the Preface of the Institutions of Justinian and by the title of the Code de veteri jure enucleando The Digests contain the Opinions and Resolutions of antient Lawyers The Code is composed of the Constitutions and Rescripts of the Emperours since Adrian to Justinian The Institutes is an excellent Abridgment of all that is contained in the two former Volumes i. e. an Abridgment of the Roman Law To these three Volumes they have since added the Constitutions of Justinian called Novellae or Authenticae which altho' they are not contained in the body of the Law collected and published by the order of Justinian yet they have obtained such an Authority that tho' they were published last by Justinian's order yet they have exceeded the former in many things And this Work was so excellent that even after the ruine of the Roman Empire the best polited Nations in the World make still use thereof to decide all their differences The Civil Law is twofold the written and the unwritten The written Law is that which being collected into Writing is published in a manner usual to each state In the Roman Dominions there were six kinds of this written Law called by several names viz. Lex Senatur Consulta Plebiscita Principum Placita Magistratuum Edicta Responsa Prudentium These several Definitions are related by Justinian in the 2. Cap. of his first Book The unwritten Law is that which has introduced it self by Practice and Tacit consent of them who use it and this is called Custom These two several kinds of Laws are much in request in France for they have there the Edicts and Ordinances of their Kings for a Written Law and as for Custom there is almost no Province but has Laws called customs particular to themselves The Canon Law is nothing else but a collection of Ecclesiastical rules definitions and constitutions taken out of the antient General and Provincial Councils the writings and resolutions of the Fathers of the Church and constitutions and rescripts of the Popes whereby are decided all controversies of the Ecclesiastical State not only concerning the administration of Sacraments management of the Estates and regulating of Clergymen but also in what concerns the Laity and Secular men in Spiritual matters and this Law which was lately collected and composed on the Model of the Civil Law is contained and reduced into three Volumes the first whereof is called the Decree of Gratian composed of the ancient Canons or rules taken from the ancient Councils and Writings of the Fathers The Second is called the Decretals containing the Decretal Epistles i. e. the constitutions or rescripts of the Popes chiefly since Alexander III. till Gregory IX by whose authority it was compiled and some Chapters taken out of the Epistles of Pope Gregory and some other Antients The last volume is called Sextum containing the rescripts of the Popes since Gregory IX till Bonifacius VIII by whose authority it was collected but this volume is hardly received in France because of the difference between Bonifacius and Philip called le Bel King of France and for many things inserted therein contrary to the liberties of the Gallican Church At the end of this volume are added the Clementina which are the constitution of Clement V. decreed in the Councel of Vienna and some rescripts of John XXII and other Popes commonly called extravagantes because they are out of the Body of the Canon-law composed in three volumes JUSTITIA Justice A Goddess called by the Ancients Astraea Daughter of Jupiter and Themis She is reprenseted by the figure of a naked and blindfolded Virgin holding an even ballance with one hand and a naked Sword with the other to shew that Justice has no regard to persons and punishes and rewards equally Hesiod says that Justice the Daughter of Jupiter is tied to his Throne in Heaven and demands revenge of him every time that her Laws are violated whereupon a long Succession of calamities is poured upon Nations who are punished for the Crimes of Kings and great men Aratus in his Phaenomena gives us still a finer description of the Goddess Justice who during the Golden Age was conversant night and day on the earth amongst People of all sorts of Age Sex and Condition teaching her Law During the Silver Age she appeared only in the night and in secret reproaching men with their unlawful ways but in the Iron Age she was forced to quit the Earth and retire into Heaven because of the multitude and enormity of Crimes JUTURNA A Fountain in Latium disimboguing itself into the River Numicius The Fable tells us that she was Daughter of Danaus and Sister to Tutnus King of the Rutnll whom Jupiter loved and enjoyed she assisted her Brother against Aenaeas but having perceived that the Fates were averse to him out of despair she cast herself headlong into the River Numicius Ovid in the 6th Book of his Fasti speaks of the Temple of Juturna the Sister of Turnus so often mentioned by Virgil in his Aeneids
Ordinances contrary to one another but at last the Dictator Sylla chang'd or abolish'd the former to establish his own However they were not lasting tho' in great number for soon after the People were in motion by the turbulent Laws of Lepidus Since that time there was nothing established but new regulations concerning every Crime and the Commonwealth being corrupted the number of Laws became infinite In fine Pompey being chosen the reformer of Manners after he had found out Remedies worse than the Evils saw his Laws perish with himself And afterwards during 25 years of Civil Wars there was neither Laws nor Customs observ'd But Augustus being elected Consul the sixth time abolished the Laws which he had made during his unlawful Authority and establish'd others to live in peace And amongst other Laws he made a Law concerning Marriage The Romans had some Laws under their Kings and some other in the time of their Commonwealth Romulus was the first Law-giver of the Romans according to the testimony of Livy Plutarch and Tully There remain but some fragments of Romulus's Laws related by Varro and Festus the first whereof is here inserted SEI PATRONOS CLIENTEI FRAUDEM FAXSIT SACER ESTOD If a Patron defraud his Client let him be cursed Servius quotes the fragment of this Law as being taken out of the Laws of the twelve Tables nevertheless Romulus is doubtless the Author thereof for 't is thus expressed in Servius's Manuscript Ex lege Romuli XII Tabularum Si Patroxus Clienti Frandem Faxit Sacer Esto 'T is yet true according to the testimony of Dionysius Halicarnasseus and Livy that Romulus had settled the rights of Clients and Patrons and Scaliger and Cujacius report that the Decemviri who had compiled the Laws of the twelve Tables and inserted therein the Laws made by the Kings Ex his non dubium est leges Regias in XII Tabulas à Decemviris conjectas fuisse primâ secundâ tertiâ tabulâ leges Regias contineri quia etiam leges Regias de patriâ potestate in quartam tabulam relatas autor est Dionysius Whereby it doth appear that the Laws made by the Kings were inserted by the Decemvirs in the Law of the twelve Tables and that the first second and third Table contained the Laws of the Kings as also the Law concerning the power of Fathers over their Children is copied out of the fourth Table as Dionysius Halicarnasseus tells us Sei instead of Si. The Ancients in their Writings express thus the long i by the Dipthong ei as it appears by Ancient Inscriptions and by this which is yet seen at Rome Quod ejus Agrei locei publicum populei Romanei erit Patronos instead of Patronus The Ancients often made use of the o instead of the u. Clientei instead of Clienti by the same reason of Sei instead of Si. Faxsit instead of Faxit because of the harshness of the x. The Ancients added a Letter before or after the x to make the pronunciation softer as we see in the ancient Marbles vicxit juncxit c. Sacer Estod instead of Esto The Ancients joined very often the letter d after o at the end of a word as it appears by the Column of Duellius pugnandod I have explained the meaning of this Law under the word Clientela where the right of Patrons and Clients is expounded for Romulus allowed the people to chuse for themselves Patrons out of the body of the Nobles and put themselves under their protection and settled the reciprocal Rights of the Patron towards his Clients and Clients towards their Patrons and if they fail'd in the observation thereof they devoted them to the Devil and any Man might kill them without being punished by the Law This is the meaning of these words Sacer Estod The second Law of Romulus was expressed in these terms SEI NOROS PARENTEM VERBERIT AST OLE PLORASIT SACRA DIVEIS PARENTUM ESTOD If a Daughter-in-law strikes her Father and he complains of it let her be cursed and puxished by the Gods of the Fathers and Mothers Besides these two Laws the express terms whereof were kept till our time there are still many others the words whereof were lost by the misfortune of time but the meaning thereof is recorded by Latin Writers There are sixteen mentioned by Dionysius Halicarnasseus Livy and Plutarch some concerning the Law of the Gods and some others concerning the Civil Law Here follows the first Law of the six which concerns the Gods related by Dionysius Halicarnasseus I. NE QUID DEORUM FABULIS IN QUIBUS PROBRA EORUM ET CRIMINA COMMEMORARENTUR ADHIBERETUR FIDEI SED OMNES SANCTE RELIGIOSE CASTEQUE DE DIIS IMMORTALIBUS SENTIRENT ET LOQUERENTUR NIHIL QUOD BEATIS NATURIS INDECORUM AFFINGENTES Not to believe what the Fable says of the Gods concerning their Crimes and Infamies but to have Pious and Religious thoughts of them and not to speak of them but in a chaste way ascribing nothing to them that is unbecoming blessed natures The second Law is concerning the Holiness of the Walls of a City II. UT MURI SACRO-SANCTI ESSENT NEVE QUIS NISI PER PORTAS URBEM INGREDERETUR NEVE EGREDERETUR That the Walls of a City should be Sacred and that no person should pass over them to come in or go out of the City but only through the Gates Upon this Law Plutarch in his Roman Questions Quest 27. asks Why the Ancients consecrated the walls of their Cities and not the Gates thereof It was answered he to encourage the Citizens to defend them out of respect to their holiness and consecration and therefore Romulus ordered his Brother Remus to be murthered because he had leapt over the Walls But the Gates of Cities were neither holy nor consecrated because all Provisions were brought in thereat and the Corps of the dead were carried through the Gates out of the City to be burnt Wherefore when they intended to build the Walls of a City they consulted the Augurs and then drew a Line with a Plough drawn by an Ox and a Cow yok'd together over that space of ground where the Walls were to be built but did not drive the Plough over the place designed for the Gates of the City This Ceremony is thus related by Plutarch to which may be added what Pomponius the Lawyer says Siquis violaverit muros capite puniter III. NE QUIS EX ASYLOUT SACRO TUTOQUE LOCO VI ABSTRAHATUR Let no man be drawn by vlolence out of a place of Refuge where he has sheltered himself as in a Sanctuary These Sanctuaries were always Venerable amongst the Greeks and Romans Cadmus was the first who opened a refuge at Thebes and those who retired thither either Freemen or Slaves were pardoned of the Crime they had committed The Posterity of Hercules established a Sanctuary at Athens Tacitus complains of the abuse made of places of refuge at Rome The Reader may see what is said of them after
Deoerviri attempted to breed divisions between the Nobility and the Populace and by that means render their Magistracy perpetual SEI VIR aut molier alter alterei nontiom miseit devortium ested molier res souas sibei habetod vir molierei claves adimitod exicitoque Sei for si molier for mulier alterei for alteri nontiem miseit for nuntium misit devortiem for divortium estod for esto sonas for suas sibei for sibi habetod for habeto molierei for mulieri adimitod for adimito exicitoque for exigitoque Divorces were not known to the ancient Romans before the Law of the twelve Tables neither do we find it to have been put in practice till one and twenty years after the Law made by Spurius Carvilius Ruga who put away his Wife because of her barrenness in the Year of Rome DXXIII when M. Pomponius Matho and C. Papyrius Maso were Consuls for which Valerius blames him in that he preferred the desire of having Children before his Conjugal Affection This was afterwards observed in the Roman Empire not only during the time of Paganism and the ancient Oeconomy but also under the first Christian Emperors and continued to and even after the Reign of Justinian and this was so certain and looked upon to be so reasonable that the parties concerned were not allowed to divest themselves of that liberty by a penal agreement but must be content to undergo the penalties which the Law prescribed in respect to the person that was the cause of an unjust Divorce The Divorce was made by a mutual consent of the parties which they called Bona Gratia and in this case the same depended wholly upon the Parties agreeting to discharge each other of their Nuptial Rights and to advance themselves as they thought good or else by the sole motion and obstinacy of the one against the inclination of the other and if there were no lawful cause for it he who sued was liable to the penalty of injusti dissidii but if there were just cause for it then the Husband restored her Fortune to his Wife took the Keys of his House from her and sent her away as Cicero tells us frugi factus est mimam illam suam suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim Tabulis claves ademit exegit SEI QUIS injuriam altâ—rei fault xxv aris panae sunto If any man wrongs another he shall pay him XXV As's in brass Money The word Injuria injury in the Roman Law comprehended every thing a Man did in prejudice to his Neighbour An injury was done three ways by action when one Man had received more blows and wounds in his body than the other by words when one spoke words of another that touch his Reputation and Honour and by writing defamatory Libels and Verses The first sort of injury was variously punish'd by the Roman Law for if it proceeded so far as to break a Member the Laws of the twelve Tables allowed the maimed person to take satisfaction himself by laying the same punishment upon the other that is to maim him or break the same bone and this they called Talio for the punishment was and ought to be equal to the wrong and when there was nothing broke but only a blow of buffet given with the Fist he was only to pay five and twenty Ai's As to Wrongs done and Satyrs made upon the Great Men of Rome they were punished by a pecuniary mulct or banishment and sometimes by death it self as St Augustin relates from Cicero l. 4. De Repub. Our Laws of the twelve Tables are very contrary to that for tho' they are very tender in the point of punishing Offenders with death yet they enjoyn it in respect to those who blast the Reputation of another by Verses or injurious Representations for which there is great reason for our lives ought to be liable to the lawful censures of the Magistrates and not to the unbridled liberty of Poets and we ought not to be allowed to speak ill of any one but upon condition that we are able to answer it and vindicate our selves by Law QUEI cum telo hominis occidendi conâ—a deprehensos fouerit kapital estod He who is found ready to kill another with an Arrow ought to be punish'd with death Wilful murther was always punish'd most severely by the Ancients and this punishment according to the vigour of the Law was not only inflicted when death ensued but also when a person was bent upon the execution of an ill design which he could not accomplish and so that person was punished who armed waited for or set upon any one with a design to kill him tho' he in reality should escape So also he that gave another poyson who bought sold and prepared it tho' it wrought not the effect was punished in the same manner as a murtherer QUEI nox fortum faxsit sei im aliquips occisit joure caeses ested Sei loucoi fortom faxsit tâ—lâ—ve se tefenderit sei im aliquips cum clamore occisit joure caefos estod Sei loucei fortom faxsit utque telo se defenderit sei leber siet Praetor im vorberarier joubetod eique quoi fortom factum esit addeicito Sei servos siet virgis caesos ex saxo deicitor sei impobes siet Praetoris arbitratu verberatos noxsiam sarceito It was lawful to kill him that stole any thing by night and if it was day and that the Thief stood armed upon his defence it was also lawful to kill him but if he did not so defend himself and got away the Praetor sentenced him only to be whipped but if he was a Slave they were after he had been first whipped to throw him down head-long over the Tarpâ—ian Rocks If the Thief was not yet at age he was to be whipped and be sentenced to such Damages as the Praetor pleased QUEI falsum testimonium dixserit ex saxo dicitor That he who bore false Witness against any one should be thrown down head-long over the Tarpeian Rock This Law agrees with the Eighth Commandment which God gave his people Falsum Testimonium non dices Plato and other Greek Philosophers had undoubtedly read the Books of Moses wherein the Decalogue is set down and took the greatest part of their Laws from thence which the Decemviri compiled I shall not in this place set down several Fragments of the Laws of the twelve Tables concerning the way of judging and ordering an Accusation which will be found under the word Accusatio jus judicium No more than those which refer to the Assemblies of the people of Rome by Tribes Centuries Curiae which will be found under the word Comitia But now we come to speak of the particular Laws of the Romans and their Emperours LEX SULPITIA The Sulpitian law made by the Consuls P. Sulpitius Samurius and P. Sempronius Sophius in the year of Republick ccccl. NESCILICET quis templum vel aram lajussu Senatus aut Tribunorum
plebis majoris partis dedicaret It was not lawful to dedicate a Temple or an Altar without the consent of the Senate or Tribunes of the people LEX PAPIRIA The Papirian Law Ne quis injussu plebis aedes terram aram aliamâ—â— rem ullam consecraret It was not allowed any to consecrate Temples any piece of Ground and Altars without the consent of the people LEX HORTENSIA The Hortensian Law required that the Fairs which were at first kept on Holy-days should for the future be held on Working-days where in the Praetor administred Justice by pronouncing these three words do dico addico This Law was made by Q. Hortensius Dictator in the year of Rome cccclxviii LEX PUBLICIA The Publician Law made by Publicius Tribun of the people Ne quibus nisi ditioribus cerei Saturnalibus mittorentur That Wax Tapers were not to be sent to any but those that were rich at the time of the Saturnalia It was a custom to make several Presents at this Feast and particularly of Wax Tapers to intimate that Saturn had brought Men from Darkness to Light that is from an obscure and savage to a polite and learned Life LEX CORNELIA The Cornelian Law made by the Consul P. Cornelius Dolabella after the death of Julius Caesar in the year of Rome dccx Ut Eidus Julii quibus Caesar interfectus in Senatu est Urbis natales haberentur That they should celebrate the day of Rome s Original on the Ides of July when Caesar was slain LEX LICINIA The Licinian Law concerning those Plays called Ludi Apollinares instituted in honour of Apollo determined the day on which they should be represented there being no fixed day before appointed for that purpose P. Licinius Praetor urbanus legem ferre ad populum jussus ut hi ludi perpetuùm in statam diem voverentur LEX ROSCIA The Roscian and Julian Law of which L. Roscius Otho Tribune of the people was Author according to Florus in the year of Rome dclxxxvi Ut in Theatro Equitibus Romanis qui H. S. quadringenta possident quatuordecim spectandi gradus adsignarentur exceptis iis qui ludicram artom exercuerant quique sive suo sive fortunae vitio rem decoxissent That the Roman Knights who were worth 400000 Sesterces i. e. about 3333 l. Sterling should have fourteen Steps of the Theater allowed them to see the Plays except those who were turned Buffoons and wasted all their Fortune by their Debaucheries This is what Tacitus says Ami. l. 15. c. 5. the Emperour separated the Roman Knights from the people in the Circus and gave them Seats that were neares to the Senators For before this they assisted at this Shew confusedly for the Roscian Law regulated no more than what regarded the Seats in the Theater LEX CINCIA The Cincian Law made for restraining the Avarice of the Orators who exacted large Sums of Money for their pleadings The Calpurnian Law against the Bribery of Magistrates and that which bore the name of Julius Caesar was made against the Avarice and Intriges of those who made private Suit for Offices in the Commonwealth LEX PAPIA The Papian Poppean Law made by Augustus in his old Age to incourage Men to Marry by imposing a Penalty upon Batchelours and thereby to increase the Rvenues of the Commonwealth LEX AGRARIA The Agrarian Law made concerning the distribution of Lands taken from the Enemies This Law proved to be the Seed of great Divisions in the Roman Empire in the time of the Republick See Agraria LEX JULIA A Law made by Augustus against Adultery It was the first that appointed a punishment and publick Process to be made against those who seduced Wives and Debauched Maidens and Widows of Quality Not that Adultery was not punished before Augustus his time but there was no process made against it and there was no stated Punishment assigned for it But the Julian Law which Augustus himself had the misfortune to see put in execution in his own Family in the person of his own Children required nothing but banishment for this sin of Adultery but the Penalty was afterwards increased by the constitutions of the succeeding Emperors who punished Adultery with death LEX SUMPTUARIA A Sumptuary Law made by Cornelius Sulla the Dictator in the Year of Rome DCLXXIII whereby the expences of Feasts and Funerals were regulated and those condemned to pay a certain pecuniary mulct who transgressed the injunction of that Law LEX PAPIA The Papian Law concerning the Vestal Virgins who looked after the Sacred Fire in the Temple of the Goddess Vesta she who let it go out was whipped by the Soveraign Pontiff and if she suffered her self to be Debauched she was buried alive in Campus Sceleratus without the Gate called Portacollina See Vestalis LEX PEPETUNDARUM or DE REPETUNDIS The Law of Bribery or publick Extortion LEX AELIA The Elian Law made concerning the Augurs by Q. Aelius Paetus the Consul in the year of Rome dlxxxvii LEX FUSIA The Fusian Law made concerning the time of holding the Assemblies which ought not to be held but upon those days called Dii Comitiales LEX VALERIA SEMPRONIA The Valerian and Sempronian Law made concerning those who had a right to Vote in the Roman Assemblies C. Valerius Tappo Tribute of the people was the Author of it in the year of Rome icxvi LEX VILLIA The Villian Law of which L. Villius Tribune of the people was Author and whereby the Age of Persons that were to enter upon Offices in the Republick was regulated 'T was also called LEX ANNALIS LEX CORNELIA The Cornelian Law which prescribed the Qualifications Persons ought to have that enter upon Offices in the Commonwealth LEX HIRCIA The Hircian Law which allowed of none to hold Offices in the Republick but such as had sided with Caesar against Pompey LEX VISELLIA The Visellian Law which allowed the Sons of Freedmen the right of becoming Magistrates LEX POMPEIA CLAUDIA The Pompeian and Claudian Law which required that those who put in for Offices in the Commonwealth should be always present LEX RHODIA The Law of Rhodes relating to traffick by Sea this Law required that if it happened a Ship laden with Merchandize that belonged to several Merchants in order to avoid Shipwrack threw the Goods of some of them overboard and that those of the other were saved an estimate should be made of all the Merchandize and that the loss and damage should be sustained by every one of them in proportion to the Effects he had on board this was made by the Rhodians and was found to be so just that it was received by all the Nations that came after them LIBATIO A Libation being a Ceremony practised in the Sacrifices of the Pagans wherein the Priest poured down some Wine Milk and other Liquors in honour of the Deity to whom he Sacrificed after he had first tasted a little of it LIBATIONES Libations of Wine and other Liquors frequently made
Greek Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to chase away because Wine of which he was the God dissipates the Vexations of Men's Minds LYCAEUS a Mountain in Arcadia consecrated to Jupiter and Pan the God of Shepherds from whence it is that they have given him the additional Epithet of Lycaean they solemnized some Festivals there in Honour of Pan which Evander carried into Italy and were called Lupercalia LYCAON was a Tyrant of Arcadia who was thunder-struck by Jupiter and changed into a Wolf because he had sacrificed a young Child upon his Altar according to the Testimony of Pausanias in his Arcadicks Ovid gives another Account thereof L. 1. Metamorphosis he relates that Jupiter being not able any longer to bear with the horrible Cruelties exercised by Lycaon towards his Guests took upon him Humane Shape and went into the Palace of this Tyrant who being desirous to make Trial whether he were a God or no laid Humane Flesh before him at Table with which Jupiter being incensed he transformed him into a Wolf LYCEUM a famous Place near Athens where Aristotle read Philosophy to his Disciples as Plato did in his Academy His Disciples were called Peripateticks because he taught them walking LYCIUS a Surname of Apollo who was worshipped in the City of Patara the Capital of Lycia where he had a Temple famous for the Oracles delivered there by him Et Lyciae sortes Virg. 4. Aeneid LYCURGUS the great Legislator of the Lacedaemonians formed his Republick according to the Model of the Stars says Lucian and forbad his Citizens to go forth to Battle before the Full Moon because then their Bodies were in greater Vigour That his Laws might obtain the greatest Authority he pretended to have had them from Apollo at Delphos he died when he was Fourscore and Five Years old LYNCEUS was one of the Argonauts who went with Jason to the Conquest of the Golden-fleece the Poets made him to be so quick-sighted that he could see through Trees and Walls and that because he had found out Mines in the Bowels of the Earth LYNCUS a very cruel King of Scythia who would have put Triptolemus whom Ceres had sent to teach Men the Use of Corn to Death but the Goddess abominating so much Cruelty changed him into a Lynx which is an Animal spotted with divers Colours LYRA a Lyre or Harp an old musical Instrument which we find painted in the Hands of Apollo 't is almost of a circular Form and has a small Number of Strings which are touched with the Fingers some have thought the Grecian Lyre to have been the same with our Cüitarre others say it was an Instrument made of a Tortoise-shell which Hercules excavated and bored Moles in and then strung it as Horace bears witness and so they came to call it Testudo You may see it bears several different Forms on the Monuments and Medals of the Ancients Some attribute the Invention of this Instrument to Orpheus others to Linus some to Amphion others again to Mercury and Apollo as may appear by those Dialogues of Lucian concerning the Gods where he brings in Apollo to speak thus He hath made an Instrument of a Tortoise-shell whereon he plays to that Perfection as to make me Jealous even me who am the God of Harmony The Harp is also a Coelestial Sign composed of Ten Stars that rise at the Sign of Libra the Scituation whereof makes as it were a kind of Harp The Fables of the old Astronomers would have the same to be Orpheus his Harp which he received from Apollo to whom Mercury had made a present thereof and that the Muses placed it among the Stars LYSIMACHUS was one of the Successors of Alexander the Great by a Medal of his was to be seen on one side the Form of his Head with his Crown on and two Horns at both ends and this he bare faith Appian because he held a mad Bull by the Horns that had forced himself loose out of the Hands of the Sacrificers and had killed them and in Testimony of his Conquering of him he bore the said Horns Upon the Reverse of the Medal sits Victory holding a Victim in her Right Hand M. M Is a Consonant and the Twelfth Letter of the Alphabet that has a very dull Sound and is pronounced with the outermost Part of the Lips whence it comes to pass that 't is called Mugiens Littera It 's sunk often times in Prose as 't is also in Verse Restitutu iri you meet with in the Law Saltu for Saltum in Vet. Gloss Quintilian says That the M often ended Latin Words but never Greek ones and that in such Case the Greeks changed it into an N because the N had a more pleasing Sound tho' it was rare in the Latin Tongue to meet with any Words ending with this Letter M alone stands for Manius Marcus Manes Manibus M being a Numeral Letter stood for a Thousand among the Ancients and when a Stroak was drawn above it it made a Million MACHINA a Machine or Engine being no other than the Setting together of several Pieces by Mechanical Art so as to serve for the Increasing of the Force of moving Powers The Name of Machine has been given in general to every Thing that hath no other Motion but what comes by the Art of Men the Ancients had a Multitude of Warlike Machines consisting of Rams Slings Scorpions Cross-bows Catapultes c. for the Beating down Town-walls Shooting of Arrows Flinging of great Pieces of Stone and the like MACHINAE VERSATILES They are strange Inventions to Change Scenes make Flights in the Air to move Animals and for other Artifices that both surprize and prove an agreeable Diversion to the Spectators Clocks Pumps Mills Organs and the like Things which operate by the Help of Wind and Water are Water or Aery Machines otherwise called Hydraulick or Pneumatick ones MACTUS HOC VINO INFERIO ESTO 'T was a Form of Speech used at the Sacrifices offered by Pagans to their Gods being as much as to say Magis auctus may your Glory be increased by the powring out of this Wine and the following Expression also has the same Derivation Macte nova Virtute Puer Pretty Boy increase in Vertue MAGIA Magick the Scripture it self gives us an Account of the Antiquity of Magick in Egypt when it speaks of the Magicians used by Pharaoh in Opposition to Moses who also by their Enchantment performed some of the Miracles which God wrought by his own Divine Power But that is not the first Place perhaps wherein the Magick of the Egyptians is spoken of 'T is most certain that as Egypt was the Mother of Fables so was she also the Mistress of Magick Among those Magicians who withstood Moses there were Two who signalized themselves above the rest to wit Jamnes and Mambres of whom St. Paul makes mention according to the Tradition of the Jews Pliny had Knowledge of these Two Egyptian Magicians but he puts
is most concerned with Fortune Clemens Alexandrinus say there were some who confined Destiny so much to the Moon that they said if there were Three of them it was because of the Three most remarkable Days of the Moon Parcas allegorice dici partes Lunae trigesimam quintam decimam novam lunam ideo candidatas dici ab Orpheo qua fuit partes lucis Varro says and we ought to believe him that formerly they used Parta instead of Parca This Word answers the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and comes a Partiendo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to divide because 't is Fate that makes a Division and Lot for every Body But in respect to that Universal Chain of all natural Causes which produce all sensible Effects and form as I may say the Fate of our Bodies the Moon without doubt is one of the most considerable and efficatiousof any as she is also nearest to the Earth The Moon was one of the Destinies in the Opinion of those who gave this Quality to Ilithyia which is known to be the Moon and to preside over Nativities Pausanias tells us that Venus Vrania was also accounted one of the Destinies and that she was even the Eldest of the Three Sisters Epigramma verò indicat Venerem Caelestem earum quae Parcae vocantur natu maximam PARENTALIA they were Solemnities and Banquets made by the Ancients at the Obsequies of their Relations and Friends PARIS the Son of Priamus King of Troy and of Hecuba His Mother being with Child of him saw in her Dream that she was brought to Bed of a Burning-torch which would set all Asia on fire And having consulted the Augurs thereupon they made answer That that Child one Day should be the Cause of the Ruine of his Country Priamus being informed of it exposed him to be destroy'd but his Wife Hecuba being touch'd with Compassion delivered him privately to the King's Shepherds to bring him up on Mount Ida in Phrygia where he grew up and became Valiant and expert at all bodily Exercises wherein he exceeded Hector whom he threw in Wrestling Dares the Phrygian who had seen Paris gives us an Account of his Person in his Book concerning the Destruction of Troy where he says He was tall and well proportioned of a fair Complexion had very good Eyes and a sweet Voice that he was Bold Couragious Forward and Ambitious And this is confirmed by Dion Chrysostom and Cornelius Nepos in their Translation of Dares into Verse Hector upbraids him for his very Beauty as if he were fitter for Love than War Homer gives him the Title of being Valiant and among others names Diomedes and Machaon's being wounded by him to which Dares adds Menelaus and Palamedes Antilochus and Achilles whom he slew Hyginus relates the Fight he had with his Brethren whom he overcame while he was a Shepherd As to the Contest between the Three Goddesses viz. Juno Venus and Pallas to know which was the fairest of them Dares in his Poem concerning the Destruction of Troy recites the Words which they spoke to Paris in order to engage him to give Sentence in their Favour as well as Lucian does in his Dialogue concerning the Judgment of Paris Venus wanted not Reasons to gain the Opinion of amorous Paris and to oblige him to declare in her Favour for as his Reward she promised him one of the finest Women in the World which was Helen Menelaus his Wife and she was so constant to her Word that she favoured him to carry her off which occasioned the fatal War made by the Grecians against the Trojans Some Commentators upon Homer and Spondanus among others believe this pretended Sentence of Paris was not known to Homer Plutarch himself favours this Conjecture when he maintains that the 3 Verses of the 24th Iliad where he speaks of it are Supposititious and inserted by some other and that 't is an unbecoming thing to believe the Gods were judged by Men and that Homer making no mention thereof any other where there was Reason to believe these Lines were foisted in But a Medal of Antoninus Pius gives us to understand that this Action was believed to be true by the Ancients and we may farther oppose against Plutarch the ancient Statue of Paris done by Eupbranor whereby as Pliny says it might be known that he was a Judge between the Goddesses the Lover of Helen and the Person that killed Aahilles Other Authors have thought that Paris himself feigned his having been a Judge between the Goddesses and that he did this in Opposition to Hercules who renounced Vice in favour of Vertue how difficult soever it appeared since Paris despised the Riches and Honours promised him by Juno and the Knowledge profferred him by Pallas and abandoned himself to his Pleasures Eusebius treats of the History and not the Fabulous part for he writes that the City of Troy was destroy'd for the Rape of Helen one of the Three Grecian Ladies that contended for Beauty PARNASSUS a Mountain in Phocis consecrated to Apollo and the Muses whence arise the Fountains of Custalins Hippocrene and Aganippe so famous in the Poets At the Foot of this Mountain stood the City of Cyrrha and the Temple of Apollo of Delphos The Muses took their Epithers from these Places for in the Poets they are called Parnassides and Castalides PARRICIDA a Parricide the Murderer of his Father or Mother The Romans made no Law against Parricides because they did not think there could be a Man so wicked as to kill his Parents L. Ostius was the first that killed his Father 500 Years after Numa's Death even after the Time of Hannibal And then the Pompeian Law was made which ordained that the Person who was convicted of this Crime after he had been first whipped till the Blood came should be tied up in a Leathern Sack together with a Dog an Ape a Cock and a Viper and so thrown into the Sea or next River PARTUNDA a Goddess that assisted at Child-bearing PASIPHAE the Daughter of the Sun and Wife to Minos King of Creet The Fable tells us she fell in Love with a Bull whom she enjoy'd by Daedalus his Contrivance who by his Skill made a Cow wherein Pasiphae being inclosed she conceived by this Bull a Creature that was half Man half Bull which was shut up in the Labyrinth and with the Assistance of Ariadne killed by Theseus Servius informs us that this Taurus was one of Minos his Captains who by the Procurement of Daedalus enjoy'd Pasiphae and because the Child she bore was like unto Taurus and Minos he was called Minotaurus Lucian says that Pasiphae hearing Daedalus discoursing of the Coelestial Sign Taurus she became in Love with his Doctrine which she learnt from him and this gave the Poets occasion to feign that she fell in Love with a Bull. PASSUS a Pace a Measure taken from the Space that is between the two Feet of an Animal the common Pace is that Space we
green one and pull of the Cod Besides if they be boiled and exposed to the Moon for some Nights they turn to Blood but what is most remarkable is that they make use of them at Athens to chuse their Magistrates by PYTHICI the Pythian Games in Greece instituted in Honour of Apollo because he killed the Serpent Python with his Arrows The Conquerors were crowned with Fruits consecrated to Apollo PYTHIUS an Epithet given to Apollo upon the Account of his killing the Serpent Python His Priestesses were also called Pythiae PYTHON an horrible Serpent that sprung from the Impurities of the Earth after the Deluge and which Apollo shot to Death with his Arrows Q. Q Is a Consonant and the 16th Letter of the Alphabet which is pronounced like K and C before A O V and has this peculiar to it that 't is always followed by an V. There is so great a Likeness between the C and Q that many Gramarians have been inclined to reject the Q as a superfluous Letter pretending that the C and V would serve to express what we mean by the Q And so we see the Greeks have rejected this Letter which is only taken from the Koph or Koppa of the Syrians and that in the French it has another Force than the K alone would have and that which the C it self has before A O V Ramus also asserts that in the University of Paris they always pronounced it in Latin in the same manner as they do now in France till the Royal Professors were established by Francis I. insomuch that they used qalis qantus and qis And it is observable that every Body at first opposed the other Pronounciation which was then introduced by the Royal Professors as a new Thing that would by no means be received tho' afterwards it always obtained However the Q still retains the same Sound as the K or C before O and V as in quum which is the same as Cum and this made Cicero as Quintillian has it to make Sport with a Cook 's Son who sued for a great Imployment tell him by way of Raillery Ego quoque tibi jure favebo because they could not distinguish in point of Pronunciation whether he meant the Particle quoque or the Vocative coque from coquus a Cook Some without just Reason have been inclined to reject the Q as Varro was according to the Relation of Censorinus and Licinius Calvus according to that of Victorinus who would never make use thereof for it 's always of Use since it serves to joyn the Two following Vowels into one Syllable whereas the C imports that they are divided and this is that which makes the Difference between the Nominative qui and the Dative cui the Infinitive sequi and the Preterperfect Tence secui from seco And this is again testified by Priscian and Terentianus Meurus whom some place in the Fifth Century but he could not be higher than the Middle of the Fourth since St. Augustine cites him as being already dead in those Books which were writ before 390. And this Difference between the C and Q is so true that you may see the Ancient Poets put the C in the Place where we put a Q when they were minded to divide the Words into more Syllables than they really were Lucretius has used cuiret with Three Syllables for quiret and so he makes also acua Three Syllables being put for aqua Again Plautus in his Cistell Act. 2. Sc. 1. uses it in relicuiis Quod dedi datum non vellem quod relicuüm non dabo For if the Trochaick Verse be not read in this manner it will not have it's due Number of Feet As the Q was put in the Place of C and V so there have been some Grammarians who would have it to pass for a douâ—â— Letter and amongst the rest Capella Diemedes and Longus Their Reason for it being this that the Ancients wrote qi qae qid without an V as you may still find Examples hereof in some old inscriptiens From whence it follows that the V was enclosed in the Q and consequently the same is a double Letter for otherwise the first Syllable in aqua equus c. would be long whereas the same is short in Verse For it was the Custom of the Ancients often to take a single Letter for the Characters which formed the Name of the Letter as Joseph Scaliger says for Example they put the K for ka tho' the K for all that was no double Letter We may farther say that when the Ancients wrote qis they did perhaps pronounce it also qis as if it had had a K in it and that the Writing had changed with the Pronunciation says Quintilian and this Reason appeared so much the more true seeing that in Cruter's Inscriptions we find not only the Q but also the C put alone for qu Cintus for Quintus suis for siquis as on the Contrary the single Q is put for the C as Qurtius for Curtius sequlum for seculum and mequm for mecum and the qu put for the c also as liquebit for licebit or liqebit Q was a Numeral Letter among the Ancients and signified 500 when there was a Tittle set over it it implyed 500000. QUAESTOR an Officer among the old Romans who had the Charge of the Publick Money as our Treasurers or Lords Commissioners of the Treasury have now a days Lipsius opposes the Opinion of those who attribute the Instituting of this Office to Romulus or Numa or Tullius Hostilius It may much more truly be referred to Valerius Publicola who after the Expulsion of the Kings appointed a Place for the Publick Treasure in Saturn's Temple under the Custody of Two Officers whom they called Quaestors chosen from among the Senators and were to be created by the People Livy and Dyonisius of Hallicarnassus place the Institution of this Office no higher than about the Year 269. But Tacitus L. 11. Annal. speaks very dearly concerning it Under the same Consuls Dolabella proposed that those who were admitted to the Quaestorship should once a Year give a Shew of the Gladiators at their own Charge Formerly this Office was conferred upon none but such as had deserved well and 't was free for every Citizen to pretend to this Honour if he thought himself capable of it This Office was instituted at first in the Time of their Kings and this may be seen by the Law which Lucius Brutus introduced whereby the People were obliged to meet together by Parisies or Wards Then the Consuls took care to supply it and at last the People who chose Valerius Potitus and Emilius Mamercus into it 60 Years after the Expulsion of the Tarquins Some think there is a Mistake in the Date Their first Business was in the Armies but the Empire growing great there were Two new ones created who were to stay in Rome the Number was again augmented after the Conquest of â—â—ly and the Provinces insomuch that they
Presents and on that Day to send several sorts of Things and of greater Value to one another but more particularly Silver Medals as finding they were very silly in the foregoing Ages to believe that Honey was sweeter than Silver as Ovid brings in Janus pleasantly talking of it Wherefore Dio speaking of New-years Gifts plainly calls them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Silver With these Presents they sent to wish one another all manner of Prosperity and Happiness for the rest of the Year and gave reciprocal Testimonies of Friendship to each other And as they prevailed as much in their Religion as they did in the State they were not wanting to enact Laws relating to them and made that Day a Festival dedicated and particularly consecrated to Janus who was represented with Two Faces one before and another behind as looking upon the Year past and present They offered Sacrifices to him on that Day and the People in Crowds and all new clad went to Mount Tarpeius where Janus had an Altar However though the same were a Feast and solemn one too since it was also dedicated to Juno under whose Protection the first Days of this Month were and that on the said Day they also celebrated the Dedication of the Temples of Jupiter and Aesculapius that stood in the Isle of the Tiber yet I say notwithstanding all these Considerations the People did not remain idle but on the Contrary every one began to do something in the Way of his Profession that so he might not be sloathful the rest of the Year In short the Custom of New-years Gifts by Degrees became so common in the Time of the Emperors that all the People went to wish him a happy Year and each Man carried his Present of Money according to his Ability that being looked upon as a Mark of the Veneration and Esteem they had for their Princes whereas now the Method is altered and they are rather the Great ones who bestow New-years Gifts upon meaner Persons Augustus received so much of it that he was wont to buy and dedicate Gold and Silver Idols for it as being unwilling to apply the Liberality of his Subjects to his own private Use Tiberius his Successor who did not love a Crowd purposely absented himself on the first Day of the Year that he might avoid the Inconveniencies of the Peoples Visits who would have run in Shoals to wish him a happy New-year and he disapproved of Augustus his receiving these Presents for the same was not convenient and must have put him to Charge to make his Acknowledgments to the People by other Liberalities The People were so taken up with these Ceremonies for the first six or seven Days of the Year that he was obliged to make an Edict whereby they were forbid to make New-years Gifts any longer than for the first Day Caligula who immediately succeeded Tiberius in the Empire let the People understand by an Edict that he would receive the New-years Gifts on the Calends of January which had been refused by his Predecessor and for this end he staid every Day in the Porch of his Palace where he readily received the Money and the Presents made him by the Crowd Claudius his Successor disanulled what he had done and by an Order forbad them to come and present him with any New-years Gifts From thence forwards the Custom continued still among the People as Herodian observes under the Emperor Commodus and Trebellius Pollio makes mention of it in the Life of Claudius Gothicus who also attained to the Imperial Dignity And here we might take Occasion to enquire why the Romans were wont to make Presents to and mutual Vows for one another on the first Day of the Year rather than any other Time It 's the Question which Ovid puts to Janus who answers with a Gravity becoming himself It is says he because all Things are contained in their Beginnings and it is for that Reason adds he they drew Auguries from the first Bird they saw In short the Romans thought there was something Divine in the Beginnings of Things The Head was accounted a Divine Thing because it was as a Man may say the Beginning of the Body They began their Wars with Auguries Sacrifices and publick Vows and so the Reason why they sacrificed to Janus on the first Day of the Year and would make him propitious to them was because that he being Door-keeper to the Gods they were in Hopes by this means to have obtained Admission of the others for the rest of the Year If they made Janus to be their Friend at the Beginning of it And as he presided over the Beginning of the Year they hoped for his Favour to themselves and their Friends if they could draw this God to espouse their Interest They sacrificed Hower and Wine to him which undoubtedly gave Occasion to the Merriments and Debauches of that Day The Grecians amongst whom New-years Gifts were not in Use before they received them from the Romans had no particular Word to signifie Strena for the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which is to be met with in ancient Glossaries and which was not used by ancient Authors signifies only a good Beginning that of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in general a Present 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Philoxenus his Glossary is rendered Verbena Strenua because the said Word signifies a Branch a Plant such as Vervein was of which at first as we have told you their New-years Gifts consisted Athenaeus brings in Cynulcus reproving Vlpian for calling a New-year's Gift 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in all likelihood because that signifies no other than a Thing that is given above a Gratification The Way of sending New-years Gifts to Magistrates and Emperors did not cease in the first Ages of Christianity after the Destruction of Paganism as you may see by these Verses of Ceripus already mentioned Dona Calendarum quorum est ea cura parabant Officia turm is implent felicibus aulam Convectant rutilum sportis capacibus aurum This Custom of solemnizing the first Day of the Year by Gifts and Rejoycings having passed from Paganism unto Christianity the Councils and Fathers declaimed against the Abuse made thereof as you may see in Tertullian and the sixth Council in Trullo STYMPHALIDES AVES Birds of an extraordinary Seize which they said in their Flight obscured the Light of the Sun They fed only upon Humane Flesh but Hercules by the Help of Minerva drove them out of Arcadia by the Noise of Cymbals STYX a River in Arcadia near Nonacris its Water was of so cold and killing a Nature it was present Poison wherewith Historians say Alexander the Great was poisoned Pausanias speaks at large of the Grecian Styx and cites the Places in Homer and Hefiod wherein it is mentioned The Poets made it to be a River in Hell the solemn Oaths of the Gods were made by the Water of Styx The Fable says that Victory the Daughter of Styx having given
Jupiter Assistance against the Grants he by way of Acknowledgment ordered the Gods to swear by its Water and that if they perjured themselves they should be deprived of Life and Feeling for 9000 Years Servius gives us the Reason of this Fable and says that the Gods being possest of all Bliss and Immortal swore by Styx which is a River of Grief and Sorrow as by a Thing that was quite contrary to them and the Oath was taken by way of Execration Hesiod in his Theognis says that when one of the Gods lyed Jupiter sent Irts to fetch some of the Water of Styx in a Gold Cup by which the Lyar was to swear and if he perjured himself he was to be for a Year without Life or Motion but it must have been a great Year that continued several Millions of Years SUADA and SUADELA the Goddess of Perswasion owned by the Romans and called Pitho by the Grecians SUETONIUS named Tranquillus wrote the Lives of the first Twelve Emperors and was Secretary to the Emperor Adrian his History reaches to the Year of our Redemption 98 and comprehends 144 Years SUFFRAGIUM a Suffrage given by the Romans either at the Choosing of Magistrates for the Receiving of Laws or in Judgments The People for a long time gave their Suffrages by Word of Mouth in Matters relating to the Commonwealth which were taken by the Officers of the Tribes called Rogatores who afterwards acquainted the President of the Assembly with the Sentiments of their Tribes This Method continued to the Year 615 after the Building of Rome under the Consulship of Q. Calpurnius Piso and M. Popilius Lenas when Gabinius Tribune of the People passed the first Law of Ballotting for the Choosing of Magistrates that enjoyned the People from thence forward no longer to give their Suffrages viva voce but that they should throw a Ballot into a Box or Urn whereon the Name of the Person they were minded to choose should be written This Law they called Tabellaria because their Ballots were named Tabellae Papyrius Carbo who was also Tribune of the People got another Law passed called Papyria in the Year 625 whereby the People were required to give their Suffrages by Ballots in enacting of Laws And Cassius Tribune of the People likewise obliged the Judges by a Law to give their Votes by Ballots in Matters of Judgments All these Laws were very good for the Commonalty who before durst not give their Votes freely for fear of offending the Great ones And this Cicero tells us in his Oration pro Plancio Grata est tabella quae frontes aperit hominum mentes tegit datque eam libertatem ut quod velint faciant And 't is also in the Agrarian Law called Vindex libertatis and in the Cornelian Principium justissimae libertatis Now these Ballots were little pieces of Wood or other Stuff made very narrow and marked with several Letters according to the Nature of the Business in hand For Example if they were about to choose a Magistrate they wrote down the first Letters of the Candidates Names and gave as many of them to every one as there were Competitors for the Place In the Assemblies held for Receiving of a Law they gave every one two one of which was marked with these two Letters V. R. signifying as much as uti rogas and the other only with an A which denoted Antiquo I reject the Law In Matters of Judgments or Sentences to pass they gave three of them one marked with an A and signified Absolvo I acquit the Persons accused the other with a C. Condemno 〈◊〉 condemn him and the third with these two Letters L. N. non liquet Judgment cannot pass the Matter is not clear enough The Ballots were delivered at the Entry of a Bridge by the Distributors of them who were called Diribitores and the Place of Office where they were given was named Diribitorium They went up to the Tribunal of the Consul or of him who sate as President of the Assembly qui cistellam deferebat and threw what Ballot they thought fit into the Urn and then the Centuria or Tribe whose Right it was first to draw the Lots gave its Suffrage having done they told the Suffrages and the Crier said with a loud Voice Praerogativa renunciat talem Consulem If the Matter related to the Enacting of a Law Praerugativa legem jubet or non accipit The Magistrates afterwards ordered the Centuria of the first Class to be called those of the Cavalry first and the Infantry next When there were not a sufficient Number of Suffrages for the entituling of a Person to an Office the People might chuse whom they pleased and this in Latin they called Non conficere legitima Suffragia non explere trihus SUMMANUS an Epithet which the Poets gave Pluto being as much as to say Summus Manium the Chief of the Manes SYLLA surnamed Lucius Cornelius a Roman General of a Patrician Race he was chosen Quastor and had a great Quarrel with Marius the Consul which proved fatal to the Common-wealth of Rome for he banished divers Illustrious Citizens and filled Rome with Blood and Slaughter He was surnamed the Happy He died of the lowsie Disease SYLVANUS or SILVANUS A God whom the Poets said did preside over Forests and Land-marks Some made him to be the Son of Faunus but Plutarch in his Parallels will have him to have been begotten incestuously by Valerius on his Daughter Valeria Fenestella says that Pan Faunus and Sylvanus were the same Deity The Luperci were their Priests and their Feasts the Lupercalia See Lupercalia c. SILVIUS POSTHUMUS King of Alba the Son of Ascanius and Grandson to Aeneas he was named Sylvius because he was born in a Forest and Posthumus by reason his Birth happened to be after his Father's Death SYRE ES. See Sirenes SYRINX and SYRINGA were Pipes or Reeds of a different Length joined together wherein they blew as Tinkers and Boors do now-a-days who are the Inheritors of the wretched Musick of the Satyrs Pan was the Inventor of this Instrument who running like a hair-brained Fellow after the Nymph Syringa whom he was desperately in Love with could catch nothing but Reeds into which she was transformed so comfort himself for his Loss he made Muical Instruments of those Reeds join'd together which bore the Name of his Nymph and were in Request with Shepherds Ovid gives the Story of it in these Verses Panaque cum prensam sibi jam Syringe putaret Corpora pro Nymphae calamos tenuisse palustres Dumque ibi suspir at motos in arundine ventos Effecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti Arte nova vocisque Deum dulcedine captum Hoc mihi concilium tecum dixisse manebit Atque it a disparthus calamis compagine cerae Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse puellae SYRTES Two Gulphs in the farthest Part of Africa full of quick Sands and so called from the Word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
〈◊〉 to draw because Ships at tracted to it by the Current of these Gulphs are there swallowed up and buried The Poets represent them to us as if they were Monsters T. T Is a Consonant and the 19th Letter in the Alphabet which is very like unto the D and for that Reason they are often found put one for the other a at â—â—r ad which made Quintilian raisly those who scrupled to write one indifferently for another as set for sed haut for haud 〈◊〉 among the Ancients was a Numeral Letter that signified 16â— but if Tittle was put 〈◊〉 it signified 16000. TABâ—RNA MERITORIA Mars's Hospital was a Place in Rome where disabled Soldiers were maintained at the Charge of the Government TABERNAE TRES Cic. Epist 12. ad Auicum The Three â—averns It was a Place between Rome and Capua upon the great Road called Via Appia which was that that lead from Brundasium to Greece where â—ravellers willingly stopped There is men ion made of it in the Acts of the Acts of the Apostles C. 〈◊〉 TACITA the Tenth 〈◊〉 which 〈◊〉 Pompilius added to the Nine and caused to be worshipped at Rome The King pretended he had frequent Conversation with the Nymph Egeria and the Muse Tacita that he might thereby give the greater Authority to his Actions and obtain more Esteem for his Laws It 's easie to find the Moral of these Two Fables since the Names themselves lead us to it By the Nymph Egeria Necessity is only meant which doubtless is an ingenious Councellor and a very bold Executioner of all sorts of Designs and the Muse Tacita or Silence is necessary to the Counsels of a wise Prince whose Bengns ought to be kept secret TACITUS See Cornelius Tacitus TACITUS a Roman Emperor chosen by the Senate he was a wise Prince and made good Laws He was killed by the Soldiery after he had reigned Six Months or as others will have it died of a Feaver at Tarsus in the Year of our Lord 274. TAEDA a Torch Pliny says they used Torches made of a kind of a Thorn or as Dalechamp says of white Thorn at Weddings By the Description which Aristaenetus gives of the Marriage of Acontius and Cydippe he says there was Incense in their Torches that so with their Light they might also afford a fragrant Smell They likewise made use of Pine-branches and other Trees which produce Pitch and Rosin which made them call the Pine and Fir from the Word Taeda which signifies a Torch TANARUS a Cape in Laconia near unto which there was a Cave by which the Poets feigned there was a Descent into Hell There stood here as Suidas says a Temple dedicated to Neptune where the Lacedemonians killed the Pilots who offered Sacrifices therein Near unto it was the Place where Hercules pulled the Dog Cerberus out of Hell TAGES was the Son of Genius according to Festus and the Grandson of Jupiter who taught the Tuscans the Art of Divination as Cicero says L. 2. de Div. Ovid makes him to be the Son of the Earth a Ploughman said he ploughing his Field and the Coulter-Iron of his Plough happening to sink deeper than ordinary into the Ground he saw a Child come out of a Clod of Earth which the Coulter-Iron had turned up who was called Tages and who presently applied himself to teach the Tuscans the Way to know Things to come wherein they became so skillful that they taught several Nations this Art and particularly the Romans TALARIUS LUDAS Dice-playing Indeed we have no proper Term whereby to express this Play in English but 't is certain it was performed with a sort of Gold or Ivory Dice which they shook as we do in a kind of a Box before they threw them There was this difference between them and ours that whereas our Dice have six Squares because they are Cubical those had but four for they had but two opposite sides for the six which they ought to have and they were conically shap'd They made use of them for Divination as well as Playing and they concluded on a good or evil Augury according to what came up As they usually threw four of them at a time the best Chance was when four different Sides came up for these Squares they called by the Name of some Animals as the Dog Vulture Basilisk c. or of some Deity as Venus Hercules c. Some Authors have been of Opinion that they were marked with the Forms of Animals or the Images of those Gods and not with Numbers or Dots as our Dice are But if that be true those Figures or Images must have been applied each of them to signifie some particular Number for 't is certain that if two of the opposite Sides signified one and the other six and that also of the two other opposite ones one was accounted three and the other four This Game was very ancient seeing the Lovers of Penelope play'd at it in the Temple of Minerva for it was a Custom to play in the Temples 't was a Game used by old Men at Rome as Augustus himself says but among the Grecians Childrens Play as appears by the Description of an excellent Picture of Policletus by Apollodorus in Pliny who there makes Cupid play with Ganimede and by Diogenes Laertius who says the Ephesians laughed at Heraclitus because he play'd with the Children TALASSUS and TALASIO and TALASSIUS a God whom the Romans made to preside over Marriages as Hymenaeus was with the Greeks They invoked him at Weddings that they might prove happy and here take Livy's Account of the Origin of this Superstition when the Romans ravish'd the Daughters of the Sabines who came to Rome to see the Plays given there by Romulus there was one very beautiful Virgin amongst them who was designed for Talassius a young Roman that was mightily beloved by his Fellow-Citizens and to the End she might not be forced out of the Hands of those who designed her for him they bethought themselves to cry out à Talassio à Talassio she is for Talassius In short she was presented to him and because it proved to be a very happy Marriage the Romans called upon him at their Weddings that so they might have as much Content in their Marriage as he had in his TALENTUM a Talent this Word with the Ancients one time signified Weights another time a Sum of Money and sometimes a Piece of Money these were several sorts thereof that which Authors speak oftenest of is the Attick â—alent of which there were two sorts the greater and the lesser the lesser was 60 Minae in value and the greater 80 that is the greater in English Money was worth about 233 l. 6 s. 8 d. or as some 133 l. and odd Money and the other 165 l. as some 100 l. as others 120 l. and after some 180. When you find nothing added to the Word Talentum then the common Attick or lesser Talent is meant The Hebrew Talent was
and by his wise Conduct effaced all the evil Impressions that had been entertained of him so far that he was stiled The Delight of Mankind being of a sweet Disposition liberal and benificent to every Body which made him utter these excellent Words to his Domesticks who put him in mind he should not promise more than he could perform No Man said he ought to return with Dissatisfaction from his Prince TITYUS the Son of Jupiter and Terra this Giant was killed by Apollo or as others will have it Thunder-struck for endeavouring to enjoy Lacona the Poets feigned he was racked in Hell and that a Vulture tore his Heart without killing him TOGA It was a great Woollen Mantle without any Sleeves very large and used both by Men and Women but in Process of time none wore them but leud Women hence that of Horace In matronâ peccesve togata If you commit Sin with a Woman of Quality or a Courtizan The Toga was of divers Colours and admitted of various Ornaments There was that called Toga domestica wore within Doors Toga forensis abroad Toga militaris used by Soldiers and tucked up after the Gabinian Fashion and Toga picta or triumphalis wherewith the Victorious triumphed with imbroidered Palms that which had no Ornaments was called Toga pura TRAGOEDIA a Tragedy a Drammatick Poem which upon the Theater represents some signal Action performed by Illustrious Persons and has often a fatal End Suidas says that Thespis was the first Author of Tragedy who began by making his Actors ride in a Chariot painting their Faces with Wine-lees in order to disguise them for Masks were not yet invented Horace de arte Poetica gives us all these Particulars Ignotum Tragicae genus invenisse Camoenae Dicitur plaustris vexisse poemata Thespis Qui canerent agerentque peruncti fecibus ora Eschylus was the first who invented Masks and Habits to disguise the Actors and in short 't was he that advanced the magnificent and noble Character of Tragedy to the highest Pitch Post hanc personae pallaeque repertor honestae Aeschylus modicis instravit pulpita tignis Et docuit magnumque loqui nitique cotburno Diogenes Laertius in Plato's Life and Aristotle in his Ars Poetica say that at first there was but one Person in a Tragedy who alone made the Chorus Thespis added a Comedian thereto in order to give the Chorus Leasure to take Breath Eschylus added a second and Sophocles a third and so Tragedy came to its Perfection he that won the Prize in a Tragedy received a He-goat which he was to sacrifice to Bacchus from whence came the Name of Tragedy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Hircus signifying a He goat TRAJANUS Trajan a Spaniard by Birth and the first Emperor of a Stranger that mounted the Throne of Rome His Head was like a Mallet broad at Top and with very considerable Eminences before and behind his Forehead broad and Neck thick which was an infallible Sign of a prudent vigorous Man and one that was steady in his Designs rather than of a lively and brisk Wit and so indeed he performed great Things having extended the Bounds of the Roman Empire much beyond any of his Predecessors Armenia and Mesopotamia being fallen under the Yoke of the Roman Power He had a Fit of an Apoplexy which turned into a Palsie in some Part of his Body but he died of a Dropsie aged 64 when he had reigned full 20 Years and most justly acquired the Title of an excellent Prince TRIBUNI PLEBIS Tribunes of the People being Magistrates taken from among the People and chosen of the People themselves to withstand whatever the Senate might attempt against their Liberty and Sovereignty insomuch that no other Power could do any thing if they opposed it The Occasion of creating them was this The People finding themselves opprest by the great Ones by the Instigation of Sicinius withdrew to a Mountain Three Miles off from Rome which afterwards was called Mons Sacer and would not return to Rome but by the Perswasion of Menenius Agrippa and being allowed two Tribunes to protect them against the Oppressions of the great Ones and this happened in the Year 266 and the two Tribunes were Sicinius Bellutus and L. Junius The Law for creating them was called Sacred and the same declared the Tribunes to be sacred and inviolable Persons who must not be injured upon Pain of Death and the Mountain whither the People had retired was called Mons Sacer because of the Oath which the Deputies of the Senate made to the People for allowing this Magistrate to them These two Tribunes took in three more and their Number increased to ten They had a Right to withstand the Deliberations of the Senate and the Orders of the very Consuls there being nothing to be concluded on without their Consent which they exprest by putting a T under the Order and if the same did not please them they hindred it to be put in Execution by subscribing the Word Veto without giving any Reason for it They wore a Purple Robe and they were the only Persons whose Office did not cease upon the nominating of a Dictator They could banish or imprison such as they thought criminal They summoned a Consul and a Dictator to be tried before the People when they were out of their Offices and they could not tarry above one Day out of the City The Doors of their Houses were open Night and Day that so the People might have Recourse to them at all times they had no Curule Chair nor a Seat at first in the Senate but their Seats were at the Door where they examined the Deliberations of that Body They had no Lictors to walk before them but only one Usher By the Atinian Law they were admitted into the Senate and had a Right to give their Advice there but their Authority was much lessened by the Cornelian Law in point of publishing of Laws and haranging the People and the same also supprest Appeals to the People but afterwards the Consuls Q. Aurelius Cotta and L. Octavius in the Year of Rome 678 admitted them to the Exercise of the highest Offices in the Republick and allowed them the Honour of having the Fasces carried before them and the same was confirmed to them by Pompey The Office of Tribune became yet more considerable and illustrious under the Emperors who took the Quality of Tribunes upon themselves Augustus began it and held the Power of Tribune for 57 Years A Quality says Tacitus that was invented for preserving of the Sovereign Authority above the other Magistrates without taking that of King or Dictator upon them Tiberius also held this Office for Five Years and so did all the succeeding Emperors to Constantine the Great It 's true they annually created Tribunes of the People but this was only nominal the Emperors carried all the Power from them Vlpian places the Tribunes among those who administred Justice at Rome