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right_a understanding_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n nay_o christianity_n itself_o but_o for_o a_o conclusion_n to_o the_o preface_n i_o have_v also_o make_v some_o addition_n wherein_o i_o have_v show_v your_o principle_n of_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a be_v not_o a_o new_a invention_n but_o that_o which_o several_a great_a man_n have_v before_o deliver_v as_o the_o only_a firm_a rule_n by_o which_o to_o try_v not_o only_o all_o our_o moral_a action_n but_o all_o civil_a law_n whether_o they_o be_v right_a and_o just_a that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o right_a reason_n or_o not_o and_o i_o have_v also_o conclude_v it_o with_o a_o set_n of_o principle_n very_o necessary_a to_o be_v understand_v for_o the_o prove_v the_o truth_n of_o all_o natural_a religion_n and_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n though_o the_o two_o last_o alone_o be_v the_o subject_a of_o your_o lordship_n book_n as_o well_o as_o of_o my_o abridgement_n of_o it_o but_o to_o speak_v more_o particular_o of_o the_o discourse_n 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but_o prove_v more_o useful_a for_o the_o common_a good_a of_o our_o church_n and_o state_n in_o this_o high_a and_o public_a station_n to_o which_o their_o majesty_n have_v think_v fit_a to_o call_v you_o than_o you_o can_v have_v be_v in_o a_o more_o private_a condition_n and_o i_o hope_v your_o lordship_n will_v look_v upon_o this_o dedication_n as_o a_o small_a tribute_n of_o gratitude_n which_o all_o the_o world_n must_v owe_v you_o for_o your_o learned_a and_o not_o common_a undertake_n of_o which_o obligation_n none_o ought_v to_o be_v or_o indeed_o be_v more_o sensible_a than_o my_o lord_n your_o lordship_n be_v most_o faithful_a and_o humble_a servant_n james_n tyrrell_n the_o preface_n to_o the_o reader_n by_o way_n of_o introduction_n i_o suppose_v you_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o the_o study_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v prefer_v by_o plato_n aristotle_n socrates_n and_o tully_n the_o wise_a
all_o these_o difficulty_n a_o much_o easy_a way_n only_o by_o suppose_v certain_a innate_a idea_n of_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a impress_v by_o god_n upon_o the_o soul_n of_o men._n but_o i_o must_v indeed_o confess_v myself_o not_o yet_o so_o happy_a as_o to_o be_v able_a thus_o easy_o to_o attain_v to_o so_o great_a a_o perfection_n as_o the_o knowledge_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n by_o this_o natural_a instinct_n or_o impression_n and_o it_o do_v not_o seem_v to_o i_o either_o safe_a or_o convenient_a to_o lay_v the_o whole_a stress_n of_o natural_a religion_n and_o morality_n upon_o a_o hypothesis_n which_o have_v be_v explode_v by_o all_o philosopher_n except_o themselves_o and_o which_o can_v never_o alone_o serve_v to_o convince_v those_o of_o epicurean_a principle_n for_o who_o we_o chief_o design_v this_o work_n but_o whosoever_o will_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o peruse_v what_o have_v be_v write_v against_o these_o innate_a idea_n by_o the_o inquisitive_a and_o sagacious_a lock_n author_n of_o the_o late_a essay_n of_o humane_a understanding_n will_v find_v they_o very_o hard_o if_o not_o impossible_a to_o be_v prove_v to_o have_v ever_o be_v innate_a in_o the_o soul_n of_o man_n before_o they_o come_v into_o the_o world_n therefore_o as_o i_o shall_v not_o take_v upon_o i_o absolute_o to_o deny_v the_o be_v or_o impossibility_n of_o such_o idea_n so_o i_o shall_v not_o make_v use_n of_o any_o argument_n draw_v from_o thence_o in_o this_o discourse_n though_o i_o hearty_o wish_v that_o any_o reason_n or_o motive_n which_o may_v serve_v to_o promote_v true_a virtue_n and_o piety_n may_v prevail_v as_o far_o as_o they_o deserve_v with_o all_o sincere_a and_o honest_a men._n and_o the_o same_o reason_n which_o deter_v i_o from_o suppose_v any_o natural_a law_n innate_a in_o our_o mind_n have_v also_o make_v i_o not_o present_o suppose_v as_o many_o do_v without_o any_o due_a proof_n that_o such_o idea_n have_v exi_v in_o the_o divine_a intellect_n from_o all_o eternity_n and_o therefore_o i_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o more_o proper_a and_o necessary_a to_o begin_v from_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v most_o know_v and_o familiar_a to_o we_o by_o our_o sense_n and_o from_o thence_o to_o prove_v that_o certain_a proposition_n of_o immutable_a truth_n prescribe_v our_o care_n of_o the_o happiness_n or_o common_a good_a of_o all_o rational_a agent_n consider_v together_o be_v necessary_o imprint_v upon_o our_o mind_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o which_o the_o first_o cause_n perpetual_o determine_v so_o to_o act_v upon_o they_o and_o that_o in_o the_o term_n of_o these_o proposition_n be_v intrinsical_o include_v a_o evident_a declaration_n of_o their_o truth_n and_o certainty_n as_o proceed_v from_o god_n the_o first_o cause_n in_o the_o very_a intrinsic_a constitution_n of_o thing_n from_o whence_o it_o will_v be_v also_o manifest_a that_o such_o practical_a proposition_n be_v true_o and_o proper_o law_n as_o be_v declare_v and_o establish_v by_o due_a reward_n and_o punishment_n annex_v to_o they_o by_o he_o as_o the_o supreme_a legislator_n but_o after_o it_o shall_v appear_v that_o the_o knowledge_n of_o these_o law_n and_o a_o practice_n conformable_a to_o they_o be_v the_o high_a perfection_n or_o most_o happy_a state_n of_o our_o rational_a nature_n it_o will_v likewise_o follow_v that_o a_o perfection_n analogous_fw-la to_o this_o knowledge_n and_o a_o practice_n conformable_a to_o these_o law_n must_v necessary_o be_v in_o the_o first_o cause_n from_o whence_o proceed_v not_o only_o our_o own_o natural_a perfection_n but_o also_o the_o most_o wise_a ordination_n of_o all_o effect_n without_o we_o for_o the_o common_a conservation_n and_o perfection_n of_o the_o whole_a natural_a system_n or_o universe_n which_o our_o eye_n daily_o behold_v for_o that_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o i_o among_o the_o thing_n most_o certain_o prove_v that_o it_o must_v be_v first_o know_v what_o justice_n be_v and_o what_o those_o law_n enjoin_v in_o who_o observation_n all_o justice_n consist_v before_o we_o can_v distinct_o know_v that_o justice_n be_v to_o be_v attribute_v to_o god_n and_o that_o his_o justice_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v by_o we_o as_o a_o pattern_n or_o example_n for_o we_o to_o imitate_v since_o we_o do_v not_o know_v god_n by_o a_o immediate_a intuition_n of_o his_o essence_n or_o perfection_n but_o only_o from_o the_o outward_a effect_n of_o his_o providence_n first_o know_v by_o our_o sense_n and_o experience_n neither_o be_v it_o safe_a to_o affix_v attribute_n to_o he_o which_o we_o can_v sufficient_o understand_v or_o make_v out_o from_o thing_n without_o we_o have_v now_o show_v you_o in_o general_a the_o difference_n between_o our_o method_n and_o that_o which_o other_o have_v hitherto_o follow_v it_o be_v fit_a we_o here_o declare_v in_o as_o few_o word_n as_o we_o can_v the_o chief_a head_n of_o those_o thing_n which_o we_o have_v deliver_v in_o this_o treatise_n suppose_v therefore_o those_o natural_a principle_n concern_v the_o law_n of_o motion_n and_o rest_v sufficient_o demonstrate_v by_o naturalist_n especial_o such_o as_o depend_v upon_o mathematical_a principle_n since_o we_o have_v only_o here_o undertake_v to_o demonstrate_v the_o true_a ground_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n and_o to_o deduce_v they_o from_o some_o suppose_a knowledge_n of_o nature_n and_o as_o they_o refer_v to_o our_o moral_a practice_n i_o have_v here_o therefore_o suppose_v all_o the_o effect_n of_o corporeal_a motion_n which_o be_v natural_a and_o necessary_a and_o perform_v without_o any_o intervention_n of_o humane_a liberty_n to_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o will_n of_o the_o first_o cause_n and_o two_o which_o mr._n h._n himself_o likewise_o in_o his_o leviathan_n admit_v that_o from_o the_o consideration_n and_o inquisition_n into_o these_o cause_n and_o from_o the_o power_n and_o operation_n of_o natural_a body_n may_v be_v discover_v the_o existence_n of_o one_o eternal_a infinite_a omnipotent_a be_v which_o we_o call_v god_n so_o that_o every_o motion_n impress_v upon_o the_o organ_n of_o our_o sense_n whereby_o the_o mind_n be_v carry_v on_o to_o apprehend_v thing_n without_o we_o and_o to_o give_v a_o right_a judgement_n upon_o they_o be_v a_o natural_a effect_n which_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o other_o inferior_a cause_n owe_v its_o original_a to_o the_o first_o cause_n from_o whence_o it_o follow_v that_o god_n by_o these_o natural_a motion_n of_o cause_n and_o effect_n delineate_v the_o idea_n or_o image_n of_o all_o natural_a and_o moral_a action_n on_o our_o mind_n and_o that_o the_o same_o god_n after_o he_o have_v thus_o make_v we_o draw_v various_a notion_n from_o the_o same_o object_n do_v then_o excite_v we_o to_o compare_v they_o with_o each_o other_o and_o then_o join_v they_o together_o and_o so_o determine_v we_o to_o form_v true_a proposition_n of_o the_o thing_n thus_o single_o receive_v and_o understand_v so_o that_o sometime_o a_o thing_n be_v expose_v whole_a and_o all_o at_o once_o to_o our_o view_n and_o sometime_o it_o be_v more_o natural_o consider_v successive_o or_o according_a to_o its_o several_a part_n and_o the_o mind_n thereby_o perceive_v that_o the_o notion_n of_o awhole_n signify_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o all_o the_o several_a idea_n of_o the_o particular_a part_n put_v together_o and_o so_o be_v thence_o carry_v on_o to_o make_v a_o proposition_n of_o the_o identity_n of_o the_o whole_a with_o all_o its_o part_n and_o can_v true_o affirm_v that_o the_o same_o cause_n which_o preserve_v the_o whole_a must_v also_o conserve_v all_o its_o constituent_a part_n and_o then_o from_o a_o diligent_a contemplation_n of_o all_o these_o proposition_n which_o may_v just_o challenge_v the_o title_n of_o the_o more_o general_a law_n of_o nature_n we_o may_v observe_v that_o they_o be_v all_o reduceable_a to_o one_o proposition_n from_o who_o fit_a and_o just_a explication_n all_o the_o limit_n or_o exception_n under_o which_o the_o particular_a proposition_n be_v propose_v may_v be_v seek_v for_o and_o discover_v as_o from_o the_o evidence_n of_o that_o one_o proposition_n which_o may_v be_v reduce_v into_o this_o or_o the_o like_a sense_n viz._n the_o endeavour_n as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v able_a of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o whole_a system_n of_o rational_a being_n conduce_v as_o far_o as_o lie_v in_o our_o power_n to_o the_o good_a of_o all_o its_o several_a part_n or_o member_n in_o which_o our_o own_o felicity_n be_v also_o contain_v as_o part_v thereof_o whereas_o the_o act_n opposite_a to_o this_o endeavour_n do_v bring_v along_o with_o they_o effect_n quite_o opposite_a thereunto_o and_o will_v certain_o procure_v our_o own_o ruin_n or_o misery_n at_o last_o therefore_o the_o whole_a sum_n of_o this_o proposition_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o these_o three_o thing_n 1._o that_o which_o concern_v the_o matter_n of_o it_o
not_o but_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o body_n of_o this_o discourse_n that_o it_o have_v all_o thing_n necessary_a to_o render_v it_o so_o viz._n god_n consider_v as_o a_o legislator_n and_o his_o will_n or_o command_v sufficient_o declare_v to_o we_o as_o a_o law_n from_o the_o very_a constitution_n of_o our_o nature_n as_o also_o of_o other_o thing_n without_o we_o and_o likewise_o establish_v by_o sufficient_a reward_n and_o punishment_n both_o in_o this_o life_n and_o the_o next_o neither_o do_v we_o suppose_v it_o can_v be_v more_o evident_o prove_v that_o god_n be_v the_o author_n of_o all_o thing_n than_o that_o he_o be_v also_o the_o author_n of_o this_o proposition_n concern_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n or_o concern_v his_o own_o honour_n and_o worship_n conjoin_v with_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n and_o though_o i_o confess_v we_o have_v be_v more_o exact_a and_o have_v dwell_v long_o upon_o the_o reward_n that_o we_o may_v expect_v from_o the_o observation_n of_o this_o law_n than_o upon_o the_o punishment_n which_o be_v appoint_v for_o the_o breach_n of_o it_o and_o though_o i_o know_v the_o civilian_n have_v rather_o place_v the_o sanction_n of_o civil_a law_n in_o punishment_n than_o reward_n yet_o i_o hope_v we_o have_v not_o offend_v though_o we_o a_o little_a deviate_v from_o their_o sense_n and_o make_v it_o part_n of_o the_o sanction_n of_o this_o law_n that_o it_o be_v establish_v by_o reward_n as_o well_o as_o punishment_n since_o it_o seem_v more_o agreeable_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n who_o footstep_n be_v strict_o to_o be_v follow_v to_o consider_v the_o positive_a idea_n of_o cause_n and_o effect_n in_o our_o mind_n and_o which_o do_v not_o receive_v either_o negation_n or_o privation_n by_o our_o outward_a sense_n and_o our_o affection_n ought_v rather_o to_o be_v move_v by_o the_o love_n or_o hope_n of_o a_o present_a or_o future_a good_a than_o by_o the_o fear_n or_o hatred_n of_o the_o contrary_a evil_n for_o as_o no_o man_n be_v say_v to_o love_n life_n health_n and_o those_o grateful_a motion_n of_o the_o nerve_n or_o spirit_n which_o be_v call_v corporeal_a pleasure_n because_o he_o may_v avoid_v death_n sickness_n or_o pain_n but_o rather_o from_o their_o own_o intrinsic_a goodness_n or_o agreeableness_n with_o our_o humane_a nature_n so_o likewise_o no_o rational_a man_n desire_v the_o perfection_n of_o the_o mind_n to_o wit_n the_o more_o ample_a and_o distinct_a knowledge_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a object_n the_o most_o happy_a state_n of_o rational_a being_n can_v only_o give_v he_o and_o all_o this_o not_o only_o that_o he_o may_v avoid_v the_o mischief_n of_o ignorance_n envy_n and_o malevolence_n but_o because_o of_o that_o great_a happiness_n which_o he_o find_v by_o experience_n to_o spring_v from_o such_o virtuous_a action_n and_o habit_n and_o which_o render_v it_o most_o ungrateful_a to_o we_o to_o be_v deprive_v of_o they_o and_o so_o the_o cause_n also_o of_o such_o privation_n be_v judge_v high_o grievous_a and_o troublesome_a from_o whence_o it_o also_o appear_v that_o even_o civil_a law_n themselves_o when_o they_o be_v establish_v by_o punishment_n e._n g._n by_o the_o fear_n of_o death_n or_o loss_n of_o good_n if_o we_o consider_v the_o thing_n true_o do_v indeed_o force_v man_n to_o yield_v obedience_n to_o they_o from_o the_o love_n of_o life_n or_o riches_n which_o they_o find_v can_v only_o be_v preserve_v by_o their_o observation_n so_o that_o the_o avoid_n of_o death_n and_o poverty_n be_v but_o in_o other_o word_n love_v of_o life_n and_o riches_n as_o he_o who_o by_o two_o negative_n will_v say_v he_o will_v not_o want_v life_n mean_v no_o more_o but_o that_o he_o desire_v to_o enjoy_v it_o to_o which_o we_o may_v likewise_o add_v that_o civil_a law_n themselves_o ought_v to_o be_v consider_v from_o the_o end_n which_o the_o lawmaker_n regard_v in_o make_v they_o as_o also_o which_o all_o good_a subject_n design_n in_o observe_v they_o to_o wit_n the_o public_a good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n part_n of_o which_o be_v communicate_v to_o all_o of_o they_o in_o particular_a and_o so_o bring_v with_o it_o a_o natural_a reward_n of_o their_o obedience_n rather_o than_o from_o the_o punishment_n they_o threaten_v by_o who_o fear_n some_o only_o be_v deter_v from_o violate_v they_o and_o those_o of_o the_o worst_a and_o most_o wicked_a sort_n of_o men._n but_o though_o we_o have_v show_v that_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o the_o precept_n or_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o also_o of_o the_o sanction_n annex_v to_o they_o be_v brief_o contain_v in_o this_o proposition_n yet_o it_o be_v subject_a be_v still_o but_o a_o endeavour_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o whole_a system_n of_o rational_a being_n this_o limitation_n of_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n imply_v that_o we_o do_v not_o think_v ourselves_o capable_a of_o add_v any_o thing_n to_o the_o divine_a perfection_n which_o we_o willing_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v beyond_o our_o power_n so_o that_o here_o be_v at_o once_o express_v both_o our_o love_n towards_o god_n and_o good_a will_n to_o mankind_n who_o be_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o this_o system_fw-la but_o the_o predicate_v of_o this_o proposition_n be_v that_o which_o conduce_v to_o the_o good_a of_o all_o its_o singular_a part_n or_o member_n and_o in_o which_o our_o own_o happiness_n be_v contain_v as_o one_o part_n thereof_o since_o all_o those_o good_a thing_n which_o we_o can_v do_v for_o other_o be_v but_o the_o effect_n of_o this_o endeavour_n so_o that_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o those_o good_n of_o which_o also_o our_o own_o felicity_n consist_v can_v never_o be_v miss_v of_o either_o in_o this_o life_n or_o a_o better_a as_o the_o reward_n of_o our_o obedience_n thereunto_o so_o to_o the_o contrary_a action_n misery_n in_o this_o life_n or_o in_o that_o to_o come_v be_v the_o punishment_n natural_o due_a but_o the_o connexion_n of_o the_o predicate_v with_o the_o subject_a be_v both_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o proposition_n and_o also_o a_o demonstration_n of_o the_o natural_a connexion_n between_o this_o obedience_n and_o the_o reward_n as_o also_o between_o the_o transgression_n and_o the_o punishment_n from_o whence_o the_o reader_n will_v easy_o observe_v the_o true_a reason_n for_o which_o this_o practical_a proposition_n and_o all_o other_o which_o may_v be_v draw_v from_o thence_o do_v oblige_v all_o rational_a creature_n to_o know_v and_o understand_v it_o whilst_o other_o proposition_n suppose_v geometrical_a one_o though_o find_v out_o by_o right_a reason_n and_o so_o be_v truth_n proceed_v from_o god_n himself_o yet_o do_v not_o oblige_v man_n to_o any_o act_n or_o practise_v pursuant_n to_o they_o but_o may_v be_v safe_o neglect_v by_o most_o man_n to_o who_o the_o science_n of_o geometry_n may_v not_o be_v necessary_a whereas_o the_o effect_n of_o the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o common_a good_a do_v intimate_o concern_v the_o happiness_n of_o all_o mankind_n upon_o who_o joint_n or_o concurrent_a will_n and_o endeavour_n every_o single_a man_n happiness_n do_v after_o some_o sort_n depend_v so_o that_o this_o endeavour_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v neglect_v without_o endanger_v the_o lose_v all_o those_o hope_n of_o happiness_n which_o god_n have_v make_v know_v to_o we_o from_o our_o own_o nature_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o so_o have_v sufficient_o declare_v the_o connexion_n of_o reward_n and_o punishment_n with_o all_o our_o moral_a action_n from_o who_o authority_n as_o well_o this_o general_a proposition_n as_o all_o other_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o it_o must_v be_v understand_v to_o become_v law_n so_o that_o from_o the_o term_n of_o this_o proposition_n it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o adequate_a and_o immediate_a effect_n of_o our_o thus_o act_v and_o concern_v which_o this_o law_n be_v establish_v be_v whatever_n be_v grateful_a to_o god_n and_o beneficial_a to_o man_n that_o be_v the_o natural_a good_a of_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a system_n of_o rational_a being_n nay_o further_o be_v the_o great_a of_o all_o good_n which_o we_o can_v imagine_v or_o perform_v for_o they_o since_o it_o be_v great_a than_o the_o like_a good_a of_o any_o particular_a part_n or_o member_n of_o the_o same_o system_fw-la and_o far_o it_o be_v thereby_o sufficient_o declare_v that_o the_o felicity_n of_o particular_a person_n be_v derive_v from_o this_o happy_a state_n of_o the_o whole_a system_n as_o the_o nutrition_n of_o any_o one_o member_n of_o a_o animal_n be_v produce_v by_o a_o due_a distribution_n of_o the_o whole_a mass_n of_o blood_n diffuse_v through_o all_o the_o part_n of_o the_o body_n from_o whence_o it_o appear_v that_o this_o effect_n must_v needs_o be_v the_o best_a since_o it_o
show_v we_o that_o not_o the_o private_a felicity_n of_o any_o single_a man_n be_v the_o principal_a end_n of_o god_n the_o legislator_n or_o aught_o to_o be_v so_o of_o any_o one_o who_o will_v true_o obey_v his_o will_n and_o by_o a_o parity_n of_o reason_n it_o also_o appear_v that_o those_o humane_a action_n which_o from_o their_o own_o natural_a force_n and_o efficacy_n be_v apt_a to_o promote_v the_o common_a good_a be_v certain_o better_a than_o those_o which_o do_v only_o serve_v the_o private_a good_a of_o any_o one_o man_n and_o that_o by_o the_o same_o proportion_n as_o a_o common_a good_a be_v great_a than_o a_o private_a so_o likewise_o those_o action_n which_o take_v the_o near_a way_n to_o attain_v this_o effect_n as_o a_o end_n be_v call_v right_o because_o of_o their_o natural_a similitude_n with_o a_o right_n or_o straight_o line_n which_o be_v always_o the_o short_a between_o the_o two_o term_n but_o the_o same_o action_n when_o compare_v with_o a_o natural_a or_o positive_a law_n as_o a_o rule_n of_o life_n or_o manner_n and_o be_v find_v conformable_a to_o it_o be_v call_v moral_o good_a and_o also_o right_a that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o rule_n but_o the_o rule_n itself_o be_v call_v right_o or_o straight_o as_o it_o show_v the_o near_a way_n to_o the_o end_n but_o i_o shall_v refer_v you_o for_o the_o clear_a explication_n of_o these_o thing_n to_o what_o we_o have_v far_o say_v concern_v they_o in_o the_o discourse_n its_o self_n especial_o in_o the_o second_o part_n wherein_o we_o prove_v against_o mr._n h_n principle_n that_o there_o be_v a_o true_a natural_a and_o moral_a good_a antecedent_n to_o civil_a law_n but_o however_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o give_v you_o in_o short_a the_o method_n which_o we_o take_v to_o prove_v that_o this_o law_n of_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a be_v real_o and_o indeed_o and_o not_o metaphorical_o ah_o law_n 1._o this_o general_a supposition_n be_v premise_v that_o all_o particular_a person_n who_o can_v either_o promote_v or_o oppose_v this_o common_a good_a be_v part_n of_o that_o whole_a body_n of_o mankind_n which_o be_v either_o preserve_v or_o prejudice_v by_o their_o endeavour_n we_o shall_v not_o now_o descend_v to_o the_o particular_a proof_n as_o they_o be_v draw_v from_o the_o cause_n of_o such_o action_n of_o which_o we_o have_v partly_o treat_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o humane_a nature_n and_o partly_o from_o their_o natural_a effect_n and_o consequence_n of_o which_o we_o have_v large_o discourse_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o obligation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o also_o in_o the_o second_o part_n in_o our_o observation_n on_o mr._n h_n principle_n all_o which_o may_v nevertheless_o be_v reduce_v to_o these_o plain_a proposition_n 1._o as_o i_o have_v observe_v it_o be_v manifest_a that_o our_o felicity_n or_o high_a reward_n be_v essential_o connect_v by_o god_n the_o legislator_n with_o the_o most_o full_a and_o constant_a exercise_n of_o our_o natural_a power_n employ_v about_o the_o noble_a object_n and_o great_a effect_n they_o can_v be_v capable_a of_o as_o proportion_v to_o they_o from_o whence_o it_o may_v be_v gather_v that_o all_o man_n endue_v with_o these_o faculty_n be_v natural_o oblige_v under_o the_o penalty_n of_o lose_v or_o miss_v of_o this_o their_o happiness_n to_o exercise_v those_o power_n about_o the_o worthy_a object_n viz._n god_n and_o mankind_n nor_o can_v it_o be_v long_o doubt_v whether_o our_o faculty_n may_v be_v more_o happy_o exercise_v in_o maintain_v friendship_n or_o enmity_n with_o they_o for_o i_o think_v it_o be_v certain_a there_o can_v be_v no_o neutral_a state_n in_o which_o god_n and_o man_n can_v neither_o be_v belove_v nor_o hate_v or_o in_o which_o we_o can_v stand_v so_o far_o neuter_n as_o neither_o to_o do_v thing_n grateful_a nor_o ungrateful_a to_o they_o but_o if_o it_o be_v grant_v that_o there_o be_v a_o manifest_a necessity_n if_o we_o will_v be_v true_o happy_a of_o preserve_v amity_n both_o with_o god_n and_o man_n here_o be_v thereby_o present_o declare_v the_o sanction_n of_o this_o general_a law_n of_o nature_n which_o we_o be_v now_o inquire_v into_o for_o this_o alone_a establish_v all_o natural_a religion_n and_o also_o all_o those_o thing_n which_o be_v necessary_a to_o the_o happiness_n and_o preservation_n of_o mankind_n which_o be_v beside_o piety_n towards_o god_n 1._o a_o peaceable_a commerce_n and_o agreement_n of_o divers_a nation_n which_o be_v treat_v of_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v but_o a_o branch_n or_o subordinate_a member_n of_o this_o great_a law_n of_o nature_n 2._o the_o constitution_n and_o conservation_n of_o a_o civil_a society_n or_o commonwealth_n which_o be_v the_o scope_n of_o all_o civil_a law_n and_o 3._o the_o continuance_n of_o domestic_a relation_n and_o private_a friendship_n concern_v which_o the_o general_a rule_n of_o ethic_n as_o also_o the_o more_o particular_a one_o of_o oeconomy_n do_v prescribe_v and_o therefore_o we_o have_v put_v together_o many_o thing_n in_o the_o chapter_n of_o humane_a nature_n by_o which_o all_o particular_a person_n of_o sound_a mind_n be_v some_o way_n render_v capable_a of_o so_o large_a a_o society_n and_o be_v either_o more_o near_o or_o remote_o dispose_v to_o it_o and_o we_o do_v here_o entreat_v the_o reader_n that_o he_o will_v not_o consider_v those_o thing_n each_o of_o they_o single_o or_o apart_o but_o all_o together_o since_o from_o all_o of_o they_o conjoin_v he_o may_v raise_v a_o sufficient_a argument_n to_o prove_v the_o existence_n and_o evince_v the_o sanction_n of_o this_o most_o general_a law_n of_o nature_n and_o that_o man_n will_v necessary_o fail_v of_o their_o happiness_n which_o chief_o consist_v in_o the_o adequate_a or_o proper_a exercise_n of_o their_o rational_a faculty_n unless_o they_o will_v exercise_v they_o in_o cultivate_v this_o amity_n or_o love_n both_o with_o god_n and_o man_n to_o which_o end_v they_o be_v before_o all_o other_o animal_n particular_o adapt_v but_o from_o the_o effect_n of_o such_o action_n conduce_v to_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n we_o have_v also_o further_o show_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o obligation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n that_o this_o sanction_n by_o sufficient_a reward_n and_o punishment_n be_v most_o common_o connect_v with_o such_o action_n and_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o the_o first_o place_n god_n as_o the_o best_a and_o wise_a of_o rational_a being_n be_v to_o be_v love_v and_o honour_v by_o such_o action_n or_o endeavour_n as_o that_o the_o good_n and_o fortune_n of_o all_o innocent_a person_n of_o what_o nation_n soever_o be_v thereby_o secure_v as_o far_o as_o lie_v in_o our_o power_n and_o all_o thing_n profitable_a for_o particular_a person_n procure_v according_a to_o the_o proportion_n they_o bear_v to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o mankind_n so_o that_o this_o law_n will_v not_o permit_v any_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v which_o the_o care_n of_o the_o whole_a do_v not_o allow_v nor_o can_v any_o thing_n be_v suppose_v more_o worthy_a a_o rational_a creature_n and_o from_o whence_o great_a effect_n can_v proceed_v than_o a_o will_v always_o propeuse_n towards_o the_o good_a of_o this_o whole_a body_n govern_v by_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o right_a understanding_n therefore_o since_o it_o can_v certain_o be_v foreknow_v that_o such_o effect_n will_v follow_v from_o this_o endeavour_n no_o man_n can_v be_v ignorant_a that_o all_o the_o joy_n and_o present_a comfort_n of_o true_a piety_n be_v therein_o contain_v together_o with_o the_o hope_n of_o a_o bless_a immortality_n beside_o those_o many_o conveniency_n of_o peace_n and_o commerce_n with_o those_o of_o other_o nation_n and_o all_o those_o emolument_n both_o of_o civil_a and_o domestic_a government_n and_o private_a friendship_n which_o be_v connect_v with_o this_o endeavour_n as_o the_o common_a reward_n thereof_o and_o which_o can_v by_o any_o mean_n within_o our_o power_n be_v otherwise_o obtain_v so_o that_o he_o who_o neglect_v the_o care_n of_o the_o common_a good_a do_v also_o reject_v the_o true_a cause_n of_o his_o own_o felicity_n and_o embrace_v those_o of_o his_o misery_n as_o a_o punishment_n due_a to_o his_o folly_n in_o short_a since_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n that_o the_o high_a happiness_n which_o we_o can_v procure_v for_o our_o self_n proceed_v from_o our_o care_n both_o of_o piety_n to_o god_n and_o love_n and_o peace_n with_o men._n and_o that_o the_o endeavour_n of_o these_o can_v only_o be_v find_v in_o his_o soul_n who_o true_o study_v the_o common_a good_a of_o all_o rational_a being_n it_o be_v also_o evident_a that_o the_o great_a reward_n that_o any_o one_o can_v acquire_v be_v necessary_o connect_v with_o this_o endeavour_n
their_o nature_n §_o 11._o all_o creature_n express_v a_o delight_n in_o the_o society_n of_o other_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n some_o case_n or_o interval_n wherein_o nature_n seem_v to_o act_v otherwise_o no_o contradiction_n to_o this_o general_a rule_n §_o 12._o all_o animal_n impel_v by_o the_o natural_a constitution_n of_o their_o part_n to_o a_o love_n of_o those_o of_o a_o different_a sex_n and_o to_o a_o natural_a affection_n to_o their_o offspring_n §_o 13._o all_o animal_n take_v delight_n in_o the_o sweet_a passion_n of_o love_n joy_n desire_v etc._n etc._n as_o helpful_a to_o their_o natural_a constitution_n whereas_o the_o contrary_a passion_n when_o inordinate_a be_v high_o destructive_a to_o it_o §_o 14._o mr._n h._n can_v deny_v these_o natural_a propension_n and_o therefore_o be_v force_v to_o suppose_v somewhat_o in_o man_n nature_n that_o render_v he_o more_o unsociable_a than_o brute_n §_o 15._o other_o peculiar_a observation_n relate_v to_o man_n whereby_o he_o be_v make_v more_o capable_a of_o promote_a the_o common_a good_a as_o first_o from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o brain_n in_o man_n than_o in_o brute_n §_o 16._o 2._o from_o the_o natural_a constitution_n of_o their_o blood_n and_o spermatick_a vessel_n from_o whence_o arise_v a_o necessity_n of_o marriage_n and_o of_o a_o more_o constant_a and_o last_a love_n to_o their_o offspring_n §_o 17._o 3._o from_o the_o wonderful_a structure_n of_o man_n hand_n it_o be_v prove_v that_o this_o instrument_n be_v give_v we_o for_o some_o more_o noble_a use_n than_o bare_a self-preservation_n §_o 18._o last_o from_o the_o upright_a posture_n of_o man_n body_n and_o way_n of_o motion_n §_o 19_o the_o next_o set_v of_o observation_n tend_v to_o prove_v man_n more_o fit_v for_o the_o promote_a of_o this_o common_a good_a be_v take_v from_o the_o natural_a and_o peculiar_a faculty_n of_o man_n soul_n above_o those_o of_o brute_n and_o 1._o from_o that_o of_o deduce_a effect_n from_o their_o cause_n and_o vice_n versa_fw-la especial_o in_o that_o of_o distinguish_v of_o real_a or_o natural_a from_o apparent_a good_n §_o 20._o what_o be_v understand_v by_o we_o by_o a_o natural_a or_o moral_a good_a or_o evil._n certain_a axiom_n for_o the_o plain_a understanding_n their_o nature_n and_o degree_n §_o 21._o how_o we_o arrive_v to_o a_o idea_n of_o a_o species_n or_o kind_n of_o creature_n and_o also_o to_o a_o notion_n of_o the_o general_a or_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n §_o 22._o speech_n and_o the_o invention_n of_o letter_n peculiar_a faculty_n of_o man_n nature_n §_o 23._o and_o the_o great_a benefit_n arise_v from_o thence_o in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_a §_o 24._o man_n do_v infinite_o exceed_v beast_n in_o their_o discursive_a faculty_n as_o also_o in_o the_o knowledge_n and_o use_n of_o number_n §_o 25._o as_o also_o in_o the_o power_n of_o understanding_n the_o different_a quantity_n and_o proportion_n between_o body_n which_o we_o call_v geometry_n §_o 26._o the_o two_o great_a remain_a prerogative_n of_o humane_a soul_n freedom_n of_o will_n as_o to_o moral_a action_n and_o the_o knowledge_n of_o a_o god_n §_o 27_o 28._o what_o knowledge_n we_o can_v have_v of_o his_o attribute_n which_o can_v never_o be_v true_o understand_v but_o with_o respect_n to_o their_o great_a end_n the_o prosecution_n of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o the_o universe_n §_o 29._o the_o content_n of_o the_o three_o chapter_n a_o brief_a recapitulation_n of_o the_o former_a chapter_n and_o a_o sum_n up_o all_o those_o observation_n into_o a_o general_a proposition_n of_o god_n willing_a and_o command_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n as_o the_o main_a end_n of_o all_o our_o action_n §_o 1._o a_o brief_a explanation_n of_o the_o term_n of_o our_o description_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o that_o word_n be_v not_o always_o essential_a to_o law_n §_o 2._o that_o all_o moral_a truth_n or_o duty_n as_o declare_v by_o god_n be_v contain_v in_o this_o one_o proposition_n of_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a certain_a principle_n lay_v down_o for_o the_o prove_v it_o §_o 3_o 4_o 5_o 6._o that_o this_o be_v once_o discover_v to_o we_o we_o lie_v under_o a_o sufficient_a obligation_n to_o observe_v this_o proposition_n as_o a_o natural_a law_n with_o the_o explanation_n of_o the_o term_n obligation_n and_o who_o have_v authority_n to_o oblige_v we_o §_o 7_o 8_o 9_o yet_o that_o this_o obligation_n may_v well_o consist_v with_o the_o freedom_n of_o our_o will_n the_o difference_n between_o a_o mere_a animal_n and_o a_o rational_a or_o natural_a good_a the_o neglect_n of_o which_o distinction_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o epicurus_n and_o mr._n h_n error_n §_o 10._o the_o last_o part_n of_o the_o obligation_n to_o this_o law_n viz._n its_o sanction_n by_o reward_n and_o punishment_n certain_a axiom_n necessary_a to_o be_v know_v in_o order_n to_o the_o right_a understanding_n the_o true_a nature_n of_o a_o moral_a good_a or_o evil_a and_o of_o man_n true_a happiness_n and_o perfection_n with_o its_o difference_n from_o that_o of_o other_o being_n §_o 11._o that_o though_o all_o moral_a obligation_n do_v not_o consist_v in_o reward_n or_o punishment_n yet_o that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o weakness_n of_o humane_a nature_n it_o be_v insignificant_a without_o they_o with_o a_o scale_n of_o nature_n show_v the_o difference_n between_o vegetable_n and_o inanimate_a body_n and_o between_o man_n and_o brute_n §_o 12._o the_o strict_a sanction_n and_o consequent_o obligation_n to_o all_o law_n consist_v in_o reward_n and_o punishment_n due_o distribute_v god_n right_a of_o dominion_n not_o to_o be_v resolve_v into_o his_o irresistible_a power_n §_o 13._o the_o internal_a reward_n ordain_v by_o god_n in_o nature_n be_v first_o the_o inward_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o soul_n and_o also_o the_o pleasure_n all_o man_n take_v in_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o sweet_a passion_n of_o love_n etc._n etc._n §_o 14_o 15._o the_o external_a reward_n be_v all_o the_o like_a return_n of_o this_o benevolence_n from_o other_o with_o the_o praise_n or_o commendation_n of_o all_o good_a man_n together_o with_o the_o peace_n and_o protection_n of_o the_o civil_a government_n §_o 16_o 17._o last_o from_o god_n soundness_n of_o mind_n and_o body_n with_o all_o those_o outward_a blessing_n he_o usual_o bestow_v on_o the_o peaceable_a and_o virtuous_a with_o a_o solution_n to_o the_o difficulty_n why_o god_n often_o afflict_v good_a man_n §_o 18._o the_o internal_a punishment_n ordain_v by_o god_n for_o the_o transgression_n of_o this_o law_n be_v the_o absence_n or_o privation_n of_o the_o former_a good_a thing_n which_o be_v a_o evil_a and_o a_o punishment_n §_o 19_o error_n and_o be_v govern_v by_o the_o passion_n a_o real_a evil_n and_o a_o internal_a punishment_n §_o 20._o 3._o that_o such_o evil_a action_n can_v but_o be_v often_o displease_v to_o the_o person_n that_o do_v they_o §_o 21._o 4._o that_o vice_n and_o crime_n seldom_o come_v alone_o but_o let_v in_o a_o train_n of_o other_o of_o the_o same_o kind_n or_o worse_o along_o with_o they_o §_o 22._o 5._o that_o such_o a_o offender_n can_v get_v out_o of_o this_o state_n when_o he_o will_v at_o least_o not_o without_o the_o trouble_n of_o repentance_n §_o 23._o 6._o the_o fear_n of_o punishment_n both_o from_o god_n and_o man_n §_o 24._o the_o external_a punishment_n be_v 1._o the_o evil_n that_fw-mi happen_v to_o the_o body_n from_o violent_a and_o unsociable_a passion_n §_o 25._o the_o second_o those_o return_n of_o hatred_n or_o contempt_n which_o all_o such_o man_n must_v expect_v from_o other_o §_o 26._o the_o 3d._n return_v of_o revenge_n from_o those_o they_o have_v injure_v §_o 27._o last_o those_o punishment_n which_o be_v often_o inflict_v by_o the_o civil_a power_n all_o which_o natural_a punishment_n mr._n h._n himself_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v ordain_v by_o god_n §_o 28._o that_o where_o these_o punishment_n fail_v in_o this_o life_n they_o will_v be_v supply_v by_o other_o infinite_o more_o grievous_a and_o durable_a in_o that_o to_o come_v §_o 29._o a_o brief_a recapitulation_n of_o this_o chapter_n that_o this_o proposition_n of_o our_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a etc._n etc._n be_v true_o a_o law_n as_o contain_v all_o the_o condition_n requisite_a thereunto_o §_o 30._o the_o content_n of_o the_o four_o chapter_n a_o brief_a repetition_n of_o what_o have_v be_v say_v in_o the_o first_o chapter_n that_o no_o man_n can_v have_v a_o right_a to_o preserve_v his_o own_o life_n but_o as_o it_o conduce_v to_o the_o common_a good_a etc._n etc._n that_o in_o all_o society_n the_o good_a of_o the_o lesser_a part_n must_v give_v place_n and_o be_v subordinate_a to_o that_o of_o the_o great_a §_o 1._o that_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o this_o law_n will_v lead_v we_o to_o a_o
the_o like_a goodwill_n from_o they_o than_o by_o do_v they_o the_o same_o good_a office_n as_o often_o as_o it_o lie_v in_o our_o power_n which_o we_o desire_v they_o shall_v do_v for_o we_o and_o that_o this_o constitute_v the_o happy_a state_n man_n be_v capable_a of_o in_o this_o life_n viz._n peace_n and_o concord_n not_o only_o among_o particular_a man_n but_o also_o between_o all_o commonwealth_n and_o nation_n of_o which_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o mankind_n consist_v so_o that_o it_o evident_o appear_v that_o the_o true_a and_o natural_a state_n of_o mankind_n be_v that_o of_o peace_n love_n or_o mutual_a benevolence_n and_o which_o indeed_o will_v require_v no_o other_o reward_n than_o what_o proceed_v from_o itself_o be_v man_n a_o creature_n always_o govern_v by_o right_a reason_n and_o his_o own_o true_a good_a reward_v and_o punishment_n be_v ordain_v for_o man_n as_o too_o often_o govern_v by_o their_o passion_n and_o sensual_a appetite_n and_o not_o according_a to_o the_o perfection_n of_o their_o rational_a nature_n yet_o since_o it_o please_v god_n to_o create_v man_n a_o mix_a creature_n consist_v of_o a_o body_n and_o a_o soul_n and_o be_v too_o often_o draw_v aside_o by_o passion_n not_o direct_v by_o right_a reason_n and_o to_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o punishment_n as_o well_o as_o reward_n to_o keep_v he_o to_o his_o duty_n thence_o arise_v a_o necessity_n of_o his_o deal_n with_o man_n as_o a_o legislator_n and_o of_o give_v he_o certain_a natural_a law_n or_o rule_n whereby_o to_o govern_v his_o action_n with_o certain_a penalty_n and_o reward_n annex_v to_o they_o which_o law_n may_v be_v very_o well_o contract_v into_o one_o single_a proposition_n or_o practical_a conclusion_n draw_v from_o the_o nature_n of_o god_n our_o own_o nature_n and_o that_o of_o thing_n without_o we_o by_o the_o observation_n already_o lay_v down_o viz._n that_o god_n will_n or_o command_n that_o all_o reasonable_a person_n shall_v endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n as_o the_o great_a end_n for_o which_o they_o be_v create_v and_o in_o pursuance_n of_o which_o consist_v their_o own_o true_a good_a or_o happiness_n as_o in_o its_o neglect_n or_o violation_n their_o great_a misery_n §_o 2._o have_v give_v you_o this_o summary_n description_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o come_v from_o its_o first_o cause_n god_n i_o shall_v now_o explain_v the_o term_n therein_o contain_v to_o avoid_v all_o ambiguity_n and_o exception_n 1_o by_o will_n and_o command_n i_o do_v not_o mean_v any_o command_n by_o word_n that_o be_v the_o method_n of_o god_n reveal_v and_o not_o natural_a will_n and_o so_o be_v not_o the_o subject_a of_o this_o discourse_n and_o therefore_o i_o do_v here_o only_o understand_v that_o will_n or_o command_n of_o god_n which_o be_v to_o be_v learn_v from_o the_o consideration_n of_o his_o divine_a nature_n our_o own_o and_o that_o of_o all_o other_o thing_n consist_v not_o in_o word_n but_o in_o idea_n that_o be_v true_a conclusion_n draw_v from_o right_a reason_n but_o that_o word_n be_v not_o always_o essential_a to_o a_o law_n or_o that_o it_o can_v be_v make_v know_v to_o the_o subject_n without_o some_o set_a form_n of_o speech_n may_v appear_v by_o person_n bear_v deaf_a and_o dumb_a who_o we_o often_o find_v to_o have_v notion_n of_o a_o god_n and_o a_o law_n of_o nature_n though_o they_o be_v not_o convey_v in_o their_o mind_n by_o word_n or_o write_v for_o it_o be_v sufficient_a if_o the_o will_n of_o the_o legislator_n may_v be_v discover_v by_o any_o other_o sit_v mean_n or_o sign_n especial_o when_o as_o in_o this_o law_n we_o now_o treat_v of_o there_o be_v such_o certain_a reward_n and_o punishment_n annex_v to_o their_o observation_n or_o transgression_n as_o may_v make_v it_o their_o interest_n rather_o to_o observe_v than_o transgress_v they_o which_o be_v not_o only_o visible_a in_o man_n but_o brute_n since_o we_o see_v that_o by_o certain_a sign_n imprint_v in_o their_o mind_n by_o the_o mean_n of_o fit_a reward_n and_o correction_n elephant_n horse_n dog_n etc._n etc._n be_v make_v susceptible_a of_o humane_a command_n and_o as_o far_o as_o their_o nature_n permit_v be_v governable_a by_o law_n of_o our_o prescribe_v for_o we_o can_v show_v they_o by_o such_o sign_n what_o action_n be_v to_o be_v do_v or_o omit_v by_o they_o and_o certain_o god_n have_v not_o leave_v we_o less_o plain_a demonstration_n of_o his_o will_n in_o reference_n to_o our_o duty_n towards_o he_o from_o that_o knowledge_n he_o have_v give_v we_o of_o his_o existence_n as_o also_o of_o our_o own_o nature_n as_o i_o shall_v far_o prove_v in_o this_o discourse_n by_o rational_a person_n i_o mean_v all_o those_o though_o of_o never_o so_o mean_a a_o capacity_n who_o be_v able_a to_o make_v such_o easy_a and_o natural_a observation_n and_o conclusion_n as_o i_o have_v already_o lay_v down_o and_o therefore_o child_n under_o the_o year_n of_o discretion_n idiot_n and_o mad-folk_n be_v still_o to_o be_v except_v from_o this_o law_n who_o not_o have_v the_o actual_a use_n of_o right_a reason_n be_v not_o able_a to_o draw_v those_o observation_n and_o consequence_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n as_o be_v already_o lay_v down_o and_o which_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o right_a understanding_n thereof_o by_o endeavour_n i_o mean_v all_o such_o voluntary_a action_n which_o person_n of_o sound_a mind_n can_v know_o and_o deliberate_o perform_v towards_o the_o good_a of_o other_o without_o destroy_v or_o hurt_v their_o own_o true_a happiness_n which_o endeavour_n though_o by_o many_o unforeseen_a accident_n in_o the_o course_n of_o nature_n they_o may_v be_v often_o frustrate_v and_o so_o fail_v of_o their_o intend_a design_n yet_o when_o we_o have_v do_v the_o utmost_a we_o be_v able_a we_o have_v sufficient_o perform_v our_o duty_n since_o no_o law_n require_v the_o performance_n of_o more_o than_o be_v in_o our_o power_n to_o perform_v by_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n i_o understand_v the_o collective_a happiness_n of_o the_o deity_n as_o the_o head_n of_o they_o and_o that_o of_o all_o the_o individual_a person_n of_o mankind_n exist_v together_o with_o we_o as_o the_o constituent_a part_n or_o member_n and_o in_o which_o each_o man_n be_v particular_a good_a and_o happiness_n be_v include_v since_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o endeavour_v the_o happiness_n of_o other_o as_o voluntary_a agent_n unless_o each_o particular_a person_n who_o duty_n it_o be_v so_o to_o do_v have_v first_o a_o right_a to_o preserve_v and_o make_v himself_o happy_a joint_o with_o other_o in_o his_o proportion_n to_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o mankind_n by_o true_a good_a or_o happiness_n i_o mean_v all_o those_o good_n whether_o of_o body_n or_o mind_n by_o which_o man_n may_v be_v render_v true_o happy_a and_o content_v in_o this_o life_n and_o in_o that_o to_o come_v but_o in_o which_o whenever_o the_o former_a stand_n in_o competition_n with_o the_o latter_a the_o good_n of_o the_o soul_n be_v to_o be_v prefer_v that_o be_v the_o good_a of_o our_o better_a or_o eternal_a part_n before_o that_o of_o our_o body_n which_o be_v less_o valuable_a and_o temporal_a but_o i_o need_v add_v nothing_o here_o to_o prove_v that_o god_n be_v the_o head_n of_o all_o rational_a being_n and_o in_o what_o sense_n we_o may_v be_v say_v to_o procure_v or_o endeavour_v his_o good_a and_o happiness_n since_o i_o have_v speak_v so_o large_o of_o that_o in_o the_o preface_n to_o this_o discourse_n and_o as_o for_o the_o difference_n between_o natural_a and_o moral_a good_a i_o have_v say_v so_o much_o concern_v it_o in_o the_o second_o part_n in_o the_o confutation_n of_o mr._n h_n six_o principle_n that_o by_o nature_n nothing_o be_v good_a or_o evil_a that_o it_o will_v be_v impertinent_a to_o repeat_v it_o here_o i_o shall_v now_o prove_v that_o this_o proposition_n contain_v this_o description_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v true_a that_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o will_n of_o god_n as_o far_o as_o it_o be_v declare_v to_o we_o by_o what_o we_o be_v able_a to_o know_v of_o his_o divine_a nature_n or_o can_v collect_v from_o our_o own_o and_o the_o nature_n of_o all_o thing_n without_o we_o and_o that_o all_o the_o moral_a duty_n we_o owe_v either_o to_o god_n ourselves_o or_o other_o be_v contain_v in_o or_o may_v be_v reduce_v to_o this_o one_o proposition_n of_o our_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_n in_o order_n to_o which_o i_o shall_v lay_v down_o these_o proposition_n §_o 3._o 1._o that_o god_n in_o the_o first_o place_n will_n and_o intend_v his_o own_o glory_n and_o service_n and_o in_o the_o next_o the_o good_a and_o preservation_n of_o all_o mankind_n and_o of_o all_o particular_a person_n
within_o that_o law_n but_o in_o humane_a law_n because_o they_o may_v enjoin_v something_o amiss_o there_o a_o right_n be_v often_o leave_v to_o we_o to_o choose_v rather_o to_o bear_v the_o penalty_n than_o to_o obey_v they_o because_o we_o be_v oblige_v rather_o to_o obey_v god_n than_o man_n in_o case_n they_o command_v any_o action_n contrary_a to_o the_o divine_a law_n whether_o natural_a or_o reveal_v §_o 8._o for_o the_o further_a clear_v of_o this_o i_o shall_v premise_v somewhat_o to_o explain_v this_o word_n obligation_n which_o the_o civilian_n thus_o define_v obligatio_fw-la est_fw-la vinculum_fw-la juris_fw-la quo_fw-la quis_fw-la astringitur_fw-la debitum_fw-la persolvere_fw-la that_o be_v a_o obligation_n be_v that_o bond_n of_o law_n whereby_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v his_o debt_n or_o due_a which_o definition_n do_v well_o include_v all_o sort_n of_o obligation_n if_o by_o the_o word_n ius_n or_o law_n we_o understand_v that_o law_n who_o obligation_n we_o propose_v to_o define_v so_o that_o by_o vinculum_fw-la juris_fw-la in_o this_o definition_n we_o understand_v that_o bond_n or_o tie_v of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n by_o which_o every_o one_o be_v oblige_v to_o pay_v this_o natural_a debt_n i._n e._n to_o perform_v that_o duty_n which_o he_o owe_v to_o god_n his_o creator_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o own_o rational_a nature_n or_o else_o to_o undergo_v those_o punishment_n which_o be_v ordain_v for_o his_o disobedience_n or_o neglect_v so_o that_o there_o be_v a_o twofold_a tie_n or_o obligation_n in_o all_o law_n the_o one_o active_a in_o the_o debt_n or_o duty_n the_o other_o passive_a in_o a_o patient_a submission_n to_o the_o punishment_n in_o case_n of_o any_o wilful_a neglect_n or_o omission_n thereof_o of_o both_o which_o we_o shall_v speak_v in_o their_o order_n §_o 9_o but_o you_o be_v first_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o none_o can_v oblige_v we_o to_o do_v or_o forbear_v any_o action_n but_o such_o who_o have_v a_o right_a to_o command_v we_o so_o that_o this_o obligation_n proceed_v from_o that_o just_a right_n of_o dominion_n which_o a_o superior_a power_n have_v over_o we_o and_o our_o action_n and_o as_o far_o as_o we_o be_v subject_a to_o other_o we_o be_v so_o far_o under_o a_o obligation_n to_o their_o lawful_a command_n which_o oblige_v we_o to_o a_o discharge_n of_o that_o debt_n or_o duty_n we_o owe_v they_o that_o be_v when_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o do_v or_o forbear_v any_o action_n from_o the_o will_n or_o command_v of_o a_o supreme_a power_n or_o legislator_n to_o who_o when_o sufficient_o make_v know_v to_o we_o we_o be_v bind_v to_o yield_v obedience_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o our_o power_n and_o herein_o consist_v the_o obligation_n or_o duty_n viz._n in_o the_o conformity_n of_o our_o action_n to_o a_o rule_n such_o as_o be_v declare_v by_o the_o will_n of_o the_o legislator_n so_o that_o all_o our_o obligation_n to_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v at_o last_o resolve_v into_o that_o absolute_a dominion_n which_o god_n as_o he_o be_v the_o great_a creator_n and_o preserver_n of_o mankind_n have_v over_o we_o for_o i_o can_v understand_v a_o right_n especial_o of_o dominion_n to_o be_v invest_v or_o seat_v in_o any_o supreme_a power_n but_o by_o virtue_n of_o something_o which_o may_v be_v call_v at_o least_o analogical_o a_o law_n 2._o that_o every_o dictate_v of_o the_o divine_a wisdom_n concern_v matter_n fit_a to_o be_v establish_v by_o a_o law_n be_v such_o a_o law_n and_o so_o cicero_n the_o best_a master_n of_o language_n speak_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o his_o first_o book_n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la 3._o that_o the_o eternal_a wisdom_n of_o god_n contain_v eminent_o or_o analogical_o in_o it_o all_o that_o we_o can_v know_v to_o be_v natural_a law_n 4._o but_o to_o know_v that_o it_o be_v natural_a law_n or_o the_o dictate_v of_o true_a reason_n concern_v the_o fit_a mean_n to_o the_o best_a end_n or_o great_a good_a it_o be_v necessary_a to_o this_o purpose_n that_o the_o supreme_a government_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o especial_o of_o rational_a creature_n shall_v be_v in_o he_o who_o be_v most_o able_a and_o willing_a to_o pursue_v and_o attain_v that_o great_a end_n that_o be_v it_o must_v be_v settle_v in_o god._n 5._o so_o that_o by_o this_o dictate_v of_o eternal_a wisdom_n or_o of_o perform_v all_o thing_n for_o the_o best_a end_n the_o sovereignty_n become_v his_o right_n and_o our_o knowledge_n that_o this_o dictate_v of_o eternal_a wisdom_n be_v in_o he_o assure_v we_o that_o this_o right_n be_v immutable_o fix_v and_o vest_v in_o he_o 6._o although_o in_o the_o method_n of_o investigate_a the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o they_o subsist_v in_o our_o mind_n the_o first_o law_n respect_v the_o end_n and_o this_o concern_v the_o mean_n come_v in_o the_o second_o place_n yet_o in_o our_o thought_n concern_v god_n we_o know_v that_o infinite_a wisdom_n comprehend_v all_o these_o dictate_v together_o and_o therefore_o that_o the_o dictate_v or_o law_n settle_v universal_a dominion_n in_o god_n be_v coeternal_a with_o he_o and_o so_o be_v as_o early_o in_o his_o nature_n as_o the_o first_o natural_a law_n the_o obligation_n of_o which_o we_o be_v establish_v in_o this_o chapter_n and_o here_o arise_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o moral_a obligation_n which_o be_v that_o we_o now_o treat_v of_o and_o a_o civil_a one_o or_o that_o by_o which_o we_o be_v oblige_v to_o law_n in_o civil_a government_n the_o former_a be_v in_o respect_n to_o god_n immediate_a will_n as_o the_o supreme_a legislator_n whereas_o all_o the_o duty_n we_o owe_v to_o our_o civil_a magistrate_n parent_n and_o master_n etc._n etc._n be_v only_o in_o subordination_n to_o ggd_n will_n so_o declare_v unto_o we_o and_o who_o have_v ordain_v this_o obedience_n for_o his_o own_o worship_n and_o glory_n and_o in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_a of_o all_o humane_a society_n and_o commonwealth_n that_o be_v of_o mankind_n in_o general_n §_o 10._o yet_o i_o think_v notwithstanding_o all_o we_o have_v say_v of_o the_o force_n and_o nature_n of_o this_o obligation_n it_o may_v well_o enough_o consist_v with_o the_o natural_a freedom_n of_o man_n will_n since_o all_o these_o consideration_n do_v still_o but_o excite_v not_o necessitate_v he_o to_o act_v one_o way_n or_o other_o for_o it_o be_v still_o leave_v in_o his_o power_n either_o to_o choose_v that_o which_o be_v absolute_o the_o best_a in_o obey_v this_o will_n of_o god_n or_o else_o to_o prefer_v a_o less_o present_a good_a before_o it_o in_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o appetite_n or_o passion_n and_o herein_o likewise_o consist_v the_o difference_n between_o a_o animal_n good_a or_o evil_a and_o a_o moral_a one_o the_o former_a be_v those_o natural_a mean_n conduce_v to_o each_o man_n preservation_n or_o destruction_n consider_v as_o a_o mere_a animal_n without_o any_o respect_n to_o god_n as_o their_o author_n or_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_n as_o their_o rule_n the_o latter_a that_o be_v of_o all_o humane_a moral_a action_n or_o habit_n consider_v as_o agreeable_a or_o disagreeable_a unto_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n ordain_v by_o god_n as_o a_o legislator_n and_o make_v know_v to_o man_n in_o order_n to_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n so_o that_o they_o be_v thus_o moral_o good_a or_o evil_a only_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o conformity_n or_o disagreement_n with_o the_o will_n of_o god_n and_o as_o their_o observance_n or_o neglect_v bring_v either_o good_a or_o evil_a that_o be_v happiness_n or_o misery_n upon_o we_o in_o this_o life_n or_o in_o that_o to_o come_v from_o whence_o you_o may_v observe_v the_o necessity_n of_o put_v god_n in_o all_o our_o description_n or_o definition_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o the_o author_n thereof_o for_o be_v it_o not_o for_o his_o existence_n in_o who_o divine_a intellect_n the_o idea_n of_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a be_v eternal_o establish_v and_o into_o who_o will_n so_o ordain_v they_o they_o be_v ultimate_o to_o be_v resolve_v mr._n h.'s_n or_o rather_o epicurus_n assertion_n will_v certain_o be_v true_a that_o there_o be_v nothing_o moral_o good_a or_o evil_a in_o its_o own_o nature_n and_o it_o may_v here_o be_v also_o observe_v that_o the_o great_a omission_n of_o divers_a writer_n on_o this_o subject_a in_o not_o place_v god_n as_o the_o cause_n or_o author_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n in_o their_o definition_n have_v be_v perhaps_o the_o main_a if_o not_o only_a reason_n of_o that_o false_a assertion_n that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o so_o till_o they_o be_v establish_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o supreme_a civil_a power_n so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n if_o it_o be_v make_v evident_a that_o god_n will_n or_o command_v all_o man_n shall_v
beside_o himself_o and_o that_o he_o do_v true_o observe_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n towards_o himself_o by_o a_o temperate_a and_o a_o rational_a life_n as_o also_o towards_o his_o neighbour_n by_o observe_v that_o great_a rule_n of_o do_v as_o he_o will_v be_v do_v by_o in_o all_o case_n towards_o other_o i_o say_v such_o a_o man_n though_o never_o so_o simple_a and_o ignorant_a in_o other_o thing_n do_v real_o contribute_v his_o share_n of_o endeavour_n towards_o procure_v the_o common_a good_a and_o though_o he_o may_v not_o distinct_o know_v all_o the_o true_a reason_n and_o ground_n of_o his_o own_o action_n yet_o if_o he_o thus_o lead_v his_o life_n and_o observe_v all_o these_o rule_n tend_v to_o this_o end_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o he_o will_v meet_v with_o all_o those_o reward_n intend_v by_o god_n for_o virtuous_a action_n provide_v he_o have_v never_o hear_v of_o or_o at_o least_o wilful_o refuse_v the_o more_o perfect_a law_n of_o the_o gospel_n deliver_v by_o our_o saviour_n jesus_n christ_n when_o due_o propose_v to_o he_o thus_o a_o country_n carpenter_n may_v deserve_v sufficient_a wage_n and_o commendation_n if_o he_o can_v build_v a_o house_n and_o honest_o perform_v his_o work_n according_a to_o those_o few_o practical_a rule_n he_o have_v learn_v though_o he_o do_v not_o understand_v all_o the_o principle_n of_o geometry_n or_o architecture_n according_a to_o which_o all_o that_o he_o have_v wrought_v may_v easy_o be_v demonstrate_v to_o he_o if_o he_o will_v but_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o understand_v they_o §_o 6._o there_o be_v another_o objection_n which_o this_o sort_n of_o man_n may_v make_v against_o our_o method_n of_o find_v out_o and_o demonstrate_v this_o great_a law_n of_o nature_n in_o that_o i_o make_v every_o man_n obligation_n to_o endeavour_v it_o to_o arise_v from_o its_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n to_o himself_o alone_o whereby_o it_o may_v seem_v as_o if_o we_o suppose_v the_o honour_n of_o god_n and_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n be_v to_o be_v postpone_v and_o make_v subservient_fw-fr to_o the_o happiness_n of_o any_o particular_a person_n to_o satisfy_v which_o scruple_n i_o do_v in_o the_o first_o place_n affirm_v that_o we_o do_v not_o intend_v any_o such_o thing_n since_o we_o have_v all_o along_o endeavour_v to_o establish_v the_o quite_o contrary_a doctrine_n for_o i_o assert_v that_o no_o man_n have_v any_o right_n proper_o so_o call_v to_o his_o own_o life_n or_o be_v but_o in_o order_n and_o as_o it_o conduce_v to_o the_o honour_n and_o service_n of_o god_n and_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n i_o shall_v therefore_o now_o more_o distinct_o declare_v how_o these_o though_o some_o may_v think_v they_o contrary_a to_o each_o other_o do_v very_o well_o consist_v in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o our_o natural_a obligation_n to_o this_o law_n be_v not_o discover_v by_o we_o in_o the_o same_o order_n and_o method_n as_o it_o be_v constitute_v by_o god_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n for_o our_o weak_a finite_a understanding_n when_o act_v without_o the_o assistance_n of_o divine_a revelation_n do_v slow_o enough_o at_o first_o attain_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o individual_a or_o single_a thing_n and_o thence_o take_v rise_v from_o such_o common_a effect_n as_o be_v most_o obvious_a to_o our_o sense_n proceed_v to_o their_o more_o obstruse_a cause_n until_o at_o length_n discover_v one_o infinite_a be_v call_v god_n to_o be_v the_o first_o cause_n and_o creator_n of_o all_o thing_n we_o from_o thence_o collect_v not_o only_o what_o be_v his_o nature_n but_o also_o what_o be_v his_o will_n whereby_o we_o do_v not_o only_o find_v that_o he_o be_v the_o best_a and_o most_o perfect_a be_v but_o that_o as_o such_o he_o will_v and_o procure_v the_o good_a and_o preservation_n not_o of_o some_o few_o singular_n alone_o but_o of_o the_o whole_a species_n of_o mankind_n and_o last_o that_o he_o will_v have_v we_o man_n cooperate_v as_o subordinate_a though_o free_a agent_n to_o this_o end_n as_o the_o great_a and_o worthy_a we_o can_v undertake_v which_o though_o it_o be_v the_o last_o thing_n we_o come_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o yet_o be_v that_o which_o be_v first_o and_o chief_o intend_v by_o god_n as_o the_o principal_a object_n of_o our_o knowledge_n and_o the_o main_a end_n of_o all_o our_o moral_a action_n so_o that_o it_o seem_v evident_a this_o knowledge_n of_o ourselves_o and_o of_o thing_n thus_o learn_v from_o experience_n and_o observation_n be_v intend_v by_o god_n only_o to_o serve_v as_o step_n to_o raise_v we_o to_o that_o large_a knowledge_n and_o noble_a desire_n of_o pursue_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_n as_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o our_o moral_a duty_n and_o that_o our_o will_n and_o affection_n towards_o this_o end_n be_v not_o to_o be_v regulate_v or_o direct_v in_o the_o same_o order_n by_o which_o this_o common_a good_a come_v to_o be_v discover_v i._n e._n with_o a_o respect_n to_o ourselves_o alone_o but_o from_o a_o true_a judgement_n concern_v the_o measure_n of_o that_o natural_a good_a and_o perfection_n therein_o contain_v so_o that_o though_o we_o be_v at_o first_o indeed_o excite_v to_o the_o procure_v our_o own_o happiness_n as_o the_o prime_n and_o most_o natural_a motive_n of_o all_o our_o action_n yet_o we_o come_v at_o last_o upon_o better_a consideration_n to_o discover_v that_o this_o happiness_n of_o we_o be_v contain_v in_o our_o endeavour_n of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n and_o be_v inseparable_a from_o it_o as_o the_o conservation_n of_o any_o of_o our_o particular_a member_n be_v contain_v in_o the_o health_n and_o preservation_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n §_o 7._o and_o this_o proposition_n that_o every_o single_a man_n good_a be_v contain_v in_o the_o common-good_a prove_v indeed_o that_o the_o sanction_n of_o this_o general_a law_n be_v by_o reward_n and_o punishment_n to_o every_o single_a man_n but_o that_o every_o be_v not_o to_o be_v restrain_v to_o myself_o or_o any_o one_o man_n alone_o but_o extend_v alike_o to_o each_o other_o man_n or_o all_o man_n since_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o these_o word_n every_o man_n collective_o take_v amount_v to_o all_o man_n as_o every_o part_n collective_o take_v signify_v the_o whole_a and_o though_o the_o main_a end_n intend_v by_o god_n the_o legislator_n from_o such_o reward_n and_o punishment_n be_v obedience_n to_o his_o law_n and_o the_o preservation_n of_o mankind_n as_o his_o subject_n which_o be_v indeed_o of_o much_o great_a value_n to_o he_o than_o the_o happiness_n of_o any_o one_o single_a person_n yet_o will_v it_o not_o detract_v from_o the_o perfection_n or_o sincerity_n of_o this_o obedience_n if_o from_o the_o consideration_n of_o a_o man_n be_v own_o particular_a happiness_n or_o misery_n he_o thereby_o come_v to_o consider_v and_o understand_v that_o god_n have_v command_v he_o to_o pursue_v a_o high_a and_o noble_a end_n than_o that_o alone_o yet_o to_o which_o his_o own_o happiness_n or_o misery_n be_v inseparable_o connect_v §_o 8._o i_o come_v in_o the_o last_o place_n to_o these_o objection_n that_o may_v be_v make_v by_o man_n of_o quite_o contrary_a principle_n and_o who_o will_v not_o acknowledge_v that_o we_o either_o can_v or_o aught_o to_o propose_v this_o common_a good_a as_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o the_o main_a end_n of_o all_o our_o moral_a action_n their_o first_o objection_n may_v be_v this_o that_o it_o seem_v not_o suitable_a to_o god_n infinite_a goodness_n and_o power_n and_o wisdom_n in_o the_o government_n of_o mankind_n if_o he_o do_v real_o intend_v its_o good_a and_o happiness_n as_o we_o here_o suppose_v to_o permit_v so_o great_a a_o design_n to_o be_v so_o often_o disturb_v if_o not_o quite_o frustrate_v in_o divers_a part_n of_o the_o world_n by_o the_o various_a passion_n and_o unreasonable_a appetite_n of_o so_o many_o violent_a wicked_a and_o unjust_a man_n which_o if_o mankind_n be_v well_o consider_v do_v make_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o aggregate_v body_n in_o answer_n to_o this_o objection_n i_o may_v tell_v those_o that_o make_v it_o that_o the_o true_a original_n of_o that_o deprave_a state_n of_o mankind_n and_o from_o which_o all_o that_o disorder_n which_o we_o now_o find_v in_o humane_a nature_n be_v derive_v be_v the_o fall_n of_o adam_n the_o first_o father_n of_o mankind_n who_o thereby_o convey_v a_o weakness_n of_o reason_n and_o that_o prevail_a power_n which_o we_o feel_v in_o our_o sensual_a appetite_n and_o passion_n to_o all_o his_o posterity_n whereby_o man_n be_v become_v very_o prone_a to_o evil_a and_o too_o apt_a to_o transgress_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n but_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v upon_o this_o because_o the_o
their_o person_n and_o good_n against_o they_o this_o prove_v also_o from_o the_o great_a contention_n arise_v among_o man_n from_o strife_n of_o wit_n and_o last_o from_o many_o desire_v the_o same_o thing_n at_o once_o sect._n 1_o answer_n none_o but_o fool_n and_o wicked_a man_n can_v have_v a_o desire_n to_o hurt_v those_o that_o have_v do_v they_o no_o injury_n so_o that_o this_o do_v not_o reach_v all_o man_n nor_o yet_o that_o even_o these_o have_v a_o will_v to_o hurt_v all_o man_n alike_o but_o only_o those_o that_o stand_v in_o their_o way_n or_o who_o good_n they_o desire_v self-defence_n argue_v no_o desire_n of_o hurt_v other_o sect._n 2._o answer_v to_o his_o second_o argument_n from_o man_n contention_n of_o wit_n difference_n of_o opinion_n no_o real_a ground_n of_o man_n destroy_v each_o other_o sect._n 3_o answer_v to_o his_o argument_n from_o man_n desire_n to_o think_v well_o of_o themselves_o and_o to_o contemn_v other_o viz._n that_o this_o observation_n do_v not_o reach_v all_o man_n but_o only_o those_o foolish_a and_o unreasonable_a man_n he_o describe_v sect._n 4._o answer_v to_o his_o argument_n from_o many_o man_n desire_v the_o same_o thing_n at_o once_o this_o though_o true_a among_o brute_n and_o wicked_a and_o unreasonable_a man_n yet_o do_v not_o reach_v all_o mankind_n since_o reason_n dictate_v the_o contrary_a god_n have_v bestow_v enough_o of_o the_o necessary_n of_o life_n among_o mankind_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n so_o that_o they_o need_v not_o fight_v for_o they_o sect._n 5._o head_n of_o the_o four_o principle_n that_o nature_n have_v give_v to_o all_o man_n a_o right_a to_o all_o thing_n mr._n h_n argument_n propose_v that_o all_o man_n have_v a_o right_a to_o preserve_v themselves_o have_v also_o a_o right_a to_o judge_v of_o the_o mean_n of_o their_o own_o preservation_n therefore_o whatever_o they_o think_v conduce_v thereunto_o they_o have_v a_o right_n to_o let_v it_o be_v what_o it_o will_v profit_n be_v here_o the_o only_a measure_n of_o right_n sect._n 1_o answer_n mr._n h_n argument_n reduce_v into_o a_o syllogism_n show_v that_o all_o man_n have_v not_o a_o right_a to_o all_o thing_n but_o only_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o they_o shall_v think_v necessary_a for_o their_o own_o preservation_n yet_o even_o here_o that_o man_n false_a judgement_n concern_v the_o mean_n can_v give_v they_o a_o right_n to_o all_o thing_n whatever_o though_o judge_v never_o so_o unreasonable_o sect._n 2._o farther_o prove_v from_o mr._n h_n own_o definition_n of_o right_a reason_n right_o never_o use_v proper_o but_o with_o respect_n to_o some_o law_n acknowledge_v by_o mr._n h._n himself_o in_o his_o treatise_n de_n cive_z mr._n h_n error_n and_o contradiction_n of_o himself_o about_o the_o use_n of_o the_o word_n right_a reason_n sect._n 3_o not_o true_a that_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n the_o public_a reason_n or_o law_n thereof_o be_v always_o to_o be_v take_v for_o right_a or_o that_o no_o man_n can_v distinguish_v true_a reason_n from_o false_a but_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o his_o own_o mr._n h_n argument_n reduce_v into_o a_o syllogism_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o major_n be_v false_a man_n false_a judgement_n or_o reason_n can_v alter_v the_o nature_n of_o thing_n nor_o can_v give_v they_o a_o right_n to_o all_o thing_n sect._n 4._o mr._n h_n error_n in_o this_o matter_n whence_o it_o proceed_v sect._n 5._o no_o rule_n of_o decide_v any_o doubt_n or_o difference_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n but_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n or_o consent_v of_o the_o party_n concern_v sect._n 6._o humane_a nature_n will_v ever_o acknowledge_v a_o difference_n between_o right_n and_o false_a reason_n and_o that_o according_a to_o mr._n h_n own_o definition_n of_o it_o sect._n 7._o but_o to_o evade_v this_o difficulty_n m._n h._n suppose_v all_o man_n to_o be_v necessary_o evil_a or_o to_o be_v so_o by_o nature_n the_o argument_n of_o the_o author_n of_o tractatus_fw-la theologico_fw-la politicus_fw-la to_o the_o same_o effect_n that_o whatever_o action_n though_o never_o so_o wicked_a or_o unreasonable_a any_o man_n do_v he_o have_v a_o right_a to_o do_v it_o because_o he_o can_v act_v no_o otherwise_o at_o that_o time_n sect._n 8._o those_o argument_n refute_v necessity_n never_o call_v a_o right_n that_o word_n be_v never_o use_v but_o with_o respect_n to_o man_n capable_a of_o reason_n and_o deliberation_n man_n of_o sound_a mind_n and_o mature_a age_n can_v never_o plead_v ignorance_n nor_o be_v excuse_v if_o they_o voluntary_o give_v themselves_o up_o to_o be_v govern_v whole_o by_o their_o own_o appetite_n and_o passion_n sect._n 9_o 10._o mr._n h_n excuse_n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n and_o where_o there_o be_v no_o legislator_n man_n passion_n be_v no_o sin_n answer_v since_o there_o be_v no_o state_n either_o natural_a or_o civil_a wherein_o god_n cease_v to_o be_v a_o legislator_n or_o that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o law_n sect._n 10._o mr._n h_n artifice_n in_o take_v away_o all_o freedom_n from_o mankind_n and_o make_v all_o action_n necessary_a whereby_o he_o destroy_v all_o the_o ground_n of_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a his_o contradict_a himself_o when_o he_o acknowledge_v this_o right_n of_o all_o man_n to_o all_o thing_n to_o be_v unprofitable_a since_o himself_o before_o make_v utility_n to_o be_v the_o measure_n of_o all_o right_n the_o head_n of_o the_o five_o principle_n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n whatsoever_o any_o one_o do_v to_o another_o be_v no_o injury_n mr._n h_n argument_n for_o this_o that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n there_o be_v no_o law_n where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n there_o be_v no_o injustice_n where_o there_o be_v no_o injustice_n there_o be_v no_o injury_n justice_n and_o injustice_n no_o faculty_n either_o of_o the_o body_n or_o mind_n for_o injustice_n suppose_v some_o propriety_n or_o dominion_n which_o can_v be_v suppose_v in_o this_o state_n the_o same_o opinion_n hold_v by_o epicurus_n long_o ago_o sect._n 1_o answer_n the_o dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o therefore_o give_v every_o man_n a_o right_a to_o his_o life_n and_o all_o mean_n necessary_a thereunto_o so_o that_o whatever_o a_o man_n enjoy_v by_o the_o right_n of_o nature_n it_o must_v be_v injury_n and_o injustice_n to_o take_v it_o away_o and_o mr._n h._n himself_o agree_v that_o to_o be_v injurious_a which_o be_v repugnant_a to_o right_a reason_n that_o be_v to_o any_o know_a truth_n that_o may_v be_v collect_v from_o thence_o he_o likewise_o acknowledge_v the_o dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n to_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o therefore_o must_v confer_v a_o right_n to_o every_o man_n to_o their_o life_n and_o all_o the_o necessary_n thereof_o sect._n 2._o yet_o mr._n h._n when_o he_o be_v hard_o press_v can_v deny_v but_o that_o there_o may_v be_v injury_n do_v to_o another_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n as_o when_o a_o son_n kill_v his_o father_n but_o have_v this_o subterfuge_n that_o a_o son_n can_v be_v understand_v in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n to_o his_o father_n this_o opinion_n confute_v that_o every_o man_n owe_v the_o like_a gratitude_n to_o any_o other_o who_o shall_v maintain_v and_o educate_v he_o as_o to_o his_o father_n and_o it_o will_v be_v as_o much_o injury_n to_o hurt_v the_o one_o as_o the_o other_o sect._n 3_o this_o argument_n in_o his_o leu._n false_a and_o precacarious_a for_o if_o god_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n be_v true_o a_o legislator_n than_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v true_o law_n but_o this_o be_v already_o prove_v sect._n 4._o the_o head_n of_o the_o six_o principle_n that_o nothing_o be_v good_a or_o evil_a in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n mr._n h_n reason_n for_o it_o that_o every_o man_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n make_v his_o own_o judgement_n or_o appetite_n the_o rule_n of_o good_a and_o evil_a which_o be_v ever_o understand_v with_o respect_n to_o the_o party_n that_o use_v they_o and_o that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n be_v either_o every_o man_n be_v own_o self_n or_o in_o a_o civil_a of_o the_o person_n that_o represent_v the_o commonwealth_n sect._n 1_o this_o he_o explain_v physical_o in_o his_o human_a nature_n from_o the_o different_a motion_n which_o those_o object_n produce_v in_o the_o brain_n proceed_v from_o man_n different_a temperament_n sect._n 2._o answer_n mr._n h_n uncertainty_n and_o looseness_n in_o his_o notion_n of_o good_a or_o evil_a observe_v sect._n 3_o that_o notwithstanding_o the_o variety_n of_o temper_n or_o humour_n or_o the_o different_a genius_n of_o particular_a nation_n in_o some_o custom_n etc._n etc._n yet_o they_o for_o the_o most_o part_n agree_v in_o certain_a notion_n
that_o proceed_n from_o god_n and_o establish_v by_o sufficient_a reward_n and_o punishment_n it_o have_v all_o the_o condition_n require_v to_o a_o law_n that_o the_o defect_n of_o other_o writer_n in_o not_o take_v the_o like_a method_n have_v be_v the_o cause_n of_o mr._n h's_o and_o other_o fall_v into_o this_o error_n this_o law_n not_o be_v give_v in_o any_o sâ—t_a form_n of_o word_n no_o objection_n against_o its_o certainty_n or_o plainness_n sect._n 2._o this_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v to_o be_v collect_v from_o our_o own_o nature_n and_o that_o of_o thing_n be_v capable_a of_o be_v know_v even_o by_o person_n bear_v deaf_a and_o dumb_a mr._n h._n acknowledge_v these_o law_n to_o be_v proper_o so_o as_o proceed_v from_o god_n his_o allow_v that_o those_o law_n oblige_v only_o to_o a_o desire_n or_o endeavour_v of_o the_o mind_n that_o they_o shall_v be_v observe_v a_o mere_a evasion_n answer_v to_o his_o objection_n of_o the_o want_n of_o reward_n and_o punishment_n he_o himself_o have_v obviate_v this_o by_o confess_v in_o his_o leu._n that_o they_o be_v establish_v by_o natural_a reward_n and_o punishment_n if_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o a_o law_n than_o there_o be_v no_o natural_a right_n proper_o so_o call_v sect._n 3_o answer_v to_o his_o main_a reason_n that_o we_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o external_a act_n for_o want_v of_o sufficient_a security_n that_o if_o this_o be_v a_o sufficient_a objection_n then_o neither_o civil_a law_n will_v oblige_v divine_a punishment_n as_o certain_a as_o humane_a sect._n 4._o that_o man_n great_a security_n consist_v in_o a_o strict_a observation_n of_o all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n mr._n h._n in_o some_o place_n acknowledge_v that_o if_o we_o do_v not_o observe_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n we_o shall_v fall_v into_o other_o evil_n beside_o those_o that_o proceed_v from_o the_o violence_n of_o men._n sect._n 5._o two_o reason_n propose_v show_v the_o falseness_n of_o this_o argument_n of_o mr._n h._n the_o one_o the_o declaration_n of_o all_o civil_a sovereign_n concern_v man_n innocency_n till_o accuse_v the_o other_o from_o mr._n h_n own_o concession_n of_o a_o much_o great_a insecurity_n that_o will_v follow_v from_o their_o non-observation_n viz._n a_o war_n of_o all_o man_n against_o all_o which_o be_v the_o most_o miserable_a state_n of_o all_o other_o sect._n 6_o 7._o the_o head_n of_o the_o ten_o principle_n that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v alterable_a at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o civil_a sovereign_n that_o this_o be_v but_o a_o consequence_n of_o his_o former_a principle_n that_o nothing_o be_v good_a or_o evil_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n his_o argument_n for_o this_o principle_n because_o it_o proceed_v from_o civil_a law_n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v distinct_a right_n to_o himself_o as_o also_o shall_v not_o invade_v those_o of_o other_o it_o follow_v that_o these_o precept_n thou_o shall_v honour_v thy_o parent_n thou_o shall_v not_o kill_v etc._n etc._n be_v civil_a law_n and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n prescribe_v the_o same_o thing_n yet_o implicit_o for_o the_o same_o law_n command_v all_o compact_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o that_o to_o yield_v obedience_n when_o obedience_n be_v due_a be_v covenant_v at_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o therefore_o whatever_o civil_a sovereign_n command_v concern_v these_o thing_n must_v be_v obey_v since_o they_o alone_o can_v appoint_v what_o shall_v be_v you_o or_o another_o or_o what_o shall_v be_v murder_n theft_n etc._n etc._n sect._n 1_o nothing_o write_v by_o mr._n h._n more_o wicked_o or_o loose_o nor_o wherein_o he_o more_o contradict_v himself_o than_o in_o this_o principle_n the_o main_a foundation_n of_o which_o be_v already_o destroy_v no_o compact_n make_v at_o the_o institution_n of_o any_o commonwealth_n which_o can_v be_v of_o great_a force_n than_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o dreadful_a consequence_n that_o will_v follow_v from_o the_o contrary_a principle_n mr._n h._n allow_v even_o idolatry_n itself_o to_o be_v lawful_a if_o command_v by_o the_o supreme_a power_n that_o the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n can_v never_o contradict_v or_o alter_v those_o that_o be_v prior_n to_o they_o as_o more_o conduce_v to_o the_o common_a good_a though_o civil_a law_n may_v restrain_v or_o enlarge_v several_a particular_a instance_n his_o example_n of_o the_o lacedaemonian_a boy_n answer_v sect._n 2._o a_o conclude_v instance_n in_o answer_n to_o this_o from_o that_o law_n of_o we_o against_o relieve_v wander_a beggar_n sect._n 3_o uncertain_a whether_o mr._n h._n broach_v this_o dangerous_a doctrine_n out_o of_o ignorance_n or_o design_n of_o flatter_a civil_a sovereign_n yet_o that_o by_o this_o he_o endeavour_v to_o destroy_v all_o virtue_n and_o goodness_n in_o prince_n and_o all_o obligation_n of_o obedience_n in_o subject_n whenever_o they_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o rebel_v sect._n 4._o the_o conclusion_n contain_v a_o apology_n for_o the_o length_n of_o these_o confutation_n sect._n 5._o the_o second_o part_n wherein_o the_o moral_a principle_n of_o mr._n hobbs_n de_n cive_z &_o leviathan_n be_v full_o consider_v and_o confute_v introduction_n §_o 1_o though_o perhaps_o it_o may_v not_o seem_v unnecessary_a after_o so_o much_o as_o have_v be_v say_v to_o prove_v the_o certainty_n and_o constant_a obligation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n of_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a of_o all_o rational_a being_n more_o particular_o to_o confute_v the_o principle_n of_o epicurus_n and_o his_o follower_n mr._n h._n it_o be_v a_o true_a maxim_n in_o other_o science_n as_o well_o as_o geometry_n rectum_fw-la est_fw-la index_n svi_fw-la &_o obliqui_fw-la yet_o since_o those_o author_n have_v not_o only_o poison_v the_o world_n with_o their_o pernicious_a tenet_n but_o have_v also_o endeavour_v to_o support_v they_o with_o the_o specious_a appearance_n of_o reason_n and_o argument_n it_o may_v be_v expect_v that_o we_o shall_v say_v somewhat_o in_o answer_n to_o these_o reason_n and_o argument_n mr._n h._n the_o reviver_n of_o those_o principle_n in_o this_o age_n have_v bring_v in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr cive_z &_o leviathan_n to_o maintain_v and_o support_v they_o and_o therefore_o i_o have_v think_v fit_a to_o add_v some_o consideration_n and_o confutation_n of_o they_o as_o far_o as_o they_o contradict_v the_o principle_n we_o have_v here_o lay_v down_o and_o rather_o to_o put_v they_o here_o all_o together_o at_o the_o end_n than_o in_o the_o body_n of_o our_o treatise_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n since_o there_o they_o will_v not_o only_o have_v interrupt_v the_o coherence_n of_o the_o discourse_n itself_o but_o will_v have_v also_o disturb_v and_o take_v off_o the_o mind_n of_o the_o ordinary_a reader_n for_o who_o i_o chief_o intend_v it_o from_o a_o due_a consideration_n of_o the_o truth_n and_o connexion_n of_o the_o thing_n therein_o contain_v and_o therefore_o i_o have_v think_v fit_a rather_o to_o cast_v they_o all_o together_o into_o a_o distinct_a part_n by_o themselves_o since_o if_o you_o be_v master_n of_o that_o former_a part_n of_o this_o discourse_n you_o will_v easy_o perceive_v not_o only_o the_o falsehood_n and_o absurdity_n of_o mr._n h_n principle_n but_o that_o it_o be_v from_o his_o ignorance_n or_o inconsideration_n of_o this_o great_a principle_n of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n that_o he_o first_o fall_v into_o those_o error_n and_o make_v private_a self-preservation_n not_o only_o the_o first_o motive_n which_o have_v be_v true_a enough_o but_o also_o the_o sole_a end_n of_o all_o moral_a action_n which_o be_v altogether_o false_a and_o below_o the_o dignity_n not_o only_o of_o a_o philosopher_n but_o a_o man._n i_o have_v therefore_o go_v through_o all_o his_o moral_a principle_n in_o order_n and_o as_o for_o his_o politic_a one_o if_o these_o be_v false_a they_o will_v need_v no_o other_o confutation_n and_o i_o have_v reduce_v they_o into_o certain_a head_n or_o proposition_n and_o have_v true_o give_v you_o this_o sum_n of_o argument_n that_o no_o man_n may_v find_v fault_n with_o i_o for_o misrepresent_v his_o opinion_n principle_n i._n man_n be_v not_o a_o creature_n bear_v apt_a for_o society_n §_o 1._o mr._n h._n in_o his_o philosophical_a element_n or_o treatise_n de_n cive_z chap._n 1._o §_o 2._o lay_n down_o and_o maintain_v this_o principle_n and_o give_v certain_a specious_a reason_n for_o it_o which_o because_o they_o be_v somewhat_o tedious_a and_o divers_a of_o they_o very_o trivial_a i_o shall_v rather_o choose_v to_o contract_v they_o than_o be_v at_o the_o trouble_n of_o transcribe_v all_o that_o he_o have_v loose_o enough_o lay_v down_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o this_o assertion_n refer_v you_o if_o you_o doubt_v whether_o i_o right_o represent_v his_o meaning_n to_o the_o author_n himself_o in_o the_o place_n
god_n have_v give_v he_o a_o right_a to_o all_o thing_n they_o shall_v in_o any_o passion_n or_o rash_a and_o inconsiderate_a humour_n fancy_v necessary_a for_o that_o end_n though_o it_o real_o tend_v to_o their_o destruction_n or_o that_o of_o other_o innocent_a man_n so_o that_o if_o a_o man_n shall_v think_v the_o blood_n of_o his_o dear_a friend_n will_v cure_v he_o of_o some_o distemper_n he_o lie_v under_o he_o may_v lawful_o upon_o this_o principle_n murder_v he_o if_o he_o can_v do_v it_o safe_o and_o then_o god_n shall_v have_v give_v man_n a_o right_a of_o destroy_v themselves_o and_o other_o whenever_o they_o think_v though_o false_o that_o it_o conduce_v to_o their_o preservation_n the_o satisfaction_n of_o their_o unreasonable_a appetite_n or_o humour_n since_o such_o a_o unlimited_a right_n or_o rather_o licence_n can_v be_v so_o far_o from_o conduce_v to_o any_o man_n preservation_n that_o if_o any_o man_n shall_v ever_o have_v go_v about_o to_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n it_o will_v have_v long_o since_o produce_v not_o only_o their_o own_o destruction_n but_o that_o of_o all_o mankind_n §_o 3._o and_o if_o mr._n h._n his_o own_o definition_n of_o right_a reason_n be_v true_a art_n seven_o of_o this_o chapter_n that_o it_o be_v a_o liberty_n of_o use_v a_o man_n faculty_n according_a to_o right_a reason_n then_o certain_o right_a reason_n can_v never_o judge_v contradictory_n proposition_n to_o be_v true_a as_o that_o i_o shall_v in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n have_v a_o right_n to_o all_o thing_n my_o neighbour_n be_v possess_v of_o and_o his_o life_n into_o the_o bargain_n if_o i_o think_v it_o may_v conduce_v to_o my_o self-preservation_n and_o that_o this_o shall_v be_v likewise_o as_o true_a and_o rational_a a_o conclusion_n that_o he_o shall_v have_v the_o like_a right_n against_o i_o since_o the_o word_n right_o be_v never_o use_v by_o any_o writer_n of_o this_o subject_a but_o with_o respect_n to_o some_o law_n either_o natural_a or_o civil_a which_o mr._n h._n acknowledge_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n art_n one_a in_o these_o word_n but_o since_o all_o do_v grant_v that_o to_o be_v do_v by_o right_a which_o be_v not_o do_v contrary_a to_o right_a reason_n we_o ought_v to_o suppose_v that_o do_v by_o injury_n which_o be_v repugnant_a to_o right_a reason_n or_o which_o contradict_v some_o truth_n collect_v from_o true_a principle_n by_o right_a reason_n but_o that_o be_v do_v by_o injury_n which_o be_v do_v against_o some_o law_n therefore_o right_a reason_n be_v a_o certain_a law_n which_o be_v call_v natural_a since_o it_o be_v not_o less_o a_o part_n of_o humane_a nature_n than_o any_o other_o faculty_n or_o affection_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o mr._n h._n himself_o confess_v in_o this_o second_o chapter_n of_o this_o treatise_n de_n cive_z §_o 1._o though_o he_o strive_v to_o avoid_v the_o force_n of_o it_o in_o his_o annotation_n to_o this_o article_n where_o by_o right_a reason_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n he_o tell_v we_o he_o do_v not_o thereby_o understand_v as_o many_o do_v any_o infallible_a faculty_n in_o man_n but_o the_o act_n of_o ratiocination_n that_o be_v every_o man_n be_v own_o true_a reason_n concern_v his_o own_o action_n as_o they_o may_v redound_v to_o the_o profit_n or_o hurt_v of_o himself_o or_o other_o man_n and_o the_o reason_n why_o he_o call_v it_o a_o man_n own_o reason_n be_v that_o though_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n the_o reason_n thereof_o that_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n be_v to_o be_v take_v as_o right_v by_o all_o the_o subject_n yet_o out_o of_o a_o commonwealth_n where_o no_o man_n can_v distinguish_v right_a reason_n from_o false_a but_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o his_o own_o every_o man_n be_v own_o reason_n be_v not_o only_o to_o be_v take_v for_o the_o rule_n of_o his_o own_o action_n but_o also_o in_o his_o own_o affair_n for_o the_o measure_n of_o all_o other_o man_n reason_n but_o how_o this_o will_v agree_v with_o what_o follow_v i_o can_v tell_v when_o he_o call_v right_a reason_n that_o which_o conclude_v from_o true_a principle_n because_o that_o in_o false_a ratiocination_n or_o in_o the_o folly_n of_o man_n not_o observe_v those_o duty_n towards_o other_o which_o be_v necessary_a to_o their_o own_o preservation_n consist_v all_o the_o violation_n of_o natural_a law_n but_o how_o false_a ratiocination_n or_o folly_n shall_v give_v they_o a_o right_n to_o all_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o act_v thus_o towards_o other_o i_o can_v apprehend_v but_o from_o these_o word_n of_o mr._n h._n i_o shall_v only_o observe_v that_o though_o i_o do_v not_o suppose_v reason_n to_o be_v any_o infallible_a faculty_n any_o more_o than_o the_o cast_n up_o of_o a_o account_n into_o a_o sum_n total_a though_o false_a to_o be_v right_a arithmetic_n or_o true_a count_a yet_o by_o right_a reason_n when_o it_o be_v not_o erroneous_a be_v to_o be_v understand_v the_o true_a exercise_n of_o that_o faculty_n not_o erroneous_a in_o its_o judgement_n and_o therefore_o do_v not_o consist_v in_o the_o bare_a act_n of_o ratiocination_n but_o in_o its_o true_a effect_n that_o be_v when_o true_a proposition_n or_o premise_n be_v lay_v up_o in_o the_o memory_n those_o conclusion_n be_v draw_v from_o thence_o which_o when_o they_o be_v practical_a and_o contain_v true_a moral_a rule_n of_o life_n be_v call_v law_n of_o nature_n §_o 4._o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v not_o true_a that_o in_o a_o commonwealth_n the_o public_a reason_n or_o law_n thereof_o be_v to_o be_v always_o take_v for_o right_a for_o than_o if_o the_o law_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n shall_v enact_v parricide_n ingratitude_n and_o breach_n of_o faith_n to_o be_v exercise_v as_o virtue_n and_o to_o conduce_v to_o the_o good_a and_o preservation_n of_o mankind_n they_o will_v present_o become_v so_o which_o i_o suppose_v neither_o this_o author_n nor_o any_o rational_a man_n will_v affirm_v nor_o be_v his_o other_o proposition_n any_o true_a that_o out_o of_o a_o commonwealth_n no_o man_n can_v distinguish_v right_a reason_n from_o false_a but_o by_o compare_v it_o with_o his_o own_o and_o therefore_o that_o must_v be_v the_o measure_n of_o all_o his_o action_n from_o whence_o he_o deduce_v the_o right_a of_o all_o man_n to_o all_o thing_n which_o argument_n i_o shall_v reduce_v into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o syllogism_n that_o you_o may_v the_o better_a judge_n of_o its_o truth_n it_o be_v lawful_a in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n for_o every_o one_o to_o possess_v all_o thing_n and_o to_o do_v all_o thing_n towards_o all_o man_n which_o some_o judge_n shall_v judge_v necessary_a for_o the_o preservation_n of_o his_o own_o life_n and_o member_n but_o those_o thing_n that_o every_o man_n himself_o shall_v judge_v to_o be_v necessary_a to_o his_o preservation_n those_o the_o only_a judge_n in_o this_o case_n judge_n to_o be_v necessary_a for_o this_o end_n for_o he_o have_v prove_v before_o that_o himself_o be_v the_o only_a judge_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n what_o thing_n be_v necessary_a for_o his_o preservation_n therefore_o to_o have_v and_o do_v all_o thing_n etc._n etc._n be_v necessary_a for_o a_o man_n be_v own_o preservation_n in_o which_o syllogism_n the_o major_n be_v certain_o false_a because_o though_o a_o man_n self_n be_v the_o sole_a judge_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n yet_o he_o may_v give_v a_o false_a sentence_n and_o suppose_v those_o thing_n to_o be_v necessary_a for_o his_o preservation_n which_o real_o be_v not_o neither_o be_v there_o any_o reason_n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n any_o more_o than_o in_o a_o civil_a state_n the_o bare_a sentence_n of_o a_o judge_n shall_v confer_v a_o true_a and_o equitable_a right_n on_o any_o man_n to_o a_o estate_n if_o the_o judge_n determine_v contrary_a to_o all_o the_o rule_n of_o law_n and_o equity_n so_o likewise_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n a_o man_n be_v own_o judgement_n can_v confer_v no_o right_n upon_o he_o when_o he_o quit_v the_o only_a true_a rule_n of_o his_o judgement_n which_o in_o this_o state_n can_v only_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n or_o right_a reason_n and_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o mankind_n from_o whence_o only_o they_o be_v draw_v nor_o can_v there_o be_v any_o state_n suppose_v either_o natural_a or_o civil_a in_o which_o there_o be_v no_o rule_n of_o humane_a judgement_n or_o that_o whatsoever_o a_o man_n mind_n shall_v rash_o suppose_v thing_n to_o be_v that_o they_o must_v present_o become_v such_o as_o he_o have_v fancy_v they_o since_o the_o utility_n of_o thing_n necessary_a for_o the_o preservation_n of_o humane_a nature_n depend_v not_o upon_o man_n rash_a judgement_n but_o upon_o the_o force_n of_o their_o natural_a cause_n and_o a_o man_n by_o thus_o false_o judge_v that_o he_o have_v a_o right_a
it_o be_v thus_o natural_o determine_v nor_o will_v he_o allow_v any_o difference_n by_o nature_n between_o man_n and_o other_o creature_n neither_o between_o man_n endue_v with_o reason_n and_o those_o that_o have_v not_o yet_o attain_v the_o use_n of_o it_o neither_o between_o fool_n and_o madman_n and_o other_o that_o be_v of_o sound_a understanding_n and_o his_o reason_n be_v this_o for_o whatever_o any_o creature_n do_v by_o the_o force_n of_o its_o nature_n it_o do_v it_o by_o the_o high_a right_n viz._n because_o it_o act_v as_o it_o be_v by_o nature_n determine_v neither_o be_v it_o able_a to_o act_v otherwise_o therefore_o among_o man_n whilst_o consider_v as_o live_v under_o the_o mere_a empire_n of_o nature_n as_o well_o he_o that_o do_v not_o yet_o understand_v reason_n or_o have_v not_o acquire_v a_o habit_n of_o virtue_n live_v by_o the_o high_a right_n according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o his_o own_o appetite_n as_o well_o as_o he_o that_o direct_v his_o life_n according_a to_o the_o rule_n of_o reason_n so_o that_o as_o a_o wiseman_n have_v a_o right_a to_o all_o thing_n that_o reason_n dictate_v or_o of_o live_v according_a to_o its_o rule_n so_o likewise_o the_o ignorant_a and_o foolish_a have_v a_o like_a right_n to_o all_o thing_n which_o their_o appetite_n desire_v so_o that_o every_o man_n natural_a right_n be_v not_o determine_v by_o right_a reason_n but_o by_o power_n and_o appetite_n for_o all_o man_n be_v not_o natural_o ordain_v to_o operate_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_n be_v bear_v ignorant_a of_o all_o thing_n and_o before_o they_o come_v to_o know_v the_o true_a rule_n of_o life_n or_o acquire_v a_o habit_n of_o virtue_n a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o life_n slip_v away_o though_o they_o be_v never_o so_o well_o educate_v and_o therefore_o he_o conclude_v that_o whatever_o any_o one_o do_v in_o order_n as_o he_o think_v to_o his_o own_o preservation_n or_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o sensual_a appetite_n whilst_o he_o be_v in_o this_o mere_a state_n of_o nature_n it_o be_v lawful_a because_o the_o only_a rule_n he_o have_v to_o act_v by_o §_o 9_o have_v give_v you_o all_o that_o can_v be_v say_v for_o this_o wicked_a as_o well_o as_o foolish_a opinion_n in_o their_o own_o word_n i_o shall_v now_o endeavour_v to_o confute_v it_o in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o i_o observe_v that_o this_o which_o they_o call_v the_o right_n of_o nature_n and_o which_o mr._n h._n define_v to_o be_v a_o state_n of_o perfect_a liberty_n be_v in_o their_o sense_n no_o other_o than_o that_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v leave_v it_o to_o the_o reader_n to_o judge_v how_o proper_o this_o word_n right_o belong_v to_o brute_n infant_n and_o fool_n for_o the_o word_n right_o be_v use_v by_o those_o that_o treat_v of_o ethic_n only_o in_o respect_n of_o reasonable_a man_n as_o capable_a of_o deliberation_n and_o judgement_n and_o endue_v with_o freedom_n of_o action_n and_o so_o subject_a to_o law_n for_o to_o call_v that_o necessity_n by_o which_o fish_n devour_v each_o other_o and_o madman_n beat_v their_o keeper_n a_o right_a be_v as_o proper_a to_o talk_v of_o a_o right_n of_o stone_n to_o fall_v downward_o no_o philosopher_n but_o these_o ever_o use_v the_o word_n right_o for_o necessity_n but_o a_o liberty_n leave_v by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n of_o act_v according_a to_o reason_n 2_o the_o last_o author_n confound_v the_o nature_n of_o beast_n fool_n and_o madman_n who_o have_v no_o knowledge_n of_o a_o god_n or_o sense_n of_o a_o moral_a good_a and_o evil_a with_o that_o of_o rational_a creature_n who_o be_v ordain_v for_o great_a end_n and_o to_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o high_a law_n than_o that_o of_o mere_a appetite_n or_o passion_n and_o i_o desire_v these_o gentleman_n to_o show_v we_o that_o such_o unreasonable_a appetite_n and_o passion_n do_v necessary_o and_o unevitable_o carry_v man_n to_o act_v constant_o according_a to_o they_o so_o that_o the_o man_n have_v then_o no_o power_n leave_v to_o oppose_v resist_v or_o restrain_v they_o and_o though_o we_o grant_v that_o child_n be_v not_o yet_o sensible_a and_o fool_n and_o madman_n be_v never_o perhaps_o capable_a of_o the_o law_n of_o reason_n or_o nature_n and_o so_o can_v be_v subject_a to_o they_o nor_o be_v to_o be_v esteem_v among_o voluntary_a agent_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o follow_v that_o those_o that_o be_v of_o mature_a age_n and_o sound_a mind_n and_o so_o can_v plead_v invincible_a ignorance_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n but_o out_o of_o their_o own_o wilful_a humour_n or_o unreasonable_a appetite_n neglect_v to_o know_v or_o learn_v or_o through_o wilful_a ignorance_n transgress_v it_o shall_v claim_v the_o like_a exemption_n for_o though_o we_o be_v not_o angry_a with_o child_n or_o natural_a fool_n if_o they_o cry_v for_o or_o take_v away_o any_o thing_n they_o see_v and_o pity_v mad_a people_n even_o while_o they_o be_v outrageous_a with_o those_o that_o tend_v they_o yet_o have_v we_o not_o the_o same_o forbearance_n and_o pity_n for_o man_n of_o sound_a mind_n and_o mature_a age_n if_o they_o do_v the_o like_a unreasonable_a thing_n and_o govern_v themselves_o by_o no_o other_o law_n but_o their_o own_o unreasonable_a appetite_n and_o passion_n since_o it_o be_v in_o their_o power_n both_o to_o have_v know_v and_o act_v otherwise_o and_o to_o have_v deliberate_v and_o judge_v whether_o it_o be_v not_o better_o for_o they_o to_o forbear_v such_o evil_a act_n than_o to_o do_v they_o §_o 10._o neither_o can_n invincible_a ignorance_n be_v any_o excuse_n as_o to_o they_o for_o though_o perhaps_o they_o may_v not_o have_v brain_n fit_a for_o the_o mathematics_n or_o be_v not_o able_a to_o deduce_v all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n from_o their_o true_a principle_n yet_o by_o the_o precept_n of_o other_o as_o well_o as_o their_o own_o reason_n and_o the_o observation_n of_o their_o own_o nature_n as_o well_o as_o other_o man_n they_o may_v easy_o have_v learn_v all_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o honest_a man_n that_o be_v their_o duty_n towards_o their_o neighbour_n by_o that_o golden_a rule_n of_o do_v as_o they_o will_v be_v do_v by_o and_o their_o duty_n towards_o themselves_o by_o endeavour_v their_o own_o true_a happiness_n and_o preservation_n by_o the_o only_a mean_n tend_v thereunto_o viz._n without_o injure_v other_o and_o do_v their_o duty_n towards_o god_n in_o reverence_v he_o and_o obey_v his_o will_n when_o discover_v to_o they_o also_o in_o endeavour_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o their_o power_n the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n and_o all_o which_o principle_n have_v be_v ever_o so_o natural_a to_o man_n that_o they_o have_v in_o all_o age_n acknowledge_v they_o to_o have_v still_o remain_v the_o same_o therefore_o mr._n h._n as_o also_o the_o author_n of_o the_o treatise_n last_o mention_v be_v very_o much_o mistake_v so_o direct_o to_o oppose_v our_o knowledge_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o the_o rational_a nature_n of_o man_n as_o if_o he_o be_v so_o much_o behold_v to_o art_n for_o they_o that_o he_o can_v never_o have_v acquire_v they_o himself_o without_o teach_v which_o be_v all_o one_o as_o to_o say_v that_o because_o most_o man_n learn_v arithmetic_n therefore_o it_o be_v so_o absolute_o beside_o or_o above_o nature_n that_o no_o man_n ever_o attain_v it_o of_o himself_o which_o be_v contrary_a both_o to_o reason_n and_o experience_n since_o both_o arithmetic_n and_o geometry_n as_o also_o ethic_n must_v have_v be_v natural_a to_o those_o that_o first_o teach_v they_o but_o i_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v by_o mr._n h_n own_o concession_n that_o reason_n and_o experience_n be_v as_o natural_a to_o humane_a nature_n as_o hunt_v be_v to_o dog_n be_v though_o in_o both_o of_o they_o there_o be_v require_v both_o exercise_n and_o experience_n to_o learn_v it_o §_o 11._o nor_o do_v mr._n h_n excuse_n which_o he_o give_v we_o in_o the_o 13_o chapter_n of_o his_o leviathan_n signify_v any_o thing_n viz._n that_o man_n passion_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n be_v no_o sin_n nor_o the_o action_n which_o proceed_v from_o they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o see_v no_o power_n which_o can_v prohibit_v they_o for_o neither_o can_v a_o law_n be_v know_v before_o it_o be_v make_v neither_o can_v it_o be_v make_v till_o they_o have_v agree_v upon_o a_o legislator_n to_o which_o may_v be_v easy_o answer_v that_o mr._n h._n all_o along_o proceed_v upon_o this_o false_a supposition_n that_o god_n be_v not_o a_o legislator_n without_o divine_a revelation_n nor_o that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v proper_o his_o law_n both_o which_o assertion_n if_o they_o have_v be_v prove_v false_a in_o the_o precede_a discourse_n it_o will_v certain_o follow_v that_o
never_o so_o manifest_a yet_o can_v it_o by_o this_o principle_n lie_v any_o firm_a obligation_n upon_o man_n mind_n but_o that_o they_o may_v depart_v from_o they_o whenever_o they_o will_v neglect_v or_o oversee_v this_o utility_n or_o that_o they_o think_v they_o may_v better_o secure_v their_o own_o interest_n by_o any_o other_o mean_n since_o the_o will_n and_o conscience_n of_o man_n can_v never_o be_v so_o oblige_v by_o their_o naked_a compact_n that_o they_o may_v not_o depart_v from_o or_o act_v contrary_a to_o they_o whensoever_o they_o think_v they_o may_v safe_o and_o for_o their_o own_o private_a advantage_n do_v it_o for_o the_o obligation_n will_v not_o only_o cease_v if_o it_o shall_v please_v all_o those_o who_o have_v so_o covenant_v to_o depart_v from_o their_o covenant_n at_o once_o as_o when_o man_n discharge_v themselves_o of_o they_o by_o mutual_a consent_n but_o suppose_v also_o this_o consent_n still_o to_o continue_v the_o force_n of_o a_o obligation_n will_v yet_o be_v want_v for_o since_o that_o dictate_v of_o reason_n of_o keep_v compact_n have_v not_o as_o yet_o attain_v the_o force_n of_o a_o law_n as_o be_v make_v as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v in_o the_o mere_a state_n of_o nature_n any_o single_a person_n according_a to_o his_o particular_a humour_n or_o predominant_a passion_n of_o fear_n or_o suspicion_n or_o self-interest_n may_v depart_v from_o this_o dictate_v of_o reason_n though_o the_o rest_n do_v not_o agree_v so_o to_o do_v because_o no_o man_n according_a to_o mr._n h._n in_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n can_v ever_o be_v tie_v by_o any_o compact_a to_o quit_v the_o do_v of_o that_o which_o he_o judge_v necessary_a for_o his_o own_o interest_n or_o self-defence_n for_o in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o this_o 14_o chapter_n in_o his_o leu._n he_o define_v a_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v a_o precept_n or_o general_a rule_n find_v out_o by_o reason_n by_o which_o a_o man_n be_v forbid_v to_o do_v that_o which_o be_v destructive_a of_o his_o life_n or_o take_v away_o the_o mean_n of_o preserve_v the_o same_o and_o to_o omit_v that_o by_o which_o he_o think_v it_o may_v be_v best_a preserve_v so_o that_o for_o the_o preservation_n of_o a_o man_n life_n or_o whenever_o he_o think_v those_o compact_n may_v take_v away_o the_o mean_n of_o preserve_v it_o he_o may_v without_o crime_n fail_v in_o keep_v his_o compact_n either_o for_o public_a peace_n or_o the_o observation_n of_o justice_n with_o his_o fellow-subject_n or_o of_o fidelity_n or_o of_o obedience_n to_o his_o civil_a sovereign_n who_o upon_o these_o principle_n be_v in_o no_o better_a a_o condition_n nor_o so_o good_a as_o any_o of_o his_o subject_n because_o mr._n h._n do_v not_o allow_v in_o his_o leviathan_n cap._n 18._o of_o any_o compact_n to_o be_v make_v between_o the_o sovereign_n and_o the_o subject_n who_o only_a covenant_n one_o with_o the_o other_o and_o not_o with_o he_o to_o give_v up_o their_o right_n of_o govern_v themselves_o to_o this_o man_n or_o assembly_n of_o man_n and_o that_o they_o do_v thereby_o authorise_v all_o his_o action_n so_o that_o since_o this_o compact_n be_v make_v in_o the_o state_n nature_n and_o that_o this_o law_n of_o keep_v of_o compact_n be_v only_o a_o dictate_v of_o reason_n and_o no_o law_n it_o can_v lay_v no_o high_a obligation_n upon_o man_n conscience_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n than_o any_o other_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o mr._n h._n plain_o tell_v we_o chap._n 17._o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n do_v not_o oblige_v nor_o can_v the_o common_a power_n set_v over_o man_n lay_v any_o obligation_n in_o conscience_n upon_o they_o why_o they_o shall_v not_o break_v these_o compact_n towards_o each_o other_o when_o ever_o they_o think_v it_o convenient_a for_o since_o the_o civil_a sovereign_n can_v only_o oblige_v they_o to_o its_o outward_a observation_n by_o those_o punishment_n as_o he_o please_v to_o appoint_v for_o such_o offence_n as_o be_v destructive_a to_o the_o public_a peace_n every_o man_n that_o will_v venture_v the_o fear_n of_o discovery_n or_o be_v take_v or_o whenever_o he_o think_v he_o can_v make_v a_o party_n strong_a enough_o to_o defend_v himself_o from_o those_o that_o will_v punish_v he_o for_o the_o breach_n of_o they_o may_v safe_o nay_o lawful_o transgress_v they_o whenever_o the_o awe_n or_o fear_v of_o the_o civil_a sovereign_n cease_v so_o that_o it_o be_v evident_a there_o do_v still_o need_v some_o high_a law_n or_o principle_n than_o this_o of_o mere_a fear_n of_o the_o civil_a power_n to_o make_v man_n honest_a or_o to_o keep_v their_o compact_n when_o they_o have_v make_v they_o §_o 5._o to_o conclude_v mr._n h._n do_v far_o exceed_v his_o master_n epicurus_n in_o this_o rare_a invention_n for_o that_o old_a fellow_n one_o will_v think_v have_v sufficient_o shake_v the_o foundation_n of_o all_o common_a peace_n and_o justice_n when_o he_o lay_v down_o in_o his_o ratis_fw-la sententiis_fw-la or_o establish_v dictate_v that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o justice_n between_o those_o nation_n who_o either_o can_v not_o epicuri_fw-la or_o will_v not_o enter_v into_o mutual_a covenant_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o hurt_v or_o be_v hurt_v by_o each_o other_o yet_o however_o he_o think_v fit_a to_o leave_v the_o force_n of_o those_o compact_n unviolated_a although_o there_o be_v no_o common_a power_n over_o they_o which_o may_v keep_v those_o nation_n in_o awe_n but_o mr._n h._n that_o he_o may_v indulge_v as_o much_o as_o he_o can_v to_o his_o darling_n passion_n of_o fear_n have_v also_o allow_v man_n this_o liberty_n that_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n compact_n of_o mutual_a fidelity_n may_v by_o right_o be_v violate_v without_o any_o other_o cause_n give_v than_o the_o fear_n or_o suspicion_n of_o the_o party_n afraid_a principle_n ix_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o a_o law_n unless_o as_o it_o be_v deliver_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n §_o 1._o which_o principle_n he_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v in_o his_o de_n cive_z cap._n 3._o art_n the_o last_o in_o these_o word_n but_o those_o that_o we_o call_v law_n of_o nature_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o certain_a conclusion_n understand_v by_o reason_n concern_v the_o do_v of_o thing_n whereas_o a_o law_n proper_o and_o accurate_o speak_v be_v the_o word_n of_o he_o that_o command_v something_o to_o be_v do_v or_o not_o do_v by_o other_o they_o be_v not_o law_n proper_o speak_v as_o they_o proceed_v from_o nature_n yet_o as_o far_o as_o they_o be_v give_v by_o god_n in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n they_o be_v proper_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o law_n which_o likewise_o he_o have_v more_o brief_o contract_v in_o his_o leviathan_n cap._n 15._o in_o these_o word_n these_o dictate_v of_o reason_n man_n use_v to_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o law_n but_o improper_o for_o they_o be_v but_o conclusion_n or_o theorem_n concern_v what_o conduce_v to_o the_o conservation_n and_o defence_n of_o themselves_o whereas_o law_n proper_o be_v the_o word_n of_o he_o that_o by_o right_n have_v a_o command_n over_o other_o but_o yet_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o same_o theorem_n as_o deliver_v in_o the_o word_n of_o god_n that_o by_o right_n command_v all_o thing_n then_o be_v they_o proper_o call_v law_n §_o 2._o the_o reason_n for_o which_o opinion_n he_o give_v we_o in_o his_o de_n cive_z cap._n 5_o §_o 1_o 2_o 3._o in_o these_o word_n it_o be_v self-manife_a that_o the_o action_n of_o man_n do_v proceed_v from_o their_o will_n and_o their_o will_n from_o hope_n and_o fear_n so_o that_o as_o often_o as_o it_o seem_v that_o a_o great_a good_a or_o lesser_a evil_n be_v like_a to_o happen_v to_o they_o from_o the_o violation_n of_o law_n man_n willing_o violate_v they_o therefore_o every_o man_n hope_n of_o security_n and_o preservation_n be_v place_v in_o this_o that_o he_o may_v be_v able_a to_o prevent_v his_o neighbour_n either_o by_o his_o own_o force_n or_o art_n open_o or_o at_o unaware_o from_o whence_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v not_o present_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v know_v give_v sufficient_a security_n to_o every_o one_o of_o observe_v they_o and_o therefore_o as_o long_o as_o no_o caution_n can_v be_v obtain_v from_o the_o invasion_n of_o other_o that_o primitive_a right_n must_v still_o remain_v to_o every_o one_o of_o take_v care_n of_o himself_o by_o all_o the_o way_n that_o he_o will_v or_o can_v which_o be_v the_o right_n of_o all_o man_n to_o all_o thing_n or_o the_o right_n of_o war_n and_o it_o suffice_v for_o the_o fulfil_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n that_o any_o one_o shall_v be_v ready_a or_o willing_a to_o have_v peace_n when_o it_o may_v be_v have_v with_o security_n §_o 3._o so_o
likewise_o in_o his_o leviathan_n chap._n 14._o though_o he_o grant_v that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n ought_v to_o be_v observe_v yet_o because_o they_o be_v contrary_a to_o our_o natural_a passion_n that_o carry_v we_o to_o partiality_n pride_n revenge_n and_o the_o like_a and_o their_o covenant_n without_o the_o sword_n be_v but_o word_n and_o have_v no_o strength_n to_o secure_v a_o man_n at_o all_o therefore_o notwithstanding_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n if_o there_o be_v no_o power_n erect_v or_o not_o great_a enough_o for_o our_o security_n every_o man_n will_v and_o may_v lawful_o rely_v on_o his_o strength_n and_o art_n for_o caution_n against_o all_o other_o man_n and_o in_o his_o 15_o chap._n of_o his_o leviathan_n he_o far_o tell_v we_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n oblige_v in_o foro_fw-la interno_fw-la that_o be_v to_o say_v they_o bind_v to_o a_o desire_n that_o they_o shall_v take_v place_n but_o in_o foro_fw-la externo_fw-la that_o be_v to_o the_o put_v they_o in_o act_n not_o always_o for_o he_o that_o shall_v be_v modest_a and_o tractable_a and_o perform_v all_o he_o promise_v in_o such_o time_n and_o place_n where_o no_o man_n else_o will_v do_v so_o shall_v but_o make_v himself_o a_o prey_n to_o other_o and_o procure_v his_o own_o certain_a ruin_n contrary_a to_o the_o ground_n of_o all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o tend_v to_o nature_n preservation_n §_o 4._o i_o have_v be_v the_o large_a in_o give_v you_o his_o own_o word_n in_o this_o place_n because_o i_o can_v not_o well_o contract_v they_o without_o spoil_v his_o sense_n and_o also_o that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o see_v whether_o he_o be_v clear_o answer_v or_o not_o in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o if_o it_o be_v already_o make_v out_o in_o the_o precedent_a discourse_n that_o in_o this_o proposition_n of_o endeavour_v the_o common_a good_a of_o rational_a being_n be_v contain_v all_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o that_o it_o do_v likewise_o appear_v to_o proceed_v from_o god_n from_o the_o nature_n of_o thing_n and_o those_o reward_n and_o punishment_n he_o have_v annex_v to_o its_o observation_n and_o transgression_n then_o notwithstanding_o what_o mr._n h._n have_v here_o say_v this_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v proper_o a_o law_n as_o have_v all_o the_o condition_n necessary_a thereunto_o but_o that_o which_o may_v lead_v mr._n h._n into_o this_o error_n be_v that_o all_o writer_n upon_o this_o subject_a think_v it_o sufficient_a to_o define_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v only_o a_o dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n without_o deduce_v its_o authority_n from_o god_n as_o a_o legislator_n or_o if_o they_o have_v suppose_v god_n the_o author_n of_o it_o as_o suarez_n in_o his_o book_n de_fw-fr legibus_fw-la and_o grotius_n in_o his_o de_fw-la jure_fw-la belli_n &_o pacis_fw-la have_v do_v yet_o they_o content_v themselves_o with_o suppose_v that_o god_n have_v impress_v these_o idea_n upon_o man_n soul_n as_o so_o many_o innate_a notion_n which_o they_o call_v the_o light_n of_o nature_n without_o show_v we_o by_o some_o more_o plain_a or_o certain_a mean_n as_o our_o author_n have_v do_v in_o the_o precede_a discourse_n how_o we_o may_v attain_v to_o the_o knowledge_n of_o this_o law_n the_o weakness_n or_o precariousness_n of_o which_o hypothesis_n be_v discover_v by_o mr._n h._n give_v he_o occasion_n to_o suppose_v that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v not_o proper_o a_o law_n for_o want_v of_o a_o legislator_n and_o far_o they_o have_v define_v this_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v a_o dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n which_o seem_v only_o proper_a to_o reveal_v or_o civil_a law_n deliver_v in_o some_o set_a form_n of_o word_n mr._n h._n have_v here_o also_o define_v a_o law_n to_o be_v the_o word_n or_o speech_n of_o he_o who_o have_v a_o right_a to_o command_v a_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v or_o not_o to_o be_v do_v and_o so_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n not_o be_v deliver_v in_o any_o set_a form_n of_o word_n can_v be_v upon_o these_o ground_n proper_o law_n §_o 5._o but_o i_o think_v we_o have_v already_o sufficient_o prove_v that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v to_o be_v collect_v from_o our_o own_o nature_n and_o that_o of_o other_o thing_n without_o we_o do_v not_o consist_v in_o any_o set_a form_n of_o word_n but_o in_o those_o true_a notion_n or_o idea_n take_v from_o the_o thing_n themselves_o and_o we_o have_v already_o show_v that_o person_n bear_v deaf_a or_o dumb_a be_v capable_a of_o understand_v this_o law_n though_o they_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o word_n and_o mr._n h._n himself_o before_o he_o be_v aware_a do_v sufficient_o confess_v this_o truth_n in_o more_o place_n than_o one_o of_o his_o the_o cive_z for_o after_o he_o have_v in_o the_o last_o art_n of_o his_o three_o chap._n deny_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n to_o be_v proper_o law_n he_o begin_v his_o 4_o the_o chap._n with_o these_o word_n that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o natural_a and_o moral_a the_o same_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v also_o call_v the_o divine_a law_n nor_o undeserved_o because_o reason_n which_o be_v the_o very_a law_n of_o nature_n be_v immediate_o give_v by_o god_n to_o every_o man_n as_o the_o rule_n of_o his_o action_n as_o also_o because_o the_o precept_n of_o life_n which_o be_v thence_o derive_v be_v the_o same_o which_o be_v give_v by_o the_o divine_a majesty_n for_o the_o law_n of_o his_o heavenly_a kingdom_n by_o our_o lord_n jesus_n christ_n and_o his_o holy_a apostle_n those_o thing_n therefore_o which_o may_v be_v before_o understand_v by_o reason_n concern_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o same_o we_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o confirm_v from_o the_o holy_a scripture_n so_o likewise_o in_o his_o 15_o the_o chap._n article_n 3._o he_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o law_n of_o god_n be_v declare_v after_o a_o threefold_a manner_n the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v by_o the_o tacit_fw-la dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n from_o both_o which_o place_n we_o may_v plain_o collect_v that_o if_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v dictate_v of_o right_a reason_n and_o if_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o nature_n or_o reason_n be_v all_o one_o and_o the_o same_o and_o that_o right_a reason_n be_v the_o very_a law_n of_o nature_n and_o be_v immediate_o give_v by_o god_n to_o every_o man_n as_o a_o rule_n of_o his_o action_n it_o will_v likewise_o as_o necessary_o follow_v that_o those_o law_n or_o dictate_v of_o reason_n be_v also_o divine_a since_o they_o proceed_v from_o god_n as_o a_o legislator_n nor_o will_v it_o serve_v his_o turn_n to_o allege_v as_o he_o do_v in_o his_o leviathan_n 15._o chap._n that_o the_o same_o law_n viz._n of_o nature_n because_o they_o oblige_v only_o to_o a_o desire_n and_o endeavour_n i_o mean_v a_o unfeigned_a and_o constant_a endeavour_n be_v easy_a to_o be_v observe_v for_o in_o that_o he_o require_v nothing_o but_o endeavour_n he_o that_o endeavour_v their_o performance_n as_o far_o as_o he_o can_v fulfil_v they_o and_o he_o that_o fulfil_v the_o law_n be_v just_a §_o 6._o this_o will_v prove_v a_o mere_a evasion_n if_o you_o please_v to_o consider_v that_o unless_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n regard_v the_o outward_a action_n of_o man_n they_o can_v partake_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o law_n nor_o do_v they_o carry_v any_o obligation_n along_o with_o they_o because_o it_o be_v impossible_a to_o seek_v peace_n with_o other_o or_o to_o depart_v from_o our_o natural_a right_n by_o any_o internal_a act_n of_o the_o mind_n alone_o without_o outward_a action_n and_o most_o of_o those_o action_n do_v in_o their_o own_o nature_n necessary_o regard_v and_o concern_v other_o beside_o ourselves_o but_o if_o he_o shall_v reply_v that_o such_o action_n be_v improper_o call_v law_n for_o want_v of_o reward_n and_o punishment_n to_o this_o we_o may_v likewise_o return_v that_o we_o have_v already_o full_o prove_v in_o this_o discourse_n that_o they_o carry_v with_o they_o the_o true_a force_n of_o law_n as_o contain_v all_o the_o condition_n necessary_a thereunto_o and_o he_o himself_o in_o his_o leviathan_n chap._n 21._o do_v express_o acknowledge_v and_o set_v down_o divers_a of_o those_o natural_a punishment_n which_o be_v appoint_v by_o god_n as_o natural_a effect_n of_o the_o transgression_n or_o breach_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n which_o passage_n because_o i_o have_v already_o transcribe_v it_o in_o the_o discourse_n itself_o chap._n 3._o i_o shall_v therefore_o refer_v you_o thither_o but_o in_o short_a if_o there_o be_v no_o law_n of_o nature_n proper_o so_o call_v in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n it_o will_v likewise_o necessary_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o natural_a right_n proper_o so_o call_v and_o so_o his_o right_n of_o all_o man_n to_o all_o thing_n and_o to_o
the_o breach_n of_o every_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o consequent_o a_o obligation_n to_o all_o their_o outward_a action_n so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v better_a to_o observe_v than_o to_o transgress_v they_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n because_o their_o violation_n do_v still_o imply_v a_o contradiction_n or_o absurdity_n in_o all_o humane_a society_n or_o conversation_n for_o whosoever_o will_v serious_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o rational_a agent_n will_v acknowledge_v that_o all_o the_o felicity_n possible_a for_o they_o do_v depend_v upon_o the_o common_a good_a and_o happiness_n of_o the_o whole_a system_n as_o its_o necessary_a and_o adequate_a cause_n and_o therefore_o every_o man_n ought_v to_o seek_v both_o of_o they_o together_o for_o whensoever_o he_o transgress_v any_o law_n of_o nature_n he_o than_o separate_v his_o own_o private_a good_a or_o advantage_n from_o that_o of_o the_o public_a which_o be_v contradictory_n way_n of_o act_v must_v needs_o raise_v a_o civil_a war_n or_o contest_v in_o a_o man_n own_o conscience_n between_o his_o reason_n and_o his_o passion_n which_o must_v grievous_o disturb_v its_o tranquillity_n which_o evil_a since_o it_o also_o take_v away_o his_o peace_n and_o security_n be_v no_o contemptible_a punishment_n natural_o inflict_v by_o god_n for_o such_o offence_n §_o 9_o i_o shall_v now_o only_o propose_v two_o reason_n more_o whereby_o i_o think_v we_o may_v demonstrate_v the_o falseness_n of_o this_o argument_n of_o mr._n h._n the_o first_o be_v that_o presumption_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n both_o in_o our_o own_o and_o all_o other_o kingdom_n which_o sufficient_o declare_v what_o judgement_n civil_a sovereign_n who_o this_o author_n make_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o right_a or_o wrong_n have_v make_v of_o humane_a nature_n to_o wit_n that_o every_o one_o be_v presume_v to_o be_v good_a until_o the_o contrary_n be_v prove_v by_o some_o outward_a action_n and_o that_o make_v out_o by_o sufficient_a proof_n or_o testimony_n and_o therefore_o if_o their_o judgement_n be_v true_a he_o must_v own_v all_o other_o man_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v esteem_v as_o enemy_n or_o so_o wicked_a as_o he_o be_v please_v to_o suppose_v so_o that_o they_o may_v be_v set_v upon_o and_o kill_v though_o never_o so_o innocent_a for_o any_o private_a man_n security_n and_o this_o presumption_n be_v more_o strong_a against_o mr._n h._n because_o he_o find_v that_o security_n which_o he_o acknowledge_v to_o be_v sufficient_a in_o commonwealth_n upon_o those_o punishment_n by_o which_o the_o supreme_a power_n can_v restrain_v all_o invader_n of_o other_o man_n right_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o no_o punishment_n be_v inflict_v in_o civil_a state_n unless_o according_a to_o the_o sentence_n of_o some_o judge_n who_o always_o give_v sentence_n according_a to_o this_o presumption_n this_o therefore_o be_v either_o a_o true_a presumption_n and_o so_o able_a to_o direct_v our_o action_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n or_o else_o even_o in_o commonwealth_n there_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v a_o sufficient_a security_n by_o the_o law_n make_v and_o punishment_n inflict_v according_a to_o this_o presumption_n and_o so_o neither_o civil_a law_n themselves_o do_v oblige_v we_o to_o outward_a act_n and_o thus_o every_o commonwealth_n will_v soon_o be_v dissolve_v but_o since_o we_o be_v satisfy_v that_o public_a judgement_n give_v according_a to_o this_o presumption_n do_v for_o the_o most_o part_n render_v man_n life_n secure_a enough_o and_o certain_o much_o more_o safe_a than_o if_o all_o who_o be_v arraign_v at_o the_o bar_n be_v presume_v to_o be_v enemy_n and_o according_a to_o mr._n h_n rule_n of_o prevention_n shall_v be_v all_o forthwith_o condemn_v to_o suffer_v as_o guilty_a therefore_o it_o also_o follow_v that_o the_o private_a judgement_n of_o particular_a man_n concern_v other_o make_v according_a to_o this_o presumption_n do_v more_o conduce_v to_o the_o security_n of_o all_o man_n than_o this_o author_n rash_a presumption_n of_o the_o universal_a pravity_n of_o all_o man_n and_o will_v thence_o persuade_v we_o that_o all_o other_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n be_v to_o be_v prevent_v and_o set_v upon_o by_o force_n and_o fraud_n §_o 10._o a_o second_o reason_n to_o prove_v that_o the_o violation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o to_o outward_a act_n will_v procure_v we_o less_o security_n than_o their_o exact_a observation_n may_v be_v draw_v from_o hence_o that_o mr._n h._n himself_o confess_v there_o will_v thence_o necessary_o follow_v a_o war_n of_o all_o man_n against_o all_o which_o war_n be_v once_o suppose_v he_o right_o acknowledge_v that_o all_o man_n will_v become_v miserable_a and_o must_v present_o perish_v from_o whence_o it_o appear_v that_o all_o security_n be_v seek_v for_o in_o vain_a by_o this_o mad_a state_n so_o that_o there_o can_v remain_v no_o more_o hope_n of_o it_o tho_o mr._n h._n teach_v otherwise_o in_o his_o the_o cive_z cap._n 5._o §_o 1._o and_o leu._n cap._n 13._o viz._n that_o in_o the_o mutual_a fear_n of_o man_n no_o body_n have_v a_o better_a way_n of_o security_n than_o by_o this_o anticipation_n or_o prevention_n that_o be_v every_o one_o may_v endeavour_v so_o long_o to_o subject_v all_o other_o by_o force_n or_o fraud_n as_o he_o see_v any_o man_n leave_v of_o who_o he_o ought_v to_o beware_v that_o be_v as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v one_o man_n leave_v alive_a and_o so_o the_o whole_a earth_n will_v soon_o become_v a_o desert_n and_o the_o common_a sepulchre_n of_o mankind_n for_o no_o man_n can_v provide_v any_o aid_n or_o assistance_n for_o himself_o from_o other_o man_n in_o this_o state_n because_o covenant_n of_o mutual_a faith_n by_o which_o alone_a other_o can_v be_v join_v in_o society_n with_o he_o will_v not_o oblige_v to_o external_a act_n in_o this_o state_n as_o i_o have_v show_v he_o acknowledge_v and_o therefore_o there_o remain_v no_o security_n by_o this_o way_n of_o anticipation_n so_o that_o if_o there_o be_v any_o security_n in_o nature_n i_o appeal_v to_o the_o reason_n and_o conscience_n of_o man_n whether_o this_o be_v not_o more_o likely_a to_o be_v have_v by_o the_o endeavour_n of_o the_o common_a good_a of_o mankind_n by_o do_v good_a and_o not_o evil_a to_o those_o who_o have_v do_v we_o no_o harm_n than_o by_o mr._n h.'s_n method_n of_o anticipation_n which_o can_v yield_v no_o security_n at_o all_o principle_n x._o that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v alterable_a at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o civil_a sovereign_n §_o 1._o this_o be_v a_o natural_a consequence_n from_o what_o he_o have_v already_o lay_v down_o that_o nothing_o be_v moral_o good_a or_o evil_n in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n before_o the_o institution_n of_o a_o commonwealth_n yet_o that_o you_o may_v see_v that_o i_o do_v not_o impose_v upon_o mr._n h._n in_o this_o assertion_n i_o will_v give_v you_o his_o own_o word_n in_o his_o the_o cive_z cap._n 14._o §_o 9_o 10._o but_o because_o it_o arise_v from_o civil_a law_n that_o as_o well_o every_o one_o shall_v have_v a_o proper_a right_n to_o himself_o distinct_a from_o that_o of_o another_o as_o also_o that_o he_o may_v be_v forbid_v to_o invade_v other_o man_n property_n it_o follow_v that_o these_o precept_n honour_v thy_o parent_n thou_o shall_v not_o defraud_v any_o man_n in_o that_o which_o be_v appoint_v by_o the_o law_n thou_o may_v not_o kill_v a_o man_n who_o the_o law_n forbid_v thou_o to_o kill_v thou_o shall_v avoid_v all_o carnal_a copulation_n forbid_v by_o the_o law_n thou_o shall_v not_o take_v away_o another_o man_n good_n without_o his_o consent_n thou_o shall_v not_o frustrate_v law_n and_o judgement_n by_o false_a witness_n be_v all_o civil_a law_n it_o be_v true_a the_o law_n of_o nature_n prescribe_v the_o same_o thing_n but_o immplicity_n for_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o be_v say_v before_o cap._n 3._o §_o 2._o command_n compact_n to_o be_v observe_v and_o therefore_o also_o to_o yield_v obedience_n when_o obedience_n be_v covenant_v and_o to_o abstain_v from_o what_o be_v another_o when_o it_o be_v define_v by_o the_o civil_a law_n what_o it_o be_v but_o all_o the_o subject_n do_v covenant_n from_o the_o constitution_n ojh_o the_o commonwealth_n to_o yield_v obedience_n to_o his_o command_n who_o have_v the_o supreme_a power_n that_o be_v to_o the_o civil_a law_n for_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v oblige_v in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n where_o first_o of_o all_o where_o nature_n give_v all_o thing_n to_o all_o man_n nothing_o be_v another_o and_o therefore_o impossible_a to_o invade_v it_o and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n where_o all_o thing_n be_v common_a therefore_o also_o all_o carnal_a copulation_n be_v lawful_a three_o where_o there_o be_v a_o state_n of_o war_n it_o be_v then_o lawful_a to_o kill_v any_o man_n four_o where_o all_o thing_n