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hoc_fw-la tempus_fw-la celebrantur_fw-la inter_fw-la anglos_n so_o also_o say_v higden_n where_o speak_v first_o of_o the_o marchen_a law_n contain_v both_o law_n of_o mulmutius_n and_o mertia_n and_o of_o the_o dane_n law_n &_o west_n saxon_a law_n ex_fw-la his_fw-la tribus_fw-la legibus_fw-la say_v he_o sanctus_n edwardus_fw-la tertius_fw-la unam_fw-la legem_fw-la communem_fw-la edidit_fw-la virgil_n câ—strencis_n pol._n virgil_n que_fw-la leges_fw-la edwardi_fw-la usque_fw-la hodie_fw-la vocantur_fw-la of_o these_o three_o law_n st._n edward_n the_o three_o make_v one_o common_a law_n which_o to_o this_o day_n be_v call_v the_o law_n of_o edward_n behold_v therefore_o the_o father_n yea_o and_o the_o very_a name_n of_o our_o common_a law_n behold_v a_o full_a proof_n of_o sir_n john_n fortescue_v testimony_n concern_v our_o law_n some_o particular_n whereof_o as_o they_o be_v in_o those_o time_n be_v also_o mention_v in_o chronicle_n for_o by_o polidore_n it_o be_v thus_o record_v virgil._n pol_n virgil._n mulmutius_n ius_fw-la atque_fw-la leges_fw-la novas_fw-la et_fw-la illas_fw-la quidem_fw-la salutares_fw-la dedit_fw-la quas_fw-la deinceps_fw-la mulmitianas_n leges_fw-la appellarunt_fw-la templa_fw-la deorum_fw-la immortalum_fw-la loco_fw-la asyli_fw-la omnibus_fw-la ad_fw-la ea_fw-la confugientibus_fw-la esse_fw-la constituit_fw-la &_o a_o little_a after_o pondera_fw-la ac_fw-la mensuras_fw-la rebus_fw-la vendendis_fw-la emendisque_fw-la posuit_fw-la fures_fw-la et_fw-la noxium_fw-la omne_fw-la genus_fw-la hominum_fw-la severissime_fw-la punivit_fw-la fecit_fw-la quamplures_fw-la vias_fw-la decrevit_fw-la que_fw-la in_o quam_fw-la latitudinem_fw-la fieri_fw-la deberent_fw-la ac_fw-la lege_fw-la sanxit_fw-la earum_fw-la ius_fw-la ad_fw-la principem_fw-la duntaxat_fw-la pertinere_fw-la eiusque_fw-la iuris_fw-la violatoribus_fw-la atque_fw-la ijs_fw-la qui_fw-la in_o illis_fw-la maleficium_fw-la aliquod_fw-la facerent_fw-la constituit_fw-la paenas_fw-la praeterea_fw-la ut_fw-la ne_fw-la terra_fw-la vacaret_fw-la neve_o populus_fw-la rei_fw-la frumentariae_fw-la inopia_fw-la frequenter_a premeretur_fw-la aut_fw-la minueretur_fw-la si_fw-la pecora_fw-la sola_fw-la occuparent_fw-la agros_fw-la qui_fw-la ab_fw-la hominibus_fw-la coli_fw-la deberent_fw-la constituit_fw-la quot_fw-la cuique_fw-la comitatus_fw-la aratra_fw-la haberet_fw-la and_o so_o forth_o where_o you_o see_v that_o he_o make_v law_n for_o sanctuary_n for_o weight_n for_o measure_n against_o theft_n robbery_n and_o other_o offence_n for_o high_a way_n &_o nuisance_n and_o for_o tillage_n and_o husbandry_n and_o by_o the_o word_n you_o may_v easy_o gather_v that_o they_o be_v the_o same_o or_o much_o to_o the_o same_o effect_n as_o they_o be_v now_o either_o continue_v in_o the_o common_a law_n or_o reviue_v by_o statute_n and_o that_o in_o those_o day_n also_o the_o land_n be_v divide_v into_o certain_a part_n which_o be_v now_o call_v county_n brecus_n and_o fergusius_n likewise_o in_o scotland_n near_o about_o the_o same_o time_n also_o make_v law_n for_o division_n of_o their_o land_n into_o tribe_n hundred_o and_o wapentake_v say_v the_o chronicle_n and_o for_o punishment_n of_o murder_n theft_n and_o other_o offence_n again_o by_o higden_n it_o be_v thus_o record_v anno_fw-la mundi_fw-la 3529._o ante_fw-la christum_fw-la 445._o mulmutius_n king_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v the_o 23_o but_o the_o first_o lawmaker_n ordain_v that_o church_n plough_n city_n and_o highway_n shall_v enjoy_v a_o privilege_n or_o liberty_n this_o higden_n expound_v to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o sanctuary_n that_o if_o any_o offender_n do_v fly_v to_o any_o of_o these_o he_o shall_v no_o further_o be_v pursew_v but_o suffer_v to_o escape_v which_o interpretation_n can_v be_v make_v but_o only_o of_o the_o church_n and_o therefore_o to_o be_v let_v pass_v as_o make_v by_o a_o monk_n ignorant_a of_o law_n but_o our_o common_a law_n give_v a_o sound_n and_o very_o consonant_a 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ipse_fw-la rex_fw-la fuerit_fw-la sive_fw-la in_o expedicione_fw-la sive_fw-la alibit_fw-la propter_fw-la fatigationem_fw-la gentium_fw-la et_fw-la populorum_fw-la regni_fw-la iuxta_fw-la veteres_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la bonorum_fw-la patrum_fw-la et_fw-la predecessorun_v et_fw-la omnium_fw-la principum_fw-la et_fw-la procerum_fw-la et_fw-la sapientum_fw-la sentorum_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la predicti_fw-la chron._n see_v the_o charter_n of_o k._n william_n the_o conqueror_n in_o hooker_n chron._n behold_v then_o here_o be_v no_o new_a institution_n mention_v neither_o by_o the_o conqueror_n nor_o by_o the_o confessor_n but_o still_o the_o ancient_a custom_n and_o if_o this_o have_v be_v by_o patent_n or_o parliament_n of_o any_o saxon_a prince_n without_o all_o question_n these_o two_o prince_n will_v have_v know_v it_o for_o all_o the_o saxon_a government_n in_o peace_n from_o the_o first_o king_n unto_o the_o last_o be_v not_o above_o 300._o year_n &_o both_o edward_n and_o william_n be_v most_o diligent_a searcher_n and_o register_n of_o all_o the_o law_n liberty_n &_o custom_n of_o their_o kingdom_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o domesday_n book_n and_o by_o that_o which_o be_v record_v by_o hoveden_n and_o other_o beside_o in_o the_o saxon_a time_n not_o a_o piece_n of_o land_n pass_v from_o the_o crown_n and_o much_o less_o any_o liberty_n or_o jurisdiction_n which_o be_v parcel_n of_o the_o royal_a prerogative_n without_o patent_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o manifold_a patent_n of_o manor_n land_n &_o liberty_n make_v to_o church_n and_o monastery_n whereof_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o abbey_n of_o croyland_n eliensis_n ingulfus_n historia_n eliensis_n be_v faithful_o record_v by_o ingulfus_n those_o of_o the_o house_n of_o ely_n by_o another_o and_o other_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o church_n that_o remain_v the_o city_n of_o london_n therefore_o have_v this_o liberty_n and_o manner_n of_o trial_n in_o the_o norman_n time_n not_o by_o patent_n 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and_o water_n call_v ordell_n it_o be_v by_o all_o likelihood_n but_o a_o superstitious_a invention_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n foresta_n in_o legibus_fw-la canuti_n de_fw-fr foresta_n &_o be_v use_v only_o in_o criminal_a cause_n where_o the_o truth_n can_v not_o otherwise_o be_v know_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o law_n of_o canutus_n and_o although_o the_o conqueror_n in_o his_o absolute_a command_n do_v something_o of_o his_o own_o head_n lamb._n hoveden_n lamb._n yet_o it_o appear_v plain_o that_o when_o by_o the_o earnest_a entreaty_n of_o his_o
noble_n he_o be_v persuade_v to_o establish_v the_o former_a law_n he_o then_o by_o the_o counsel_n of_o his_o noble_n and_o according_a to_o the_o course_n and_o common_a law_n of_o the_o realm_n impanel_v twelve_o man_n of_o every_o shire_n to_o inquire_v &_o make_v a_o true_a presentment_n of_o the_o say_v ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n for_o so_o be_v the_o word_n electi_fw-la de_fw-la singulis_fw-la totius_fw-la patriae_fw-la comitatibus_fw-la duodecim_fw-la viri_fw-la hoveden_n lamb._n arc._n hoveden_n iureiurando_fw-la coram_fw-la rege_fw-la primum_fw-la confirmaverunt_fw-la ut_fw-la quoad_fw-la possent_fw-la recto_fw-la tramite_fw-la incedentes_fw-la nec_fw-la ad_fw-la dextran_v nec_fw-la ad_fw-la sinistran_v divertente_n legum_fw-la suarum_fw-la et_fw-la consuetudinum_fw-la sancita_fw-la patefacerent_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o among_o the_o rest_n they_o make_v mention_n of_o the_o custom_n of_o london_n which_o i_o cite_v before_o i_o say_v nothing_o here_o that_o the_o 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i_o conclude_v as_o before_o that_o they_o have_v it_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n the_o same_o be_v prove_v by_o all_o the_o ancient_a and_o new_a record_n of_o assize_n of_o freshforce_o of_o writ_n of_o right_a and_o other_o tryalle_n in_o london_n which_o must_v be_v all_o falsify_v and_o many_o thousand_o of_o record_n beside_o if_o we_o overthrow_v this_o prescription_n and_o this_o be_v so_o consonant_a to_o the_o judgment_n of_o those_o excellent_a man_n before_o cite_v canden_n belknap_n sr._n io._n fortescue_n &_o sr._n ed._n cook_n let_v we_o now_o leave_v master_n polidor_n &_o his_o follower_n which_o either_o never_o see_v or_o do_v not_o understand_v our_o ancient_a history_n and_o record_n let_v we_o leave_v they_o i_o say_v to_o their_o own_o imagination_n with_o this_o admonition_n to_o all_o discreet_a antiquary_n that_o they_o be_v not_o overhasty_a to_o believe_v either_o the_o roman_a or_o other_o author_n speak_v of_o the_o britain_n thire_n enemy_n 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deface_v by_o foreign_a invasion_n and_o intestine_a dissension_n and_o thus_o much_o of_o lucius_n and_o the_o britain_n now_o of_o the_o saxon_a prince_n cap._n 11._o it_o have_v be_v a_o work_n of_o the_o special_a providence_n of_o almighty_a god_n &_o of_o his_o infinite_a mercy_n to_o this_o island_n in_o the_o mid_n of_o poetical_a fable_n wherewith_o the_o british_a history_n have_v be_v mix_v and_o of_o those_o barbarous_a invasion_n which_o have_v waste_v and_o spoil_v they_o to_o leave_v we_o yet_o certain_a remnant_n and_o monument_n whereby_o to_o judge_v of_o those_o long_a past_a antiquity_n in_o judge_v whereof_o man_n by_o take_v contrary_a course_n have_v make_v the_o controversy_n more_o difficult_a that_o the_o truth_n find_v out_o may_v be_v the_o better_o confirm_v for_o some_o have_v give_v themselves_o to_o favour_v the_o roman_a history_n so_o much_o as_o to_o abrogate_v all_o faith_n and_o credit_n from_o the_o british_a as_o if_o the_o ambitious_a roman_n &_o 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and_o the_o king_n then_o follow_v law_n for_o payment_n of_o tithe_n for_o observation_n of_o the_o sabaothe_n etc._n etc._n arc._n joh._n picus_n cite_v by_o mr_n lamb._n arc._n and_o by_o this_o league_n guthrunus_fw-la which_o some_o call_n gurmundus_fw-la &_o be_v in_o baptism_n name_v ethelstane_n obtain_v suffolk_n norfolk_n &_o northumberland_n to_o be_v give_v to_o he_o to_o hold_v by_o fealty_n of_o the_o king_n edmund_n set_v this_o preface_n to_o his_o law_n i_o edmund_n king_n to_o all_o my_o subject_n do_v plain_o signify_v that_o in_o a_o solemn_a assembly_n both_o of_o the_o clergy_n and_o laity_n i_o have_v studious_o inquire_v of_o the_o wise_a of_o my_o kingdom_n by_o what_o mean_v the_o christian_a faith_n may_v be_v most_o advance_v and_o to_o we_o all_o it_o seem_v most_o comodious_a that_o love_n and_o mutual_a kindness_n shall_v be_v maintain_v among_o all_o man_n throughout_o our_o kingdom_n etenim_fw-la taeâ—…et_fw-la nos_fw-la harum_fw-la quotidianarum_fw-la pugnarum_fw-la for_o we_o be_v tire_v with_o these_o quotidian_a fight_n and_o contention_n o_o godly_a prince_n o_o true_a vicar_n of_o the_o god_n of_o peace_n edgar_n enact_v law_n for_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o sunday_n and_o of_o public_a feast_n and_o fast_n under_o the_o pain_n contain_v in_o the_o judicial_a book_n and_o that_o every_o man_n shall_v free_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o the_o common_a law_n note_v the_o common_a law_n even_o then_o name_v before_o st._n edward_n &_o the_o conqueror_n canutus_n the_o dane_n thus_o first_o let_v all_o man_n most_o devout_o &_o religious_o worship_v one_o god_n all_o man_n observe_v one_o rule_n of_o christian_a religion_n all_o man_n obey_v canutus_n the_o king_n with_o due_a fidelity_n and_o observance_n all_o defend_v and_o keep_v the_o church_n of_o christ_n with_o holy_a &_o everlasting_a peace_n &_o continual_o frequent_v the_o same_o &c_n &c_n with_o many_o other_o most_o godly_a and_o christian_a law_n &_o after_o 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&_o defender_n of_o his_o faith_n and_o by_o these_o thing_n that_o have_v be_v say_v it_o may_v full_o appear_v first_o how_o sincere_o and_o devoutlye_o those_o excellent_a prince_n follow_v the_o counsel_n of_o elutherius_n give_v to_o lucius_n in_o take_v law_n for_o their_o kingdom_n out_o of_o the_o word_n of_o god_n and_o how_o true_a it_o be_v that_o we_o affirm_v that_o our_o ancient_a common_a law_n be_v begin_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o first_o britain_n ground_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o god_n print_v in_o nature_n and_o scripture_n continue_v by_o the_o saxon_n in_o their_o judgement_n book_n &_o transmit_v to_o we_o by_o saint_n edward_n and_o the_o conqueror_n and_o consequent_o the_o ground_n of_o sir_n john_n fortescue_v testimony_n that_o this_o land_n have_v be_v possess_v by_o britannes_n roman_n saxon_n dane_n and_o norman_n and_o in_o all_o the_o time_n of_o these_o several_a nation_n and_o of_o their_o king_n this_o realm_n be_v still_o rule_v with_o the_o 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of_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o great_a britain_n seruato_fw-la ius_n metue_fw-la mortalis_fw-la deum_fw-la george_n saltern_n london_n print_v for_o john_n jaggard_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v at_o his_o shop_n in_o fleetstreet_n at_o the_o sign_n of_o the_o hand_n and_o star_n 1605._o de_fw-fr antiquis_fw-la britanniae_fw-la legibus_fw-la cap._n 1._o in_o all_o action_n in_o every_o election_n in_o every_o counsel_n and_o deliberation_n it_o be_v to_o be_v hold_v for_o a_o certain_a and_o undoubted_a principle_n that_o only_a thing_n godly_a just_a &_o necessary_a be_v to_o be_v do_v &_o that_o with_o due_a invocation_n of_o divine_a assistance_n without_o the_o which_o nothing_o can_v be_v do_v so_o the_o first_o consideration_n ought_v to_o be_v of_o the_o end_n the_o second_o of_o the_o mean_n the_o three_o of_o the_o effectual_a work_a power_n which_o can_v be_v hinder_v which_o be_v only_o the_o spirit_n of_o god_n all_o sufficient_a 17.1_o gen._n 17.1_o by_o this_o we_o may_v see_v how_o that_o ground_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v which_o some_o have_v take_v namely_o that_o in_o all_o innovation_n there_o ought_v to_o be_v urgent_a necessity_n or_o evident_a utility_n a_o ground_n which_o if_o it_o have_v be_v use_v only_o as_o it_o be_v first_o propose_v by_o a_o pagan_a vlpianus_n vlpianus_n i_o will_v say_v that_o it_o be_v altogether_o unperfect_a &_o defective_a see_v the_o consideration_n of_o godliness_n &_o justice_n be_v quite_o omit_v but_o see_v the_o same_o be_v now_o take_v and_o press_v by_o christian_n i_o will_v desire_v they_o to_o admit_v a_o christian_a exposition_n &_o to_o say_v that_o religion_n piety_n &_o justice_n do_v carry_v the_o weight_n of_o necessity_n and_o utility_n and_o whatsoever_o be_v godly_a and_o just_a the_o same_o be_v necessary_a &_o profitable_a according_a to_o the_o say_n of_o the_o apostle_n 4._o 1._o tim._n 4._o godliness_n be_v profitable_a to_o all_o thing_n &_o have_v the_o promise_n of_o this_o life_n and_o of_o the_o life_n to_o come_v and_o again_o whatsoever_o be_v not_o godly_a &_o just_a the_o same_o be_v not_o to_o be_v do_v whatsoever_o necessity_n or_o utility_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v in_o it_o as_o it_o be_v write_v 10.37_o mat._n 10.37_o he_o that_o love_v son_n or_o daughter_n more_o them_z i_o be_v not_o worthy_a of_o i_o and_o so_o that_o ground_n be_v much_o more_o perfect_a &_o absolute_a which_o out_o of_o a_o pagan_a be_v thus_o express_v seruato_fw-la ius_fw-la et_fw-la metue_fw-la mortalis_fw-la deum_fw-la how_o godly_a and_o just_a a_o thing_n it_o be_v to_o establish_v a_o perfect_a unity_n in_o these_o kingdom_n for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o a_o everlasting_a peace_n between_o they_o and_o by_o consequence_n thereof_o for_o the_o increase_n and_o propagation_n of_o god_n truth_n and_o his_o gospel_n in_o a_o former_a treatise_n i_o have_v show_v according_a to_o the_o best_a of_o my_o understanding_n now_o i_o take_v in_o hand_n to_o speak_v of_o our_o ancient_a law_n and_o god_n be_v the_o beginning_n and_o end_n of_o my_o work_n the_o thing_n itself_o be_v no_o less_o fit_a and_o necessary_a for_o this_o time_n to_o be_v know_v then_o obscure_a and_o difficult_a to_o expound_v for_o whether_o we_o consider_v our_o statute_n enact_v since_o the_o norman_a we_o shall_v find_v they_o ground_v upon_o most_o just_a and_o prudent_a jntention_n or_o the_o remnant_n of_o our_o act_n make_v by_o the_o saxon_n we_o shall_v see_v they_o full_o of_o godly_a &_o devout_a admonition_n or_o the_o secret_a footstep_n of_o the_o ancient_a british_a constitution_n appear_v yet_o in_o the_o body_n of_o our_o common_a law_n the_o principle_n thereof_o will_v appear_v to_o be_v the_o very_a law_n of_o the_o eternal_a god_n write_v in_o the_o two_o immortal_a table_n of_o nature_n &_o scripture_n the_o reason_n hereof_o surbordinate_a under_o the_o gracious_a ordinance_n of_o the_o almighty_a be_v either_o the_o bless_a disposition_n of_o our_o prince_n who_o match_n for_o godliness_n and_o virtue_n no_o country_n but_o the_o cradle_n of_o our_o saviour_n can_v ever_o afford_v as_o our_o eye_n now_o do_v witness_n or_o the_o native_a inclination_n of_o our_o people_n most_o apt_a to_o be_v lead_v by_o piety_n and_o devotion_n as_o the_o great_a number_n of_o example_n do_v prove_v or_o the_o religious_a &_o happy_a counsel_n of_o elutherius_n to_o lucius_n king_n of_o britain_n who_o have_v public_o receive_v in_o his_o kingdom_n the_o faith_n &_o gospel_n of_o our_o lord_n and_o study_v to_o amend_v his_o law_n then_o unperfect_a send_v unto_o the_o say_a elutherius_n for_o a_o copy_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o christian_a bishop_n make_v such_o a_o answer_n to_o the_o first_o christian_a king_n as_o between_o two_o such_o person_n ought_v to_o pass_v as_o the_o most_o high_a god_n answer_v his_o most_o faithful_a servant_n vir_fw-la exo._n 25.40_o inter_fw-la leges_fw-la s_n ti_fw-mi edwardi_fw-la lamb_n archaion_n fox_n ex_fw-la antiquo_fw-la codice_fw-la see_v also_o monemuthens_n bed_n li._n 1._o pontic_a vir_fw-la make_v all_o thing_n according_a to_o the_o pattern_n etc._n etc._n so_o write_v this_o good_a bishop_n petistis_fw-mi a_o nobis_fw-la leges_fw-la romanas_fw-la et_fw-la caesaris_fw-la vobis_fw-la transmitti_fw-la quibus_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la britanniae_fw-la uti_fw-la voluistis_fw-la leges_fw-la romanas_fw-la et_fw-la caesaris_fw-la semper_fw-la reprobare_fw-la possumus_fw-la legem_fw-la dei_fw-la nequaquam_fw-la suscepistis_fw-la enim_fw-la nuper_fw-la miseratione_n divina_fw-la in_fw-la regno_fw-la britanniae_fw-la legem_fw-la et_fw-la fidem_fw-la christi_fw-la habetis_fw-la penes_fw-la vos_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la utramque_fw-la paginam_fw-la ex_fw-la illis_fw-la dei_fw-la gratia_fw-la per_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la vestri_fw-la sum_n legem_fw-la et_fw-la per_fw-la illam_fw-la dei_fw-la patientia_fw-la vestrum_fw-la rege_fw-la britanniae_fw-la regnum_fw-la vicarius_fw-la vero_fw-la dei_fw-la estis_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la iuxta_fw-la prophetam_fw-la regem_fw-la 24._o psal_n 24._o domini_fw-la est_fw-la terra_fw-la et_fw-la plenitudo_fw-la eius_fw-la orbis_fw-la terrarum_fw-la et_fw-la universi_fw-la qui_fw-la inhabitant_n in_fw-la eo_fw-la et_fw-la rursum_fw-la iuxta_fw-la prophetam_fw-la regem_fw-la 45._o psal_n 45._o dilexisti_fw-la iustitiam_fw-la et_fw-la odisti_fw-la iniquitatem_fw-la propterea_fw-la vuxit_fw-la te_fw-la deus_fw-la tuus_fw-la oleo_fw-la laetitiae_fw-la prae_fw-la confortibus_fw-la tuis_fw-la et_fw-la rursus_fw-la iuxta_fw-la prophetam_fw-la regem_fw-la 72_o psal_n 72_o deus_fw-la iudicium_fw-la tuum_fw-la regi_fw-la da_fw-la et_fw-la iustitiam_fw-la tuam_fw-la filio_fw-la regis_fw-la non_fw-la enim_fw-la judicium_fw-la neque_fw-la iustitiam_fw-la caesaris_fw-la filii_fw-la enim_fw-la regis_fw-la gentes_fw-la christiane_n et_fw-la populi_fw-la regni_fw-la sunt_fw-la qui_fw-la sub_fw-la vestra_fw-la protectione_n et_fw-la pace_fw-la et_fw-la regno_fw-la degunt_fw-la et_fw-la consistunt_fw-la iuxta_fw-la euangelium_fw-la quemadmodum_fw-la gallina_fw-la congregat_fw-la pullos_fw-la sub_fw-la alis_fw-la etc._n etc._n gentes_fw-la vero_fw-la regni_fw-la pulli_fw-la vestri_fw-la sunt_fw-la quos_fw-la divisos_fw-la debeâ—is_fw-la in_o unum_fw-la ad_fw-la concordiam_fw-la et_fw-la pacem_fw-la et_fw-la ad_fw-la fidem_fw-la et_fw-la ad_fw-la legem_fw-la christi_fw-la et_fw-la ad_fw-la sanctam_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la congregare_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o counsel_n i_o say_v may_v be_v the_o reason_n and_o by_o all_o likelihood_n be_v the_o reason_n that_o our_o common_a law_n be_v so_o much_o ground_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o god_n which_o i_o be_o the_o rather_o move_v to_o believe_v for_o that_o i_o see_v our_o learned_a judge_n mr._n bracton_n so_o oftentimes_o inculcate_v the_o sentence_n of_o this_o epistle_n and_o namely_o that_o rex_fw-la est_fw-la vicarius_fw-la dei_fw-la 2._o lib._n 1._o c._n 2._o and_o derive_v such_o excellent_a conclusion_n from_o it_o 9_o lib._n 3._o c._n 9_o as_o of_o godliness_n in_o the_o prince_n and_o of_o duty_n and_o obedience_n in_o the_o subject_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o effect_n hereof_o have_v be_v that_o which_o be_v write_v in_o the_o scripture_n verbum_fw-la dei_fw-la manet_fw-la in_o aeternum_fw-la these_o law_n say_v the_o learned_a sir_n john_n fortescue_n have_v be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o briton_n roman_n saxon_n dane_n and_o normanes_n legum_n fortescue_n de_fw-fr laudibus_fw-la legum_n and_o if_o they_o be_v not_o the_o best_a law_n some_o of_o those_o king_n especial_o the_o roman_n will_v have_v change_v they_o of_o these_o thing_n therefore_o i_o have_v to_o speak_v matter_n far_o above_o the_o mediocrity_n of_o my_o knowledge_n but_o that_o i_o may_v the_o better_a do_v it_o i_o humble_o beseech_v thou_o o_o true_a light_n of_o eternity_n to_o who_o all_o age_n and_o time_n be_v present_a to_o revive_v the_o memory_n of_o thy_o glory_n establish_v by_o thou_o in_o our_o ancient_a law_n lighten_v my_o understanding_n confirm_v my_o judgement_n &_o lead_v i_o in_o the_o way_n of_o truth_n and_o justice_n see_v that_o without_o thou_o neither_o any_o man_n can_v do_v nor_o i_o can_v speak_v any_o thing_n cap._n 2._o order_n of_o learning_n and_o of_o the_o say_a
epistle_n do_v require_v that_o before_o i_o enter_v into_o the_o discourse_n of_o our_o ancient_a britain_n law_n i_o speak_v somewhat_o concern_v the_o roman_a law_n that_o it_o may_v appear_v that_o neither_o the_o reverend_a elutherius_n be_v deceive_v in_o judgement_n nor_o the_o godly_a lucius_n in_o his_o choice_n nor_o the_o learned_a fortescue_n in_o his_o testimony_n but_o that_o our_o say_a ancient_a law_n be_v indeed_o as_o well_o as_o by_o the_o roman_n own_o confession_n in_o that_o they_o do_v not_o change_v they_o better_o than_o their_o own_o i_o speak_v as_o a_o christian_a for_o asmuch_o as_o britain_n receive_v the_o law_n of_o christ_n before_o it_o know_v the_o government_n of_o rome_n but_o because_o i_o will_v be_v loath_a to_o offend_v i_o will_v remit_v the_o reader_n that_o be_v desirous_a to_o know_v what_o may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o author_n &_o composer_n of_o the_o first_o roman_a law_n justiniano_n aug._n the_o civit_n dei_fw-la l._n 3_o wesembech_n prefat_n in_o isag_n rival_n in_o hist_o jur._n de_fw-fr justiniano_n to_o st._n augustin_n and_o of_o these_o now_o extant_a to_o wesembechius_n rivallius_n procopius_n and_o other_o and_o for_o the_o principle_n and_o ground_n i_o will_v refer_v they_o to_o consider_v the_o particular_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n yet_o in_o part_n remain_v and_o to_o measure_n and_o examine_v the_o rule_n of_o the_o institutes_n by_o the_o word_n of_o the_o author_n out_o of_o which_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v take_v aristotle_n tully_n isidorus_n etc._n etc._n and_o both_o by_o the_o scripture_n a_o work_n worthy_a the_o vacation_n of_o a_o learned_a man_n but_o for_o the_o law_n of_o britain_n my_o principal_a intention_n before_o i_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o they_o i_o will_v entreat_v a_o little_a leave_n to_o speak_v somewhat_o first_o of_o law_n in_o general_a and_o second_o of_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o i_o will_v for_o by_o know_v what_o they_o be_v we_o shall_v the_o better_o know_v their_o law_n and_o manner_n cap._n 3._o the_o law_n by_o aristotle_n be_v call_v a_o covenant_n of_o the_o society_n of_o man_n leg._n polit._n 1_o de_fw-fr leg._n by_o tully_n the_o reason_n and_o mind_n of_o god_n discern_v just_a and_o unjust_a if_o we_o join_v these_o two_o and_o call_v it_o the_o covenant_n make_v by_o god_n with_o the_o society_n of_o man_n according_a to_o his_o own_o reason_n 5.2_o ex._n 34.27_o &_o 20._o v._o 5.6_o deut._n 5.2_o discern_v just_a &_o unjust_a it_o agree_v with_o the_o word_n of_o moses_n and_o will_v be_v as_o i_o take_v it_o a_o perfect_a definition_n the_o end_n as_o tully_n say_v be_v manifest_a ad_fw-la salutem_fw-la civium_fw-la 2._o de_fw-fr leg._n 2._o civitatumque_fw-la incolunnitatem_fw-la vitamque_fw-la omnium_fw-la quietam_fw-la et_fw-la beatam_fw-la agree_v also_o with_o moses_n if_o salus_fw-la et_fw-la incolumitas_fw-la et_fw-la beatitudo_fw-la be_v take_v for_o all_o the_o blessing_n of_o this_o life_n and_o the_o life_n to_o come_v law_n be_v call_v divine_a or_o humane_a the_o divine_a law_n be_v those_o which_o god_n immediate_o make_v first_o write_v in_o nature_n secondlye_o describe_v in_o the_o ten_o commandment_n &_o the_o scripture_n humane_a law_n be_v law_n derive_v out_o of_o the_o divine_a law_n by_o application_n of_o the_o general_a commandment_n first_o to_o the_o principal_a party_n viz._n to_o god_n to_o the_o common_a estate_n and_o to_o private_a man_n according_a to_o the_o division_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n auson_n auson_n secondlye_o to_o particular_a circumstance_n of_o person_n thing_n action_n time_n place_n penalty_n and_o such_o like_a as_o the_o institutes_n be_v divide_v heerehence_a follow_v a_o conclusion_n observe_v also_o by_o tully_n that_o if_o a_o law_n be_v make_v contain_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v call_v a_o law_n though_o all_o the_o world_n in_o a_o joint_a parliament_n confirm_v it_o for_o neither_o be_v it_o derive_v out_o of_o the_o general_a precept_n nor_o partake_v of_o the_o common_a definition_n see_v it_o be_v not_o a_o covenant_n of_o god_n but_o a_o confederacy_n against_o god_n the_o property_n and_o effect_n of_o the_o law_n be_v first_o to_o make_v a_o distinction_n of_o just_a from_o unjust_a secondlye_o to_o command_v and_o forbid_v thirdlye_o to_o punish_v and_o reward_v these_o thing_n be_v perform_v originallye_o and_o genneral_o by_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o secondary_o and_o particular_o by_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o quality_n of_o a_o true_a law_n be_v reckon_v up_o by_o isidorus_n and_o other_o esse_fw-la debet_fw-la lex_fw-la honesta_fw-la justa_fw-la possibilis_fw-la wesemb_n decret_n part._n 1_o wesemb_n secundum_fw-la naturam_fw-la et_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la loco_fw-la et_fw-la tempori_fw-la conveniens_fw-la necessaria_fw-la vel_fw-la utilis_fw-la manifesta_fw-la etc._n etc._n a_o law_n must_v be_v honest_a just_a possible_a agreeable_a to_o nature_n and_o custom_n to_o time_n and_o place_n necessary_a or_o profitable_a and_o manifest_a &_o of_o this_o proceed_v another_o ground_n also_o jus_o nemini_fw-la violare_fw-la vel_fw-la ignorare_fw-la licet_fw-la item_n lex_fw-la obligat_fw-la ad_fw-la scientiam_fw-la ad_fw-la obedientiam_fw-la ad_fw-la paenam_fw-la the_o law_n bind_v to_o knowledge_n obedience_n &_o punishment_n no_o man_n may_v break_v it_o no_o man_n may_v be_v ignorant_a of_o it_o and_o that_o which_o isidore_n say_v when_o law_n be_v make_v no_o man_n may_v judge_v of_o they_o but_o according_a to_o they_o the_o exact_a performance_n of_o the_o law_n be_v call_v justice_n ethic._n 5_o ethic._n the_o moderation_n of_o the_o law_n upon_o consideration_n of_o circumstance_n be_v call_v equity_n the_o contrary_n to_o the_o law_n be_v injury_n jniustice_n jniquity_n wrong_v force_n fraud_n &_o such_o like_a whatsoever_o be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n absolute_o may_v proportional_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o law_n of_o man_n the_o end_n of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n be_v all_o happiness_n that_o happiness_n which_o be_v the_o end_n of_o humane_a law_n consist_v chief_o in_o the_o conservation_n of_o religion_n 72.85_o psal_n 72.85_o peace_n and_o justice_n all_o which_o thing_n be_v comprehend_v by_o st._n augustin_n under_o the_o name_n of_o peace_n which_o also_o he_o make_v the_o final_a end_n of_o the_o city_n of_o god_n 19_o de_fw-fr civitate_fw-la dei_fw-la li._n 19_o the_o matter_n which_o the_o law_n do_v handle_v be_v chief_o person_n thing_n place_n time_n contract_n offence_n and_o action_n in_o this_o island_n person_n appoint_v special_o for_o the_o procuration_n of_o religion_n be_v the_o archbishop_n bishop_n &_o minister_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o peace_n be_v the_o nobility_n sheriff_n and_o justice_n of_o peace_n for_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n the_o judge_n professor_n and_o officer_n of_o law_n and_o the_o king_n have_v from_o god_n supreme_a authority_n over_o all_o according_a to_o the_o sentence_n rex_fw-la est_fw-la vicarius_fw-la dei_fw-la other_o distinction_n there_o be_v of_o person_n but_o it_o be_v not_o my_o intention_n to_o speak_v of_o every_o difference_n but_o only_o so_o much_o as_o may_v serve_v to_o give_v light_n to_o the_o discourse_n intend_v thing_n also_o have_v many_o division_n whereof_o i_o mean_v to_o touch_v but_o one_o which_o be_v that_o some_o may_v pass_v by_o course_n of_o inheritance_n as_o land_n and_o tenement_n some_o can_v as_o chattelle_n of_o place_n some_o have_v sacred_a privilege_n as_o temple_n represent_v god_n by_o his_o word_n the_o king_n presence_n and_o judicial_a court_n represent_v god_n in_o power_n and_o justice_n other_o be_v ordinary_a and_o common_a and_o of_o they_o some_o be_v public_a as_o markette_n way_n some_o private_a as_o house_n shop_n etc._n etc._n time_n be_v likewise_o divide_v into_o sacred_a and_o common_a the_o day_n the_o night_n and_o such_o like_a division_n contract_n have_v manifold_a distinction_n which_o see_v in_o bracton_n 3_o bracto_fw-la l._n 3_o crime_n be_v either_o against_o religion_n peace_n or_o justice_n and_o again_o be_v consider_v as_o public_a offence_n &_o so_o rex_fw-la pro_fw-la pace_fw-la sequi_fw-la debet_fw-la bracton_n bracton_n in_o which_o all_o the_o plea_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v contain_v or_o as_o some_o particular_a person_n be_v interest_v who_o be_v to_o sue_v according_o again_o they_o may_v be_v pursue_v civil_o or_o criminal_o last_o action_n be_v distinguish_v for_o the_o most_o part_n according_a to_o the_o thing_n which_o they_o demand_v or_o the_o person_n plaintiff_n or_o defendant_n or_o the_o court_n wherein_o or_o the_o time_n when_o etc._n etc._n in_o action_n be_v these_o principal_a part_n summons_n or_o citation_n trial_n judgement_n and_o execution_n these_o point_n as_o fit_a to_o be_v seek_v in_o other_o place_n &_o as_o to_o learned_a man_n and_o as_o myself_o not_o half_o learn_v i_o do_v brief_o pass_v
set_v down_o touch_v the_o epistle_n itself_o it_o contain_v a_o answer_n to_o the_o demand_n of_o king_n lucius_n the_o demand_n be_v to_o have_v the_o law_n of_o rome_n and_o caesar_n the_o answer_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n a_o rejection_n we_o may_v say_v he_o always_o reprove_v the_o law_n of_o rome_n &_o caesar_n but_o not_o the_o law_n of_o god_n and_o a_o exhortation_n to_o take_v a_o law_n for_o his_o kingdom_n out_o of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n this_o he_o enforce_v with_o diverse_a reason_n and_o sentence_n of_o scripture_n which_o with_o a_o admirable_a consent_n do_v every_o one_o prove_v each_o other_o and_o every_o one_o the_o several_a part_n of_o the_o answer_n first_o you_o be_v god_n vicar_n therefore_o you_o must_v rule_v by_o god_n law_n &_o not_o by_o caesar_n the_o earth_n be_v the_o lord_n therefore_o it_o must_v be_v rule_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o not_o by_o caesar_n god_n have_v anoint_v you_o to_o be_v king_n caesar_n have_v not_o anoint_v you_o therefore_o etc._n etc._n o_o god_n give_v thy_o judgement_n to_o the_o king_n therefore_o not_o caesar_n what_o then_o will_v you_o do_v be_v a_o godly_a christian_a upon_o the_o read_n of_o such_o a_o letter_n let_v our_o most_o christian_a king_n st._n edward_n give_v we_o counsel_n who_o in_o his_o law_n arch._n lamb_n arch._n take_v the_o word_n of_o this_o letter_n for_o his_o groundwork_n say_v thus_o rex_fw-la autem_fw-la quia_fw-la vicarius_fw-la summi_fw-la regis_fw-la est_fw-la ad_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la constitutus_fw-la ut_fw-la regnum_fw-la terrenum_fw-la &_o populum_fw-la domini_fw-la &_o super_fw-la omne_fw-la sanctam_fw-la tucatur_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la eius_fw-la &_o regat_fw-la &_o ab_fw-la iniuriosis_fw-la defendat_fw-la &_o maleficos_fw-la ab_fw-la ea_fw-la evellat_fw-la and_o a_o little_a after_o he_o show_v how_o this_o may_v be_v do_v debet_fw-la vero_fw-la rex_fw-la deum_fw-la timere_fw-la super_fw-la omne_fw-la &_o diligere_fw-la &_o mandata_fw-la 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this_o kingdom_n continual_o labour_v with_o intestive_a war_n in_o which_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a to_o gather_v counsel_n and_o to_o establish_v law_n and_o government_n as_o he_o speak_v and_o as_o it_o be_v in_o this_o south_n part_n of_o britain_n so_o be_v it_o likewise_o in_o the_o north_n as_o appear_v by_o their_o chronicle_n they_o have_v king_n priest_n noble_n and_o parliament_n agreeable_a to_o the_o form_n of_o government_n of_o the_o most_o ancient_a kingdom_n and_o to_o the_o law_n of_o god_n write_v in_o nature_n &_o scripture_n &_o in_o this_o form_n consist_v the_o estate_n of_o both_o the_o kingdom_n of_o great_a britain_n even_o to_o this_o day_n and_o thus_o much_o concern_v the_o principal_a person_n whereof_o the_o body_n of_o our_o state_n do_v and_o do_v consist_v the_o next_o thing_n to_o be_v consider_v be_v of_o thing_n according_a to_o the_o proceed_n of_o the_o institute_n but_o because_o nothing_o can_v be_v without_o a_o place_n and_o we_o 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caesar_n we_o read_v of_o the_o city_n of_o trinobantes_n and_o of_o other_o city_n and_o of_o the_o city_n of_o the_o brigantes_n londinium_n loventium_n &_o maridunum_n in_o tacitus_n and_o ptolemy_n &_o yourself_o confess_v in_o the_o same_o book_n that_o it_o be_v a_o law_n among_o the_o britain_n that_o the_o inner_a part_n of_o the_o island_n shall_v not_o be_v discover_v to_o stranger_n as_o for_o the_o fastness_n of_o cassibellan_n and_o the_o paint_n of_o their_o face_n if_o the_o story_n be_v well_o examine_v &_o circumstance_n compare_v it_o will_v easy_o be_v prove_v that_o such_o thing_n be_v not_o original_o in_o the_o government_n and_o manner_n of_o this_o our_o country_n but_o be_v the_o wild_a fruit_n of_o long_a continue_a civil_a war_n that_o rage_v among_o they_o proceed_v of_o tirrany_n in_o their_o prince_n superstition_n and_o idolatry_n in_o their_o priest_n rebellion_n sedition_n murder_n theft_n adultery_n and_o disobedience_n in_o the_o subject_n some_o of_o which_o thing_n be_v to_o be_v gather_v by_o the_o word_n
of_o caesar_n and_o all_o of_o they_o be_v lay_v to_o their_o charge_n by_o gildas_n 5._o ephes_n 5._o and_o other_o history_n for_o such_o thing_n procure_v the_o wrath_n of_o god_n to_o be_v pour_v out_o upon_o they_o as_o say_v the_o bless_a apostle_n as_o italy_n france_n and_o other_o country_n have_v by_o that_o mean_v receive_v some_o barbarous_a touch_n and_o ireland_n yet_o waste_v and_o subject_a to_o great_a calamity_n &_o desolation_n be_v a_o eye_n witness_n of_o the_o same_o experience_n which_o heretofore_o be_v govern_v with_o peace_n ad_fw-la civility_n and_o now_o have_v many_o example_n extant_a of_o strange_a immannity_n and_o as_o these_o be_v the_o just_a plague_n inflict_v by_o the_o divine_a justice_n upon_o our_o neighbour_n island_n for_o the_o contempt_n of_o the_o gospel_n and_o such_o offence_n as_o aforesaid_a so_o be_v the_o same_o inflict_v in_o those_o time_n upon_o the_o britain_n for_n tread_v under_o foot_n the_o light_n of_o nature_n and_o the_o knowledge_n of_o god_n which_o gildas_n signify_v that_o the_o first_o inhabitant_n have_v &_o many_o excellent_a doctrine_n of_o religion_n &_o of_o justice_n which_o be_v but_o obscurelye_o &_o in_o part_n preserve_v by_o the_o druidae_n and_o some_o few_o of_o the_o better_a sort_n but_o to_o return_v where_o we_o leave_v as_o in_o other_o thing_n the_o britain_n maintain_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_n sic._n diodor_n sic._n so_o in_o that_o ancient_a division_n of_o this_o land_n into_o several_a nation_n and_o family_n the_o most_o antique_a manner_n of_o great_a nation_n be_v observe_v for_o not_o only_o among_o the_o hebrew_n but_o among_o the_o persian_n athenian_n roman_n all_o xenophon_n â—â—uy_a et_fw-fr all_o &_o in_o this_o island_n the_o scot_n be_v free_a from_o public_a invasion_n have_v the_o like_a division_n be_v a_o point_n of_o civil_a government_n very_o necessary_a for_o many_o good_a and_o politic_a constitution_n and_o therefore_o use_v and_o preserve_v among_o all_o the_o primitive_a nation_n as_o agreeable_a to_o reason_n and_o nature_n and_o be_v to_o this_o day_n observe_v as_o most_o consonant_a to_o the_o word_n of_o god_n cap._n 8._o as_o in_o the_o distribution_n of_o person_n and_o of_o the_o land_n the_o britain_n be_v politic_a and_o civil_a so_o in_o their_o proceed_n of_o law_n in_o their_o judgement_n and_o in_o their_o science_n it_o appear_v that_o they_o be_v not_o so_o barbarous_a as_o have_v be_v take_v for_o their_o variety_n of_o excellent_a learning_n to_o note_n that_o by_o the_o way_n sir_n john_n prise_n in_o his_o book_n to_o king_n edward_n the_o sixth_o defensio_fw-la sir_n john_n prise_n historiae_fw-la brit._n defensio_fw-la proove_v that_o all_o learned_a science_n be_v know_v and_o handle_v among_o they_o to_o his_o book_n i_o send_v those_o that_o be_v desirous_a to_o be_v satisfy_v in_o that_o point_n and_o although_o it_o may_v be_v strong_o infer_v that_o a_o nation_n give_v to_o the_o study_n of_o all_o excellent_a learn_n must_v needs_o be_v polish_v with_o good_a law_n yet_o for_o the_o more_o clear_a evice_n hereof_o i_o purpose_v to_o show_v that_o their_o law_n in_o particular_a be_v most_o just_a &_o good_a as_o be_v derive_v out_o of_o the_o law_n of_o god_n write_v in_o nature_n and_o in_o scripture_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n not_o alter_v but_o transmit_v to_o posterity_n and_o that_o they_o do_v yet_o remain_v among_o we_o as_o i_o say_v before_o first_o of_o all_o under_o favour_n i_o can_v agree_v the_o opinion_n conceive_v by_o gratian_n that_o all_o thing_n by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v common_a dist_n part._n 1._o dist_n but_o as_o i_o take_v it_o the_o distinction_n of_o property_n be_v enact_v by_o almighty_a god_n in_o the_o beginning_n &_o by_o he_o imprint_v with_o other_o law_n in_o nature_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o word_n 28.29_o gen._n 1._o vers_fw-la 28.29_o bear_v rule_n over_o the_o earth_n which_o give_v to_o man_n both_o dominion_n and_o property_n of_o all_o thing_n and_o to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v so_o &_o that_o it_o be_v so_o understand_v 4._o gen._n 4._o it_o appear_v by_o cain_n and_o abel_n who_o in_o the_o very_a beginning_n be_v several_a possessor_n of_o ground_n land_n sheep_n fruit_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o city_n inhabit_v and_o in_o the_o history_n of_o abraham_n job_n and_o other_o the_o patriarch_n there_o be_v mention_v make_v of_o buy_v and_o sell_v and_o of_o diverse_a offence_n punish_v by_o law_n but_o by_o what_o law_n if_o not_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o if_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v the_o same_o which_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o law_n &_o the_o gospel_n as_o gracian_a in_o the_o first_o entrance_n of_o his_o distinction_n affirm_v if_o the_o term_v commandment_n be_v a_o abridgement_n or_o exposition_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o he_o say_v in_o a_o other_o place_n and_o if_o distinction_n of_o propertye_n be_v enact_v &_o the_o desire_n of_o other_o man_n good_n forbid_a every_o where_o in_o the_o law_n the_o gospel_n and_o the_o ten_o commandment_n then_o be_v gratian_n in_o this_o point_n contrary_a unto_o himself_o but_o that_o it_o be_v so_o forbid_a appear_v by_o the_o eight_o and_o ten_o commandment_n and_o in_o the_o first_o to_o the_o roman_n where_o covetousness_n even_o in_o a_o heathen_a man_n be_v account_v for_o a_o sin_n 1._o rom._n 1._o which_o can_v not_o be_v but_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n as_o it_o be_v in_o that_o place_n urge_v for_o where_o there_o be_v no_o law_n there_o be_v no_o transgression_n say_v st._n john_n &_o other_o law_n there_o be_v not_o to_o condemn_v a_o pagan_a therefore_o take_v that_o for_o a_o point_n not_o hard_a to_o be_v prove_v and_o which_o all_o law_n have_v take_v as_o a_o principal_a confess_v by_o virtue_n of_o that_o law_n which_o be_v every_o where_o the_o same_o how-soev_a some_o authority_n have_v sway_v to_o the_o contrary_a we_o find_v partly_o by_o the_o word_n of_o caesar_n &_o dio_n eihic_n arist_n eihic_n that_o this_o island_n have_v she_o own_o law_n concern_v the_o division_n of_o ground_n inheritance_n judge_n &_o the_o distinction_n of_o property_n that_o there_o be_v certain_a course_n of_o proceed_n and_o that_o there_o be_v punishment_n for_o contempt_n and_o offence_n 53_o dio_fw-mi lib._n 53_o first_o dio_n say_v that_o 20._o year_n after_o the_o come_n hither_o of_o caesar_n britannia_fw-la suis_fw-la legibus_fw-la usa_fw-la est_fw-la britain_n use_v she_o own_o law_n and_o what_o these_o own_o law_n of_o britain_n be_v caesar_z show_v his_o word_n be_v these_o druidae_n fear_v de_fw-fr omnibus_fw-la controversiis_fw-la publicis_fw-la privatisque_fw-la constituunt_fw-la et_fw-la si_fw-la quod_fw-la est_fw-la admissum_fw-la facinus_fw-la si_fw-la caedes_fw-la facta_fw-la si_fw-la de_fw-la haereditate_fw-la definibus_fw-la controversia_fw-la est_fw-la ijdem_fw-la discernunt_fw-la praemia_fw-la praenasque_fw-la constituunt_fw-la si_fw-la quisaut_n privatus_fw-la aut_fw-la populus_fw-la eorum_fw-la decreto_fw-la non_fw-la stetit_fw-la sacrificijs_fw-la interdicunt_fw-la the_o druidae_n say_v caesar_n who_o discipline_n he_o affirm_v to_o be_v find_v out_o and_o most_o perfect_a in_o britain_n do_v judge_n for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o all_o public_a and_o private_a controversy_n if_o any_o offence_n or_o homicide_n be_v commit_v or_o if_o the_o controversy_n be_v for_o bound_n or_o inheritance_n they_o do_v determine_v it_o appoint_v punnishment_n &_o reward_n if_o any_o private_a man_n or_o corporation_n stand_v not_o to_o their_o decree_n they_o forbid_v they_o their_o sacrifice_n etc._n etc._n under_o the_o name_n of_o offence_n and_o homicide_n he_o comprehend_v all_o criminal_a cause_n under_o controversy_n of_o land_n or_o inheritance_n be_v contain_v all_o civil_a action_n by_o the_o word_n of_o controversy_n judgement_n determination_n and_o decree_n he_o show_v that_o they_o have_v a_o certain_a form_n of_o proceed_v by_o punishment_n and_o reward_n he_o show_v that_o their_o sentence_n be_v compulsive_a so_o this_o testimony_n prove_v that_o they_o have_v a_o settle_a form_n of_o judgement_n in_o those_o three_o main_a part_n whereof_o justinian_n have_v compose_v his_o whole_a work_n i_o say_v de_fw-fr personis_fw-la rebus_fw-la et_fw-la actionibus_fw-la to_o touch_v a_o few_o particular_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v infer_v upon_o caesar_n word_n that_o they_o have_v a_o certain_a form_n of_o conveyance_n and_o course_n of_o inheritâ—â—ce_n in_o their_o land_n for_o else_o how_o can_v controversy_n of_o inheritance_n and_o land_n arise_v to_o be_v decide_v in_o judgement_n now_o if_o any_o man_n consider_v well_o of_o our_o ancient_a form_n of_o conveyance_n by_o feoffment_n and_o livery_n and_o the_o solemnity_n thereof_o use_v not_o only_o after_o but_o before_o the_o conquest_n ely_n histor_n ely_n he_o shall_v find_v it_o to_o be_v be_v like_a of_o the_o
make_v upon_o this_o privilege_n have_v these_o word_n contra_fw-la legem_fw-la et_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la regne_n which_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v intend_v to_o be_v the_o most_o ancient_a common_a law_n yet_o if_o this_o interpretation_n be_v not_o accept_v then_o take_v another_o collect_v upon_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o saxon_n and_o the_o norman_a they_o say_v that_o the_o church_n have_v a_o privilege_n which_o they_o call_v pacem_fw-la and_o be_v understand_v the_o sanctuary_n the_o four_o way_n have_v a_o peace_n which_o be_v that_o all_o nuisance_n in_o they_o shall_v be_v amend_v note_n the_o antiquity_n of_o our_o law_n of_o nusanz_n but_o for_o market_n and_o plough_n no_o other_o privilege_n can_v be_v hear_v of_o but_o only_o this_o whereof_o i_o have_v speak_v to_o be_v free_a from_o distress_n which_o be_v still_o continue_v and_o this_o polidor_n seem_v to_o say_v expound_v the_o law_n of_o mulmutius_n to_o be_v that_o the_o beast_n of_o the_o plough_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v lead_v away_o for_o debt_n so_o long_o as_o the_o debtor_n have_v other_o good_n now_o if_o the_o privilege_n from_o distress_n be_v so_o ancient_a it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o distress_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_o in_o use_n as_o i_o note_v also_o before_o and_o from_o the_o use_n of_o distress_n by_o secundary_a conclusion_n and_o deduction_n of_o reason_n follow_v many_o law_n among_o we_o yet_o in_o common_a practice_n as_o of_o attornment_n replevy_n auoury_n tenor_n service_n quid_fw-la juris_fw-la clamat_fw-la quem_fw-la redditum_fw-la reddit_fw-la per_fw-la quae_fw-la seruicia_fw-la &_o such_o like_a which_o by_o necessity_n must_v be_v understand_v where_o distress_n be_v frequent_a and_o so_o much_o of_o the_o mulmutian_a law_n now_o follow_v of_o king_n lucius_n cap._n 10._o by_o many_o step_n and_o degree_n i_o be_o come_v to_o the_o lucid_n star_n of_o britain_n well_o deserve_v that_o name_n for_o that_o in_o his_o time_n religion_n justice_n &_o government_n begin_v to_o shine_v more_o bright_o in_o this_o kingdom_n and_o in_o the_o history_n of_o he_o &_o his_o succsseor_n the_o reader_n may_v observe_v three_o thing_n first_o that_o this_o nation_n above_o all_o nation_n of_o the_o earth_n except_o the_o hebrew_n have_v have_v most_o virtuous_a religious_a &_o godly_a prince_n second_o that_o as_o our_o ancient_a law_n be_v most_o righteous_a be_v derive_v from_o the_o law_n of_o god_n write_v in_o nature_n so_o lucius_n and_o his_o successor_n establish_v only_o such_o good_a and_o just_a law_n as_o be_v agreeable_a to_o christianity_n and_o derive_v out_o of_o the_o scripture_n three_o that_o all_o calamity_n of_o this_o land_n have_v proceed_v of_o public_a &_o notorious_a crime_n against_o god_n and_o his_o servant_n our_o good_a prince_n and_o against_o religion_n and_o religious_a law_n concern_v lucius_n himself_o i_o cite_v before_o the_o testimony_n of_o king_n alfred_n a_o witness_n far_o above_o all_o exception_n who_o say_v direct_o and_o express_o in_o his_o law_n that_o upon_o the_o propagation_n of_o the_o gospel_n when_o many_o man_n receive_v the_o faith_n of_o christ_n as_o well_o in_o england_n as_o in_o other_o region_n certain_a synod_n aswell_o of_o bishop_n as_o of_o other_o most_o noble_a wise_a man_n be_v gather_v which_o appoint_v punishment_n for_o offender_n and_o a_o little_a after_o these_o sanction_n or_o law_n i_o alfred_n king_n have_v collect_v &_o commit_v to_o writing_n where_o he_o speak_v of_o certain_a synod_n of_o bishop_n &_o noble_a &_o wise_a man_n it_o must_v needs_o be_v mean_v of_o parliament_n as_o we_o show_v before_o for_o we_o read_v of_o no_o general_a counsel_n in_o britain_n and_o of_o provincial_a synod_n it_o can_v be_v intend_v where_o he_o say_v that_o they_o be_v gather_v upon_o the_o propagation_n of_o the_o gospel_n he_o signify_v the_o time_n of_o king_n lucius_n 1._o beda_n l._n 1._o when_o the_o gospel_n be_v first_o public_o receive_v in_o this_o land_n for_o it_o can_v be_v understand_v of_o the_o christian_a saxon_n for_o of_o they_o he_o speak_v by_o name_n afterward_o say_v that_o he_o use_v choice_n and_o judgement_n in_o refuse_v some_o of_o their_o law_n and_o take_v other_o whereof_o i_o infer_v first_o that_o those_o word_n before_o be_v mean_v of_o the_o first_o christian_n britain_n who_o he_o name_v not_o because_o they_o be_v enemy_n to_o the_o saxon_n second_o that_o those_o british_a law_n be_v more_o sincere_a &_o agreeable_a to_o godliness_n then_o the_o saxon._n three_o that_o those_o sanction_n by_o he_o collect_v be_v some_o of_o the_o ancient_a common_a law_n which_o yet_o remain_v for_o that_o we_o find_v no_o other_o collection_n of_o law_n make_v by_o he_o but_o this_o all_o history_n testify_v that_o he_o translate_v into_o saxon_n the_o same_o which_o gildas_n turn_v into_o latin_a &_o that_o the_o same_o be_v gather_v into_o our_o common_a law_n by_o st._n edward_n and_o call_v saint_n edward_n law_n beside_o it_o can_v be_v say_v that_o these_o good_a law_n be_v make_v by_o any_o other_o but_o only_o by_o lucius_n for_o neither_o be_v any_o other_o of_o the_o britain_n prince_n so_o godly_a &_o religious_a as_o he_o neither_o have_v any_o of_o his_o successor_n such_o peaceable_a possession_n of_o the_o land_n or_o conveniency_n to_o make_v law_n as_o he_o have_v for_o immediate_o after_o his_o death_n and_o continual_o till_o the_o saxon_n time_n the_o whole_a state_n travel_v with_o foreign_a and_o intestine_a enemy_n last_o the_o testimony_n of_o polidore_n confirm_v this_o virg_n pol._n virg_n who_o give_v this_o most_o honourable_a testimony_n of_o king_n lucius_n that_o he_o leave_v his_o kingdom_n aswell_o optimis_fw-la institutis_fw-la provectum_fw-la advance_v or_o amend_v with_o the_o best_a institution_n or_o law_n as_o divina_fw-la religione_fw-la auctum_fw-la so_o that_o without_o question_n it_o be_v that_o he_o make_v some_o of_o our_o law_n but_o particular_o which_o of_o these_o law_n or_o institution_n now_o extant_a be_v enact_v by_o lucius_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o say_v yet_o to_o speak_v my_o opinion_n i_o think_v first_o our_o law_n of_o fine_n and_o amercement_n be_v establish_v in_o his_o time_n for_o so_o say_v alfred_n that_o those_o first_o christian_n parliament_n consist_v of_o bishop_n &_o most_o noble_a wise_a man_n be_v teach_v by_o the_o mercifulnesse_n of_o christ_n do_v appoint_v for_o every_o first_o offender_n a_o pecuniary_a pain_n where_o you_o see_v not_o only_o the_o thing_n but_o almost_o the_o very_a name_n of_o misericordia_fw-la which_o be_v use_v to_o this_o day_n in_o amercenent_n and_o be_v afterward_o frequent_o use_v in_o the_o saxon_a and_o norman_a law_n and_o this_o be_v for_o small_a offence_n but_o for_o the_o great_a the_o word_n of_o alfred_n go_v further_o say_v of_o the_o same_o first_o christian_n proditori_fw-la tantummodo_fw-la ac_fw-la dommim_fw-la defertori_fw-la hanc_fw-la initiorem_fw-la paenam_fw-la haud_fw-la infligendam_fw-la existimarunt_fw-la quip_n qui_fw-la eiusmodi_fw-la viro_fw-la minime_fw-la parcendum_fw-la censuerunt_fw-la tum_fw-la quod_fw-la deus_fw-la contemptores_fw-la svi_fw-la omni_fw-la miseratione_n indignos_fw-la voluit_fw-la tum_fw-la quod_fw-la christus_fw-la illorum_fw-la qui_fw-la ei_fw-la mortem_fw-la obtulerunt_fw-la non_fw-la est_fw-la omnino_fw-la misertus_fw-la where_o you_o see_v that_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o alfred_n they_o take_v the_o precedent_n of_o their_o law_n against_o treason_n arc._n lamb._n arc._n from_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n and_o of_o god_n what_o be_v that_o law_n it_o follow_v afterward_o 4_o in_o leg_n alf._n cap._n 4_o qui_fw-la capiti_fw-la et_fw-la saluti_fw-la regis_fw-la perfidiose_fw-la infidiabitur_fw-la vita_fw-la et_fw-la fortunis_fw-la eius_fw-la omnibus_fw-la privator_fw-la that_o the_o traitor_n shall_v forfeit_v life_n land_n and_o good_n 1._o act_n 1._o so_o be_v judas_n punish_v and_o that_o punishment_n elfredus_n feel_v be_v convict_v of_o treason_n in_o the_o day_n of_o king_n athelstane_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o say_v king_n charter_n man_n fox_n in_o man_n recite_v by_o mr._n fox_n here_o also_o appear_v not_o only_o the_o eschet_fw-mi which_z you_o see_v be_v express_o set_v down_o in_o the_o word_n but_o also_o trial_n for_o it_o will_v be_v injurious_a &_o vain_a to_o set_v down_o a_o punishment_n for_o offence_n and_o not_o set_v down_o a_o course_n how_o the_o offender_n may_v be_v clear_v or_o condemn_v and_o it_o be_v most_o unlikely_a that_o king_n lucius_n and_o those_o first_o christian_n will_v imitate_v god_n and_o christ_n in_o severity_n of_o punishment_n and_o not_o much_o more_o study_n to_o imitate_v he_o in_o the_o justice_n &_o sincerity_n of_o their_o trial_n therefore_o i_o think_v that_o the_o same_o lucius_n ordain_v our_o trial_n by_o twelve_o &_o that_o according_a to_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n for_o that_o it_o be_v agreeable_a to_o the_o scripture_n
fortescue_n sir_n john_n fortescue_n the_o learned_a sir_n john_n fortescue_n have_v full_o prove_v and_o whosoever_o shall_v consider_v of_o it_o indifferent_o shall_v find_v that_o it_o be_v the_o most_o righteous_a and_o godly_a course_n that_o ever_o be_v find_v out_o and_o therefore_o most_o likely_a to_o proceed_v from_o the_o piety_n of_o that_o holy_a king_n also_o in_o that_o pure_a age_n of_o christianity_n 20._o gra._n dist_n 11._o et_fw-la dist_n 20._o it_o be_v hold_v for_o a_o ground_n that_o first_o the_o scripture_n ought_v to_o be_v search_v whether_o any_o rule_n may_v be_v find_v for_o the_o action_n intend_v or_o not_o if_o not_o then_o mos_fw-la populi_fw-la dei_fw-la et_fw-la sanctorum_fw-la exempla_fw-la the_o manner_n of_o god_n people_n and_o the_o example_n of_o holy_a man_n be_v to_o be_v follow_v and_o if_o holy_a man_n ought_v to_o be_v imitate_v then_o who_o if_o not_o our_o most_o holy_a saviour_n as_o the_o apostle_n say_v 11._o ephes_n 5_o 1._o cor._n 11._o be_v follower_n of_o god_n as_o dear_a child_n and_o be_v follower_n of_o i_o as_o i_o be_o of_o christ_n quo_fw-la est_fw-la detestabilior_fw-la istorum_fw-la immanitas_fw-la so_o much_o the_o more_o be_v their_o cruelty_n to_o be_v abhor_v which_o labour_n to_o hide_v not_o only_o the_o word_n but_o also_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n away_o from_o us._n therefore_o i_o say_v lucius_n do_v institute_v the_o trial_n of_o all_o matter_n in_o fact_n 15.27_o act._n 1_o 22._o et_fw-la 10_o 41._o john_n 15.27_o to_o be_v by_o twelve_o witness_n as_o our_o saviour_n christ_n ordain_v &_o choose_v twelve_o to_o bear_v witness_n of_o his_o resurrection_n neither_o do_v i_o find_v any_o other_o law_n precedent_n or_o example_n from_o whence_o this_o manner_n of_o trial_n shall_v be_v take_v but_o i_o find_v that_o the_o reverend_a elutherius_n from_o who_o lucius_n have_v much_o of_o his_o light_n use_v the_o same_o rule_n &_o practice_v for_o that_o good_a bishop_n juxta_fw-la ordinationem_fw-la apostolorum_fw-la according_a to_o the_o apostle_n ordinance_n temp_v fascic_fw-la temp_v do_v decree_n that_o no_o meat_n usual_a for_o mankind_n shall_v be_v refuse_v of_o christian_n and_o exemplo_fw-la christi_fw-la by_o the_o example_n of_o christ_n ordain_v that_o none_o shall_v be_v regrade_v before_o he_o be_v condemn_v thus_o they_o take_v a_o rule_n or_o precedent_n for_o every_o thing_n out_o of_o the_o scripture_n and_o the_o authority_n of_o moses_n to_o the_o contrary_n be_v not_o to_o be_v object_v for_o although_o he_o say_v that_o at_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o or_o three_o a_o offender_n shall_v die_v yet_o he_o add_v not_o the_o negative_a that_o more_o shall_v not_o be_v use_v therefore_o the_o apostolical_a canon_n before_o cite_v and_o the_o example_n of_o our_o saviour_n in_o the_o affirmative_a be_v a_o better_a warrant_n and_o it_o be_v most_o apparent_a that_o jury_n be_v use_v among_o the_o chsistian_a britain_n and_o before_o the_o saxon_a time_n for_o proof_n whereof_o although_o in_o my_o opinion_n the_o testimony_n of_o the_o profound_o learned_a sir_n john_n fortescue_n shall_v be_v sufficient_a say_n express_o that_o these_o law_n be_v use_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n fortescue_n sir_n john_n fortescue_n yet_o for_o the_o further_a satisfaction_n of_o those_o that_o lean_a to_o much_o to_o the_o opinion_n of_o polidor_n and_o other_o italian_n i_o will_v add_v more_o reason_n &_o authority_n to_o the_o same_o point_n first_o the_o most_o learned_a antiquary_n of_o our_o nation_n mr._n camden_n britannae_n camden_n britannae_n show_v plain_o that_o it_o be_v not_o invent_v by_o the_o conqueror_n as_o polidor_n say_v but_o it_o be_v in_o use_n in_o the_o day_n of_o king_n etheldred_n the_o saxon_a second_o the_o most_o excellent_a professor_n of_o our_o law_n 3._o praef_n in_o l._n 3._o sir_n edward_n cook_n before_o cite_v proove_v by_o substantial_a record_n that_o this_o trial_n be_v before_o the_o conquest_n so_o there_o be_v three_o witness_n every_o one_o of_o exceed_v great_a learning_n against_o one_o master_n polidor_n tantae_fw-la molis_fw-la erat_fw-la romanam_fw-la excindere_fw-la gentem_fw-la such_o a_o labour_n it_o be_v to_o overthrow_v these_o italian_a opinion_n of_o which_o our_o nation_n be_v too_o fond_o credulous_a but_o let_v we_o go_v forward_o &_o although_o my_o simple_a discourse_n can_v add_v no_o weight_n unto_o their_o most_o grave_a judgement_n especial_o the_o last_o cite_v which_o be_v ground_v upon_o record_n yet_o under_o favour_n i_o will_v adjoine_v some_o other_o testimony_n and_o proof_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o when_o by_o all_o man_n consent_n our_o judge_n be_v most_o exact_o learn_v as_o in_o deed_n it_o be_v a_o time_n excel_v not_o only_o in_o martial_a glory_n but_o in_o learning_n and_o wisdom_n i_o find_v mr._n belknap_n a_o reverend_a judge_n concur_v in_o opinion_n with_o these_o before_o name_v 3.31_o 41._o e._n 3.31_o the_o law_n say_v he_o be_v found_v in_o this_o that_o every_o inquest_n shall_v be_v take_v per_fw-la duodecim_fw-la liberos_fw-la et_fw-la legales_fw-la homines_fw-la et_fw-la non_fw-la per_fw-la pauciores_fw-la if_o it_o be_v a_o foundation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n then_o without_o question_n it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o first_o law_n and_o we_o must_v needs_o confess_v that_o no_o law_n can_v be_v without_o trial_n and_o it_o can_v be_v prove_v that_o ever_o any_o other_o trial_n be_v use_v beside_o this_o in_o plea_n of_o land_n or_o inherirance_n in_o this_o kingdom_n but_o to_o make_v it_o yet_o more_o plain_a the_o city_n of_o london_n be_v and_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o confession_n of_o many_o learned_a writer_n namely_o caesar_n tacitus_n ptolemy_n ammianus_n marcellinus_n gildas_n galfridus_n etc._n etc._n a_o most_o ancient_a city_n a_o place_n of_o government_n &_o rule_v by_o a_o governor_n the_o sea_n of_o a_o flamine_fw-la or_o bishop_n not_o a_o fastenes_n of_o the_o wood_n as_o some_o have_v imagine_v upon_o the_o general_a and_o uncertain_a word_n of_o author_n which_o never_o see_v it_o but_o frequent_v and_o cclebrate_v with_o concourse_n of_o merchant_n &_o plenty_n of_o commerce_n as_o tacitus_n affirm_v now_o i_o pray_v you_o behold_v with_o the_o eye_n of_o your_o mind_n the_o form_n of_o such_o a_o city_n and_o tell_v i_o how_o you_o can_v imagine_v it_o to_o stand_v without_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n the_o bond_n of_o commerce_n for_o the_o decide_n of_o controversy_n or_o how_o you_o can_v imagine_v that_o such_o a_o court_n shall_v be_v without_o a_o due_a form_n of_o trial_n but_o lest_o i_o may_v seem_v to_o deal_v by_o imagination_n for_o the_o first_o point_n that_o it_o have_v a_o court_n vir_fw-la calf_n mon._n pontic_a vir_fw-la galfridus_n monemuthensis_fw-la and_o ponticus_n virunnius_n out_o of_o the_o ancient_a british_a history_n do_v testify_v in_o plain_a word_n 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patent_n or_o