common_a peace_n and_o society_n of_o man_n lest_o the_o like_a occasion_n of_o wrong_n do_v shall_v grow_v general_a and_o so_o in_o the_o end_n hurtful_a to_o all_o so_o by_o this_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n grow_v the_o division_n of_o good_n the_o distinction_n of_o property_n free_a commerce_n betwixt_o nation_n common_a contract_n and_o the_o like_a by_o this_o we_o see_v that_o the_o secondary_a nature_n the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n law_n of_o nation_n be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o differ_v also_o from_o the_o primary_n law_n of_o nation_n itself_o now_o let_v we_o see_v next_o how_o the_o civil_a law_n differ_v or_o be_v distinguish_v from_o these_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n the_o civil_a law_n or_o the_o appellation_n way_n the_o name_n of_o the_o civil_a law_n take_v two_o way_n thereof_o be_v take_v in_o two_o several_a signification_n for_o either_o it_o be_v in_o a_o strict_a 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or_o free_a state_n do_v not_o whole_o differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n nor_o whole_o depend_v on_o they_o in_o this_o because_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n and_o of_o nation_n be_v permanent_a and_o perpetual_a be_v always_o the_o same_o without_o any_o alteration_n but_o the_o other_o that_o be_v to_o say_v the_o roman_a civil_a law_n have_v be_v subject_a to_o many_o mutation_n the_o roman_a law_n subject_n to_o sundry_a mutation_n mutation_n alteration_n and_o abrogation_n so_o likewise_o all_o other_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n have_v be_v and_o be_v according_a to_o the_o variation_n of_o time_n of_o state_n and_o of_o sundry_a circumstance_n for_o example_n in_o the_o roman_a law_n rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o king_n of_o rome_n whilst_o the_o roman_a state_n be_v under_o the_o government_n of_o king_n they_o make_v such_o law_n as_o they_o think_v fit_a for_o that_o time_n the_o present_a state_n of_o the_o city_n and_o their_o own_o purpose_n 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at_o that_o time_n for_o good_a law_n and_o government_n that_o they_o may_v be_v better_o please_v with_o foreign_a law_n who_o envy_v and_o hold_v not_o their_o own_o indifferent_a which_o do_v they_o draw_v those_o law_n bring_v rome_n the_o law_n of_o the_o 12_o table_n fetch_v from_o greece_n to_o rome_n from_o thence_o into_o ten_o table_n to_o which_o they_o add_v two_o more_o of_o their_o own_o these_o they_o call_v the_o twelve_o table_n be_v the_o ground_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n but_o yet_o two_o year_n after_o these_o law_n be_v bring_v to_o rome_n and_o establish_v there_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o decemviri_fw-la upon_o which_o the_o force_n of_o these_o law_n do_v depend_v cease_v and_o be_v extinguish_v by_o the_o lust_n and_o licentious_a life_n of_o appius_n claudius_n be_v one_o of_o they_o and_o although_o those_o law_n of_o the_o twelve_o table_n continue_v afterward_o as_o ground_n of_o other_o law_n yet_o be_v they_o still_o add_v to_o and_o alter_v as_o the_o roman_a state_n do_v change_v for_o when_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n make_v and_o change_v law_n at_o their_o pleasure_n the_o emperor_n set_v up_o their_o sovereign_n and_o supreme_a authority_n they_o make_v such_o law_n edict_n and_o constitution_n as_o be_v answerable_a to_o their_o own_o end_n the_o succeed_a emperor_n often_o disannul_v what_o his_o predecessor_n have_v ordain_v and_o as_o they_o abrogate_a the_o law_n of_o other_o so_o do_v they_o not_o long_o uphold_v their_o own_o for_o who_o almost_o be_v there_o among_o they_o that_o do_v not_o change_v their_o own_o constitution_n beside_o as_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n rome_n the_o admixture_n of_o divers_a law_n in_o the_o city_n of_o rome_n grow_v great_a they_o be_v force_v to_o alter_v their_o law_n with_o admixture_n of_o their_o decree_n of_o the_o senate_n statute_n of_o the_o commons_o ordinance_n of_o the_o magistrate_n as_o the_o praetorian_a law_n call_v jus_n honorarium_fw-la which_o be_v of_o great_a force_n for_o the_o time_n but_o of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o they_o be_v found_v upon_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o praetor_n and_o do_v often_o end_n with_o their_o year_n thus_o the_o roman_a law_n remain_v in_o much_o uncertainty_n till_o the_o reign_n of_o adrian_n the_o emperor_n who_o with_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n do_v cause_v these_o law_n to_o be_v make_v perpetual_a whence_o grow_v the_o name_n of_o edictum_fw-la infringe_v adrian_n edictum_fw-la perpetuum_fw-la infringe_v perpetuum_fw-la but_o yet_o in_o divers_a succeed_a age_n sundry_a of_o these_o law_n be_v also_o abrogate_a and_o even_o the_o law_n compile_v in_o the_o pandect_n and_o code_o by_o justinian_n commandment_n be_v some_o of_o they_o by_o he_o alter_v and_o many_o take_v away_o in_o a_o latter_a book_n call_v the_o authentic_o all_o which_o be_v allege_v to_o show_v the_o instability_n change_n and_o uncertainty_n of_o the_o roman_a law_n the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v of_o the_o law_n of_o other_o nation_n which_o have_v be_v find_v uncertain_a in_o their_o ground_n and_o unstable_a in_o their_o continuance_n second_o we_o may_v see_v that_o there_o be_v difference_n betwixt_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n and_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o other_o state_n for_o though_o the_o roman_a imperial_a call_v the_o civil_a law_n do_v bear_v much_o sway_n in_o most_o country_n of_o christendom_n and_o have_v place_n in_o law_n all_o country_n have_v some_o particular_a law_n and_o ordinance_n different_a from_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n their_o proceed_n of_o justice_n but_o least_o of_o any_o place_n within_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n yet_o have_v all_o country_n their_o several_a custom_n statute_n and_o particular_a ordinance_n discrepant_a in_o divers_a point_n from_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o roman_a imperial_a civil_a law_n which_o be_v no_o marvel_n since_o in_o the_o digest_v there_o
be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n because_o all_o the_o subject_n of_o this_o kingdom_n must_v live_v under_o they_o and_o may_v challenge_v they_o as_o their_o birthright_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o estate_n right_o and_o liberty_n in_o which_o sense_n also_o the_o general_a law_n of_o any_o kingdom_n or_o commonwealth_n may_v be_v call_v their_o common_a law_n howsoever_o it_o may_v be_v a_o question_n how_o at_o the_o first_o the_o name_n of_o our_o common_a law_n come_v or_o how_o the_o same_o may_v differ_v from_o the_o statute_n law_n or_o from_o any_o other_o law_n allow_v within_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o the_o law_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o england_n be_v the_o most_o proper_a title_n of_o our_o law_n term_n and_o title_n of_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o land_n be_v both_o proper_a to_o our_o law_n and_o do_v include_v all_o our_o law_n as_o well_o the_o statute_n as_o common_a law_n first_o it_o be_v proper_a in_o that_o our_o law_n of_o this_o land_n be_v peculiar_a to_o this_o kingdom_n and_o the_o territory_n thereof_o and_o thereto_o adjacent_a be_v not_o elsewhere_o in_o use_n or_o allow_v now_o for_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n under_o which_o title_n the_o special_a and_o particular_a kind_n of_o our_o law_n of_o england_n may_v ground_n the_o division_n of_o our_o law_n of_o england_n into_o several_a part_n and_o ground_n be_v most_o apt_o comprehend_v sundry_a person_n have_v make_v several_a division_n thereof_o some_o have_v divide_v they_o into_o custom_n which_o be_v like_a to_o the_o civilian_n jus_n privatum_fw-la and_o into_o statute_n law_n other_o into_o common_a law_n custom_n and_o statute_n law_n this_o last_o division_n consist_v of_o three_o england_n another_o division_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n part_n seingerman_n in_o his_o fundamental_a partition_n of_o our_o law_n double_v by_o add_v thereto_o another_o foundation_n and_o division_n of_o our_o law_n which_o be_v the_o law_n of_o god_n the_o law_n of_o reason_n and_o certain_a principle_n or_o maxim_n which_o with_o the_o three_o former_a he_o make_v as_o several_a ground_n of_o our_o law_n of_o england_n they_o which_o stand_v to_o the_o first_o bipartite_a division_n of_o our_o law_n set_v they_o to_o stand_v only_o as_o it_o be_v upon_o two_o leg_n do_v conjoin_v custom_n with_o our_o common_a law_n for_o they_o say_v what_o be_v any_o custom_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n but_o the_o common_a law_n of_o the_o land_n since_o that_o the_o judge_n to_o who_o delegation_n be_v make_v for_o the_o law_n whether_o custom_n allow_v for_o lawful_a be_v ground_n or_o make_v part_n of_o our_o law_n determination_n of_o civil_a cause_n do_v admit_v those_o custom_n to_o be_v plead_v before_o they_o and_o do_v give_v judgement_n for_o the_o same_o yet_o the_o difference_n between_o they_o will_v be_v first_o that_o these_o custom_n do_v not_o equal_o extend_v throughout_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o if_o they_o be_v incorporate_v into_o our_o law_n they_o be_v but_o private_a and_o not_o our_o common_a law_n second_o the_o judge_n do_v ex_fw-la officio_fw-la take_v notice_n of_o the_o one_o but_o not_o without_o a_o special_a plead_n of_o the_o other_o so_o it_o may_v well_o be_v say_v in_o some_o sort_n that_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n or_o for_o lawful_a may_v be_v make_v some_o part_n of_o our_o law_n but_o yet_o i_o can_v hardly_o allow_v they_o the_o honour_n to_o be_v make_v ground_n of_o our_o law_n unless_o they_o be_v first_o reduce_v to_o certainty_n and_o so_o be_v make_v as_o it_o be_v maxim_n so_o be_v general_a receive_v opinion_n by_o custom_n continuance_n and_o approbation_n of_o authority_n and_o judgement_n make_v common_a law_n whereto_o some_o add_v this_o rule_n communis_fw-la error_n facit_fw-la legem_fw-la as_o for_o the_o other_o addition_n of_o st._n germane_a allow_v 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but_o that_o they_o do_v depend_v on_o they_o and_o not_o main_o differ_v from_o they_o may_v be_v well_o and_o true_o justify_v now_o for_o as_o much_o as_o there_o have_v be_v mention_n make_v of_o three_o principal_a part_n of_o our_o municipal_a law_n let_v we_o a_o little_a take_v some_o particular_a and_o several_a view_n of_o they_o what_o they_o be_v they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o common_a law_n the_o statute_n examine_v the_o particular_a part_n of_o our_o law_n examine_v law_n and_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n the_o first_o which_o be_v the_o common_a law_n of_o this_o land_n consist_v partly_o of_o the_o collection_n of_o such_o law_n as_o be_v allow_v by_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n england_n what_o law_n king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n allow_v in_o england_n who_o neither_o whole_o introduce_v his_o norman_a law_n nor_o altogether_o allow_v of_o the_o former_a but_o out_o of_o the_o best_a part_n of_o either_o take_v that_o which_o be_v fit_a for_o the_o time_n and_o present_a government_n the_o former_a law_n which_o he_o allow_v of_o be_v such_o of_o the_o saxon_n and_o danish_a law_n as_o he_o find_v fit_a for_o the_o time_n and_o first_o of_o the_o saxon_n who_o come_v into_o this_o kingdom_n about_o anno_fw-la 449._o who_o king_n ethelbert_n of_o kent_n do_v constitute_v as_o beda_n say_v decreta_fw-la judiciorum_fw-la conqueror_n some_o part_n of_o the_o saxon_a and_o danish_a law_n allow_v by_o the_o conqueror_n cum_fw-la consilio_fw-la sapientum_fw-la quae_fw-la conscripta_fw-la say_v he_o anglorum_fw-la sermone_fw-la hactenus_fw-la habentur_fw-la &_o observantur_fw-la the_o succeed_a saxon_a king_n do_v in_o their_o wintenagemote_n or_o conventus_fw-la sapientum_fw-la which_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o parliament_n make_v diverse_a constitution_n cum_fw-la consilio_fw-la sapientum_fw-la &_o senatorum_fw-la cum_fw-la episcopis_fw-la as_o that_o learned_a and_o industrious_a gentleman_n mr._n lambert_n affirm_v who_o compile_v some_o of_o they_o into_o one_o book_n as_o the_o law_n of_o inas_fw-la alfred_n athelstan_n atheldred_n canutus_n edgar_n edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o other_o out_o of_o which_o the_o conqueror_n take_v such_o as_o he_o think_v convenient_a whereof_o some_o be_v enumerate_v by_o the_o forename_a mr._n lambert_n and_o by_o hoveden_n also_o gervasius_n tilburiensis_n he_o law_n the_o conqueror_n allowance_n of_o the_o former_a law_n say_v of_o the_o conqueror_n decrevit_fw-la subjectum_fw-la sibi_fw-la populum_fw-la viri_fw-la scripto_fw-la legibusque_fw-la subjicere_fw-la propositis_fw-la igitur_fw-la legibus_fw-la anglicanis_fw-la secundum_fw-la tripartitam_fw-la earum_fw-la distinctionem_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la merchenleg_n daneleg_n &_o west_n saxenleg_n quasdam_fw-la reprobavit_fw-la quasdam_fw-la autem_fw-la approbans_fw-la etc._n etc._n england_n the_o first_o part_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n so_o then_o we_o see_v that_o king_n william_n the_o 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matter_n as_o be_v mischievous_a in_o the_o
commonwealth_n the_o punishment_n and_o prevention_n whereof_o be_v defective_a dispunishable_a or_o not_o full_o provide_v for_o by_o the_o common_a law_n the_o first_o of_o which_o statute_n law_n now_o extant_a be_v make_v in_o the_o nine_o year_n extant_a the_o first_o statute_n law_n that_o be_v now_o extant_a of_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o for_o the_o make_n of_o statute_n and_o assemble_v of_o parliament_n in_o which_o they_o be_v ordain_v he_o which_o will_v diligent_o read_v the_o ancient_a story_n of_o malmesburie_n huntingdon_n hoveden_n and_o math._n parisiensis_fw-la especial_o above_o other_o shall_v find_v that_o there_o be_v no_o small_a mistake_n in_o some_o thing_n about_o the_o antiquity_n and_o true_a conceit_n of_o their_o custom_n and_o strength_n there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o partition_n of_o some_o another_o part_n of_o our_o law_n or_o at_o the_o least_o a_o derivative_a out_o of_o the_o same_o that_o be_v the_o custom_n hold_v for_o law_n or_o judge_v lawful_a which_o have_v be_v allow_v of_o ancient_a time_n it_o custom_n law_n another_o part_n of_o our_o law_n as_o some_o hold_v it_o in_o particular_a county_n and_o place_n of_o this_o kingdom_n as_o in_o kent_n they_o have_v many_o and_o especial_o that_o of_o gavelkind_n throughout_o the_o whole_a country_n whereby_o as_o well_o the_o young_a as_o the_o elder_a son_n shall_v equal_o inherit_v which_o they_o reserve_v and_o retain_v by_o offer_v battle_n to_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n the_o custom_n of_o borough_n english_a be_v another_o whereby_o the_o young_a son_n be_v only_o inheritable_a and_o this_o be_v particular_a to_o some_o ancient_a borough_n and_o peculiar_a only_o unto_o they_o there_o be_v likewise_o the_o custom_n of_o gloucester_n honour_n contain_v many_o privilege_n particular_a to_o that_o place_n so_o have_v diverse_a other_o great_a lordship_n manor_n and_o some_o corporation_n their_o particular_a custom_n and_o special_a privilege_n which_o be_v therefore_o proper_o call_v privilege_n quasi_fw-la privatae_fw-la leges_fw-la law_n how_o privilege_n be_v call_v law_n and_o these_o have_v by_o long_a custom_n and_o consent_n have_v continuance_n and_o allowance_n they_o be_v thereby_o make_v lawful_a and_o in_o some_o sort_n style_v and_o reckon_v as_o part_v of_o our_o law_n although_o in_o some_o point_n they_o do_v differ_v from_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n and_o therefore_o the_o civillian_n call_v such_o custom_n jus_o singular_a quod_fw-la contra_fw-la tenorem_fw-la rationis_fw-la propter_fw-la aliquam_fw-la utilitatem_fw-la authoritate_fw-la constituentium_fw-la introductum_fw-la est_fw-la that_o the_o law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o country_n there_o be_v no_o doubt_n as_o there_o be_v no_o country_n but_o have_v some_o constitution_n contrary_a to_o any_o other_o even_o of_o their_o neighbour_n country_n law_n but_o if_o any_o do_v demand_v how_o the_o law_n wherein_o the_o law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n law_n of_o england_n do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n it_o may_v be_v find_v somewhat_o in_o their_o institution_n and_o foundation_n more_o in_o their_o form_n and_o method_n but_o most_o in_o the_o course_n of_o their_o proceed_n and_o execution_n for_o the_o first_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o law_n of_o other_o country_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v ground_v or_o do_v fetch_v their_o rule_n from_o the_o roman_a and_o imperial_a do_v the_o law_n of_o england_n take_v not_o their_o ground_n from_o the_o civil_a roman_a law_n as_o other_o law_n do_v civil_a law_n but_o the_o law_n of_o england_n be_v not_o found_v nor_o do_v any_o way_n depend_v on_o the_o civil_a or_o roman_a imperial_a law_n for_o the_o law_n of_o england_n take_v their_o ground_n from_o the_o consideration_n and_o rule_n of_o reason_n equity_n and_o general_a respect_n weigh_v therewith_o what_o be_v convenient_a or_o inconvenient_a to_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n or_o the_o great_a part_n thereof_o and_o hold_v it_o for_o a_o general_a rule_n to_o be_v safe_a and_o better_a to_o suffer_v a_o mischief_n than_o a_o inconvenience_n the_o second_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o institution_n of_o our_o law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o other_o country_n be_v because_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v not_o make_v do_v the_o prince_n do_v not_o of_o himself_o alone_o make_v the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o the_o emperor_n and_o other_o prince_n have_v do_v by_o the_o prince_n only_o as_o sometime_o the_o law_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o of_o some_o other_o place_n be_v where_o the_o prince_n have_v both_o a_o affirmative_a and_o a_o negative_a power_n in_o ordain_v law_n for_o the_o people_n under_o they_o but_o in_o england_n as_o the_o law_n concern_v penalty_n in_o criminal_a cause_n or_o in_o civil_a can_v be_v enact_v and_o establish_v without_o the_o king_n royal_a approbation_n so_o do_v not_o the_o king_n make_v these_o law_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o parliament_n the_o law_n of_o england_n do_v likewise_o differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o country_n first_o because_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n be_v not_o all_o write_v and_o certain_o set_v down_o but_o do_v rest_n much_o method_n the_o law_n of_o england_n not_o all_o write_v nor_o all_o set_v down_o in_o method_n as_o some_o say_v in_o pectore_fw-la judicis_fw-la and_o also_o it_o do_v differ_v in_o method_n from_o the_o civil_a law_n and_o from_o some_o other_o law_n because_o it_o be_v not_o digest_v into_o method_n by_o title_n chapter_n and_o distinction_n for_o the_o first_o though_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o the_o common_a law_n be_v all_o write_v and_o that_o it_o be_v so_o make_v certain_a if_o that_o may_v be_v possible_a as_o it_o shall_v not_o need_v to_o depend_v upon_o private_a and_o particular_a opinion_n yet_o if_o that_o may_v not_o be_v the_o inconvenience_n be_v not_o altogether_o so_o great_a as_o some_o conceive_v it_o for_o all_o country_n not_o some_o country_n have_v their_o law_n write_v and_o some_o have_v not_o have_v not_o have_v their_o law_n write_v and_o set_v down_o alike_o the_o athenian_n use_v only_o write_v law_n the_o lacedaemonian_n have_v none_o write_v the_o roman_n have_v both_o the_o last_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o other_o law_n but_o especial_o the_o civil_a law_n be_v in_o the_o proceed_n and_o execution_n thereof_o which_o will_v appear_v principal_o in_o these_o three_o part_n first_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o law_n three_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o the_o civil_a law_n summon_v as_o we_o say_v or_o citation_n as_o the_o civilian_n call_v it_o second_o in_o the_o form_n of_o plead_v in_o the_o court_n three_o in_o the_o judgement_n or_o sentence_n to_o which_o may_v be_v annex_v also_o the_o execution_n upon_o the_o same_o for_o the_o manner_n of_o summon_v or_o citation_n by_o that_o which_o be_v ancient_o use_v in_o rome_n a_o man_n may_v of_o himself_o citation_n difference_n in_o summon_v or_o citation_n without_o any_o process_n cite_v his_o adversary_n and_o compel_v he_o by_o force_n to_o come_v into_o the_o court_n whence_o the_o phrase_n of_o in_o jus_fw-la rapere_fw-la in_fw-la jus_fw-la ducere_fw-la and_o such_o like_a be_v use_v by_o plautus_n horace_n and_o other_o author_n this_o be_v not_o in_o ure_n at_o any_o time_n within_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n but_o it_o have_v be_v hold_v better_o and_o always_o fit_a that_o there_o may_v be_v some_o process_n send_v forth_o and_o so_o a_o plain_a more_o peaceable_a and_o lawful_a course_n shall_v be_v take_v as_o if_o the_o king_n who_o be_v the_o head_n and_o fountain_n of_o justice_n or_o the_o judge_n under_o he_o have_v be_v first_o inform_v of_o the_o suit_n the_o like_a course_n be_v afterward_o and_o be_v now_o take_v in_o the_o civil_a law_n for_o a_o citation_n by_o math._n wisenbich_n be_v defime_v to_o be_v actus_fw-la judicialis_fw-la seu_fw-la judicii_fw-la praeparatorius_fw-la quo_fw-la be_v quem_fw-la corà m_fw-la sisti_fw-la opus_fw-la est_fw-la judicis_fw-la mandato_fw-la legitime_fw-la voco_fw-la jur_n be_v experiendi_fw-la causa_fw-la of_o which_o according_a to_o other_o civilian_n he_o in_o he_o paratitle_v make_v three_o part_n 1._o praeceptio_fw-la judicis_fw-la use_v three_o part_n of_o a_o citation_n according_a to_o the_o civil_a law_n now_o use_v 2._o verbalis_fw-la citatio_fw-la nuncii_fw-la 3._o ejusdem_fw-la nuncii_fw-la relatio_fw-la quae_fw-la say_v he_o nisi_fw-la exactis_fw-la appareat_fw-la non_fw-la valet_fw-la citatio_fw-la in_o these_o three_o part_n of_o summon_v or_o citation_n the_o civil_a law_n and_o the_o law_n law_n the_o writ_n of_o summons_n in_o our_o law_n go_v out_o in_o the_o king_n name_n in_o some_o court_n but_o not_o so_o in_o the_o civil_a law_n of_o england_n do_v not_o disagree_v save_v that_o in_o england_n the_o writ_n of_o summon_n in_o many_o
enchiridion_n legum_n a_o discourse_n concern_v the_o beginning_n nature_n difference_n progress_n and_o use_v of_o law_n in_o general_z and_o in_o particular_a of_o the_o common_a &_o municipal_a law_n of_o england_n london_n print_v by_o elizabeth_n flesher_n john_n streater_n and_o henry_n twyford_n assign_v of_o richard_n atkins_n &_o edw._n atkins_n esquire_n and_o be_v to_o be_v sell_v by_o g._n s._n h._n t._n j._n p._n w._n p._n j._n b._n t._n b._n r._n p._n c._n w._n t._n d._n w._n j._n c._n h._n j._n l._n j._n a._n j._n w._n &_o j._n p._n m_o dc_o lxx_o iii_o the_o head_n of_o the_o several_a chapter_n contain_v in_o this_o treatise_n chap._n i._n the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n pag._n 1._o chap._n ii_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o là w_n of_o nature_n of_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n pag._n 16._o chap._n iii_o of_o the_o ground_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o how_o they_o do_v differ_v from_o other_o law_n pag._n 31._o chap._n iu._n a_o answer_n to_o certain_a objection_n usual_o make_v against_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 57_o chap._n v._o of_o the_o book_n write_v of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n whereby_o the_o knowledge_n thereof_o be_v chief_o obtain_v pag._n 83._o chap._n vi_o of_o estate_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 89._o chap._n vii_o of_o assurance_n &_o conveyance_n which_o grow_v out_o of_o these_o estate_n by_o the_o common-law_n pag._n 95._o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o of_o their_o trial_n according_a to_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n pag._n 103._o chap._n ix_o of_o trial_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n pag._n 106._o chap._n x._o of_o some_o thing_n in_o the_o minister_n and_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n conceive_v worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v pag._n 111._o enchiridion_n legum_n chap._n 1._o the_o definition_n etymology_n division_n perfection_n and_o imperfection_n of_o law_n what_o be_v require_v to_o the_o make_n of_o they_o and_o of_o their_o necessity_n mean_v to_o treat_v first_o of_o law_n in_o general_a and_o next_o of_o the_o common_a or_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n i_o conceive_v it_o can_v be_v unprofitable_a for_o a_o introduction_n unto_o this_o intendment_n to_o set_v down_o the_o definition_n of_o a_o law_n whereof_o justinian_n have_v deliver_v three_o derive_v out_o of_o demosthenes_n chrysippus_n and_o papinian_n one_o be_v that_o a_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v that_o whereunto_o man_n ought_v to_o yield_v obedience_n as_o in_o other_o respect_n so_o especial_o in_o this_o because_o it_o be_v a_o invention_n of_o the_o god_n a_o decree_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o correction_n of_o offence_n commit_v either_o witting_o or_o ignorant_o a_o covenant_n of_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n with_o one_o accord_n after_o the_o direction_n whereof_o every_o citizen_n ought_v to_o order_v his_o life_n the_o other_o be_v that_o the_o law_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o sovereign_n of_o all_o thing_n both_o divine_a and_o humane_a that_o be_v a_o commander_n a_o guide_n and_o a_o square_a both_o of_o good_a and_o bad_a enjoin_v that_o which_o be_v fit_a and_o forbid_v the_o contrary_a the_o one_o of_o these_o be_v rather_o a_o description_n than_o a_o definition_n and_o it_o describe_v rather_o the_o natural_a than_o the_o positive_a law_n and_o the_o other_o be_v fit_v rather_o to_o a_o orator_n than_o a_o lawyer_n we_o may_v therefore_o let_v they_o pass_v and_o proceed_v to_o the_o three_o which_o set_v down_o the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o general_a determination_n of_o wise_a man_n a_o comptroller_n of_o fault_n either_o escape_v through_o ignorance_n or_o commit_v upon_o wilfulness_n and_o it_o be_v a_o general_a agreement_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n jason_n observe_v that_o the_o law_n be_v a_o general_a commandment_n in_o three_o respect_n either_o because_o it_o be_v found_v upon_o a_o general_a authority_n or_o because_o it_o belong_v to_o and_o bind_v all_o or_o else_o because_o it_o be_v intend_v general_n for_o the_o profit_n of_o all_o cicero_n define_v the_o law_n to_o be_v a_o certain_a reason_n flow_v from_o the_o divine_a mind_n which_o do_v persuade_v that_o which_o be_v right_a and_o prohibit_v the_o contrary_n and_o plato_n say_v that_o the_o law_n obtain_v a_o name_n like_o to_o the_o name_n of_o the_o mind_n but_o whilst_o the_o law_n be_v define_v by_o the_o divine_a mind_n it_o seem_v as_o one_o say_v to_o be_v define_v by_o that_o which_o be_v more_o remote_a and_o general_a than_o subject_n to_o common_a capacity_n yet_o be_v these_o definition_n in_o some_o sort_n true_a be_v rather_o refer_v to_o the_o eternal_a law_n than_o to_o the_o positive_a and_o humane_a law_n as_o shall_v be_v short_o show_v in_o his_o place_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n for_o that_o these_o as_o the_o former_a be_v as_o be_v say_v before_o rather_o description_n than_o perfect_a definition_n to_o come_v more_o near_o to_o the_o purpose_n it_o may_v be_v say_v that_o humane_a law_n be_v a_o order_n and_o ordinance_n include_v the_o rule_n and_o reason_n of_o govern_v and_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o due_n direct_v to_o the_o end_n of_o public_a good_a determine_v punishment_n to_o the_o transgressor_n and_o reward_n to_o the_o obedient_a therefore_o to_o conclude_v humane_a law_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o the_o ordinance_n and_o agreement_n of_o wise_a man_n conclude_v by_o public_a authority_n for_o the_o peace_n and_o profit_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o people_n live_v together_o in_o society_n it_o be_v say_v for_o the_o great_a part_n because_o no_o humane_a positive_a law_n be_v so_o general_o good_a unto_o all_o but_o that_o it_o be_v hurtful_a unto_o some_o by_o accident_n if_o not_o of_o itself_o if_o any_o do_v desire_n to_o know_v from_o law_n the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n lex_n which_o we_o call_v law_n whence_o this_o word_n lex_n which_o in_o english_a we_o call_v law_n be_v derive_v some_o will_v say_v with_o isidorus_n that_o it_o have_v his_o etymology_n à _fw-la legendo_fw-la because_o after_o the_o law_n be_v write_v it_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v read_v unto_o the_o people_n but_o this_o be_v not_o so_o certain_a in_o that_o the_o read_n of_o the_o law_n by_o way_n of_o promulgation_n be_v but_o accidentary_a and_o no_o essential_a part_n of_o the_o law_n although_o some_o have_v endeavour_v to_o prove_v that_o a_o law_n can_v not_o be_v perfect_o establish_v until_o it_o be_v promulgate_v by_o way_n of_o proclamation_n other_o will_v derive_v the_o word_n lex_n à _fw-la ligando_fw-la for_o as_o much_o as_o divine_v hold_v that_o man_n be_v tie_v in_o foro_fw-la conscientiae_fw-la to_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o law_n as_o well_o as_o they_o be_v bind_v under_o penalty_n to_o observe_v the_o same_o yet_o cicero_n concur_v with_o the_o first_o 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which_o they_o call_v juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la the_o one_o be_v the_o art_n of_o the_o other_o for_o lex_n be_v the_o rule_n and_o measure_n of_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v and_o to_o be_v leave_v undo_v but_o juris_fw-la prudentia_fw-la be_v the_o knowledge_n and_o method_n of_o that_o rule_n as_o justice_n be_v the_o execution_n of_o they_o both_o which_o have_v his_o force_n in_o give_v to_o every_o man_n that_o which_o be_v his_o in_o praemio_fw-la paena_fw-la &_o debito_fw-la so_o then_o in_o the_o first_o sense_n the_o word_n law_n be_v proper_o apply_v but_o in_o the_o second_o it_o be_v somewhat_o large_o extend_v yet_o use_v and_o common_a opinion_n have_v so_o accept_v it_o this_o law_n have_v for_o his_o subject_n and_o object_v the_o rule_n of_o all_o divine_a and_o humane_a thing_n except_o god_n himself_o who_o be_v the_o great_a rule-giver_n and_o lawmaker_n and_o he_o
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36._o of_o edward_n the_o 3._o which_o although_o it_o
upon_o a_o estate-tayle_n and_o to_o destroy_v perpetuity_n which_o no_o other_o conveyance_n do_v as_o a_o fine_a be_v use_v to_o bar_v estranger_n that_o pretend_v right_a of_o possession_n or_o action_n which_o no_o other_o conveyance_n can_v do_v conveyance_n of_o land_n by_o will_n or_o first_o conveyance_n of_o land_n by_o will_n how_o it_o stand_v at_o first_o last_o testament_n in_o ancient_a time_n be_v only_o in_o such_o ancient_a city_n and_o borough_n which_o special_o prescribe_v for_o the_o same_o and_o that_o the_o land_n be_v devisable_v by_o custom_n but_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n within_o this_o realm_n be_v not_o subject_a to_o this_o kind_n of_o conveyance_n unless_o the_o same_o land_n be_v first_o grant_v over_o to_o uses_n or_o in_o trust_n and_o then_o the_o say_a trust_n be_v devisable_v by_o will_n because_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n in_o conscience_n and_o a_o subpoena_n in_o chancery_n be_v the_o only_a remedy_n but_o in_o the_o 27_o year_n of_o 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incorporate_v and_o unite_v but_o yet_o at_o this_o day_n conveyance_n by_o use_n be_v very_o common_a and_o many_o kind_n of_o conveyance_n be_v late_o spring_v up_o out_o of_o this_o statute_n of_o 27_o of_o h._n 8._o as_o bargain_n and_o sales_n for_o money_n but_o this_o must_v be_v enroll_v within_o six_o month_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o 27_o h._n 8._o chap._n viii_o of_o action_n and_o of_o their_o trial_n according_a to_o the_o common-law_n of_o england_n it_o be_v a_o say_n both_o in_o the_o civil-law_n and_o common-law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n that_o action_n whereupon_o the_o trial_n of_o suit_n betwixt_o party_n and_o party_n do_v depend_v be_v of_o three_o sort_n either_o real_a personal_a or_o mix_v the_o sort_n action_n of_o 3_o sort_n first_o concern_v the_o title_n of_o man_n land_n and_o freehold_n the_o second_o of_o their_o good_n and_o chattel_n and_o the_o three_o be_v in_o rem_fw-la &_o personam_fw-la simul_fw-la as_o waste_v quare_fw-la impedit_fw-la ejectione_n 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it_o but_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 32_o of_o h._n 8._o day_n the_o most_o usual_a trial_n of_o action_n real_a at_o this_o day_n no_o descent_n to_o take_v away_o a_o entry_n may_v be_v without_o five_o year_n peaceable_a possession_n and_o therefore_o now_o to_o bring_v such_o title_n to_o trial_n the_o use_n be_v either_o to_o enter_v and_o bring_v a_o action_n of_o trespass_n and_o thereby_o to_o try_v the_o title_n or_o to_o distrein_o some_o cattle_n upon_o the_o ground_n and_o upon_o a_o replevin_n to_o avow_v a_o damage_n fesant_fw-mi that_o by_o affirm_v the_o cattle_n have_v trespass_v his_o ground_n the_o interest_n thereof_o may_v thereby_o be_v try_v but_o the_o common_a course_n be_v to_o seal_v a_o lease_n upon_o the_o land_n and_o so_o to_o try_v it_o by_o a_o action_n of_o ejectione_n firmae_fw-la delay_n few_o real_a action_n now_o use_v be_v full_a of_o delay_n at_o this_o day_n few_o real_a action_n be_v use_v because_o they_o be_v more_o full_a of_o delay_n and_o also_o they_o be_v more_o peremptory_a and_o bind_v against_o the_o party_n for_o a_o former_a recovery_n be_v a_o good_a plea_n but_o in_o these_o personal_a action_n it_o be_v not_o for_o in_o they_o the_o party_n may_v bring_v as_o many_o action_n as_o his_o purse_n will_v maintain_v also_o action_n upon_o the_o case_n for_o common_a action_n upon_o the_o case_n be_v common_a word_n be_v very_o common_a chap._n ix_o of_o trial_n allow_v by_o the_o law_n of_o england_n as_o it_o be_v usual_a among_o man_n to_o commence_v suit_n and_o action_n so_o it_o be_v of_o necessity_n that_o some_o certain_a form_n shall_v be_v prescribe_v by_o which_o those_o variance_n suit_n and_o action_n shall_v be_v bring_v to_o conclusion_n so_o have_v the_o law_n of_o this_o land_n and_o wisdom_n of_o the_o lawmaker_n find_v out_o two_o way_n for_o the_o trial_n of_o suit_n variance_n two_o way_n for_o the_o trial_n of_o suit_n and_o variance_n which_o be_v either_o by_o jury_n upon_o the_o oath_n and_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o freeholders_n or_o else_o by_o battle_n between_o the_o party_n but_o this_o be_v out_o of_o use_n or_o their_o champion_n or_o by_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o defendant_n which_o be_v call_v ley_n gager_n some_o have_v conceited_o say_v that_o trial_n a_o conceit_a opinion_n of_o trial_n the_o trial_n except_o battle_n have_v confisted_a upon_o the_o number_n of_o twelve_o with_o a_o triple_a distinction_n as_o twelve_o judge_n for_o matter_n in_o law_n twelve_o juror_n and_o twelve_o in_o wager_n of_o law_n for_o so_o be_v the_o form_n there_o be_v a_o trial_n also_o by_o the_o certificate_n etc._n trial_n by_o certificate_n of_o the_o bishop_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o bishop_n for_o bastardy_n and_o marriage_n also_o of_o infancy_n by_o inspection_n of_o the_o court_n also_o of_o villanage_n by_o his_o kinsfolk_n also_o death_n of_o the_o husband_n by_o proof_n in_o dower_n but_o these_o especial_o the_o latter_a of_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o in_o use_n though_o allow_v by_o our_o law_n of_o which_o trial_n although_o trial_n by_o use_v trial_n by_o battle_n not_o abolish_v nor_o late_o use_v battle_n be_v ancient_o use_v and_o be_v not_o yet_o abolish_v by_o any_o statute_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o unchristian_a and_o bloody_a proceed_n thereof_o when_o the_o strong_a hand_n and_o heart_n may_v overcome_v the_o best_a right_n and_o loss_n of_o live_v be_v determine_v with_o loss_n of_o life_n it_o be_v therefore_o obsolete_v and_o grow_v out_o of_o use_n such_o trial_n by_o battle_n be_v appoint_v to_o be_v in_o tuttle-field_n in_o the_o 13_o eliz._n where_o the_o champion_n list_n judge_n and_o all_o be_v prepare_v the_o demandant_n be_v nonsuite_n and_o so_o that_o trial_n cease_v and_o another_o be_v appoint_v in_o the_o same_o
their_o successor_n have_v a_o more_o strict_a oath_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o disgrace_n to_o they_o that_o receive_v it_o because_o it_o belong_v unto_o latter_a time_n to_o provide_v for_o that_o which_o former_a age_n have_v leave_v undo_v and_o in_o this_o new_a oath_n no_o judge_n be_v single_v out_o or_o make_v a_o mark_n by_o himself_o which_o if_o he_o be_v it_o may_v indeed_o tend_v much_o to_o his_o disgrace_n as_o a_o great_a argument_n of_o distrust_n in_o he_o but_o whether_o this_o oath_n or_o any_o part_n of_o it_o and_o whether_o the_o latter_a if_o not_o the_o former_a be_v to_o be_v use_v or_o whether_o it_o be_v often_o or_o seldom_o to_o be_v administer_v be_v a_o matter_n which_o i_o submit_v whole_o to_o the_o censure_n of_o such_o as_o be_v most_o judicial_a and_o fit_a in_o the_o high_a seat_n of_o authority_n and_o judgement_n to_o the_o second_o point_n speak_v of_o before_o which_o concern_v the_o over-burthening_a of_o the_o subject_n by_o delay_n and_o by_o 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or_o defective_a plea_n by_o their_o take_n of_o excessive_a fee_n and_o by_o their_o absent_v of_o themselves_o from_o the_o barrs_n and_o place_n appoint_v to_o plead_v for_o their_o client_n after_o that_o they_o have_v take_v fe_n first_o the_o multitude_n of_o councillor_n councillor_n multitude_n of_o councillor_n at_o law_n and_o outer_a barrister_n be_v so_o great_a that_o many_o of_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o maintain_v themselves_o and_o some_o have_v few_o or_o no_o client_n at_o all_o especial_o such_o of_o the_o second_o sort_n as_o be_v name_v to_o be_v insufficient_a who_o if_o any_o suitor_n at_o law_n come_v unto_o they_o for_o counsel_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o acquaintance_n kindred_n or_o other_o private_a respect_n they_o many_o time_n send_v they_o away_o unsatisfied_a or_o if_o they_o rely_v on_o such_o weak_a councillor_n sometime_o their_o good_a cause_n for_o want_n of_o sound_a counsel_n be_v overthrow_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n and_o 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in_o rome_n that_o no_o lawyer_n shall_v practice_v without_o his_o royal_a assent_n and_o approbation_n first_o have_v if_o the_o king_n majesty_n do_v take_v this_o course_n with_o our_o common_a lawyer_n or_o else_o assign_v some_o other_o of_o great_a authority_n and_o judgement_n in_o the_o law_n to_o take_v good_a notice_n and_o assurance_n of_o their_o sufficiency_n before_o they_o shall_v be_v admit_v to_o practice_v there_o will_v not_o be_v such_o a_o deluge_n of_o insufficient_a councillor_n at_o law_n within_o this_o kingdom_n by_o who_o ignorance_n and_o want_n of_o knowledge_n many_o man_n inheritance_n and_o estate_n be_v overthrow_v for_o their_o perilous_a advice_n of_o delay_n client_n the_o ill_a advice_n of_o councillor_n give_v to_o their_o client_n and_o of_o other_o evasion_n to_o procure_v gain_n unto_o themselves_o and_o less_o unto_o other_o it_o be_v sure_a that_o there_o be_v divers_a councillor_n at_o law_n who_o study_v nothing_o more_o than_o as_o it_o may_v be_v true_o term_v the_o gall_n of_o the_o law_n how_o to_o seek_v evasion_n and_o to_o defeat_v the_o true_a meaning_n of_o the_o law_n and_o aswell_o to_o draw_v some_o into_o danger_n of_o the_o law_n and_o to_o overthrow_v the_o right_n of_o other_o by_o their_o own_o incircumspection_n by_o their_o adversary_n cunning_a and_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o such_o wicked_a councillor_n against_o who_o there_o shall_v be_v some_o sharp_a law_n make_v for_o their_o punishment_n or_o if_o not_o so_o yet_o it_o shall_v seem_v requisite_a that_o every_o councillor_n at_o the_o law_n shall_v law_n a_o oath_n necessary_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o councillor_n at_o law_n when_o he_o be_v call_v to_o the_o bar_n take_v some_o special_a oath_n for_o his_o upright_a deal_n in_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o client_n to_o proceed_v according_a to_o equity_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v not_o lead_v they_o into_o any_o by_o path_n of_o indirect_a and_o un-conscionable_a evasion_n contrary_a to_o the_o true_a meaning_n and_o upright_a course_n of_o law_n and_o of_o a_o good_a conscience_n by_o this_o mean_n if_o they_o who_o take_v this_o oath_n have_v any_o good_a conscience_n in_o they_o the_o expense_n of_o much_o money_n in_o law_n may_v be_v save_v and_o honest_a peaceable_a man_n keep_v from_o the_o trouble_n of_o quarrelsome_a and_o unquiet_a neighbour_n in_o causeless_o suit_n another_o abuse_n there_o be_v offer_v by_o take_v the_o excessive_a fee_n that_o councillor_n take_v the_o councillor_n at_o law_n in_o the_o take_n of_o excessive_a fee_n which_o late_a custom_n their_o extreme_a covetousness_n and_o the_o necessity_n of_o man_n estate_n in_o their_o suit_n have_v introduce_v for_o of_o late_a year_n and_o in_o the_o memory_n of_o many_o man_n yet_o live_v xx_o s._n be_v a_o good_a fee_n for_o a_o great_a councillor_n not_o only_o to_o move_v but_o to_o plead_v at_o the_o bar_n and_o if_o a_o sergeant_n at_o law_n have_v x_o s._n for_o to_o argue_v a_o case_n he_o think_v himself_o well_o reward_v but_o now_o what_o councillor_n of_o account_n and_o of_o good_a practice_n be_v there_o that_o will_v think_v xl_o s._n a_o sufficient_a recompense_n if_o he_o do_v argue_v any_o man_n case_n at_o the_o bar_n nay_o that_o sergeant_n at_o law_n who_o have_v but_o five_o l._n give_v for_o such_o a_o purpose_n will_v go_v thither_o with_o a_o ill-will_n or_o else_o not_o come_v at_o all_o beside_o how_o often_o cause_n many_o fee_n every_o term_n for_o one_o cause_n they_o must_v be_v feed_v in_o one_o case_n even_o in_o one_o term_n although_o of_o the_o poor_a client_n they_o have_v if_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o come_v often_o unto_o they_o common_a experience_n and_o many_o poor_a man_n purse_n can_v too_o well_o tell_v therefore_o when_o it_o please_v the_o king_n majesty_n at_o his_o first_o come_v to_o this_o
being_n liberum_fw-la agens_fw-la be_v subject_a to_o no_o law_n but_o his_o own_o will_n be_v the_o perfect_a law_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v the_o fountain_n from_o whence_o all_o law_n be_v derive_v to_o all_o thing_n in_o heaven_n and_o in_o earth_n law_n have_v a_o threefold_a respect_n and_o be_v divide_v according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o thing_n to_o which_o this_o great_a lawgiver_n do_v dispense_v law_n they_o be_v of_o three_o kind_n to_o wit_n the_o natural_a sensible_a and_o reasonable_a agent_n to_o the_o first_o be_v refer_v the_o element_n and_o all_o compound_a thing_n without_o life_n they_o be_v guide_v by_o that_o law_n which_o be_v impose_v on_o they_o at_o the_o begin_n and_o they_o do_v never_o break_v it_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o sensible_a agent_n be_v all_o live_a beast_n which_o be_v guide_v not_o with_o so_o forcible_a a_o law_n of_o necessity_n as_o the_o first_o for_o they_o be_v not_o ordain_v to_o keep_v their_o certain_a and_o settle_a station_n but_o they_o do_v follow_v their_o own_o kind_n and_o appetite_n wherein_o yet_o they_o do_v not_o transgress_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o three_o kind_n of_o agent_n call_v reasonable_a be_v man_n and_o angel_n and_o they_o at_o first_o be_v create_v with_o a_o possibility_n of_o perform_v or_o not_o perform_v the_o law_n impose_v on_o they_o according_a to_o these_o three_o forename_a law_n a_o threefold_a law_n subject_n of_o law_n there_o be_v a_o threefold_a law_n as_o some_o say_v give_v unto_o they_o that_o be_v the_o divine_a natural_a and_o humane_a the_o first_o deliver_v by_o god_n and_o write_v by_o the_o direction_n of_o his_o holy_a spirit_n in_o the_o old_a and_o new_a testament_n the_o second_o stamp_v and_o as_o it_o be_v engrave_v by_o he_o in_o man_n heart_n the_o three_o derive_v out_o of_o the_o two_o first_o and_o devise_v for_o government_n and_o society_n among_o man_n some_o other_o do_v divide_v law_n into_o four_o part_n that_o be_v the_o law_n of_o providence_n or_o the_o eternal_a law_n of_o god_n which_o be_v his_o wisdom_n by_o which_o from_o eternity_n he_o that_o be_v call_v antiquus_fw-la dierum_fw-la have_v preordained_n all_o thing_n before_o their_o beginning_n whereof_o st._n paul_n speak_v when_o he_o say_v that_o deus_fw-la voeat_fw-la ea_fw-la quae_fw-la non_fw-la sunt_fw-la tanquam_fw-la ea_fw-la quae_fw-la sunt_fw-la the_o second_o be_v the_o divine_a law_n which_o god_n have_v give_v in_o his_o old_a and_o new_a testament_n to_o conduct_v man_n unto_o their_o supernatural_a end_n for_o his_o glory_n and_o service_n and_o for_o their_o own_o final_a salvation_n of_o this_o jeremiah_n speak_v by_o the_o spirit_n and_o as_o in_o the_o person_n of_o god_n dabo_fw-la legem_fw-la meam_fw-la in_fw-la visceribus_fw-la eorum_fw-la scribam_fw-la eam_fw-la of_o the_o three_o which_o be_v the_o natural_a law_n the_o apostle_n paul_n make_v mention_v gentes_fw-la quae_fw-la legem_fw-la non_fw-la habent_fw-la 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make_v for_o private_a profit_n but_o for_o public_a utility_n other_o require_v few_o yet_o as_o
be_v deliver_v as_o from_o papinian_n some_o distinction_n betwixt_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n and_o the_o praetorian_a law_n make_v in_o the_o same_o city_n for_o it_o be_v say_v there_o that_o the_o civil_a law_n do_v consist_v of_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o people_n the_o ordinance_n of_o the_o senate_n and_o decree_n of_o the_o prince_n with_o the_o authority_n of_o wise_a man_n but_o the_o praetorian_a law_n be_v those_o which_o the_o praetor_n do_v introduce_v to_o supply_v to_o help_v or_o to_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n so_o be_v there_o allege_a in_o the_o same_o digest_v out_o of_o paulus_n another_o division_n of_o law_n the_o first_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o second_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n the_o first_o be_v free_v from_o injustice_n the_o second_o be_v deem_v profitable_a to_o all_o or_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n and_o there_o be_v add_v jus_fw-la law_n the_o praetorian_a law_n differ_v from_o and_o correct_v the_o civil_a law_n 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burgoigne_n the_o six_o at_o roven_n for_o normandy_n the_o seven_o at_o aix_n for_o provence_n the_o eight_o for_o bretaign_n institute_v by_o henry_n the_o second_o anno_fw-la 1553._o they_o have_v also_o municipal_a and_o particular_a spain_n the_o municipal_a law_n of_o spain_n civil_a law_n ordain_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o spain_n as_o those_o set_v down_o by_o alphonsus_n the_o 9th_o and_o the_o like_a for_o that_o and_o other_o country_n be_v extant_a and_o in_o use_n the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n have_v as_o different_a the_o municipal_a law_n of_o scotland_n and_o of_o england_n not_o altogether_o different_a this_o realm_n of_o england_n several_a and_o particular_a municipal_a law_n differ_v from_o the_o roman_a civil_a law_n as_o for_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n they_o be_v not_o so_o far_o different_a from_o the_o law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n of_o england_n as_o divers_a do_v conceive_v and_o that_o the_o law_n of_o scotland_n be_v not_o altogether_o unlike_a these_o 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do_v differ_v as_o in_o name_n so_o in_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n consideration_n and_o condition_n from_o the_o law_n of_o other_o kingdom_n and_o commonweal_n first_o for_o the_o name_n they_o receive_v a_o common_a appellation_n of_o the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n a_o name_n scarce_o give_v to_o the_o law_n of_o any_o other_o nation_n england_n why_o our_o law_n be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n of_o england_n therefore_o whence_o it_o receive_v this_o denomination_n of_o the_o common_a law_n may_v breed_v some_o question_n some_o say_v that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o common_a law_n to_o distinguish_v it_o from_o the_o law_n of_o particular_a custom_n or_o of_o custom_n allow_v for_o lawful_a within_o this_o realm_n but_o this_o be_v not_o certain_a nor_o scarce_o probable_a as_o shall_v be_v show_v anon_o when_o it_o shall_v be_v demonstrate_v that_o these_o custom_n allow_v for_o law_n be_v rather_o make_v part_n than_o distinguish_v from_o the_o common_a law_n some_o 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to_o go_v a_o near_a way_n than_o be_v to_o be_v find_v be_v as_o the_o proverb_n be_v but_o the_o next_o way_n about_o for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o last_o judge_v case_n be_v most_o in_o force_n and_o the_o former_a many_o time_n abrogate_a or_o alter_v yet_o the_o old_a case_n give_v ground_n of_o law_n unto_o the_o new_a and_o by_o peruse_v both_o the_o difference_n of_o reason_n which_o make_v the_o one_o firm_a and_o the_o other_o to_o fail_v be_v best_a discern_v so_o that_o sure_o there_o be_v no_o humane_a law_n no_o study_n require_v more_o the_o read_n of_o old_a and_o new_a author_n than_o do_v our_o law_n science_n which_o require_v more_o the_o revolution_n of_o old_a and_o new_a the_o conference_n of_o precedent_n and_o subsequent_a matter_n and_o in_o conclusion_n that_o exact_v more_o the_o study_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o that_o science_n than_o do_v the_o entire_a study_n of_o the_o whole_a volume_n of_o our_o law_n to_o make_v a_o man_n to_o 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general_a be_v as_o ancient_a as_o our_o common-law_n and_o perchance_o before_o the_o use_n of_o our_o common-law_n as_o they_o be_v now_o in_o ure_n for_o from_o the_o begin_n there_o be_v give_v and_o grant_v of_o land_n though_o not_o altogether_o in_o that_o exact_a and_o express_a form_n which_o late_a time_n have_v require_v because_o at_o the_o first_o if_o one_o man_n have_v give_v land_n to_o another_o for_o ever_o this_o have_v be_v hold_v a_o sufficient_a grant_n to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n but_o now_o the_o law_n have_v so_o expound_v and_o distinguish_v that_o if_o the_o word_n heir_n be_n not_o in_o the_o grant_n it_o be_v no_o fee-simple_n but_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n the_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n donditional_a be_v likewise_o for_o the_o general_a practice_n thereof_o introduce_v upon_o late_a consideration_n of_o which_o at_o the_o first_o there_o be_v no_o recovery_n leave_v in_o the_o giver_n nor_o remainder_n can_v be_v limit_v over_o but_o after_o issue_n have_v which_o be_v the_o condition_n annex_v the_o donee_n or_o he_o to_o who_o the_o gift_n be_v make_v have_v power_n to_o alien_n the_o whole_a land_n and_o estate_n but_o afterward_o this_o estate_n in_o fee-simple_n conditional_a be_v in_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o king_n edw._n the_o first_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v a_o estate_n in_o tail_n in_o the_o donee_n and_o a_o reversion_n in_o the_o donor_n or_o giver_n and_o then_o the_o donee_n may_v not_o by_o any_o act_n bar_v his_o issue_n neither_o by_o forfeiture_n of_o offence_n as_o treason_n nor_o by_o conveyance_n though_o never_o so_o strong_a as_o fine_a etc._n etc._n thus_o we_o see_v how_o the_o great_a and_o most_o beneficial_a estate_n of_o fee-simple_n which_o the_o common-law_n do_v admit_v have_v receive_v his_o degree_n his_o limitation_n and_o alteration_n according_a as_o time_n increase_v of_o knowledge_n in_o the_o law_n and_o of_o conveyance_n and_o assurance_n among_o man_n have_v think_v it_o 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testimonio_fw-la potentum_fw-la omni_fw-la alienatione_fw-la &_o interdixisse_fw-la illum_fw-la qui_fw-la prius_fw-la concessit_fw-la talemque_fw-la ei_fw-la imposuisse_fw-la legem_fw-la cum_fw-la primo_fw-la dederit_fw-la out_o of_o which_o may_v be_v note_v both_o the_o fee-simple_n absolute_a and_o conditional_a be_v then_o allow_v and_o in_o use_n and_o also_o time_n fee-simple_n conditional_a also_o know_v in_o the_o saxon_n time_n a_o man_n may_v see_v that_o in_o ancient_a time_n how_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o a_o gift_n to_o a_o man_n for_o ever_o be_v all_o one_o for_o when_o erle_n godwine_n come_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o canterbury_n to_o get_v the_o manor_n of_o boseham_n in_o sussex_n he_o first_o jest_o say_v to_o he_o as_o mr._n camden_n say_v out_o of_o mapaeus_n dam_fw-la mihi_fw-la boseham_n the_o bishop_n as_o it_o shall_v seem_v scarce_o know_v his_o meaning_n answer_v he_o do_v tibi_fw-la boseham_n whereupon_o without_o any_o more_o livery_n the_o earl_n take_v and_o have_v possession_n thereof_o to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n by_o which_o also_o we_o may_v see_v two_o thing_n that_o the_o word_n heir_n be_v not_o then_o of_o absolute_a necessity_n in_o a_o grant_n to_o create_v a_o fee-simple_n and_o that_o then_o such_o strict_a word_n and_o form_n of_o conveyance_n be_v not_o require_v as_o of_o late_a time_n to_o pass_v estate_n of_o land_n there_o be_v other_o estate_n of_o inferior_a degree_n and_o dignity_n allow_v by_o the_o common-law_n whereof_o some_o be_v account_v inheritance_n and_o freehold_a other_o but_o uncertain_a and_o not_o for_o a_o prefix_a season_n or_o term_v of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v a_o estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n estate_n for_o life_n twofold_n and_o that_o twofold_a either_o create_v by_o the_o party_n as_o by_o lease_n etc._n etc._n or_o else_o create_v by_o the_o law_n as_o tenant_n by_o the_o curtefie_v of_o england_n by_o have_v issue_n of_o a_o wife_n inheritrix_n or_o
else_o a_o estate_n in_o dower_n limit_v to_o a_o wife_n in_o marriage_n and_o this_o reckon_v freehold_n for_o that_o it_o be_v a_o estate_n for_o life_n a_o estate_n for_o year_n by_o grant_n of_o the_o grant_n estate_n for_o year_n by_o grant_n party_n be_v when_o by_o lease_n either_o in_o writing_n or_o word_n call_v a_o lease_n parol_n or_o by_o will_n such_o a_o estate_n be_v grant_v a_o estate_n for_o year_n by_o law_n be_v divers_a law_n estate_n for_o year_n by_o the_o law_n as_o that_o which_o the_o lord_n or_o guardian_n have_v till_o his_o ward_n be_v of_o full_a age_n the_o like_a by_o elegit_fw-la ground_v upon_o a_o statute_n ed._n 1._o upon_o a_o recovery_n of_o debt_n trespass_n or_o acknowledgement_n of_o debt_n in_o the_o chancery_n or_o before_o a_o judge_n the_o like_a estate_n for_o year_n by_o law_n be_v by_o the_o statute_n merchant_n or_o staple_n by_o acknowledge_v a_o debt_n before_o the_o major_a of_o the_o staple_n of_o ancient_a city_n and_o some_o special_a merchandize_v to_n the_o two_o last_o estate_n for_o year_n create_v by_o the_o law_n be_v ordain_v for_o the_o better_a recovery_n and_o assurance_n of_o due_a debt_n but_o whether_o they_o or_o that_o of_o a_o guardian_n be_v estate_n for_o life_n by_o law_n some_o make_v question_n there_o be_v two_o other_o estate_n whereof_o so_o tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n first_o reckon_v tenant_n at_o will_n but_o now_o not_o so_o the_o holder_n be_v call_v tenan_n at_o will_n but_o of_o they_o although_o they_o be_v so_o term_v the_o first_o be_v now_o allow_v for_o a_o more_o ample_a estate_n by_o use_n and_o continuance_n that_o be_v to_o say_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n first_o call_v tenant_n in_o vilainage_n but_o now_o according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o manor_n these_o tenant_n be_v not_o to_o be_v alter_v but_o may_v renew_v their_o estate_n by_o common_a course_n the_o other_o which_o be_v the_o last_o the_o of_o tenant_n at_o will_n the_o mean_a estate_n the_o law_n allow_v of_o least_o and_o mean_a estate_n that_o the_o law_n allow_v be_v call_v tenant_n at_o will_n who_o have_v no_o long_a term_n than_o stand_v with_o the_o will_n and_o pleasure_n of_o the_o landlord_n chap._n vii_o of_o assurance_n and_o conveyance_n which_o grow_v out_o of_o these_o estate_n by_o the_o common-law_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o estate_n and_o interest_n of_o man_n can_v pass_v from_o one_o unto_o another_o but_o by_o descent_n or_o by_o conveyance_n it_o be_v not_o amiss_o to_o manifest_v the_o general_a course_n of_o assurance_n which_o be_v usual_a and_o admit_v by_o the_o common-law_n of_o this_o realm_n these_o estate_n have_v for_o the_o most_o part_n their_o passage_n by_o feoffment_n by_o deed_n by_o fine_a and_o release_n by_o common-recovery_n by_o will_n and_o by_o use_v feoffment_n be_v by_o livery_n and_o seisin_n feoffment_n feoffment_n that_o be_v by_o delivery_n of_o possession_n upon_o the_o land_n by_o take_v of_o turf_n and_o twig_n but_o in_o ancient_a time_n as_o bracton_n lib._n 2._o time_n how_o it_o be_v execute_v in_o ancient_a time_n show_v when_o there_o be_v no_o house_n on_o the_o land_n it_o be_v heretofore_o per_fw-la fustim_fw-la &_o per_fw-la baculum_fw-la and_o this_o livery_n by_o bracton_n be_v call_v vestimentum_fw-la donationis_fw-la thereby_o put_v the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o estate_n be_v grant_v in_o possession_n or_o some_o other_o to_o his_o use_n by_o letter_n of_o attorney_n and_o though_o this_o be_v of_o the_o possession_n only_o yet_o without_o livery_n and_o seisin_n no_o feoffment_n can_v receive_v life_n or_o force_n a_o feoffment_n be_v proper_a to_o a_o estate_n least_o a_o feoffment_n proper_a to_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n at_o the_o least_o for_o life_n at_o the_o least_o and_o so_o upward_o or_o else_o by_o grant_n of_o the_o reversion_n and_o attornament_n of_o the_o particular_a tenant_n which_o must_v be_v by_o deed_n because_o the_o possession_n pass_v not_o by_o delivery_n only_o this_o conveyance_n be_v ancient_a and_o most_o of_o force_n be_v notorious_a of_o which_o the_o country_n may_v take_v notice_n and_o be_v much_o use_v at_o this_o day_n exchange_n of_o land_n whereby_o one_o land_n exchange_n of_o land_n parcel_n of_o land_n be_v exchange_v for_o a_o other_o of_o equal_a estate_n heretofore_o much_o use_v but_o not_o now_o grant_n by_o deed_n write_v in_o paper_n concessi_fw-la grant_n by_o deed_n with_o dedi_fw-la &_o concessi_fw-la or_o parchment_n seal_v and_o deliver_v with_o these_o word_n dedi_fw-la &_o concessi_fw-la etc._n etc._n have_v be_v ancient_a and_o most_o usual_a so_o be_v it_o yet_o use_v but_o not_o so_o frequent_a especial_o in_o estate_n of_o any_o value_n a_o other_o assurance_n there_o be_v by_o fine_a which_o also_o be_v ancient_a at_o the_o first_o it_o be_v the_o agreement_n of_o party_n upon_o arbitrement_n or_o otherwise_o after_o a_o controversy_n arisen_a when_o a_o action_n be_v bring_v and_o hang_v for_o so_o be_v the_o ancient_a law_n after_o h._n 3._o his_o time_n for_o before_o and_o then_o fines_n be_v receive_v of_o many_o such_o thing_n and_o in_o such_o sort_n as_o will_v not_o be_v now_o admit_v so_o be_v it_o set_v down_o betwixt_o they_o in_o these_o word_n haec_fw-la est_fw-la finalis_fw-la concordia_fw-la that_o be_v that_o this_o be_v the_o final_a agreement_n betwixt_o such_o and_o such_o person_n therefore_o as_o some_o say_v it_o be_v call_v finis_fw-la quia_fw-la finem_fw-la imponit_fw-la litibus_fw-la because_o it_o make_v a_o end_n of_o strife_n this_o conveyance_n be_v most_o ancient_a as_o some_o hold_v it_o before_o the_o conquest_n but_o now_o use_v in_o the_o king_n court_n of_o common_a plea_n and_o principal_o in_o some_o court_n of_o record_n to_o make_v the_o assurance_n more_o forcible_a and_o certain_a the_o same_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o statute_n fine_n strengthen_v by_o statute_n 18_o year_n of_o edw._n 1._o be_v strengthen_v and_o by_o the_o same_o statute_n every_o person_n of_o full_a age_n of_o sound_a mind_n out_o of_o prison_n and_o within_o the_o realm_n be_v bind_v and_o conclude_v by_o a_o fine_a if_o they_o do_v not_o make_v claim_n within_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n after_o the_o fine_a levy_v but_o this_o statute_n be_v think_v too_o penal_a and_o prejudicial_a to_o man_n right_n be_v repel_v by_o another_o statute_n in_o the_o four_o and_o thirty_o year_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o and_o then_o man_n be_v at_o liberty_n as_o before_o to_o make_v their_o claim_n at_o any_o time_n but_o afterward_o this_o statute_n of_o 34_o repeal_v former_a statute_n concern_v fines_n repeal_v edw._n 3._o be_v also_o repeal_v by_o a_o statute_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o king_n h._n 7._o and_o also_o by_o a_o statute_n in_o the_o 32_o h._n 8._o fine_n be_v make_v so_o strong_a that_o after_o the_o fine_a ingross_v and_o proclamation_n make_v all_o person_n after_o 5_o year_n non-claim_a be_v bind_v unless_o they_o be_v under_o age_n lunatic_a in_o prison_n or_o out_o of_o the_o land_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o fine_a levy_v and_o by_o this_o statute_n of_o 32_o h._n 8._o tenant_n in_o tail_n may_v bar_v his_o issue_n which_o before_o he_o can_v not_o by_o reason_n the_o statute_n of_o 13_o edwardi_fw-la 1._o provide_v he_o shall_v not_o bind_v he_o by_o any_o act_n another_o conveyance_n there_o be_v now_o conveyance_n common-recoverie_n a_o undoer_n of_o former_a conveyance_n much_o in_o use_n yet_o not_o very_o ancient_a which_o may_v be_v call_v a_o pick-lock_n or_o a_o undoer_n of_o former_a assurance_n this_o be_v call_v a_o common-recovery_n and_o be_v never_o use_v till_o about_o the_o 12_o year_n of_o ed._n the_o 4._o it_o be_v not_o warrant_v by_o any_o statute_n but_o a_o invention_n first_o ground_v upon_o a_o mere_a conceit_n now_o hold_v the_o strong_a conveyance_n the_o invention_n be_v that_o the_o issue_n common-recovery_n the_o fraudulent_a invention_n of_o common-recovery_n in_o tail_n or_o he_o in_o the_o reversion_n or_o remainder_n upon_o a_o tail_n shall_v be_v bar_v of_o his_o right_n and_o estate_n by_o a_o recovery_n against_o the_o tenant_n in_o tail_n wherein_o tenant_n in_o tail_n upon_o a_o suppose_a warranty_n do_v vouch_v a_o estranger_fw-fr because_o the_o issue_n or_o he_o in_o the_o reversion_n by_o this_o voucher_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v a_o recompense_n in_o satisfaction_n of_o his_o estate_n which_o be_v not_o so_o indeed_o this_o be_v then_o but_o a_o mere_a collusion_n and_o indeed_o the_o most_o injurious_a conveyance_n that_o the_o law_n do_v allow_v of_o to_o cut_v off_o man_n title_n and_o possibility_n without_o their_o privity_n or_o satisfaction_n this_o conveyance_n be_v use_v only_o to_o cut_v off_o the_o reversion_n or_o remainder_n depend_v
place_n about_o the_o 8_o of_o king_n charles_n 1._o but_o it_o be_v take_v up_o and_o so_o end_v this_o trial_n be_v both_o in_o civil_a and_o criminal_a pleas._n in_o civil_a plea_n it_o be_v only_o in_o a_o writ_n of_o right_n by_o champion_n in_o criminal_a plea_n it_o be_v in_o a_o appeal_n of_o death_n by_o the_o party_n battle_n be_v also_o term_v a_o trial_n in_o writ_n a_o trial_n term_v battle_n but_o by_o writ_n a_o writ_n of_o right_a of_o advouson_n and_o rationabilibus_fw-la divisis_fw-la and_o other_o writ_n which_o concern_v the_o right_n only_a as_o fitz-herbert_a witness_v and_o also_o in_o civil_a cause_n the_o defendant_n may_v sometime_o wage_v battle_n himself_o as_o glanvil_n say_v lib._n 2._o cap_n 3._o trial_n by_o oath_n be_v as_o heretofore_o oath_n trial_n by_o oath_n use_v by_o wager_n of_o law_n upon_o contract_n without_o speciality_n in_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n this_o trial_n about_o edw._n 3._o and_o edw._n 2._o time_n be_v use_v in_o action_n which_o begin_v ex_fw-la maleficio_fw-la as_o in_o contract_n ex_fw-la stipulatione_fw-la for_o in_o trespass_n it_o have_v be_v use_v as_o divers_a authority_n be_v in_o the_o year-book_n but_o yet_o of_o late_a by_o reason_n man_n conscience_n be_v find_v to_o be_v large_a and_o foul_a whereby_o the_o oath_n of_o a_o perjure_a person_n for_o his_o own_o profit_n may_v much_o prejudice_v a_o honest_a man_n the_o trial_n by_o oath_n be_v prevent_v trial_n by_o oath_n be_v much_o prevent_v much_o prevent_v by_o turn_v the_o former_o use_v action_n of_o debt_n into_o a_o action_n upon_o the_o case_n wherein_o no_o wager_n of_o law_n lie_v the_o most_o common_a and_o proper_a force_n trial_n by_o jury_n most_o frequent_a and_o in_o force_n trial_n of_o suit_n in_o this_o kingdom_n heretofore_o and_o now_o in_o force_n be_v by_o jury_n that_o be_v by_o oath_n and_o verdict_n of_o twelve_o freeholder_n both_o in_o action_n real_n for_o land_n and_o action_n personal_n for_o contract_n and_o trespass_n in_o this_o trial_n the_o jury_n be_v not_o tie_v only_o to_o the_o evidence_n of_o two_o man_n or_o of_o more_o witness_n but_o may_v find_v veritatem_fw-la facti_fw-la upon_o circumstance_n or_o by_o witness_n or_o sometime_o especial_o for_o want_v of_o manifest_a or_o probable_a evidence_n upon_o their_o own_o knowledge_n and_o in_o case_n doubtful_a concern_v point_n of_o law_n the_o judge_n be_v to_o deliver_v veritatem_fw-la juris_fw-la if_o the_o jury_n err_v in_o their_o verdict_n err_v attaint_v of_o a_o jury_n err_v a_o attaint_n lie_v against_o they_o wherein_o the_o matter_n must_v be_v try_v by_o 24_o sufficient_a and_o substantial_a juror_n and_o that_o to_o be_v final_a if_o it_o be_v find_v by_o they_o that_o the_o former_a jury_n have_v give_v a_o false_a verdict_n and_o be_v forswear_v the_o party_n wrong_v be_v to_o be_v restore_v to_o his_o right_n and_o the_o first_o jury_n grievous_o punish_v by_o the_o common-law_n which_o punishment_n be_v mitigate_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o 23_o h._n 8._o if_o upon_o any_o action_n or_o suit_n commence_v reform_v error_n of_o judgement_n how_o reform_v the_o judge_n do_v err_v in_o judgement_n in_o any_o court_n of_o record_n or_o that_o the_o same_o be_v suppose_v a_o writ_n of_o error_n lie_v before_o other_o judge_n superior_n if_o in_o the_o exchequer_n it_o lie_v in_o the_o exchequer_n chamber_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o 31_o e._n 3_o cap._n 12._o if_o in_o the_o common-plea_n or_o chancery_n in_o latin_a proceed_n it_o lie_v in_o the_o kings-bench_n if_o in_o the_o kings-bench_n heretofore_o it_o lay_v only_o in_o parliament_n but_o now_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 27_o eliz._n in_o the_o exchequer-chamber_n before_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o common-plea_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o exchequer_n chap._n x._o of_o some_o thing_n in_o the_o minister_n and_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n conceive_v worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v because_o there_o be_v divers_a who_o do_v complain_v much_o against_o our_o law_n whereof_o i_o may_v be_v bold_a to_o say_v that_o many_o if_o not_o the_o most_o part_n do_v not_o right_o distinguish_v betwixt_o the_o use_n and_o the_o abuse_n of_o our_o law_n some_o the_o use_n and_o abuse_v of_o our_o law_n not_o well_o distinguish_v by_o some_o or_o betwixt_o the_o law_n themselves_o and_o the_o ill_a practice_n and_o proceed_n of_o some_o corrupt_a person_n in_o the_o handle_n and_o trial_n of_o they_o and_o for_o that_o i_o have_v former_o make_v some_o apology_n for_o our_o law_n in_o answer_n of_o these_o accusation_n i_o hold_v it_o as_o fit_v in_o plain_a and_o sincere_a deal_n to_o deliver_v what_o defect_n or_o other_o indirect_a proceed_n i_o do_v conceive_v there_o be_v practise_v in_o the_o trial_n of_o suit_n tend_v to_o the_o delay_n overburden_v and_o delude_v of_o the_o subject_n in_o their_o suit_n or_o to_o the_o defraud_v of_o the_o law_n itself_o intention_n the_o author_n intention_n in_o the_o withdraw_a or_o decline_v of_o it_o from_o its_o natural_a pure_a and_o upright_a course_n which_o i_o shall_v set_v down_o by_o way_n of_o supposition_n only_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v conceive_v rather_o than_o of_o any_o peremptory_a position_n and_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n have_v i_o speak_v all_o the_o rest_n always_o submit_v the_o same_o unto_o deep_a judgement_n of_o they_o that_o be_v learn_v in_o our_o law_n the_o defect_n whereof_o i_o speak_v before_o law_n defect_n of_o 2_o sort_n that_o be_v in_o trial_n &_o proceed_n of_o the_o law_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n defect_n in_o trial_n and_o defect_n in_o the_o proceed_n of_o our_o law_n the_o first_o whereof_o as_o i_o conceive_v proceed_v special_o from_o two_o cause_n want_v of_o understanding_n or_o indifferency_n in_o juror_n who_o try_v want_v of_o integrity_n in_o judge_n who_o direct_a juror_n much_o in_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o have_v the_o whole_a power_n in_o decide_v point_n of_o law_n touch_v the_o former_a whereby_o in_o juror_n want_v of_o understanding_n in_o juror_n course_n the_o verdict_n of_o juries_n the_o right_n inheritance_n &_o whole_a estate_n of_o most_o of_o the_o subject_n within_o the_o kingdom_n be_v either_o try_v or_o subject_a to_o be_v try_v and_o yet_o in_o many_o place_n the_o juror_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v find_v to_o be_v simple_a of_o mean_a capacity_n and_o of_o as_o small_a substance_n in_o estate_n for_o either_o no_o better_o be_v empanel_v or_o if_o better_o be_v they_o of_o best_a ability_n and_o judgement_n do_v absent_a themselves_o presume_v that_o either_o by_o some_o excuse_n make_v for_o they_o or_o by_o some_o other_o mean_n they_o may_v be_v dispense_v withal_o or_o if_o this_o serve_v not_o the_o worst_a be_v but_o to_o pay_v some_o small_a fine_a so_o usual_o the_o service_n be_v impose_v on_o they_o that_o be_v least_o able_a to_o discharge_v it_o sometime_o to_o the_o no_o small_a prejudice_n of_o man_n right_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v wish_v that_o either_o by_o some_o far_a law_n or_o at_o the_o least_o by_o better_a execution_n of_o the_o former_a law_n sheriff_n juries_n sheriff_n to_o be_v compel_v to_o impannell_n able_a man_n in_o juries_n be_v compel_v to_o impannell_n in_o juries_n none_o but_o man_n able_a for_o judgement_n and_o substance_n and_o that_o such_o be_v impanel_v a_o more_o strict_a permit_v no_o dispensation_n with_o jury_n man_n to_o be_v permit_v course_n be_v take_v by_o the_o justice_n for_o their_o better_a appearance_n and_o attendance_n without_o any_o kind_n of_o dispensation_n or_o connivance_n care_n have_v be_v take_v to_o remedy_v this_o by_o the_o statute_n make_v 16_o and_o 17_o car._n 2._o 3._o also_o another_o abuse_n there_o be_v concern_v the_o impannel_a of_o juror_n worthy_a of_o reformation_n which_o be_v that_o the_o juror_n of_o the_o principal_a panel_n seldom_o appear_v full_a it_o be_v find_v a_o usual_a practice_n for_o the_o plaintiff_n to_o request_v freeholders_n his_o friend_n to_o jury_n freeholders_n desire_a to_o stand_v in_o view_n that_o they_o may_v be_v return_v of_o the_o jury_n stand_v ready_a within_o view_n of_o the_o court_n to_o be_v put_v into_o the_o tale_n therefore_o to_o avoid_v this_o mischief_n it_o be_v necessary_a to_o have_v a_o special_a oath_n always_o administer_v unto_o the_o juror_n thus_o add_v that_o they_o be_v not_o request_v by_o either_o party_n or_o labour_v by_o any_o for_o they_o it_o shall_v seem_v that_o the_o like_a oath_n be_v needful_a to_o be_v give_v unto_o the_o sheriff_n or_o some_o severe_a penalty_n appoint_v against_o the_o impannel_a of_o juror_n at_o the_o nomination_n of_o the_o party_n or_o their_o friend_n whereby_o many_o man_n have_v receive_v great_a hurt_n and_o prejudice_n also_o it_o oath_n the_o sheriff_n and_o the_o jury_n to_o have_v
there_o that_o bring_v a_o ticket_n under_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o councillor_n and_o officer_n to_o who_o the_o same_o be_v pay_v this_o be_v a_o abuse_n worthy_a to_o be_v reform_v and_o this_o statute_n very_o necessary_a to_o be_v execute_v in_o the_o 33_o year_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o 6._o a_o law_n be_v make_v that_o there_o shall_v be_v but_o six_o common_a attorney_n in_o norfolk_n six_o in_o suffolk_n and_o two_o in_o norwich_n if_o then_o the_o country_n be_v pester_v with_o attorney_n and_o that_o a_o law_n must_v be_v make_v to_o ascertain_v the_o attorney_n a_o law_n already_o make_v necessary_a to_o be_v execute_v for_o the_o admission_n of_o attorney_n number_n which_o likewise_o shall_v be_v elect_v and_o admit_v by_o the_o two_o chief_a justice_n how_o much_o more_o needful_a be_v it_o now_o to_o have_v the_o like_a law_n of_o restraint_n for_o all_o the_o county_n of_o this_o kingdom_n when_o we_o see_v how_o even_o in_o those_o shire_n than_o thus_o provide_v 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do_v alter_v upon_o new_a motion_n out_o of_o court_n as_o in_o the_o chequer_n chamber_n or_o in_o other_o place_n the_o order_n court._n alteration_n of_o order_n out_o of_o the_o court._n make_v in_o court_n and_o that_o which_o be_v public_o order_v by_o all_o the_o baron_n in_o open_a court_n be_v often_o reverse_v by_o one_o of_o the_o baron_n when_o either_o the_o plaintiff_n or_o defendant_n bring_v his_o counsel_n and_o upon_o some_o new_a information_n get_v the_o former_a order_n to_o be_v dissolve_v which_o tend_v much_o to_o the_o trouble_v charge_v and_o delay_v of_o many_o suitor_n in_o the_o king_n bench_n and_o somewhere_o else_o as_o it_o be_v say_v write_v out_o of_o record_n must_v be_v twice_o or_o thrice_o unnecessary_o copy_v as_o upon_o a_o prohibition_n out_o unnecessary_a copy_n to_o be_v take_v out_o a_o copy_n of_o the_o suggestion_n then_o after_o declaration_n a_o new_a copy_n after_o issue_n or_o demurrer_n a_o three_o copy_n whereas_o each_o of_o they_o sometime_o cost_v three_o four_o or_o five_o pound_n and_o yet_o with_o a_o little_a alteration_n it_o be_v think_v that_o one_o may_v serve_v for_o all_o the_o incertainty_n and_o intricate_a ambiguity_n plead_n incertainty_n and_o intricacy_n of_o plead_n of_o plead_n in_o the_o court_n of_o record_n bring_v much_o damage_n and_o danger_n unto_o the_o subject_n of_o this_o kingdom_n wherein_o many_o man_n wish_v well_o unto_o our_o law_n have_v exceed_o desire_v that_o either_o some_o certain_a form_n of_o these_o plead_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o be_v perform_v may_v be_v draw_v by_o expert_a man_n and_o the_o same_o consider_v and_o correct_v by_o the_o judge_n may_v stand_v for_o good_a and_o those_o form_n to_o be_v allow_v as_o in_o rome_n at_o the_o first_o the_o form_n of_o action_n be_v give_v to_o the_o actor_n of_o the_o law_n by_o the_o praetor_n or_o if_o this_o may_v not_o be_v perform_v penal_a advantage_n of_o plead_n not_o to_o be_v so_o penal_a yet_o that_o 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effectual_a quality_n in_o law_n that_o be_v to_o contain_v honesty_n justice_n possibility_n conveniency_n for_o the_o end_n of_o humane_a law_n be_v that_o by_o the_o dread_n of_o their_o punishment_n innocency_n may_v be_v safe_a in_o the_o midst_n of_o wicked_a man_n there_o be_v also_o certain_a hability_n requisite_a lawmaker_n certain_a hability_n necessary_a for_o lawmaker_n in_o those_o who_o be_v lawmaker_n among_o which_o the_o schoolman_n do_v chief_o esteem_v these_o three_o part_n or_o potential_a faculty_n of_o prudence_n ebulia_n synesis_n providentia_fw-la the_o first_o be_v the_o faculty_n of_o counsel_v and_o advise_v aright_o the_o second_o be_v the_o habit_n of_o judge_v sound_o not_o so_o much_o the_o case_n of_o law_n already_o make_v as_o the_o consideration_n of_o law_n to_o be_v make_v the_o last_o which_o be_v providence_n be_v a_o foresight_n of_o future_a event_n this_o have_v two_o part_n circumspection_n and_o caution_n the_o one_o be_v the_o 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the_o naturalist_n or_o moralist_n do_v not_o persuade_v the_o politician_n and_o lawmaker_n do_v enforce_v the_o moralist_n do_v indeed_o prescribe_v general_a rule_n and_o precept_n what_o ought_v to_o be_v do_v but_o do_v not_o show_v so_o particular_o how_o it_o shall_v be_v do_v the_o rule_n of_o good_a and_o evil_n prescribe_v by_o nature_n and_o set_v down_o by_o the_o moralist_n be_v by_o they_o both_o enjoin_v to_o be_v practise_v by_o and_o to_o ourselves_o but_o by_o the_o politician_n and_o lawgiver_n those_o general_a rule_n be_v apply_v and_o accommodate_v to_o the_o particular_a law_n of_o each_o nation_n to_o be_v fashion_v not_o only_o for_o ourselves_o but_o for_o other_o therefore_o it_o be_v apt_o say_v vbi_fw-la ethicus_fw-la desinit_fw-la ibi_fw-la incipit_fw-la jurisperitus_fw-la as_o in_o nature_n vbi_fw-la physicus_fw-la definit_a incipit_fw-la medice_fw-la though_o these_o positive_a and_o politic_a law_n the_o necessity_n and_o utility_n of_o law_n law_n of_o man_n can_v attain_v to_o absolute_a perfection_n yet_o that_o they_o be_v of_o evident_a utility_n and_o urgent_a necessity_n i_o suppose_v no_o man_n doubt_v for_o both_o nature_n and_o necessity_n the_o two_o raiser_n of_o science_n and_o invention_n have_v as_o it_o be_v conspire_v to_o direct_v and_o require_v the_o use_n of_o these_o humane_a law_n because_o as_o it_o be_v natural_a unto_o man_n to_o desire_v and_o to_o like_v that_o which_o be_v other_o and_o yet_o to_o dislike_v and_o abhor_v other_o man_n from_o whence_o come_v question_n controversy_n quarrel_n opposition_n and_o defence_n so_o out_o of_o these_o do_v arise_v a_o inevitable_a necessity_n to_o lay_v certain_a limit_n which_o be_v law_n and_o civil_a constitution_n by_o which_o these_o inordinate_a desire_n and_o design_n of_o man_n be_v full_a of_o disturbance_n shall_v be_v bound_v and_o without_o which_o as_o the_o appetite_n and_o affection_n of_o man_n be_v restless_a and_o of_o themselves_o unrestrained_a so_o except_o they_o be_v confine_v and_o restrain_v by_o positive_a law_n the_o lawless_a will_n of_o man_n will_v make_v society_n uncomfortable_a and_o unsafe_a chap._n ii_o the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n of_o nation_n the_o civil_a and_o municipal_a law_n have_v say_v somewhat_o of_o the_o definition_n and_o nature_n of_o law_n especial_o of_o the_o eternal_a divine_a and_o natural_a law_n it_o now_o follow_v that_o we_o shall_v descend_v to_o discover_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o humane_a law_n of_o several_a sort_n these_o by_o some_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o branch_n from_o whence_o it_o be_v suppose_v that_o all_o other_o particular_a positive_a law_n do_v spring_n and_o grow_v the_o first_o be_v the_o law_n natural_a whereof_o there_o have_v be_v a_o little_a speak_v before_o this_o be_v define_v to_o be_v that_o which_o nature_n have_v teach_v all_o live_a creature_n the_o second_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v receive_v among_o all_o country_n and_o people_n the_o last_o be_v the_o civil_a law_n which_o every_o free_a commonwealth_n ordain_v for_o itself_o caius_z a_o civil_a lawyer_n divide_v part_n a_o division_n of_o law_n into_o two_o part_n these_o law_n but_o in_o two_o part_n that_o be_v the_o natural_a and_o civil_a law_n for_o some_o think_v that_o whatsoever_o law_n be_v natural_a the_o same_o be_v also_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n and_o so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n interchangeable_o the_o reason_n be_v thus_o what_o else_o be_v the_o law_n of_o nation_n division_n a_o question_n concern_v the_o former_a division_n but_o that_o which_o natural_a reason_n have_v teach_v and_o persuade_v all_o man_n to_o be_v equal_o good_a for_o all_o so_o that_o it_o be_v call_v national_a or_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n because_o all_o country_n have_v receive_v it_o natural_a because_o it_o have_v its_o beginning_n from_o natural_a reason_n for_o the_o decide_n of_o which_o doubt_n twofold_a the_o law_n of_o nature_n twofold_a it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n be_v twofold_a primary_n and_o secondary_a the_o one_o be_v that_o which_o nature_n or_o rather_o the_o god_n of_o nature_n teach_v all_o live_a creature_n the_o other_o that_o which_o nature_n teach_v men._n the_o first_o call_v the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n whereby_o it_o be_v common_a to_o all_o live_a creature_n by_o the_o instinct_n of_o nature_n to_o procreate_v and_o to_o seek_v the_o preservation_n of_o their_o own_o kind_n to_o avoid_v that_o which_o they_o find_v to_o present_a death_n and_o danger_n to_o repeal_v force_n with_o force_n to_o seek_v thing_n needful_a for_o sustenance_n and_o the_o like_a this_o in_o a_o general_a sense_n be_v call_v jus_fw-la primaevum_fw-la or_o the_o primary_n law_n of_o nature_n and_o this_o do_v differ_v from_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v a_o law_n proper_a only_a unto_o man_n and_o not_o to_o other_o creature_n but_o the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n or_o of_o god_n for_o both_o be_v one_o and_o the_o same_o contain_v and_o comprehend_v the_o precept_n of_o honesty_n which_o god_n and_o nature_n have_v infuse_v into_o man_n heart_n at_o his_o creation_n give_v only_o unto_o mankind_n and_o unto_o he_o from_o his_o beginning_n as_o to_o yield_v religious_a reverence_n to_o the_o supreme_a and_o divine_a power_n to_o exhibit_v love_n and_o duty_n towards_o our_o parent_n and_o the_o like_a this_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n do_v answer_n and_o concur_v with_o some_o part_n of_o the_o law_n of_o nation_n which_o likewise_o as_o the_o former_a be_v twofold_a that_o be_v to_o twofold_a the_o law_n of_o nation_n twofold_a say_v primary_n and_o secondary_a the_o primary_n law_n of_o nation_n be_v that_o which_o natural_a reason_n have_v insign_v all_o nation_n as_o have_v be_v express_v in_o the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n therefore_o some_o have_v term_v the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n the_o ancient_a law_n of_o nation_n but_o there_o be_v a_o secondary_a law_n of_o nation_n which_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o primary_n or_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n this_o come_v not_o by_o nature_n but_o by_o a_o judgement_n gather_v out_o of_o experience_n and_o discourse_n thereby_o collect_v what_o be_v commodious_a for_o common_a society_n and_o equal_o behooveful_a to_o all_o nation_n and_o this_o be_v not_o ingraff_v in_o nature_n at_o first_o but_o get_v and_o gather_v by_o use_n and_o necessity_n which_o make_v thereof_o a_o law_n as_o to_o punish_v offender_n and_o wrong-doer_n which_o be_v the_o first_o head_n of_o the_o secondary_a law_n of_o nature_n yet_o not_o a_o rule_n or_o law_n beget_v or_o breed_v by_o nature_n but_o when_o the_o perverse_a nature_n of_o man_n can_v not_o contain_v itself_o in_o temperancy_n then_o wrong_v offer_v public_a necessity_n require_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v punish_v who_o will_v hurt_v other_o and_o trouble_v the_o