Nâ—ture The scituation of our Country is such that for the convenience of all kind of Marts the World hath not the like and being seated between the North and South so that it is fixed as it weâ—e by Art and Nature the fittest Staple for both Northern and Southern Commodities Secondly our Ports and Harbours are fairer and safer having good Anchoring and more in number throughout the three Kingdoms than any Country in Christendom can boast of And then thirdly which exceedeth we have valuable Commodities as to the quantity and quality of them such as are the inriching of all those that trade with them So that if we are not our own Enemies and will be but a little industrious one quarter of that will serve and be enough in England which is but necessary and scarce sufficient in Holland adding thereto providence for the imploying our own Shipping and not any Forreigners we shall within few years have the greatest power at Sea and make our selves Master of all Trades and the Hollanders a Servant to that Wealth and Power of which at present he is the sole Mâ—ster But for the quicker advancement of so great and noble a Work there is necessary to be a Protection and Favour of his Majesty to all manner of Trades so that they be not carried on by Strangers and acted by them as at present it is in and about the City of London there being thousands of them up and down the Suburbs French and Dutch and others who live as it were upon the ruines of the poor free-born Citizens vending any unmerchandable Ware and at lower Rates than any other honest Tradesman can And this I humbly conceive is the reason why Trading hath been so bad and dead in this great City for these late years But the prudence of his Majesty is such and under his prosperous Reign all things so readily begin to run in their old Channel that we doubt not but in a little time Trading and Merchandize will do so too and not be any longer the burden of the Land for the lack of it but of the Sea in bringing it hither After men comes money and without this sure Foundation we shall never be able to make any Superstructure to stand There must be a Stock of Shipping Money and Commodities for Commodies in Traffick will bring in more Mony and Mony commands all Commodities and to attempt this without both or at leâ—st one of these two is like a Soldier going to Battel without his Offensive and Defensive Weapons with the one we offend all our Enemies the Engrossers of our Trade and with the other we defend our selves against their most powerful assaults In antient times Merchants and Tradesmen were very carefull to provide and lay up a Stock of Money for the building of Ships and buying of Commodities to Trade with But in these latter years as within 40 or 50 years they have disbursed much mony in purchasing Land and building stately Houses minding pleasure more than profit and have neglected Trade to the undoing of many of them and that great cause of the decaying of Trade Therefore to preserve and uphold Trade I humbly offer unto his Majesties consideration and His Honorable Council that all Merchants and Tradesmen within the Three Kingdoms may be restrained from purchasing Land above the yearly value in rent of pounds This being effected and the Fishing-Trade carried on will within few years make the greatest Bank of Mony and the greatest Trade in the Three Kingdoms to be equal if not greater than any Trade or Bank of Mony in the World For hereby great and vast Sums of Mony which are now consumed in continual Purchases will be expended only in and about Trade and Traffick in general and the best security for this Mony will be a settled Bank which all will of necessity use Having not read any of those Books which are in Print concerning the Fishing-â—rade but referring to several Books that I heard of and not knowing the number of Busses allotted or appointed to be bought or built neither how they shall be dissposed of as to their Ports or Harbours therefore I make bold to offer my judgement That a certain number of Busses be bought or built as also Dogger-boats the number of Busses to consist of 1000 or 1500 or thereabouts for that some years 15000 may as soon catch their Lading as 500 and therefore more considerable as to the charges of the three Kingdoms for a small number of Busses will not do the work The Dogger-boats which Fish only for Ling and Cod would consist of 400 or thereabouts These Busses and Dogger-boats being fitted for Sea to proceed in their Fishing that then they be sent or appointed to several Ports or Harbours of the Three Kingdoms that lie most convenient for the Fishing And that the Counties or Shires that these Ports do belong to be enjoyned to keep the same number of Busses and Boats perpetually well rigged and furnished to Sea for the Fishing as was delivered to them And if by reason that those Counties which have the most and best Harbours and that lie most convenient for the Fishing-Trade will bear the greatest burden by reason the greatest number of Busses will be sent to these Ports Then thirdly I humbly offer that the Undertakers of the said Counties have allowance out of the main Stock or Bank of Mony proportionable to their Charges And I do further humbly offer unto consideration that there be a Corporation made of all the Adventurers for the Fishing-Trade and that Merchants and Tradesmen be admitted into this Corporation And that this Corporation be armed with large Priviledges and ample Immunities for the Transportation of the said Fish I might also have told you of the Pilchard-Fishing and for Ling and Cod on the West and North-West of England and that great Pilchard-Fishing and Fishing for Cod on the West Coast of Ireland frequented by those of Biscay Galicia and Portugal but they are so well known that I forbear to mention them The Islands that belong to Scotland and lye on the North North-West and West of Scotland which are useful for the Fishing-Trade are in number 94. And whereas it is credibly reported that above 220 Fisher-Towns are decayed and reduced to extreme poverty for want of Favour Succour and Protection On the contrary by diligent endeavouring to make use of so great a blessing as is offered unto us by the Seas we might in a short time repair those decayed Towns and add both Honour Strength and Riches to our King and Country The Premises being taken into serious consideration it maketh much to the ignominy and shame of our Nation that God and Nature offering us so great a Treasure even at our own doors we do notwithstanding neglect the benefit thereof By the foregoing discourse of Planting and Fishing my great design will easily appear to all to have been chiefly the advancing of Trade for the improvement of which
or nearest distance of ground between the plants is only proper for the setting and sowing seed for Transplanting other Lands or plots of ground which must be performed by drawing the middle or inmost plants leaving the remainder thinner or at a greater distance And this work would be done at 2 or 3 years growth at the farthest before the Roots touch or are too much intangled The next distance in planting is three foot or one yard then have you in this Acre of ground containing 160 pearch 4840 square yards and the same number of seeds or plants must be provided as there are yards which if Acorns come to in measure three pecks 40 Acorns but thâ—s distance is too near by one foot however we shall improve the ground to best advantage thus suppose there be planted 4800 Ashen Keyes or plants and 40 Acorns or Oaken plants the Oaken plants to be planted at 33 â—oot distance and that they all grow and thrive The Ashe may be cut at ten years growth and sold for Hopâ—poles worth 10 or 12 shillings the hundred to be delivered in the Wood or place where they were cut then there will be 4800 poles which is 48 hundred and at 10 shillings the hundred they come to 24 pounds but if sould for 12 shillings the hundred it amounteth unto 28 pounds sixteen shillings which is a sufficient allowance for one Acre of Land before only worth 20 shillings yearly Rent and will sufficiently defray all the charges in fencing and planting The Oakes are to grow for Timber-trees which within a hundred years will pay double the Purchase of the Land The next or second growth of these Ashen stocks may be cut at 9 years and if they all thrive the Sap will put forth four or five shoots out of every stock and from each stock may be chosen two Hop-poles then there will be 9600 Poles in the Acre of ground besides the Offal Wood the Poles being sould at the lowest price aforesaid amount unto 48 pounds but if sould for 12 shillings the hundred then they will amount to 57 pounds 12 shillings A third felling or cutting of this Ashen-Wood may be at eight years end and then the shoots wâ—ll be so increased that you may cut three or four Poles from every stem or stock we shall reckon of the least number which is three then have you from the 4800 Ashen Plants 14400 Poles which cometh unto at 10 shillings the hundred 72 pounds but at twelve shillings the hundred 86 pounds eight shillings besides that which is made of the Offal Wood. This is a gallant improvement if there were vent for many Acres of Land to be thus Planted Now by the next time of felling or cutting the Oaken plants will be grown to handsome Trees But it is to be observed that as the Oakes grow in greatness they will hinder the thriving and growing of the Ash which is now become under-Wood and the Rootes of the Ashe wâ—nding and twisting about the Roots of the Oakes will much hinder their growth and this is the evil of Planting at two near a distance A third distance in Planting Timber-trees is one Perch at this distance there may be made use of the Ground that lies between either for Corn or Grass And if you intend to sow Corne after the Land is Plowed Sowed and Harrowed you may set the Seed or Plants for Trees thus At the distance before mentioned plant four Seed or Plants four foot distance from each other in a square then either about the square-piece of ground or about every seed or plant you must set up several sticks that the Mower or Reaper at the time of harvest do not cut off break or bruise the young Plants also that the plants may be weeded and the ground kept plain about them Now if you will not sow the ground but keep it for Hay then there must be digged at the distance aforesaid a Plot of ground four foot square and in that Plot set or plant four seed or Plants as aforesaid at each corner one you may let all these plants grow nine or ten yeares and about that time you may thus dispose of them at your pleasure first leave one of the best growing Plants in each Plot to be a Timber-tree then cut down the other three and preserve the stocks for under-wood as before mentioned or grub them up that the Timber-trees may the better thrive or if you approve not of their so long growing together you may draw or pull up three of the four plants at three years growth and plant them in other grounds At this distance and way of planting there will be planted in one Acre of ground 640 plants Now all these plants that you appoint for Hop-poles must be such as are most capable to produce those poles for Oake Elme and Beech are not of use for poles the reasons shall be given when we speak of planting Coppice or Groves for under-wood Now of these 640 plants we will suppose 600 of them to be Ash and 40 Oakes these Oakes to be planted at 33 foot distance and to grow for Timber-trees at 9 or 10 years growth the Ashes may be cut down then have you 600 poles worth 12 shillings the hundred and comes to 3 pounds 12 shillings but at fourteen shillings the hundred is four pounds four shillings The stocks of these Ashes will live longer and thrive better also produce larger and more poles then if planted at the last distance mentioned because they have more ground to feed them and the hindrance by touch of the Root will not be much prejudice for many years by which meanes at the second season for cutting you may have 1200 good Hop-poles worth in the Wood or place of cutting fourteen shillings the hundred which do come to 8 pounds 8 shillings but at the next or third season of cutting the said Ashen stocks may produce 3600 which being sold for 14 shillings the hundred amounts to 25 pounds 4 shillings Now although the profit of this Acre by Poles doth not amount unto so much as the last planted at three foot distance yet it is made up another way First we have in this last Acre the benefit of the ground for Corn and Grass Secondly the Trees and Under-wood will thrive better and grow greater in a shorter time than the other more might be said but this at present may suffice And if you do not esteem of or like the way of planting for Hop-poles or Under-wood thus amongst the Timber-trees but would have the benefit of the ground only for Corn and Grass then you cannot plant at a nearer distance than two Perch which is 11 yards and because all grounds have not depth of earth alike for the crust in some places will be 15 or 16 inches deep and in other places of the same ground but 5 or 6 inches and yet good earth a greater depth Therefore my advice in planting all Grounds at any great
Hoops and Fagots amounts to 90104 pounds 17 shillings Now if we should proceed to another season of felling the increase would overcharge the Markets and bring the Prices for smart hoops down to so low a rate that there will be greater vent and more profit in converting the wood into Firing also by that time the Stocks will begin to decline or decay they being planted at too near a distance But omitting that we shall go on to consider of some other waies to improve the thousand Acres of Land to be planted as aforesaid III. Dist. The next or third Distance therefore formerly mentioned is at 4 foot 6 inches which is the one fourth part of Pearch This is the nearest Distance I would advize to plant Under-woods for the more liberty the roots have to extend themselves the greater nourishment they receive from the earth which doth not only add many years to their time of living but also much expediate and increase their growth whereby they will be enabled to produce a more plentiful Crop for quantity goodness and greatness at the time of cutting then if planted at a nearer distance And because the Oak is of a slower growth than the Chesnut Ash or Withey and is not useful for Hop-poles nor any sort of Hoops but those called smart hoops we shall therefore instead thereof plant the Withey and leave out the Oak This Plot of Land then will take up or require there being but one single seed or plant planted at the distance aforesaid of the Chesnut 854401 seed or plants Of the Ash 854400 seed or plants and of the Withey 854400 plants for this kind of wood is not planted by seed The Total of seed or plants to be set or planted amounts to 2563201. Now it is to be supposed as was said before that all these Plants grow and thrive and then about 11 or 12 years after their planting they may all be felled or cut down And in felling you must be carefull to cut off the Rod or Pole sloping smooth and close leaving the Stem or Body of the Plant about 3 inches above the earth and not more according to former directions Out of the Chesnut may be chosen 600000 Hop-poles of which allowing 5 score to the hundred arise 6000 hundred worth in the place where they are felled if they grow within 4 or 5 miles from any great quantity of ground where there are many hops planted 14 shillings the hundred and amount to 4200 pounds from the Ash and Withey may also be chosen 954000 Poles which arise to 9540 hundred worth where they are felled 12 shillings the hundred and amount to 5724 pound The totall summ for Hop-poles amounts to 9924 pound From the Remainder of the Chesnut which are 254401 Stocks may be chosen 63600 Rods for bark or ryne hoops of the size from 10 to 13 foot long they will make 127200 hoops and counting six score to the hundred arise to 1060 hundred worth to be delivered at London 15 shillings the hundred and amount to 795 pound There may likewise be chosen from the Chesnut 190801 Rods of the size from 6 to 10 foot which will make 381602 hoops worth at the place aforesaid 10 shillings the hundred there being 3180 hundred and 2 Hoops amount to 1590 pound 4 pence The totall summ for both sizes of Chesnut hoops amounts to 2385 pound 4 pence From the Ash and Withey may also be chosen 24800 Rods of the size from 10 to 13 foot which will make 49600 bark hoops which arise by tale to 413 hundred and 40 hoops worth 10 shillings the hundred they amount to 206 pound 13 shillings 4 pence From the Ash and Withy may also be chosen 730000 Rods of the shorter size from 6 to 10 foot they will make 1460000 hoops that is 12166 hundred and 80 hoops and being worth 8 shillings the hundred amount to 4866 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The total summ for Ash and Withey bark hoops-amounts to 5073 pound 6 shillings 8 pence The total summ for all the sorts and sizes of bark hoops amounts to 7458 pound 7 shillings The Shredding and Offal of Hop-poles and Hoops with the rest of the Stuff cut down will make 67280 shred Fagots and allowing five score to the hundred there will be of them 672 hundred and 80 Fagots worth in the Wood 8 shillings the hundred and amount to 269 pound 2 shillings 4 pence 3 farthings Now at this Distance the Land may be sowed with Corn between the Plants for the tearm of 3 or 4 years and not rest but you must be careful that after the 3 or 4 years Crops received the Land be made good again by laying on it great store of Soil or Dung for if you weaken the heart of the Land by often plowing or delving the Plants cannot thrive or grow to raise any profit Also by making the ground poor you will indanger the life of the Plants and thereby lose all your charges It is my opinion that Corn sowed among or between the Plants the first three or four years after planting will much help the thriving and growth of them so that neither Corn or Grass grow nearer the Plants than one foot for if you take a good and early Seed season the Corn will be grown to a great head or height before the coldest of Winter and by that means keep the ground mellow warm and moist and in the Summer will shelter and shade the young tender shoots which the Plants will put forth from the scorching Sun Now the most proper seed for the ground considering the season of the year when the Timber seeds are to be set or sowed is Wheat and because Woodland measure makes a large Acre which contains 920 square yards of Land more than the Statute Acre or Land measure therefore we cannot allow less than 3 Bushels of Wheat to be sowed on every Acre yet because at this Distance the Plants will take up a great part of the Land we shall therefore allow but 2 Bushels to an Acre which comes to 2000 Bushels the encrease thereof may arise to 20000 Bushels yearly during such time the Land is sowed as before mentioned And for that the price of Wheat is very uncertain differing more or less almost every Market day we shall therefore value it to be worth one year with another 5 shillings the Bushel which amounts for the 20000 Bushels to 5000 pound From the yearly Crop of Wheat there will arise 1000 Load of Straw worth 5 shillings the Load and 16000 Bushels of Chaff or Hulls worth 3 pence the Bushel heap and thrust the total summ for Straw and Hulls amounts to 450 pound The totall summ of the whole Improvement at this first felling and three years Crops of Wheat amounts to 34001 pound 9 shillings 4 pence 3 farthings About the same time or tearm of years the last stuff was allowed to grow this Wood may be cut again and every Stock then will yield you 3
of greater grown Timber than these Woods will afford at so few years But we shall have occasion to speak of them hereafter and therefore forbear further mentioning of them in this place There remaineth to be felled or cut down besides or more then those used about hoops 32621613 Shoots or young Trees Out of them may be chosen from each Stock 12 single Billets or so many as contain 12 notches for according to the Statute every Billet should be 3 foot long and 7 inches and a half in compass and if the stick be great to bear 2 notches the compass must be 10 inches and if 3 notches then the compass must be 14 inches and so increasing as the Billets are in greatness The number of Billets chosen is 30758412 there goeth to one Load of these 500 notches or single Billets then there will be 61516 Load three quarters and 37 single Billets worth in the Wood or place of felling ten shilling the Load which amounts to 30758 pound 8 shillings and 1 penny 3 farthings There may also be made from each Stock 6 Ostra Fagots which would be 3 foot long and in compass 24 inches they ought to be round and not flat for so they are much less though all one compass Of these Fagots there will be 15379206 and counting five score to the hundred they arise to 153792 hundred and 6 Fagots worth in the place where they are made 5 shillings the hundred in the whole 38448 pound 3 pence half penny From the remainder of Shoots and the offal of the Hoops and Billets may be made 2000000 of shread Fagots 4 foot long worth 8 shillings the hundred there being 20000 hundred amounts to 8000 pound from the Offal of the shread Fagots and the other Brush stuff may be made 225400 Bavins or Brush Fagots worth 6 shillings the hundred and there being 2254 hundred of them their summ amounts to 676 pound 4 shillings The total Improvement at this fifth season of felling amounts to 126992 pound 10 shillings 2 pence farthing At all the after Fellings the growth of this Wood will be every time greater and the Shoots more in number than the last for these Stocks will grow and thrive above an hundred years Now at the next or seventh season of felling the Product of this Wood being converted to the best advantage may return or be worth 200000 pound Let no man think this to be strange for when Seed or Plants are planted at such a distance as the roots may have room and liberty to spread and enlarge themselves and that the Shoots or young growth have Air and Sun also all incumbrances removed and taken away such Underwoods or Woodland shall be of more worth by the Acre than 12 Acres of ordinary Copices Groves or Vnder-woods therefore I have not set too high a rate on the Stuff or worth of Wood prized as aforesaid neither counted the utmost Production or Increase of growth We have many examples in Fruits and Herbs that are planted in Orchards and Gardens how far they exceed others of the same kind both in laregness and goodness as well as in tast smell colour c. that grow wild so called because they proceed from the earth without the help of Man Now although Nature is before and to be laid as a foundation to Arts yet Nature is the better perfected by Art because Art doth nothing but by the strength of Nature and to confirm your faith we shall give an account what this Land amounts to by the year for each or every Acre You are to take notice the Wood is allotted to grow 14 years the profit then made when those years are expired amounts to 200000 pound which is 14 pound 5 shillings 8 pence half penny yearly profit for eve-Acre of the thousand Acres In Holland there is Land hath been sowed with Flax seed and the Crop thereof hath been worth fifty pound the Acre but we shall come nearer home There is Land in England sowed with Wheat that has yielded at Harvest 2 Load upon an Acre which is 80 Bushels Now this Wheat if sold at the price Markets have given for 3 or 4 years past which was 8 shillings the Bushell then the profit of the Acre by the year comes to 32 pound which is above double the profit of the Woodland Suppose this corn-Corn-Land yield but the one half of the former Increase which is 40 Bushels of Wheat upon one Acre then it comes to 16 pound Again if the Land should yield the first Increase and Wheat sold for 4 shillings the bushel for commonly great Crops or a plentiful Harvest cause low Markets yet then this Acre of Land is worth 16 pound yearly This may be sufficient to satisfie any reasonable man We shall return to our Work Now because it is a general Custome in England at the felling of under-Woods to reserve young Eats or Standils to grow for Timber-Trees therefore in such Woods you are not to leave them at a nearer distance than 4 Pearch which is 72 foot for if you leave them nearer the said Trees will destroy and much hinder the growth and thriving of the under-Woods as hath been formerly declared Thus much may serve to have here spoken for the first second and third Distance of ground between Plants also planting under-woods IV. Dist. The next or fourth Distance is one Pearch or 18 foot At this distance there may be digged or delved a Plot of ground either square or round the quantity to contain 4 foot square or 16 foot of ground At each point or corner or in the middle of the square sides must a Seed or Plant be planted either of Chesnut Ash Beech or Elme and if you plant of all these kinds an equal number there will then be 160801 square Plots and 160801 Plants of each kind which amount in the whole ground to 643204 plants these may all grow 30 or 40 years more or less time as there may be use for them or so long as every Man may please who shall be the Owner At so near a distance the Trees will not grow great in body as when they have more room but streight slender and tall also they will have very few and small boughs grow on the insides that are opposite each to other To make these Trees grow in bulk or greatness when they are grown to that heighth which is best for your occasions then nip or cut off their heads or tops Now about 30 years after planting the three fourth parts of these Trees would be grubbed or cut down that the remainder reserved for greater Timber may have the more room air and sun on all parts And in felling the former distance must be observed between them that are left standing those Trees that are felled may be converted to their several uses as followeth The Butt or lower end of the streightest Ash and Chesnuts that are best to slit must be made choice of for white hoops the size
Out of this Timber may also be made Lathes of all sorts and many other useful Implements of Husbandry Now considering all these Improvements from the Oak we shall value them to be worth one with the other 15 shillings the Tree which amounts to 59700 pound the rest or remainder of trees which are in number 81201 may be worth at 150 years growth five pound the Tree which amounts to 406005 pound The Land may be sowed with Wheat at or after the first planting three years together and every Acre will take up the trees being thus planted at this distance 2 Bushel and a half which amounts to for the thousand Acres 7500 Bushels the product or increase of the said Wheat according to our former account which is 10 bushels for one comes to for the 3 years Crops 75000 bushels and at 5 shillings the bushel amounts to 18750 pound The Straw and Hulls or Chaff which will arise from the said Wheat allowing for every Load or 40 Bushels of Wheat 2 Load of Straw worth 5 shilling the Load and 32 bushel of Hulls worth 3 pence the bushel heap and thrust they both come to 1875 pound The total summ for the first Fall of Timber and the 3 years Crop of Wheat Straw and Hulls amounts to 80325 pound The total summ of the whole Improvement besides the 147 years Profit of the Land by Corn Pasture or Hay amounts to 486330 pounds An Oak well planted drest or proyned and the Land well soyled with good fat Dung will be greater and of more value at one hundred years than those planted with or among Underwoods will amount to at 300 years V. Dist. A fifth or the next Distance in planting the Oak is 2 Pearch which is 36 foot there will now be in the thousand Acres of Land at this distance 40401 trees and you may make as much benefit of the ground either by Corn Meadow or Pasture within a small matter as if there were not a tree there growing But at 150 years growth this Distance will be too near for the distance of ground between trees must be so far as two trees doth overspread Now a tree that does thrive will spread about the time aforesaid 12 or 13 yards which being added to 12 allotted to the opposite tree makes 24 yards therefore about that time you must grub up the middle trees as before directed they may be worth 5 pound the tree there being 19800 of the said trees amounts to 99000 pound the rest or remainder of trees being in number 20601 at 220 years growth may be worth 8 pound the tree which come to 164808 pound Now at this distance there may be sowed between the Plants 3000 Bushels of seed Wheat and that is 3 bushels allowed for every Acre the increase of the said Wheat according to our former reckoning amounts to 30000 Bushels and the 3 years Crops after the same rate comes to 90000 Bushels which at 5 shillings the Bushel is worth 22500 pound The Chaff and Straw that will arise from the 3 years Crop of Wheat counting 2 Load of Straw and 32 Bushels of Chaff from every Load of Wheat and at five shillings the Load for the Straw and three pence a Bushel the Chaff comes to 2025 pound The total summ for Wheat Chaff and Straw amounts to 24525 pound The Total of this Improvement besides the 217 years profit arising from Corn and Cattel amounts to 288333 pound Now trees thus planted which have indured cold and droughth in the tenderness of their age must of necessity grow and thrive the best or better than those growing thick so that such Oaks may grow in a short time compared with the years those trees do live to be worth 20 pound the Oak valued one with the other Then the 20601 Oaks last valued or prized if they grow to this price amount to 412020 pound And the Total Improvement of the thousand Acres besides the profit arising from Corn and Cattel amounts to 675833 pound Also at this last Distance there will be more room for the Plow likewise the Pasture for Meadow and feeding will be sweeter and more wholesome for Cattel the shade and dropping of trees being an Enemy to Corn and Grass And thus shall you have healthful and long lasting trees whose tops will be great the boal or body smooth clean and free from boyles great and well coloured Timber being well drest may grow 30 foot high free and clear without knob or bough bearing 2 foot diameter at the top or heigth aforesaid within or about 150 years after planted such Oaks will grow to an incredible price or value Now if there were in England 20000 Acres of Land thus planted they would be worth according to the last account of the thousand Acres 13516660 pound This would be a good improvement for so many Acres of Land which may well be spared without any damage either to the Gentry or Commons And the poorer sort of People which depend on his Majesties Forrests as Commoners should have much help thereby as hath been sufficiently declared Now although this quantity of Land make a great sound and seemeth to be too great for such a use and may in the opinions of some be better imployed for Corn and Cattel yet if we had no Wood in England which every day sensibly decays with us Corn and Cattel could neither protect nor warm us Also this quantity of Land is but a small proportion to the many Woods that have been and now are in England but utterly wasted and decayed being over-grown with Shrubs Dwarf-trees Bushes and such rubbish which will not well serve for good Firing and is of little worth or profit either to Rich or Poor as hath been said Therefore those Lands would be cleansed of all Incumbrances and new planted But if Woodlands cannot be spared because of the scarcity of Firing there are other Lands that may for by the General Maps of England it is found to contain 29568000 Acres of Land besides that which is allowed for the High-waies Out of this summ deduct 20 thousand Acres their remain 29548000 Acres Now that which is substracted is so small a Proportion to so great a Quantity that it may with much safety be allowed And to answer all Objections which may be made against this Plantation there are very sufficient Gentlemen who will undertake to carry on and finish the Work without putting either his Majesty or the Nation to any charge We have formerly made mention of a Statute of the 35 Hen. 8. for the Preservation of Timber-trees wherein it was provided That 12 Storers or Standils should be left upon an Acre at every Fall whereby we may undestand that in those daies they were sensible of the decay of Timber Now if at that time there had been the same care taken and provision made for planting Timber-trees according to the manner and way which we have now declared or for preserving the young then growing there would
notice that this account of Charges by Corn is not a Rule for all Countries because the Wages of Men and Cattel and the prices of Corn do much differ as was said before yet we have gone as near the most usual rates as possibly could be and which may serve for most Shires and Counties in England Scotland Ireland and Wales being not within our List. Also the account of charges about Corn may be considered in or added to any other account of charges my meaning is That if the Land be planted with seed of Trees as Acorns Beech-mast or any other kind the account of charges for Wheat may be added in the Total thereby to know the charges of planting Wheat with the Seed of Trees Secondly where the Land is plowed and planted with Sets or Seed of Trees at any distance the account for Wheat may likewise be added to the Total and you will know the charges to plant Wheat when the Land is plowed as where the Land is delved This being easie to understand does not require farther demonstration I shall now according to my former method give you all the Totals by themselves for Sets Seed and Corn planted at this distance The Totals of several Accounts for 3 seed of one kind planted in each Plot of Land delved at 4 foot 6 inches distance  li. s. d. Acorns the Total amounts to 1120 03 00 Ash-seed the Total amounts to 1004 00 01 ¼ Beech-seed the Total amounts to 1015 00 04 ½ Chesnuts the Total amounts to 1640 16 00 All the 4 sorts of seed equally planted the Total amounts to 1065 00 02 ¼ The Totals of several Accounts for 3 Sets planted in each Plot. Oak Ash Beech or Elm the Total amounts to 6892 04 00 ½ Chesnut Sets the Total amounts to 10737 00 00 ¾ All the five sorts of Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 7661 03 01 ¾ The Totals of several Accounts for 1 Set planted at the same distance  li. s. d. Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets the Total amounts to 2922 08 00 Chesnut Sets the Total amounts to 4204 00 00 2 4 All the 5 sorts of single Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 3178 19 07 ¾ All the 4 sorts of seed equally planted and the land sowed between the Plants with Wheat the Total amounts to 7672 18 10 ¾ One single Set either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm in each Plot and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 9530 06 08 2 4 One Set of Chesnut planted and the Land sowed with Wheat amounts to 10811 18 08 ¼ All the several sorts of Sets equally planted in each Plot one and the Land sowed with Wheat between the Plants the Total amounts to 9786 18 04 This Account of Charges by sowing Wheat among the Plants does rise to so great a summ that it may discourage a young Planter but if his patience would guide him to the account of profit or improvement there may be hopes of incouragement again And that no miscarriage may happen in so good a work I shall in this place state the Account of Charges and Profit by planting Sets and Wheat in a Thousand Acres of Land and the Plants planted 4 foot 6 inches distant one from the other In Page 89 and 90 the total summ of Improvement by Ash Withey and Chesnut Plants planted at this distance last mentioned and allowing 10 or 11 years growth amounts to the summ of 17651 pound 9 s. 4 d. 3 farthings Also the Land sowed with Wheat 3 years together and the yearly increase arising to 20 Bushels growing on every Acre and being sold for 5-shillings the Bushel does come to 15000 pound these two sums added together the Total amounts to 32651 pound 9 shillings 4 pence 3 farthings Now there will arise from every Load of Wheat which is five Quarters or 40 Bushels 32 Bushels of Chaffe or Hulls Then the 1500 Load of Wheat will yield 48000 Bushels of Chaff worth in the Barn or place of thrashing 3 pence the bushel heap and thrust which comes to 600 pound Also every Load of Wheat will yield 2 Load of Straw worth in the thrashing place 5 shillings the Load and comes to 750 pound Add all these sums together and they amount to 34001 pound 9 shillings 4 pence 3 farthings The first years charges in planting the single Sets of Ash Withey and Chesnuts also Wheat sowed as by the account in page 106 doth come to 6607 pound 18 shillings 8 pence farthing The land between the Plants must be twice delved and may be as often sowed with Wheat after the first years planting whereupon all the former charges about the wheat also will continue 2 years more and the land to be delved for the Wheat there being 128355 perch a half and 14 foot at 4 pence the perch comes to 2139 pound 5 shillings 2 pence and the next or third years delving amounts to the same summ they both come to 4278 pound 10 shillings 4 pence farthing The Remainder of land which is 31644 perch a quarter and 67 foot is the land allotted for the Plants to grow in The two years charge for seed-Wheat also sowing raking weeding reaping gathering binding and carting come to 2583 pound 6 shillings 8 pence Now at 10 or 11 years growth all the foresaid plants must be cut down the charges for cutting and converting them to their several uses as shreading the Hop-poles making the Fagots and such like the workmanship may be worth 10 shillings the Acre which comes to 500 pound We shall also allow for making the hoops and transportation of them 12 shillings the thousand and there being 1282 thousand and 2 hoops comes to 1009 pound 4 shillings We shall also allow for the Rent of the Land and Interest for the forbearance of the Rent 7 years there being no Interest allowed for the Rent during the 3 years time the land was sowed with Wheat because of the profit of the Increase Now the land is valued to be worth 20 shillings the Acre yearly rent then the 10 years Rent for the thousand Acres comes to 10000 pound the 7 years Interest for the said Land after the rate of 6 pound per Cent. comes to 503 pound 12 shillings 6 pence 2 farthings We shall also allow Interest for the moneys disbursed in planting and is as followeth The Charges for Delving the Land which the Plants grow in there being 31644 perch a quarter and 67 foot at 4 pence the perch comes to 527 pound 8 s. 1 d. ¾ The 10 years Interest for this last Sum of Charges after the rate of 6 pound per Cent. comes to 369 l. 15 s. 10 d. ½ The Moneys disbursed for Sets or Plants comes to 2649 l. 12 s. 1 farthing The 10 years Interest for the Moneys paid for the said Sets comes to 1896 l. 1 s. 5 d. ½ Now the Land between the Plants containing 128356 square perch is worth 10 shillings the Acre to ly for
Meadow after the 3 years Crops of Wheat is off the Land and there being 802 Acres and 36 Perch comes to 401 l. 2 s. 5 d. yearly then the 7 years Rent of the said Land which is about the time of the first Cutting of the Plants comes to 2807 l. 16 s. 11 d. This Sum is to be added to the account of Profit or Improvement and the total Improvement then amounts to 36809 l. 6 s. 3 d. 3 farthings The total Interest Money comes to 2769 l. 9 s. 10 d. ½ Now all these Sums of Charges before and last mentioned being added to the total Sum for the first years Charges then the Total of all Charges for the thousand Acres of Land planted as aforesaid amounts to 27748 l. 9 s. 6 d. ¾ And if you substract this last total Sum of Charges out of the total Sum of Profit or Improvement then the Product or Remainder of the Sum substracted comes to which Sum is so much gained out of the thousand Acres of Land in 10 or 11 years the Land planted as we have formerly declared I know not of any other Accounts of Profit or Charges worth the bringing or charging to an account in this place But you may please to take notice that this Account of Gain or Profit is for the first Cutting of the Plants they being single Shoots Poles or Rods produced from Seed The next Cutting or second Growth every Stock may put forth 4 or 5 Shoots and then the profit will be double Also this way of planting by Sets and delving the land is much more chargeable then plowing and planting Seed for the total charge in planting at this distance with the Ash and Chesnut Seed and Withey Sets the Land plowed and the Seed and Sets planted the way and manner as we have set down in Page 114 comes but to 1897 pound 9 s. ¼ But the total charge the Land being delved and single Setts and the Seed of Ash and Chesnuts with Withey Sets as was said before planted at the same distance Page 136 and 137 amounts to 5316 pound 7 s. 4 d. 1 farthing substract the Sum of Charges for plowing and planting out of the Sum for delving and planting the rest or remainde amounts to 3418 pound 18 shillings 4 pence and being so much charges saved by plowing and planting seed may be added to the Account of profit as so much gained Now it may be objected that planting by Sets every Stock will produce 2 or 3 Shoots and to plant with Seed there will be but one Shoot and so consequently one Pole or Rod and at the time or season of cutting the Sets will produce double the quantity of stuff more than the Seed For answer we grant the increase but say that the Sets which should be planted being small the many Shoots may by hindering the growth of the Roots and indanger the Stock and also hinder the growth of each other for the Root must have time to grow and inlarge it self within the earth therefore there will not be a sufficient supply of sap to maintain more shoots than one in so short a time as is allowed to the first Cutting Also for young Stocks to have many boughes will not only hinder the thriving of the root by spending much sap but as a poor Ewe which may bring forth 2 or 3 Lambs both sterves her self and those she brought forth We shall therefore advise to proyn or cut off all shoots but one from every Stock until after the first Felling or Cutting for one good streight shoot is worth 5 or 6 small stragged ones These particulars being premised you shall have the account in brief and it is as followeth An Account of Charges and Grain by a thousand Acres of Land equally planted with single Sets of Chesnut Ash and Withey and Wheat sowed between the Plants at 4 foot 6 inches distance An Account of Charges  l. s. d. Paid the first years Charges for planting 1000 Acres of Land with plants of Chesnut Ash and Withey also Wheat sowed between the plants 6607 18 08 ¼ For Delving at two several times 256711 pearch 28 foot of Land 4278 10 04 2 4 For 4000 Bushels of seed-Wheat also sowing raking weeding reaping and all charges about the Wheat for 2 years season in sowing 2583 06 08 For cutting the Plants and converting them to several uses 1509 04 00 For 10 years Rent for 1000 acres of Land at 20 s the acre yearly 10000 00 00 For Interest money 02769 09 10 ¾ The total Charge amounts to 27748 09 07 ¼ An Account of Profit or Improvement  li. s. d. Received for Hop-poles Hoops Fagots and other Necessaries for Husbandry 17651 09 04 ¾ Received 3 years Crops of Wheat containing 60000 Bushels at 5 s. the Bushel 15000 00 00 Received for 48000 Bushels of Wheat Chaff at 3 d. the Bushel 00600 00 00 Received for 3000 Load of Wheat Straw at 5 shillings the bushel 00750 00 00 Received 7 years Rent for 802 acres 36 pearch of land at 10 s. the acre yearly 02807 16 11 The total Improvement amounts to 36809 06 03 ¾ The total Charge amounts to 27748 09 07 ¼ Rest in Cash 09060 16 08 ½ This last Summ rest in Cash is so much gained by planting a thousand Acres of Land with Sets or Plants for Under-wood and Wheat sowed on the Land Thus to state and ballance all the Accounts in this Book will require more time than is allowed and the work is made so plain and easie that every mean Accountant may perform the same and save me the labour we shall therefore proceed to the next Distance and that is 18 foot in length The Fourth Distance or 18 Foot AT this Distance you have been advised to delve a Plot of ground 4 foot square and therein to set or plant 4 seed To perform this the Land will take up there being 16080 square Plots 643204 single seed and is worth delving 4 pence the pearch and there being 7940 ¾ and 13 foot comes to 132 l. 7 s. 1 d. An Account of Charges the Land set with Acorns  l. s. d. For Delving 7940 pearch ¼ and 13 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 132 07 01 For 100 bushels 2 pecks and 4 single seeds of Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 010 01 00 For planting the Seed raking the Land and weeding the Plants at 3 s. the acre 150 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 292 08 01 An Account of Charges the Land planted with the Ash-seed For Delving the Land at 4 d. the pearch 132 07 01 For 6 bushels ¾ of a pint and 279 single seeds of Ash at 1 s. the bushel 000 06 08 ¼ For setting the Seed raking the Land and weeding the Plants 150 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 282 13 09 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Beech-seed For Delving 7940 pearch ¾ and 13 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 132 07 01 For
all the manures may be well mixed For as in Medicinal compositions if the ingredients be confusedly cast one upon another without care of mixture melting or dissolving there will be but a corrupt and ill compounded Receipt so he that dresseth and manureth his ground and doth not by hacking plowing and harrowing mix the earth and the soil perfectly well together he shall seldom find profit from his seed Now the causes of the unfruitfulness of barren Clayes are from their cold and binding nature whereby they stifle and choak any thing that grows within them and will not give them liberty to sprout or if it do yet the cold presently starves the root and makes the stem utterly unable to bring forth fruit the mixture of the sand takes away the toughness and opens the pores of the earth or clay the lime and salt bring heat the dung comfort and liberty so likewise all barren sands are loose and light therefore their unfruitfulness ariseth from these two causes First by reason of their porishness or hollowness and much rain or wet weather washeth quite away or down into the earth deeper than the roots of the corn and grass all the goodness heat and fatness which should nourish that which groweth therein and although such Land be well soiled with dung yet it will not last above one Crop of Corn or two at the most Secondly what the Rain leaves the Sun by his heat draws forth out of the Earth from the roots of Corn and Grass Now Marle is not only an enemy to all Weeds but giveth a general virtue to all Corn and Grass and by its glutinous substance being incorporated with the sand closes the hollows and porousness thereof so that what ever Soyl or Manure be layd thereon it will last many years and aboundantly increase that which was planted set or sowed therein And if the said Marle be layed on Meadow or Pasture the land will be much enriched and may so continue some hundred years And as the the Marle likewise the Clay Lome or Fullers earth will worke the like Effect on Arable land yet not to so good purpose as the Marle Now although Dung be most proper for Pasture land yet Marle is of speciall Use and much differs from Dung in one particular for Dung spends it self upwards and although it lie deep within the Earth yet the vertue will Ascend and if it lie upon the ground in Summer it will grow light and spungy whereby the goodness is drawn forth or consumed by the heat of the Sun but it is the Nature of Marle to work downewardes into the Earth and it is dissolved only by Frost therefore the best season to lay it on the Land is about Michaelmas that so the Winter following may break and melt all the Stones or Cloats and being thus broken the Rain will help to wash the same into the Earth now although Naturally sandy Earth is hott yet these barren sands by reason of their poverty are very cold therefore Lime and Salt are of great use and to good purpose laid on them and mixed together wherefore you must not forget to steep all seed except Rye in brine as before mentioned but you are to take notice that Oates will not require or endure so long to lye in steep as the other Grain Now to give a tast of the sweetness which Labour and industry brings unto such as take pleasure therein We shall suppose these barren Earths before mentioned were not worth above 2 shillings the Acre yearly Rent before they were improved and the charges of improving may come to twelve pounds the Acre which is tenn pounds more then the fee simple of the Land is worth One Crop of Wheat if God bless the Increase will sufficiently pay all the charges with Interest Then likewise may you receive two years crops more of Wheat and 5 or 6 Crops without intermission eitheir of Rye Barly Pease Beanes or Oates and be at no more charges about the Land then once Plowing and Harrowing seed salt and lime to steep the seed Now as salt is a great destroyer of all Weeds so likewise it is of great strength and vertue for the bettering all manner of Arable Land and a great Nourisher of seed in the Ground if moderately used like Blood in the Body of man which carrieth the vital heat and is in taste salt as being a nourisher and maintainer of all the inward faculties now after 7 or 8 years sowing with Corne the said Land may be worth aboue twenty shillings the Acre yearly rent to lye for meadow or Pasture To treat of all and every part of Husbandry Would swell my Book into too great a Volume which is not my task at this time I shall therefore return to my intended work and treat only of Planting Timber Trees Now although it hath been Objected that the Planting Forrests and other waste Lands will much prejudice the Poore yet it is well known that the Rich have the benifit and are great oppressors of Commons by the multitude of Cattle they feed thereon having Land of their own to keep them in the Winter or when the Commons are eaten bare and the Poore for want of such Winter Provision have little or no benifit at all but are many times undon and thereby accustom themselves to be Idle and Neglecting their constant labour steale his Majesties Wood and spoyle his Timber by Chipping Shredding Lopping and such like All which Spoyles or Wastes being benificial unto the keepers are overseen but not provided against as they should be yet the Poore are not the greatest offenders they only break the ice and prepare it for others who almost every Day before Sun Rise and after Sun set make the sound of many Axes heard by their Lopping Chipping and Committing such like evils There are likewise other Wastes then all these for whereas there are some thousands of young Oaks and other trees which have been prefeâ—ved and succoured by Bushes growing about them many of these Bushes being lately cut down as in in the yeare 1664 These young trees being thereby left naked are many of them cut down and carried away and as if a Totall destruction was intended the dead trees devoure the living I meane many upon pretence only of Cutting downe a dead Tree have made another so to bear it company for to my knowledge about the Month of October last 1664 two Dead trees were sould by one of the Keepers of the saide Forrest to a Neighbour living in the next Parish and the party that was appointed to cut downe or fell the said trees Cutt downe two other Trees which were not dead And this is no new thing but hath been often done without doubt though then I feare Especially when there was a better Opportunity offered by so great a number as have been lately felled for the use of the Navy and the Bishop of Winchester The same Party that committed this fact being one
distance is first to delve a Plot of land 4 foot square and let the 4 angle points or corners of the square lie North-east North-west South-east and South-west that the Plants which are to be parted in those Plots may have the benefit of the Sun all the day this performed then cast up a small trench or ditch a foot deep if there be so much good earth and 18 inches wide let all this earth be evenly laid on the Plot delved the Clods hackt or cut small and the grass and weeds gathered or weeded out this done set or plant one seed or plant about a foot from each point or corner of the square Plot and in the middle one then you will have 5 Seeds or Plants in this Quadrat Now at every 30 foot distance throughout the acre of Land delve or cast up such a Plot of ground so you will have 40 quadrats or square plots in the whole and leave a sufficient distance of land between the outmost Rows and the Fence The Seed or Sets planted in the whole ground are 200 which may all grow 3 or 4 years then leaving one of the best Plants of what kind of Timber-trees you please pull or craw up all the rest which you may either sell give away or plan in other grounds the remainder will be 40. By this way or manner of planting you may make as much benefit of the Acre of Land within a small matter as if there were not a Tree growing in it and these 40 Timber-trees being all Oaks within a hundred and fifty years may be worth 200 pounds which is a good improvement requiring no more charges than the first planting and not losing any benefit of the land And if this quadrat or square figure doth not like you there may be digged or delved so many Plots of ground as aforesaid round or circular and the ditch cast up as about the squares then plant or set the four Seeds or Plants equally about the Circle and one in the middle the four Seeds or Plants pointing to the four quarters of the Wind as hath been directed The reason of this way of planting is to increase the mould or earth for the Plants to put forth their shoots in also the being inclosed will preserve them from danger in time of Harvest you may set Beans in these plots of ground but not too near the Plants and if you sow seed of the Furrs-bush about the edges of the bank The Furres will keep the Plants warm in the Winter and preserve them from being hurt by Cattel and as the Plants or Trees increase the Furrs will decrease or after the Plants are grown up out of the reach of Cattel the Furrs may be cuâ— and so destroyed if the rightâ— season of the year be observed Now there is another way of planting not inferior to any of these formerly spoken of We shall consider of the Acre of Land in length and breadth to be 40 perch long and 4 perch broad the just content of an Acre at 16 foot and an half to the pole or perch The Plants to be provided for the planting this ground may be of all the sorts of Timber-trees formerly mentioned they should be about the size of the Thorn plants yet something greater but not bigger than an ordinary mans finger The Plants being provided you may begin to work thus on the North North-east or North-west side of this Acre of Land make a Ditch 3 foot wide and 18 inches deep the said Ditch to extend to the farther ends of the plot which is 40 Rod After the first Turf is laid with the swarth or grass side downwards the upper side pared chopped and made even and that the Plants are cut and trimmed lay them on as you were directed in planting the Thorne hedge only observing to leave the trunk or body of these plants one inch longer than those of the thorns Also the distance of ground between these plants must be 3 foot After the Plants are laid in an even rank or row with the slope or cut side downwards or sidewayes towards the South and the head of the Plants lying at least 7 or 8 inches higher than the roots then cast or throw up good store of the best earth on the roots afterwards all the earth which you cleanse out of the Ditch spreading it all over the Plants plain and even This bank is not to lye high as that of the Thorns but level as other grounds There is in this row or bank 220 Plants now allowing 4 foot of ground that the first Plants and earth cast up as aforesaid doth cover The second Ditch must be begun five foot distance from the head of the first bank which is 8 foot from the beginning of the first Ditch This second Ditch or Row of Plants will fall behind the first and must be made and planted every way as the first and after the second a third and so continue keeping the same distance till all the Plot be planted Then have you in the Acre of Ground 8 Rows and 1760 Plants The Trees that are thus planted will thrive and grow wonderfully between the Ditches and Banks you may delve and sow or set Beans Pease or any other grain or corn This Acre of ground may be improved by planting for Timber-trees and under-Woods for Hop-poles as you have been formerly directed So much may serve for the improvement of one single Acre which being too little a Plot to take up the whole industry of a Man or my designe I shall now take in a greater quantity of land and proceed to a thousand Acres which I at first intended The thousand Acres then doth contain by the Rod Pole or Pearch at 16 foot and a half to the Pole 160000 which is in yards 4840000 and doth amount unto in feet or by the foâ—t 43560000 Now according to every one of these three Numbers only considering the distance between the Fence and outmost row of Plants as before mentioned must the quantity of seed be provided because you shall not be put to the trouble in counting how many of these seeds a Bushel by measure may contain I shall give a particular account thereof which take as followeth The first number the distance being Perches will require 160000 acorns which amounts to by measure according to the former Rule in the one Acre given 25 Bushels The second number according to the distance of yards will require 4840000 acorns which comes to by measure 756 Bushels one Peck The third or last number being feet will require 43560000 acorns which will come to by measure 6806 Bushel one Peck As for the other seed which are Ashen keyes and Beechen Mast they may be also measured by the Bushel as the Acorns first counting how many of each will go or will be contained in one pint or gallon Having considered and computed what the charges both of seed and Plants will amount unto by knowing what quantity
807400 hoops worth if delivered at London 4 shillings the hundred and there being of them accounted as the Chesnut by the hundred 6728 hundred and 40 hoops they will amount to 1345 pound 14 shillings 8 pence Also out of the said Oak and Ash plants may be chosen of the shorter size from 6 to 12 foot 2125900 Rods which will make 4251800 hoops worth at London three shillings the hundred and there being of them 35431 hundred and 80 hoops amounts to 5314 pound 15 shillings The total arising of Oak and Ash amouts to 6660 pounds 9 shillings 8 pence These aforesaid hoops are generally used about Oyl or Wine Cask Grocery ware Brewers and such like but it may be objected that all or every Rod appointed for hoops although carefully slit yet may not make two hoops Our answer is That all the Plants or Rods growing in the said Wood is not appointed for the making hoops therefore out of the remainder of Rods or Stuff reserved for other uses there may be more Rods chosen to answer the insufficiency of those Rods before appointed or to make up the number of hoops according to the accounts Now the Remainder of Plants or Rods not made use of for hoops are in number 1620401 of which although there may be many uses made of them as to make Hurdles for Sheepfolds brading of Walls and the like yet we shall not convert them to any other use than Firing of which Rods therefore and the offal of the hoops may be made 1464 hundred of Fagots allowing five score to the hundred and they being worth five shillings the hundred in the Wood amount to 366 pound The total Improvement of the thousand Acres of Land planted with the seed of Oak Ash and Chesnut at this second Distance amounts to 55015 pound one penny one farthing 2. Cut. Now about 8 years after the first Felling you may fell or cut this Wood again and then every Stock will produce two or three Shoots We shall consider of the least number which comes to 11529602 Shoots out of the Chesnut then may be chosen there being 3843200 Shoots 403700 Rods of the size from 12 to 16 foot which will make being slit as aforesaid 807400 of the same size Hoops and arise according to the former reckoning to 6728 hundred and 40 Hoops at six shillings the hundred they come to 2018 pound ten shillings There may be chosen also of the shorter size from 6 to 12 foot 2825900 Rods which may make 56518â—0 Hoops or 47098 hundred and 40 Hoops and amount at 4 shillings the hundred to 9419 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The Total for Chesnut Hoops amounts to 11438 pounds 3 shillings 4 pence From the Oak and Ash there being 7686402 Shoots may be chosen 859202 Rods of the size from 12 to 16 foot which will make 1718404 Hoops and arise to 14320 hundred and four Hoops amounting at 4 shillings the hundred to 2864 pound one penny two farthings Also from the said Oak and Ash may be chosen from 6 to 12 foot 5264000 Rods they will make 10528000 Hoops and arise to 87733 and 40 Hoops which at 3 shillings the hundred amounts to 13160 pound The totall for Oak and Ash Hoops amounts to 160024 pound three half pence From the remainder of Shoots which is 2176800 and the Offal of the Rods for Hoops may be made 398600 Fagots which arise to 3986 hundred at five score to the hundred they are worth in the Wood six shillings the hundred and come in the whole to 1195 pounds 16 shillings The totall Improvement by Hoops and Fagots at this second selling amounts to 28657 pound 19 shillings 5 pence half penny 3. Cut. At the third Cutting of this great Wood which may be about eight years after the second you will find the sap hath put forth five or six shoots out of each Stock and at the next or fourth Cutting or Felling which will be about the term of 32 years from the first Planting by reason of or from the goodness and richness of the earth the Stocks will encrease to such strength and greatness that every one may produce ten or twelve Shoots more larger and of better growth than the former for you may please to understand the often cutting of this Under-wood or Coppice yet not oftner than hath been declared will cause the roots to extend or spread themselves farther into the earth and that will much increase their sap and thereby they will be inabled to put forth speedy streight sound and strong Shoots alwaies observing that you make choice of a good year and the best season when you begin to fell or cut the Stuff We shall only give you an account of the last or fourth Felling and according to our former Method shall reckon from the least number which is 10. The remainder or the Plants left for underwood were 5764801 and the Increase which the Stocks do now produce arise to 57648010 Shoots or Rods to be cut down Out of the Chesnut then containing 19216004 Shoots there may be chosen of the longer size from each Stock one Rod which doth arise to 1921601 Rods and will make 3843202 Hoops amounting to 32026 hundred and 82 Hoops and worth at six shillings the hundred 9608 pound 1 penny There may be chosen also of the shorter size from 6 to 12 foot 8000000 of Rods which will make 16000000 of hoops arising to 133333 hundred and 40 hoops and worth at 4 shillings the hundred 26666 pounds 13 shillings 4 pence The total summ for the Chesnut Hoops amounts to 36274 pound 13 shillings 5 pence The Oak and Ash Stocks being in number 3843200 produce 38432000 Shoots or Rods to be cut down and out of them may be chosen of the longer size Rods as before mentioned 2000000 and they will make 4000000 of Hoops which arise by the hundred to 33333 hundred and 4 Hoops worth at 4 shillings the hundred 6666 pound 13 shillings 4 pence Of the size from 6 foot to 12 may be chosen also out of the Oak and Ash 16148005 Rods which will make 32296010 Hoops arising by account as before to 269133 hundred and 5 Hoops and worth at 3 shillings the hundred 40370 pounds 3 pence The total summ for Oak and Ash Hoops amounts to 47036 pounds 13 shillings 7 pence Now although there may be many Necessaries of Husbandry gathered out of the Offal as Rods to make Hurdles for Sheepfold also thatching Houses brading Walls and the like yet the quantity vented for such uses being so inconsiderable we shall convert the Offal to no other use than Firing as before said There may be then made of the 29578404 Shoots or Rods that are not useful for Hoops and the shreding of the 28069606 Rods converted into Hoops 226450â— Fagots worth in the Wood 6 shillings the hundred and there being of them 22645 hundred at 5 score to the hundred they amount to 6793 pounds 10 shillings The total Improvement at this fourth Cutting by
or 4 Poles or Rods because these Stocks are almost twice the age of those which were cut for smart hoops and therefore by consequence are greater and have more abundance of sap Eight or nine years after the second Felling you may receive a third Crop which if well husbanded will yield or return into your Purse above three times so much as the first did 4. Cut. Now at the next or fourth Cutting which may be about eight or nine years after the last the Stocks being grown great and full and in pride of sap you will find 10 11 or 12 Shoots on each Stock we shall reckon upon 10 then there will be in the whole ground 25632010 Shoots or Rods. And because the Chesnut is of more worth than either of the other we shall therefore substract and count the value of them particularly The number of Chesnut amounts to 8544010 Shoots or Rods. We shall suppose that each or every Stock one with the other will afford us two very good Hop-poles there will then be of them 1708802 which arise to 17088 hundred and 2 Poles and are worth at 14 shillings the hundred 11961 pound 12 shillings 3 pence farthing We shall also take from the Ash and Withy of each Stock 2 Poles which will make 3417600 single Poles or reckoned by the hundred 34176 hundred worth at 12 shillings the hundred 20â—05 pounds 12 shillings The totall summ for Hop-poles amounts to 32467 pound 4 shillings 3 pence farthing From each Stock of Chesnut which are 854401 there may be taken 2 Rods for Bark hoops of the longer size formerly mentioned they will amount to 1708802 Rods and make 3417604 hoops which allowing six score to the hundred will be found to be 28480 hundred and 4 hoops worth at 15 shillings the hundred 21360 pound 6 pence Of the said Chesnut Stocks may be taken 3 Rods from each Stock of the shorter size from 6 to 10 foot long and of them there will be 2563203 Rods they will make 5126406 hoops that is 42720 hundred and 6 hoops worth at 10 shillings the hundred 21360 pound 6 pence The totall summ for Chesnut hoops amounts to 42720 pound 1 shilling From each Stock of the Ash and Withey may likewise be taken 2 Rods of the longer size from 10 to 13 foot viz. from the whole Plantation 3417600 Rods which will make 6835200 single hoops or accounted by the hundred 56960 hundred worth at 10 shillings the hundred 28480 pound From the said Ash and Withey may also be chosen from each Stock 2 Rods of the shorter size and there will be found of that size 3417600 Rods which will make 6835200 hoops arising to 56960 hundred and worth at 8 shillings the hundred 22784 pound The Total for Ash and Withey Bark-hoops amounts to 51264 pound The totall summ for all the sorts and sizes of Bark-hoops amount to 93984 pound 1 shilling Of the Remainder of Shoots or Rods which are 9398403 and the Shredding of the 16233607 Hop-poles Hoops there may be made 2000000 of shred Fagots 4 foot long worth in the place where they are cut 8 shillings the hundred and counting 5 score to the hundred they arise to 20000 hundred which amounts to 8000 pound Of the other Offal or remainder of stuff may be made 264800 Brush Fagots worth in the Wood 6 shillings the hundred and there being of them 2648 hundred they amount to 794 pound 8 shillings The totall Improvement by Hop-poles Bark-hoops and Fagots at the fourth Felling amounts to 135245 pound 13 shilshillings 3 pence farthing Now because in some Countries there may be good Land for planting these sorts of Wood which yet being far remote from Markets have no vent for the Production as Hop-poles Hoops c. And the transportation being so chargeable that like many good staple and vendible Commodities in other parts of the World for want of that convenience they happen to be but of little profit to the Owners We shall therefore count what the profit of Woods planted in this Thousand Acres will be converting it only to Firing and other Necessaries useful in all Countries for Timber and Under-woods are so generally wasted and destroyed every where especially in this Nation that it is hard to judge where there is no want 5. Fell. At the next or fith Felling of this great Wood which because we would have it grow to a good scantling or substance may be about 14 years after the last Cutting the stocks being by that time more increased and the sap having put forth at least 15 or 16 Shoots using our former method we shall take the least number then there will be by reason of the increase from the 2563201 Stocks 38448015 Shoots or young Trees cut down out of which number there may be made choice of 200000 of the greater and streightest the lower or but end of which being cut off from 8 to 11 or 12 foot long there may be made 2 white hoops from each end containing about 3 inches broad in thickness 3 quarters of an inch on the back or sap edge a quarter of an inch on the heart edge commonly called Bastard hoops the number of them will be 400000 which arise to 333 hundred and 40 hoops they will be worth 500 pound From the said Butt ends may likewise be made 333 hundred and 40 hoops of the narrower size about 2 inches broad which may be worth 20 shillings the hundred and amount to 333 pound 6 shillings 8 pence There may also be chosen from the wood felled 500000 Butt ends of a shorter size from 5 to 8 foot of the breadth and thickness of the former each end will make of both sorts 4 hoops the number then is 2000000 these are worth both sizes one with the other 10 shillings the hundred and there being 16666 hundred and 80 hoops of them they amount to 8333 pound six shillings 8 pence The total summ for White hoops amounts to 9166 pound 13 shillings 4 pence Out of this Fall of wood may also be chosen from each stock of the Chesnut 2 Rods which will make Bark hoops of all the sizes from 6 to 13 foot then there will be made of the 1708802 Rods 28480 hundred and 4 hoops they being most of the longest size and all of the best sort of Bark hoops are worth one with the other 13 shillings the hundred which amouts to 18512 pound 5 pence The Ash and Withey may likewise yield from each Stock 4 hopes of the size aforesaid there will then be of them 56960 hundred hoops worth 8 shillings the hundred and amounts to 22784 pound The total summ for all sort of hoops amounts to 50462 pound 13 shillings 9 pence These White and Bark hoops are commonly used by Country Coopers about small brewing Vessels also for hooping all sorts of set work As for those best sorts of White hoops that are five or six inches broad and worth nine or ten pound the hundred they are made
have been a sufficient supply not only for present use but what might have continued for many hundred years to come whereby his Majesty might be readily furnished with Timber for building a far greater number of Ships than now he has and have for the annual profit of what might be sold a considerable summ paid into his Exchequer We have considered the Benefit and Profit which doth arise out of the whole thousand Acres of Land planted with Timber-trees I shall now give you an account what loss there will be of Ground and so consequently of Plants and Trees by reason of the fence for the generality of inclosed Land doth not hold or contain the exact measure as they are set down in ancient Deeds before they were inclosed as for example If you lay out or measure 100 Acres of Land to be divided or inclosed into 5 several parts or Inclosures with a Ditch or Hedge every Plot of ground will not contain 20 Acres within the Fence but the Fence must be likewise measured and included This being so easie to understand it doth not require farther demonstration Now in the account of loss of ground we shall mention but 2 Distances and they are 4 foot and a half and 18 foot or one Pearch The Fence appointed to enclose the thousand Acres of Land to be planted is a Ditch with a quick or White-thorn Hedge the Ditch to contain in breadth 6 foot and 5 foot in depth Now the Bank or earth that is thrown out of the Ditch must lye within the Inclosure which Bank although it be laid or cast round and handsome yet will it take up or cover about three foot of ground so that we must allow for Ditch and Bank at least 9 foot which is half a Pearch and so much less land we have to plant which amounts in the whole Inclosure to 799 square Pearch Also the ground within the Fence containing 399 Pearch square will now require or take up at 4 foot 6 inches distance but 2544025 Plants there being 19176 fewer Plants than the thousand Acres will require planted at the uttermost extent without a Fence therefore so much of the profit as the Plants deducted do amount to must be substracted out of monies received for Under-woods which I have formeâ—ly given an account of then will you have the full profit of the Land planted within such a Fence Now at the next or second Distance which is 18 foot the Land will tak up but 158404 Plants so that the loss by the Fence at this distance does arise to 2397 Plants and consequently so many Trees which must be deducted also out of the account of Profit for Timber-trees This last Distance is too near the Fence and will more hinder the Quick hedge from thriving than the former Distance although those Plants are much nearer because they were planted for under Woods and to be felled or cut down every ninth or tenth year so that the Thorn Plants will have the benefit of the Sun untill the other Plants be grown great and over-top them and by that time they will be ready to cut again But the Plants preserved to grow for Timber-trees after they are grown great will by much shading and often dropping on the Hedge decay the same and the older these trees grow the more ground they will require and therefore prove greater enemies unto the Fence By this which hath been spoken concerning the loss of ground by reason of the Fence may be understood my meaning in a former Section where it is said that what distance of ground is left between the uttermost Row of Plants and the Fence according to the distance of Plants there must be so many Seeds or Plants deducted from the number planted in the whole extent of land without the Fence But this may be sufficient to shew the loss of land by reason of the Fence and wherein by the way take notice that it is not profitable to make small Inclosures except for drayning of land or some other special occasion I have endeavoured to give a true account of the Profit or best way of Improvement of Land by planting Trees for Timber and Wood. Now if this little Address of mine towards the publick find a sutable success to that of the poor Widows it is the Product of a good heart and he that gives his all may hope for acceptance with all The want of fortune is a Remora to my will in the service of my King and Country therefore while I do what I may 't is agreeable to charity to accept the Will for the Deed and that you may the better know to what advantage the Land is improved we shall give an account of the Charges in planting the particulars of some part thereof have been formerly cast up and brought to account the generall summs are as followeth The Fence about this Great Wood containing 1600 Pearch Wood measure which is 18 foot to the Pearch for by that Rod Pole or Pearch are all the Hedges and Ditches measured will require 86466 Plants which at 4 pence the hundred amount to 14 pound 8 shillings 1 farthing The Workmanship in which is to be considered making the Ditch setting the Plants cutting and shripping the Stakes drawing the Bushes and making the dead Hedge amounts to 225 pound 11 shillings 11 pence 3 farthings The total Charge of the Fence besides or not counting for Bushes and Stakes amounts to 240 pound Now if you intend to plow this Plot of land or sow and set the same with seed for Timber-trees and under-Wood if the ground be Pasture or Meadow and not in Tillage it will require 3 times plowing and harrowing but in case the Land have been lately plowed and sowed as at the last Seed Season then twice plowing may be sufficient And because we treat of planting Forrests and Wast land they are supposed to be Pasture or feeding land also strong stiff Soils either Clayes Sands or Compounded then will it require twice plowing and harrowing and once hacking Having formerly spoken of the manner and way how to perform this part of Husbandry we shall now compute the Charges of the first years expence in the whole Plantation which is as followeth Twice plowing harrowing and sowing to have it well done will cost 10 shillings the Acre A lusty Labouring man will hack a quarter of an Acre of the said plowed Land in a day and deserve 12 pence for his dayes work which is 4 shillings the Acre hacking The total Charges for plowing sowing hacking and harrowing a thousand Acres comes to 700 pound The First Distance THe Seed which this Land will take up to be set or planted with Acorns at one foot distance the whole extent of the Land being planted and not counting the loss of ground by the Fence amounts to 51854401 single Acorns or 8102 Bushels 1 Peck and 1 Acorn according to my former account of 800 Acorns to every Gallon and at 2 shillings the
Bushel they come to 810 pound 4 shillings 6 pence Now if you sow the Land with the same seed then there must be 2 Bushels allowed for every Acre more than there was for setting and the quantity to be is 10102 Bushels 1 Peck and 1 Acorn they amount to 1010 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The Charges for setting the Acorns being formerly allowed at 4 shillings the Acre come to 200 pound The Charges for weeding the Plants being also allowed at 10 shillings the Acre come to 500 pound The total Charge for Seed also plowing hacking harrowing setting and weeding amounts to 2210 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The total Charge for seed also plowing hacking harrowing sowing and weeding amounts to 2210 pound 4 shillings 6 pence But if the Land be planted by setting Ashen Keys of this seed there go 96000 into one Bushel and will cost 12 pence the Bushel and the Land will take up 540 Bushel 1 Gallon 1 pint and a half and 151 single seeds amounting to 27 pound 7 farthings The Charges for plowing sowing setting and weeding is the same allowed for the Acorns The total Charge for seed also plowing hacking setting harrowing and weeding amounts to 1327 pound 7 farthings And if you sow the Land with Ashen Keys there must be half a Bushel allowed for every Acre more than was for setting the quantity to be provided comes to 1040 bushels 9 pints a half and 151 single seed and they come to 52 pound 7 farthings The total for seed also plowing hacking harrowing and weeding amounts to 1152 pound 7 farthings This Land to be planted with Chesnuts will take up 51854401 single Nuts and they will cost 2 pence the hundred there being 518544 hundred and 1 Nut come to 4321 pound 4 shillings But if the Land be sowed with the said Nuts then every Acre will require 1500 more than was allowed for setting The whole number will arise to 533544 and one single Nut and at 2 pence the hundred do amount to 4446 pound 4 shillings The total Charge for setting or planting a thousand Acres of Land at a foot distance with Chesnuts amounts to 5721 pound 4 shillings The total Charge of Land to be sowed with the said seed comes to 5646 pound 4 shillings To plant by setting a thousand Acres at a foot distance with Beech seed called Beech Mast there going 76800 single seed into one Bushel the Land will take up 675 bushels 6 quarts and 1 seed and at 3 shillings the bushel according to a former allowance they amount to 101 pound 5 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings If the Land be sowed with the said seed then there should be 2 pecks allowed for every Acre more than was for setting and the total number will arise to 1175 bushels 6 quarts and 1 seed which at 3 shillings the bushel comes to 176 pound 5 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings The total Charge of the Land to be set with Beech-mast amounts to 1501 pound 5 shillings 3 farthings The total Charge of the Beech seed to be sowed on the said Land amounts to 1376 pound 5 shillings 3 farthings All sorts or kind of trees the charges for planting them by seed may be computed according to the rules we have set down Now if any man will be so indiscreet as to plant at this distance with Sets the thousand Acres will then take up 51854401 single Sets or Plants I cannot give you an exact account what they may cost by the hundred because several Countries have different Prices according to the goodness plenty or scarcity of them for in some places good Plants of Oak Ash Beech and Elme are sold for 12 pence the hundred and in other Countries such Sets are worth 18 pence or 2 shillings the hundred to have them no greater than a mans little finger we shall estimate them at 18 pence the hundred and there being 518544 hundred that the Land will take up the same amount to 38890 pound 16 shillings The Setting these Plants is worth 10 shillings the Acre and comes to 500 pound The Weeding of them is worth 10 shillings the Acre which likewise comes to 500 pound The total Charge for Plants also Plowing Hacking Harrowing Setting and Weeding amounts to 40590 pound 16 shillings But if you will plant with Chesnut Sets these Plants may cost 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred there being 518544 hundred and 1 Plant and they come to 64768 pound 1 farthing The total Charge for Chesnut Plants also Plowing Hacking Harrowing and Weeding amounts to 66468 pound 1 farthing We shall not here set down Wages or Sallary allowed the Keeper or Dresser of this great Wood but shall leave the same to the will of the Owner thereof He that undertaketh this so great a Charge ought to be an honest laborious and industrious Person Thus have we considered and given a true Account of all the Charges needfull for plowing sowing and planting Seed or Sets at one foot distance By these total sums you may take notice that it is cheaper to plant with Seeds than Sets also the great charge to plant at so near a distance as one foot which is only in use for Nurseries and transplanting other grounds as hath been said The Second Distance IN the next place we shall consider of the Charges for plowing and planting at 3 foot distance for you are to take notice that we allow not of the sowing of any kind of seed above or more than one foot distance a thousand Acres of Land then allowing 18 foot to the Pearch Woodland measure contains 5760000 square yards and will take up there being 3 Seeds set or planted a foot wide from each other triangular and at the end of each or every yard distance as hath been directed if Acorns 17294403 or 2702 bushels one peck and 3 acorns and at the price formerly allowed which is 2 shillings the bushel they come to 270 pound 4 shillings 6 pence The setting the seed at this distance and the Land harrowed is worth 2 shillings 6 pence the Acre and come to 125 pound The weeding one foot round and between the Plants at 7 shillings the Acre comes to 350 pound The Total for seed also plowing and all other charges amounts to 1445 pound 4 shillings 6 pence If you set or plant Ashen-keys the Land will take up of that seed 180 bushels 9 pints a half and 153 single seed which at 12 pence the bushel come to 9 pound 3 half pence The Charges of setting and weeding is the same with the Acorns and do come to 475 pound The total Charge to plant with the seed of Ash amounts to 1184 pound 3 half pence And if you plant Beech-mast the Land will take up of that seed 225 bushels 6 quarts and 3 seed which amounts to 33 pound 15 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings The total Charge to plant with seed of Beech amounts to 1208 pound 15 shillings 6 pence 3 farthings To plant the said Land with Chesnuts
will take up 17294403 Nuts which come to 172944 hundred and 3 Nuts at 2 pence the hundred they amount to 1441 pound 4 shillings The total Charge to plant with Chesnuts amounts to 2616 pound 4 shillings Now if this Land be planted equally with all the 4 several sorts of seed before mentioned that is of each sort alike number then the Land will take up as followeth Of Acorns 675 bushels a half and 2 quarts at 2 shillings the bushel they come to 67 pound 11 shillings 3 half pence Of Ashen-keys 45 bushels 1 quart and 601 single seed at 12 pence the bushel comes to 2 pound 5 shillings 1 farthing Of Beech-mast 56 bushels 1 peck 3 pints and 1 seed at three shillings the bushel come to 7 pound 8 shillings 10 pence half-penny Of Chesnuts 4323601 single Nuts or reckoned by the hundred 43236 hundred and one Nut at 2 pence the hundred amount to 360 pound 6 shillings The total Charge of plowing hacking harrowing and planting the Land equally with all the aforesaid several sorts of seeds amounts to 1612 pound 11 shillings 1 farthing Now if the Land be planted at the same distance with Sets it will take up 17294403 single Sets arising in the whole to 172944 hundred and 3 Sets which being either Oak Ash Beech or Elme and rated at 18 pence the hundred come to 12970 pound 16 shillings 2 farthings The total Charge to plant with Oak Ash Beech and Elme Sets amounts to 14420 pound 16 shillings 2 farthings But if you plant Chesnut Sets they are rated to cost 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred and amounts to 21618 pound 3 farthings And if the Land be equally planted with all the 5 several sorts of Sets before mentioned that is of each sort a like number then the Land will take up as followeth Of Oak Ash Beech and Elme Sets 138355 hundred and 22 single Sets and at 18 pence the hundred they amount to 10376 pound 12 shillings 10 pence Of Chesnut Sets 34588 hundred and 18 single Sets at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 4273 pound 12 shillings The Charges for setting or planting the aforesaid Plants at this distance is worth 8 shillings the Acre which comes to 400 pound The Charges for weeding of them at 7 shillings the Acre comes to 350 pound The Total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 23068 pound 3 farthings The Total to plant the Land equally with all the 5 several sorts of Sets amounts to 16100 pound 4 shillings 10 pence The Third Distance THe next or third Distance is 4 foot 6 inches or the fourth part of a Pearch Woodland measure Now if the Land be planted as was the 3 foot Distance that is 3 seeds set triangular about 2 foot from each other then the Land will take up 7689603 single seeds And Of the Acorns they will arise to 1201 bushel 2 pecks and 3 Acorns which at 2 shillings the bushel are worth 120 pound 3 shillings Of the Ash seed or Ashen-keys the Land will take up 80 bushels 3 quarts and 603 single seeds which at 12 pence the bushel comes to 4 pound 5 farthings Of Beech-mast or seed of the Beech tree the Land will take up 100 Bushels one Gallon and 3 seeds which at 3 shillings the bushel amount to 15 pound 4 pence half penny Of Chesnuts the Land will require 76896 hundred and 3 Nuts which at 2 pence the hundred amount to 640 pound 16 shillings The Charges for setting these seeds at this Distance is worth 2 shillings the Acre and comes to 100 pound A Labouring man skilfull in such imployments may Hack or Hoe the Weeds or Grass a foot round the Plants also weed the ground clean near unto them and dispatch one acre in 4 dayes he will deserve for his labour 12 pence the day which amounts to 200 pound Of Sets or Plants the Land will take up there being but one single Set planted at this distance 25632 hundred and 1 Plant they are valued if of Oak Ash Beech or Elme at 18 pence the hundred and amount to 1922 pound 8 shillings But Chesnut Plants are rated at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred and amount to 3204 pound 1 farthing The Charges for setting or planting all the said Plants that were transplanted worth 4 shillings the acre comes to 200 pound The Weeding of them is worth 4 shillings the acre which amounts to 200 pound The total Charge to plant at this distance with the Oak seed also plowing hacking harrowing setting and weeding amounts to 1120 pound 3 shillings The total to plant with Ash seed amounts to 1004 pound 5 farthings The total to plant with the Beech seed amounts to 1015 pound 4 pence half penny The total to plant with Chesnuts amounts to 1640 pound 16 shillings The total to plant with Oak Ash Beech or Elme Sets amounts to 2922 pound 8 shillings The total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 4204 pound 1 farthing Now if this Land be equally planted with all the kinds of seed before mentioned then it will take up 7689603 single seeds as we have formerly declared Of Acorns 1922401 or 300 bushels 3 gallons 1 Acorn they come to 30 pound 9 pence at the rate of 2 shillings the Bushel Of Ashen-keys 20 Bushels 1 pint and 900 single seed which at 12 pence the Bushel come to 1 pound 1 farthing Of Beech-mast 25 Bushels 1 quart and 1 seed and at 3 shillings the Bushel they come to 3 pound 15 shillings 1 penny Of Chesnuts 192 24 hundred and 1 Nut and at 2 pence the hundred they come to 160 pound 4 shillings 1 farthing The total Charge thus to plant a thousand Acres of Land with the aforesaid 4 several sorts of seeds amounts to 1194 pound 19 shillings 10 pence half penny And if the Land be equally planted with all the several kinds or sorts of Plants before mentioned it will then take up to plant them single 2563201 single Plants Of the Oak Ash Beech and Elm of each of them 512640 single Sets or 5126 hundred and 40 single Sets and they arise in the whole to 20505 hundred and 60 single Sets and at 18 pence the hundred they amount to 1537 pound 18 shillings 4 pence 3 farthings Of Chesnut Plants 5126 hundred and 41 single Plants at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 639 pound 16 shillings 1 farthing The Charges for Setting and Weeding all these Plants amount to 400 pound Wheat We shall now in this next place give you an account of the charges that will arise by sowing Wheat at this distance between the Plants and is as followeth The Quantity of Wheat allowed to be sowed is 2 Bushels on every Acre then the thousand Acres will take up 2000 Bushels and at 5 shillings the Bushel as it hath formerly been valued amounts to 500 pound The Charges for Weeding the Wheat valued at 4 pence the Acre comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The
Charges for Reaping the Wheat Gathering Gripes Binding the Sheafs and carrying the Corn into the Barn is valued at 6 shillings the Acre and come to 300 pound The Charges for Thrashing and Winnowing the Wheat valued at 10 shillings the Load containing 40 Bushels and reckoning 20 bushels to grow on every Acre of Land comes to 250 pound The Charges in Transplanting the said Wheat to Markets valued at 5 shillings the Load and comes to 125 pound The total Charge for Sowing the Land between the Plants at this distance with Wheat amounts to 1191 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The total Charge equally to Plant a thousand Acres of Land with single Sets at 4 foot 6 inches distance also Plowing Hacing Harrowing and Sowing Wheat between the Plants with all other Charges about Plants and Corn amounts to 4469 pound 7 shillings 9 pence But if the Land be planted at this distance allowing the same number of Sets as you did Seeds then it will take up 7689603 single Sets Of the Oak Ash Beech or Elme 76896 hundred and 3 single Plants and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 5767 pound 4 shillings 2 farthings Of Chesnut Plants the Land will require the same number and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 9612 pound 3 farthings The Charges for Setting or Planting these Plants is worth 5 shillings 6 pence the Acre and comes to 275 pound The Charges for weeding them has been valued worth 4 shillings the Acre and comes to 200 pound The total Charge for Plowing Hacking Harrowing Setting and Weeding at this distance and this way of planting either Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets amounts to 6942 pound 4 shillings 2 farthings The Total this way to plant Chesnut Sets amounts to 10787 pound 3 farthings And if you equally plant all the 5 kinds of Sets in the same quantity of Land and the same number of Plants planted as was in the last Plantation then the Land will take up of Oak Ash Beech and Elm 6151682 single Plants and they arise to 61516 hundred and 82 single Plants and at 18 pence the hundred amount to 4613 pound 15 shillings 2 pence 2 farthings Of Chesnut Plants 15379 hundred and 21 single Plants and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 1922 pound 8 shillings 1 farthing The Charges for Planting and Weeding as they have been valued amounts to 475 pound The total Charge equally to Plant with the aforesaid Sets or Plants of Oak Ash Beech Elms and Chesnut amounts to 7661 pound 3 shillings 2 pence 3 farthings The Fourth Distance THe next or fourth Distance to plant by plowing the Land and there planting Seed and Plants is one Pearch containing 6 yards or 18 foot At this distance we have given directions to plant 4 Seeds and they to be set 4 foot distant making a square figure thus performed the Land will take up of single Seeds or Plants 643204. If you plant Acorns they will arise to 100 bushels 2 pecks and 4 single seeds and at 2 shillings the bushel they come to ten pound one shilling Of the Ash Seed the Land will take up 6 Bushels 5 Gallons 2 Quarts half a Pint and 454 single Seeds and they come at 12 pence the bushel to 6 shillings 8 pence Of the Beech-tree Seed there will be necessary 8 Bushels 3 Gallons half a Pint and 204 single Seeds and at 3 shillings the bushel they come to 1 pound 5 shillings 1 penny 2 farthings Of Chesnuts the Land will take up 6432 hundred and 4 Nuts and at 2 pence the hundred they come to 53 pound 12 shillings Now if the Land be planted with Sets as it was with Seed or to the number of Seed then it will take up Of Oak Ash Beech and Elm or either of them 6432 hundred and 4 Plants and at 18 pence the hundred they amount to 482 pound 8 s. 3 q. Of Chesnut Plants the same number and at a shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 804 pound 1 penny The Charges of setting or planting these Sets at this distance at 4 shillings the Acre come to 200 pound The Charges for planting the seed at 12 pence the Acre come to 50 pound The weeding of all the said Plants for Seed and Sets is worth 2 shillings the Acre and comes to 100 pound The total Charge of Plowing Hacking Harrowing and all other Charges in planting the Oak-seed amounts to 860 pound 1 shilling The Total to plant with the Ash-tree seed amounts to 850 pound 6 shillings 8 pence farthing The Total to plant with the Beech seed amounts to 851 pound 5 shillings 3 half pence The Total to plant with Chesnuts amounts to 903 pound 12 shillings The Total to plant with Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm amounts to 1482 pound 8 shillings 2 farthings The Total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 1804 pound 1 penny And if at this distance the Land be planted with single Sets then it will take up of Oak Ash Beech and Elm or any one of them but 160801 Plants and they being in the whole 1608 hundred and one Plant at 18 pence the hundred comes to 120 pound 12 shillings Of Chesnut Sets the Land will likewise take up 1608 hundred and one Plant and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 201 pound 1 farthing The Charges for setting these Plants at 18 pence the Acre come to 75 pound The weeding of them is worth 12 pence the Acre and comes to 50 pound The total Charge to plant at this distance with single Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm amounts to 845 pound 12 shillings The Total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 1026 pound 1 farthing Now if all these seeds before mentioned be equally planted at this distance the Land will then take up 643204 seeds Of Acorns 160801 and they arising to 25 Bushels 1 Gallon and 1 Acorn at 2 shillings the bushel come to 2 pound 10 shillings 3 pence Of Ashen-keys 1 bushel 5 gallons 3 pints and 301 single seeds and at 12 pence the bushel come to 1 shilling 8 pence Of Beech mast 2 bushels 3 quarts and 1 seed and at 3 shillings the bushel they come to 6 shillings 3 pence 3 farthings Of Chesnuts 160801 single seeds and arising in the tale to 1608 hundred and 1 Nut at 2 pence the hundred come to 13 pound 8 shillings The Charges of setting the Seed and weeding the Plants have been valued and do come to 150 pound The total Charge thus to plant with Seed amounts to 841 pound 6 shillings 2 pence 3 farthings And if the Land be equally planted with the several kind or sorts of Sets before mentioned according to the number of seed it will take up Of the Oak Ash Beech and Elm 514563 single Sets which arise to 5145 hundred and 63 Sets and at 18 pence the hundred come to 385 pound 18 shillings 5 pence farthing Of the Chesnut 128641 single Sets or 1286
hundred and 41 Sets and at 2 shilling 6 pence the hundred they come to 160 pound 16 shillings 1 farthing The Charges of Planting and Weeding the Sets as they have been valued before is 300 pound The total Charge to plant a thousand Acres of Land equally with Sets or Plants at a Pearch distance amounts to 1546 pound 14 shillings 5 pence half penny But if the said several sorts of Plants be equally planted allowing only one single Plant at this last distance before mentioned the Land then will take up Of Oak Ash Beech or Elm 32160 single Plants of each sort which amounts in the whole for the 4 several kinds to 128640 single Plants or 1286 hundred and 40 Plants and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 96 pound 9 shillings 7 pence farthing Of Chesnut Plants 32161 or 321 hundred and 61 Plants and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 40 pound 4 shillings 2 farthings The Charges for setting and weeding these single Plants have before been valued at 125 pound Wheat Now at this distance there may be 2 bushels and a half of Wheat sowed between the Plants on every Acre of Land then the thousand Acres will take up 2500 bushels and at 5 shillings the bushel come to 625 pound The Charges for Weeding the Wheat at 4 pence the Acre comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The Charges of Reaping the Wheat Gathering the Gripes Binding the Sheafs and Carrying the Corn into the Barn is valued because this Crop or Increase is more than that sowed in the last or third Distance at 7 shillings the Acre and come to 350 pound The Charges of Thrashing and Winnowing the Wheat valued at 10 shillings the Load containing 40 bushels and reckoning 25 bushels the Increase or to grow on every Acre of Land comes to 312 pound 10 shillings The Charges in Transporting the said Wheat to Markets at 5 shillings the Load comes to 156 pound 5 shillings The total Charge of sowing the Land with Wheat between the Plants at this distance amounts to 1460 pound 8 shillings 4 pence The total Charge equally to plant with single Sets of Oak Ash Beech Elm and Chesnut at 18 foot distance also plowing hacking harrowing and sowing the Land between the Plants with Wheat and all other charges about Plants and Corn amounts to 2422 pound 1 shilling 11 pence 3 farthings You are to take notice that where we speak of planting for Uunder-wood or sowing Corn the whole Inclosure of Land is to be plowed and the charges of plowing hacking sowing and harrowing is charged in every total account of planting Seed or Sets for Trees or Under-wood The Fifth Distance THe fifth and last distance which we intend to treat of concerning plowing and planting Seed and Plants is two Perch containing 12 yards or 36 foot Seed and Sets thus planted will not have only the benefit of air and sun and much earth for the sap to put forth their roots in but save labour and cost and prevent many casualties in transplanting A thousand Acres planted according to former directions that is in a Plot of ground 4 foot square at this distance you may set 4 Seed the Land will then take up Of Acorns 161604 or 25 bushel 1 peck and 4 acorns and at 2 shillings the bushel they come to 2 pound 10 shillings Of Ashen-keys 1 bushel 5 gallons 3 pints and a half and 354 single seeds and at 12 pence the bushel they come to 1 shilling 8 pence Of Beech-mast 2 bushels 3 quarts half a pint and 204 single seeds and at 3 shillings the bushel they come to 6 shillings 1 penny 3 farthings Of Chesnuts 1616 hundred and 4 Nuts and at 2 pence the hundred they come 13 pound 9 shillings 4 pence The Charges of setting the seed at this distance may reasonably amount to 6 pence the Acre and in the whole comes to 25 pound The Weeding of the Plants is worth 12 pence the Acre and comes to 50 pound The total Charge to plant with Acorns at this distance amounts to 777 pound 10 shillings The total Charge to plant with Ashen-keys amounts to 775 pound 1 shilling 8 pence The Total to plant with the Beech seed amounts to 775 pound 6 shillings 1 penny 3 farthings The Total to plant with Chesnuts amounts to 788 pound 9 shillings 4 pence And if all these several sorts of seed be equally planted the Land will take up of Acorns 40401 or 6 bushels 1 peck 2 quarts and 1 Acorn and at 2 shillings the bushel come to 12 shillings 7 pence half penny Of Beech-mast 5 gallons and 401 single seeds and at 3 shillings the bushel they come to 1 shilling 10 pence 2 farthings Of Ashen-keys 3 gallons 1 quart 3 quarters of a pint and 276 single seeds and at 12 pence the bushel they come to 5 pence Of Chesnuts 404 hundred and 1 Nut and at 2 pence the hundred they come to 3 pound 7 shillings 4 pence The total Charge to plant with the 4 several sorts of seed equally planted amounts to 779 pound 2 shillings 3 pence Now if this Land be planted with Sets according to the number of seeds then it will take up Of Oak Ash Beech and Elm Plants of each or either of them 161604 single Sets or 1616 hundred and 4 Sets and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 121 pound 4 shillings 2 farthings Of Chesnut Sets 1616 hundred and 4 Sets and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred come to 202 pound 1 penny The Planting all the said Sets at this distance is worth 12 pence the Acre and comes to 50 pound The Weeding these Plants is also worth 12 pence the Acre and comes to 50 pound The total to plant at this distance with Oak Ash Beech and Elm Sets amounts to 921 pound 4 shillings 2 farthings The Total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 1002 pound 1 penny And if all these several sorts of Plants be equally planted in the said quantity of Acres then the Land will take up Of Oak Ash Beech or Elm of each sort 32321 single Sets of them altogether 129284 single Sets or 1292 hundred and 84 Sets and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 96 pound 19 shillings 2 pence Of Chesnut Sets 32320 single sets or 323 hundred and 20 Sets and at a shillings 6 pence the hundred comes to 40 pound 8 shillings The Charges for Planting and Weeding as above comes to 100 pound The total Charge equally to Plant the 5 several sorts of plants amounts to 937 pound 7 shillings 2 pence But if at this distance you plant only 1 single set then the Land will take up either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm 40401 single Sets or 404 hundred and 1 Set and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 30 pound 6 shillings Of the Chesnut 40401 single Sets or 404 hundred and 1 Set and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 50
pound 10 shillings 1 farthing The Charges for planting these Sets at 6 pence the Acre come to 25 pound The Weeding of them is worth 4 pence the Acre and comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The total Charge to plant at this distance with one single Set of Oak Ash Beech or Elm amounts to 771 pound 19 shillings 4 pence The total to plant with Chesnut Sets amounts to 792 pound 3 shillings 4 pence farthing Now if these single Sets be equally planted the Land will then take up of Oak Ash Beech and Elm of each sort 8080 single Sets of them all together 32320 single Sets or 323 hundred and 20 Sets and at 18 pence the hundred they come to 24 pound 4 shillings 9 pence 2 farthings Of Chesnut Sets 8081 or reckoning them by the hundred they arise to 80 hundred and 81 single Sets and at 2 shillings 6 pence the hundred they come to 10 pound 2 shillings 1 farthing The Charges for Planting and Weeding as afore 41 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The total equally to plant with single Sets amounts to 776 pound 1 penny 3 farthings And if you sow the Land between the Plants with Wheat at this distance there will be 3 bushels allowed to be sowed on each or every Acre in the whole 300 bushels and at 5 shillings the bushel it comes to 750 pound The Charges for Weeding the Wheat at 4 pence the Acre comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence The Charges of Reaping the Wheat gathering Gripes binding the Sheafs and carrying the Corn into the Barn is valued at 8 shillings the Acre and comes to 400 pound The Charges of Thrashing and Winnowing the Wheat at 10 shillings the Load containing 40 bushels and reckoning 30 bushels the Increase or to grow on every Acre of Land comes to 375 pound The charges in transporting the said Wheat to Markets at 5 shillings the Load comes to 187 pound 5 shillings The total Charge of sowing the Land between the Plants with Wheat amounts to 1728 pound 18 shillings 4 pence The total Charge equally to plant with single Sets of Oak Ash Beech Elm and Chesnut at this distance which is 36 foot also Plowing Hacking Harrowing Sowing the Land between the Plants with Wheat and all other Charges belonging to Plants and Corn amounts to 2504 pound 18 shillings 5 pence 3 farthings We might give you an account of the charges for Seed-wheat in every total Sum and apportion the quantity of Corn to the quantity of Land between the Plants for where the greater number of Plants grow in that ground must the less quantity of Corn be sowed the difference is but small and I am unwilling to blot paper with more particulars than are needful therefore at 3 distances only you have a particular and total account of the Charges for sowing Wheat Thus have we endeavoured to give a sufficient account of the first years Charges by plowing sowing setting or planting seed or Plants in this Plot of good Land being a rich Clay and moist Earth But this must not be a Rule of Charges to plant all Lands by for several Countries have several Prices in all Materials belonging to Husbandry and as is the lightness and goodness stiffness and badness of the Earth so are the Prices more or less In rich moist Sands or mixed Earths which is likewise good ground to plant such plants in 2 Yoak of Oxen in such ground will plow more in one day than 4 Yoak in a stiffe heavy Clay or such kind of Earth There are many wealthy Husbandmen in Hartfordshire that plow the greater part of their Land with one Man and two Horses who both holds the Plow and drives the Cattel and in other places one Man and three Horses will plow an Acre and a half in a day when in the same Parish two Men and six Horses cannot plow so much It has been my observation that in Common Fields some Plows with 4 Horses make a better dayes work than others of a far greater strength when yet there has been only the breadth of a lay Bank between them and from no other reason but the several kinds of Earth Now as we have given an account of the Charges in Planting by Plowing Sowing and Setting Seed and Plants for Timber-trees and Under-woods I shall likewise give an account of the Charges in planting the same quantity of Land by Digging or Delving as the labour of Man and Cattel in Plowing is more or less according to the goodness or badness of the Earth so is it likewise in Delving a man will earn more by delving some Land for a penny the Rod than other at 3 pence yet both grounds alike plain and level and without incumbrances Also it is to be considered that to delve for sowing Corn or ordinary seed requires but one Spades grast in depth but extraordinarily where the upper part of the earth hath been worn out and that there is good earth deeper also to cleanse the ground from stones or strong weeds which have long roots and deep or such like annoyances then it will require two Spades depth There is no Plant that doth usually grow in England requires a deeper Mould than these we treat of but because we suppose the Land that is made choice of to be a well qualified earth we shall therefore adventure at one Spades depth to plant as aforesaid and because it hath not been plowed or delved for many years past or it may be never also Woodland measure being very large it is worth delving four pence the Square Rod Pole or Pearch allowing 18 foot to the Pearch and one Pearch square contains 324 foot of ground Having considered the charges in planting seed and plants by Plowing and also given an account of every particular charge as was thought needfull we shall therefore in this following Account of Charges in planting by digging or delving not trouble you with many particulars but as briefly as may be speak to all those several Distances mentioned in our last Accounts The First Distance THis Distance is one foot the Seed and Plants to be set at this thickness will require the whole Plot of Land to be delved and at 4 pence the Pearch it comes to 2666 pound 13 shillings 4 pence the Land containing 160000 square pearch or 5184000â— foot Now the same quant or number of Seeds or Plants this Parcel of delved ground will require as that Land which was plowed also the charges of setting and weeding will be the same and likewise all other charges except plowing and hacking The Charges for Sowing the seed valued at 4 pence the Acre comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence For Harrowing the Land valued at 8 pence the Acre comes to 33 pound 6 shillings 8 pence And to save the labour of looking back into the former accounts you shall have the particulars as followeth If the Land be sowed with Acorns the Account stands thus One foot distance
The Land delved  li. s. d. For Digging or Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch amounts to 2666 13 04 For seed Acorns containing 10102 bushels 1 peck 1 Acorn at 2 shillings the bushel 1010 04 06 For Sowing and Harrowing at 12 pence the Acre 0050 00 00 For Weeding the whole Plot of Ground at 10 s. the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 4226 17 10 But if the Land be set with Acorns then the Account will be as followeth For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For seed Acorns 8102 bushels 1 peck 1 Acorn at 2 s. the the bushel 0810 04 06 For Harrowing the Land at 8 pence the Acre 0033 06 08 For Weeding the whole Plot of ground 0500 00 00 For Setting the seed at 4 shillings the Acre 0200 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 4210 04 06 By these two former Accounts of Acorns you may take notice that the Charges of sowing the Seed comes to 16 pound 13 shillings 4 pence more than the Account of Charges for setting Now those Plants that grow from the seed that was set will thrive and grow much better and more certain than those from the seed sowed therefore whether the Land be delved or plowed it will be greater profit to set the seeds than to sow them An Account of Charges if the Land be sowed with Ashen-keys For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For Ashen-keys 1040 bushels 1 gallon 1 pint and 901 single seed at 12 pence the bushel 0052 00 01 ¾  li. s. d. For Sowing the seed and Harrowing the land at 12 pence the Acre 0050 00 00 For Weeding the Land at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amountto 3268 13 05 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land to be set with Ashen-keys For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 540 bushels 1 gallon 1 pint and 901 single seeds of Ashen-keys 0027 00 01 ¾ For Setting the seed at 4 shillings the Acre 0200 00 00 For Harrowing the Land so covering the seed at 8 pence the Acre 0033 06 08 For Weeding the Land at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 3427 00 01 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land sowed with the seed of Beech. For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 1175 bushels 6 quarts and 1 seed of Beech-mast at 3 shillings the bushel 0176 05 06 ¾ For sowing the seed and harrowing the land at 12 pence the Acre 0050 00 00 For Weeding at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 3392 18 10 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land to be set with the seed of Beech. For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 675 bushels 6 quarts 1 seed at 3 shillings the bushel 0101 05 06 ¾ For Setting the seed at 4 shillings the Acre 0200 00 00 For Harrowing the Land at 8 pence the Acre 0033 06 08 For Weeding the Land or plants at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 3501 05 06 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land sowed with Chesnuts  li. s. d. For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 533544 hundred and 1 Nut at 2 pence the hundred 4446 04 00 For Sowing the seed and Harrowing the land at 12 pence the Acre 0050 00 00 For Weeding the Land or Plants at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 7662 17 04 An Account of Charges the Land set with Chesnuts For 518544 hundred and 1 Chesnut at 2 d. the hundred 4321 04 00 For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For Setting the seed and Harrowing the Land 0233 06 08 For Weeding the Plants at 10 shillings the Acre 0500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 7721 04 00 Now if this Land be planted equally with all the 4 several sorts of seed before mentioned that is of each sort a like number the Account will then stand as followeth An Account of Charges the Land to be equally set with the 4 several sorts of seed For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 2025 bushels and a half and 2 quarts of Acorns at 2 shillings the bushel 0202 11 01 ½ For 135 bushels 1 quart and 600 single seed of the Ash-tree at 12 pence the bushel 0006 15 00 ¼ For 168 bushel 3 pecks and 3 pints of Beech-mast at 3 s. the bushel 0025 06 04 ½ For 129636 hundred of Chesnuts and one Nut at 2 pence the hundred 1080 06 00 For setting the seed harrowing the land and weeding 0733 06 08 The total Charge amounts to 4714 18 06 ¼ An Account of Charges the Seed to be equally sowed on the said Land  l. s. d. For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 2525 bushels and a half and 2 quarts of Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 0252 11 01 ½ For 260 bushels 1 quart and 600 single seeds of Ashen-keys at 1 s. the bushel 0013 00 00 ¼ For 293 bushels 3 pecks and 3 pints of Beech-mast at 3 s. the bushel 0044 01 01 ½ For 1333386 hundred of Chesnuts and 1 single Nut at 2 d. the hundred 1111 11 00 For sowing the Seed harrowing the Land and weeding the Plants 0550 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 4637 16 07 ¼ And if the said Land be planted with Plants or Sets at the same distance it will take up 51854401 single Sets and the account is as followeth An Account of Charges the Land to be planted with Sets of Oak Ash Beech or Elm For Delving the Land at 4 pence the Perch 2666 13 04 For 518544 hundred and one Plant either of Oak Ash Beech or Elme at 18 pence the hundred 38890 16 00 For setting or planting the Sets at 10 s. the Acre 00500 00 00 For weeding the said Plants at 10 s. the Acre 00500 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 42557 09 04 An Account of Charges the said Land planted with Chesnut Sets For Delving the Land 02666 13 04 For 518544 hundred of Chesnut Sets and one single Set at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 64818 00 00 ¼ For setting and weeding all these said Plants 01000 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 68484 13 04 ¼ But if all the foresaid several Sets be equally planted then the Account stands thus An Account of Charges the said Land to be planted with all the Sets equally  l. s. d. For Delving the Land 02666 13 04 For 414835 hundred and 20 Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm at 18 d. the hundred 31112 12 09 ½ For 103708 hundred and 81 Chesnut Sets at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 12963 12 00 ¼ For setting and weeding the said Plants 01000 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 47742 18 01 ¼ Now that you may the more
8 bushels 3 gallons and 4 single seeds of the Beech at 3 s. the bushel 001 05 01 ½ For setting the Seed raking the Land and weeding at 3 s. the acre 150 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 283 12 02 ½ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnuts For Delvsng the Land 132 07 01 For 6432 hundred and 4 Nuts at 2 pence the hundred 053 12 01 For Setting the Seed Raking and Weeding 150 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 335 19 02 An Account of Charges the 4 sorts of seed equally planted  l. s. d. For Delving the Land 132 07 01 For 25 bushels a gallon and 1 Acorn at 2 s. the bushel 002 10 03 For 6 pecks 7 pints and 301 single seed of the Ash at 1 s. the bushel 000 01 08 For 2 bushels 3 quarts and 1 seed of Beech-mast at 3 s. the bushel 000 06 03 ¼ For 1608 hundred and 1 seed of Chesnut at 2 d. the hund 013 0â— 00 For Setting the seed Raking and Weeding at 3 s. the acre 150 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 298 13 03 ¼ But if the Land be planted with Sets as it was with Seed or to the number of Seed then it will take up at this distance 643204 single Sets and the accounts are as followeth An Account of Charges the Land planted with Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets For Delving the Land 0132 07 01 For 6432 hundred and 4 Sets either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm at 1 s. 6 d. the hundred 0482 08 00 ¾ For Planting and Weeding the Plants at 6 s. the acre 0300 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 0914 15 01 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnut Sets For Delving the Land 0132 07 01 For 6432 hundred and 4 Chesnut Plants at 2 s 6 d the hundred 0784 00 01 ¼ For Planting and Weeding the Sets 0300 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 1216 07 02 ¼ An Account of Charges the 5 sorts of Sets equally planted  li. s. d. For Delving 7940 pearch ¾ and 13 foot of land at 4 d. the pearch 132 07 01 For 5145 hundred and 64 of Oak Ash Beech and Elm Sets at 18 pence the hundred 385 17 06 ¾ For 1286 hundred and 40 Chesnut Sets at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 160 16 00 For Planting and Weeding the Sets 300 00 00 The total Charge amounts to 979 00 07 ¾ Now if at this distance in each Plot of ground you reserve to grow for Timber only one Plant and pluck or draw up the other three as has been directed or that you plant one single Set at this distance making use of the Plots by planting Corn therein then the Land between the Plants may be plowed and if sowed with Wheat the quantity allowed for every Acre counting as formerly will be two bushels and a half the Land then will take up there being 950 Acres 59 pearch and 68 foot 2375 bushels 2 pecks at 5 s. the bushel amounts to 593 pound 17 shillings 6 pence The Plowing of this Land according to our former accounts of Charges by plowing after the rate of 12 shillings the Acre comes to 570 pound 4 shillings 5 pence At this distance we shall allow the Increase of Wheat to be 25 bushels growing on every Acre of Land The Charges of Weeding the Wheat also Reaping Gathering Binding Housing Thrashing Winowing Transporting to Markets c. allowing the same we did in the Account stated comes to 835 pound 8 shillings 4 pence the particulars are as followeth An Account of Charges by a thousand Acres of Land planted with single Sets either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm and sowed with Wheat between the Plants  li. s. d. For Delving 7940 pearch ¾ and 13 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 0132 07 01 For Plowing Hacking Sowing and Harrowing 950 acres 1 quarter 19 pearch and 68 foot of Land with Wheat at 12 s. the Acre 0570 04 05 For 1608 hundred and 1 of Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets at 18 pence the hundred 0120 12 00 For 2500 Bushels of Seed-wheat at 5 shillings the bushel 06â—5 00 00 For setting and weeding the Plants as they have been valued 0125 00 00 For Weeding the Wheat at 4 d. the acre 0016 13 04 For Reaping Gathering Binding the Sheafs and Carrying the Corn into the Barn there being more Corn than the last distance 7 s. the ace 0350 00 00 For Thrashing and Winowing the Wheat at 10 s. the Load containing 40 bushels and reckoning the Increase 25 bushels to grow on every Acre and counting the numbers of Acres that is sowed 0312 10 00 For Carrying the said Wheat to Market at 5 s. the Load or 40 bushels 0156 05 00 The total Charge amounts to 2408 11 10 An Account of Charges the Land planted with single Chesnut Sets and Wheat sowed between the Plants For Delving 7940 pearch ¾ and 13 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 0132 07 01 For Plowing Sowing Hacking and Harrowing 950 acres ¼ 19 pearch 68 foot 0570 04 05 For 1608 hundred and one of Chesnut Plants at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 0201 00 00 ¼ For planting weeding the said Plants at 2 s. 6 d. the acre 0125 00 00 For 2500 bushels of seed at 5 s. the bushel 0625 00 00 For Weeding the Wheat 0016 13 04 For Reâ—ping Binding and all Charges till brought into the Bâ—rn 0350 00 00 For Thrashing Winowing and all Charges to the Market as by the last account 0468 15 00 The total Charge amounts to 2488 19 10 ¼ An Account of Charges the foresaid 5 several sorts of single Plants equally planted and Wheat sowed between the Plants  li. s. d. For Delving the Land cont 7940 pearch ¾ and 13 foot 0132 07 01 For Plowing and Sowing with Wheat the other part of the Land 0570 04 05 For 1286 hundred and 40 single Sets of Oak Ash Beech and Elm 0096 09 07 For 3216 hundred and 1 Plant of Chesnut at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 0040 04 00 ¼ For Setting and Weeding the said Plants 0125 00 00 For 2500 bushels of Seed-wheat at 5 s. the bushel 0625 00 00 For Weeding the Wheat 0016 13 04 For Reaping Binding and all Charges till brought into the Barn 0350 00 00 For Thrashing and all Charges to the Markets 0468 15 00 The total Charge amounts to 2424 13 05 ¼ Using my accustomed Method all the Total Sums will appear to your present view and they are as followeth The Totals of the several Accounts for Seed set or planted at 18 foot distance Acorns the Total amounts to 0292 08 1 Ash-seed the Total amounts to 0282 13 9 ¼ Beech-seed the Total amounts to 0283 12 2 ½ Chesnuts the Total amounts to 0335 19 2 All the 4 several sorts of Seed equally planted the Total amounts to 0298 12 3 ¼ The Totals for 4 Plants planted in each Plot of Land delved Oak Ash Beech or Elm the Total
amounts to 0914 15 1 ¾ Chesnut Set the Total amounts to 1216 07 2 ¼ All the 5 several sorts of Sets equally planted the Total amounts to 0979 00 7 ¾  li. s. d. One single Plant either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm planted in each Plot and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2408 11 10 One single Chesnut Plant planted in each Plot and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2488 19 10 ¼ All the 5 sorts of single Sets equally planted in each Plot one and the Land sowed with Wheat the Total amounts to 2424 13 05 ¼ You may please to take notice at the second season of Plowing That that part of Land that the Plow cannot reach or compass must be digged or delved The Fifth Distance THe next or last Distance of Land between the Plants we intend to treat of in this Book and at this time is two pearch or 36 foot Well grown and thriving Timber-trees planted in a thousand Acres of Land at this distance will not only be profitable as on every Acre of Land there growing 40 Timber-trees worth 10 pound a Tree and amount to four hundred thousand pound but make a gallant shew and Corn growing on the Land Cattel and Deer feeding thereon were very pleasant to behold We have formerly advised to delve a Plot of ground 4 foot square at the end of every 36 foot in length and therein to set or plant 4 Seed or Plants this performed there will be sufficient room for the Plow to turn between the square Plots making good and quick work not hurting either Plants or Trees And the Land planted according to former Directions the Accounts will stand as followeth An Account of Charges the Land planted with Chesnuts at this last Distance and sowed with Wheat  li. s. d. For Delving 40401 square plots of Land containing 646416 foot or 1995 pearch and 36 foot at 4 d. the pearch 033 05 0 ¼ For Plowing Hacking Sowing the Wheat and Harrowing 987 acres and 3 quarters of Land at 12 s. the acre 592 13 0 For 161604 Chesnut Seed or 1616 hundred and 4 Nuts at 2 d the hundred 013 09 4 For Seed-wheat allowing at this distance 3 bushels to be sowed on every acre at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Chesnuts and Weeding the Plants at 18 d. the acre 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat at 4 pence the acre 016 13 4 For Reaping Binding and Carrying the Corn into the Barn at 8 s. the acre 395 02 0 For Thrashing and Winnowing the Wheat at 10 s. the load or 40 bushels and reckoning the increase 30 bushels to grow on every acre 370 07 6 For Carriage of the said Wheat to Markets if within 7 miles of the Barn at 5 s. the load or 40 bushels 185 03 9 The total Charge amounts to 2422 10 2 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Acorns and sowed with Wheat For Delving 1995 pearch and 36 foot of Land at 4 d. the pearch 033 05 0 ¼ For Plowing 987 acres ¾ of Land and sowing the said Land with Wheat 592 13 0 For 25 bushels 1 peck and 4 Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 002 1 6 For Seed-Wheat the Land requiring 2963 bushels ¼ at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Acorns and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat 016 13 4 For Reaping Gathering Binding and Carting the Corn into the Barn 395 02 0 For Thrashing and Winowing the Wheat at 10 s. the load 370 07 6 For Carriage of the said Wheat to Markets at 5 s. the load 185 03 9 The total Charge amounts to 2411 11 4 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with the Beech-Seed and sowed with Wheat  l. s. d. For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 2 bushels 3 quarts and 804 single Seeds at 3 s. the bushel 000 06 3 ¾ For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Beech Seed and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2409 07 2 ¼ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Ash-seed and sowed with Wheat For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For one Bushel and a half 11 pints and 1104 single seeds of the Ash at 12 pence the bushel 000 01 8 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Setting the Ash-seed and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2409 02 6 An Account of Charges all the 4 sorts of Seed equally planted and the Land sowed with Wheat For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 404 hundred of Chesnuts 1 single Nut at 2 d. the hund 003 07 4 For 6 bushels 5 pottles and 1 seed of Acorns at 2 s. the bushel 000 12 7 ½ For 2 pecks 1 pint and 801 single seed of the Beech at 3 s. the bushel 000 01 7 For 3 gallons 1 quart and 1401 single seeds of the Ash at 12 d. the bushel 000 00 5 For Setting these Seeds and Weeding the Plants 075 00 0 For Seed-Wheat containing 2963 bushels ¼ at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges of bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For thrashing the said Wheat and all charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2413 02 9 ¾ An Account of Charges the Land planted with Sets as it was with Seed and Wheat sowed between the Plants  li. s. d. For Delving and Plowing as by the particulars in former Accounts 625 18 0 ¼ For 161604 either of Oak Ash Beech or Elm Sets at 18 d. the hundred 121 04 0 For Planting the Sets and Weeding them 100 00 0 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the Wheat and all Charges into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2555 04 10 ¼ An Account of Charges the same quantity of Land planted with Chesnut Sets and Wheat sowed For Delving and Plowing the Land 625 18 0 ¼ For 1616 hundred of Chesnut Sets at 2 s. 6 d. the hundred 202 00 1 For Planting the Sets and Weeding them 100 00 0 For 2963 bushels ¼ of Seed-Wheat at 5 s. the bushel 740 16 3 For Weeding the said Wheat and all Charges bringing it into the Barn 411 15 4 For Thrashing the said Wheat and all Charges to the Markets 555 11 3 The total Charge amounts to 2636 00 11 ¼ An Account of Charges
above the other or 5 stories high in which Rooms must be kept 1000 breeding Doe Conies and 100 Bucks every one of them in a several Room the remainder of Boxes are to be reserved to keep Weaned Rabbets These Hutches are so well known that I shall not describe them but in the way of placing these Hutches within the Shed must be observed that the back-sides stand close to the wall on the top or upper Room and the bottom lower part or foot to stand at least 6 inches from the said wall and thus standing sloping the urin that falls from the Conies will pass or run sooner and cleaner away Now these Hutches thus placed on both sides the House and set close one to the other will make 2 Rows round the House The Floor of the said Cony-house should be paved with Brick or Pible-stones and under every Hutch must stand an-earthen Pan to save the urin that cometh from them for if it be spilt on the Floor it will taint the Conies and do much hurt both to young and old There must likewise be provided 4 wooden Vessels of Firkin size each of them must stand on 4 wheels these Tubs being filled with Bran and Grains with a small strength may be driven or drawed throughout the 4 quarters of the House twice every day to feed the Conies and by the use of wheels the work may be dispatched in a short time with much ease In the middle of the Court or Yard within the Cony-house should be built a small House 3 stories high to lay in Provision for the Conies as Hay Grains Bran and Oats also a Lodging Room for the Warrener Now whereas Tame Conies will usually breed 7 or 8 and sometimes more Rabits at one Litter and 8 or 9 moneths or times in one year we shall breed but 6 moneths and shall preserve or keep but 5 Rabits of every Doe and if she bring above that number the overplus shall be destroyed within 3 dayes after she hath littered but they shall not be cast to the dunghil as of little worth for they will be a very good change of food for Musk or Civet Cats or else being thrown into the Mote will feed the Fish And if any of the Does bring not the number of 5 Rabbets at one litter then from those Does that bring above that number shall be taken so many as will make up the number of 5 for every Doe Now if these Conies be of a large kind and that you keep them sound and they breed their Rabbets fat also if you breed to kill in season before the Field Rabbets are or can be fit to serve the Markets then every one of these House Rabbets will yield 7 pence at 4 weeks old for they will be twice as large and much fatter than any field Rabbet Also the latter season when the field Rabbets are spent then every one of these house Rabbets will yield 9 or 10 pence to be sold at 3 months old And if you give the weaned Rabbets Oats Hay and Water likewise Chalk with their meat a better Rabbet cannot be bred either for colour taste or wholsomness But if any shall question the sale or vent of these Rabbets kill'd at the seasons beforementioned I can assure him it hath been my care both to treat with Warreners and Poulterers in London about the same and they all condescend to my Propositions and also say that London Markets will take off or vent five times more in one or both seasons than can be bred of a thousand Does We shall in the next place give an account of the yearly Charges and Profit by keeping a thousand breeding Doe Conies and a hundred Bucks also the breeding and maintaining fit for Market 5 Rabbets of every Doe and so to breed six times in one year the account is as followeth One Doe breeding and bringâ—ng up fit for the Market five Rabbets six times in one year that is 30 Rabbets in the whole at six pence the Rabbet it being an indifferent price as to both seasons of killing they come to 15 shillings yearly then the Profit of a thousand Does according to the same rate amounts to 750 pound the year There are other Profits arising from these Conies First the Excrement which cometh from them with the Offal of the Hay which being well husbanded will make special good Dung or Soil for Land and may be worth 40 shillings the year Secondly the Garbedge or Guts of the Rabbets sold every year there being killed from a thousand Does thirty thousand Rabbets the said Garbedge being cast into the Mote the water although little above the quantity of an Acre yet will keep and feed more Fish especially the Carp then 4 Acres of other water without the same helps Thirdly in this Mote may be kept a hundred Spruce Ducks with the Offal of Bran and Grains from the Conies I have kept of the said Ducks and they have laid each Duck 50 Eggs in 50 dayes every day an Egg and resting 2 or 3 weeks they have layd again so that one Duck will lay 200 Eggs in a year and they being better for the use of Confectioners than Hen-Eggs will yield at London 4 shillings the hundred then the profit of one Duck yearly is 8 shillings and the yearly profit of a hundred Ducks amounts to 40 pound Now for the yearly profit by Fish we shall stock the Mote with 400 Fry or young small Carp and at 5 years growth the said Carp will be worth 12 pence a piece then the 400 Carps come to 20 pound which is 4 pound yearly gains or profit from the Mote or Water-course containing 171 square pearch 8 foot ¼ or 36 inches Fourthly upon the Land inclosed by water as aforesaid may be fed a considerable number of Rabbets which shall not be kept there so long as to be of strength to dig or make holes or Burrows in the earth not living only on the Grass or Pasture but shall have several Racks for Hay and Troughs or Mangers for Bran and Oats made and set up in the Court Yard within the Cony-house where there must be several holes or passage wayes made through the walls for the Rabbets to go in and out at from their dry food to feed sport and air themselves in the Grass or Pasture And because we shall not keep a constant Stock of Rabbets on the Pasture therefore at those several times and seasons of the year when the Land is not stockt with Rabbets it may be stocked with Sheep to keep the Grass short and sweet for Conies will not thrive in long or sower Pasture The keeping of Sheep is worth 3 pound yearly This way of keeping and feeding Rabbets with Bran Hay and Oats will not only keep them sound but the Land will keep ten times more Conies than the Pasture would do of it self We shall now give you all the Accounts of Profit or Gain in one total summ and is as
followeth An Account of the yearly Profit by keeping a thousand Doe Conies and a hundred Bucks on 10 Acres of Land inclosed by Water 18 foot wide  li. s. d Received for 30000 Rabbets at 6 pence the Rabbet 750 0 0 For soyl or dung made by the whole Stock of Conies 002 0 0 For 20000 Duck Eggs at 4 shillings the hundred 040 0 0 For the yearly profit by Carps 004 0 0 For Sheep Pasture in the Warren 003 0 0 The total summ of Profit amounts to 799 0 0 I should have first set down and given an account of the Charge or Expence by keeping the foresaid Conies Ducks and Fish but because it is wisdom in Man to know the end of his Journey before he set forth also a Merchant would not venture his Ship and Goods at Sea did he not know the Markets would yield him a profitable return neither would the Husbandman be at charges in plowing and sowing his Land if he did not hope for a plentiful Harvest and most men covet to know the profit and gain of their undertakings before they will be at charges or expence therefore to please all men if possible I have first set down the Profit and shall now in the next place give you an account of the yearly Charges of keeping the Conies as aforesaid and that is as followeth As for the Charges of making the Mote building the Houses making the Hutches or buying the first Stock of Conies and such like they being all as one intire Stock which may last many years without repair we shall not therefore charge them to an account in this place The Inclosed Land for the Conie Warren being 10 Acres we shall value at 20 shillings the Acre yearly Rent which comes to 10 pound the year Two Maids will sufficiently tend and keep all the Conies as making clean the several rooms in the Hutches and feeding the Conies twice every day and will deserve for their yearly wages each Maid 50 shillings besides their Diets The Warrener or Man that buyes in the Provision and ordereth the Does and Bucks at the several seasons for breeding also to sell and dispose of the Rabbets and such like imployments may deserve besides his Diet 10 pound yearly wages Now these three Servants may be serviceable about other Imployments some certain time every day we shall reckon the Diet and Wages of these Servants to be worth 45 pound yearly In the next place we shall consider what Provision will be needfull for these Conies as also the weekly Expences and total Summ. The best food for them are Oats Bran Hay and Water but because Oats and Bran are costly feeding we shall therefore add unto them Grains especially in breeding time for when the Does give suck they will require the moistest food but not any kind of Grass or Herb for green food will not only rot them but also make them forsake their dry meat which is most wholsom and instead of Grains you may give them Water in a little earthen Pot made for the same use to stand in every Room one Pot with fresh water every day Now whereas these tame Conies breed but 6 times or months in the year those Months they do not breed there will not be so great a quantity of food spent as when they do because the young Rabbets after they are two weeks old will feed with their Dams and that charge or expence of food may continue a week or two as the Markets will take them off We shall compute the Expence of the whole Stock old and young every week one with the other throughout the year and that is 100 Bushels of Grains 30 Bushels of Bran 20 Bushels of Oats and 15 Hundred of Hay This is the weekly allowance which will sufficiently keep and maintain the whole Stock as aforesaid And that we may bring all the particular Charges to one total account we shall reckon or value the Grains at 3 pence the Bushel Wheat Bran at 12 pence heap and thrust or double Bushel the Oats at 16 pence the Bushel 15 Hundred of Hay at 2 shillings the Hundred All these summs being added the weekly Expence for Food arises to 5 pound 11 shillings 8 pence and the yearly Charge according to the same rate comes to 289 pound 14 shillings 8 pence Chalk mixed with the Conies meat will keep them sound there may be spent in one year 3 Cartload of the same and is valued at 20 shillings the 3 load We shall now add or bring all the several Sums into one total Sum for the whole year not knowing of any more Charges considerable or worth the mentioning in this place An Account of the yearly Expence by keeping a thousand Does and a hundred Buck Conies on 10 Acres of Land inclosed  l. s. d. Paid for the yearly Rent of 10 Acres of Land at 20 s. the Acre 010 00 0 For 3 Servants Wages and Diet 045 00 0 For a years Expence by Grains Bran Oats and Hay 289 14 8 For 3 Cart load of Chalk 001 00 0 To total Charge amounts to 345 14 8 The Ballance of our account is as followeth The total Summ of Profit amounts to 799 00 0 The total Summ of Charges amounts to 345 14 8 Remaining in Cash so much gained 453 05 4 There is no Creature in England or Ireland living or feeding on Grass more profitable than Sheep for to my own knowledg there are several Gentlemen that have kept some of them 5 thousand others 10 15 18 thousand Sheep alive all at one time in several Flocks and those Gentlemen have gained great Estates thereby Yet there is no Creature more subject to loss for they are incident to very many Diseases by reason of bad and unsound soyl land or grass which they feed on also idle unskilful Shepherds so that I have known lost in one years time 15 hundred nay sometimes 2 or 3 thousand out of the several Stocks of Sheep as aforesaid which have dyed of the Rot and many hundred more yearly lost by other Diseases And because most Shepherds are very ignorant of the several Diseases therefore come they short in the Cure To prevent mistakes we shall here give a Catalogue of those that are most dangerous and mortal First there are 3 kinds of Rot in Sheep the one is taken when they feed on Spear-wort Penny-wort Knot-grass or any Weed that grows from Inundations of water The second is a hungry Rot and that Disease is most incident to Field Sheep or those kept on Commons A third is the Pelt Rot which cometh by great store of rain immediately after Sheep are new shorn There is another cause of Rot and that is when Sheep in their feeding lick up little white snailes Besides these several Rots Sheep are incident to the Staggers and Stuâ—dy also Worms in the Guts loss of the Cud Loose teeth that they cannot feâ—d Cramp Looseness Pox Water in the Belly tough Fleam or
this South-west Grove and the Dwelling-house just opposite to the Warren is the great Fish-pond or Decoy by Boat you may over into the Island in the middle of which you may behold a stately Bird-cage or Aviary full of singing and whistling Birds round this Cage at an equal distance one from the other are 4 Seats covered over with several Greens There having rested your self and afterwards walking round the Island you may behold pleasant to your sight several Holley or Hombe Bushes kept very neat and handsom for the Decoys and other wild Ducks to lay their Eggs in as those in the Warren made of wood for the tame Ducks And taking Boat again you may walk into the Arable Land and behold Gods blessing by the great increase of Corn and returning through the Pasture Fields into the Dwelling-House you may rest and be refreshed with such food as this pleasant Land doth afford and being satisfied pause with your self and consider although this be not the Paradise we read of yet it does much resemble the same for what was Paradise but a Garden and Orchard of Trees and Herbs full of pleasure and nothing there but delights so is there here for first here is the Nightingale the pretty Robin-red-brest and the little Wren with all the musical Birds that both whistle and sing with a pleasant Consort of Wind musick to usher in the Spring and refreshing and easing those cares of which we by our offence are all made Heirs In the Summer to furnish your Table a fat Buck will be in season also young Peacocks Turkies Phesants Partridge and many other Fowl which are at your command with variety of Fish and other Flesh as Hares Rabbets and such like your Orchards and Gardens will afford you several sorts of Fruit and pleasant Flowers both for colours and scent and in the Groves and Woods most stately Trees and pleasant Walks What shall I say a thousand pleasant Delights are attendant in this Pleasant Land And what is there of all these few that I have reckoned which does not please the eye the ear the smell the taste yea the other sence may also take great pleasure in handling such rare Fruit and Flowers as are presented In the Winter there will come in a new supply to furnish your Delights at Table and that is Felfares Black-birds Thrushes Quail Rayl Woodcocks Snipes Wildgeese Duck and Mallard Widgen and Teal with many more And the remainder of the Summer Stock now in season as Turkies Pheasant Partridge Hares Conies and such like and a hot Pasty made of the flesh of a Barren Doe will not be out of season neither a fat Pig and Gammon of Bacon The Bees have laboured all the Summer to provide Hony and Wax for your Winter occasions and the Dairy-Maids have not been idle but provided Butter and Cheese to serve your Family all Winter and Spring besides the Monies made at Markets The Kitchen Garden will also furnish your Table with several sorts of Roots and Herbs and the Physick Garden with Roots Herbs and Seed to preserve your health Now the pretty Silk-worms are hard at labour spining Silk to cloath you and if the Gardener be an Artist he hath provided from the Grape both Sack and Claret to chear your spirits And in the Bowling-green you may by Exercise add unto all these pleasures by refreshing your senses keep your body in health But to sum up all if you did know the yearly profit that does arise out of this pleasant land you would find it a sufficient overweight to all your pleasures I did intend here to set down the particular and total Charge thus to plant 200 Acres of Land with the yearly profit that may arise from the same as I have performed in planting a thousand Acres with Timber-trees and Underwoods But this already swelling the bulk of my Book beyond my intentions promise the next opportunity when I shall have an occasion to speak of something concerning the whole Body of Husbandry both to do that and also to polish these rough-hewed lines laying down the best way of improving all kind of Earths simple and compound rich and barren We shall now conclude this Treatise with giving you the Vertues and Use of all Plants growing in this our Paradise And I shall begin with the first planted and so in order proceed The Hawthorn THis Plant being well planted and liking the ground makes the best Fence or Hedge that can be made by any Plant The Seed or Berries are wholsom Winter food for the Deer and spare Swine also good food for Blackbirds Felfares Thrushes and such like The Uses Physical The seed in the berries beaten to powder and drunk in Wine is very good against the Stone and Dropsie the Distilled water of the Flowers stayeth the Lask and if Clothes be wet in the Water will wonderfully draw out any thorn or splinters that abide in the flesh if applyed to the place grieved The Blackthorn Sloes are very good Winter food for spare Swine also Deer will feed on them The Vses Physical All the parts of the Sloe-bush are binding cooling and drying and all effectual to stay bleeding at the Nose and Mouth or any other place the Decoction of the Berries either fresh or dried or the Conserve which is most familiarly taken is very good to stay the Lask of the belly or stomach or the Bloody-flux and helpeth to ease the pains in the Sides Bowels and Guts but the distilled water of the Flowers first steeped in Sack for a night and drawn therefrom by the heat of a Balneum Anglice a Bath is a most certain Remedy tried and approved to ease all manner of gnawings in the Stomach Sides and Bowels or any griping pains in any of them To drink a small quantity when the extremity of pain is upon them the simple distilled water of the Flowers or green Berries are good to wash and gargle the mouth and throat wherein are swellings sores or kernels and to stay the defluxions of Rhume to the eyes or other parts as also to cool the heat and inflamations in them and to ease the hot pains of the head to bathe the forehead and temples therewith The Oak THe Timber of this Tree is the Walls and Bulwark of England being converted to the use of building Ships also it is sound and long-lasting Timber for building Houses and for many other uses The seed called Acorns are very good food for the Deer Swine and Poultry The Vses Physical The Acorn-cups and the Bark and Leaves do bind and dry very much the Decoction of the inner bark and powder of the Cups stay â—â—â—iting or flux of blood in Man or Woman and the involuntary flux of natural seed The Acorns in powder taken in Wine provoke Urin and resist the poyson of venemous Creatures The distilled Water or Decoction of the leaves is a special Remedy for the Whites in Women The Oken Buds are good to be used
can keep Crows and other Birds from eating them there being many thousand Acres of Land in England planted for the same purpose Cherry Tarts may become a Gentlemans Table dried Cherries also preserved are very wholesome and usefull to be kept all the year in a Family the ordinary way of eating them I need not tell you but the best way is from the trees The Vses Physical Cherries as they are of different tasts so they are of divers qualities the tart and sowre are pleasing to a hot stomach procuring appetite to meat and help to cut tough flegme and gross humors but when these are dried they are more binding the belly than when they are fresh being cooling in hot Diseases and welcom to the stomach and provoke Urin The sweet Cherries pass through the stomach and belly more speedily but are of little nourishment The black Cherries bruised with the Stones and distilled the water thereof is much used to break the Stone expel Gravel and break the Wind The Gum of the Cherry-tree dissolved in Wine is good for a Cold Cough and Hoarseness of the throat mendeth the Colour in the face sharpeneth the Eye-sight provoketh Appetite and helpeth to break and expel the Stone The Winter-Cherry is of great use in Physick the distilled Water of the Fruit or the Leaves together with them or the Berries green or dry distilled with a little Milk and drunk morning and evening with a little Sugar which by drawing down the Urin provoke it to be avoided plentifully when it is stopped or grown hot sharp and painfull in the passage it is good also to expel the Stone and Gravel out of the Reins Kidnies and Bladder helping to dissolve the Stone and avoiding it by Greet or Gravel sent forth into the Urin It also helpeth much to cleanse inward Imposthumes or Ulcers in the Reins or Bladder or in those that void a bloody or foul Urin. I shall here add another Receit or Medicin helpful for the Urin and Stone A Receit for the Vrin and Stone Take 3 or 4 good handful of Berries or Winter-Cherries either green and fresh or dryed and having bruised them put them into so many Gallons of Beer or Ale when it is new tunned up this Drink taken daily doth ease the pains and expel Urin and the Stone and to cause the Stone not to ingender The Apple-tree THere is unspeakable Pleasure and infinite Commodity in an Orchard beside the use of the Fruit in House-keeping there is much profit made by Cyder and Perry also Apples and Pears are vendible in all Markets The Fruit or Apples of an Acre of Land may be worth 40 pound one years Crop or Gathering and the better to inform your judgment we shall suppose or allow but 40 Trees to be planted in one Acre of Land and about 50 or 60 years after the first planting if the Plants like the ground and by dressing and proyning they well thrive each tree one with the other may bear or yield 10 bushel of Apples for there are Apple-trees that have yielded 20 bushels each tree at one season or time of gathering then the Profit of 40 trees or one Acre of Land thus planted amounts by the year to 40 pound The Uses Physical Apples have sundry tasts and thereby they may be distinguished in the general they are cold and windy the best sorts before they be throughly ripe are to be avoided then to be roasted or scalded is the best way to take them and a little Spice or Carrowey seed cast upon them and taken after meat do strengthen both Stomach and Bowels especially in those that loath or hardly digest their meat Those that are sowr and harsh used in that manner are fittest Sweet Apples loosen the Belly and drive forth wormes Sowr Apples stop the Belly and provoke Urin Pippin and Pearmain help to dissolve Melancholly humours anâ— to procure Mirth and therefore fittest for Confectio Alkermes Syrupus de Pomis all Apples loosen the Belly and pleasure the Stomach by their coolness the Distilled water of good and sound Apples is of special good use to procure Mirth and expel Melancholly A rotten Apple applyed to eyes blood-shotten or enflamed with heat or that are black and blue about them by any stroke or fall and bound to all day and night helpeth them quickly The Juice of Crabs either Verjuice or Cyder is of singular good use in the heat and fainting of the stomach and against Casting to make a Posset with or to take some of it alone by it self The Juice of Crabs or Cyder applyed with wet cloaths therein to scabbed or burnt places cooleth healeth and draweth forth the fire The Ointment called Pomatum if sweet and well made helpeth the Chops in the lips or hands and maketh smooth and supple the rough skin of the hands or face parched with wind or other accidents The Pear-tree PEars are very usefull in a Family either baked rosted or dryed also they will sell at Market better than any other Fruit and if the Gardner have the right art in making Perry it will turn to a considerable profit Uses Physical Pears boyled with a little Honey helpeth much the oppressed stomach as all sorts of them do some more some less All the sweet or lushious sorts whether manured or wild do help to move the Belly downward those that are harsh and sowr do on the contrary bind the Belly as much those that are moist do in some sort cool but the harsh or wild sorts much more and are very good in repelling Medicines as if the wild sorts be boyled with Mushroms it maketh them the less dangerous the harsher sort of Pears do most cool and bind serving well to be bound to green Wounds to cool and stay the blood and heal up the Wound without further trouble or inflammation The Vine GRapes are vendible in Markets and usefull in Housekeeping the Profit being well known to those that make Wines of them Vses Physical The droppings of the Vine when it is cut in the Spring being boyled into a Syrup with Sugar and taken inwardly is excellent to stay Womens Longings after every thing they see which is a Disease many Women with child are subject to the Decoction of Vine leaves in White-wine do the like the Ashes of the burnt branches will make teeth as white as snow if you do but every morning rub them with it the leaves being boyled make a good Lotion for sore Mouthes and being boyled with Barly Meal into a Poultis it cools inflammations of wounds The Plum-tree AS there is great diversity of the kinds so is there in the operation of Plums and are like Women some better some worse the moist and waterish do soonest corrupt in the stomach but the firm do nourish more and offend less Apricocks Peaches and such like Plums may well become a Gentlemans Table also these and several other sorts being preserved and Syrup made of them are very useful in a