Selected quad for the lemma: land_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
land_n	pay_v	rent_n	tenant_n	2,576	5	9.7256	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A87184	The compleat husband-man: or, A discourse of the whole art of husbandry; both forraign and domestick. Wherein many rare and most hidden secrets, and experiments are laid open to the view of all, for the enriching of these nations. Unto which is added A particular discourse of the naturall history and hubandry [sic] of Ireland. By Samuel Hartlib, Esq.	Hartlib, Samuel, d. 1662.; Dymock, Cressy.; Child, Robert, ca. 1612-1654, attributed name.; Weston, Richard, Sir, 1591-1652. Discours of husbandrie used in Brabant and Flanders.; Hartlib, Samuel, d. 1662.	1659 (1659)	Wing H980; Thomason E979_10; ESTC R207715	107,974	155

fire-stones because that they will endure strong fires and therefore fit for Iron furnaces and this propriety these soft stones have that when they are white hot a steel instrument will scarce touch them to hurt them Alabaster is found at Burton on the Trent and in Staffordshire and a Titbury-Castle excellent Marble at Snothil in Hereford-shire a course Marble near Oxford in Kent also at Purbrick in Dorsetshire Milstones in Anglesey in Flintshire Darbyshire Lime-stones Chalk in very many places for divers uses Allum-stone is found in Anglesey but especially at Gisborrow in Yorkeshire where the Allum works are which serve this Island Lapis Claminaris is lately found in Somersetshire by the which Copper is made brasse Manganese for those that make white glasse lately found in the North the best Emery for pollishing Iron in Jersey Plaister at Knaresborough Black lead in Cumberland and no where else in Europe There is a stone in Durham out of which they make salt Diamonds are found about Bristol and Cornwall very large but soft There is a stone near Beaver Castle like a Star In Yorkshire another like a Serpent petrefied and also other stones round like bullets which being broken have as it were a Serpent in them without an head c. 6. Of all Minerals and Metals Iron-stone is found almost in every County and is profitable where Wood is plentiful the best is found in Lancashire one load and a half making a Tun of Iron it hath been transported into Ireland to mix with poor Mine In Richard the 2. time a Copper-Mine was found in Wenlock in Shrop-shire but exhausted in Queen Elizabeths dayes one was found at Keswick in Cumberland and lately in Stafford shire York-shire and near Barstable in Devon-shire on which some Gentlemen intend speedily to work Lead is found in Durham-wall and Devonshire Brimstone in Yorkshire and Wales Antymony in Staffordshire a silver Mine in Cardiganshire a gold Mine was discovered in Scotland in King James his time and many rich Mines might be discovered in England if that the Kings prerogative which was to take all Royal Mines to himself viz. Silver Gold and Copper were so certainly abolished that they which should find these Metals in their own Lands might safely digg them But some will object and say that many things are of little worth and profit To these I answer that God hath made nothing in vain every thing hath his peculiar use and though some things seem to be of little worth and contemptible as Sand Loame Chalke yet it hath pleased the wise Creator to make these things very necessary for mans comfortable subsistance which they that want these things can testifie As for example in New-England where there is no Chalk nor Lime-stone they are compelled to burn Oyster-shells Cockles to make Lime or else they could hardly build any houses The like I may say of Sand and Loam in divers places where they are wanting 2. I say that most of those things I have spoken of are very profitable in one place or other To instance in some of the meaner sort at London Brick-men give 50 l per Acre only for Loam to make Bricks and pay 3 l per Acre of yearly Rent and are to leave the Land worth the same yearly Rent likewise I know a Chalk cliffe in Kent not two Acres of ground valued at many 100 l and that one Colum of Chalk which is 10. foot square is valued at 40 or 50 l at 8 d per load The Oker Mines of Oxford and Gloucestershire are of great value and so would others of that kind if they could be found so is the Black-lead Mine Also the pits of Clay Marle Coale Turffe c. And therefore I desire all Countrey-men to endeavour to know all sorts of Stones Clayes Earths Oares and to teach their Children the use of them that they may know that this sand is for building this Loam for Bricks this Clay for Pots this Marle for Corn-land and if that they shall find any Stones Earths which they know not that they would lay them up till that they meet with some ingenious man that can inform them The richest Mines of the world have been found out by these meanes if we will believe Histories And this I am sure of that by this means they may much advance their knowledge and be more profitable to the publique their Neighbours and also to themselves 17. Deficiency is the ignorance of the Vegetables of this Island and their Vertues and Vses And the first Deficiency that I take notice of is the ignorance of the ordinary seeds which are commonly sowen amongst us for usually the Countrey-man contenteth himself with one or two sorts and knoweth no more when as there are very great varieties some of which agree with one sort of ground some with another as for example there are very many sorts of Wheates some called White Wheat some Red Wheat some Bearded which as I have said before is not so subject to Mildews as others others not some sorts with 2. rowes others with 4. and 6. some with one eare on a stalk others with double eares or 2. on the same stalk red stalk Wheat of Buckinghamshire Winter Wheat Summer Wheat which is sowen abundantly in New-England in April and May and reaped ordinarlly in 3. moneths and many sorts more Not to trouble my discourse with Spelt Zea Tiphine-Wheat or Olew Far Siligo Alica which were used amongst the Auntients but now unknown not only to the Countreyman but even to the learnedest Botanicks so I may say that the ordinary Yeoman is ignorant of the diversities of Barley's for there is not only the ordinary Barly but also big sprat-Barly which hath lately been sowen in Kent with good profit also Winter-Barly sowen in Winter Barly with 4.6 rowes naked Barly which require divers dispositions in Land some delighting in finer others in stiffer grounds So there is also Winter and Summer-Rie and 20. sorts of Pease the ordinary Schew the Raith or Early-ripe Pease the Roncivals Hastivers Hotarses Gray-Pease Green-Pease Pease without skins Sugar Pease whose shels are sweeter then the Pease it self and have been within these 10. years plentifully sowen in Lincoln-shire with profit also Fulham Sandwich-Pease c. which require divers sorts of land and seasons so also there are divers sorts of Oats white black naked which in New England serveth well for Oatmeal without grinding being beaten as they come out of the barn Scotch Poland c. Also Buck-wheat Lentiles divers sorts of Tares of Hemp and Flax altogether unknown to most Countrey-men but I hope that hereafter rhey wil be more inquisitive after them for divers of them may be of good use on their lands 2. Defficiency in this kind is that they are ignorant of the Plants and Grasses which naturally grow among us and their Uses which likewise were made for to be food for Cattel and also for the service of man This ignorance causeth them to

will briefly tell what I have seen In Italy through all Lombardy which is for the most part plain and Champian their Vines grow in their hedges on Walnut-trees for the most part in which fields they speak of three harvests yearly viz. 1 Winter-Corn which is reaped in June c. 2 Vines and Walnuts which are gathered in September 3 Their summer-graines as Millet Panicle Chiches Vetches c. Buck-wheat Frumentone or that which we call Virginia-Wheat Turneps which they sowe in July when their Winter-corne is cut and reaped they reape in October In France their Vines grow th●●e manner of wayes in Provence they cut the Vine about two foot high and make it strong and stubbed like as we do our Osiers which stock beareth up the branches without a prop. 2 About Orleans and where they are more curious they make frames for them to run along 3 About Paris they tye them to short poles as we do hops In France they usually make trenches or small ditches about three or four foot from one another and therein plant their Vines about one and a half deep which is a good way and very much to be commended but if we here in England plant Vines as we do Hops it will do very well but let them not be packt together too thick as they do in France in many places least they too much shade the ground and one another In Italy when they tread their grapes with their feet in a cart they poure the juice into a great vessel or Fat and put to it all their husks and stones which they call graspe and let them ferment or as vve say worke together 12 or 14 dayes and usually they put one third of water to it this maketh a wine lesse furious Garbo or rough and therefore a good stomack wine but it spoileth the colour and taketh avvay the pleasant brisk taste In France so soon as they have pressed out their liquor vvith their feet they put it in hogsheads and after in their presse squeese out vvhat they can out of the graspe which serveth to fill up their hogsheads while they worke which is usually three or four dayes and then stop them close this is also the way used in Germany and is the best for it maketh a fine gentile wine with a curious colour In Germany when their grapes are green they make fire in their sellars in Stoves by the which means their wines worke extraordinarily and do digest themselves the better This course we must also take here in England some years for it helpeth the rawnesse of all liquours very much There is an Ingenious Dutchman who hath a secret which as yet he wil not reveal how to help maturation by a compost applyed to the roots The compost which I have spoken of before made of brimstone Pigeons-dung is very excellent for that purpose as also lees of wine bloud lime used with moderation He also knovveth how to make soure grapes produce good wine I suppose his vvay to be this all juice of grapes nevvly expressed is svveet and vvhich may by it selfe alone be made into a sweet syrupe vvhich the French call Racineè further in the Evaporation of liquors vvhich have not fermented or vvrought the watery part goeth away first 3 Fermentation giveth a vinous taste and maketh a liquor full of spirits You may then easily guesse at the way and perhaps he may adde also some sugar and spices as the Vintners do when they make Hippocras I know a Gentleman who hath made excellent wine of raisins well boil'd in water and afterward fermented by it selfe or with barme it s called usually Medea I likewise know that all sweet and fatty Juices will make fine vinous Liquors as Damsins if they be wrought or fermented ingeniously but whosoever goeth about such experiments let him not think that any thing is good enough for these purposes but let him use the best he can get for of naughty corrupt things who can expect that which is excellent and delicate The Deficiency of us in this kind is so obvious that all the world takes notice of it and it is next the neglect of fishing the greatest shame to this Narion for all know that we have as good land for these seeds as any can be found in Europe and that the sowing of them requireth neither more labour cost or skill than other seeds And further that the materials made from these are extreamly necessary for how miserable should wee be without Linnen Canvases Cordage Nets how can we put our Ships to Sea which are the bulwarks of this Isle And yet we are necessitated to have these Commodities from those who would destroy I will not say the Nation but I may boldly say our Shipping and Trade I hope that this wil more seriously be considered by those at the Helme of our State I will freely and plainly relate how this Deficiency may easily be Remedied according to my judgment 1 To compel by a law that all Farmers who plough and sowe 50 or 100 Acres of land should sowe halfe an Acre or an Acre of Hempe or Flax or to pay 5 s or 10 s to the poor of the Parish where they live or some law to this purpose for there is no man but hath land fit for one of these Hempe desiring a stiffe land Flax that which is light For there is so much irrationality in some professions that they must be forced even like bruts to understand their own good In King Edward the 6 days somthing was enacted to this purpose as I am informed In Henry the eighth days there was a law enacted that every man should sow his lands and that no man should enclose his lands least he should turne it to Pasture for we have had great dearth in England through the neglect of Tillage which lawes even as yet stand in force yet there is nor needeth there be any force to compel men to til and sowe their lands for they have at length found the sweetnesse and willingly go about it for their own profits sake and now we suppose and not vvithout cause that Enclosing is an Improvement and so concerning Hempe and Flax I say if they vvere once accustomed to sovve them they vvould never leave it as I see Farmers do in East-Kent scarce a man but he will have a considerable plot of ground for Hempe and about London farre greater quantities of Flax is sown then formerly 2 It were convenient that every Parish through the Nation should have a stock to set their poor to work that the young children and women might not run up and down idle and begging or stealing as they do in the Countrey of Apples Pease Wood Hedges and so by little and little are trained up for the Gallowes 3 That a severe law should be enacted against those who run up and down and will not worke for if all know that they may have work at home and earne more

peculiar propriety to every kinde of earth to produce some peculiar kinds of Plants which it wil observe even to the worlds end unlesse by Dung Marle Chalke you alter even the very nature of the earth In Gallitia in Spaine where such barren lands do very much abound they do thus first they grub them up as clean as they can of the greater Roots and branches they make fire-wood the smaller sticks are either imployed in fencing or else are burnt on the ground afterwards the land being ploughed twice at least they sowe Wheate and usually the crop is great which the Landlord and Tenant divide according to a compact then the ground resteth and in 3 or 4 yeares the Furze or broom wil recover their former growth which the painful Husband-man grubbeth and doeth with it as formerly I set this down that you may see how laborious the Spaniard is in some places the poverty of the countrey compelling him to it 7 There are other Inconveniencies in land besides weeds and trumpery viz. Ill tenures as coppy-hold Knight-service c. so that the Possessor cannot cut any Timber downe without consent of the Lord and when he dyes must pay one or two yeares rent But these are not in the power of the poor Husbandman to remedy I therefore passe them by yet hope that in little time we shal see these Inconveniencies remedied because they much discourage Improvements and are as I suppose badges of our Norman slavery To conclude it seemeth to me very reasonable and it wil be a great encouragement to laborious men to improve their barren lands if that they should have recompence for what they have done according as indifferent men should judge when they leave it as is the custome in Flaunders I have likewise observed some Deficiencies in Woods which I shall briefly declare with the best way to Remedy the same 1 It 's a great fault that generally through the Island the Woods are destroyed so that we are in many places very much necessitated both for fuel also for timber for building and other uses so that if we had not Coales from New-castle and Boards from Norwey Plough-staves and Pipe-staves from Prussia we should be brought to great extremity and many Mechanickes would be necessitated to leave their callings 2 Deficiency is that our Woods are not ordered as they should be but though Woods are especially preserved for timber for building and Shipping yet at this time it 's very rare to see a good Timber-tree in a Wood. 3 That many of our Woods are very thinne and not replenished with such sorts of Wood as are convenient for the place 4 That we sell continually and never plant or take care for posterity These Deficiencies may be thus Remedyed 1 To put in execution the Statutes against grubbing of Woods which are sufficiently severe It s well known we have good lawes but it 's better knowne they are not executed In the Wilde of Kent and Sussex which lies far from the Rivers and Sea and formerly have been nothing but Woods liberty is granted for men to grub what they please for they cannot want firing for themselves and they are so seated that neither firewood nor timber can be transported elsewhere I know a Gentleman who proffered their good Oak-timber at 6 s 8 d per tun and the land in those parts in general is very good About Tunbridge there is land which formerly was Wood is now let for 30 s per Are so that to keep such lands for Wood would be both losse to the owner and to the Island But in other parts of the Island it is othervvise and men are much to be blamed for destroying both timber and fuel I have seen at Shooters-hill near London some Woods stubbed up vvhich vvere good ground for Wood but novv are nothing but furze vvhich is a great losse both to the owner and to the Countrey For the land is made vvorse then it vvas formerly I conceive there are Lands vvhich are as naturally ordained for Woods viz. Mountainous Craggy uneven land as small hils for the Vines and Olives plain lands for Corne and low moist lands for Pasture vvhich lands if they be stubbed do much prejudice the Common-wealth 2 That all Woods should have such a Number of Timber-trees per Acre according to the Statute There is a good lavv for that purpose but men delude both themselves and the lavv that they every felling cut dovvn the standers vvhich they left the folling before least perchance they should grovv to be Timber and leave 12 small standers that they might seem to fulfil in some measure the Statute but it 's a meer fallacie and causeth the Statute to fail of it's principal end vvhich is to preserve Timber 3 The best Remedy against thinnesse of woods is to plash them and spread them abroad and cover them partly in the ground as every Countreyman can direct by this meanes the wood vvil soone grovv rough and thick It 's good Husbandry likevvise to fil your woods vvith swift growers as Ashes Sallow Willow Aspe which are also good for Hop-poles Hoopes Sycamore is also a swift grower In Flaunders they have a kinde of Salix called by them Abell-tree which speedliy groweth to be timber 4 That some law be made that they which fel should also plant or sowe In Biscay there is a law if that any cut down a Timber-tree he must plant three for it which law is put into execution with severity otherwise they would soon be undone for the Countrey is very mountainous and barren and dependeth wholly on Iron Mines and on Shipping their Woods are not copsed there but onely Pollards which they lop when occasion serveth I know one who was bound by his Land-Lord to plant so many trees yearly which according he did but alwayes in such places that they might not grow In France near to the borders of Spaine they sowe Ashkey which when they grow to such a greatnesse that they may be slit into four quarters and big enough to make Pikes then they cut them down and I have seen divers Acres together thus planted hence come the excellent Pikss called Spanish-Pikes Some Gentlemen have sowen Acornes and it 's a good way to encrease Woods Though the time is long I doubt not but every one knoweth that it 's excellent to plant Willowes along the waters side and Ashes nigh their houses for firing for they are good pieces of Husbandry and it 's pitty that it 's not more put in practise There is a Gentleman in Essex who hath planted so many Willowes that he may lop 2000 every year if others were as Ingenious we should not want fire-wood Osiers planted in low morish grounds do advance land from 5 s per Acre to 40 s 50 s 3 l and upward it 's much used Westward of London these Osiers are of great use to Basket-makers There is a sort of small Osier or Willow at Saint Omars in