praesentibus_fw-la clero_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la cum_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la regionis_fw-la which_o pray_v let_v we_o put_v into_o english_a and_o see_v if_o it_o will_v not_o prove_v what_o i_o say_v viz._n the_o clergy_n and_o people_n be_v present_a with_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o if_o the_o word_n magnate_v as_o you_o affirm_v do_v then_o comprehend_v all_o the_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o what_o purpose_n be_v the_o word_n people_n put_v here_o as_o a_o distinct_a member_n of_o this_o parliament_n but_o to_o show_v you_o father_n that_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v understand_v for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laic_n but_o lord_n and_o knight_n of_o shire_n 〈◊〉_d shall_v show_v you_o out_o of_o walsingham_n anno_fw-la 1297._o 24_o edw._n i._o where_o he_o mention_n a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o st._n edmundsbury_n in_o quo_fw-la a_o civitatibus_fw-la &_o burgis_fw-la concessa_fw-la est_fw-la regâ—_n octava_fw-la a_o populo_fw-la vero_fw-la reliquo_fw-la dvodecima_fw-la pars_fw-la bonorum_fw-la where_o by_o populus_fw-la 〈◊〉_d not_o only_o mean_v the_o peer_n but_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o grands_fw-fr des_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d also_o m._n i_o be_o not_o prepare_v at_o present_a to_o answer_v all_o the_o query_n and_o difficulty_n that_o you_o can_v make_v or_o raise_v against_o the_o dr.'s_n argument_n yet_o i_o think_v i_o be_o able_a to_o give_v you_o a_o very_a satisfactory_a answer_n why_o all_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n shall_v be_v bounâ—_n by_o the_o act_n of_o those_o of_o who_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n for_o since_o as_o i_o have_v a_o ready_a prove_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n except_o what_o belong_v to_o religious_a house_n be_v grant_v out_o by_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o be_v hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o be_v again_o grant_v out_o by_o these_o head-tenant_n to_o their_o feudatory_a oâ—_n mesne_n tenant_n by_o the_o like_a service_n there_o be_v very_o few_o land_n grant_v in_o free_a soccage_n at_o the_o first_o and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o process_n of_o time_n maâ—_n of_o those_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n i._n or_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n that_o be_v be_v freehold_n yet_o the_o lord_n still_o retaiâ—_n the_o homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o speak_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o theâ—_n neither_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n to_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholderâ—_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v still_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o 〈◊〉_d â—o_o nominè_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o therefore_o it_o waâ—_n but_o reason_n that_o the_o chief_a lord_n be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v conclude_v that_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n also_o and_o both_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n for_o they_o without_o their_o be_v at_o all_o privy_a to_o it_o but_o admit_v i_o grant_v that_o before_o 49th_o 〈◊〉_d there_o be_v in_o some_o sense_n commons_o in_o parliament_n though_o not_o as_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n choose_v by_o the_o common_a people_n as_o their_o representative_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d it_o not_o destroy_v i_o or_o the_o dr.'s_n assertion_n who_o in_o the_o introduction_n before_o the_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n only_o affirm_v that_o before_o the_o 49th_o aforesaid_a the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n or_o ordinary_a freeman_n as_o now_o understand_v or_o as_o we_o now_o call_v they_o collective_o take_v etc._n etc._n have_v any_o share_n or_o vote_n in_o make_v law_n unless_o as_o they_o be_v 〈◊〉_d present_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la f._n 82._o be_v it_o so_o but_o i_o be_o sure_a in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o dr_n booâ—_n he_o absolute_o deny_v that_o there_o be_v any_o commons_o in_o parliament_n till_o the_o time_n he_o assign_v but_o as_o for_o what_o you_o allege_v in_o answer_n to_o my_o query_n how_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n can_v have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o tax_n lay_v upon_o they_o 〈◊〉_d â—heir_a lord_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la your_o answer_n be_v whole_o ground_v upon_o mistake_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n king_n william_n do_v not_o grant_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o knight_n service_n since_o as_o i_o shall_v prove_v hereafter_o there_o be_v many_o subordinate_a tenant_n to_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o great_a lord_n who_o never_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n at_o all_o nor_o be_v disseize_v of_o they_o by_o your_o conqueror_n â—ad_a who_o have_v also_o great_a number_n of_o considerable_a freeholder_n under_o they_o as_o in_o 〈◊〉_d at_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v gavelkind_a which_o be_v soccage_n teâ—re_o in_o the_o next_o place_n neither_o be_v all_o the_o land_n he_o bestow_v upon_o his_o follower_n grant_v to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o you_o your_o seâ—f_n own_o that_o a_o great_a deal_n â—land_n be_v give_v by_o he_o to_o his_o inferior_a servant_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o beside_o this_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o other_o land_n be_v regranted_a by_o that_o king_n himself_o 〈◊〉_d some_o of_o those_o old_a proprietor_n who_o have_v be_v dispossess_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n be_v appear_v from_o fleta_n 8._o who_o speak_v of_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n say_v express_o in_o 〈◊〉_d maneriis_fw-la seilicet_fw-la regis_fw-la erant_fw-la liberi_fw-la hemines_n labâ—ri_fw-la tenentes_fw-la quorum_fw-la quidaâ—i_fw-la 〈◊〉_d per_fw-la potentiores_fw-la a_o tenementis_fw-la fuerant_fw-la ejecti_fw-la eadem_fw-la post_fw-la modum_fw-la in_o villenagium_fw-la tenenâ—â—_fw-la resempserunt_fw-la &_o quia_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la cultores_fw-la regis_fw-la esse_fw-la dâ—gnoscuntur_fw-la provisa_fw-la 〈◊〉_d quiet_n ne_fw-la sectas_fw-la facerent_fw-la ad_fw-la comitatum_fw-la well_fw-mi hundredum_fw-la &c_n &c_n quorâ—m_fw-la â—â—gregationem_fw-la tunc_fw-la soccam_fw-la appellarent_fw-la hinc_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la sokemanni_n body_n dicunâ—â—_n etc._n etc._n where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o these_o socman_n or_o soccager_n be_v then_o create_v by_o a_o â—ew_a tenure_n from_o this_o king_n nor_o do_v all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la grant_v their_o land_n â—o_o other_o to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o king_n do_v at_o first_o 〈◊〉_d also_o in_o process_n of_o time_n grant_v land_n to_o the_o old_a english_a proprietor_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o â—â—em_n in_o soccage_n nor_o be_v homage_n the_o proper_a or_o only_a badge_n of_o soccage_n tenure_n but_o â—ealty_n unless_o the_o land_n have_v be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n at_o first_o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o littleton_n 2d_o book_n sect._n 118._o nor_o do_v this_o soccage_n tenure_n give_v the_o lord_n any_o more_o right_a over_o his_o tenant_n estate_n to_o tax_v he_o de_fw-fr alto_fw-mi &_o bâ—sso_fw-la at_o his_o will_n by_o â—eason_n of_o the_o subjection_n he_o be_v in_o to_o the_o lord_n in_o respect_n of_o forfeiture_n since_o â—hen_o the_o king_n shall_v have_v have_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o same_o right_n over_o all_o his_o 〈◊〉_d in_o capite_fw-la to_o tax_v they_o likewise_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o this_o right_n of_o forfeiâ—â—â—_n in_o case_n of_o felony_n or_o for_o want_n of_o heir_n continue_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o well_o of_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o other_o long_o after_o the_o time_n you_o assign_v for_o the_o come_n of_o the_o commons_o to_o parliament_n even_o to_o our_o own_o time_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o those_o lord_n can_v not_o give_v tax_n for_o such_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n at_o their_o pleasure_n but_o that_o we_o may_v proceed_v pray_v consider_v also_o the_o form_n of_o the_o peace_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o king_n the_o prince_n his_o son_n and_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n to_o compose_v all_o difference_n between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o â—arons_n the_o title_n of_o which_o in_o the_o record_n be_v thus_o haec_fw-la est_fw-la forma_fw-la 〈◊〉_d a_o domino_fw-la rege_fw-la &_o domino_fw-la edwardo_n filio_fw-la svo_fw-la dorso_fw-la praelatis_fw-la &_o proceriâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—ibus_fw-la cum_fw-la communitate_fw-la totâ_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la communitèr_fw-la &_o conâ—â—â—ditèr_fw-la approbata_fw-la which_o article_n be_v sign_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o lincoln_n the_o bishop_n of_o ely_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n earl_n of_o oxon_n humphrey_n bohun_n william_n de_fw-fr monte_fw-fr canisio_n &_o majore_fw-la london_n in_o parliamento_fw-la london_n mensae_fw-la junii_fw-la anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1264._o haec_fw-la autem_fw-la â—rimatio_fw-la facta_fw-la est_fw-la london_n de_fw-fr consensu_fw-la
of_o parliament_n and_o tax_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o often_o as_o there_o be_v law_n make_v and_o tax_n give_v when_o their_o bishop_n or_o earl_n be_v present_a which_o be_v not_o so_o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o county_n of_o chester_n if_o the_o earl_n have_v be_v the_o representative_a in_o parliament_n of_o his_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n or_o otherwise_o as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o abbey_n and_o the_o city_n of_o chester_n itself_o and_o all_o other_o great_a town_n in_o that_o county_n his_o vote_n in_o parliament_n will_v have_v oblige_v all_o of_o they_o and_o there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o need_n of_o a_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a county_n in_o which_o they_o then_o make_v law_n and_o tax_v themselves_o as_o a_o separate_a body_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o may_v appear_v from_o these_o follow_a record_n which_o mr._n a._n have_v give_v we_o the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v a_o writ_n of_o k._n edw._n i._n 6._o direct_v archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioriâ—us_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la â—liis_fw-la fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la in_o comitat._n câ—striae_fw-la recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n count_n baron_n &_o alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la have_v give_v he_o a_o 15_o the_o of_o their_o movable_n he_o desire_v that_o they_o also_o will_v of_o their_o benevolence_n and_o courtesy_n in_o latin_a curialitate_fw-la grant_v he_o the_o like_a subsidy_n which_o note_n can_v not_o be_v do_v out_o of_o a_o common_a council_n so_o likewise_o in_o another_o writ_n of_o the_o 20_o the_o of_o this_o king_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la b._n &_o communitas_fw-la cestriae_fw-la sicut_fw-la caeteri_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la 15_o mam_n partem_fw-la omnium_fw-la mobilium_fw-la suorum_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la gratiose_fw-la now_o suppose_v as_o the_o doctor_n always_o do_v that_o these_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la be_v the_o earl_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la what_o can_v this_o word_n communitas_fw-la here_o signify_v but_o another_o sort_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o they_o viz._n the_o communality_n or_o commons_o of_o that_o county_n and_o which_o be_v also_o remarkable_a this_o county_n be_v now_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n for_o want_v of_o heir_n male_a of_o the_o last_o earl_n and_o so_o according_a to_o the_o doctor_n notion_n the_o king_n be_v their_o sole_a representative_a need_v not_o to_o have_v be_v behold_v to_o they_o for_o these_o subsidy_n since_o though_o not_o as_o king_n yet_o as_o earl_n of_o chester_n he_o may_v have_v tax_v they_o himself_o which_o yet_o he_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o do_v because_o he_o know_v it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o right_n and_o privilege_n of_o that_o county_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o the_o grant_n of_o it_o to_o hugh_n lupus_n by_o will._n i._n always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o which_o privilege_n be_v also_o express_o set_v forth_o in_o a_o supplication_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o this_o county_n palatine_n to_o k._n henry_n the_o six_o which_o mr._n p._n have_v give_v we_o from_o a_o ancient_a copy_n of_o it_o then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o sir_n thomas_n manwaring_n of_o that_o county_n 46._o baronet_n wherein_o the_o abbot_n prior_n and_o clergy_n baron_n knight_n esquire_n and_o commonalty_n set_v forth_o that_o they_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o earl_n do_v make_v and_o admit_v law_n within_o the_o same_o etc._n etc._n and_o that_o no_o inheritor_n or_o possessor_n within_o the_o say_a county_n be_v chargeable_a or_o liable_a or_o be_v bind_v charge_v or_o hurt_v of_o their_o body_n liberty_n franchise_n land_n good_n or_o possession_n unless_o the_o say_a county_n have_v agree_v unto_o it_o now_o what_o can_v here_o be_v mean_v by_o county_n but_o the_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n thereof_o since_o otherwise_o they_o can_v make_v no_o law_n nor_o do_v any_o other_o public_a act_n the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o durham_n which_o from_o the_o grant_v thereof_o by_o william_n rufus_n to_o the_o then_o bishop_n have_v always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o 9_o and_o not_o by_o the_o bishop_n in_o parliament_n and_o that_o as_o low_o as_o the_o reign_n of_o edw._n 3._o as_o appear_v by_o this_o record_n of_o the_o 14_o the_o of_o that_o king_n contain_v a_o letter_n or_o commission_n to_o r._n bishop_n of_o durham_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o the_o commons_o of_o county_n have_v give_v he_o a_o 9th_o of_o their_o good_n there_o mention_v that_o therefore_o the_o bishop_n shall_v convene_v the_o magnate_v &_o communitatem_fw-la libertatis_fw-la vestrae_fw-la to_o wit_n of_o his_o county_n palatine_n ad_fw-la certum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o locum_fw-la with_o all_o convenient_a speed_n and_o that_o do_v to_o persuade_v and_o excite_v the_o say_a magnate_n &_o communitas_fw-la to_o grant_v the_o king_n the_o like_a or_o a_o large_a subsidy_n or_o aid_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o war_n which_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a if_o the_o bishop_n or_o the_o king_n can_v in_o those_o day_n have_v tax_v this_o county_n at_o their_o pleasure_n now_o if_o these_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v not_o tax_n their_o mesne_n tenant_n without_o their_o consent_n much_o less_o can_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o england_n impose_v tax_n on_o their_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n or_o in_o socage_n without_o their_o consent_n which_o last_o have_v a_o much_o less_o dependence_n upon_o they_o m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o consider_v these_o precedent_n of_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o chester_n and_o durham_n and_o therefore_o can_v say_v nothing_o to_o they_o at_o present_a since_o it_o be_v matter_n of_o fact_n but_o as_o to_o reason_n and_o law_n i_o think_v it_o be_v consonant_a to_o both_o 171._o that_o not_o only_a tenant_n in_o military_a service_n but_o socage_n tenure_n shall_v be_v find_v by_o the_o act_n of_o their_o superior_a lord_n of_o who_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v former_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o though_o in_o process_n of_o time_n many_o of_o these_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n or_o be_v hold_v in_o socage_n that_o be_v be_v free_a holder_n yet_o the_o lord_n retain_v homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o now_o write_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n etc._n etc._n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o although_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n of_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholders_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o which_o though_o now_o antiquate_v yet_o eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o tax_n too_o so_o that_o upon_o all_o these_o account_n it_o be_v then_o as_o reasonable_a that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v in_o those_o day_n make_v law_n and_o grant_v tax_n for_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o scotland_n shall_v do_v so_o to_o this_o very_a day_n for_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o kingdom_n of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o to_o this_o argument_n which_o be_v certain_a in_o matter_n of_o fact_n you_o have_v yet_o answer_v nothing_o nor_o do_v i_o believe_v can_v f._n i_o can_v see_v notwithstanding_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v that_o the_o superior_a lord_n by_o reason_n of_o homage_n shall_v have_v a_o absolute_a power_n over_o their_o tenant_n estate_n for_o though_o in_o the_o profession_n 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that_o because_o the_o emperor_n theodosius_n as_o likewise_o divers_a of_o his_o predecessor_n do_v nominate_v bishop_n to_o see_v therefore_o they_o do_v likewise_o receive_v from_o they_o all_o the_o authority_n they_o have_v of_o appear_v and_o act_v in_o general_a council_n which_o i_o be_o sure_a you_o be_v too_o good_a a_o church_n of_o england_n man_n to_o affirm_v m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o do_v so_o close_o examine_v the_o ancient_a form_n of_o confer_v of_o bishopric_n before_o the_o conquest_n as_o i_o find_v you_o have_v do_v and_o i_o will_v better_o examine_v your_o authority_n and_o if_o i_o find_v this_o custom_n to_o have_v be_v constant_a and_o uniform_a i_o shall_v come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n though_o i_o doubt_v it_o will_v not_o prove_v to_o have_v be_v so_o general_a as_o you_o will_v make_v it_o since_o by_o the_o authority_n you_o have_v now_o bring_v out_o of_o mat._n paris_n it_o appear_v that_o it_o be_v the_o king_n who_o give_v leave_v to_o this_o election_n of_o bishop_n wulstan_n in_o the_o great_a council_n which_o i_o be_o not_o yet_o convince_v do_v then_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o meddle_v in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n without_o the_o king_n consent_n but_o since_o you_o have_v speak_v enough_o concern_v the_o right_n and_o antiquity_n of_o the_o bishop_n sit_v in_o our_o great_a council_n it_o be_v time_n you_o now_o speak_v of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o peer_n or_o temporal_a lord_n which_o certain_o can_v have_v no_o place_n there_o but_o from_o the_o favour_n and_o concession_n of_o our_o king_n so_o that_o whether_o we_o consider_v those_o lord_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n as_o ruler_n of_o county_n call_v in_o old_a english_a earl_n or_o alderman_n in_o latin_a deuce_n or_o comites_fw-la or_o else_o as_o judge_n or_o counsellor_n call_v in_o old_a saxon_a wites_z or_o wiseman_n in_o latin_a sapientes_fw-la or_o last_o as_o thanes_z in_o latin_a ministri_fw-la who_o be_v either_o military_a tenant_n or_o civil_a minister_n or_o else_o officer_n of_o the_o king_n in_o his_o court_n or_o other_o employment_n none_o of_o they_o be_v hereditary_a in_o those_o time_n but_o all_o of_o they_o either_o depend_v upon_o the_o king_n will_n or_o else_o owe_v their_o honour_n and_o estate_n to_o his_o favour_n f._n i_o hope_v notwithstanding_o the_o confidence_n you_o put_v in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o argument_n that_o it_o have_v no_o more_o weight_n in_o it_o than_o the_o former_a for_o though_o i_o grant_v there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n as_o hereditary_a earldom_n before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o though_o both_o the_o earl_n and_o alderman_n may_v have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n ratione_fw-la officii_fw-la as_o the_o earl_n marshal_n of_o england_n have_v at_o this_o day_n and_o not_o by_o tenure_n england_n as_o they_o do_v after_o that_o time_n yet_o i_o very_o much_o doubt_n whether_o they_o sit_v there_o only_o ratione_fw-la officii_fw-la and_o not_o as_o thanes_z or_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a lordship_n or_o estate_n in_o land_n but_o if_o they_o sit_v there_o as_o earl_n or_o aldermâ—n_o yet_o may_v they_o not_o be_v the_o only_a person_n that_o sit_v in_o those_o council_n by_o that_o title_n for_o there_o be_v beside_o these_o aldermen_z of_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o be_v elect_v by_o those_o place_n and_o who_o it_o be_v very_o likely_a appear_v for_o they_o as_o their_o representative_n in_o those_o council_n until_o by_o succession_n of_o time_n those_o town_n begin_v to_o send_v two_o burgess_n in_o their_o stead_n some_o footstep_n of_o which_o still_o remain_v in_o london_n where_o the_o alderman_n of_o every_o ward_n be_v first_o propose_v to_o be_v elect_v parliament_n man_n before_o any_o other_o and_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o these_o alderman_n in_o the_o most_o ancient_a city_n as_o london_n york_n lincoln_n &_o â—_o be_v not_o elect_v by_o any_o grant_n or_o charter_n from_o the_o crown_n 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and_o the_o free_a man_n of_o the_o county_n or_o hundred_o be_v the_o judge_n of_o all_o matter_n of_o fact_n so_o that_o though_o the_o king_n may_v appoint_v these_o prince_n or_o governor_n of_o province_n or_o county_n yet_o do_v it_o no_o more_o follow_v that_o they_o owe_v their_o be_v and_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n whole_o to_o his_o will_n than_o as_o i_o say_v before_o suppose_v that_o the_o king_n have_v ancient_o the_o nomination_n of_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n in_o england_n that_o therefore_o they_o must_v also_o owe_v their_o place_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o synod_n whole_o to_o they_o since_o the_o king_n perform_v both_o of_o they_o as_o a_o public_a trust_v commit_v to_o he_o by_o the_o common_a weal_n in_o the_o one_o case_n as_o much_o as_o in_o the_o other_o but_o indeed_o i_o think_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o member_n of_o this_o assembly_n beside_o alderman_n and_o burgess_n for_o city_n and_o town_n consist_v of_o those_o thanes_z who_o name_n be_v often_o find_v in_o the_o subscription_n of_o the_o ancient_a charter_n of_o our_o saxon_a king_n after_o the_o principes_fw-la deuce_n and_o comâ—â—â—s_n and_o that_o though_o many_o of_o they_o may_v be_v the_o king_n feudal_n thanes_z or_o 〈◊〉_d grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n in_o chief_a as_o mr._n sâ—lden_n tell_v we_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n 515._o yet_o that_o author_n no_o where_o exclude_v the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i._o e._n middle_a or_o less_o thanes_z from_o have_v voice_n in_o those_o assembly_n who_o be_v afterward_o style_v vavissour_n or_o lord_n of_o township_n afterward_o call_v maunor_n with_o court_n annex_v to_o they_o under_o the_o name_n of_o sac_n &_o soc_n which_o be_v the_o same_o with_o our_o court_n 〈◊〉_d and_o courtbaron_n especial_o if_o you_o please_v far_o to_o consider_v what_o a_o vast_a nâ—mber_n of_o alâ—dariâ—_n or_o free_a tenant_n there_o be_v then_o who_o hold_v their_o land_n discharge_v of_o all_o service_n but_o the_o common_a burden_n and_o tax_n of_o the_o nation_n none_o but_o the_o land_n of_o the_o king_n thanes_z be_v hold_v by_o military_a service_n before_o the_o entrance_n of_o the_o norman_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o saxon_a council_n will_v find_v that_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o person_n that_o appear_v there_o do_v not_o owe_v their_o 〈◊〉_d to_o their_o be_v the_o king_n minister_n or_o officer_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o to_o their_o hold_v such_o land_n and_o possâ—ssions_n as_o capacitate_v they_o and_o give_v they_o a_o right_a to_o have_v place_n in_o those_o great_a council_n and_o that_o this_o be_v 〈◊〉_d we_o need_v go_v no_o further_o than_o the_o law_n of_o king_n athelâ—â—an_n where_o you_o will_v find_v gâ—mility_n itself_o annex_v to_o a_o estate_n in_o land_n 54._o for_o if_o you_o will_v but_o be_v please_v to_o consult_v king_n athelston_n law_n you_o will_v there_o find_v that_o if_o a_o villaâ—aus_n or_o câ—eorl_n can_v so_o thrive_v as_o to_o get_v a_o estate_n of_o five_o hide_n in_o land_n he_o be_v reckon_v a_o thane_n i._n e._n a_o gentleman_n or_o nobleman_n as_o they_o be_v promiscuoul_o reckon_v at_o that_o time_n so_o that_o though_o i_o suppose_v there_o may_v not_o be_v in_o those_o time_n that_o exact_a distinction_n between_o peer_n and_o commons_o as_o there_o have_v be_v establish_v since_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n yet_o be_v it_o the_o same_o thing_n in_o effect_n since_o the_o bishop_n earl_n or_o alderman_n of_o shire_n though_o not_o enjoy_v as_o hereditary_a honour_n may_v make_v then_o the_o great_a nobility_n or_o peer_n as_o the_o thanes_z be_v the_o less_o nobility_n gentleman_n or_o freeholder_n who_o all_o appear_v in_o person_n may_v together_o with_o
call_v catalogus_fw-la gloriae_fw-la mundi_fw-la write_v on_o this_o subject_n where_o in_o his_o 8_o the_o part_n consid_n 18._o he_o have_v this_o among_o other_o comment_n on_o the_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la etiam_fw-la causatur_fw-la ex_fw-la loco_fw-la quoniam_fw-la civis_fw-la ex_fw-la urbe_fw-la splendida_fw-la oriundus_fw-la nobilis_fw-la est_fw-la for_o which_o he_o there_o give_v many_o authority_n and_o this_o title_n he_o look_v upon_o as_o due_a also_o to_o country_n gentleman_n live_v upon_o the_o husbandry_n of_o their_o own_o estate_n or_o annual_a rent_n and_o that_o by_o the_o word_n magnate_v be_v often_o understand_v the_o knight_n of_o shire_n common_o call_v in_o old_a french_a grantz_n des_fw-fr countees_n i_o can_v give_v you_o sufficient_a authority_n now_o this_o word_n magnates_n be_v always_o render_v in_o our_o old_a french_a by_o grantz_n 95._o for_o the_o proof_n of_o this_o i_o desire_v you_o in_o the_o first_o place_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o rot._n claus._n 3_o e._n 2._o in_o 16._o dorso_fw-la you_o will_v find_v this_o title_n inhibitio_fw-la ne_fw-la qui_fw-la magnates_fw-la viz._n come_v baro_n miles_n 〈◊〉_d abqua_fw-la alia_fw-la notabilis_fw-la persona_fw-la transeat_fw-la ad_fw-la part_n transmarinas_fw-la where_o you_o see_v the_o word_n magnates_n be_v apply_v to_o knight_n at_o least_o as_o well_o as_o earl_n and_o baron_n and_o among_o the_o common_a writ_n of_o michaelmas_n term_n anno_fw-la 34_o edw._n i._o in_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o remembrancer_n of_o the_o treasury_n of_o the_o exchequer_n the_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o baron_n of_o cinque-port_n be_v call_v magnate_v so_o also_o in_o the_o statute_n 25_o e._n 3._o de_fw-la servientibus_fw-la it_o be_v there_o enact_v per_fw-la assent_n de_fw-fr les_fw-fr ditz_fw-fr prelatz_n countess_n 〈◊〉_d &_o autres_fw-fr grandes_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr dite_fw-fr communalte_n illonques_fw-la assemblez_fw-fr also_o in_o the_o statute-book_n print_v in_o french_a in_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o staple_n 27_o e._n 3._o the_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n be_v express_o call_v grantz_n des_fw-fr counties_n and_o last_o as_o for_o the_o word_n optimates_fw-la which_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o superlative_a optimus_fw-la it_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o the_o best_a sort_n of_o man_n in_o any_o commonwealth_n or_o city_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n 189._o william_n of_o malmesbury_n in_o his_o history_n speak_v of_o the_o rich_a citizen_n of_o london_n have_v this_o remarkable_a passage_n londinenses_n qui_fw-la pro_fw-la magnitudine_fw-la civitatis_fw-la optimates_fw-la sunt_fw-la and_o that_o not_o only_a knight_n but_o also_o such_o citizen_n as_o be_v remarkable_a and_o eminent_a for_o their_o estate_n or_o office_n in_o city_n have_v the_o appellation_n of_o magnates_n appear_v from_o a_o ancient_a manuscript_n book_n 64._o keep_v in_o the_o archive_v of_o the_o city_n of_o london_n where_o in_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1229._o be_v the_o 13_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o a_o act_n of_o common_a council_n be_v make_v per_fw-la omnes_fw-la aldermanâ—aes_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la civitatis_fw-la per_fw-la assensum_fw-la universorum_a civium_fw-la quod_fw-la nullo_n tempore_fw-la â—ermitterent_fw-la aliquem_fw-la vicecomitem_fw-la admitti_fw-la in_o vicecomitem_fw-la per_fw-la duos_fw-la annos_fw-la continuos_fw-la sicut_fw-la 〈◊〉_d extiterant_fw-la so_o likewise_o in_o the_o same_o book_n anno_fw-la dom._n 1244._o 29._o h._n 3._o mention_n be_v there_o make_v of_o a_o dissension_n that_o then_o arise_v about_o the_o choice_n of_o a_o sheriff_n and_o the_o book_n say_v that_o quidam_fw-la de_fw-la vulgo_fw-la elegerunt_fw-la nichol._n bat._n per_fw-la assensum_fw-la majoris_fw-la &_o magnates_fw-la elegerunt_fw-la adam_n de_fw-fr â—ently_fw-mi i_o can_v give_v you_o more_o of_o a_o like_a nature_n but_o i_o will_v not_o tire_v you_o but_o no_o doubt_n but_o the_o eminent_a citizen_n of_o york_n and_o other_o city_n be_v call_v magnate_v in_o those_o time_n from_o all_o which_o we_o may_v safe_o conclude_v that_o not_o only_a knight_n of_o shirâ—_n be_v style_v magnate_v but_o also_o the_o representative_n for_o the_o city_n be_v often_o style_v proceres_fw-la magnates_fw-la and_o nobiles_fw-la in_o our_o ancient_a roll_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o other_o public_a write_n i_o beg_v your_o pardon_n for_o be_v thus_o long_o but_o i_o can_v not_o make_v a_o end_n soon_o and_o prove_v the_o true_a sense_n of_o these_o word_n in_o question_n from_o ancient_a historian_n act_n of_o parliament_n and_o record_n by_o which_o i_o hope_v you_o will_v be_v satisfy_v how_o unsafe_a it_o be_v to_o depend_v upon_o the_o general_a and_o various_a expression_n of_o our_o english_a historian_n especial_o as_o understand_v by_o those_o of_o yoâ—â—_n opinion_n since_o if_o we_o shall_v depend_v upon_o they_o alone_o the_o commons_o will_v not_o oftentimes_o be_v find_v to_o have_v be_v present_a in_o parliament_n even_o when_o the_o record_n themselves_o express_o prove_v they_o be_v there_o m._n i_o must_v confess_v you_o have_v make_v i_o think_v more_o on_o this_o subject_a than_o perhaps_o otherwise_o i_o shall_v have_v do_v yet_o i_o must_v observe_v that_o most_o of_o the_o quotation_n you_o have_v make_v use_n of_o concern_v the_o meaning_n of_o the_o word_n proceres_fw-la magnates_fw-la and_o nobiles_fw-la etc._n etc._n be_v from_o author_n who_o write_v after_o the_o time_n that_o i_o 〈◊〉_d the_o commons_o as_o now_o represent_v to_o have_v be_v constant_o summon_v to_o parliament_n so_o that_o they_o may_v very_o well_o through_o haste_n or_o inadvertency_n confound_v they_o with_o the_o earl_n and_o lord_n and_o so_o style_v they_o by_o the_o same_o title_n for_o i_o will_v prove_v to_o you_o before_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o discourse_n by_o undeniable_a record_n that_o by_o the_o word_n magnate_v and_o proceres_fw-la be_v understand_v the_o bishop_n earls_z and_o baron_n as_o distinguish_v from_o the_o commons_o but_o i_o think_v i_o can_v sufficient_o prove_v from_o mat._n paris_n and_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o our_o first_o norman_n king_n as_o also_o from_o the_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la of_o king_n john_n that_o by_o the_o word_n bartneâ—_n iâ—_n mean_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v there_o only_o mention_v to_o haâ—_n constant_o appear_v in_o parliament_n till_o the_o 18_o the_o e._n 1._o the_o great_a and_o less_o â—â—â—ons_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la together_o with_o those_o of_o high_a degree_n viz._n the_o earl_n bishop_n and_o abbot_n be_v the_o only_a person_n who_o represent_v the_o whoâ—e_a body_n of_o the_o nation_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n and_o i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v 〈◊〉_d evident_a and_o clear_a that_o i_o can_v quit_v this_o opinion_n without_o you_o can_v show_v 〈◊〉_d better_a reason_n to_o the_o contrary_a than_o hitherto_o you_o have_v do_v f._n i_o see_v nothing_o will_v satisfy_v those_o who_o have_v once_o receive_v a_o prejudice_n 〈◊〉_d otherwise_o i_o think_v it_o may_v be_v prove_v sufficient_o from_o that_o clause_n in_o magna_n chartâ—_n i_o have_v mention_v that_o other_o person_n be_v there_o before_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n 〈◊〉_d beside_o your_o great_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o as_o for_o the_o use_n of_o 〈◊〉_d word_n you_o mention_v in_o historian_n after_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o nothing_o can_v be_v a_o plain_a proof_n for_o i_o for_o if_o those_o historian_n do_v comprehend_v the_o common_a under_o those_o general_a word_n or_o phrase_n we_o have_v be_v now_o dispute_v about_o i_o deâ—sire_v to_o know_v why_o they_o may_v not_o have_v be_v likewise_o comprehend_v under_o thâ—_n same_o term_n by_o mat._n paris_n and_o those_o other_o historian_n who_o write_v other_o historieâ—_n from_o the_o norman_a conquest_n to_o his_o time_n and_o why_o thy_o might_n not_o have_v then_o conâ—founded_v the_o commons_o with_o the_o lord_n as_o well_o as_o they_o do_v afterward_o but_o since_o i_o see_v you_o insist_v so_o much_o upon_o your_o barones_n and_o tenentes_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la who_o you_o wiâ—_n have_v alone_o to_o constitute_v the_o baronagium_n or_o the_o communitas_fw-la or_o universitas_fw-la barâ—â—gii_fw-la angliae_fw-la pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o ask_v you_o a_o plain_a question_n be_v your_o lessâ—_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o barones_n minores_fw-la lord_n or_o peer_n of_o parliament_n or_o be_v they_o commoner_n only_o m._n to_o give_v you_o mr._n selden_n opinion_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n cap._n 5._o 708._o he_o suppose_v that_o from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o conquest_n to_o about_o the_o middle_n of_o king_n john_n every_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o tenure_n of_o land_n he_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la be_v indifferent_o a_o honorary_a or_o parliamentary_a baron_n but_o that_o about_o the_o end_n of_o king_n john_n time_n some_o only_a that_o be_v most_o eminent_a of_o those_o tenant_n sometime_o style_v barones_n majores_fw-la regni_fw-la be_v summon_v by_o several_a writ_n direct_v to_o they_o as_o
lord_n or_o peer_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o lesser_a or_o low_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la sometime_o style_v barones_n minores_fw-la be_v for_o some_o time_n before_o this_o summon_v by_o general_a writ_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n or_o bailiff_n as_o appear_v by_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 18._o now_o whether_o these_o man_n be_v ever_o real_o peer_n or_o not_o i_o have_v reason_n to_o doubt_v since_o i_o do_v not_o find_v but_o it_o be_v they_o alone_a who_o for_o some_o year_n after_o the_o conquest_n serve_v upon_o jury_n in_o county_n court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o the_o public_a business_n of_o the_o country_n which_o be_v then_o as_o at_o this_o day_n a_o drudgery_n beneath_o the_o peer_n to_o perform_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v upon_o it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o think_v be_v certain_a that_o they_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o person_n much_o above_o any_o other_o layman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n since_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n immediate_o from_o the_o king_n and_o be_v so_o considerable_a as_o that_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o clarendon_n they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v excommunicate_v without_o the_o king_n leave_n and_o so_o be_v then_o in_o some_o sort_n of_o the_o same_o order_n ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la with_o the_o great_a baron_n or_o peer_n be_v common_o style_v barones_n and_o make_v up_o but_o one_o estate_n or_o order_n of_o layman_n in_o parliament_n and_o from_o thence_o i_o suppose_v proceed_v that_o common_a error_n of_o sir_n ed._n coke_n that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o do_v ancient_o sit_v together_o and_o make_v but_o one_o house_n now_o if_o you_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o object_n against_o this_o notion_n pray_v let_v i_o hear_v it_o f._n i_o think_v you_o and_o i_o be_v come_v pretty_a near_o a_o issue_n in_o this_o question_n for_o you_o confess_v that_o these_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o who_o you_o comprise_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n be_v not_o true_o and_o proper_o baron_n and_o so_o far_o you_o be_v in_o the_o right_n but_o yet_o you_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o than_o mere_a commoner_n as_o if_o there_o have_v be_v some_o degree_n or_o order_n of_o man_n in_o england_n in_o those_o time_n who_o be_v neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o but_o a_o amphibious_a race_n between_o both_o but_o to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v indeed_o no_o more_o than_o commoner_n and_o not_o lord_n nor_o peeâ—s_n at_o all_o nor_o equal_a with_o they_o we_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o their_o way_n of_o trial_n in_o case_n of_o treason_n or_o felony_n which_o be_v by_o mere_a commoner_n who_o be_v not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o be_v so_o that_o a_o person_n who_o be_v no_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o may_v serve_v upon_o a_o jury_n of_o life_n and_o death_n upon_o they_o and_o as_o well_o as_o the_o dr._n in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n as_o you_o assert_v that_o they_o only_o serve_v in_o the_o country_n upon_o all_o jury_n and_o that_o before_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n so_o after_o all_o this_o noise_n of_o none_o but_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v for_o the_o whole_a commons_o of_o england_n we_o find_v by_o your_o own_o show_v that_o three_o part_n in_o four_o of_o the_o lay_v member_n of_o that_o council_n be_v as_o mere_a commoner_n as_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o five_o port_n at_o this_o day_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v any_o reason_n why_o these_o latter_a may_v not_o be_v as_o well_o comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n as_o the_o former_a who_o be_v mere_a commoner_n likewise_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o nobility_n nor_o birth_n nor_o the_o king_n writ_n of_o summons_n but_o only_o the_o mere_a tenure_n of_o their_o land_n that_o give_v they_o a_o particular_a right_n to_o a_o place_n in_o that_o assembly_n in_o those_o age_n or_o if_o a_o mere_a citizen_n can_v get_v money_n enough_o to_o purchase_v such_o a_o estate_n in_o capite_fw-la he_o be_v as_o good_a a_o member_n of_o parllament_n as_o the_o best_a of_o they_o all_o so_o that_o the_o question_n than_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o this_o whether_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v then_o represent_v by_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o by_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o other_o as_o they_o be_v now_o but_o since_o you_o will_v have_v none_o commoner_n but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v have_v place_n therein_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o you_o allow_v that_o privilege_n to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o m._n yes_o i_o allow_v it_o to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o who_o also_o enjoy_v a_o whole_a knight_n fee_n or_o so_o much_o as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o render_v they_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o dignity_n of_o that_o place_n not_o but_o that_o the_o king_n have_v also_o a_o prerogative_n of_o summon_v or_o omit_v who_o of_o they_o he_o please_v to_o his_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n till_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la think_v it_o a_o wrong_n to_o they_o it_o be_v provide_v by_o king_n john_n charter_n that_o all_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v summon_v by_o one_o general_n write_v of_o summons_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n but_o i_o exclude_v from_o this_o council_n all_o tenant_n by_o petit_n serjeanty_n who_o tho_o it_o be_v true_a hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o be_v it_o not_o by_o knight_n service_n so_o likewise_o i_o exclude_v all_o city_n and_o town_n though_o the_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o tenement_n by_o that_o tenure_n since_o be_v neither_o noble_a by_o blood_n nor_o have_v estate_n sufficient_a to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o gentleman_n or_o knight_n they_o have_v no_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o in_o person_n among_o the_o other_o tenant_n who_o be_v owner_n of_o one_o or_o more_o knight_n fe_n yet_o do_v i_o not_o affirm_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o after_o some_o sort_n represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o their_o superior_a lord_n deim_fw-ge though_o not_o as_o commoner_n since_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o baron_n do_v then_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n also_o though_o of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o tenure_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freehold_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o tenant_n by_o it_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freeholder_n f._n i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o the_o falsity_n of_o this_o notion_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n pray_v tell_v i_o when_o a_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n be_v call_v who_o represent_v those_o person_n who_o you_o say_v do_v not_o appear_v there_o and_o make_v general_a law_n and_o grant_v general_n tax_n for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n when_o there_o be_v occasion_n for_o i_o see_v you_o shut_v out_o the_o great_a part_n even_o of_o these_o your_o true_a freeholder_n from_o this_o assembly_n m._n as_o for_o the_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n i_o at_o present_a conceive_v though_o i_o be_o not_o sure_a of_o it_o that_o many_o of_o they_o may_v hold_v land_n and_o perhaps_o divers_a knight_n fee_n by_o grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n also_o since_o those_o estate_n which_o be_v give_v by_o the_o conqueror_n to_o his_o servant_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o such_o and_o such_o petit_fw-fr service_n may_v in_o process_n of_o time_n fall_v by_o purchase_n or_o descent_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o such_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o have_v sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v that_o dignity_n and_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n they_o may_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v before_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la have_v be_v tax_v by_o the_o king_n writ_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o knight_n fee_n or_o part_n of_o knight_n fee_n which_o they_o then_o hold_v and_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o sum_v impose_v in_o parliament_n either_o by_o way_n of_o aid_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n or_o else_o by_o way_n of_o subsidy_n by_o so_o much_o a_o yard_n or_o plough_v land_n throughout_o all_o england_n which_o have_v be_v the_o only_a way_n of_o tax_v ever_o since_o that_o of_o knight_n fee_n have_v be_v disuse_v f._n then_o i_o find_v after_o all_o you_o have_v say_v that_o scarce_o half_a your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o vote_n in_o prrliament_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n and_o so_o have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o be_v tax_v at_o the_o king_n will_n be_v as_o
that_o if_o the_o sense_n of_o these_o word_n have_v be_v sufficient_o explain_v i_o think_v no_o reasonable_a man_n can_v have_v any_o cause_n to_o doubt_v whether_o these_o abstract_a word_n nobilitas_fw-la universitas_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la shall_v be_v take_v for_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o man_n when_o thus_o represent_v in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o whether_o they_o shall_v be_v confine_v to_o the_o great_a or_o lesser_a nobility_n only_o viz._n the_o great_a lord_n bishop_n and_o tenant_n in_o caâ—ite_fw-la as_o you_o will_v make_v i_o believe_v which_o require_v strong_a proof_n than_o what_o you_o have_v yet_o bring_v beside_o which_o sense_n of_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la or_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la it_o be_v also_o more_o common_o use_v at_o this_o day_n and_o often_o then_o too_o in_o another_o more_o restrain_v and_o yet_o legal_a sense_n and_o that_o be_v when_o it_o be_v use_v for_o the_o commonalty_n or_o commons_o of_o england_n distinct_a from_o the_o peer_n and_o this_o may_v very_o easy_o be_v distinguish_v by_o observe_v that_o when_o it_o be_v take_v in_o this_o sense_n it_o be_v always_o set_v after_o the_o particular_a enumeration_n of_o the_o other_o order_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o peer_n viz._n the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n and_o baron_n or_o when_o it_o be_v put_v contradistinct_a to_o the_o word_n magnate_v i_o shall_v give_v you_o some_o authority_n and_o example_n from_o historian_n and_o record_n of_o both_o these_o 35._o and_o that_o in_o the_o time_n precede_v those_o that_o you_o allow_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v be_v summon_v in_o parliament_n of_o this_o sort_n be_v that_o which_o matt._n westm_n mention_n as_o a_o parliament_n hold_v 37th_o hen._n iii_o and_o which_o be_v thus_o recite_v in_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o this_o year_n 352._o where_o after_o the_o excommunication_n denounce_v against_o all_o infringer_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la there_o be_v this_o solemn_a clause_n aâ—ded_v that_o if_o to_o the_o write_n concern_v the_o say_a sentence_n any_o other_o thing_n or_o in_o any_o otherwise_o shall_v be_v add_v thereunto_o beside_o the_o form_n of_o the_o say_a sentence_n then_o to_o be_v denounce_v and_o approve_v of_o that_o then_o dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la &_o praedicti_fw-la magnates_fw-la &_o communitas_fw-la populi_n pretestantur_fw-la publicae_fw-la before_o all_o the_o bishop_n that_o they_o will_v never_o consent_v thereunto_o and_o conclude_v thus_o in_o cujus_fw-la rei_fw-la testimonium_fw-la &_o in_o posterum_fw-la veritatis_fw-la testimonium_fw-la as_o well_o the_o king_n as_o the_o earl_n of_o norff._n heref._n essex_n and_o warwick_n as_o peter_n de_fw-fr sabaâ—dia_n ad_fw-la inslantiam_fw-la aliorum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o populi_n praescripti_fw-la sigilla_fw-la sua_fw-la apposuerunt_fw-la where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o it_o be_v usual_a before_o the_o 49th_o hen._n iii_o for_o those_o that_o be_v peer_n to_o sign_n for_o the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n or_o commons_o m_o i_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v your_o authority_n as_o you_o bring_v they_o lest_o i_o not_o only_o forget_v some_o of_o they_o but_o also_o tire_v both_o you_o and_o myself_o with_o too_o long_a a_o discourse_n i_o hope_v i_o be_o very_a well_o able_a to_o prove_v by_o the_o learned_a dr.'s_n assistance_n dein_fw-ge that_o the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n here_o mention_v doâ—h_o signify_v not_o the_o commonalty_n or_o commons_o but_o the_o community_n of_o the_o laity_n there_o present_a consist_v of_o the_o great_a baron_n or_o else_o the_o less_o or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o pray_v take_v notice_n that_o matt._n paris_n call_v this_o council_n tota_n angliae_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la 865._o and_o in_o this_o parliament_n the_o king_n demand_v a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n of_o they_o after_o much_o contest_v and_o upon_o promise_n to_o reform_v all_o abuse_n according_a to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o great_a charter_n thereupon_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o the_o church_n grant_v the_o ten_o of_o the_o revenue_n for_o three_o year_n and_o the_o knight_n or_o nobility_n grant_v for_o that_o year_n scutage_n to_o wit_n three_o mark_n of_o every_o scutum_n or_o knight_n 〈◊〉_d and_o then_o the_o arch-bishop_n and_o bishop_n in_o their_o pontificalibus_fw-la with_o light-candle_n in_o their_o hand_n in_o the_o presence_n and_o with_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o king_n the_o earl_n of_o cornwall_n his_o brother_n and_o several_a earl_n there_o name_v &_o aliorum_fw-la optimatum_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o other_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n excommunicate_v and_o curse_v all_o those_o that_o from_o thence_o forward_o shall_v deprive_v the_o church_n of_o she_o right_o and_o all_o those_o that_o shall_v change_v alter_v or_o diminish_v the_o liberty_n of_o the_o church_n and_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n especial_o those_o grant_v in_o the_o great_a charter_n of_o the_o common_a liberty_n of_o england_n and_o charter_n of_o the_o forest_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n arâ—hiâ—piscopis_n episcopis_fw-la &_o cateris_fw-la angliae_fw-la praelatis_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o â—â—berè_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la etc._n etc._n i._n e._n to_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n and_o other_o prelate_n of_o â—â—gland_n and_o to_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free-tenant_n or_o tenant_n in_o military_a 〈◊〉_d knight_n service_n for_o they_o only_o be_v such_o aâ—_n pay_v scutage_n which_o be_v at_o this_o â—ime_n a_o kind_n of_o composition_n with_o the_o king_n for_o the_o confirm_a magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o be_v never_o charge_v but_o upon_o knight_n fee_n and_o these_o be_v such_o that_o hold_v perhaps_o one_o narrow_a or_o scanty_a knight_n fee_n only_o or_o some_o part_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n as_o a_o half_a 3d_o four_o 6_o 8_o part_n etc._n etc._n who_o all_o pay_v a_o proportionable_a share_n of_o scutage_n to_o the_o great_a lord_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o the_o land_n they_o hold_v of_o they_o in_o military_a service_n which_o be_v pay_v first_o to_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o by_o they_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n and_o from_o thence_o i_o collect_v that_o beside_o the_o barones_n majores_fw-la that_o come_v to_o this_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n there_o be_v also_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la according_a to_o the_o direction_n and_o law_n for_o summons_n in_o king_n john_n charter_n who_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n tota_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la &_o milites_fw-la and_o that_o other_o tenant_n but_o hold_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n be_v bind_v by_o their_o act_n 〈◊〉_d they_o all_o know_v how_o many_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o if_o â—â—ey_n have_v give_v any_o away_o to_o other_o they_o hold_v of_o they_o as_o they_o do_v of_o the_o crown_n use_v answer_v a_o proportionable_a rate_n towards_o this_o tax_n for_o the_o fee_n quantity_n 〈◊〉_d part_n of_o fee_n they_o hold_v of_o they_o about_o which_o there_o can_v be_v no_o mistake_n 〈◊〉_d the_o scutage_n be_v ascertain_v so_o that_o in_o so_o great_a a_o assembly_n where_o all_o the_o nobility_n of_o england_n be_v call_v together_o by_o the_o king_n be_v write_v and_o upon_o so_o great_a 〈◊〉_d occasion_n and_o solemnity_n as_o confirm_v the_o great_a charter_n of_o liberty_n after_o such_o a_o extraordinary_a a_o manner_n it_o can_v be_v doubt_v but_o beside_o the_o baron_n all_o the_o 〈◊〉_d in_o capite_fw-la both_o great_a and_o small_a which_o be_v then_o very_o numerous_a be_v present_a or_o at_o least_o most_o of_o they_o from_o whence_o it_o be_v not_o difficult_a to_o tell_v you_o to_o the_o communitas_fw-la be_v after_o the_o prelate_n baron_n and_o magnaâ—â—â—_n they_o be_v no_o other_o than_o the_o small_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v all_o summon_v by_o one_o general_n write_v nor_o choose_v and_o send_v by_o the_o people_n but_o summon_v as_o the_o great_a baron_n in_o general_a by_o king_n john_n '_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o hereafter_o f._n i_o hope_v i_o shall_v be_v well_o enough_o able_a to_o prove_v that_o what_o you_o have_v now_o allege_v be_v pure_a imagination_n or_o in_o the_o dr._n phrase_n a_o airy_a ambuscade_n and_o quite_o contrary_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o matt._n paris_n as_o also_o of_o the_o lawyer_n and_o historian_n of_o those_o time_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o this_o author_n by_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la populi_n must_v understand_v a_o order_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o the_o magnate_v or_o else_o if_o the_o word_n magnates_n may_v have_v comprehend_v they_o all_o it_o will_v have_v be_v to_o no_o purpose_n to_o have_v mention_v any_o more_o but_o to_o answer_v those_o authority_n you_o bring_v from_o mat._n paris_n as_o for_o the_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la since_o you_o still_o insist_v upon_o it_o i_o
have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o whole_a parliament_n as_o well_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a as_o commons_o be_v both_o before_o and_o after_o this_o time_n comprehend_v under_o these_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o if_o you_o yet_o doubt_v of_o it_o i_o can_v give_v you_o a_o plain_a authority_n out_o of_o walsingham_n for_o it_o be_v in_o his_o life_n of_o edw._n ii_o anno_fw-la 1327._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o that_o king_n deposition_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o the_o queen_n and_o prince_n come_v to_o london_n there_o then_o meet_v tota_n regni_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la to_o depose_v the_o king_n and_o choose_v his_o son_n in_o his_o stead_n and_o then_o there_o be_v send_v to_o the_o king_n be_v prisoner_n in_o kenelworth_n castle_n on_o behalf_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n two_o bishop_n two_o earl_n two_o abbot_n and_o of_o every_o county_n three_o knight_n and_o also_o from_o london_n and_o other_o city_n and_o great_a town_n especial_o the_o cinque_fw-fr port_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n who_o inform_v he_o of_o the_o election_n of_o his_o son_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v renounce_v the_o crown_n and_o royal_a dignity_n etc._n etc._n this_o proof_n be_v so_o plain_a it_o need_v no_o comment_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o argument_n the_o strength_n of_o it_o chief_o consist_v in_o this_o that_o the_o tax_n there_o mention_v be_v say_v to_o be_v grant_v à _fw-la militibus_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o of_o three_o mark_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n but_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o this_o scutage_n be_v not_o scutage_n service_n but_o a_o general_a land_n tax_n or_o manner_n of_o tax_v according_a to_o knight_n fee_n and_o which_o be_v continue_v long_o after_o hen._n iii_o reign_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o this_o passage_n in_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n scutagium_fw-la edwardus_fw-la primus_fw-la habuit_fw-la 40_o soli_fw-la de_fw-la quolibet_fw-la 〈◊〉_d anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 13_o dom._n 1285._o pro_fw-la expeditione_n contra_fw-la wallos_n and_o it_o be_v also_o grant_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o after_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n when_o you_o and_o the_o dr._n suppose_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v then_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o if_o so_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v why_o a_o militibus_fw-la here_o mention_v by_o this_o author_n must_v only_o signify_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o not_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n since_o it_o be_v not_o here_o say_v a_o militibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o force_a interpretation_n of_o the_o dr.'s_n and_o without_o any_o authority_n to_o limit_v these_o word_n militibus_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la which_o you_o omit_v with_o a_o etc._n etc._n as_o also_o the_o omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la liberis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la only_o to_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n and_o other_o prelate_n of_o england_n and_o to_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free_a tenant_n or_o tenant_n in_o military_a or_o knight_n service_n because_o they_o be_v only_o such_o as_o pay_v scutage_n whereas_o you_o have_v already_o acknowledge_v that_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v grant_v to_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n who_o have_v all_o a_o benefit_n by_o it_o and_o who_o pay_v towards_o the_o aid_n there_o grant_v as_o well_o as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o if_o knight_n fee_n alone_o be_v tax_v and_o that_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v by_o what_o right_a all_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o by_o burgoge_n oâ—_n sâ—occage_n tenure_n who_o make_v a_o great_a body_n of_o man_n in_o this_o kingdom_n in_o those_o time_n can_v pay_v this_o scutage_n since_o they_o hold_v not_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o by_o certain_a rent_n or_o other_o service_n and_o so_o not_o appear_v in_o person_n can_v have_v no_o representative_n in_o this_o or_o any_o other_o parliament_n of_o those_o time_n but_o if_o you_o will_v tell_v i_o they_o may_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o value_n that_o knight_n fee_n be_v then_o reckon_v at_o viz._n for_o every_o 20_o l._n a_o year_n estate_n i_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o this_o can_v be_v call_v scutage_n or_o how_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o lord_n from_o who_o they_o hold_v those_o land_n can_v give_v away_o their_o money_n for_o they_o and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o desire_v also_o to_o know_v how_o all_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n in_o england_n can_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o tax_n a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v you_o yourself_o grant_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o of_o bishop_n abbot_n or_o other_o mesâ—e_a lord_n by_o soccage_n or_o bargage_v tenure_n so_o that_o this_o tax_n if_o grant_v only_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n can_v reach_v they_o and_o no_o other_o person_n but_o if_o by_o this_o word_n a_o militibus_fw-la may_v be_v understand_v knight_n of_o shire_n than_o the_o tax_n be_v general_a as_o well_o upon_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o those_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o for_o the_o other_o word_n you_o insist_v upon_o viz._n the_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la which_o you_o translate_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n if_o that_o have_v be_v the_o meaning_n of_o these_o word_n than_o they_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a since_o you_o have_v already_o tell_v i_o that_o the_o â—â—lites_n be_v so_o call_v non_fw-la a_o militari_fw-la cingulo_fw-la sed_fw-la a_o feodo_fw-la and_o if_o it_o be_v no_o name_n of_o dignity_n then_o certain_o the_o word_n milites_fw-la will_v have_v serve_v to_o comprehend_v all_o your_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la without_o any_o other_o addition_n but_o that_o these_o word_n laberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la do_v not_o here_o signify_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n pray_v see_v sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n libre_fw-la homo_fw-la &_o libre_fw-la tenens_fw-la where_o he_o there_o give_v we_o a_o more_o general_a signification_n of_o theseword_n thus_o ad_fw-la nobilesolim_n spectabant_fw-la isti_fw-la 〈◊〉_d à _fw-la majoribus_fw-la ortos_fw-la omnino_fw-la liberis_fw-la and_o then_o end_v thus_o vide_fw-la ingenuus_n legalis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d francus_n tenens_fw-la liberè_fw-la alius_fw-la libre_fw-la tenent_n quo_fw-la etiam_fw-la sensu_fw-la occurrit_fw-la interdum_fw-la homo_fw-la 〈◊〉_d which_o upon_o every_o one_o of_o these_o title_n he_o make_v to_o signify_v all_o one_o use_v the_o same_o thing_n viz._n a_o ordinary_a freeholder_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o very_a force_a interpretation_n of_o you_o to_o limit_v these_o word_n communitas_fw-la populi_n only_o to_o the_o community_n or_o body_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la though_o i_o confess_v you_o be_v very_o kind_a in_o one_o main_a point_n in_o únderstand_v the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n to_o mean_v the_o community_n of_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o be_v no_o baron_n and_o then_o do_v what_o you_o can_v these_o word_n must_v here_o signify_v mere_a commoner_n or_o commons_o unless_o you_o can_v show_v we_o a_o three_o sort_v of_o man_n who_o though_o neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o yet_o have_v a_o place_n in_o parliament_n so_o that_o these_o gentleman_n notwithstanding_o their_o tenure_n be_v no_o more_o noble_a than_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavafor_n themselves_o my_o than_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o then_o grant_v as_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n have_v then_o also_o their_o representative_n there_o i_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o or_o no_o there_o be_v not_o commons_o in_o parliament_n before_o 49_o hen._n iii_o or_o not_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o your_o dr.'s_n assertion_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n and_o that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la must_v here_o signify_v the_o commons_o and_o not_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n appear_v plain_o by_o this_o place_n you_o have_v quote_v since_o it_o be_v restrain_v by_o yourself_o to_o mean_v not_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o only_o the_o community_n of_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v not_o lord_n but_o that_o matt._n paris_n do_v also_o in_o another_o place_n take_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la for_o the_o commoner_n and_o not_o for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n pray_v again_o remember_v what_o he_o say_v in_o anno_fw-la 1225._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n how_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la come_v to_o be_v confirm_v in_o 9th_o hen._n iii_o he_o tell_v we_o rex_fw-la henricus_fw-la ad_fw-la natale_n tenuit_fw-la curiam_fw-la svam_fw-la apud_fw-la westm_n
confer_v any_o new_a right_n or_o privilege_n upon_o freeholder_n of_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la to_o give_v their_o voice_n at_o such_o election_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o only_o take_v away_o the_o right_n which_o the_o small_a freeholder_n of_o under_o 40_o s_o per_fw-la annum_fw-la whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o have_v before_o and_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o such_o as_o shall_v have_v land_n or_o tenement_n to_o the_o vaâ—â—_n of_o 40_o s._n by_o year_n above_o all_o charge_n and_o it_o be_v yet_o a_o much_o great_a mistake_n to_o suppose_v as_o your_o dr._n do_v that_o this_o statute_n of_o 8_o the_o hen._n vi_o be_v at_o all_o alter_v by_o that_o of_o the_o 10_o the_o of_o this_o king_n which_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o explanation_n of_o it_o viz._n that_o by_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la be_v mean_v 40_o s._n freehold_n and_o that_o of_o land_n lie_v within_o the_o county_n where_o the_o election_n shall_v be_v make_v so_o that_o nothing_o can_v prove_v more_o express_o that_o all_o freeholder_n as_o well_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o by_o any_o other_o tenure_n be_v all_o alike_o capable_a of_o election_n and_o be_v elect_v by_o the_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o england_n long_o before_o those_o statute_n and_o consequent_o be_v all_o alike_a freeholder_n in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n but_o if_o you_o have_v nothing_o at_o present_a to_o object_v against_o what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v pray_v pursue_v the_o method_n you_o have_v undertake_v and_o let_v i_o see_v those_o convince_a proof_n you_o so_o much_o rely_v upon_o and_o which_o you_o hope_v may_v also_o serve_v to_o convert_v i_o m._n before_o i_o undertake_v this_o task_n pray_v permit_v i_o to_o give_v you_o my_o opinion_n in_o answer_n to_o the_o difficulty_n you_o have_v now_o propose_v which_o i_o confess_v seem_v to_o carry_v some_o weight_n with_o it_o but_o those_o prejudices_fw-la will_v soon_o vanish_v when_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o first_o time_n this_o alteration_n be_v practise_v it_o be_v do_v in_o the_o king_n name_n though_o by_o the_o absolute_a power_n of_o simon_n mountfort_n in_o the_o 49th_o hen_n iii_o and_o after_o a_o discontinuance_n of_o above_o twenty_o year_n be_v again_o renew_v by_o edw._n i._n at_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o i_o hope_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o before_o we_o have_v finish_v our_o conversation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v first_o do_v by_o the_o king_n be_v absolute_a power_n and_o after_o with_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o lord_n there_o need_v no_o statute_n to_o introduce_v it_o any_o more_o than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o give_v the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n place_n in_o parliament_n among_o the_o temporal_a lord_n and_o to_o bring_v their_o land_n which_o be_v hold_v before_o in_o franc_n almoigne_z under_o the_o yoke_n of_o military_a service_n but_o to_o proceed_v in_o the_o design_n i_o have_v undertake_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o i_o show_v you_o first_o of_o all_o who_o be_v those_o freeman_n or_o freeholder_n proper_o so_o call_v upon_o who_o the_o whole_a burden_n of_o the_o subordinate_a government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chief_o rely_v and_o who_o then_o constitute_v the_o legal_a university_n or_o community_n thereof_o immediate_o after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n and_o during_o many_o king_n reign_n after_o that_o time_n i_o suppose_v you_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n have_v out_v all_o the_o english_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o their_o estate_n give_v they_o away_o to_o his_o french_a and_o norman_a follower_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n in_o capite_fw-la either_o by_o knight_n service_n or_o petit_fw-fr serjeanty_n reserve_v to_o himself_o the_o ancient_a demesne_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o add_v more_o thereunto_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o royal_a dignity_n and_o for_o this_o i_o need_v refer_v you_o to_o no_o better_a author_n than_o doomsday_n book_n itself_o and_o then_o after_o he_o have_v thus_o distribute_v the_o land_n of_o england_n as_o aforesaid_a he_o compose_v a_o body_n of_o law_n still_o extant_a and_o which_o be_v in_o great_a part_n addition_n to_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o king_n edward_n and_o his_o predecessor_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o three_o or_o four_o of_o these_o new_a law_n 254._o and_o then_o i_o shall_v leave_v you_o to_o judge_v who_o be_v the_o true_a freeman_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o the_o first_o be_v the_o 52_o d_o law_n of_o this_o king_n tit._n de_fw-fr fide_fw-la &_o obsequio_fw-la ergo_fw-la regem_fw-la statuâ—mus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la faedere_fw-la &_o sacramento_n affirmarent_fw-la quod_fw-la intra_fw-la &_o extra_fw-la regnum_fw-la angliae_fw-la quod_fw-la olim_fw-la vocabâ—o_fw-la regnum_fw-la britanny_n wilâ—ielmo_n regi_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la fideles_fw-la esse_fw-la volunt_fw-la tâ—ras_n &_o honour_n illius_fw-la omni_fw-la fidelitate_fw-la seruare_fw-la cum_fw-la eo_fw-la &_o contra_fw-la inimicos_fw-la &_o alienigenar_a difendere_fw-la now_o who_o these_o freeman_n be_v that_o be_v thus_o to_o maintain_v the_o king_n in_o his_o land_n and_o honour_n we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o 55th_o law_n follow_v tit._n de_n clienteleri_fw-la seu_fw-la feudorum_fw-la jure_fw-la &_o ingenuòrum_fw-la immunitate_fw-la volumus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ac_fw-la firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la &_o concedimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la monarchiae_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la habeant_fw-la &_o â—â—_o mean_v terras_fw-la svas_fw-la &_o póssessiones_fw-la sâ—â—s_fw-la benè_fw-la &_o in_o pace_n libere_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la exactione_n injusto_fw-la &_o ab_fw-la omni_fw-la tallagio_n it_o a_o quod_fw-la nihil_fw-la ab_fw-la eye_n exigatur_fw-la vel_fw-la capiatur_fw-la nisi_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la liberum_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la jùre_fw-la nobis_fw-la facere_fw-la debent_fw-la &_o facere_fw-la tenentur_fw-la &_o prout_fw-la statutum_n est_fw-la in_o &_o allis_fw-la a_o nobis_fw-la datum_n &_o concessum_fw-la jure_fw-la hereditario_fw-la imperpetuum_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la votius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o all_o the_o freeman_n here_o mention_v who_o be_v to_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n in_o peace_n and_o free_a from_o all_o unjâ—_n exaction_n and_o taillage_n be_v only_o such_o who_o be_v to_o perform_v free_a service_n i._n e._n knight_n service_n which_o be_v before_o appoint_v and_o grant_v they_o in_o hereditary_a right_n by_o the_o king_n in_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o that_o none_o be_v proper_o freeman_n or_o exempt_v from_o tax_n or_o talliage_n 17._o but_o such_o as_o hold_v by_o military_a tenure_n though_o not_o knight_v and_o pray_v also_o by_o the_o way_n take_v notice_n that_o by_o this_o commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la you_o be_v not_o to_o understand_v a_o council_n of_o english_a man_n or_o of_o english_a and_o french_a together_o but_o one_o whole_o make_v up_o of_o frenchman_n or_o norman_n who_o as_o well_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n as_o temporal_a earl_n and_o baron_n hold_v almost_o all_o the_o land_n in_o the_o kingdom_n by_o knight_n service_n which_o be_v also_o far_o make_v out_o by_o the_o 58_o the_o law_n tit._n de_n clientum_fw-la seu_fw-la vassallorem_fw-la prastationibus_fw-la statuimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o berme_n &_o milites_fw-la &_o servientes_fw-la &_o universi_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la prâ—â—â—â—tihabeant_fw-la &_o teneant_fw-la se_fw-la semper_fw-la benè_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la &_o in_o equis_fw-la ut_fw-la decet_fw-la &_o oportet_fw-la &_o qud_fw-la sint_fw-la semper_fw-la prompti_fw-la &_o benè_fw-la parati_fw-la ad_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la integrum_fw-la nobis_fw-la explendum_fw-la &_o pâ—â—â—gendum_fw-la cum_fw-la semper_fw-la opus_fw-la adfuerit_fw-la secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la nobis_fw-la debent_fw-la de_fw-la feodis_fw-la &_o teneâ—â—â—tis_fw-la suis_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la facere_fw-la &_o sicut_fw-la illis_fw-la statuimus_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la &_o illis_fw-la dedimus_fw-la &_o concessimus_fw-la in_o feodo_fw-la jure_fw-la haereditario_fw-la hoc_fw-la praeceptum_fw-la non_fw-la sit_fw-la violatum_fw-la ullo_fw-la modo_fw-la super_fw-la foris_fw-la facturam_fw-la nostram_fw-la plenam_fw-la so_o that_o here_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o his_o kingdom_n be_v to_o perform_v their_o military_a service_n ibid._n with_o horse_n and_o arm_n according_a to_o their_o fee_n and_o tenor_n therefore_o they_o be_v tenant_n in_o military_a service_n only_o which_o in_o those_o time_n be_v the_o only_a great_a freeman_n and_o that_o service_n the_o only_a free_a service_n which_o be_v mean_v in_o this_o law_n and_o â—ow_o different_a they_o be_v from_o our_o ordinary_a freeholder_n at_o this_o day_n for_o who_o neither_o of_o these_o law_n be_v make_v i_o dare_v leave_v it_o
hold_v whole_o by_o socage_n tenure_n whereas_o it_o appear_v plain_o by_o littleton_n that_o tenant_n in_o petyt_n serjeanty_n be_v subject_a to_o wardship_n marriage_n and_o relief_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v that_o near_o half_a the_o land_n in_o england_n be_v hold_v by_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o who_o not_o a_o three_o part_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o will_v then_o likewise_o consider_v what_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o tenant_n those_o abbot_n prior_n dean_n and_o chapter_n who_o be_v not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o must_v have_v have_v and_o who_o either_o hold_v estate_n in_o fee_n or_o else_o for_o life_n under_o they_o in_o socage_n as_o well_o as_o by_o knight_n service_n as_o also_o all_o the_o other_o sort_n of_o tenor_n i_o have_v already_o mention_v which_o either_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n as_o of_o some_o honour_n or_o castle_n or_o else_o of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n by_o other_o tenor_n than_o knight_n service_n must_v certain_o conclude_v that_o not_o above_o one_o half_a of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v hold_v either_o immediate_o of_o the_o king_n or_o else_o of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n by_o that_o tenure_n so_o that_o if_o all_o these_o person_n which_o be_v far_o the_o great_a number_n of_o the_o freeholders_n in_o england_n shall_v have_v be_v thus_o exclude_v from_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o do_v in_o our_o great_a council_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o we_o shall_v have_v find_v sufficient_a clamour_n in_o our_o history_n against_o so_o unjust_a a_o constitution_n and_o when_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v in_o arm_n against_o king_n john_n at_o running-mead_n they_o will_v likewise_o have_v insert_v a_o clause_n for_o themselves_o if_o they_o have_v not_o have_v their_o suffrage_n there_o before_o either_o by_o themselves_o in_o their_o own_o person_n or_o by_o their_o lawful_a representative_n and_o therefore_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o dare_v leave_v it_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o any_o unprejudiced_a man_n whether_o it_o be_v not_o much_o more_o probable_a that_o the_o constitution_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n appear_v in_o parliament_n shall_v be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o time_n you_o assign_v than_o that_o so_o small_a a_o body_n of_o man_n as_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v represent_v all_o the_o freeholder_n and_o people_n of_o england_n who_o never_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knight_n service_n at_o all_o nor_o have_v you_o yet_o answer_v the_o quotation_n i_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o bracton_n in_o my_o last_o discourse_n to_o the_o contrary_n and_o whoever_o will_v but_o consult_v that_o author_n in_o his_o chapter_n of_o tenor_n will_v find_v that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v so_o far_o from_o have_v a_o power_n of_o charge_v all_o the_o mesne_n tenant_n at_o their_o pleasure_n that_o in_o his_o chapter_n de_fw-fr tenuris_n it_o appear_v that_o a_o mesne_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v purchase_v a_o estate_n for_o a_o valuable_a consideration_n be_v liable_a to_o no_o other_o service_n and_o condition_n than_o what_o his_o tenure_n express_v which_o once_o perform_v the_o lord_n have_v no_o more_o to_o say_v to_o he_o and_o if_o so_o be_v he_o lay_v any_o further_a burden_n upon_o he_o he_o may_v have_v have_v a_o writ_n of_o acquital_n out_o of_o the_o king_n court_n against_o he_o direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n several_a form_n of_o which_o you_o may_v see_v in_o glanville_n and_o in_o the_o old_a register_n m._n we_o be_v not_o to_o rest_v upon_o mere_a probability_n for_o some_o thing_n that_o now_o appear_v to_o we_o unreasonable_a at_o this_o instant_n of_o time_n may_v then_o be_v very_o just_a for_o if_o the_o feudatary_a tenant_n of_o the_o bishop_n baron_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v well_o enough_o content_v with_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o it_o then_o be_v and_o that_o it_o plain_o appear_v by_o matter_n of_o fact_n that_o there_o be_v but_o one_o common_a council_n for_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o that_o of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n great_a lord_n and_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o argue_v of_o any_o unreasonableness_n in_o or_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v arise_v from_o such_o a_o constitution_n though_o perhaps_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la nor_o yet_o by_o knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o though_o the_o feudatary_a tenant_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v upon_o the_o performance_n of_o their_o service_n acquit_v of_o all_o other_o charge_n yet_o this_o be_v still_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o such_o ordinary_a service_n as_o those_o tenant_n be_v to_o perform_v by_o virtue_n of_o their_o tenor_n such_o as_o be_v scutage_n service_n or_o the_o attend_v upon_o their_o lord_n when_o they_o go_v out_o to_o war_n along_o with_o the_o king_n but_o do_v not_o extend_v to_o such_o scutage_n as_o be_v grant_v in_o parliament_n or_o as_o a_o tax_n upon_o land_n by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o then_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o only_o the_o grantor_n but_o the_o collector_n too_o of_o such_o scutage_n tax_n from_o their_o military_a tenant_n and_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o sheriff_n be_v different_a from_o those_o for_o scutage_n service_n and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o i_o desire_v you_o will_v peruâ—e_v that_o writ_n which_o the_o dr._n quote_v of_o the_o 19_o of_o hen._n iii_o which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o that_o year_n dorso_fw-la rex_fw-la vice_n comiti_fw-la sussex_n salutem_fw-la scias_n quod_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priâ—reâ—_n comites_fw-la barones_n &_o omnes_fw-la alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la angliae_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la spontanea_fw-la voluâ—â—â—te_fw-la suâ—_n &_o sine_fw-la conâ—uetudine_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la nobis_fw-la efficax_n auxilium_fw-la ad_fw-la magna_fw-la negotia_fw-la nostra_fw-la expedienda_fw-la unde_fw-la provisum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d de_fw-la consilâ—o_fw-la illorum_fw-la quod_fw-la habeamus_fw-la de_fw-la feodis_fw-la militum_fw-la &_o wardis_n quae_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la gapite_fw-la duâ—s_fw-la marcas_fw-la ad_fw-la predictum_fw-la auxilium_fw-la faciendum_fw-la &_o unde_fw-la proviâ—erint_fw-la reddere_fw-la nobis_fw-la unam_fw-la medietatem_fw-la ante_fw-la festum_fw-la sancti_fw-la micâ—aelis_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 19_o &_o aliam_fw-la medictatem_fw-la ad_fw-la pasche_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la â—osirâ—_n 20._o ideo_fw-la tibi_fw-la precipimus_fw-la quod_fw-la capite_fw-la ad_fw-la mandatum_fw-la venerabilis_fw-la patris_fw-la r._n cicestren_a episcopi_fw-la cancellarii_n nostri_fw-la sine_fw-la dilatione_fw-la distringas_fw-la omnes_fw-la milites_fw-la &_o liberos_fw-la tenentes_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la eo_fw-la tenent_n per_fw-la servitium_n militare_fw-la in_o balliva_fw-la tua_fw-la ad_fw-la redlendum_fw-la ei_fw-la de_fw-la singulis_fw-la feotis_fw-la militum_fw-la &_o wardis_n dvas_fw-la marcas_fw-la ad_fw-la predictum_fw-la auxilium_fw-la nobis_fw-la per_fw-la manum_fw-la svam_fw-la reddendum_fw-la in_o terminis_fw-la predictis_fw-la sic_fw-la scribitur_fw-la pro_fw-la aliis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la &_o magnatibus_fw-la now_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o tell_v i_o whether_o any_o thing_n can_v be_v more_o plain_a than_o that_o this_o tax_n be_v grant_v by_o a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n according_a to_o that_o clause_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n i_o have_v now_o cite_v wherein_o it_o be_v first_o especial_o provide_v that_o no_o aid_n or_o scutage_n shall_v be_v impose_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n unless_o by_o the_o common_a council_n thereof_o and_o yet_o you_o see_v by_o this_o writ_n that_o the_o archbishop_n etc._n etc._n with_o the_o baron_n there_o mention_v together_o with_o the_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o grant_v a_o aid_n or_o scutage_n tax_v of_o two_o mark_n for_o every_o knight_n fee_n which_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o that_o by_o virtue_n thereof_o not_o only_o those_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v in_o their_o hand_n but_o also_o all_o those_o subseudatary_a tenant_n call_v here_o freeholder_n who_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knight_n service_n be_v likewise_o charge_v for_o every_o knight_n fee_n so_o hold_v the_o like_a sum_n of_o two_o mark_n now_o i_o think_v nothing_o can_v be_v more_o plain_a from_o this_o record_n than_o that_o this_o be_v a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o yet_o consist_v of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o and_o therefore_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o show_v i_o some_o better_a proof_n than_o you_o yet_o have_v do_v that_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ever_o make_v a_o distinct_a council_n different_a from_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n f._n i_o grant_v this_o seem_v at_o first_o sight_n to_o be_v a_o good_a authority_n for_o
the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o villani_n by_o another_o record_n dor_n date_v but_o two_o year_n after_o this_o of_o you_o viz._n 21_o hen._n 3._o rex_fw-la vic._n kant_n salut_fw-la sciâ—s_n cum_fw-la octavis_fw-la sancti_fw-la hillarii_n etc._n etc._n ad_fw-la mandatum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la convenirent_fw-la apud_fw-la westm_n '_o archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o barones_n totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la ut_fw-la tractatum_fw-la haberent_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la de_fw-la statu_fw-la nostro_fw-la &_o regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la iidem_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la &_o clerici_fw-la terras_fw-la habentes_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a comites_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la &_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la pro_fw-la se_fw-la &_o suis_fw-la villanis_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la in_o auxilium_fw-la tricessimam_fw-la partem_fw-la honorum_fw-la from_o this_o record_n we_o may_v observe_v 1._o that_o the_o king_n writ_n be_v only_o issue_v to_o the_o archbishop_n 221._o bishop_n etc._n etc._n earl_n baron_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n 2._o that_o in_o the_o recital_n of_o this_o tax_n the_o sheriff_n be_v tell_v first_o that_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o clergy_n which_o have_v land_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o church_n a_o certain_a sign_n that_o they_o grant_v by_o themselves_o and_o out_o of_o nothing_o else_o but_o that_o and_o then_o that_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free_a man_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o villain_n grant_v a_o thirty_o part_n of_o their_o moveable_n and_o from_o this_o record_n it_o be_v also_o manifest_a these_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la have_v villanos_fw-la if_o not_o bondman_n villagars_a or_o rustic_n colonos_fw-la or_o husbandman_n at_o least_o of_o who_o estate_n by_o public_a assent_n and_o for_o the_o public_a benefit_n they_o may_v in_o part_n dispose_v of_o which_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la according_a to_o the_o tenor_n of_o all_o our_o record_n and_o history_n be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o that_o the_o villani_n mention_v in_o the_o other_o record_n of_o 16._o hen._n 3._o to_o have_v give_v a_o forty_o part_n of_o their_o movable_n do_v grant_v by_o their_o lord_n that_o be_v their_z lord_n paramount_n that_o be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v grant_v for_o they_o though_o they_o hold_v it_o not_o immediate_o of_o they_o but_o of_o other_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n which_o immediate_o hold_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o do_v charge_v they_o by_o public_a tax_n have_v be_v show_v from_o divers_a record_n so_o that_o it_o be_v frequent_a in_o those_o time_n to_o say_v such_o and_o such_o concesserunt_fw-la grant_v such_o a_o tax_n that_o be_v by_o those_o who_o have_v power_n and_o authority_n to_o do_v it_o for_o they_o and_o without_o their_o consent_n too_o when_o those_o for_o who_o they_o grant_v be_v not_o capable_a of_o be_v member_n of_o parliament_n themselves_o i_o can_v give_v you_o more_o example_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n but_o i_o will_v not_o tire_v you_o f._n i_o pray_v sir_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v this_o long_a speech_n and_o to_o begin_v with_o your_o interpretation_n of_o this_o word_n fideles_fw-la first_o then_o we_o be_v so_o far_o agree_v that_o the_o word_n fideles_fw-la have_v two_o or_o three_o different_a signification_n first_o it_o signify_v all_o the_o subject_n in_o general_a in_o the_o next_o place_n all_o vassal_n or_o feudatary_a tenant_n whatever_o whether_o of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o lord_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n you_o have_v cite_v out_o of_o william_n of_o malmsbury_n as_o also_o divers_a ancient_a charter_n particular_o those_o of_o king_n william_n i._n and_o maud_n the_o empress_n and_o king_n stephen_n which_o be_v divers_a of_o they_o direct_v fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglâ—_n which_o can_v mean_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la since_o the_o doctor_n and_o yourself_o will_v scarce_o allow_v any_o english_a man_n to_o have_v then_o hold_v land_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o crown_n last_o i_o grant_v this_o word_n fideles_fw-la may_v sometime_o signify_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n all_o which_o be_v so_o i_o think_v you_o can_v deny_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o bare_a word_n but_o the_o sense_n it_o bear_v in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v use_v that_o must_v direct_v we_o to_o its_o true_a signification_n and_o that_o the_o fideles_fw-la there_o mention_v to_o have_v grant_v caruage_n in_o the_o 4_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o can_v not_o be_v the_o king_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o i_o have_v give_v you_o a_o sufficient_a reason_n which_o you_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o answer_v viz._n that_o caruage_n be_v a_o general_a tax_n impose_v upon_o all_o the_o land_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o well_o what_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n as_o what_o be_v not_o and_o how_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v tax_v those_o land_n which_o be_v never_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n i_o desire_v you_o will_v resolve_v i_o and_o therefore_o by_o the_o fideles_fw-la here_o mention_v in_o this_o and_o many_o other_o record_n be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o but_o all_o other_o subject_n who_o do_v fealty_n who_o though_o they_o can_v not_o all_o appear_v in_o person_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n yet_o be_v there_o by_o their_o representative_n the_o great_a freeholder_n lord_n of_o manor_n or_o else_o by_o the_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n but_o i_o must_v now_o make_v some_o remark_n upon_o your_o interpretation_n of_o â—he_n writ_n of_o the_o 16_o the_o and_o 21_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o wherein_o you_o have_v certain_o very_o much_o mistake_v the_o sense_n of_o all_o the_o main_a word_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o clerici_fw-la terras_fw-la habentes_fw-la non_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la pertinentes_fw-la which_o you_o interpret_v to_o have_v be_v clerk_n have_v manor_n and_o military_a fee_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o benefice_n but_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la seem_v to_o be_v altogether_o force_v for_o whoever_o hear_v of_o clerk_n that_o be_v inferior_a clergy_n man_n parson_n or_o vicar_n of_o church_n who_o hold_v benefice_n of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o not_o in_o franc_n almoigne_z or_o if_o they_o have_v any_o such_o that_o therefore_o those_o land_n so_o hold_v shall_v be_v call_v land_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o church_n for_o at_o this_o rate_n the_o land_n of_o bishop_n all_o abbot_n prior_n etc._n etc._n which_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la will_v have_v be_v in_o your_o sense_n land_n not_o belong_v to_o the_o church_n but_o who_o but_o you_o and_o your_o doctor_n ever_o give_v such_o a_o unreasonable_a comment_n on_o those_o word_n nor_o will_v that_o passage_n you_o cite_v out_o of_o mat._n paris_n at_o all_o favour_n your_o interpretation_n for_o either_o these_o bishop_n and_o prelate_n there_o mention_v give_v this_o sorti_v part_n of_o their_o movable_n in_o parliament_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o else_o as_o clergy_n man_n in_o convocation_n if_o the_o former_a than_o these_o clerici_fw-la can_v have_v no_o vote_n there_o in_o person_n for_o i_o believe_v it_o will_v puzzle_v you_o to_o prove_v that_o at_o this_o time_n any_o ecclesiastical_a person_n below_o the_o degree_n of_o a_o abbot_n or_o prior_n have_v any_o place_n in_o parliament_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o those_o land_n he_o hold_v in_o right_o of_o his_o church_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v this_o tax_n to_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o whole_a clergy_n in_o convocation_n than_o such_o clerk_n as_o you_o mention_n can_v not_o be_v there_o in_o person_n first_o because_o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v such_o as_o have_v land_n quâ—e_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la svas_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a and_o so_o can_v not_o have_v any_o place_n there_o as_o clergyman_n nor_o can_v they_o be_v include_v under_o the_o praelati_fw-la since_o that_o word_n take_v in_o none_o beneath_o the_o degree_n of_o a_o dean_n and_o therefore_o if_o these_o clerk_n give_v any_o thing_n in_o parliament_n they_o must_v do_v it_o by_o their_o lawful_a representative_n the_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o if_o in_o convocation_n by_o their_o clerk_n of_o the_o low_a house_n then_o call_v procuratores_fw-la cleri_fw-la so_o that_o take_v it_o which_o way_n you_o will_v those_o clerk_n can_v not_o be_v present_a themselves_o at_o these_o parliament_n when_o those_o tax_n of_o the_o 30_o and_o 40th_o part_n of_o their_o movable_n be_v give_v to_o the_o king_n and_o therefore_o either_o as_o layman_n or_o clergyman_n must_v be_v tax_v by_o their_o representative_n but_o in_o deed_n the_o word_n proceree_n regni_n which_o immediate_o come_v after_o episcopi_fw-la &_o pralati_fw-la in_o
no_o man_n will_v say_v that_o their_o acclamation_n and_o cry_v yea_o yea_o will_v make_v our_o king_n elective_a any_o more_o than_o it_o can_v do_v it_o in_o the_o case_n of_o k._n william_n who_o have_v a_o title_n by_o conquest_n precedent_n to_o this_o prâ—tended_a election_n though_o i_o grant_v this_o custom_n may_v have_v be_v in_o use_n ever_o fine_v this_o coronation_n of_o the_o conqueror_n but_o that_o king_n william_n claim_v indeed_o by_o conquest_n and_o by_o no_o other_o title_n let_v we_o not_o mind_v his_o specious_a colourable_a pretence_n but_o his_o action_n which_o be_v the_o best_a interpreter_n of_o the_o thought_n of_o prince_n and_o we_o shall_v find_v that_o through_o all_o his_o reign_n he_o govern_v this_o kingdom_n as_o a_o conqueror_n and_o this_o i_o shall_v prove_v by_o make_v good_a the_o three_o instance_n i_o have_v already_o give_v of_o his_o great_a alteration_n of_o the_o property_n law_n and_o civil_a liberty_n of_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o first_o of_o these_o for_o the_o proof_n of_o which_o i_o shall_v make_v use_n of_o the_o authority_n of_o gervace_n of_o tiâ—bury_n a_o considerable_a officer_n in_o the_o exchequer_n 33._o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o and_o who_o receive_v his_o information_n from_o henry_n of_o bloâ—s_n bishop_n of_o winchester_n and_o grandchild_n to_o the_o conqueror_n who_o be_v most_o full_a to_o that_o purpose_n which_o he_o thus_o deliver_v in_o the_o manuscript_n treatise_n call_v the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o exchequer_n which_o i_o shall_v read_v to_o you_o according_a to_o the_o learned_a dr._n b_n translation_n of_o it_o after_o the_o conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o just_a subversion_n of_o the_o rebel_n when_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o his_o great_a man_n have_v view_v and_o survey_v their_o new_a acquest_n there_o be_v a_o strict_a enquiry_n make_v who_o they_o be_v which_o have_v fight_v against_o the_o king_n and_o secure_v themselves_o by_o flight_n from_o these_o and_o the_o heir_n of_o such_o as_o be_v slay_v in_o the_o field_n all_o hope_n of_o possess_v either_o land_n or_o rent_n be_v cut_v off_o for_o they_o count_v it_o a_o great_a favour_n to_o have_v their_o life_n give_v they_o but_o such_o as_o be_v call_v and_o solicit_v to_o fight_v against_o king_n william_n and_o do_v not_o if_o by_o a_o humble_a submission_n they_o can_v gain_v the_o favour_n of_o their_o lord_n and_o master_n they_o then_o have_v the_o liberty_n of_o possess_v somewhat_o in_o their_o own_o person_n but_o without_o any_o right_n of_o leave_v it_o to_o their_o posterity_n their_o child_n enjoy_v it_o only_o at_o the_o will_n of_o their_o lord_n to_o who_o when_o they_o become_v unacceptable_a they_o be_v every_o way_n out_v of_o their_o estate_n neither_o will_v any_o restore_v what_o they_o have_v take_v away_o and_o when_o the_o miserable_a native_n represent_v their_o grievance_n public_o to_o the_o king_n inform_v he_o how_o they_o be_v spoil_v of_o their_o fortune_n and_o that_o without_o redress_n they_o must_v be_v force_v to_o pass_v into_o other_o country_n at_o length_n upon_o consultation_n it_o be_v order_v that_o what_o they_o can_v obtain_v of_o their_o lord_n by_o way_n of_o desert_n or_o lawful_a bargain_n they_o shall_v hold_v by_o â—unqestionable_a right_n but_o shall_v not_o claim_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o time_n the_o nation_n be_v conquer_a under_o the_o title_n of_o succession_n or_o descent_n upon_o what_o great_a consideration_n this_o be_v do_v be_v manifest_a say_v gervacâ—_n for_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o compliance_n and_o obedience_n to_o purchase_v their_o lord_n â—avour_n therefore_o whoever_o of_o the_o conquer_a nation_n possess_v land_n etc._n etc._n obtain_v they_o not_o as_o if_o they_o be_v their_o right_n by_o succession_n or_o inheritance_n but_o as_o a_o reward_n of_o their_o service_n or_o by_o some_o intervening_a agreement_n this_o alone_o be_v sufficient_a come_v from_o a_o author_n of_o such_o credit_n and_o live_v so_o very_a near_o the_o time_n but_o beside_o he_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o the_o authority_n of_o divers_a other_o author_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n and_o particular_o ordericus_n vitalis_n who_o you_o but_o now_o cite_v tell_v we_o how_o william_n the_o first_o circumvent_v the_o two_o great_a earl_n of_o moreâ—a_n and_o that_o after_o edwin_n be_v slay_v and_o morcar_n imprison_v than_o king_n william_n begin_v to_o show_v himself_o and_o give_v his_o assistant_n the_o best_a and_o most_o considerable_a county_n in_o england_n and_o make_v rich_a colonel_n and_o captain_n of_o very_o mean_a norman_n and_o that_o he_o thus_o dispose_v of_o whole_a county_n to_o divers_a great_a man_n appear_v by_o domesday_n book_n wherein_o it_o be_v see_v that_o the_o whole_a county_n of_o chester_n be_v give_v by_o the_o conqueror_n to_o â—upus_fw-la a_o norman_a so_o likewise_o the_o great_a part_n of_o shropshire_n be_v give_v to_o monâ—gomery_n and_o further_o he_o take_v away_o from_o the_o english_a their_o estate_n and_o give_v they_o to_o his_o norman_n and_o this_o he_o do_v from_o his_o first_o come_v in_o for_o fitz-osbern_n be_v make_v earl_n of_o arundel_n and_o hereford_n at_o his_o first_o come_v in_o and_o be_v lord_n of_o bettivil_a in_o normandy_n and_o establish_v the_o law_n of_o that_o town_n at_o hereford_n alan_n earl_n of_o bâ—itain_n have_v all_o earl_n edwin_n land_n give_v to_o he_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o york_n about_o three_o year_n after_o his_o arrival_n to_o these_o i_o may_v add_v the_o 795_o manor_n robert_n earl_n of_o morâ—ton_n in_o normandy_n and_o cornwall_n in_o england_n have_v give_v to_o he_o by_o k._n william_n so_o likewise_o â—lan_o earl_n of_o britain_n and_o richmond_n 442_o manor_n and_o jeffery_n bishop_n of_o constance_n have_v 280_o manner_n give_v he_o by_o the_o conqueror_n beside_o many_o other_o land_n of_o the_o saxon_a earl_n thain_n etc._n 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your_o conqueror_n take_v away_o the_o land_n of_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o english_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n it_o be_v so_o apparent_a in_o matter_n of_o fact_n that_o it_o be_v a_o high_a piece_n of_o impudence_n to_o go_v about_o to_o deny_v it_o yet_o will_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o what_o he_o thus_o dispose_v of_o be_v almost_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o i_o be_o a_o fair_a adversary_n i_o will_v at_o present_a suppose_n that_o k._n william_n take_v away_o all_o the_o land_n from_o the_o former_a owner_n and_o give_v they_o to_o his_o follower_n who_o help_v he_o in_o his_o conquest_n but_o these_o be_v not_o only_o the_o norman_n his_o subject_n but_o french_a fleming_n anjovins_n britain_n poictovins_n and_o people_n of_o other_o â—_z who_o make_v up_o a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n and_o come_v in_o with_o he_o under_o great_a and_o considerable_a man_n their_o leader_n and_o who_o your_o dr._n tell_v we_o come_v not_o out_o of_o staâ—k_a love_n and_o kindness_n 35._o without_o any_o consideration_n of_o share_v with_o and_o under_o he_o in_o the_o conquest_n now_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v by_o what_o law_n or_o act_n of_o they_o they_o thus_o constitute_v k._n william_n a_o absolute_a monarch_n over_o they_o and_o their_o descendant_n for_o as_o for_o the_o norman_n though_o they_o be_v its_o true_a his_o subject_n yet_o they_o enjoy_v divers_a considerable_a right_n and_o privilege_n at_o home_n and_o sure_o never_o intend_v to_o come_v over_o hither_o to_o make_v themselves_o as_o great_a slave_n as_o the_o people_n they_o have_v conquer_a much_o less_o can_v it_o be_v suppose_v of_o these_o of_o other_o nation_n who_o be_v not_o subject_n to_o duke_n william_n before_o
of_o this_o divine_a power_n of_o adam_n but_o this_o i_o be_o sure_a of_o parent_n can_v never_o signify_v heir_n male_a or_o female_a much_o less_o a_o child_n who_o may_v sometime_o according_a to_o your_o hypothesis_n happen_v to_o be_v heir_n but_o since_o i_o be_o get_v into_o this_o mistake_n i_o shall_v not_o leave_v my_o hold_n but_o shall_v make_v bold_a a_o little_a to_o argue_v our_o great_a grand_a mother_n title_n for_o indeed_o i_o can_v see_v any_o reason_n why_o her_o elder_a son_n for_o example_n shall_v have_v any_o right_a to_o govern_v his_o mother_n and_o all_o his_o brother_n and_o sister_n whilst_o she_o be_v alive_a for_o first_o if_o your_o argument_n from_o generation_n must_v be_v good_a that_o every_o man_n that_o be_v bear_v become_v a_o subject_n to_o he_o that_o beget_v he_o this_o argument_n will_v serve_v for_o eve_n as_o well_o as_o adam_n since_o as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v the_o mother_n have_v as_o great_a if_o not_o a_o great_a share_v in_o 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though_o never_o so_o remoâ—e_a be_v to_o have_v obey_v or_o be_v subject_n to_o she_o and_o not_o to_o her_o elder_a son_n unless_o you_o can_v show_v i_o that_o the_o salic_a law_n against_o the_o succession_n of_o woman_n be_v make_v by_o adam_n the_o first_o monarch_n which_o i_o suppose_v you_o will_v not_o undertake_v to_o prove_v m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o do_v not_o consider_v this_o difficulty_n for_o indeed_o it_o may_v never_o have_v happen_v since_o eve_n may_v have_v die_v before_o adam_n or_o if_o she_o do_v outlive_v he_o which_o be_v uncertain_a yet_o she_o be_v then_o very_o old_a and_o consequent_o beside_o the_o natural_a weakness_n of_o her_o sex_n uncapable_a or_o unfit_a for_o government_n and_o so_o may_v very_o well_o leave_v it_o to_o seth_n since_o cain_n the_o elder_a have_v by_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o brother_n and_o his_o fly_v away_o into_o another_o country_n forfeit_v his_o birthright_n and_o make_v himself_o uncapable_a of_o the_o succession_n f._n so_o then_o here_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n and_o a_o abdication_n of_o this_o divine_a right_n of_o succession_n in_o the_o very_a first_o descent_n whereas_o indeed_o i_o suppose_v that_o this_o divine_a right_o have_v be_v at_o least_o as_o unforfeitable_a as_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n the_o very_a descent_n of_o which_o as_o our_o lawyer_n tell_v we_o purge_v all_o defect_n in_o the_o next_o heir_n though_o he_o have_v murder_v his_o father_n and_o elder_a brother_n too_o but_o i_o only_o show_v you_o the_o absurdity_n of_o this_o notion_n and_o shall_v not_o long_o insist_v upon_o it_o therefore_o pray_v procee_v m._n i_o can_v tell_v what_o may_v have_v be_v say_v if_o cain_n have_v come_v to_o claim_v his_o birthright_a but_o this_o be_v certain_a that_o he_o neither_o do_v or_o can_v come_v to_o do_v it_o since_o god_n condemn_v he_o to_o live_v in_o a_o strange_a country_n far_o from_o his_o brethren_n 17._o and_o we_o read_v that_o cain_n go_v out_o from_o the_o 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concern_v no_o other_o wife_n that_o shall_v be_v after_o she_o or_o can_v you_o assign_v any_o reason_n why_o these_o word_n shall_v be_v rather_o mean_v personal_o in_o the_o last_o and_o not_o in_o the_o first_o case_n unless_o you_o will_v do_v it_o out_o of_o pure_a love_n to_o anarchy_n and_o confusion_n and_o if_o you_o say_v these_o word_n do_v not_o signify_v any_o despotic_a power_n but_o a_o ruling_n or_o govern_v by_o fair_a mean_n or_o persuasion_n this_o seem_v mere_a trifle_n with_o god_n word_n who_o say_v express_o thy_o brother_n desire_n shall_v be_v subject_a to_o thou_o that_o be_v say_v you_o as_o far_o as_o he_o think_v fit_a and_o thou_o shall_v rule_v over_o he_o that_o be_v if_o
bind_v to_o continue_v in_o that_o state_n unless_o the_o supreme_a power_n they_o be_v under_o think_v fit_a to_o release_v they_o from_o it_o and_o therefore_o this_o can_v be_v no_o good_a pretence_n under_o absolute_a monarchy_n for_o subject_n to_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o their_o prince_n for_o such_o a_o state_n of_o liberty_n which_o they_o never_o enjoy_v f._n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v myself_o to_o dispute_n what_o right_o a_o absolute_a monarch_n may_v have_v over_o the_o person_n of_o his_o people_n in_o a_o country_n where_o they_o have_v no_o property_n nor_o write_a law_n and_o where_o they_o look_v upon_o themselves_o as_o no_o better_a than_o slave_n to_o their_o prince_n and_o perhaps_o may_v take_v a_o pride_n in_o it_o as_o i_o have_v read_v the_o russian_n do_v and_o therefore_o if_o they_o have_v so_o whole_o submit_v themselves_o i_o grant_v what_o you_o assert_v be_v true_a and_o that_o they_o have_v no_o right_a to_o resist_v according_a to_o the_o old_a say_n volenti_fw-la non_fw-la fit_a injuriâ—_n and_o yet_o even_o in_o these_o despotic_a monarchy_n though_o the_o prince_n may_v pick_v out_o here_o and_o there_o some_o of_o his_o subject_n to_o sell_v for_o slave_n or_o else_o to_o use_v they_o as_o such_o himself_o yet_o i_o do_v much_o question_n if_o he_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o make_v any_o considerable_a number_n as_o suppose_v to_o take_v 20_o or_o 30000_o all_o at_o once_o for_o slave_n i_o say_v i_o do_v much_o question_n whether_o these_o people_n will_v be_v so_o convince_v of_o your_o principle_n of_o passive_a obedience_n and_o nonresistance_n as_o to_o let_v their_o monarch_n guard_n drive_v they_o into_o slavery_n like_o sheep_n to_o the_o market_n but_o will_v if_o they_o be_v able_a make_v a_o vigorous_a resistance_n and_o knock_v their_o driver_n on_o the_o head_n whether_o jure_fw-la vel_fw-la injuria_fw-la i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v but_o for_o all_o this_o even_o in_o absolute_a monarchy_n where_o the_o people_n have_v a_o settle_a legal_a property_n in_o their_o land_n and_o estate_n and_o consequent_o where_o their_o person_n be_v free_a i_o doubt_v not_o if_o their_o prince_n shall_v go_v about_o to_o make_v all_o his_o subject_n slave_n but_o that_o they_o may_v lawful_o resist_v he_o or_o those_o he_o employ_v in_o so_o do_v and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a he_o can_v not_o make_v all_o his_o people_n slave_n at_o once_o yet_o if_o he_o assert_v it_o as_o a_o part_n of_o his_o royal_a prerogative_n and_o also_o exercise_v it_o on_o particular_a person_n as_o often_o as_o he_o think_v sit_v or_o can_v i_o doubt_v not_o but_o the_o people_n may_v make_v it_o a_o common_a cause_n since_o none_o can_v know_v who_o turn_n it_o may_v be_v next_o for_o sure_a liberty_n from_o servitude_n be_v as_o necessary_a to_o man_n happiness_n and_o wellbeing_a as_o life_n be_v to_o his_o existence_n which_o will_v seem_v no_o great_a benefit_n to_o those_o martial_a who_o be_v bear_v free_a be_v reduce_v to_o slavery_n it_o be_v well_o say_v by_o the_o poet_n non_fw-la est_fw-la vivere_fw-la sed-valere_a vita_fw-la and_o though_o the_o roman_a emperor_n do_v exercise_v a_o absolute_a power_n over_o their_o subject_n yet_o i_o never_o read_v that_o they_o dare_v presume_v to_o make_v slave_n of_o freeborn_a roman_n nor_o indeed_o of_o any_o of_o those_o nation_n they_o subdue_v for_o they_o have_v too_o great_a a_o sense_n and_o love_n of_o liberty_n themselves_o ever_o to_o impose_v such_o a_o yoke_n upon_o the_o people_n they_o conquer_a which_o be_v so_o destructive_a to_o the_o common_a happiness_n and_o preservation_n of_o mankind_n and_o suppose_v if_o the_o french_a grand_a signior_n as_o absolute_a as_o he_o be_v or_o pretend_v to_o be_v shall_v go_v about_o to_o sell_v his_o subject_n especial_o the_o nobility_n for_o slave_n all_o that_o the_o jesuit_n those_o instrument_n of_o slavery_n can_v do_v will_v not_o i_o believe_v be_v able_a to_o keep_v that_o people_n from_o rise_v against_o he_o but_o if_o you_o have_v nothing_o far_o to_o object_n against_o what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v i_o pray_v proceed_v to_o the_o next_o flay_v if_o you_o have_v any_o more_o instance_n to_o make_v m._n i_o be_o now_o come_v to_o the_o last_o pretence_n that_o subject_n may_v make_v to_o rebel_n and_o that_o be_v suppose_v the_o monarch_n shall_v at_o once_o or_o by_o degree_n turn_v the_o subject_n out_o of_o their_o legal_a hereditary_a property_n in_o their_o estate_n and_o of_o this_o you_o yourself_o grant_v there_o can_v be_v no_o dispute_n in_o those_o despotic_a monarchy_n where_o there_o be_v no_o hereditary_a property_n allow_v and_o as_o for_o all_o other_o government_n since_o you_o do_v own_o that_o all_o legal_a and_o civil_a property_n in_o land_n do_v chief_o proceed_v or_o at_o least_o be_v establish_v by_o the_o civil_a power_n i_o can_v see_v why_o those_o power_n in_o any_o kingdom_n if_o they_o think_v it_o will_v conduce_v to_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n may_v not_o destroy_v this_o civil_a property_n and_o either_o make_v all_o estate_n equal_a or_o else_o ordain_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v enjoy_v as_o in_o all_o absolute_a monarchy_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o prince_n since_o if_o the_o supreme_a power_n be_v the_o author_n of_o this_o property_n sure_o they_o may_v alter_v and_o abrogate_v it_o again_o as_o often_o as_o they_o think_v fit_a f._n i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v with_o you_o concern_v such_o kingdom_n where_o there_o be_v no_o civil_a property_n yet_o institute_v or_o where_o the_o people_n do_v own_o themselves_o slave_n to_o the_o prince_n but_o if_o such_o a_o monarch_n have_v remit_v any_o thing_n of_o this_o right_n and_o have_v institute_v a_o legal_a hereditary_a property_n in_o estate_n such_o a_o law_n be_v once_o make_v i_o do_v not_o think_v it_o be_v in_o the_o prince_n power_n to_o revoke_v it_o any_o more_o than_o it_o be_v for_o a_o master_n to_o reduce_v his_o slave_n again_o to_o servitude_n after_o he_o have_v once_o set_v they_o free_a since_o both_o man_n liberty_n or_o a_o settle_a or_o hereditary_a property_n a_o estate_n do_v equal_o conduce_v to_o the_o happiness_n and_o propagation_n of_o mankind_n and_o the_o good_a of_o that_o people_n or_o nation_n wherein_o it_o be_v introduce_v and_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o pharaoh_n though_o he_o be_v lord_n of_o all_o the_o land_n of_o egypt_n by_o the_o grant_n of_o the_o egyptian_n yet_o may_v lawful_o have_v be_v resist_v by_o they_o if_o he_o have_v go_v to_o take_v away_o those_o four_o five_o part_n of_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o land_n which_o he_o have_v leave_v thern_a free_a by_o his_o own_o concession_n so_o that_o even_o in_o such_o absolute_a empire_n the_o monarch_n have_v power_n to_o dispose_v of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o people_n only_o as_o far_o as_o the_o compact_n or_o concession_n at_o first_o make_v by_o they_o or_o their_o predecessor_n do_v allow_v but_o it_o be_v also_o not_o much_o otherwise_o where_o the_o subject_n do_v not_o acknowledge_v their_o estate_n as_o the_o gift_n or_o benefit_n of_o the_o supreme_a power_n and_o that_o may_v happen_v chief_o two_o way_n either_o 1._o when_o any_o free_a people_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o captain_n or_o leader_n create_v by_o themselves_o have_v conquer_a any_o new_a territory_n and_o habitation_n or_o else_o 2._o when_o diverse_a father_n or_o master_n of_o a_o family_n who_o have_v estate_n of_o their_o own_o before_o have_v agree_v for_o their_o mutual_a security_n and_o the_o quiet_a enjoyment_n of_o what_o they_o be_v already_o possess_v of_o to_o join_v together_o into_o one_o commonwealth_n under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o or_o more_o man_n or_o else_o of_o other_o that_o will_v bring_v their_o estate_n and_o join_v themselves_o to_o such_o a_o government_n already_o constitute_v and_o will_v subject_n themselves_o to_o this_o supreme_a power_n according_a to_o the_o condition_n already_o agree_v on_o among_o they_o a_o three_o case_n may_v be_v when_o a_o hereditary_a property_n in_o land_n be_v establish_v before_o the_o monarchy_n begin_v as_o in_o the_o roman_a commonwealth_n this_o property_n be_v establish_v before_o the_o government_n be_v change_v from_o a_o republic_n to_o a_o monarchy_n so_o that_o the_o people_n do_v not_o owe_v their_o property_n to_o the_o emperor_n grant_v or_o donation_n in_o the_o former_a case_n if_o such_o a_o free_a people_n conquer_v a_o country_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o a_o captain_n or_o leader_n though_o i_o grant_v such_o a_o country_n may_v be_v assign_v by_o he_o to_o all_o the_o people_n by_o lot_n or_o in_o proportion_n to_o the_o great_a merit_n or_o service_n of_o his_o fellow_n adventurer_n or_o soldier_n though_o it_o may_v seem_v that_o the_o property_n of_o particular_a
be_v force_v to_o fly_v into_o scotland_n and_o 〈◊〉_d to_o have_v defend_v himself_o with_o 1000_o or_o 1500_o of_o his_o tenant_n and_o follower_n though_o without_o fight_v the_o king_n force_n that_o shall_v have_v be_v seâ—â—_n against_o he_o but_o fly_v into_o the_o highland_n and_o have_v there_o maintain_v himself_o as_o david_n do_v by_o free_a quarter_n or_o contribution_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n till_o his_o father_n die_v will_v not_o this_o have_v be_v cry_v out_o upon_o in_o all_o the_o pulpit_n in_o england_n as_o a_o most_o horrid_a rebellion_n of_o a_o son_n and_o a_o subject_a against_o his_o king_n and_o father_n though_o he_o have_v never_o do_v any_o act_n of_o hostility_n against_o his_o force_n but_o always_o 〈◊〉_d from_o they_o and_o yet_o he_o be_v heir_n apparent_a to_o the_o crown_n may_v have_v plead_v as_o well_o as_o david_n that_o he_o keep_v these_o soldier_n about_o he_o only_o to_o keep_v himself_o from_o be_v murder_v by_o those_o officious_a person_n who_o his_o father_n or_o uncle_n may_v send_v to_o apprehend_v he_o and_o to_o have_v such_o a_o retinue_n of_o valiant_a man_n about_o he_o as_o may_v render_v his_o advancement_n to_o the_o throne_n more_o easy_a when_o ever_o his_o father_n shall_v die_v i_o shall_v not_o urge_v as_o a_o far_a proof_n of_o the_o lawfulness_n of_o david_n resistance_n of_o saul_n force_n his_o intention_n to_o have_v slay_v in_o keilah_n and_o to_o have_v fortify_v it_o against_o saul_n have_v not_o he_o be_v inform_v that_o the_o man_n of_o that_o city_n will_v have_v save_v themselves_o by_o deliver_v he_o up_o to_o saul_n 23._o since_o i_o confess_v it_o do_v not_o certain_o appear_v by_o the_o text_n whether_o david_n will_v have_v stay_v any_o long_a there_o than_o till_o saul_n have_v approach_v near_o to_o that_o place_n whether_o the_o keilite_n will_v have_v deliver_v he_o up_o or_o not_o much_o less_o shall_v i_o urge_v that_o other_o example_n which_o some_o man_n make_v use_v of_o of_o david_n go_v to_o the_o last_o battle_n against_o saul_n with_o achish_n king_n of_o the_o philistine_n for_o though_o it_o be_v plain_a he_o march_v with_o they_o as_o far_o as_o apbek_n in_o the_o tribe_n of_o issachar_n yet_o i_o confess_v it_o be_v not_o certain_a whether_o he_o real_o intend_v to_o have_v assist_v they_o or_o not_o in_o this_o war_n against_o his_o country_n since_o he_o may_v either_o have_v go_v over_o to_o saul_n at_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o battle_n or_o else_o have_v stand_v neuter_n though_o neither_o of_o they_o will_v have_v be_v very_o honourable_a or_o consonant_a with_o david_n character_n therefore_o i_o shall_v say_v nothing_o of_o this_o since_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o philistine_n for_o fear_n he_o shall_v prove_v aâ—_n adversary_n to_o they_o in_o the_o battle_n make_v he_o retire_v again_o into_o the_o land_n of_o the_o philistine_n 4.8_o though_o he_o seem_v to_o be_v very_o much_o trouble_v to_o be_v so_o disinherit_v that_o he_o may_v not_o fight_v against_o the_o enemy_n of_o that_o king_n who_o have_v so_o good_a a_o opinion_n of_o he_o and_o therefore_o i_o pray_v will_v you_o proceed_v to_o those_o other_o example's_n you_o have_v to_o produce_v out_o of_o the_o old_a testament_n m._n well_o since_o you_o be_v not_o full_o satisfy_v with_o this_o instance_n of_o david_n though_o i_o be_o glad_a you_o allow_v the_o person_n even_o of_o tyrannical_a prince_n to_o be_v sacred_a therefore_o to_o proceed_v in_o the_o story_n solomon_n who_o succeed_v david_n in_o his_o kingdom_n 38._o do_v all_o those_o thing_n which_o god_n have_v express_o forbid_v the_o king_n to_o do_v he_o send_v into_o egypt_n for_o horse_n he_o multiply_v wife_n and_o love_v many_o strange_a woman_n together_o with_o the_o daughter_n of_o pharaoh_n woman_n of_o the_o moabite_n 11.1.10.27_o ammonite_n etc._n etc._n he_o multiply_v silver_n and_o gold_n for_o this_o god_n who_o be_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o sovereign_a prince_n be_v very_o angry_a with_o he_o and_o threaten_v to_o rend_v the_o kingdom_n from_o he_o which_o be_v afterward_o accomplish_v in_o the_o day_n of_o rehoboam_n but_o yet_o this_o do_v not_o give_v authority_n to_o his_o subject_n to_o rebel_n if_o to_o be_v under_o the_o direction_n and_o obligation_n of_o law_n make_v a_o limit_a monarchy_n it_o be_v certain_a the_o kingdom_n of_o israel_n be_v so_o there_o be_v some_o thing_n which_o the_o king_n be_v express_o forbid_v to_o do_v as_o you_o have_v already_o hear_v and_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n be_v to_o be_v the_o rule_n of_o his_o government_n the_o stand_a law_n of_o his_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v command_v when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o throne_n to_o write_v a_o copy_n of_o the_o law_n with_o his_o own_o hand_n 20._o and_o to_o read_v in_o it_o all_o his_o day_n that_o he_o may_v learn_v to_o fear_v the_o lord_n his_o god_n and_o to_o keep_v all_o the_o word_n of_o this_o law_n and_o these_o statute_n to_o do_v they_o and_o yet_o be_v a_o sovereign_a prince_n if_o he_o break_v these_o law_n god_n be_v his_o judge_n and_o avenger_n but_o he_o be_v accountable_a to_o no_o earthly_a tribunal_n nor_o do_v we_o find_v though_o there_o be_v so_o many_o wicked_a and_o idolatrous_a king_n of_o judah_n who_o break_v all_o the_o law_n of_o god_n give_v they_o by_o moses_n that_o ever_o any_o of_o the_o priest_n or_o prophet_n stir_v up_o the_o people_n to_o rebel_n against_o they_o for_o it_o f._n neither_o of_o these_o instance_n do_v reach_v the_o case_n in_o hand_n for_o i_o grant_v that_o neither_o the_o breach_n or_o nonobservance_n of_o these_o precept_n enjoin_v the_o king_n of_o israel_n by_o god_n nor_o yet_o their_o open_a idolatry_n be_v a_o sufficient_a cause_n for_o their_o take_n up_o arm_n or_o resist_v their_o king_n in_o so_o do_v since_o those_o be_v offence_n only_o against_o god_n and_o in_o which_o the_o people_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v those_o be_v no_o part_n of_o that_o tacit_fw-la or_o implicit_a compact_n of_o protection_n and_o preservation_n that_o go_v along_o with_o all_o kingdom_n and_o supreme_a power_n whatsoever_o and_o i_o have_v already_o except_v out_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o resistance_n or_o take_v up_o arm_n the_o prince_n be_v of_o a_o different_a religion_n from_o that_o of_o his_o subject_n and_o though_o i_o must_v own_v that_o the_o king_n of_o israel_n be_v under_o the_o direction_n or_o obligation_n of_o the_o law_n of_o moses_n and_o so_o be_v limit_v monarch_n yet_o this_o limitation_n be_v not_o from_o the_o people_n but_o from_o god_n who_o business_n it_o be_v to_o revenge_v the_o breach_n of_o it_o as_o often_o as_o they_o offend_v and_o if_o they_o break_v those_o law_n god_n only_o be_v their_o judge_n and_o avenger_n as_o you_o yourself_o very_o well_o observe_v who_o never_o fail_v severe_o to_o punish_v this_o breach_n of_o his_o law_n nor_o yet_o be_v the_o people_n of_o the_o jew_n always_o so_o nice_a and_o temperate_a as_o you_o make_v they_o for_o beside_o the_o example_n of_o rehoboam_n which_o i_o have_v former_o make_v use_v of_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o 2d_o of_o chronicle_n concern_v amaziah_n who_o when_o he_o turn_v away_o from_o follow_v the_o lord_n 27._o they_o viz._n the_o people_n make_v a_o conspiracy_n against_o he_o in_o jerusalem_n and_o he_o flee_v to_o lachish_n but_o they_o send_v to_o lachish_n after_o he_o and_o slay_v he_o there_o and_o make_v his_o son_n vzziah_n king_n in_o his_o stead_n nor_o do_v we_o read_v that_o any_o be_v punish_v for_o kill_v he_o as_o amâ—ziab_n put_v to_o death_n the_o servant_n of_o his_o father_n king_n joash_n for_o conspire_v against_o he_o as_o it_o be_v relate_v in_o the_o 10_o chap._n of_o the_o 2d_o of_o king_n and_o you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o same_o 21.10_o book_n that_o the_o city_n of_o libna_n revolt_v which_o sure_o be_v the_o high_a degree_n of_o resistance_n from_o that_o wicked_a king_n jehoram_n who_o have_v slay_v all_o his_o brethren_n with_o the_o sword_n 4.6_o and_o walk_v in_o the_o way_n of_o the_o king_n of_o israel_n as_o do_v the_o house_n of_o ahab_n and_o wrought_v that_o which_o be_v evil_a in_o the_o sight_n of_o the_o lord_n etc._n etc._n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v say_v express_o in_o the_o text_n that_o the_o city_n of_o libna_n revolt_v from_o his_o hand_n because_o he_o have_v forsake_v the_o god_n of_o his_o father_n i_o bring_v not_o these_o instance_n to_o justify_v rebellion_n but_o to_o let_v you_o see_v that_o it_o be_v sometime_o practise_v among_o the_o jew_n though_o you_o affirm_v to_o the_o contrary_n but_o much_o more_o lawful_a be_v the_o resistance_n which_o azariah_n and_o the_o 80_o priest_n 26._o that_o be_v with_o he_o
second_o he_o gives_z we_o in_o his_o prologue_n to_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o law_n of_o england_n this_o testimony_n leges_fw-la namque_fw-la anglicanas_fw-la liceâ—â—on_fw-la scriptas_fw-la leges_fw-la appellari_fw-la non_fw-la videtur_fw-la absurdum_fw-la cum_fw-la boc_fw-la ipsum_fw-la lex_fw-la sit_fw-la quod_fw-la principi_fw-la placet_fw-la &_o legis_fw-la habet_fw-la vigorem_fw-la â—as_fw-la scilicet_fw-la quas_fw-la super_fw-la dubljs_fw-la in_o conâ—ilio_fw-la definiendis_fw-la procerum_fw-la quidem_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o principis_fw-la accadente_fw-la authoritate_fw-la constat_fw-la esse_fw-la promulgatas_fw-la so_o likewise_o bracton_n in_o his_o very_a first_o chapter_n speak_v much_o to_o the_o same_o purpose_n cum_fw-la legis_fw-la vigorem_fw-la habeat_fw-la quicquid_fw-la de_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr consâ—nsu_fw-la magnatum_fw-la &_o reipublicae_fw-la commâ—ni_fw-la sponsione_n authoritate_fw-la principis_fw-la prâ—ceâ—â—nte_fw-la justè_fw-la fuerit_fw-la definiâ—um_fw-la &_o approbatum_fw-la and_o also_o in_o his_o three_o book_n chap._n 2._o when_o he_o speak_v of_o the_o ancient_a manner_n of_o make_v law_n in_o england_n he_o say_v quae_fw-la quidem_fw-la fuerint_fw-la approbate_a concensu_fw-la utentium_fw-la &_o sacramento_n râ—gum_fw-la confirmaâ—ae_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la mutari_fw-la atâ—_n destrui_fw-la sine_fw-la communi_fw-la consensu_fw-la utentium_fw-la &_o consilio_fw-la eorum_fw-la quorum_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o consensu_fw-la fuerint_fw-la promulgata_fw-la where_o you_o may_v see_v these_o ancient_a author_n plain_o declare_v that_o nothing_o have_v the_o force_n of_o a_o law_n in_o this_o kingdom_n but_o what_o be_v approve_v of_o and_o consent_v to_o by_o all_o order_n of_o man_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n and_o which_o be_v very_o remarkable_a bracton_n suppose_v the_o king_n authority_n or_o royal_a sanction_n of_o a_o law_n may_v precede_v the_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n which_o quite_o destroy_v that_o notion_n that_o it_o be_v the_o king_n give_v his_o last_o assent_n which_o give_v it_o the_o essence_n and_o vigour_n of_o a_o law_n and_o with_o these_o more_o ancient_a sage_n of_o the_o law_n fortescue_n also_o agree_v in_o his_o 9th_o chap._n dâ—_n laudibus_fw-la legum_n angliae_fw-la where_o he_o say_v rex_fw-la angliae_fw-la populum_fw-la gubernaâ—_fw-la non_fw-la mera_fw-fr potesâ—â—_n to_o regid_a sed_fw-la politica_fw-la populus_fw-la &_o enim_fw-la ijs_fw-la legibâ—_n guberâ—â—tur_fw-la quas_fw-la ipse_fw-la fert_fw-la etc._n etc._n what_o follow_v be_v word_n for_o word_n the_o same_o with_o what_o bracton_n have_v before_o in_o his_o first_o chap_n and_o therefore_o need_v not_o to_o be_v repeat_v so_o likewise_o in_o the_o 18_o chap._n speak_v of_o the_o absolute_a legislative_a power_n of_o king_n in_o some_o other_o kingdom_n he_o thus_o proceed_v sed_fw-la non_fw-la sic_fw-la angliae_fw-la statuta_fw-la oriri_fw-la possunt_fw-la dum_fw-la nelum_fw-la principis_fw-la voluntate_fw-la sed_fw-la &_o toâ—ius_fw-la regni_fw-la assensu_fw-la ipsa_fw-la conduntur_fw-la quo_fw-la populi_n laesuram_fw-la nequiunt_fw-la vel_fw-la non_fw-la eorum_fw-la commodum_fw-la procurare_fw-la but_o if_o they_o after_o prove_v inconvenient_a he_o immediate_o add_v concito_fw-la reformari_fw-la ipsa_fw-la possunt_fw-la sed_fw-la non_fw-la sine_fw-la communitatis_fw-la &_o proterum_fw-la regni_fw-la illius_fw-la assensu_fw-la quali_fw-la ipsa_fw-la primitùs_fw-la emanarunt_fw-la to_o which_o i_o may_v also_o add_v a_o authority_n out_o of_o that_o learned_a author_n st._n german_n who_o in_o his_o dialogue_n call_v the_o dr._n and_o student_n write_v in_o latin_a in_o the_o 10_o chap._n entitle_v de_fw-la sexto_fw-la fundamento_fw-la legis_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o student_n thus_o speak_v sexium_fw-la fundamentum_fw-la legis_fw-la angliae_fw-la sâ—at_fw-la in_o diversis_fw-la statutis_fw-la per_fw-la dominum_fw-la 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stand_v but_o every_o general_a rule_n may_v have_v some_o exception_n till_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n seven_o about_o which_o time_n that_o usual_a clause_n at_o the_o special_a instance_n or_o request_n of_o the_o commons_o begin_v by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o be_v laiâ—_n aside_o and_o that_o of_o their_o advice_n or_o assent_n to_o be_v insert_v in_o the_o place_n thereof_o for_o which_o i_o do_v refer_v you_o to_o the_o statute-book_n at_o large_a which_o form_n i_o confess_v continue_v to_o this_o day_n yet_o even_o in_o hen._n 7th_n time_n in_o the_o first_o of_o that_o king_n and_o the_o seven_o chap._n it_o run_v in_o this_o style_n the_o king_n our_o sovereign_a lord_n of_o his_o noble_a and_o abundant_a grace_n by_o the_o advice_n and_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a at_o the_o supplication_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o the_o say_a parliament_n assemble_v and_o by_o authority_n of_o the_o same_o ordain_v and_o though_o 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charter_n in_o the_o parliament_n roll_n dorso_n of_o the_o 15_o of_o edw._n 3d._n which_o be_v in_o old_a french_a i_o shall_v render_v it_o into_o english_a imprimiâ—_fw-la it_o be_v accord_v and_o assent_v that_o the_o franchise_n of_o holy_a church_n and_o the_o great_a charter_n of_o forest_n and_o the_o other_o statute_n make_v by_o our_o say_a lord_n the_o king_n and_o his_o progenitor_n the_o peer_n and_o the_o commons_o of_o the_o land_n for_o the_o common_a profit_n of_o the_o people_n shall_v be_v firm_o keep_v and_o maintain_v in_o all_o point_n so_o that_o you_o may_v hence_o plain_o see_v that_o the_o king_n himself_o with_o the_o whole_a parliament_n declare_v and_o that_o in_o two_o several_a king_n reign_n that_o the_o great_a charter_n be_v not_o only_o the_o free_a grant_n of_o king_n henry_n but_o also_o the_o joint_n act_v of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o why_o king_n john_n charter_n shall_v not_o be_v make_v by_o the_o like_a 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of_o norwich_n 7_o rich._n 2d_o who_o be_v accuse_v foâ—_n join_v with_o the_o french_a the_o bishop_n complain_v what_o be_v do_v against_o he_o do_v not_o pass_v by_o the_o assent_n and_o knowledge_n of_o the_o peer_n whereupon_o it_o be_v say_v in_o parliament_n that_o the_o cognisance_n and_o punishment_n of_o his_o offence_n do_v of_o câ—mmon_a right_n and_o ancient_a custom_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o england_n sole_o and_o whole_o belong_v to_o our_o lord_n the_o king_n and_o no_o other_o from_o all_o which_o i_o infer_v that_o the_o judicial_a power_n exercise_v by_o the_o house_n of_o peer_n be_v mere_o derivative_a from_o and_o subservient_fw-fr to_o the_o supreme_a power_n resiâ—â—ing_v in_o the_o king_n from_o whence_o it_o also_o follow_v that_o if_o the_o peer_n have_v no_o power_n nor_o honour_n but_o what_o proceed_v from_o the_o prince_n and_o that_o the_o commons_o
believe_v that_o the_o ancient_n and_o potent_a city_n of_o london_n tâ—â—_n câ—nterbury_n lincoln_n etc._n etc._n shall_v ever_o be_v exclude_v from_o have_v any_o hand_n in_o the_o great_a consultation_n of_o give_v money_n and_o make_v law_n and_o for_o the_o public_a defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n any_o more_o than_o they_o be_v now_o and_o therefore_o we_o find_v that_o in_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o german_a or_o gothick_n original_a the_o chief_a city_n and_o town_n have_v still_o send_v deputy_n to_o the_o diet_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n as_o i_o say_v but_o now_o in_o the_o next_o place_n though_o i_o do_v not_o positive_o assert_v that_o there_o be_v knight_n of_o shire_n before_o the_o conquest_n yet_o be_o i_o not_o convince_v that_o there_o be_v none_o for_o though_o i_o confess_v the_o treatise_n you_o mention_v appear_v to_o have_v be_v write_v since_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n yet_o may_v the_o substance_n of_o it_o have_v be_v much_o old_a than_o the_o time_n of_o edw_n iii_o and_o rich._n ii_o or_o else_o certain_o king_n hen._n iu._n or_o his_o chancellor_n for_o he_o will_v never_o have_v be_v at_o the_o trouble_n of_o transmit_v a_o copy_n of_o this_o say_v modus_fw-la into_o ireland_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n which_o be_v think_v to_o encroach_v so_o much_o on_o the_o prerogative_n have_v he_o not_o be_v very_o well_o inform_v of_o the_o antiquity_n as_o well_o as_o authority_n thereof_o and_o therefore_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v write_v about_o the_o time_n of_o hen._n iii_o from_o some_o ancient_a historian_n and_o record_n not_o now_o extant_a though_o the_o copy_n we_o have_v of_o it_o may_v be_v of_o no_o long_o stand_v than_o the_o time_n mr_n selden_n mention_n but_o admit_v that_o there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n before_o the_o conquest_n and_o though_o the_o thanes_z who_o i_o suppose_v make_v the_o great_a figure_n in_o the_o wittena_n geâ—â—â—er_n be_v not_o earl_n or_o chief_a thanes_z that_o be_v of_o the_o great_a nobility_n yet_o they_o be_v great_a freeholder_n and_o though_o commoner_n yet_o gentleman_n and_o of_o the_o lesser_a nobility_n in_o the_o same_o sense_n as_o gentleman_n or_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v now_o and_o the_o not_o elect_v by_o the_o country_n yet_o may_v be_v as_o well_o esteem_v their_o representative_n as_o they_o be_v now_o of_o freeholder_n under_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la lease-holders_n and_o copy-holders_n for_o year_n who_o have_v no_o vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o parliament_n man_n whereas_o these_o thanes_z be_v then_o the_o chief_a if_o not_o the_o only_a possessor_n of_o all_o the_o freehold_a estate_n in_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o material_a objection_n to_o say_v that_o these_o thanes_z might_n at_o first_o owe_v those_o estate_n to_o the_o grant_v of_o the_o first_o saxon_a king_n and_o may_v also_o after_o a_o sort_n hold_v their_o estate_n of_o they_o as_o head_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n by_o such_o service_n as_o be_v settle_v by_o public_a law_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o they_o owe_v their_o very_a right_n of_o come_v to_o the_o great_a council_n whole_o to_o the_o king_n favour_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o though_o the_o first_o saxon_a king_n conquer_v this_o island_n from_o the_o britain_n yet_o those_o that_o assist_v they_o be_v only_a volunteer_n the_o chief_a officer_n or_o commander_n of_o they_o may_v not_o only_o deserve_v but_o also_o capitulate_v for_o their_o share_n in_o the_o land_n so_o conquer_v and_o these_o be_v give_v out_o by_o the_o king_n according_a to_o each_o man_n quality_n condition_n or_o desert_n may_v constitute_v those_o who_o be_v call_v the_o king_n thanes_z as_o those_o who_o hold_v likewise_o under_o they_o be_v the_o middle_a thanes_z or_o vavassor_n suppose_v till_o you_o can_v prove_v the_o contrary_a that_o these_o have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o and_o you_o may_v as_o well_o argue_v that_o they_o can_v have_v no_o place_n there_o but_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o their_o lord_n whereas_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o a_o estate_n of_o five_o hide_n in_o land_n of_o whosoever_o hold_v make_v a_o thane_n or_o nobleman_n of_o the_o inferior_a rank_n and_o we_o find_v by_o the_o same_o law_n of_o king_n athelstan_n his_o weregild_n or_o price_n of_o his_o head_n be_v value_v but_o equal_a with_o that_o of_o a_o mass_n thanes_z or_o priest_n viz._n at_o 2000_o thrymsas_n so_o that_o a_o sufficient_a estate_n in_o land_n do_v not_o only_o make_v a_o man_n a_o gentleman_n but_o also_o give_v he_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o there_o be_v beside_o all_o these_o several_a alodoril_n who_o hold_v their_o land_n discharge_v from_o all_o service_n and_o can_v sell_v or_o dispose_v of_o they_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o inferior_a lord_n and_o be_v those_o mention_v in_o doomsday_n book_n qui_fw-la potuit_fw-la ire_n cum_fw-la terra_fw-la que_fw-la â—â—but_fw-la nor_o be_v your_o argument_n conclusive_a that_o because_o in_o those_o time_n as_o well_o as_o now_o all_o land_n be_v hold_v either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o of_o the_o king_n and_o be_v chargeable_a with_o those_o three_o general_a service_n you_o mention_v for_o the_o public_a safety_n and_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o therefore_o not_o only_o all_o man_n civil_a property_n but_o also_o their_o right_n of_o come_v to_o the_o great_a council_n must_v whole_o depend_v upon_o the_o king_n will_n since_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o first_o saxon_n king_n by_o their_o conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n can_v not_o acquire_v the_o sole_a property_n of_o all_o the_o land_n thereof_o to_o themselves_o though_o they_o may_v be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o public_a trustee_n to_o distribute_v they_o according_a to_o those_o man_n quality_n and_o desert_n who_o have_v help_v they_o in_o the_o conquest_n so_o that_o when_o they_o be_v once_o possess_v of_o such_o estate_n they_o have_v immediate_o thereupon_o a_o right_a to_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n the_o burden_n of_o the_o government_n lie_v chief_o on_o such_o as_o have_v estate_n in_o land_n and_o that_o many_o other_o beside_o the_o king_n thanes_z or_o great_a lord_n have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o those_o time_n appear_v as_o well_o by_o the_o name_n of_o mycel_n synod_n â—â—_o wittenagemots_a which_o be_v render_v by_o our_o ancient_a glossarist_n numerosa_fw-la or_o popuâ—â—sa_fw-la conventio_fw-la as_o also_o the_o title_n and_o conclusion_n to_o divers_a of_o the_o title_n of_o those_o great_a council_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n where_o be_v often_o mention_v after_o the_o comites_fw-la &_o proceres_fw-la terrae_fw-la aliorum_fw-la fidelium_fw-la infinita_fw-la multitudo_fw-la which_o must_v certain_o take_v in_o many_o more_o than_o the_o king_n thanes_z judges_z or_o other_o of_o his_o great_a man_n who_o be_v then_o but_o a_o few_o in_o comparison_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o freeholder_n of_o england_n m._n i_o will_v not_o long_o dispute_v the_o probability_n of_o what_o you_o say_v all_o the_o difficulty_n lie_v in_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o deny_v that_o any_o other_o of_o a_o less_o degree_n than_o the_o king_n thanes_z of_o chief_a tenant_n have_v any_o place_n or_o voice_n in_o the_o old_a english_a council_n nor_o can_v you_o find_v as_o you_o yourself_o be_v force_v to_o confess_v in_o our_o saxon_a law_n or_o ancient_a historian_n of_o those_o time_n any_o representative_n of_o the_o common_a people_n mention_v such_o as_o be_v now_o much_o less_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n for_o any_o city_n or_o burrow_n in_o england_n and_o therefore_o what_o you_o say_v concern_v the_o riches_n or_o power_n of_o the_o city_n and_o town_n before_o the_o conquest_n though_o perhaps_o it_o may_v be_v true_a yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o they_o must_v then_o send_v their_o representative_n to_o the_o great_a council_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o argument_n to_o prove_v that_o they_o do_v because_o great_a city_n and_o town_n do_v or_o do_v late_o send_v deputy_n to_o the_o like_a assembly_n in_o other_o country_n since_o our_o government_n may_v not_o only_o original_o differ_v in_o that_o from_o they_o but_o that_o also_o the_o send_n of_o those_o deputy_n may_v be_v grant_v by_o some_o late_a prince_n long_o since_o the_o time_n of_o the_o first_o beginning_n of_o those_o kingdom_n and_o i_o do_v believe_v will_v prove_v so_o if_o close_o look_v into_o and_o in_o denmark_n which_o you_o know_v be_v a_o elective_a kingdom_n the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n never_o send_v any_o
soccage_n must_v needs_o have_v be_v so_o numerous_a that_o what_o room_n nay_o what_o field_n or_o place_n be_v able_a to_o contain_v so_o great_a a_o multitude_n or_o how_o can_v any_o business_n have_v be_v transact_v therein_o without_o the_o great_a confusion_n imaginable_a f._n so_o than_o you_o yourself_o must_v also_o grant_v that_o when_o all_o your_o great_a and_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v in_o person_n parliament_n be_v much_o more_o numerous_a than_o they_o be_v now_o since_o according_a to_o the_o dr.'s_n catalogue_n out_o of_o dooms-day-book_n in_o his_o appendix_n to_o the_o english_a history_n vol._n 1_o of_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o serjeanty_n that_o hold_v all_o the_o land_n in_o every_o county_n of_o king_n william_n they_o do_v beside_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n earl_n and_o baron_n altogether_o amount_v to_o about_o 700._o and_o these_o in_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o by_o forfeiture_n and_o new_a conveyance_n from_o the_o crown_n or_o by_o those_o other_o way_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v may_v be_v multiply_v into_o twice_o as_o many_o more_o and_o those_o also_o of_o sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o member_n of_o parliament_n or_o knight_n since_o 15_o pound_n a_o year_n be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o reckon_v as_o a_o knight_n fee_n and_o he_o that_o have_v it_o be_v liable_a to_o be_v knight_v and_o if_o so_o i_o pray_v according_a to_o your_o own_o hypothesis_n how_o can_v so_o great_a a_o assembly_n be_v manage_v as_o of_o about_o 3000_o or_o 4000_o person_n without_o strange_a confusion_n and_o disorder_n but_o upon_o our_o principle_n there_o will_v follow_v no_o more_o absurdity_n or_o inconvenience_n than_o in_o you_o for_o either_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n burgess_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o city_n be_v always_o represent_v by_o knight_n and_o citizen_n as_o they_o be_v now_o or_o else_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n appear_v for_o themselves_o be_v lord_n of_o manor_n or_o freeholder_n of_o good_a estate_n who_o be_v not_o so_o numerous_a or_o inconsiderable_a as_o you_o imagine_v the_o freehold_a land_n in_o england_n be_v in_o those_o day_n but_o in_o a_o few_o hand_n in_o comparison_n to_o what_o they_o be_v now_o and_o for_o this_o opinion_n i_o have_v sir_n h._n spelman_n of_o my_o side_n who_o in_o the_o place_n already_o quote_v under_o barones_n câ—â—itatus_fw-la express_o tell_v we_o hoc_fw-la nomine_fw-la contineri_fw-la videtur_fw-la antiquis_fw-la paginis_fw-la omnis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d â—eodalium_fw-la specier_fw-la in_fw-la uno_fw-la quovis_fw-la comitara_fw-mi degentium_fw-la proceres_fw-la nempè_fw-la &_o 〈◊〉_d domini_fw-la nèc_fw-la non_fw-la liberè_fw-la quique_fw-la tenentes_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la fundorum_fw-la proprietarii_fw-la anglicè_fw-la freeholder_n ut_fw-la superiùâ—_n dictum_fw-la est_fw-la normidum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la hoc_fw-la liberè_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nec_fw-la tam_fw-la â—iles_fw-la 〈◊〉_d fuisse_fw-la nèc_fw-la tam_fw-la vulgares_fw-la ut_fw-la hodiè_fw-la deprehonduntur_fw-la na_o villa_n &_o dominia_fw-la in_o 〈◊〉_d hareditates_fw-la non_fw-la dum_fw-la distrahebant_fw-la nobiles_fw-la sed_fw-la ut_fw-la vidimus_fw-la in_o hibernia_n penes_fw-la se_fw-la retinentes_fw-la agros_fw-la per_fw-la precarios_fw-la excolebant_fw-la &_o adscriptitio_n so_o that_o you_o see_v sir_n h._n spelman_n then_o believe_v that_o the_o manor_n and_o great_a freehold_n in_o england_n be_v not_o then_o parcele_v out_o into_o so_o many_o small_a share_n as_o you_o imagine_v and_o that_o such_o inferior_a baron_n whether_o they_o hold_v in_o caâ—â—â—e_n or_o not_o arch._n be_v also_o call_v proceres_fw-la see_v the_o law_n of_o henry_n i._n chap._n 25._o the_o title_n whereof_o be_v de_fw-fr privilegits_n procerum_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o law_n run_v thus_o si_fw-mi exurgat_fw-la placitum_fw-la inter_fw-la homines_fw-la allcusus_fw-la baronum_fw-la foenam_fw-la habentium_fw-la tractâ—tur_fw-la placitum_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la now_o that_o this_o socha_n be_v no_o more_o than_o soc._n in_o old_a saxon_a see_v spel._n gloss._n tit._n soc._n i._n e._n secta_fw-la de_fw-la hominibus_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la secundum_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la so_o likewise_o in_o titulo_fw-la socha_n vel_fw-la dicitur_fw-la soc._n a_o saxon_a socâ—_n i._o e_fw-la libertas_fw-la franchesia_n &_o vide_fw-la manerium_fw-la qd_n dicitur_fw-la etiam_fw-la soca_fw-la dictum_fw-la est_fw-la from_o all_o which_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n here_o call_v proceres_fw-la &_o barones_n have_v court_n baron_n which_o take_v their_o name_n from_o their_o lord_n though_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavaâ—ours_n but_o grant_v that_o about_o the_o end_n of_o king_n john_n or_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o suppose_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n and_o great_a freeholder_n whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o may_v amount_v in_o all_o to_o 5_o on_o 6000_o person_n i_o do_v not_o see_v why_o such_o a_o assembly_n may_v not_o be_v as_o orderly_a and_o well_o manage_v as_o one_o of_o 1000_o or_o 4000_o suppose_v your_o great_a baron_n and_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v than_o make_v about_o that_o number_n especial_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o most_o business_n or_o act_n of_o any_o consequence_n and_o for_o which_o parliament_n be_v call_v may_v be_v prepare_v and_o draw_v up_o by_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n before_o they_o meet_v so_o that_o take_v it_o which_o way_n you_o will_v few_o inconvenience_n and_o improbability_n attend_v my_o hypothesis_n than_o you_o m._n that_o the_o earl_n and_o great_a baron_n both_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a together_o with_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la then_o make_v the_o body_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n i_o have_v very_o good_a authority_n on_o my_o side_n but_o that_o any_o feudatory_a baron_n or_o tenant_n of_o a_o lesser_a degree_n ever_o have_v any_o place_n or_o vote_n in_o those_o assembly_n i_o think_v you_o can_v give_v i_o no_o sufficient_a authority_n for_o it_o it_o be_v true_a mr._n p._n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v 110._o give_v we_o two_o modern_a quotation_n the_o one_o out_o of_o mr._n câ—â—den's_n britannia_n the_o other_o out_o of_o mr._n selden_n to_o prove_v it_o as_o for_o the_o former_a it_o be_v in_o the_o introduction_n to_o the_o britannia_n first_o publish_v in_o quarto_n the_o word_n be_v these_o verum_fw-la baro_n ex_fw-la illis_fw-la non_fw-la imbus_fw-la videatur_fw-la qua_fw-la tempus_fw-la paulatim_fw-la moliara_fw-it &_o molliora_fw-la reddidit_fw-la nam_fw-la longo_fw-la post_fw-la tempore_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la sed_fw-la qui_fw-la liberi_fw-la erant_fw-la domini_fw-la 16._o &_o thani_fw-la saxombus_fw-la dicebantur_fw-la barones_n vocari_fw-la caperunt_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la magni_fw-la honoris_fw-la erat_fw-la paulo_fw-la autem_fw-la postea_fw-la mean_v after_o the_o norman_n entrance_n eo_fw-la honoris_fw-la pervenit_fw-la ut_fw-la nomine_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la omnes_fw-la qâ—â—dammodo_fw-la regni_fw-la ordines_fw-la continerentur_fw-la but_o he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o that_o this_o learned_a author_n in_o his_o last_o edition_n of_o this_o work_n in_o folio_n be_v sensible_a of_o his_o mistake_n have_v add_v the_o word_n superiores_fw-la before_o ordines_fw-la whereby_o it_o be_v plain_a he_o now_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o they_o be_v now_o understand_v mr._n p'_v other_o quotation_n be_v out_o of_o mr._n selden_n note_n upon_o rancorous_a 168._o where_o comment_v on_o the_o word_n barones_n he_o say_v vocabulum_fw-la nempe_fw-la alio_fw-la notione_fw-la usurpari_fw-la quam_fw-la vulgo_fw-la neque_fw-la eos_fw-la duntaxat_fw-la ut_fw-la hodie_fw-la significare_fw-la quibus_fw-la peculiaris_fw-la ordinum_fw-la comitiis_fw-la locus_fw-la est_fw-la but_o then_o conceal_v this_o that_o follow_v which_o make_v direct_o against_o he_o sed_fw-la universos_fw-la qui_fw-la regiae_n munificentiae_fw-la ad_fw-la formulam_fw-la juris_fw-la nostre_fw-fr clientelaris_fw-la quod_fw-la nullius_fw-la villae_fw-la regiae_n glebam_fw-la sed_fw-la ipsum_fw-la tantum_fw-la modo_fw-la regem_fw-la spectat_fw-la tenure_n en_fw-fr chief_n phrasi_fw-la forensi_fw-la dicimus_fw-la sive_fw-la tenura_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la lati_fw-la fundiâ—_fw-la pessidebant_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o he_o express_o restrain_v this_o word_n barones_n to_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o though_o your_o author_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o nor_o indeed_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n do_v mr._n selden_n give_v we_o any_o other_o description_n of_o a_o baron_n v._n i_o mean_v such_o who_o have_v a_o vote_n in_o parliament_n but_o such_o in_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v take_v in_o henry_n i._o his_o charter_n as_o it_o be_v recite_v in_o matt._n paris_n siquis_fw-la baronum_fw-la meorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la vel_fw-la aliorm_n qui_fw-fr de_fw-fr i_o tenent_fw-la mortuus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la i._n e._n one_o who_o be_v either_o one_o of_o the_o earl_n or_o great_a baron_n or_o otherwise_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la f._n mr._n p._n be_v not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v blame_v as_o you_o make_v he_o
to_o the_o judgement_n of_o every_o indifferent_a person_n these_o than_o be_v the_o man_n the_o only_a legal_a man_n that_o name_v and_o choose_v jury_n and_o serve_v on_o jury_n themselves_o both_o in_o the_o country_n and_o hundred_o court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o country_n business_n under_o the_o great_a officer_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o next_o law_n with_o a_o little_a explication_n ut_fw-la jura_n regius_fw-la illaesa_fw-la seruare_fw-la pro_fw-la viribus_fw-la câ—entur_fw-la subditi_fw-la statuimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la praedicti_fw-la sint_fw-la fratres_n conjurati_fw-la ad_fw-la monarchiam_fw-la nostram_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la regnum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la pro_fw-la viribus_fw-la suis_fw-la &_o facultatibus_fw-la contra_fw-la inimicos_fw-la pro_fw-la posse_fw-la svo_fw-la defendendum_fw-la &_o viriliter_fw-la servaâ—um_fw-la pacem_fw-la &_o dignitatem_fw-la coronae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la integram_fw-la observandam_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la judicium_fw-la recâ—um_fw-la &_o justitiam_fw-la constant_a omnibus_fw-la modis_fw-la pro_fw-la posse_fw-la svo_fw-la sine_fw-la dolo_fw-la &_o sine_fw-la dilatione_fw-la faâ—endam_fw-la now_o the_o judgement_n they_o be_v to_o give_v and_o the_o justice_n they_o be_v to_o do_v by_o this_o law_n beside_o that_o in_o their_o own_o court_n and_o jurisdiction_n be_v principal_o as_o they_o be_v juror_n or_o recognitor_n upon_o assize_n etc._n etc._n though_o some_o of_o the_o great_a of_o their_o milites_fw-la be_v often_o sheriff_n hundredary_n and_o other_o under_o judge_n and_o ministerial_a officer_n of_o justice_n in_o their_o several_a county_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o glanâ—ille_n every_o where_o but_o especial_o lib._n 2._o c._n 10_o 11._o lib._n 9_o c._n 7._o c._n 17._o &_o lib._n 13._o throughout_o this_o of_o be_v suitor_n to_o the_o county_n and_o hundred_o court_n etc._n etc._n be_v a_o service_n incident_a to_o their_o tenor_n and_o before_o they_o many_o time_n ancient_o in_o the_o county_n and_o hundred_o court_n and_o not_o private_o in_o a_o chamber_n be_v execute_v deed_n grant_n and_o donation_n of_o land_n contain_v in_o very_o small_a piece_n of_o parchment_n witness_v by_o thomas_n of_o such_o a_o town_n john_n of_o another_o richard_n of_o a_o three_o etc._n etc._n which_o be_v knight_n and_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la in_o military_a service_n in_o those_o town_n of_o considerable_a estate_n and_o not_o the_o low_a sort_n of_o people_n and_o this_o execution_n of_o sales_n and_o assurance_n in_o open_a court_n be_v as_o public_a and_o notorious_a and_o as_o secure_v as_o if_o at_o that_o time_n there_o have_v be_v a_o public_a register_n for_o they_o f._n before_o i_o answer_v your_o conclusion_n from_o king_n vvilliam_n law_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o i_o be_o not_o at_o all_o satisfy_v neither_o with_o the_o account_v you_o give_v how_o the_o commonâ—_n of_o england_n can_v come_v in_o to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o parliament_n without_o any_o noise_n or_o notice_n take_v of_o it_o either_o by_o our_o act_n of_o parliament_n or_o historian_n since_o it_o be_v not_o only_o improbable_a but_o also_o quite_o contrary_a to_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o history_n itself_o as_o i_o shall_v i_o hope_v make_v good_a when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o that_o subject_a nor_o be_v your_o argument_n of_o any_o weight_n since_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o william_n the_o conqueror_n so_o subject_v the_o land_n of_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n to_o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n that_o therefore_o this_o be_v do_v by_o his_o sole_a power_n without_o any_o law_n for_o it_o make_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n since_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o first_o law_n of_o king_n william_n which_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v that_o the_o very_a service_n which_o you_o say_v be_v reserve_v upon_o the_o land_n he_o have_v bestow_v be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o appoint_v or_o settle_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o therefore_o certain_o the_o service_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n must_v be_v so_o likewise_o and_o therefore_o i_o must_v confess_v myself_o to_o be_v of_o mr._n selden_n opinion_n in_o this_o matter_n who_o presume_v there_o be_v a_o law_n for_o it_o though_o now_o lose_v and_o can_v believe_v that_o this_o king_n how_o powerful_a soever_o shall_v attempt_v to_o introduce_v so_o great_a a_o yoke_n upon_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o so_o many_o of_o the_o abbot_n and_o prior_n of_o england_n without_o their_o consent_n express_o give_v to_o a_o law_n and_o make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n concern_v it_o though_o that_o law_n as_o many_o other_o of_o this_o king_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v find_v but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o main_a design_n of_o your_o present_a discourse_n which_o be_v to_o show_v that_o none_o but_o tenant_n by_o military_a service_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v in_o the_o first_o time_n after_o the_o conquest_n proper_o the_o only_a true_a freeman_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n i_o shall_v show_v you_o that_o first_o the_o notion_n be_v quite_o new_a and_o never_o hear_v of_o till_o the_o dr._n from_o who_o you_o have_v borrow_v it_o first_o broach_v it_o neither_o mr._n lambard_n mr._n somneâ—_n nor_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n nor_o any_o of_o our_o english_a antiquary_n or_o lawyer_n ever_o discover_v any_o such_o thing_n before_o your_o dr._n arise_v to_o disperse_v these_o cloud_n every_o man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v no_o villain_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o freeman_n and_o every_o owner_n of_o land_n of_o inheritance_n though_o of_o never_o so_o small_a a_o proportion_n reckon_v a_o freeholder_n and_o his_o estate_n call_v his_o franc_n tenement_n or_o freehold_n as_o well_o in_o our_o ancient_n as_o modern_a law_n and_o that_o freehold_n be_v not_o restrain_v only_o to_o military_a service_n within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o conquest_n appear_v by_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la in_o which_o it_o be_v express_o recite_v that_o nullus_fw-la distriâ—â—tur_fw-la ad_fw-la faciendum_fw-la majus_fw-la servitium_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la militis_fw-la nec_fw-la de_fw-la alio_fw-la libero_fw-la tenemento_fw-it quâ—â—_n inde_fw-la debetur_fw-la and_o that_o socage_n tenant_n though_o by_o villain_n service_n be_v as_o much_o freeman_n as_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la see_v spelman_n glossary_a tit._n socman_n where_o he_o say_v thus_o socmannus_fw-la in_o natura_fw-la brevinan_n brevi_fw-la de_fw-fr recto_n propriè_fw-la talis_fw-la est_fw-la qui_fw-fr liâ—e_z est_fw-la &_o tenet_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la seu_fw-la de_fw-la alio_fw-la domino_fw-la in_o antiquo_fw-la dominico_fw-la terras_fw-la svas_fw-la seu_fw-la tenementâ—_n in_o villenagio_n libro_fw-la sancti_fw-la albani_n tit._n honcton_n chap_n i._o rege_fw-la angliae_fw-la manerium_fw-la de_fw-la hâ—â—cton_n tenuerunt_fw-la in_o dominico_fw-la omnes_fw-la tenentes_fw-la liberi_fw-la scil_n &_o custumarii_fw-la per_fw-la sokam_fw-la defendebant_fw-la tenementa_fw-la sua_fw-la etc._n etc._n ex_fw-la quo_fw-la patet_fw-la sokmans_fw-mi liberos_fw-la 〈◊〉_d significare_fw-la but_o since_o you_o seem_v to_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o freeman_n and_o freeholder_n proper_o or_o improper_o so_o call_v since_o king_n vvilliam_n law_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v do_v not_o warrant_v any_o such_o distinction_n i_o must_v beg_v your_o excuse_n if_o i_o be_o not_o of_o your_o opinion_n for_o the_o first_o law_n you_o have_v quote_v warrant_v no_o such_o thing_n it_o only_o say_v that_o all_o freeman_n in_o general_a shall_v take_v a_o oath_n of_o fealty_n to_o the_o king_n to_o maintain_v he_o his_o land_n and_o honour_n against_o 〈◊〉_d enemy_n and_o stranger_n now_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o this_o law_n extend_v to_o all_o freeman_n who_o be_v by_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a law_n recite_v in_o the_o addition_n to_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n to_o take_v the_o very_a same_o oath_n in_o the_o folkmote_a as_o they_o be_v after_o your_o conquest_n to_o do_v according_a to_o this_o law_n either_o in_o the_o county_n court_v or_o sheriff_n turn_v nor_o will_v the_o next_o law_n do_v the_o business_n any_o more_o than_o this_o for_o the_o word_n be_v that_o all_o freeman_n of_o our_o say_a kingdom_n may_v have_v and_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n free_a from_o all_o â—njust_a taillage_n exaction_n etc._n etc._n which_o word_n possession_n extend_v not_o only_o to_o land_n of_o inheritance_n much_o less_o to_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n but_o also_o to_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o all_o other_o chattel_n or_o possession_n as_o well_o real_a as_o personal_a nor_o do_v the_o word_n servitium_n liberum_fw-la extend_v only_o to_o those_o service_n which_o be_v reserve_v upon_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o also_o to_o those_o common_a service_n call_v trinoda_n necessitas_fw-la which_o i_o have_v former_o mention_v â—iz_o the_o building_n and_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n and_o expedition_n against_o foreign_a enemy_n
and_o burrough_n from_o time_n beyond_o all_o memory_n send_v their_o proxye_n and_o representative_n to_o the_o parliament_n in_o scotland_n and_o that_o each_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n so_o send_v have_v as_o good_a a_o vote_n in_o their_o parliament_n as_o the_o great_a bishop_n or_o earl_n of_o they_o all_o m._n i_o desire_v no_o better_a proof_n then_o what_o yourself_o have_v now_o bring_v to_o make_v out_o that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o only_o at_o this_o day_n but_o have_v be_v from_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o parliament_n in_o that_o nation_n for_o i_o shall_v appeal_v to_o those_o very_a statute_n and_o record_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v which_o compare_v with_o divers_a subsequent_a statute_n of_o that_o kingdom_n will_v make_v the_o matter_n plain_a enough_o that_o the_o communitas_fw-la and_o these_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la mention_v in_o these_o law_n you_o have_v cite_v be_v the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o in_o the_o first_o place_n therefore_o let_v i_o observe_v from_o that_o very_a law_n of_o king_n alexander_n the_o title_n of_o which_o you_o have_v but_o now_o quote_v that_o these_o word_n per_fw-la essenssum_fw-la communitatis_fw-la can_v here_o signify_v the_o commons_o since_o they_o alone_o can_v neither_o advise_v nor_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o make_v law_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v needs_o refer_v to_o the_o whole_a community_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n consist_v of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o 63._o as_o i_o shall_v prove_v by_o a_o parliament_n of_o king_n rob._n iii_o who_o begin_v to_o reign_v anno._n dom_fw-la 1400._o in_o the_o 10_o year_n of_o our_o richard_n two_o the_o title_n be_v thus_o parliamentum_fw-la domini_fw-la nostri_fw-la roberti_n iii_o scotoâ—um_n regis_fw-la etc._n etc._n vocatis_fw-la &_o summonitis_fw-la more_fw-it solito_fw-la episcopis_fw-la prioribus_fw-la duâ—ibus_fw-la commitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la liberis_fw-la teâ—entibus_fw-la &_o burgensibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la domino_fw-la rege_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la and_o this_o be_v also_o confirm_v from_o the_o title_n to_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o perth_n anno._n dom._n 1427._o be_v the_o 23d_o of_o king_n james_n 1._o summâ—nitis_n &_o voâ—atis_fw-la mâ—re_fw-it solito_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o liberi_fw-la tâ—nentibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr quolibet_fw-la burgo_n certis_fw-la buâ—genfibus_fw-la so_o that_o i_o think_v nothing_o can_v be_v plain_o from_o these_o ancient_a statute_n then_o that_o the_o scottish_a parliament_n do_v ancient_o consist_v of_o no_o other_o member_n than_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o prior_n duke_n and_o earl_n baron_n freeholders_n and_o burgess_n which_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v thus_o show_v the_o ancient_a costitution_n of_o the_o scotish_n parliament_n for_o your_o satisfaction_n i_o shall_v far_o show_v when_o and_o how_o it_o be_v alter_v in_o the_o seven_o parliament_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o hold_v at_o perth_n ibid._n a._n dom._n 1420_o there_o be_v a_o law_n make_v which_o i_o shall_v contract_v that_o the_o small_a baron_n and_o freeholder_n need_v not_o to_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o that_o for_o the_o future_a out_o of_o each_o schirefdome_n there_o shall_v be_v send_v two_o or_o more_o wise_a man_n after_o the_o largeness_n of_o the_o schirefdome_n the_o which_o shall_v be_v call_v commissary_n of_o the_o shire_n and_o that_o these_o shall_v have_v full_a power_n final_o to_o hear_v and_o determine_v all_o cause_n to_o be_v propose_v in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n and_o that_o the_o say_v commissary_n shall_v have_v costage_n of_o they_o of_o each_o shire_n that_o ought_v to_o appear_v in_o parliament_n or_o council_n i_o have_v only_o give_v you_o a_o abstract_n of_o this_o statute_n because_o it_o be_v pretty_a long_a and_o pen_v in_o old_a scotish_n english_a but_o you_o may_v consult_v it_o at_o your_o leisure_n and_o this_o be_v far_o confirm_v by_o a_o subsequent_a act_n of_o parliament_n of_o king_n james_n the_o six_o 99_o hold_v at_o edinburgh_n july_n the_o 29_o the_o 1587._o wherein_o after_o a_o repetition_n of_o the_o former_a act_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o and_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o same_o it_o follow_v thus_o and_o that_o all_o freeholder_n of_o the_o king_n under_o the_o degree_n of_o prelate_n and_o lord_n of_o parliament_n be_v warn_v by_o proclamation_n to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o choose_n of_o the_o say_a commissioner_n and_o none_o to_o have_v voit_fw-fr in_o their_o election_n but_o sik_n as_o have_v forty_o shilling_n land_n in_o free_a tenandrie_n halden_a of_o the_o king_n and_o he_z their_o actual_a dwell_n and_o residence_n within_o the_o same_o schire_n etc._n etc._n i_o need_v give_v you_o no_o more_o of_o this_o act_n but_o i_o think_v it_o be_v most_o clear_a from_o this_o as_o well_o as_o the_o former_a act_n of_o parliament_n that_o the_o commons_o in_o scotland_n be_v only_o the_o king_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o be_v so_o at_o this_o day_n since_o none_o but_o they_o can_v either_o choose_v or_o be_v choose_v commissioner_n for_o the_o shire_n 17._o but_o as_o to_o the_o burough_n who_o do_v each_o of_o they_o send_v but_o one_o commissioner_n or_o burgess_n except_o the_o city_n of_o edinburgh_n which_o send_v two_o all_o which_o be_v choose_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o to_n now_o there_o be_v in_o scotland_n three_o sort_n of_o these_o burgh_n that_o be_v to_o say_v royal_a burgh_n burgh_n of_o regality_n and_o burgh_n of_o barony_n 100_o but_o only_o the_o royal_a burrough_n the_o burgi_n dominici_n regis_fw-la or_o qui_fw-fr de_fw-fr rege_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la send_v commissioner_n to_o parliament_n and_o be_v in_o number_n sixty_o to_o conclude_v that_o i_o may_v apply_v what_o have_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o constituent_a part_n of_o the_o scotish_n parliament_n to_o we_o ancient_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o from_o the_o great_a affinity_n there_o be_v between_o we_o and_o they_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o our_o and_o their_o communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la be_v the_o same_o that_o be_v they_o be_v the_o small_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la f._n i_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o parliament_n of_o scotland_n have_v for_o above_o these_o two_o hundred_o year_n consist_v of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o temporal_a lord_n together_o with_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o their_o representative_n the_o commissioner_n for_o shire_n and_o burgess_n of_o city_n and_o town_n till_o the_o reformation_n that_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n be_v quite_o take_v away_o though_o the_o former_a be_v restore_v to_o their_o place_n in_o parliament_n by_o a_o statute_n make_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o yet_o i_o can_v allow_v that_o from_o the_o begin_n of_o that_o government_n the_o scotch_a parliament_n have_v consist_v of_o no_o other_o member_n than_o those_o since_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la come_v as_o it_o do_v in_o these_o old_a statute_n and_o record_n i_o have_v now_o cite_v immediate_o after_o the_o praelati_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o milites_fw-la etc._n etc._n must_v signify_v a_o distinct_a order_n of_o man_n from_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la call_v in_o the_o statute_n of_o king_n james_n the_o first_o the_o small_a baron_n and_o since_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n though_o none_o of_o those_o baron_n be_v also_o comprehend_v under_o this_o communitas_fw-la and_o who_o you_o grant_v to_o make_v the_o three_o estate_n why_o this_o word_n may_v not_o comprehend_v all_o the_o other_o great_a freeholder_n i_o can_v see_v no_o reason_n to_o the_o contrary_n and_o therefore_o i_o suppose_v that_o in_o the_o reign_v of_o k._n david_n 2_o d._n or_o robert_n the_o 2_o d._n or_o else_o the_o beginning_n of_o robert_n the_o 3_o d._n there_o be_v a_o great_a alteration_n in_o the_o constituent_a part_n or_o member_n of_o the_o scottish_a parliament_n and_o about_o that_o time_n the_o chief_a freeholder_n or_o lord_n of_o manor_n who_o hold_v of_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o temporal_a lord_n as_o well_o as_o of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o of_o the_o king_n by_o petty_a serjeantry_n or_o socage_n tenure_n as_o also_o many_o of_o the_o small_a town_n or_o barony_n may_v either_o forbear_v come_v at_o all_o or_o else_o desire_v to_o be_v excuse_v because_o of_o the_o great_a trouble_n and_o charge_n of_o attendance_n as_o you_o see_v the_o small_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la afterward_o do_v when_o commissioner_n for_o shire_n be_v appoint_v in_o their_o stead_n and_o so_o may_v by_o degree_n leave_v off_o come_v or_o be_v exclude_v by_o some_o law_n not_o now_o extant_a and_o thus_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v become_v the_o sole_a representative_n of_o the_o
be_v the_o bishop_n the_o nobility_n and_o civitatum_fw-la delegati_fw-la the_o deputy_n or_o commissioner_n of_o town_n and_o city_n for_o sweden_n it_o come_v near_o the_o government_n and_o form_n of_o danemark_n and_o have_v the_o same_o estate_n and_o degree_n of_o people_n as_o among_o the_o dane_n that_o be_v to_o say_v proceres_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o nobility_n episcopi_fw-la &_o ecclesiastici_fw-la the_o bishop_n and_o inferior_a clergy_n civitates_fw-la &_o vniversitates_fw-la the_o city_n and_o town_n corporate_a for_o so_o i_o think_v he_o mean_v by_o vniversitates_fw-la as_o tâ—uanus_n muster_v they_o 131._o to_o which_o we_o may_v also_o add_v though_o here_o omit_v by_o this_o author_n the_o delegate_n of_o the_o rustic_n or_o husbandman_n who_o make_v a_o four_o estate_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o in_o this_o realm_n the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n enjoy_v the_o place_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o three_o estate_n notwithstanding_o the_o alteration_n of_o religion_n to_o this_o very_a day_n the_o bishop_n in_o their_o own_o person_n and_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o clergy_n out_o of_o every_o sochen_n a_o division_n like_o our_o rural_a deanery_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o rest_n have_v a_o necessary_a vote_n in_o all_o their_o parliament_n and_n this_v swedish_n great_a council_n be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o it_o come_v very_o near_o our_o constitution_n in_o england_n in_o which_o i_o prove_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o the_o commons_o not_o except_v the_o mean_a freeholder_n ancient_o have_v their_o representative_n so_o that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o strange_a thing_n that_o can_v have_v be_v observe_v in_o all_o the_o political_a constitution_n on_o this_o side_n of_o europe_n if_o that_o of_o england_n though_o descend_v from_o the_o same_o gothick_n original_a and_o found_v according_a to_o the_o same_o model_n shall_v have_v have_v no_o representative_n for_o the_o commons_o or_o plebian_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o dr._n here_o conclude_v with_o scotland_n and_o england_n the_o former_a of_o which_o since_o you_o agree_v to_o have_v have_v from_o all_o time_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n i_o need_v not_o repeat_v what_o be_v there_o since_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o you_o yourself_o have_v grant_v and_o as_o for_o england_n he_o own_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n i_o have_v already_o cite_v out_o of_o this_o chapter_n 193._o that_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o people_n be_v call_v to_o a_o parliament_n hold_v under_o henry_n the_o ad_fw-la at_o clerkâ—nwell_n m_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o there_o be_v representative_n of_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o all_o those_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v out_o of_o dr._n heylins_n treatise_n yet_o whether_o they_o be_v there_o from_o the_o very_a first_o institution_n of_o those_o government_n be_v much_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o since_o i_o have_v not_o now_o leisure_n to_o inquire_v into_o the_o original_a of_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nor_o at_o what_o time_n each_o state_n begin_v to_o come_v to_o these_o great_a council_n give_v i_o leave_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o remark_n that_o all_o these_o kingdom_n except_o sweden_n come_v near_o to_o that_o constitution_n which_o we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o also_o other_o kingdom_n where_o feudatory_a tenor_n be_v observe_v and_o consequent_o none_o but_o the_o chief_a lord_n or_o baron_n by_o knight_n service_n 96._o and_o that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n so_o that_o all_o those_o foreign_a council_n or_o dyeâ—s_n etc._n etc._n at_o first_o be_v all_o the_o same_o as_o consist_v of_o emperor_n or_o king_n with_o their_o earl_n and_o baron_n bishop_n and_o great_a officer_n as_o be_v evident_a from_o all_o the_o old_a german_a and_o french_a author_n and_o since_o city_n send_v deputy_n in_o germany_n and_o italy_n 126._o they_o be_v only_o from_o imperial_a city_n the_o like_a i_o believe_v will_v be_v find_v in_o france_n and_o those_o other_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v but_o you_o can_v show_v i_o unless_o in_o sweden_n any_o representative_n elect_v by_o the_o common_a people_n or_o rustic_n distinct_a from_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n like_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n in_o england_n so_o that_o i_o still_o doubt_v whether_o all_o the_o representative_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o other_o nobility_n that_o appear_v in_o the_o council_n of_o these_o kingdom_n be_v not_o all_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o no_o other_o f._n that_o this_o be_v a_o mere_a surmise_n of_o you_o i_o think_v i_o can_v easy_o prove_v for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o clergy_n who_o still_o make_v the_o first_o estate_n in_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nothing_o be_v more_o certain_a than_o that_o they_o never_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o 〈◊〉_d in_o their_o great_a council_n by_o that_o tenure_n that_o institution_n be_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v peculiar_a to_o england_n and_o introduce_v by_o your_o conqueror_n as_o you_o yourself_o acknowledge_v and_o as_o for_o the_o temporal_a nobility_n you_o will_v find_v that_o in_o france_n not_o only_o those_o nobleman_n that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o military_a service_n but_o those_o who_o hold_v in_o libero_fw-la alodio_n without_o any_o such_o service_n at_o all_o have_v place_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o deputy_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n so_o likewise_o for_o the_o city_n and_o town_n that_o send_v deputy_n to_o it_o i_o believe_v you_o will_v not_o find_v that_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o to_o come_v to_o germany_n you_o be_v likewise_o as_o much_o mistake_v in_o fancy_v that_o all_o the_o imperial_a city_n be_v subject_a immediate_o to_o the_o emperor_n before_o they_o become_v so_o for_o hamburgh_n and_o lubec_n be_v subject_a to_o their_o own_o prince_n the_o former_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o sleswic_n and_o the_o latter_a to_o earl_n of_o its_o own_o till_o at_o last_o they_o either_o purchase_v their_o liberty_n they_o enjoy_v from_o their_o prince_n or_o else_o cast_v they_o off_o and_o be_v after_o receive_v into_o the_o body_n of_o the_o diet_n by_o the_o bull_n or_o charter_n of_o several_a emperor_n 30._o and_o so_o likewise_o brunswick_n be_v always_o a_o fâ—â—e_a city_n till_o it_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o empire_n by_o its_o own_o consent_n i_o can_v show_v you_o the_o like_a of_o several_a other_o city_n now_o call_v imperial_a who_o hold_v ancient_o not_o of_o the_o emperor_n but_o either_o of_o their_o own_o earl_n or_o bishop_n though_o i_o grant_v it_o be_v the_o charter_n of_o the_o emperor_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n that_o give_v they_o a_o place_n in_o those_o assembly_n and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o these_o kingdom_n the_o mere_a rustic_n or_o paisant_n have_v no_o representative_n in_o their_o great_a council_n yet_o this_o make_v no_o alteration_n in_o the_o case_n if_o you_o please_v to_o consider_v it_o for_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n be_v the_o only_a true_a and_o proper_a owner_n of_o the_o land_n of_o those_o kingdom_n all_o the_o rustic_n or_o paisant_n be_v mere_a vassal_n and_o in_o france_n almost_o slave_n to_o their_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n who_o as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v have_v all_o alike_a vote_n in_o their_o assembly_n of_o estate_n as_o well_o those_o who_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o chief_a by_o knight_n service_n as_o those_o that_o do_v not_o whereas_o it_o be_v always_o far_o otherwise_o in_o england_n where_o the_o mean_a freeholder_n be_v always_o as_o free_a as_o to_o his_o person_n and_o estate_n as_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o who_o he_o hold_v and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o we_o have_v have_v from_o all_o time_n those_o of_o the_o degree_n of_o yeoman_n so_o peculiar_a to_o england_n as_o fortiscut_n in_o his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr laudibus_fw-la legum_n angliae_fw-la take_v notice_n who_o if_o they_o live_v on_o their_o own_o land_n have_v no_o more_o dependence_n on_o the_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n than_o they_o have_v now_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v but_o reason_n that_o these_o shall_v have_v their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n as_o well_o as_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o have_v most_o of_o they_o a_o far_o less_o share_n in_o the_o riches_n and_o real_a estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n second_o pray_v take_v notice_n that_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n except_o
from_o that_o seven_o edward_n the_o first_o i_o think_v that_o can_v by_o no_o mean_n do_v the_o business_n for_o which_o you_o design_v it_o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n this_o be_v only_a declaration_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o land_n that_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n to_o defend_v i._n e._n forbid_v all_o force_n of_o arm_n but_o mark_v sir_n what_o force_n sure_o it_o be_v only_o mean_v of_o such_o force_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n prerogative_n to_o forbid_v viz._n force_n of_o arm_n against_o the_o public_a peace_n and_o such_o as_o he_o may_v punish_v according_a to_o the_o law_n and_o usage_n of_o the_o realm_n and_o therefore_o the_o statute_n express_o declare_v that_o as_o subject_n they_o be_v hereunto_o bind_v aid_v he_o their_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n at_o all_o time_n when_o need_n shall_v be_v but_o do_v this_o act_n any_o where_o say_v that_o he_o have_v a_o irresistible_a power_n to_o disturb_v this_o peace_n by_o his_o own_o private_a illegal_a commission_n or_o that_o any_o man_n be_v bind_v to_o assist_v he_o in_o it_o or_o because_o for_o example_n he_o have_v authority_n to_o punish_v all_o man_n according_a to_o law_n that_o shall_v come_v to_o parliament_n with_o force_n of_o arm_n that_o therefore_o he_o have_v a_o unlimited_a power_n of_o raise_v what_o force_n he_o will_v and_o in_o prison_v or_o destroy_v the_o whole_a parliament_n if_o he_o please_v and_o that_o no_o bodâ—_n may_v resist_v he_o if_o he_o have_v go_v about_o so_o to_o do_v the_o like_a may_v be_v say_v if_o the_o 〈◊〉_d shall_v notorious_o and_o insupportable_o by_o force_n invade_v all_o the_o civil_a liberâ—â—â—â—_n and_o property_n of_o his_o subject_n by_o levy_v tax_n and_o take_v away_o theâ—r_v estate_n by_o downright_a force_n contrary_a to_o law_n now_o can_v any_o body_n in_o his_o sense_n believe_v that_o the_o act_n of_o 25_o of_o ed._n 3._o be_v make_v to_o prevent_v all_o resistance_n of_o suâ—h_n tyrannical_a violence_n and_o that_o the_o resistance_n of_o those_o force_n whether_o foreign_a or_o domestic_a that_o may_v be_v send_v by_o the_o king_n be_v private_a commissioner_n to_o murder_n or_o enslave_v we_o be_v make_v war_n against_o his_o person_n or_o that_o it_o come_v within_o any_o of_o the_o case_n express_v in_o that_o statute_n and_o therefore_o can_v fall_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o sir_n edw._n coke_n comment_n upon_o this_o statute_n all_o the_o offence_n therein_o specify_v being_n â—_z at_o common_a law_n before_o that_o statute_n be_v make_v nor_o be_v the_o reformation_n there_o mention_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o a_o just_a and_o necessary_a defence_n of_o our_o life_n liberty_n religion_n and_o property_n as_o settle_v and_o establish_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o make_v war_n against_o a_o weak_a or_o seduce_a king_n but_o be_v rather_o in_o defence_n of_o he_o and_o the_o government_n by_o oppose_a tyranny_n 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this_o letter_n i_o now_o mention_v be_v write_v to_o the_o pope_n which_o transaction_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o almost_o verbatim_o out_o of_o mat._n of_o westminster_n and_o henry_n de_fw-fr keyghton_n in_o anno_fw-la 1297._o be_v the_o 26_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o when_o the_o king_n have_v extort_a a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o the_o clergy_n and_o people_n contrary_a to_o law_n and_o be_v then_o go_v into_o flanders_n he_o call_v a_o parliament_n at_o westminster_n where_o most_o of_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n refuse_v to_o appear_v until_o such_o time_n as_o their_o petition_n for_o the_o ease_n of_o their_o country_n be_v hear_v and_o that_o the_o king_n will_v again_o confirm_v magna_fw-la charta_fw-la yet_o nevertheless_o the_o king_n upon_o his_o confession_n of_o his_o male_a administration_n which_o he_o make_v before_o all_o the_o people_n with_o tear_n in_o his_o eye_n and_o promise_v of_o amendment_n then_o obtain_v of_o the_o commons_o a_o aid_n of_o the_o 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tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la both_o which_o be_v afterward_o again_o confirm_v by_o the_o king_n his_o father_n some_o time_n after_o his_o return_n and_o this_o will_v serve_v to_o explain_v the_o last_o article_n in_o this_o statute_n which_o comprehend_v the_o king_n pardon_n or_o remission_n to_o humphrey_n earl_n of_o herâ—ford_n and_o essâ—x_n then_o constable_n and_o roger_n bigot_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n marshal_n of_o england_n the_o two_o principal_a leader_n in_o the_o late_a resistance_n with_o all_o other_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o esquire_n of_o their_o party_n all_o league_n and_o confederacy_n as_o also_o all_o rancour_n and_o ill-will_a with_o all_o other_o transgression_n against_o they_o &_o and_o pray_v see_v sir_n edward_n coke_n comment_n on_o these_o word_n 536._o you_o compare_v our_o english_a history_n with_o this_o act_n of_o parliament_n the_o old_a say_n shall_v be_v verify_v that_o record_n of_o parliament_n the_o true_a history_n the_o king_n have_v conceive_v a_o deep_a displeasure_n against_o the_o constable_n marshal_z and_o other_o of_o the_o nobility_n gentry_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n for_o deny_v that_o which_o he_o so_o much_o desire_v yet_o for_o that_o they_o stand_v in_o defence_n of_o their_o law_n liberty_n and_o free_a custom_n etc._n etc._n i_o suppose_v he_o refer_v to_o the_o resistance_n but_o now_o mention_v whereupon_o he_o do_v not_o only_o restore_v the_o same_o to_o they_o as_o aforesaid_a but_o grant_v special_a pardon_n to_o those_o against_o who_o he_o have_v conceive_v so_o heavy_a a_o displeasure_n etc._n etc._n and_o such_o a_o one_o as_o you_o will_v scarce_o read_v the_o like_a and_o after_o a_o short_a gloss_n upon_o the_o word_n rancour_n and_o ill-will_a he_o thus_o comment_v on_o these_o word_n etiam_fw-la transgressiones_fw-la si_fw-la qâ—as_fw-la fecâ—inâ—_n here_o the_o word_n si_fw-fr quaâ—_n sicâ—iâ—t_fw-la be_v add_v lest_o by_o acceptance_n of_o a_o pardon_n they_o shall_v confess_v they_o have_v transgress_v so_o careful_a be_v the_o lord_n and_o commons_o to_o preserve_v their_o ancient_a law_n liberty_n and_o custom_n of_o their_o country_n so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o sir_n edward_n coke_n then_o think_v the_o lord_n and_o commons_o have_v not_o transgress_v in_o thus_o stand_v up_o though_o with_o force_n of_o arm_n for_o their_o just_a right_n and_o liberty_n and_o which_o sufficient_o prove_v that_o this_o author_n do_v not_o conceive_v such_o a_o resistance_n to_o be_v make_v war_n against_o the_o king_n and_o so_o treason_n at_o that_o time_n at_o common_a law_n and_o consequent_o not_o to_o be_v afterward_o treason_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o 25_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o since_o that_o statute_n dâ—es_v not_o make_v any_o other_o overtact_n to_o be_v treason_n but_o what_o have_v be_v so_o by_o common_a law_n before_o this_o statute_n be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n son_n edward_n the_o second_o there_o be_v much_o more_o pregnant_a and_o fatal_a proof_n of_o the_o exercise_n of_o this_o right_n of_o resistance_n by_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o people_n of_o england_n against_o peirce_n gaveston_n who_o have_v be_v before_o for_o his_o misgovernment_n of_o the_o king_n banish_v the_o realm_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o come_v over_o with_o the_o king_n licence_n but_o without_o any_o reverse_n of_o the_o say_a act_n thomas_n earl_n of_o lancaster_n the_o king_n uncle_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o land_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o he_o and_o though_o he_o raise_v some_o force_n by_o the_o king_n commission_n yet_o they_o fight_v with_o he_o and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n and_o behead_v he_o near_z warwick_z some_o year_n after_o which_o the_o say_a thomas_n earl_n of_o lancaster_n with_o humphrey_z de_fw-fr bohun_n earl_n of_o hereford_n together_o with_o divers_a other_o earl_n and_o baron_n take_v arm_n and_o spoil_v the_o land_n of_o the_o two_o spencer_n father_n and_o son_n come_v up_o to_o london_n where_o the_o king_n have_v call_v a_o parliament_n in_o which_o the_o king_n be_v force_v to_o banish_v the_o say_v spencer_n out_n of_o the_o kingdom_n though_o they_o quick_o return_v again_o against_o who_o when_o the_o say_v earl_n above_o mention_v and_o divers_a other_o baron_n and_o knight_n again_o take_v arm_n but_o be_v fail_v by_o some_o of_o their_o confederates_n be_v overpower_a by_o the_o king_n party_n and_o the_o earl_n be_v take_v prisoner_n be_v attaint_v and_o behead_v at_o portfract_a yet_o be_v the_o this_o judgement_n against_o the_o earl_n and_o those_o of_o his_o party_n afterward_o reverse_v in_o parliament_n in_o 1_o mo_z edward_n the_o three_o and_o their_o heir_n restore_v in_o blood_n as_o also_o to_o the_o land_n of_o their_o father_n as_o beside_o the_o act_n it_o still_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o roll_n appear_v more_o plain_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o this_o king_n be_v recite_v 2._o that_o whereas_o at_o a_o parliament_n at_o westminster_n among_o other_o thing_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o king_n the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o all_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o quarrel_n with_o thomas_n e._n of_o lancaster_n against_o the_o spencer_n shall_v have_v their_o land_n and_o good_n restore_v because_o the_o say_a quarrel_n be_v find_v and_o adjudge_v by_o the_o king_n and_o the_o whole_a parliament_n to_o be_v good_a and_o just_a and_o that_o the_o judgement_n give_v against_o they_o be_v null_a and_o void_a and_o therefore_o command_v restitution_n of_o the_o land_n and_o tenement_n now_o in_o the_o crown_n to_o the_o executor_n of_o the_o say_a earl_n and_o the_o like_a writ_n be_v find_v for_o the_o other_o lord_n and_o gentleman_n that_o have_v be_v of_o his_o party_n and_o further_o that_o not_o only_o this_o resistance_n make_v by_o this_o earl_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o follower_n but_o also_o that_o which_o this_o king_n himself_o make_v together_o with_o queen_n isabel_n his_o mother_n against_o the_o misgovernment_n of_o the_o king_n his_o father_n through_o the_o evil_a counsel_n of_o the_o two_o spencer_n appear_v by_o the_o act_n of_o indemnity_n pass_v in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o this_o king_n in_o the_o preamble_n of_o which_o there_o be_v recite_v a_o short_a history_n of_o the_o wicked_a government_n and_o banishment_n of_o the_o spencer_n father_n and_o son_n and_o also_o how_o thomas_n late_a earl_n of_o lancaster_n be_v by_o their_o procurement_n pursue_v take_v execute_v disinherit_v and_o how_o the_o say_v spencer_n and_o robert_n baldock_n and_o edmund_n earl_n of_o arundel_n by_o the_o royal_a power_n they_o have_v usurp_v have_v cause_v the_o king_n that_o now_o be_v and_o the_o queen_n his_o mother_n to_o be_v utter_o forsake_v of_o the_o king_n
he_o be_v make_v king_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v how_o their_o take_n of_o land_n from_o he_o can_v make_v he_o become_v a_o absolute_a and_o irresistible_a monarch_n over_o they_o and_o their_o descendant_n so_o that_o if_o upon_o your_o supposition_n all_o the_o owner_n of_o land_n in_o england_n at_o this_o day_n hold_v their_o estate_n either_o by_o descent_n or_o purchase_n from_o those_o ancient_a norman_n or_o french_a proprietor_n they_o must_v also_o succeed_v to_o the_o same_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n as_o those_o under_o who_o they_o claim_v do_v former_o enjoy_v but_o before_o i_o conclude_v i_o can_v but_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o you_o have_v say_v against_o my_o proof_n of_o the_o formal_a election_n of_o king_n william_n for_o if_o the_o keep_n of_o a_o guard_n about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n be_v elect_v and_o crown_v shall_v void_a the_o freedom_n of_o the_o election_n i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o election_n of_o any_o elective_a king_n or_o monarch_n no_o not_o of_o the_o german_a emperor_n himself_o will_v hold_v good_n as_o for_o the_o other_o reason_n that_o they_o can_v not_o choose_v but_o â—lect_v he_o that_o be_v yet_o more_o trivial_a for_o there_o be_v no_o more_o than_o one_o thaâ—_n stand_v to_o be_v choose_v they_o can_v indeed_o choose_v no_o other_o but_o if_o not_o have_v a_o liberty_n to_o refuse_v must_v void_a the_o right_n of_o election_n pray_v consider_v as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o whether_o there_o be_v any_o canonical_a election_n of_o bishop_n in_o the_o church_n of_o england_n at_o this_o day_n therefore_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o that_o king_n william_n i._o be_v as_o lawful_o and_o free_o elect_v as_o k._n edward_n the_o confessor_n his_o predecessor_n who_o all_o author_n agree_v to_o have_v have_v no_o other_o title_n and_o williâ—lmus_n gemeticensis_n in_o the_o place_n i_o now_o cite_v tell_v we_o he_o be_v elect_v king_n as_o well_o of_o the_o norman_a as_o english_a noble_n and_o if_o the_o custom_n have_v not_o â—â—en_o â—â—cen_v to_o elâ—â—â—_n the_o king_n before_o he_o be_v crown_v it_o be_v not_o likely_a thaâ—_n your_o conqueror_n will_v have_v introduce_v a_o new_a custom_n to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o his_o pretend_a right_n by_o conquest_n but_o indeed_o there_o be_v not_o only_o more_o cogent_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o the_o crown_n be_v former_o elective_a than_o â—he_v constant_a usage_n as_o you_o yourself_o confess_v ever_o since_o your_o preâ—ended_a conquest_n to_o this_o day_n of_o ask_v the_o people_n whether_o they_o be_v content_a to_o have_v such_o a_o one_o for_o their_o king_n as_o for_o your_o doctor_n quotation_n out_o of_o william_n of_o â—oictoâ—_n pray_v take_v notice_n that_o he_o place_v your_o conqueror_n hereditary_a bequest_n together_o with_o the_o oath_n of_o the_o english_a as_o his_o best_a title_n and_o the_o right_n of_o war_n last_o by_o which_o this_o author_n do_v not_o understand_v a_o conquest_n of_o the_o people_n of_o england_n but_o his_o prevail_a against_o harold_n m._n i_o do_v own_o with_o the_o learned_a dr._n b._n that_o the_o descendant_n of_o those_o ancient_a norman_a and_o freâ—â—h_a earl_n and_o baron_n than_o come_v in_o with_o the_o conqueror_n and_o their_o posterity_n afterward_o see_v the_o yoke_n of_o feudal_a tenor_n and_o other_o prerogative_n this_o king_n and_o his_o descendant_n exercise_v over_o they_o to_o press_v as_o hard_o upon_o they_o as_o the_o ancient_a english_a be_v those_o that_o make_v such_o a_o disturbance_n for_o their_o right_n and_o liberties_n in_o the_o reign_v of_o h._n john_n and_o henry_n the_o three_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v their_o ancestor_n be_v never_o conquer_v and_o consequent_o can_v not_o be_v oblige_v to_o he_o as_o to_o a_o conqueror_n 〈◊〉_d may_v for_o all_o this_o maintain_v that_o they_o and_o their_o posterity_n be_v as_o much_o bind_v to_o a_o absolute_a subjection_n without_o any_o resistance_n aâ—_n the_o english_a who_o they_o conquer_v for_o they_o be_v either_o his_o own_o subject_n in_o aâ—â—mandâ—_n before_o his_o come_a oâ—eâ—_n hither_o or_o else_o be_v such_o volunteer_n who_o follow_v he_o but_o of_o hope_n of_o estate_n and_o brâ—ferment_n be_v for_o all_o those_o of_o the_o former_a 〈◊〉_d and_o 〈◊〉_d be_v his_o subject_n before_o they_o be_v tie_v not_o only_o by_o their_o 〈◊〉_d oath_n of_o a_o regiance_n which_o they_o have_v take_v in_o normandy_n but_o be_v also_o bind_v by_o the_o same_o obligation_n of_o non_fw-fr resistance_n as_o all_o other_o subject_n must_v always_o be_v both_o in_o that_o and_o all_o other_o government_n to_o all_o which_o be_v add_v another_o obligation_n in_o respect_n of_o those_o who_o be_v not_o his_o subject_n before_o his_o entrance_n since_o this_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v by_o conquest_n the_o conqueror_n as_o appear_v in_o that_o he_o bestow_v the_o 〈◊〉_d part_n of_o 〈◊〉_d his_o followeâ—â—_n who_o blood_n run_v at_o this_o day_n in_o the_o vein_n of_o most_o of_o our_o english_a gentry_n and_o nobility_n as_o a_o reward_n for_o their_o service_n and_o assistance_n though_o he_o may_v have_v some_o part_n to_o the_o english_a native_n and_o their_o heir_n yet_o so_o aâ—_n that_o he_o alter_v the_o tenure_n and_o make_v it_o descend_v with_o such_o burden_n as_o he_o please_v to_o lay_v upon_o they_o so_o that_o as_o well_o â—his_v own_o countryman_n norman_n as_o those_o of_o all_o other_o nation_n who_o thus_o become_v subject_n and_o feudatary_n to_o he_o for_o all_o the_o land_n they_o possess_v in_o england_n since_o he_o be_v the_o only_a directus_fw-la dominus_fw-la or_o lord_n paramount_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v also_o his_o vassal_n and_o subject_n for_o in_o case_n of_o treason_n and_o rebellion_n or_o death_n without_o heir_n those_o land_n be_v to_o return_v to_o he_o again_o and_o to_o be_v aâ—_n his_o dispossal_n so_o that_o all_o subject_n as_o well_o norman_n as_o other_o foreigner_n who_o have_v land_n grant_v to_o 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right_n custom_n and_o law_n of_o the_o country_n yet_o be_v he_o not_o liable_a to_o resistance_n much_o less_o forfeiture_n if_o he_o neglect_v it_o for_o though_o if_o subject_n break_v their_o covenant_n and_o prove_v disloyal_a all_o their_o land_n and_o other_o right_n be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o king_n yea_o if_o the_o king_n or_o supreme_a lord_n break_v his_o oaâ—â—â—_n notwithstanding_o his_o sail_v therein_o neither_o his_o crown_n nor_o any_o right_n belong_v to_o his_o royal_a dignity_n be_v thereby_o forfeit_v the_o reason_n of_o this_o inequality_n be_v because_o the_o king_n give_v law_n to_o the_o people_n but_o the_o people_n do_v not_o give_v law_n to_o he_o so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o however_o you_o 〈◊〉_d the_o conqueror_n entrance_n whether_o by_o the_o sword_n or_o to_o avoid_v the_o envy_n of_o the_o title_n of_o a_o conqueror_n by_o a_o voluntary_a submission_n of_o the_o english_a nation_n to_o he_o as_o to_o their_o sovereign_n the_o conclusion_n can_v 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though_o they_o themselves_o remain_v free_a man_n but_o your_o dr._n from_o who_o you_o borrow_v this_o be_v very_o much_o out_o in_o his_o application_n of_o those_o passage_n he_o cite_v for_o neither_o of_o those_o author_n do_v affirm_v this_o of_o all_o owner_n of_o land_n whatsoever_o but_o only_o there_o to_o give_v we_o the_o original_a of_o soccage_n tenant_n on_o the_o king_n demesne_n as_o appear_v by_o bracton_n title_n to_o that_o chapter_n from_o whence_o the_o dr._n cite_v this_o passage_n which_o be_v de_fw-fr diversis_fw-la conditionibus_fw-la personarum_fw-la tenentium_fw-la in_o dominicis_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o the_o first_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n make_v it_o yet_o plain_o begin_v thus_o in_o dominico_n domini_fw-la regis_fw-la plura_fw-la sunt_fw-la genera_fw-la hominum_fw-la sunt_fw-la enim_fw-la ibi_fw-la servi_fw-la sive_fw-la nativi_fw-la ante_fw-la conquestum_fw-la in_fw-la conquestu_fw-la &_o post_fw-la conquestum_fw-la and_o under_o these_o last_o range_v the_o person_n you_o mention_v but_o fleta_n be_v more_o exact_a in_o his_o chapter_n de_fw-fr sokemannis_n where_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o these_o man_n be_v tenant_n of_o the_o king_n ancient_a manor_n in_o demean_v &_o quia_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la cultores_fw-la regis_fw-la dignoscuntur_fw-la provisa_fw-la fuit_fw-la quies_fw-la nâ—_n sectas_fw-la facerent_fw-la ad_fw-la comitatum_fw-la vel_fw-la hundredum_fw-la tamen_fw-la pro_fw-la terra_fw-la quorum_fw-la congregationem_fw-la tune_n socam_fw-la appellarunt_fw-la hinc_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la sokemanni_n hodie_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la esse_fw-la so_o that_o though_o king_n william_n may_v permit_v his_o ancient_a tenant_n to_o be_v thus_o out_v of_o their_o estate_n they_o hold_v in_o his_o own_o demesne_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o he_o take_v away_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o ancient_a owner_n all_o over_o england_n of_o whatsoever_o tenure_n they_o be_v or_o of_o whosoever_o hold_v but_o as_o for_o your_o quotation_n out_o of_o mat._n paris_n it_o prove_v no_o more_o than_o what_o i_o ready_o grant_v that_o king_n william_n after_o his_o return_n out_o of_o normandy_n liberal_o reward_v his_o follower_n with_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o english_a which_o may_v he_o only_o of_o such_o as_o fight_v against_o he_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o hastings_n and_o as_o for_o that_o little_a which_o be_v leave_v they_o which_o he_o say_v be_v put_v under_o the_o yoke_n of_o a_o perpetual_a servitude_n he_o mean_v no_o more_o by_o this_o expression_n than_o that_o new_a tenure_n of_o knight_n service_n which_o king_n william_n impose_v upon_o they_o as_o this_o author_n in_o the_o very_a next_o leaf_n speak_v of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n which_o be_v hold_v before_o free_a from_o all_o secular_a servitude_n sub_fw-la servitute_fw-la statuit_fw-la militari_fw-la and_o therefore_o you_o seem_v to_o contradict_v yourself_o when_o contrary_n to_o your_o own_o author_n sir_n william_n dugdale_n you_o deny_v the_o truth_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o story_n because_o that_o in_o doomsday_n book_n the_o name_n of_o edwin_n of_o sharnborn_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v and_o that_o william_n de_fw-fr albeni_n be_v not_o name_v among_o the_o owner_n of_o that_o manor_n which_o be_v not_o material_a since_o this_o william_n may_v obtain_v a_o share_n therein_o after_o this_o survey_n be_v make_v 103._o and_o as_o for_o sharnborn_a himself_o his_o not_o be_v there_o mention_v be_v no_o argument_n that_o he_o have_v no_o land_n within_o that_o manor_n or_o the_o other_o that_o be_v mention_v in_o that_o narrative_a since_o oftentimes_o the_o chief_a lord_n of_o the_o fee_n be_v only_o mention_v in_o doomsday_n book_n though_o all_o the_o proprietor_n under_o they_o be_v not_o particular_o name_v but_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o discourse_v any_o long_o with_o you_o upon_o the_o subject_a of_o your_o conqueror_n take_v away_o the_o land_n of_o 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if_o not_o all_o
heir_n within_o age_n of_o such_o tenant_n but_o this_o extend_v not_o to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o subject_n by_o knight_n service_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o bracton_n dicitur_fw-la regale_n seâ—vitium_fw-la quia_fw-la spectat_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la regem_fw-la &_o non_fw-la alium_fw-la &_o secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o conquestis_fw-la fuit_fw-la adinventum_fw-la etc._n etc._n whereupon_o sir_n e._n c._n note_n in_o the_o margin_n the_o tenure_n as_o before_o it_o appear_v be_v not_o then_o invent_v but_o the_o fruit_n of_o this_o tenure_n of_o the_o k._n viz._n wardship_n and_o marriage_n which_o be_v bracton_n meaning_n so_o as_o the_o conqueror_n provide_v for_o himself_o but_o other_o lord_n at_o the_o first_o by_o special_a reservation_n since_o the_o conquest_n provide_v upon_o gift_n of_o land_n for_o themselves_o regis_fw-la ad_fw-la exemplum_fw-la totuâ—_fw-la componitur_fw-la orbis_fw-la wherein_o that_o which_o we_o have_v from_o the_o conqueror_n we_o free_o confess_v f._n i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v his_o matter_n since_o it_o be_v doubtful_a whether_o this_o custom_n of_o wardship_n be_v norman_n or_o whether_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o saxon_n who_o possible_o may_v have_v some_o respect_n to_o orphan_n in_o such_o case_n to_o train_v they_o up_o for_o the_o public_a service_n in_o point_n of_o war_n especial_o be_v possessor_n of_o a_o know_a right_n of_o relief_n as_o well_o as_o alfred_n the_o saxon_a king_n do_v undertake_v the_o work_n for_o the_o train_n of_o some_o particular_a person_n in_o learning_n for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o public_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o civil_a government_n and_o though_o sir_n h._n spelman_n be_v of_o opinion_n in_o his_o title_n de_fw-fr wardiâ—_n that_o wardship_n of_o the_o heir_n come_v in_o with_o the_o conqueror_n yet_o sir_n john_n his_o son_n who_o be_v also_o a_o learned_a antiquary_n in_o his_o epilogue_n to_o his_o second_o book_n of_o k._n alfred_n life_n print_v at_o oxford_n speak_v of_o military_a fee_n grant_v to_o the_o king_n thanes_z 117._o have_v this_o passage_n haec_fw-la etiam_fw-la fioda_n baeredibus_fw-la sub_fw-la hereoti_n siâ—e_fw-la relevaminis_fw-la cujus_fw-la piam_fw-la quod_fw-la haeres_fw-la in_o terrae_fw-la redemptionem_fw-la regi_fw-la solvere_fw-la tenebatur_fw-la conditione_n plerumque_fw-la transibat_fw-la &_o si_fw-la haeres_fw-la minor_fw-la natu_fw-la à _fw-la patre_fw-la moriente_fw-la relinquebatur_fw-la regi_fw-la educatio_fw-la ojus_fw-la utpoâ—â—_n regis_n hominis_fw-la committebatur_fw-la in_fw-la utilitatem_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o commodum_fw-la ipsius_fw-la regis_fw-la but_o whether_o the_o wardship_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o heir_n be_v in_o use_n in_o k._n william_n time_n or_o before_o be_v uncertain_a for_o the_o land_n be_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o in_o mat._n paris_n grant_v either_o to_o the_o widow_n or_o next_o heir_n but_o let_v these_o custom_n be_v derive_v from_o whence_o you_o please_v it_o be_v a_o plain_a case_n it_o can_v be_v no_o badge_n of_o conquest_n upon_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n and_o that_o by_o the_o doctor_n own_o show_v for_o be_v it_o a_o norman_a custom_n never_o so_o much_o if_o your_o conqueror_n first_o of_o all_o impose_v it_o upon_o those_o he_o bring_v over_o along_o with_o he_o it_o can_v never_o be_v a_o badge_n of_o slavery_n upon_o the_o english_a nation_n but_o rather_o upon_o the_o norman_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v chief_o impose_v and_o if_o they_o afterward_o grant_v land_n to_o the_o english_a upon_o the_o same_o term_n they_o hold_v they_o themselves_o they_o be_v no_o more_o slave_n to_o who_o they_o be_v grant_v than_o they_o be_v under_o who_o they_o hold_v they_o but_o indeed_o this_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o my_o badge_n of_o servitude_n that_o if_o the_o dr._n himself_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v these_o be_v the_o only_a freeman_n homines_fw-la and_o their_o service_n bracton_n say_v be_v so_o notorious_o free_a that_o in_o writ_n of_o right_n it_o be_v never_o mention_v because_o so_o well_o know_v notandum_fw-la in_o servitio_fw-la militari_fw-la non_fw-la dicitur_fw-la per_fw-la liberum_fw-la servitium_fw-la &_o ideo_fw-la quod_fw-la constat_fw-la quia_fw-la tale_n servitium_n liberum_fw-la est_fw-la and_o hour_n rigorous_a the_o feudal_n law_n may_v be_v at_o the_o beginning_n it_o be_v when_o your_o conqueror_n come_v in_o so_o far_o mitigate_v as_o to_o the_o rigour_n of_o it_o that_o the_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n be_v not_o only_o free_a by_o k._n william_n law_n from_o all_o arbitrary_a tax_n and_o tally_n but_o also_o obtain_v a_o settle_a inheritance_n to_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n as_o appear_v by_o that_o clause_n in_o k._n william_n charter_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o when_o william_n of_o warren_n earl_n of_o surrey_n be_v question_v after_o the_o statute_n of_o quo_fw-la warranto_fw-la by_o the_o king_n justice_n by_o what_o warrant_n he_o hold_v his_o land_n 79._o pull_v out_o a_o old_a sword_n he_o answer_v to_o this_o effect_n behold_v my_o lord_n here_o be_v my_o warranty_n my_o ancestor_n come_v into_o this_o land_n with_o william_n the_o bastard_n and_o obtain_v those_o land_n by_o the_o sword_n and_o i_o be_o resolve_v with_o this_o sword_n to_o defend_v they_o against_o any_o whosoever_o shall_v go_v about_o to_o dispossess_v i_o for_o the_o k._n do_v not_o himself_o alone_o conquer_v the_o land_n but_o our_o progenitor_n be_v sharer_n with_o he_o and_o assistant_n therein_o as_o for_o what_o you_o say_v that_o the_o law_n in_o the_o customary_a of_o normandy_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o law_n of_o england_n it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o divers_a french_a writer_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o but_o do_v not_o attribute_v their_o agreement_n to_o their_o be_v borrow_v from_o the_o norman_n 461._o but_o quite_o contrary_a for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n most_o of_o the_o learned_a man_n say_v that_o the_o first_o establish_v of_o the_o customary_a of_o normandy_n be_v in_o henry_n the_o first_o be_v time_n and_o afterward_o again_o about_o the_o begin_n of_o edward_n the_o second_o time_n when_o normandy_n be_v not_o under_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o sâ—querius_n a_o french_a author_n relate_v that_o k._n henry_n i_o establish_v the_o english_a law_n in_o normandy_n and_o with_o he_o do_v also_o agree_v gulielmus_fw-la brito_n rutilarius_fw-la and_o other_o french_a writer_n who_o mention_n also_o that_o the_o law_n in_o the_o customary_a of_o normandy_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o law_n collect_v by_o our_o english_a k._n edward_n the_o confessor_n who_o be_v before_o the_o conqueror_n a_o additional_a testimony_n hereof_o be_v out_o of_o william_n de_fw-fr reville_n de_fw-fr alenson_n who_o in_o his_o latin_a comment_n upon_o the_o customary_a preface_n prove_v and_o demonstrate_v that_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o normandy_n come_v from_o the_o english_a law_n and_o nation_n either_o not_o long_o before_o or_o after_o edward_n the_o confessor_n time_n in_o the_o customary_a there_o be_v a_o chapter_n of_o nampe_n or_o distress_n and_o it_o be_v there_o decree_v that_o one_o shall_v not_o bring_v his_o action_n upon_o any_o seizure_n but_o from_o the_o time_n of_o the_o coronation_n of_o k._n richard_n and_o this_o must_v be_v our_o k._n richard_n the_o first_o because_o no_o k._n of_o france_n be_v ever_o of_o that_o name_n and_o the_o word_n nampe_n and_o withernams_n be_v saxon_a word_n take_v out_o of_o the_o english_a law_n signify_v a_o pawn_n or_o distress_n and_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n be_v use_v in_o the_o customary_a but_o if_o you_o have_v nothing_o more_o to_o object_n against_o what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v pray_v proceed_v to_o your_o last_o head_n and_o let_v i_o see_v how_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o the_o english_a lose_v all_o their_o ancient_a liberty_n and_o privilege_n which_o they_o enjoy_v under_o the_o english_a saxon_a king_n m._n i_o never_o hear_v so_o much_o before_o concern_v the_o original_a use_n of_o the_o french_a tongue_n in_o our_o report_n and_o law_n book_n but_o yet_o this_o much_o i_o think_v you_o will_v not_o deny_v first_o that_o the_o norman_a french_a be_v never_o use_v in_o our_o court_n of_o justice_n till_o after_o the_o conqueror_n entrance_n second_o that_o he_o do_v his_o endeavour_n total_o to_o root_v out_o the_o english_a tongue_n by_o order_v of_o child_n to_o learn_v the_o first_o rudiment_n of_o their_o grammar_n in_o french_a and_o as_o for_o what_o you_o have_v say_v concern_v the_o customary_a of_o normandy_n be_v especial_o as_o to_o tenor_n derive_v from_o the_o english_a law_n and_o custom_n i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o it_o may_v be_v the_o opinion_n of_o some_o french_a writer_n that_o it_o be_v so_o but_o i_o shall_v believe_v it_o when_o they_o can_v prove_v that_o the_o wardship_n and_o marriage_n of_o the_o heir_n of_o the_o
in_o prison_n and_o the_o first_o act_n this_o king_n do_v after_o his_o restoration_n chronicle_n be_v to_o call_v a_o parliament_n which_o revoke_v all_o the_o former_a statute_n and_o declaration_n of_o the_o 39_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o 6_o the_o and_o 1_o st_z of_o edward_n the_o 4_o the_o and_o then_o entail_v the_o crown_n anew_o upon_o the_o issue_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o remainder_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o clarence_n who_o then_o take_v part_n with_o king_n henry_n against_o his_o own_o brother_n it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o king_n edward_n the_o 4_o the_o return_v again_o not_o long_o after_o into_o england_n and_o regain_n the_o crown_n from_o king_n henry_n the_o 6_o the_o the_o say_a king_n be_v not_o only_o murder_v together_o with_o his_o son_n prince_n henry_n but_o in_o the_o next_o parliament_n be_v also_o attaint_v of_o treason_n with_o all_o other_o of_o his_o party_n and_o yet_o lot_n let_v you_o see_v that_o this_o very_a act_n be_v now_o null_a and_o void_a against_o king_n henry_n the_o 6_o the_o and_o his_o son_n prince_n edward_n see_v a_o act_n of_o parliament_n of_o the_o first_o of_o henry_n the_o 7_o the_o not_o print_v which_o because_o it_o be_v not_o common_o know_v sexti_fw-la i_o will_v read_v it_o almost_o verbatim_o the_o king_n our_o sovereign_n remember_v how_o against_o all_o rightwiseness_n honour_n nature_n and_o duty_n a_o inordinate_a seditious_a and_o slanderous_a act_n be_v make_v against_o the_o most_o famous_a prince_n of_o bless_a memory_n king_n henry_n the_o six_o his_o uncle_n at_o the_o parliament_n hold_v at_o westminstey_n the_o four_o day_n of_o november_n the_o first_o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o edward_n the_o 4_o the_o late_o king_n of_o england_n whereby_o his_o say_a uncle_n contrary_a to_o the_o due_a allegiance_n and_o all_o due_a order_n be_v attaint_v of_o high_a treason_n wherefore_o our_o same_o sovereign_a lord_n by_o the_o advice_n and_o assent_n of_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o 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mistake_v in_o this_o great_a point_n and_o may_v have_v also_o give_v occasion_n to_o divers_a other_o of_o his_o profession_n to_o fall_v into_o the_o same_o error_n f._n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o my_o lord_n coke_n and_o other_o of_o his_o profession_n who_o maintain_v the_o same_o opinion_n may_v very_o well_o be_v defend_v as_o well_o from_o that_o statute_n as_o other_o authority_n but_o to_o pass_v by_o that_o at_o present_a i_o shall_v first_o discourse_v with_o you_o upon_o this_o point_n of_o the_o lawfulness_n of_o take_v this_o oath_n to_o their_o present_a majesty_n king_n william_n and_o queen_n mary_n and_o therefore_o you_o misunderstand_v i_o if_o you_o believe_v that_o i_o think_v this_o oath_n do_v require_v from_o you_o the_o performance_n of_o all_o those_o duty_n of_o allegiance_n and_o subjection_n which_o i_o myself_o be_o oblige_v to_o who_o be_o full_o satisfy_v of_o their_o title_n and_o therefore_o must_v venture_v my_o life_n and_o fortune_n in_o their_o 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they_o have_v former_o take_v to_o king_n james_n and_o therefore_o if_o i_o shall_v take_v it_o in_o this_o sense_n as_o the_o oath_n itself_o seem_v to_o employ_v i_o shall_v be_v perjure_v beside_o by_o these_o word_n of_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a i_o shall_v look_v upon_o myself_o as_o oblige_v to_o reveal_v all_o plot_n and_o conspiracy_n which_o i_o may_v any_o way_n happen_v to_o know_v of_o against_o king_n william_n and_o queen_n mary_n which_o i_o think_v will_v be_v derogatory_n to_o my_o allegiance_n to_o his_o majesty_n since_o i_o shall_v thereby_o discover_v and_o accuse_v such_o of_o his_o good_a subject_n as_o endeavour_v to_o restore_v he_o and_o shall_v thereby_o hinder_v he_o as_o much_o as_o in_o i_o lay_v from_o be_v restore_v again_o to_o the_o throne_n but_o if_o we_o consider_v the_o word_n allegiance_n it_o be_v yet_o more_o strict_a and_o if_o i_o shall_v perform_v it_o to_o king_n william_n and_o queen_n mary_n according_a to_o the_o true_a intent_n and_o legal_a sense_n of_o that_o word_n i_o think_v it_o can_v no_o way_n consist_v with_o that_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n i_o have_v already_o take_v since_o allegiance_n be_v thus_o explain_v in_o the_o next_o follow_v word_n of_o the_o oath_n i_o have_v already_o take_v and_o he_o and_o they_o viz._n the_o king_n and_o his_o heir_n i_o will_v defend_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o my_o power_n against_o all_o conspiracy_n and_o attempt_n whatsoever_o that_o shall_v be_v make_v against_o he_o or_o their_o person_n crown_n and_o dignity_n now_o what_o kind_n of_o assistance_n be_v here_o mean_v by_o the_o word_n defend_v may_v be_v understand_v from_o all_o the_o writer_n of_o our_o feudal_a law_n 15._o who_o expound_v the_o jus_o defensorium_fw-la by_o tell_v we_o that_o the_o word_n protegere_fw-la imply_v a_o necessity_n of_o defend_v by_o arm_n as_o due_a from_o the_o supreme_a lord_n or_o sovereign_n and_o further_o that_o subject_n be_v in_o the_o same_o sense_n reciprocal_o bind_v to_o defend_v the_o honour_n and_o dignity_n of_o their_o sovereign_n and_o these_o word_n allegiance_n and_o the_o defence_n that_o follow_v it_o may_v be_v likewise_o understand_v from_o our_o feudal_a law_n whereby_o the_o vassal_n be_v bind_v by_o their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n as_o also_o by_o virtue_n of_o the_o tenure_n of_o their_o land_n to_o a_o military_a defence_n of_o their_o supreme_a lord_n the_o king_n from_o who_o all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n be_v hold_v and_o this_o be_v according_a to_o glanvil_n and_o all_o our_o old_a lawyer_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o military_a tenor_n be_v all_o now_o take_v away_o by_o a_o late_a statute_n yet_o be_o i_o still_o oblige_v to_o the_o like_a defence_n of_o the_o king_n and_o his_o heir_n not_o only_o from_o the_o word_n of_o this_o oath_n but_o from_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o this_o kingdom_n also_o which_o oblige_v all_o the_o subject_n that_o be_v capable_a to_o take_v up_o arm_n for_o the_o king_n when_o need_n shall_v require_v which_o my_o be_n thus_o further_o prove_v first_o from_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n 52._o and_o william_n the_o conqueror_n by_o both_o which_o all_o the_o people_n or_o freemen_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v to_o affirm_v upon_o their_o faith_n and_o oath_n within_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o without_o that_o they_o will_v be_v faithful_a to_o to_o their_o sovereign_a lord_n king_n william_n and_o every_o where_o preserve_v his_o land_n and_o honour_n with_o all_o fidelity_n ibid._n and_o with_o he_o will_v defend_v they_o against_o all_o his_o enemy_n to_o this_o succeed_v that_o which_o the_o lord_n coke_n call_v legal_a ligeance_n 14._o or_o the_o common-law-oath_n of_o allegiance_n which_o he_o cite_v out_o of_o britton_n who_o write_v under_o edward_n i._o which_o all_o the_o subject_n be_v oblige_v to_o take_v at_o twelve_o year_n of_o age_n at_o the_o sheriffs-court_n and_o at_o the_o leete_n and_o without_o the_o take_n of_o which_o they_o have_v no_o warrant_n to_o abide_v in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o form_n of_o it_o be_v this_o effect_n you_o shall_v swear_v that_o from_o this_o day_n forward_o you_o shall_v be_v true_a and_o faithful_a to_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n and_o his_o heir_n and_o truth_n and_o faith_n shall_v bear_v of_o life_n and_o member_n and_o terrene_a honour_n and_o you_o shall_v neither_o know_v nor_o hear_v of_o any_o ill_a or_o damage_n which_o you_o shall_v not_o defend_v that_o be_v oppose_v to_o the_o utmost_a of_o your_o power_n and_o my_o lord_n coke_n also_o here_o inform_v we_o that_o five_o thing_n be_v observe_v by_o all_o the_o judge_n from_o this_o oath_n in_o the_o debate_n of_o calvin_n case_n first_o that_o for_o the_o time_n of_o its_o obligation_n it_o be_v indefinite_a and_o without_o limit_n second_o two_o excellent_a quality_n be_v require_v that_o be_v to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a three_o to_o who_o to_o our_o sovereign_a lord_n the_o king_n and_o his_o heir_n four_o in_o what_o manner_n and_o say_v and_o troth_n shall_v bear_v of_o life_n and_o member_n that_o be_v until_o the_o let_v out_o the_o last_o drop_n of_o our_o dear_a heart_n blood_n five_o where_o and_o in_o what_o place_n in_o all_o place_n whatsoever_o for_o you_o shall_v neither_o know_v nor_o hear_v of_o any_o ill_n which_o you_o shall_v not_o defend_v such_o be_v the_o ligeance_n which_o the_o law_n have_v prescribe_v in_o that_o ancient_a oath_n which_o be_v still_o in_o force_n it_o be_v neither_o circumscribe_v by_o time_n nor_o place_n it_o be_v unconditionate_n and_o unreserved_a it_o be_v not_o a_o lazy_a passive_a allegiance_n require_v nothing_o but_o pure_a submission_n but_o a_o active_a and_o vigorous_a loyalty_n exact_v all_o that_o be_v in_o the_o sphere_n of_o moral_a possibility_n and_o engage_v we_o to_o
ever_o they_o think_v they_o may_v now_o certain_o it_o be_v very_o well_o to_o be_v rid_v of_o such_o false_a friend_n if_o it_o be_v possible_a to_o discover_v they_o by_o such_o a_o oath_n then_o to_o keep_v they_o where_o they_o be_v only_o to_o take_v a_o opportunity_n not_o only_o of_o do_v a_o mischief_n but_o of_o serve_v this_o government_n very_o careless_o and_o lukewarm_o whilst_o they_o be_v in_o those_o place_n they_o enjoy_v as_o also_o of_o favour_v and_o assist_v those_o that_o be_v the_o declare_v asserter_n of_o king_n james_n right_n as_o far_o as_o they_o dare_v so_o that_o then_o all_o the_o dispute_n remain_v about_o those_o who_o have_v conscience_n large_a enough_o to_o swallow_v any_o oath_n whatever_o provide_v it_o will_v suit_n with_o their_o present_a advantage_n no_o oath_n can_v tie_v they_o or_o serve_v to_o discover_v their_o private_a sentiment_n as_o i_o can_v deny_v but_o that_o there_o too_o many_o man_n of_o such_o large_a conscience_n as_o you_o describe_v and_o can_v hearty_o wish_v they_o be_v few_o yet_o though_o i_o grant_v a_o oath_n alone_o will_v not_o keep_v they_o out_o yet_o it_o may_v be_v in_o great_a part_n prevent_v if_o the_o king_n will_v take_v a_o true_a character_n of_o the_o man_n fit_a for_o public_a employment_n from_o those_o about_o he_o of_o who_o worth_a and_o former_a intergity_n he_o be_v already_o full_o satisfy_v but_o admit_v some_o such_o man_n shall_v get_v into_o place_n and_o consequent_o when_o they_o be_v in_o manage_v thing_n for_o their_o own_o advantage_n that_o be_v vile_o and_o corrupt_o yet_o even_o these_o will_v not_o prove_v half_a so_o fatal_a to_o the_o government_n as_o those_o man_n of_o half_a conscience_n who_o think_v they_o may_v take_v this_o oath_n in_o their_o own_o sense_n and_o for_o their_o own_o present_a advantage_n and_o also_o believe_v it_o no_o breach_n of_o it_o to_o assist_v king_n james_n whenever_o safe_o they_o may_v because_o they_o hold_v their_o present_a oath_n to_o be_v only_o temporary_a but_o their_o former_a to_o have_v a_o perpetual_a obligation_n upon_o they_o whereas_o those_o of_o no_o principle_n at_o all_o never_o espouse_v any_o interest_n long_o than_o it_o serve_v their_o own_o turn_n so_o that_o as_o long_o as_o they_o can_v make_v their_o fortune_n under_o this_o government_n they_o will_v never_o desire_v to_o change_v it_o for_o another_o in_o which_o they_o can_v but_o expect_v a_o much_o less_o free_a enjoyment_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o property_n which_o be_v thing_n that_o all_o man_n as_o well_o those_o who_o have_v no_o principle_n as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o have_v desire_v to_o to_o enjoy_v and_o last_o some_o even_n of_o these_o man_n that_o have_v be_v former_o notorious_a asserter_n of_o and_o advance_v in_o the_o arbitrary_a government_n of_o king_n james_n out_o of_o shame_n and_o as_o well_o as_o fear_v of_o the_o loss_n of_o their_o credit_n with_o those_o of_o their_o own_o party_n 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