integrating part of the Earth 2. Or of some one Region and so it is properly called Chorography 3. Or of some particular place in a Region or Country which is Topography According to the greater integrating parts thereof the Ancients divided the whole Earth into three great parts viz. Europe Asia and Africa to which is now added a fourth viz. America these are again divided into Provinces Countries Kingdoms c. And each of these are again subdivided into Earldoms Baronies Lordships c. These three kind or parts make up the perfect Subject of Geography Again every part and place of the Earth is considered in its self or according to its Adjuncts and so it is either Continent or Island A Continent is a great quantity of Land in which many great Kingdoms and Countries are conjoyned together and not separated one from another by any Sea as Europe Asia c. An Island is a part of the Earth compassed and environed round about with Water as Great Britain and Ireland These again are observable parts both of Continents and Islands viz. Peninsula Isthmus Promontorium Peninsula quasi pene Insula is a part of Land which being almost environed and encompassed round with Water is yet joyned to the firm Land by some little Isthmus as Africa is joyned to Asia or Morea to Greece An Isthmus is a narrow neck of Land betwixt two Seas joyning the Peninsula to the Continent as that of Darien in America or Corinth in Greece A Promontory is a high Hill or Mountain lying out as an elbow of Land into the Sea the utmost end of which is called a Cape as the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Verde The Adjuncts of a place are either such as respect the Earth it self or the Heavens Those that agree to a place in respect of the Earth are three in number viz. the Magnitude or Extent of a Country the Bounds or Limits the Quality The Magnitude comprehends the length and breadth of a place The Bounds of a Country is a Line terminating it round about distinguishing it from the bordering Lands or Waters The Quality of a place is the Natural Temper and Disposition thereof A Place in regard of the Heavens is either East West North or South Those places are properly East which lie in the Eastern Hemisphere terminated by the first Meridian or where the Sun riseth Those are West which lye Westerly of the said Meridian or towards the setting of the Sun. Those places are properly North which lie betwixt the Equator and Artick-Pole Those South which are betwixt the Equator and the Antartick Pole. The Ancients did also distinguish the Inhabitants of the Earth from the diversity of shadows of Bodies into three sorts viz. Periscii Heteroscii and Amphiscii the Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone if any such are were termed Periscii because the shadow of Bodies have there a Circular motion in 24 hours the Sun neither rising nor setting but in a greater portion of time The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zones they called Heteroscii because the Meridian shadows bend towards either Pole towards the North among those that dwell within the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle towards the South amongst those that dwell within the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone they called Amphiscii because the Noon or Mid-day shadow according to the time of Year doth sometimes fall towards the North sometimes towards the South when the Sun is in the Northern Signs it falleth towards the South and towards the North when in the Southern Signs And because of the different site of opposite Habitations the Ancients have divided the Inhabitants of the Earth into Periaeci Antaeci and Antipodes The Periaeci are such as live under the same parallel being equally distant from the Equator but in opposite points of the same parallel The Antaeci are such as have the same Meridian and parallel equally distant from the Equator but the one North and the other South The Antipodes are such as Inhabit two places of the Earth which are Diametrically opposite one to the other The Ancients did also divide the Earth into Climates and Parallels A Climate is a space of Earth comprehended betwixt any two places whose longest day differ in quantity half an hour A Parallel is a space of Earth wherein the days increase in length a quarter of an hour so that every Climate contains two Parallels These Climates and Parallels are not of equal quantity for the first is longer than the second and the second likewise greater than the third c. At the Latitude where the longest days are increased half an hour longer than at the Equator viz. longer than 12 hours The first Climate begins which is at the Latitude of 8 degrees 34 minutes and in the Latitude of 16 degrees 43 minutes where the days are increased an hour longer than at the Equator The second Climate begins and so onwards But because the Ancients and also Ptolomy supposed that part of the Earth which lies under the Equator to be inhabitable therefore they placed the first Climate at the Latitude of 12 degrees 43 minutes where the longest day is 12 hours ¾ long and the second Climate to begin at the Latitude of 20 degrees 34 minutes where the longest day is 13 hours and ¼ long c. 'T is needless indeed to take any more notice of them than thus much only that they that describe the Situation of places by Climes and Parallels had as good say nothing The Terraqueous Globe is but an Imaginary point compared to the vast expansion of the Universe though of it self of great Magnitude for Geographers divide it into 360 parts or degrees and each degree into 60 minutes which are so many Italian Miles so that the Circumference thereof is 21600 miles and the Diameter or Axis is 6875 miles and its Superficies in square miles is Reckoned to amount to 148510584 of the same measure 'T is a common Opinion that 5 of our English feet make a Geometrical pace 1000 of these paces make an Italian mile and 60 of these miles in any great Circle upon the Spherical surface of the Earth or Sea make a degree so that a degree of the Heavens contains upon the surface of the Earth according to this account 60 Italian miles 20 French or Dutch Leagues 15 German miles 17 ½ Spanish Leagues But according to several Experiments made the quantity of a degree is thus variously found to be By Albazard the Arabian 73 by Fernilius 68 by Withrordus 70 by Gassendus 73 by Picard 73 Italian miles and by Norwood 69 ½ English miles which is much as the same of 73 Italian miles and is the nearest measure yet found by these Experiments to answer to a degree of the Heavens so that the circumference of the Earth then is 26280 miles the Diameter 8365 and 184 parts Or supposing 1000 paces or 5000 English Feet to a mile then 73
such miles are exactly equal to a Degree I shall here note that no Country doth in all parts of its Territories make use of the same extent in measuring The Germans have their great little and ordinary miles the Leagues of France and Spain are of different lengths and so are the miles in our own Country The Earth as was said before is encompassed about with the Water which washing and surrounding the dry Land cuts out and shapes so many winding Bays Creeks and meandring Inlets and seems no where so much confined and penned as in the Straits of Magellan from whence again expatiating it spreads its self into two immense and almost boundless Oceans which give Terminaries to the four Regions of the Earth and extending it self round them all is but one continued Ocean The Water is either Ocean Seas Straits Creeks Lakes or Rivers The Ocean is a general Collection or Rendezvouz of all Waters The Sea is a part of the Ocean and is either exterior lying open to the shore as the British or Arabian Seas or interior lying within the Land to which you must pass through some Strait as the Mediterranean or Baltick Seas A Strait is a narrow part or Arm of the Ocean lying betwixt two Shores and opening a way into the Sea as the Straits of Gibralter the Hellespont c. A Creek is a small narrow part of the Sea that goeth up but a little way into the Land otherwise called a Bay a Station or Road for Ships A Lake is that which continually retains and keeps Water in it as the Lakes Nicurgua in America and Zaire in Africa A River is a small Branch of the Sea flowing into the Land courting the Banks whilst they their Arms display to embrace her silver waves Of the Names of the Ocean According to the four Quarters it had four Names From the East it was called the Eastern or Oriental Ocean from the West the Western or Occidental Ocean from the North the Northern or Septentrional and from the South the Southern or Meridional Ocean But besides these more general Names it hath other particular Appellations according to the Countries it boundeth upon and the Nature of the Sea As it lies extended towards the East it is called the Chinean Sea from the adjacent Country of China Towards the South 't is called Oceanus Indicus or the Indian Sea because upon it lies the Indians Where it touches the Coast of Persia it is called Mare Persicum So also Mare Arabicum from Arabia So towards the West is the Ethiopian Sea. Then the Atlantick Ocean from Atlas a Mountain or Promontory in Africa but more Westward near to America it is called by the Spaniards Mar del Nort and on the other side of America it is called Mar del Zur or Mare Pacificum Where it toucheth upon Spain it is called Oceanus Hispanicus by the English the Bay of Biscay The Sea between England and France is called the Channel between England and Ireland the Irish Sea Between England and Holland it is called by some the German or rather the British Ocean Beyond Scotland it is called Mare Caledonium higher towards the North it is called the Hyperborean or Frozen Sea more Eastward upon the Coast of Tartary the Tartarian Sea or Scythian Ocean c. The Names of the Inland Seas are 1. The Baltick Sea by the Dutch called the Oast Zee by the Inhabitants Die Belth lying between Denmark and Sweden the chief Entrance whereof is called the Sound 2. Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea to which joyns Meâ—tis Palus now Mar de Zabacke The third is the Caspian or Hircanian Sea. The fourth is the Arabian Gulf Mare Erythaeum Mare Rubeum or the Red Sea. The fifth is the Persian Gulf or the Gulf de Elcatif The sixth is Mare Mediterraneum by the English the Straits by the Spaniards Mar de Levant the beginning or entrance of it is called the Straits of Gibralter rather Gibal-Tarif Now that all Places Cities Towns Seas Rivers Lakes c. may be readily found out upon the Globe or Map all Geographers do or should place them according to their Longitude and Latitude the use of which in the absolute sense is to make out the position of any Place in respect of the whole Globe or to shew the Scituation and distance of one place from and in respect of any other Longitude is the distance of a place from the first Meridian reckoned in the degrees of the Equator beginning by some at the Canaries by others at the Azores by reason of which Confusion I have made the Longitudes in this English Geography to begin from London and are reckoned Eastward and Westward according as they are situated from London on the top of the Map. And have also added the Longitude from the Tenerif round about the Globe of the Earth at the bottom of the Map as usually in the Dutch Maps that so you may by inspection only see the Truth or Error if you compare them with the Tables or Maps formerly Extant The Latitude of a place is the distance of the Equator from that place reckoned in the degrees of the great Meridian and is either North or South according as it lies between the North and South-Poles of the Equator EVROPE is divided into these Kingdoms or Estates  Cities Modern Cities Old. Northwards The Isles of Great Britain or England Scotland Wales and Ireland c. London Londinium Edinburgh Alata Castra Welshpool Trillinum Dublin Eblana Scandinavia contains the Kingdoms of Denmark Norway Sweden Copenhagen Haphnia Berghen Bergae Stockholm Holmia The several Kingdoms of Russia or Moscovia L'Arcangel Archangelopolis Moskow Moscha The Estates of the Kingdom of Poland Cracow and Cracovia Dantzick Gedanum In the Middle The Northern Estates of Turkie in Europe Tartaria Europa Walachia Moldavia Transilvania Hungaria Caffa Theodosia Tarvis Targoviscum Jassy Jassium Weissemburg Alba Julia Buda Sicambia The Empire of Germany Vienna Ala Flaviana The Estates or Republicks of Switzerland 7Vnited Provinces 10 Spanish Provinc Zurick Tigurium Amsterdam Amsterodamum Antwerpen Andoverpum Kingdom or 12 Gover. of France Paris Lutetia Southwards Kingdoms Principal of Spain Madrid Madritum The Kingdom of Portugal Lisbon Olysippo Estates of the Duke of Savoy c. Chambery Cameriacum Kingdoms and Estates in Italy Rome Roma The Kingdom and Isle of Sicily Messina Messana The Southern Estates of Turkie in Europe Sclavonia Croatia Dalmatia Ragusa Bosnia Servia Bulgaria Romania Zagrab Sisopa Vihitz Vihitza Zara Jadera Ragusa Epidaurus Bosna Serai Jayeza Belgrade Alba Graeca Sophia Sardica Constantinople Byzantium The Estates of Greece Athini Athaenae The Islands of Negropont Candia Sardinia c. Negropont Eubaea Candia Matium Cagliari Calaris Of Europe EVROPE by Robt. Morden EVROPE one of the four great Parts of the World is also the most considerable in Respect of the Beauty of her Kingdoms and Commonwealths the Politeness of her Inhabitants the Excellent Government of her Cities as also in Regard
this Tree is so broad and large that it will cover 15 or 20 Men and keep them dry when it rains and the Pitch within the Tree is good to eat and tastes much like to white Bread. There is also the Kettale-Tree which yields a delicious Juice rarely sweet and pleasant to the Palat which they take from the Tree two or three times a day which Liquor they boil and make a kind of Sugar The Cinnamon-Tree grows wild in the Woods as other Trees and by them no more esteemed being as plenty as Hazel in England The Cinnamon is the Bark or Rind which when on the Tree looks whitish when they pull it off they scrape it and dry it in the Sun. The Wood hath no smell 't is of a white colour and soft like Fir. The Leaf much resembles Laurel both in colour and thickness The young Leaves look red like Scarlet if bruised they will smell more like Cloves than Cinnamon It bears a Fruit which is ripe in September much like an Acorn but smaller it neither tastes nor smells like as the Bark but being boiled in Water it will yield an Oil which when cold is hard as Tallow and white and of an excellent smell and 't is used for Ointment for Aches and Pains and to burn in Lamps There is also the Ovula the Fruit whereof they make use of for Physick in Purges and being beat in pieces in a Mortar and soak'd in Water it will Dye a very good Black and rusty Iron lying one Night in the Water will become bright and the Water black like Ink. The Betel-Tree whose Leaf is so much loved and eaten grows like Ivy twining about Trees or Poles which they stick into the ground for it to run up by and as the Betel grows the Poles grow also Of Roots they have Aloes or Inyames of divers sorts some they plant and others grow wild in the Woods These serve for Food and for Sause or a Relish to their Rice some of them in a year or two will grow as big as a Man's Waste others as big as a Man's Arm. They have Herbs of several sorts some in six months growing to maturity the Stalk as high as a Man can reach and being boiled almost as good as Asparagus They have Coleworts Carrots Radishes Fennel Balsam Spearmint Mustard There is also Fern Indian Corn several sorts of Beans Cucumbers Calabassa's and Pumkins And the Dutch have Lettice Rosemary Sage and other European Herbs and Plants which grow well there The Woods are their Apothecaries Shops where with Herbs Leaves and the Rinds of Trees they make all their Physick and Plaisters with which they will make notable Cures Of Flowers they have great variety growing wild as Roses red and white and several other sorts of sweet smelling Flowers one called the Sendric-mal of a murry colour and white which opens at 4 of the Clock in the Evening and shuts at 4 in the Morning which serves them somtimes instead of a Clock The Pichamauls are a white Flower like our Jasmine well scented the King hath a parcel of them every Morning brought to him wrapt in a white Cloth but the Hon-mauls are the chief Flowers the young People use and are of greatest value among them They have Cows Buffaloes Hogs Goats Deer in great abundance Hares Dogs Jacols Apes Tygers Bears Elephants There are Ants of divers sorts some worthy our Remark viz. the Coura-atch which is a great and black Ant living in the ground making great hollow Holes in the earth and have no sting The Vaco's are the most numerous whose hinder part is white and the head red They eat and devour all they come at except Iron and Stone They creep up the Walls of Houses and build an Arch of Dirt over themselves all the way as they climb be it never so high and in places where there are no Houses they will raise great Hills or Humbosses some 5 or 6 Foot high so hard and strong as not easily digged down with Pickaxes within full of hollow Vaults and Arches where they dwell Their Nests are much like Honey-Combs full of Eggs and young Ones As they encrease in multitude so they also dye in multitude for when they come to maturity they have Wings and in the Evening after Sun-set they issue forth in vast Numbers that they almost darken the Sky flying to such a height as they go out of sight and so keep flying till they fall down dead upon the Earth Of the ISLES of SONDE The Isles of SONDA By Rob t Morden The ISLES of SONDE THE Streight of Sonde gives its Name to the Isles of Sumatra Java and Borneo that lie not far from it It is the ordinary passage for Vessels that are bound for China and the more Eastern Seas the Air of these three Islands is very unwholsom nor do they afford those Provisions which the Continent doth The Inhabitants of the Uplands are Pagans of the Sea-Coasts Mahumetans They have several Kings potent as well by Sea as by Land. They afford rich Commodities especially Spices which the Portugals the Hollanders and the most part of the other Nations of the World fetch from thence Sumatra is the most famous Island in all the East for Largeness and Riches For it is 300 French Leagues long and 70 broad having several Mines of Gold. It lies 10 Leagues from the Continent and the Ancients believ'd it to be a Peninsula by reason of the several little Islands that seem to join it to the Land. Six Kings command it the King of Achem best known to us of Camper Iambi Menancabo and Palimban They have so well defended their Island that the Europeans could never get footing on it There is a Mountain that casts forth Flames like Mount Gibel The Pepper of this Island is better than that of Malabar because the Land is more moist They find Gâ—ld in grains and in little pieces after the great Flouds of water The Inland part is inhabited by Barbarians that will eat the Raw Flesh of their Enemies with Pepper and Salt. The City of Achem is the best in the Island it has been better than it is it lies half a League from the Sea upon a Plain by the side of a River as large as the Seine in France but very shallow There is also a Fortress upon the Bank of the River Java governed by several petty Kings every City having one Among the rest the Kings of Japara Tuban Jottan Panarvan Panarucan and Palambuam Many are Pagans some are Mahumetans and the most part acknowledge the great Materan or the Emperor of Materan who formerly claimed the Sovereignty over the whole Island Upon the Coast grow Oysters that weigh 300 pound The Isle produces such large Canes that one alone suffices to make a Boat. It affords excellent Lignum Aloes Salt from Jottan and Gold and Pepper in abundance The Southern Coast is last known It is one of the largest Islands in Asia and for its
May 28 they arrived at Greenland and met with eleven Sail of Dutch fishing in Hornfound whom they forced away and took from them all they caught and also the English that were in their Ships and made 1900 Tuns of Oyl and discovered Wyâ—hes Island in seventy nine Degrees There are some Discoveries of Land which cannot be said to belong to any of the four grand Divisions being separate 〈◊〉 Seas of vast extent viz. New Guinea towards the Equator so called because thought to be opposite to the African Guiny New Zelanâ— the Antipodes almost to â—ngland discovered first by Fernando de Quier but both of the East India Companies in Holland now pretend to it tho' they were but ill used when they attempted to settle themselves there About three hundred Leagues from it lies another Tract of Land called Antony Van Diemens Land discovered by the Dutch. The Land of Parrats if any such was part of Terra Australis incognita In the year 150â— one Gonneuille a Frenchman sailed thither and was well entertained by a petty King called Arosea Who also brought away with him some of the Natives amongst the rest the Kings Son Essomeric of whose Race there are some yet in Normandy saith Du Val. New Holland is so highly esteemed by the Dutch that they have caused the Map thereof to be cut in the Stones of their Magnificent State-house though I could not afford one Map for it here It is a Tract of Land containing about 1600 Leagues Not far from Greenland lieth Cherry Island thirty Degrees to the North Eastwards whereof saith our Sea Waggoner is the Island of Nova Zembla and twenty Leagues to a Degree is the Scale made in the Chart so that thirty multiplied by twenty makes six hundred Leagues which is three hundred more than the true distance This also is certain that in all the Land Maps that I have seen it is laid down above one hundred and twenty and 50 Leagues Eastwards farther than it ought to be And I have the rather instanced in this particular for that I have reason to think that this was the chief cause of the misfortune of that venturous and worthy design of Captain Wood in his Attempt for a N. E. passage to China I cannot also but mention the Opinion of some who tell us that Nova Zembla is the Isle Carambice of the Antients from whence Men may go upon the Ice as far as Greenland and further so that its thought that the people that first inhabited America went over this way The Land of Jesso lies between Asia and America where they are separated by great and wide Arms of the Sea tho' others think they excur and meet almost together and by this way was America first peopled but utrum horum mavis accipe The Inhabitants of Jesso exchange their Fish their Tongues their Whales Oyl in the Cities of Japan which are next to them The Planks of their Barks are not nailed but sowed together with Ropes made of the Rinds of Cocos The Relations of the Dutch in the year 1643 tells us that part of the Country acknowledges the King of Japan and that the Governor who resides at Mâ—zimay carries him every year Silver Feathers of sundry Colours and fine Furs Thus briefly have I described all the most known parts of the Earth but must leave that of the unknown to the discovery of future Ages only give me leave to say a word or two to our English Planters c. And I have done To advance an happy Plantation the Undertakers Planters and Place it self must contribute their Endeavors Let the Undertakers be Men of no shallow Heads nor narrow Fortunes such as will be contented with their present loss to be Benefactors to Posterity Let the Planters be Honest Skilful and Painful People for what hope is there that they who were Drones at home will be Bees abroad Let the Place be naturally strong or at leastwise capable of Fortification for though at first Planters are sufficiently fenced with their own Poverty yet when once they have got Wealth they must get Strength to defend it Islands are easily shut whereas Continents have their Doors ever open not to be bolted without great charges Let not the Towns where there is choice of Ground be built in places of a servil nature as being over-awed or commanded by some Hills about them Let it have some Staple Commodity to ballance Traffick with other Countries few Countries can stand alone the Luxury of our Age hath made superfluities necessary Let the Planters endeavor to be loved and feared of the Natives using Justice and Honesty being as naked in their dealings with the Natives as they are naked in their attire imbracing all occasions to convert them each Convert is a Conquest and it is more honour to overcome Paganism in one than to destroy a thousand Pagans for an extirpation of the Natives is rather a supplanting than planting a New Colony I am confident said Dr. Fuller long since that America is now grown Marriagable and hopes to get Christ for a Husband by the preaching of the Gospel I shall only add that no Nation hath spread her Sails for Traffick further than the English And that our Foreign Plantations upon the Asian African and American Continents are so many and so conveniently seated that no Christian Nation hath opportunity of piercing deeper into those vast Heathenish Islands than the English And yet can we say we have improved the Advantages God hath put into our hands to his glory and the propagation of his Gospel have we made so much as one solemn Mission of Pious and Learned Men to preach the glad Tidings of Salvation in Jesus Christ so much as to those ignorant Heathens and Idolaters that confine upon the English Pale yea or the poor Negros that are detained in cruel slavery in our own Plantations I cannot say what Glory and Advantage this would be to the English Nation Pardon me therefore Great Sirs the Proposal of his to your pious considerations whom it doth most concern For your faithful management of the opportunities intrusted to you for the Service of God and the enlargement of his Kingdom at home and abroad you may be assured will not only make an Accession of Renown and Honor to your selves and generous Families but bring in also eternal prosperity and Happiness from God the Father and from the Lord Jesus Christ As I pray God it may Amen FINIS
but its chief place is Rosienne whose houses are built of Mud and Straw-walls teste Sans Polaquia communicates her Name to the Polanders who call themselves Polacks as Descended from Lechus their first Prince It s chief places are Bietskâ— the strong Augustow and the well Fortified Tycassin or Tywckzin where the Kings Treasure is kept Russia Nigra has several Names some call it Black Russia by Reason of the Woods others Red because of the colour of the Earth and some Meridional because of its Situation towards the South Leopol or Lemberg an Archbishoprick is the Principal City but Zamoski the stronger it contains also the Castelwicks of Chilm and Blez and this is by most Geographers esteemed to be in the Higher Poland Volhinia claims for her Capital Kiou Polonis Kioff Germanis an Ancient City having once 300 fair Churches but destroyed by the Tartars still a Bishops See acknowledging the Patriarch of Moschow and of the Communion of the Greek Church Seated upon the Borysthenes where the Cossacks have often had their Retreats It was once the Seat of the Russian Emperors Taken and destroyed by the Tartars 1615 and now said to be taken by the Turks in the War 1678. In Podolia stands the well Fortified and Impregnable Kamienick olim Clepidava teste Cleaver which has formerly withstood the Armies of the Turks the Lesser Tartars the Transylvanians and the Walachians but at length was forced to yield to the Power of the Grand Signior in the Year 1672 since re-taken by the Poles but by the last Treaty delivered to the Turks as is also Oczakow the Axiace of Strab. Plin. Ptol. 1684. the Fortress of Jaslowic in Podolia was surrendred which consisted of 500 men And Dassow at the Mouth of the Borysthenes In the year 1626 the Cossacks entred the Bosphorus with 150 Sail of Saicks or Boats each Boat carrying 50 armed men and have 20 Oars on a side and two men to an Oar and on the Grecian-shore burnt Boyno-devi and Yenichioi on the Asian-side Stenia and put Constantinople into a general Consternation On the Banks of the River Niester Count Esterhasi fell upon the reer of the Turks killed 500 on the place took their Baggage with divers Prisoners and gave liberty to many Christian slaves The next day he charged another party kill'd a great Number and got a considerable Booty And afterwards having got more Recruit he joyned Battel with them and slew 1200 on the place gave liberty to 1400 Christians took divers of their Commanders with their Bag and Baggage with much Gold and Silver in Plate and Money 1624 forty thousand Horse of Tartars enters into Podolia and made Incursions as far as Socal but at Burstinow were overthrown thirty thousand slain and two thousand Prisoners taken the greatest defeat that was ever given to the Tartars Upon a Hill between Tyr River and Chocin the Turks an Tartars being 60000 under Abassa received a great loss by Konispotzki the Polish General with 2500 Horse 1684. Lesser Tartary TARTARIA in EUROPE by Rob t Morden THE Lesser Tartary which lyes in Europe is so called to distinguish it from the Grand which makes part of Asia it is also called Percopensis and Crim from the names of the principal Cities situated in the Peninsula formerly called Taurica Chersonesus The Nogays Tartars must not be omitted that lye between Tanais and Volga nor the Tartars of Ocziakou between the mouth of Borysthenes and the Niester nor the Tartars of Budziack already mentioned to the East of Moldavia between the mouths of the Niester and Donaw Besides all these there are some that are settled also in Lithuania and the Vkraine adjoyning to the Black Sea. The Black Sea is very Tempestuous so named and so famed from the terrible and frequent Shipwracks that happen in it for want of skilful Pilots and good Havens And the people that Inhabit about it are naturally barbarous and wicked without any Religion and under no Government The Circumference of this Sea was reckoned by Eratostenes Hecataeus Ptol. and Ammianus Marcellinus to be 23000 Stadia or 2875 miles The Thracian Bosphorus is certainly one of the comeliest parts of the World the Chanel is about 15 miles in length and about two in breadth in most parts The Shores consist of rising grounds covered over with Houses of Pleasure Woods Gardens Parks delightful Prospects lovely Wildernesses watered with thousands of Springs and Fountains upon it are seated four Castles well fortified with great Guns two eight miles from the Black Sea and the other two near the mouth of the Chanel built not above forty years ago to prevent the Cossacks c. from making Inroads with their Barks Palus Maeotis is by the Turks called Baluck Denguis that is Mare Piscium for 't is incredible what a number of Fish is caught in that Lake And 't is reported that they usually take Fish there which weigh eight or nine hundred pounds and of which they make three or 400 weight of Caveer Their Fishing lasts from October to April The waters do not rise or fall though it partakes of the River Tanais and the intercourse of the Euxine Sea. From the Chanel of Palus Maeotis to Mingrelia 't is reckoned 600 miles along the Coast which consist of pleasant Mountains covered with Woods Inhabited by the Circassians by the Turks called Cherks by the Ancients Zageans by P. Mela Sargacians a Country reckoned by the Turks not worth the Conquering nor the charge of keeping The Commodities that the Turks exchange for with the Inhabitants are Slaves Honey Wax Leather Chacal-skins a Beast like a Fox but bigger and Zerdavas which is a Fur that resembles a Martin with the Furs of other Beasts that breed in the Circassan Mountains The Cherks are a people altogether Savage of no Religion unfaithful and perfidious They live in Wooden Huts and go almost naked And the women till and manure the Ground They are sworn enemies to those that live next to them and make slaves one of another They live upon a kind of Paste made of a very small grain like to a Millet But of this Country little is known to us and what is discovered is by means of the Slaves that are brought from thence into Turkia who are in a manner Savages from whom nothing of certainty is to be expected Crim Tartary is a Peninsula about 200 miles in length and 50 in breadth wonderfully populous and exceeding fruitful abounding in Corn and Grass but Wood and Fuel is scarce The Towns on the Sea-side are Precop Lus lowa Mancup Crim Caffa Kers and Arbotka which lies between the Black and Moeotan or Ratten Seas near to which is a great field 50 miles long enclosed with water where the Tartars in Winter do keep their Hergees or Horses Within the Land are Carasu and Bakessy Seray The Town of Astamgorod stands upon the Neiper in former times there dwelt in it two Brothers Ingul and Vngul who falling at variance and that ending in
the Southern Land which is called New-Holland where lies Carpentaria the Lands of Diemens Witz Endracht Edels Lewin and Nuitz Several Factories in Persia as at Gombru Congo and Ispahan In the Territories of the Great Mogul at Agra Amadabat Cambaya Baroche Surrat Ogueli Kasan-Basar Daca Patna and Bipilipatan In Decan at Fingerla in Coromandel at Tenega-patan at Golconda Maslipatan Palicate Datscheron and Bincola-patan In Pegu at Ava and Siriam In Siam at Odia In the Island of Sumatra at Titou Priamam Indapout Cillebar Jambi Palimbam and other places In the Island of Java at Bantam and Japatra In the Island of Celebes at Manada and Macassar The Trade of the Island of Zocotora Upon the Coast of Arabia at Mecca Aden and Fartach In the Islands of Larek Resem and others near to Ormus At Porca and most parts of Malabar At Orixa in Bisnegar in Aracan in Pegu. At Tanazerim at Pera at Ihor Pahan Patane Singora Bordelong Ligor on the Coast of Mallaca At Tunquin Chincheo and other places of China And at Rima in the Island of Borneo At Naugeseque near Japan And excluding all other Nations they pretend to the only Trade upon the Oriental Coast of Sumatra Japan Amboyna Balli and other places The Danes have also Colonies in both the Indies They have New Denmark in the Northern part of America The Fort of Frederick Burgh with three Bastions that Command Cape Corso in Guiny and the Castle of Christiansburgh in the same Country in the Kingdom of Accata Krankebar otherwise called Trango Bay and Dansburgh upon the Coast of Cormandel Of Money or Coin. MOney commonly is the mean for all Commodities it is the Sinews and Strength of a State the Life and Soul of Commerce Geometricians say That two Lines equal to a third Line are equal one to another so is Money a third Line by which all things are made equal in Value not Materia prima because it serves Actually to no Use but potentially to all Coin seemeth to come from the French Coin a Corner for the Ancientest sort of Coin was cornered not round The first Use of Money was to Supply every Mans particular wants by a Pledg thereof The most Ancient Money was of the purest Gold because it had greatness of Weight closeness of Parts fixation pliantness or softness immunity from Rust and Beauty or Colour And the Alchimists who have most vexed that Body say that 't is harder to destroy Gold than to make it Silver is next to it and is more ductile than any other Metal except Gold. The pureness and fineness of Money and the weight is observable for the intrinsick value thereof The outward Form or Character of the Prince or State for the extrinsick knowledg of Money The intrinsick value of Money or Coin is so much as there is pure Gold or Silver in it in fineness and weight As for Gold it is divided into 24 parts called Carrats so that when 't is said Gold is 23 Carrats fine there is a 24th part Allay mingled with it Or if 22 Carrats fine then there is a 12th part of Allay c. The Ancient Standard of Sterling Gold was in Edward the Third's time 23 Carrats 3 grains and one half of fine and half a grain of Allay Dr. Chamberlain in his Present State of England saith 't is now 22 Carrats of fine Gold and 2 Carrats of Allay The Silver is 11 Ounces and two penny weight fine and 18 penny weight of Allay which also agrees with what that Author saith 't is now 'T is manifest that the most proper Measure in Nature for Gold and Silver is weight and the Practice of Antiquity doth confirm it for the Shekel Mina Talent and Drachme both of the Romans and Grecians were the names of several sorts of weight Of the Proportion between Gold and Silver This Proportion must needs differ in several times and places according to the scarcity or abundance of those Metals and indeed I find much variety amongst Authors what it was amongst the Hebrews both as to Times and Interpretations Bodine alledges the same places to prove that the Proportions were 25 for one which other Authors do alledge to prove it to be above 45 for one and others 10 for one 'T is the general consent that in the times of the Flourishing of the Grecian Common-wealths the Proportion of Silver to Gold was 12 to one And Livy tells us that the Aetolians agreed with the Romans to pay ten Talents of Silver instead of every Talent of Gold. In France in the Year 1614. the Proportion did arise to 13 wanting about a seventh part to one of Gold. In Germany in the Year 1610. the Proportion held 13 for one sometimes a little more sometimes a little less The Proportion in Spain hath for a long time been as 12 to one In the Vnited Provinces by the Placcard 1622. it was about 12 and two thirds fine Silver to one of Gold. And in England in the 14th Year of Q. Elizabeth the ancient Sterling Standard of Gold and Silver was altered and a pound of fine Gold valued at 11 l. of fine Silver and 7 s. 10 d. over And in the Second Jacobi the Proportion was 12 for one but after raised by Proclamation The Proportion was 13 l. of fine Silver to 1 l. of fine Gold at 24 Carrats to the Pound afterwards I find it at 14 and one third The raising of the Price of Money both of Gold and Silver as it hath been ancient so it hath been a great Confusion and uncertainty among Coins for the As which was Originally coined of a pound weight by the Romans was in the first Punick War brought to two ounces and the lesser parts of it were abated proportionably By Papirius it was reduced to half an Ounce The Denarii of Silver were at first currant for 10 As at length reduced to a Drachma which is 8 in the Ounce and the lesser parts were abated in proportion Afterwards it was worth 16 As. And their Solidiaurei were coined of 48 pieces in the pound and in the time of Justinian they were 72 in the pound And for some hundreds of Years most Princes and States have vied one upon another who shall raise their Money highest But as Money was first invented and chosen to be the Instrument of Exchange and Measure of all things to avoid the trouble and chargeable Carriage of Commodities from one place to another So was Exchange of Money also first devised to avoid the danger and adventure thereof from place to place By the Exchanges all Princes Coins are brought into one and the self-same quality and parity for the real Exchange is grounded upon knowledge of the Part or Value for Value of the Moneys of each several Country according to their several Standards abating or allowing according to the Value Weight and Fineness of the same and so rectifying both the one and the other in equality and true Value But though the intrinsick
another Quadrangle of 400 paces at the end of which stand three stately Houses Beyond this a third and farther a fourth Court all paved with Free-stone and being 400 spaces square In this stands the Emperor's Throne and four stately Edifices curiously built and covered with costly Roofs adorned with gilded Galleries Beyond this Court are several Orchards and Gardens planted with all sorts of Trees and adorned with curious Buildings And thus flourished the Palace of Pekin rebuilt by the Tartars in Anno 1645. In or near the Place of Paoting the Emperor Hoangti anciently planted the Seat of his Kingdom and on the East-side of the City Hokien stands a great Temple in the middle of which is a stately and great Image Chinting is great and populous Jenkin and Junyping are strong places for the defence of the Empire The Garizon Tiencin lies on the Bay Xang it is a Port or Haven Town to Peking and of a great Trade and on the North-side lies the great Garison Xanghaie on the Island Cue Westward beyond the Province of Pecking lies Xansi on the North whereof lies the great Wall and behind that the Tartar Kingdom of Tangu and the Desert Xamo This Province is divided into five Counties having eighty six Cities and though not very big yet is pleasant The City Taiyven is the Metropolis which for its Antiquity of Building stately and brave Edifices is accounted amongst the best Cities of China At the City Pingiany the Emperor Jau kept his Court within the Walls and without the Gates of Fuencheu stands two stately ancient and magnificent Buildings The Province of Xensi extends to the Kingdoms of Prester John Cascar and Thebet which the Chineses in a general name call Sifan it is a large Province and is divided into eight Counties having one hundred and eighty Cities Sigan is the Metropolis of the whole seated on the River Guei in a most pleasant and delightful place of a noble Prospect and good Trade In the year 1625 a stone was found in digging a Foundation for a house inscribed with the Old Chinese and Syriack Characters which contained the Christian Religion Cungchand Fungciang Hanchung Kingyang and Linyao are the chief Cities of the Countries of the same names Socheu is a strong hold and well fortified and Xancheu or Cancheu is very strong and the residence of a Vice Roy. Xantung may justly be esteemed an Island being washed by the Sea on one side and separated by several Rivers on the other and is divided into six Countries Chinan the Metropolis of the whole Province is very large and full of stately Houses having two Lakes within its walls out of which flow several little streams through the whole City it is also adorned with several stately Temples Among the great Cities of this Province Lincing exceeds in Inhabitants Buildings and Trade but above all for its Porcelane Tower ninety cubits high curiously adorned with Imagery and painting without and within laid with Marble of divers colours smoothly polished on the Top stands an Image cast of Copper and gilt thirty foot high The Province of Honan by the Chineses thought to lie in the middle of the World because it lies in the midst of China it is divided into nine Territories or Countries having one hundred and eight Cities The chief City Caifung lies about two Leagues from the Yellow River whose Water is said to be higher than the City The other chief Cities are Qunte Changte Honan Nunyang and Juning Suchuen is a great Province and separated by the River Kiang and is divided into eight Countries containing one hundred and fifty Cities besides Garisons Cingtu is the Metropolis and lieth in an Island yet includes several Moats over which are many Bridges Paining Xunking Sincheu Chungking Quicheu Luggan are the chief Cities of the other parts of this Province The Province Huqâ—â—ng is divided also in the middle by the River Kiang The Chineses call it the land of Fish and Rice and the Store-house of China and have a Proverb that the rest of the Provinces affords them but one Meal but that of Huquang feeds them all the year long it is divided into fifteen Countries containing one hundred Cities great and small and eleven Garisons The Metropolis whereof is Vuchang on the south shore of the River Kiang Hanyang Siangyang Tegan Hâ—angcheu Kingcheu Jocheu Changxa Paoking Hancheu Chante Xincheu Iungcheu Chingyang and Chingtien are the other chief Cities and Chingcheu is the chief City of a little Territory of the same Name Kiangsi is divided into thirteen Countries contaning 67 Cities the chief whereof is Nanchang once the Metropolis of the Empire Iaocheu Quaâ—sin Kicukiang Kienchang Linkiang Kiegan Kancheu are other chief Cities In this Province near Iaocheu and no where else is that Water to be found which brings Porcelane to perfection especially when they intend it an Azure Vermillion or yellow Tincture The last Travellers into China tell us that Porcelane is made of a particular Sand or Earth which is fetched out of the County of the City Hoiecheu in the Province of Nanking nor is it necessary that the Earth should be buried a whole Age together as others idly affirm for the Chinesâ—s only knead this Sand or Earth together and make Vessels of it which they bake in Furnaces for fifteen days but the colouring of it is one of the chief Arts or Secrets which they conceal from Strangers The Province of Fâ—kien is divided into eight Counties and contains sixty Cities and Towns Focheu or Hocksieu is the Metropolis and chief of the Country it is seated about fifteen Leagues westward from the Sea on the Southern shore of the River Min which with a wide mouth falls into the Sea and brings both small and great Vessels up to the City walls it is populous and of great Trade where the Dutch also had somtime a Factory in the year 1662. The City Chiencheu lies near the Sea in a delightful Plain with a large Bay that the greatest Ships ride close under the walls Chaucheu of great Trade for all rich and foreign commodities Kienning upon the River Min is a place or great Trade for all commodities pass through it Hinhoa is neatly built adorned with many triumphant Arches and Colledges for the encouragement of Learning Xaouw and Tincheu are also considerable Foning is also fair and large lying near the Sea. The Castle Ganhui near Changeheu hath a convenient Haven for Ships And Tinyan is a Fort for the defence of the Sea-coast The Province of Chekiang exceeds all the rest in fertility of Soil delightfulness in Prospects and in plenty of Silk it is divided into eleven great Countries having eighty three Cities or Towns besides unwalled places Castles and populous Villages Hanchew is the chiefest City thought to be the ancient Quinzay Kiahing is moted about with Rivulets of Water full of stately and well built Structures all the Streets are arched under which they walk as in a Piazzo free from
be Rich. A New Map of VIRGINIA By Rob t Morden NO sooner had Colonus alias Columbus made his prime discovery of the Western World when seconded by John Cabot a Venetian the Father of Sebastian Cabot in behalf by the incouragement and at the charges of Henry the Seventh King of England who in the year 1497 discovered all this Coast from the Cape of Florida in the South beyond New-found-land in the North as far as to the Latitude of 67 and half Causing the Sachims or Petit-Kings to turn Homagers to the King and Crown of England This discovery by the two Cabots Father and Son did first intitle he Crown of England to the right of that vast Tract of Land. This design was after seconded by Mr. Hare bringing thence certain of the said Petit-Kings who did homage to King Henry the Eight Rediscovered by the Direction and at the charge of Sir Walter Rawleigh Anno 1584 who sending Mr. Philip Amadas and Mr. Arthur Barlow did take possession thereof in Queen Elizabeths name in honor of whom he caused all the said Tract of Land to be called Virginia Some say it was so called by the Queen her self by the Natives called Apalchen but Virginia is now circumscribed by that space of Land that lies between mary-Mary-land which bounds it on the North and Carolina on the South New-England New-York New-Jersey Mary-land Carolina and Pensilvania have since been separated from it by particular Patents and made distinct Provinces of themselves The entrance by Sea into this Country is by the Mouth of the Bay of Chesapeac between Cape Henry and Cape Charles The chief Rivers of Virginia are 1. Powhatan now called James River on the West side of the mouth of the Bay of Chesapeac this River is at its entrance about three Miles wide and Navigable about one hundred and fifty Miles 2. Pamaunkee termed York River fourteen Miles Northward from James River Navigable now sixty or seventy Miles but with small Vessels about thirty or forty Miles farther 3. Rappahanoc antiently known by the name of Toppahanoc Navigable about one hundred and thirty Miles Besides these Navigable and more principal Rivers there are other smaller Rivers and of less note which fall into some or other of the forementioned Into Powhattan falls Apumatuc Southward Eastward Quyonycahanuc Nunsamund and Chesopeac Northward Chickâ—mabania Into Pamuunkee fall Poyankatank That part of the Country now planted by the English is divided into Nineteen Counties viz. On the Eastern Shore the Country of Northampton in Acomack on the Western Shore the Counties of Caratuck Lower-Norfolk Nansemund Isle of Wight Surry Warwick Henrico James Charles York New-Kent Glocester Middlesex Lancaster Northumberland Westmoreland Rappahanock and Hartford Of the few Towns hitherto erected in this Colony the chief is James Town the principal seat of the English and so denominated from and in honor of King James of Great Britain This Town is situated in a Peninsula on the North-side of James-River and hath in it many fair Houses whereof some are of Brick and at a little distant from the City is a fair Brick House called Green-Spring whe e the present Governor himself usually resides The other English Towns of most considerable note are only three viz. Henricopolis or Henry's Town situated about eighty Miles from James's City farther within Land Dales Gift so named from Sir Thomas Dale Deputy-Governor in the year 1610 at whose charges it was built and planted and Elizabeth's City containing several good Houses of Brick and Stone and lying on the same side of the River with James's City only nearer the mouth of the River Though English and other Foreign Coyns are not wholly wanting here upon several occasions yet the usual way of Traffick is by exchange of one Commodity for another but the general Standard by which all other Commodities receive their value is Tobacco which of all other Commodities this Country is capable of producing hath been hitherto the Subject of the Planters Industry of which there are two sorts one called Sweet-Scented the other called Oranoac which signifies as much as bright and large the first is of the greatest price the other more in quantity The Plantations that are judg'd to produce the best sort of Sweet-Scented are upon York River Of this Commodity of Tobacco there is so great a quantity planted in Virginia and imported from thence into England that the Custom and Excise paid for it in England yields the King about 50000 or 60000 Pound Sterling yearly for there are bound hither every year above one hundred and fifty Sail of Ships from England and other English Plantations merely for the taking off of this Commodity which they barter for Clothing Houshold-Stuff and all manner of Utensils and the only thing which lessens the value of it is the great quantity that is planted of it which if it were in less abundance it would be of much more esteem and yield far greater profit The Government of Virginia is by a Governor and Council deputed and authorized from time to time by the King of Great Britain the Legislative Power being in the Governor and a General Assembly which he calls to advise with and which consists of two Houses the upper House which is the Council it self and the lower which consists of chosen Bugâ—sses The chief Court of Judicature where all Civil and Criminal Causes are heard and determined and where the Governor and Council are Judges is called the Quarter-Court as being held every quarter of a year There are also Inferior Courts which are kept every Month in each of the forementioned Counties where matters not of the highest moment that is to say not relating to Life or Member or exceeding a certain limited value are tried and from whence in such Cases Appeals are made to the Quarter Courts There are likewise appointed by the Governor for the better administration of Justice in every respective Country Sheriffs Justices of Peace and other Officers of whom being deputed by the Governor to sit there these Country-Courts chiefly consist The Climate of Virginia is generally healthful and since the rectification of Diet and Lodging not disagreeable to English Bodies however at the first Plantation they were subject to a Distemper called a Seasoning though of late not frequent and much less mortal A Description of Mary-Land MAry-Land is a large and fertile Province lying between thirty eight Degrees and forty Degrees of North Latitude upon both sides of Cheasa-peak-Bay which is Navigable near two hundred Miles The Southerly Banks of the River Patow-meck divide it from Virginia on the South The Atlantick Ocean and Delaware Bay bounds it on the East Pensilvania on the North and the Meridian of the first Fountain of the River Patow-meck on the West This Province of Mary-Land his Majesty King Charles the First Anno 1632 granted by Patent to the Right Honourable Caecilius Calvert Lord Baltemore and to his Heirs and Assigns and by that Patent created him and
Comely Affable People faithful in their Dealings addicted to Learning having three Universities such as they are But their Law allows of no Physitians but admit of some Chyrurgeons to cure their Wounds The Air is healthy but the changes of Weather are very uncertain for sometimes it Snows and Hails in the midst of Summer and the Winds are often in that season most furious Their Commodities are Sheep Cows and Horses Great plenty of most sort of Sea-fish all the year round their Coast There are Lakes upon the high Mountains well stored with Fresh-Water-Fish and their Rivers with Salmon In Summer time they have plenty of of Wild Fowl as Mallard Duck Teal Partridge Wild Geese Plowers In Winter time Ravens Eagles Wild Ducks Swans c. Their Drink is Milk mingled with Water Their Bread is Cod caught in the Winter time and dried in the Frost commonly called Stock-Fish as also Hokettle or the Nurse-Fish with the Livers they make Oil to burn in their Caves under Ground the other parts they cut into pieces and bury them four or five Weeks under Ground then wash them and dry them in their Stoves and this serves instead of Bread if broiled on the Coals it serves for Meat and of the Skins of the Fish they make their Shooes The general Employment of the People is either Fishery or the making of Wad-moll or a course sort of Woollen Cloth of which they make Gowns Coats Caps Mittins for Seamen and Fishermen There is also little Shock Dogs said to be the Whelps of ordinary Bitches lined by Foxes that come on over the Ice There is only one Fort which is upon one of the chief of the West Mâ—â—ny Isles ten Leagues from Merchants Foreland with twelve Iron Guns in it and there their Courts are held and the Bishop has his Residence As for their Government and Laws see Dithmar Belfkins and Arugreine Jonas or Purchas in his Pilgrimage Sometimes Danes Hamburgers and Lubekers put into the Island and furnish the Islanders with such Provisions as they want The chiefest places where the Ships stay are the Havens of Haneford and Keplawick and the Governor resides at Belested the Danes bring from thence dried Fish Train-Oil Butter Tallow Sulphur Raw Hides and particularly a sort of Whales Teeth which some esteem as much as Ivory Betwixt Cape Farewel and Cape Sumay lieth a great Sea dilating it self both towards the North South and West giving great hopes of a North West passage to China and the East Indies much searched into by many English Worthies Frobisher Weymouth Hudson Button Baffin Smith James and others who have sailed therein some one way some another and given names to many places as may be seen in the Map and in the year 1667 an Honourable and Worthy Design was renewed and undertaken by several of the Nobility of England and divers Merchants of London for the discovery of this North West passage and to settle a Trade with the Indians there Captain Zachariah Gillam being Commander who in the Nonsuch Ketch passed through Hudsons Straights then into Baffins Bay from thence Southerly into the Latitude of fifty one Degrees or thereabouts in a River now called Prince Ruperts River he there found a friendly correspondence with the Natives Built a Fort called Charles Fort returned with good success and laid the Foundation of an advantageous Trade in those parts But in the year 1687 seised upon by the French. The North West Part of AMERICA by R. Morden Atâ—â— Atlas in Cornhill Of GREENLAND GReenland is a Country of vast extent an unknown Tract and not yet fully discovered for notwithstanding several Voyages and many Ships have touched upon its Coasts yet it still lies obscured in a Northern Mist unless the names of certain Bays Capes c. viz. Cape Farewel Cape Comfort Cape Desolation Warwicks Foreland and Bearsford where 't is said the King of Denmark hath a Governor Of GREENLAND TOwards the North East lies a Tract of Land called Greenland by the English Spitsburg by the Dutch seated between seventy six Degrees and eighty two of Northern Latitude but whether an Island or Continent is not yet known The whole Land is so compassed with Ice that it is difficult to be approached sometimes in the middle of June tho' ordinarily the Ice breaks in May. The Soil is in most places nothing but Rocks or heaps of vast Stones many of them so high that the upper half seems to be above the Clouds The little Vallies between them are nothing else but broken Stones and Ice heaped up from many Generations About Roefield and Maple Haven is the greatest quantity of low Land which also is full of Rocks Stony and for the most part covered with Snow and Ice which when melted as in Summer discovers nothing but a barren Ground producing Heath Moss and some few Plants as a kind of Cabbage Lettice Scurvy-Grass Sorrel Snakeweed Hartsease a kind of Strawberry divers sorts of Ranunculus and of semper Vives in the Mountains that are exposed to a warm Air and Sun-beams in the Holes and Rocks infinite quantity of Fowls Nest whose Dung with the Moss washed down by the melted Snow makes a Mould in the Vallies or Clefts which produceth those Plants aforesaid For tho' it hath the Sun for half a year yet never about thirty three Degrees and forty Minutes above the Horizon the power of its Beams are insufficient to dispel the Cold or dissolve the Ice so that the Vapors from the Earth are not hot enough to warm the Air nor thin enough to rise to any considerable height but hang continually in thick dark Mists about the Land that sometimes you cannot see the length of your Ship. 'T is also remarkable that at Cherry in June 1608 it was so hot that melted Pitch ran down the sides of the Ships and that the Ice is raised above the Water many Fathoms and many times above thirty Fathom under Water and sometimes 't is frozen to the bottom of the Sea. The freezing and breaking of the Ice makes a great and terrible noise sometimes it breaks into great pieces and sometimes it shatters at once into small pieces with more noise but less danger The Beasts of the Country are Foxes of divers Colours Raindeer Bears six Foot high and fourteen Foot long Of Water Fowl there is great variety and in so great abundance that with their flight they darken the Sun viz. Ducks Willocks Stints Sea-pidgeons Sea-Parrots Gulls Noddees There are also great quantities of Fishes as Seals Dog Fishes Lobsters Gernels Star-Fish Macarel Dolfins Unicorns Whales c. Our Men that wintered in Greenland Anno 163â— lost the Light of the Sun October the fourteenth and saw it not again till February the third Those that staid there 1633 say that October the fifth was the last day they saw the Sun tho' they had Twilight till the seventeenth and on the twenty second the Stars were plainly to be seen and so continued for all