countrey of the Oretanes makes at this day a part of the realme of Toledo it comprehends the fields of Calatraua the passage called the fields of Alcocer and part of the mountaines Marianes at this present Sierra Morena vnto Iaen and to the frontiers of Granado Oreton of the Germanes which some thinke to bee Calatraua Castulo then a great and mightie towne and now a small burrough called Caslona vpon the riuer Guadiana where Himilca the wife of Hannibal was borne issued from the race of Milicus who built it Mentisa which is Iaen according vnto some and Astapa a famous retreat of desperat theeues Nobilia Cusibis and Illusia were of the Oretanes Among the Celtiberians were Ergauica Celtiberians Alce Turiasso that is Tarassone Bilbilis at this present Calataiub whereas the Poet Martiall was borne Saguntia now Siguenza Contrebia and Valeria which is Concha Betwixt the Celtiberians and the riuer Ebro Lobetanes were the Lobetanes and on this side Ebro vnder the Vascons and mount Edulius dwelt the Ilergetes and towards the Pyrenee mountaines and at the foot of them Suessetanes Lacetanes â—usetanes Cerretanes the Suessetanes Lacetanes Authetanes or Ausetanes and Cerretanes being all contained partly in Nauarre and Arragon and part in Catalogne at this present Suessa the chiefe towne of the Suessetanes may be Sanguessa in Nauarre and Iacca at that time was of the auntient Lacetanes The towne of Ilerda which is Lerida gaue the name to the Ilergetes to them there also belonged Osca Huesca at this day and Bergidum which is Vrgel and Anitorgis or Athanasia As for the towne of Iliturgis it is obscurely limited by the auntients Some of the later will haue it among the Ilergetes others place it in the Oretanes countrey and others in the Betique prouinces places farre distant one from another The Authetanes or Ausetanes did possesse Geronda in our time Girone and among the Cerretanes were Ausonia the auntient and Iulia Libica which some hold to be Linca This is all which I haue thought fit to gather of the people inhabiting the firme land of Spaine the which were found there and augmented by the Carthaginians and Romanes when as they contended for the possession thereof whereof some markes appeared at that time and that they had immutable limits the which doe now assure vs of their habitations 11 There is mention made by some authors Islands about Spaine of many islands about Spaine whereof some are no more others are yet famous The Cassiterides fertile in tinne were placed by the Cosmographers neere vnto Cap Finis terrae Cassiterides lost islands but there is no more any mention of them whereby it seemes they haue been swallowed vp in the sea vnlesse they will say they be those of the Axores which are too far from Spaine The islands of the gods in the West Ocean Islands of the gods may be those of Bayone neere vnto Ponteuedra in Gallicia The island of Gades was in old time called Tartesse Erythrea Calis and the antient names or according vnto some Erythie Cotynusia Aphrodisia Gadira Gadir and Gaddir although that Gaddir in the opinion of some is a common name to the island and to other places of Betique Spaine neere vnto it as well as Tartesse and now they haue named it Gadiz or Galis It hath beene the most famous of all others about Spaine and is yet renowned and rich but much more in auntient times For although that in the Romanes time they had scarce any territorie yet was it one of the greatest the richest and best peopled townes in Europe It appeares by the description of Censures at one time That there were fiue hundred heads of families of the order of Knights among the inhabitants thereof One Balbus a Gaditane enlarged the towne almost halfe bigger than it was and called his new worke Neapolis In this island there was a fountaine flowing and ebbing dayly with the sea Ioyning vnto it there were two other small islands whereof the one was called Didima They write That in old time the island of Gadis was much greater than it is now It hath in length from the South to the North some ten or twelue miles and is seperated from the maine land by a narrow channell and distant from the strait of Gibaltar some threescore miles or fiftie leagues In the Iberique Islands Baleares Maiorca Minorca or Mediterranean sea are the two islands Baleares called in these times Majorca and Minorca for that the one is bigger than the other Their first name was Gymnasies for that the inhabitants thereof went all naked Gymnos in Greeke is naked in our language But for that the men of this island were good Archers they were called Baleares vnlesse wee will beleeue that this name was giuen them by one Balee whom Hercules gaue them for their Gouernour as some write In those dayes great Commonweales drew good souldiours from thence who did commonly vse slings and did euer carie three with the one he did bind his head with another he did girt himselfe and the third he held in his hand and with these armes they wrought great effects and did much amaze their enemies Maiarquins expert in slings for they were practised in it from their youth by their mothers who set their breakfast bread vpoÌ„ the top of a post the which they must beat down with their slings or else they fasted These islanders were long before they would vse either gold or siluer remembring the great calamities which Spaine had suffered by reason of these mettals wherfore they held themselues to bee well assured in forbidding the vse of it Gold and siluer forbidden by the antient Maiorquins They did sometimes capitulate with the Carthaginians who often imployed their souldiours in their warres that they should guie them wiues and wine for their pay and no siluer These are two fertile islands hauing this benefit moreouer that they doe not breed any hurtfull beast although the warre which they had with the conies be no fable but they were brought from other places and of one bucke conie and a doe they did multiplie in such great numbers as with the working of their holes and burroes vnder ground they vnrooted trees and vndermined the foundations of houses so as the inhabitants sent embassadors to Rome to demaund helpe and succour of the Senat against these beasts a certaine argument of their simplicitie but afterwards they learned to take them The greatest of these islands is about fifteene leagues long and verie narrow The lesser yeelds nothing to the other in bountie and fruitfulnesse Cabrera and Dragonora Pityuses About them are the little islands of Cabrera and Dragonera Neerer vnto the maine land and more Westerly are the two Pityuses whereof the greater was called Ebusus which hath about twentie miles circuit of hard accesse hauing a port vpon the South side It is now called Yuica the which they say hath no serpents and if they
he had drawne out of the garrisons of Italie Thither also came many round and flat bottomed vessels carrying victuals munition artillerie horse and a good number of foot newly leuied to that end in Spaine Italy Germany so as there was found when this army weighed anchor three hundred and sixtie saile carrying besides the Court the traine of noblemen and many voluntaries seuen hundred men at armes two thousand light horse and 12 thousand bisoques or new souldiers fiue thousand old souldiers Spaniards and sixe thousand Italian foot seuen thousand Lansquenets men of experience These forces being not lesse than forty thousand men parted with a prosperous wind from the IslaÌ„d of Sardinia and came to land the fiue and twentieth of Iune this yere 1535 at a place called Porto Farina neere to the ruines of old Vtica about sixe leagues distant from Tunes There order was giuen by the emperour for the landing of his men the first were the old Spanish arquebuzies and the Italians that they might keepe off the Moores who had shewed themselues both horse and foot to disturbe their landing wherin the Marquesse of Guast who was general of the foot shewed great iudgement for he wold not suffer the souldiers to leaue their standings and to pursue the enemy vntill the army were landed with the victuals and munition and the quarters made and fortified with a Trench in the which they found great difficulty for that the sand was loose not fit for that purpose neither had they any bauines or other matter to binde it with all The army being lodged the emperour called a Councel Councell held by the emperour for the beseeging of Goulett where it was propounded whether they shold first assault Goulette or goe directly to fight with the enemy in Tunes which was much more easie than that of Goulette whereas attempting that fort first being strong by situation defended by valiant men commanded by iudicious captaines and hauing great store of artillery and which did most import not being able to take their succours from them neither by the lake nor by land on the east part either the action would proue desperate and they shold consume their forces there in vaine or at the least they should spend so much time there as not onely Baberousse would grow stronger in men be of greater reputation but the Christians campe being wonderfully afflicted with the violent heat of the Sunne in that region and vnder that clymat and which did more import the waters which they dranke being halfe salt in short time being corrupted would breed a great mortalitie so as they should be forced rather to seeke to saue the relikes of their army than to attempt any new enterprise But the most judicious shewing how dangerous it was to leaue such a fort as Goulette with a great garrison and so neere vnto Tunis behind that the army aduancing they should be in extreame want of victuals the which not being able to bee conducted but from the army the enemies horse being many and venturous scouring the fields continually would at the least force the Christians to keep the greatest part of their horse and of their best foot to gard their victuals which were ingaged It was therefore resolued first to attempt Goulette Goulette the fort which fort Barberousse had furnished with great care it is a great square Tower with large rampers and flankers and is set vpon the mouth or entrie of the Lake which extends from it vnto the Citie and is foure leagues broad Campana writes that it is twelue miles long and fiue miles broad The Citie of Tunes was great and well peopled but at that time the walles were weake and low hauing three suburbs open greater and farre better peopled than the towne in the which there dwelt many kindes of Merchants some of the most industrious Artisans and among them some other rich people who were delicate and idle For the gard of these places Barberousse had about eight thousand good souldiers Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof he had put a good part into the fort of Goulette some write they were three thousand men commanded by Sinan Cefutt of Smirna called the Iew and Nâ—aid surnamed Chasediuels The rest were with Barberousse who had also leuied great numbers of Moores and Alarabes both horse and foot whome hee sent or led himselfe continually to the warre and made continuall skirmishes to molest the emperours campe to hinder the approaches and the batterie which was planted against this fort the which they must force and take before they came vnto the citie vnlesse they would bee betwixt two enemies subiect to the great and ordinarie sallies of either of them especially of the Moores who ouerrunning the countrie which was well knowne to them might hinder the victuals surprise them that went to forrage seeking aboue all things water which is rare in that countrie and take from them the commoditie of the sea if they had gone farre and left this fort standing and so had ruined the imperiall armie Whilest they are busie at this worke and about fiue weekes after the emperours arriuall Muley Hascen creepes out of his holes and comes vnto the campe hauing had a good conuoye sent vnto him with two hundred horse or there abouts Moores ill attyred and ragged mounted vpon geldings or mares peasantlie clownes Hauing saluted the emperour and kindly receiued by him they conferred long together by truchmen but they soone discouered that this Prince had neither friends nor meanes although hee vaunted that hee had left not farre from thence sixteene thousand horse Alarabes and eight hundred camels laden with victuals and refreshings of the which they neuer saw head nor taile assuring impudently that hee had great intelligences within the Towne with the chiefe inhabitants who notwithstanding neuer made any signe that they would fauour him Thus the winde carried away all the goodly promises which his embassador had made in Spaine to the emperour for he kept not any one were it through inconstancy or impossibilitie Notwithstanding the emperor continued constant in his resolution to chase away Barberousse and to restore this exiled king to the possession of his realme for he had made no accompt to be assisted by the Moores and had beene drawne vnto this enterprise more for his owne priuate interest then for any other consideration and therefore he was come well prouided Notwithstanding all the attempts of the Barbarians Goulette was battered by land with forty peeces of ordnance planted in two batteries and by sea with aboue 200 for the galleys being put into squadrons whilest that one approached to discharge the other retired to charge their peeces and so they continued from the break of day vntill noone whilest that the two batteries at land thundred continually The which did so ruine the tower as the greatest part of it falling it couered or made most of the ordnance within it vnprofitable The ruines of the
be called the East The East part of Spaine yet all this passage of the Pyrenee mountaines turnes much towards the North and is subject to that wind which the Italians call Gree and by our mariners Northeast From Cap de Crux or Venus Temple along the Mediterranean sea and passing by the strait into the Atlanticke Ocean vnto the holy Promontorie or Cap S. Vincent is the South part of Spaine the which notwithstanding turning towards the East is for the most part subject to the wind which the Italians call Siroco The South coast of Spaine and we Southeast and contains about 275 leagues that is 202 leagues to Gibaltar and 73 leagues from thence to Cap S. Vincent the which are distinctly measured after this manner From Cap Crux to Barcelone 30 Leagues From thence to Tarracone 16 L. From Tarracone to Valence by the mouth of the riuer of Ebro and Tortosa 30 L. From Valence to Denia 17 L. From Denia to Alicant 18 L. From thence to Carthagena 17 L. From Carthagena to Vera 18 Leagues From Vera to Almerie 13 L. From Almerie to Malaga 20 L. From Malaga to Gibaltar 23 L. From Gibaltar by the strait to Calis 20 L. From Calis to the mouth of Guadiana 26 L. From thence to Cap S. Vincent 27 L. All which together are 275 Leagues The West part of Spaine is directly towards the Equinoctiall West part of Spaine and containes 126 leagues or thereabouts along the Ocean sea from Cap S. Vincent vnto that which the Ancients called Nereum and we Finis terrae whereof the distances are these From Cap S. Vincent to the mouth of Tagus or Tayo 38 Leagues From thence to the riuer of Munda 25 L. From Munda to Duero a riuer and where it fals into the sea 25 L. From thence to Ponteuedra 19 L. From Ponteuedra to Cap Finis terrae 18 L. All which together make 125 Leagues whereof there are about 100 of the jurisdiction of Portugall From Cap Finis terrae vnto the Promontorie Easo neere vnto which is Bayonne a frontier towne of Fraunce against Spaine The North part of Spaine is the North part thereof running some seuen score Leagues along the Ocean sometimes called Britannicum For From Cap Finis terrae vnto Ninerio or S. Marthe they number 40 Leagues From thence to Hianeo or Cap Stationes 30 L. From thence to S. Ander 30 L. From S. Ander to the last bounds of the Pyrenees 40 L. All which makes 140 Leagues All the circuit then of Spaine shall be of 620 Leagues counting foure Italian myles to a League The circuit of all Spaine that is 80 Leagues by land and 540 by sea sailing round about it where it is washt with the two seas which makes it almost an Island We are not ignorant that in old times was comprehended vnder the jurisdiction of Spaine on the one side the Prouince of Gaule Narbonoise which is now called Languedocke and on the other side a portion of Mauritania in Africa Prouinces out of Spaine vnder the iurisdiction thereof beyond the strait as well in the times of the Romane Emperours as of the Gothes but for that it was an accessorie onely for a time and vpon extraordinarie occasions and that it is most certaine that these people are by nature excluded out of the limits of Spaine and haue alwaies had diuers humors and manners to the Spaniards wee will containe our selues within the compasse which wee haue described and measured in the whole course of this Historie and if we be forced to goe out of it wee will hold our selues there as strangers Hauing turned round about Spaine let vs now come into the heart of it and before we speake of the particular Prouinces let vs see what mountaines and riuers are famous in the whole country the better to distinguish euery nation both auncient and moderne The Pyrenees which haue taken their name either of the great fire whereof mention hath bin made for Pyr in Greeke is fire or from the ordinarie lightening which fals vpon the tops of the hils Pyreneâ—s why so called or else if we will receiue fables of the nymph Pyrene daughter to Bebrix whom Hercules did get with child as he passed that way extend their greatest masse from Venus Temple or Cap Crux vnto Bayonne that is to say from the one vnto the other sea stretching farre into Spaine where they doe hold a great part of the countrey which lyes betwixt them and the riuer of Ebro casting moreouer many braunches along and crosse this Region from whence doe fall many riuers and small streames the which some haue numbred to be 150 meriting the names of riuers The front of these mountaines which stretch vnto the Ocean neere vnto Bayonne bending in that part runs along the Cantabrians Asturians Gallicia vnto the last Westerne limits extending it selfe far into the country and making almost halfe Spaine crooked and hilly whereas the riuer of Duero doth passe and further These hils were heretofore called Cantabres and Vindius and since they took diuers names which were giuen them by the people which dwell thereabouts and in the vallies thereof At this present they be the mountains of Biscay Nauarre Sentillana the mountains of Oca Asturia and Gallicia Out of them doth flow the riuer Ebro The spring of the riuer Ebro in old time Iberus neere vnto a place which they call Fuent Ibre hauing run a little towards the East she turneth her course to the South by the ancient country of the Autrigones The course of Ebro Vardules Vascons Ilergetes Edetanes and Ilercaones the which are in our time the Nauarrois Arragonois and Cattelaunians and hauing run aboue 120 leagues through the country The spring of the riuer Duero it fals into the Mediterranean sea beneath Tortose Duero doth also take her beginning in these mountains a great riuer and the auncient limit betwixt Portugall and Tarraconese two of the principall Prouinces of Spaine neere vnto a Bourg called Aquilar not farre from Soria bending in the beginning towards the South but afterwards she takes her course to the West Ocean into the which it dischargeth it selfe neere vnto the towne of Porto Galego hauing run about 120 leagues by the Areuaces and betwixt the vallies of the Galliques and Lusitanians which in our time are those of Castille the old Leon and Portugal towards the North. Into it fals the riuer Auia Auia vpon the banks whereof they say that no tree that is pricking will grow although that all the countrey thereabouts is full of Pomgranets Oranges Cytrons and such like the which it hath common with another riuer in Galicia called Aleste From the same Pyrenees Mountaine of Idubeda as from a common stemme parts the mountain called in old time Idubeda or Iubalda the which thrusts forth into two other branches the which diuides Spain from the East vnto the West and passing by diuers people gets
vnto the farthest bounds of Africke and into the prouinces of Europe which lay neere vnto it Spain which was not without vices and defects in the chief members therof being suddenly inuaded ouerrun by this nation being euer an enemie to peace and good gouernment was dismembred diuided again into diuers principalities the names wherof we retaine vnto this day that is Ouiedo and Leon Nauarre Arragon Cattelogne Valence Murcia Granado Tolledo Castillia Gallicia and Portugal which for the most part had distinct titles of kingdomes some being held by the Moores and others defended by the Gothes and them of the countrey Of euerie of which kingdomes we meane to make mention in this historie and to continue it with the helpe of God vntill that all Spaine was reduced vnder the command of one king although it hold still the former diuisions and their limits as they were set downe in the time of the Arabians and Moores For Cattelogne Cattelogne and his limits which comprehends the auntient Indigetes Castellans Leetanes and Acetanes runnes along the Mediterranean shore from Cap de Crux vnto Alfaques to the mountaine of Moncia and S. Peters fountaine where there is a little brooke called Cinia which makes the limits Hauing past this riuer the Bourg of Vimero is the beginning of Valence which holds on to Alicante Valence and in this realme in old time were comprehended the Edetanes Ilercaones and Contestanes Then they enter vpon the borders of Murcia and Carthagene Murcia Carthagena which extend as farre as Almerie by the Contestanes Bastitanes and some part of the Bastules From Gibaltar to the mouth of Guadiana Andelusia are the bankes of Andelouzia which some say was so called for that it is before Lusitania as if they would say Anteâ—Lusitania Others deriue the name from the Vandales which haue held it and cal it Vandalusia There did the Turditanes and a part of the Celtique people dwell After which they enter into Portugall Portugal which runs on vnto the riuer Minio where it fals into the sea the auntient limits of the Lusitanians and of the Gallique Brecaires This realme according to the suruey which king Sebastian caused to bee made in our time containes 260 leagues in circuit whereof there is an hundred and twentie towards the sea and an hundred and fortie to the land Gallicia follows from Minio Gallicia Bagone and Ponteuedra vnto Ribadeo they were in old time the Lucenses Then they come to the Asturians of Ouiedo Asturie and Ouiedo from Castropol to Llames from Llames to Castro Deordiales are the bankes of the Asturians of Sentillana These people alone haue retained their auntient name After which followes the coast of Biscaie where is Portugalette and Bilbao and stretcheth vnto Ondarroa Then they come to Guipuscoa at Montrico which ends at Fontarabie These were antient Cantabrians and part Autrigones Caristians Vardules and Vascons vpon the sea Nauarre lyes for the most part vpon the sides and vallies of the Pyrenes Nauarre which enter into the countrey of Spaine by Romseual by the valley of Salesar and the valley Roncal vnto Hisana which is the limit of Arragon and passeth vnto Logrogno where it confines with Castillia the old It was the countrey of the Vascons Vardules Caristians and other their neighbours Arragon of a small beginning hath imbraced part of the Vascons and Ilergetes Arragon on this side Ebro and on the other side a part of the Celtiberians country And it was determined in the time of king Iaques the first from the riuer Cinga at Farisa and of S. Christine to the top of the Pyrenees at Aluentosa Leon was in old time part of Asturia Leon. Castillia the old and new Castillia comprehended all the middle countries of Spaine betwixt the nations aboue named As for the passage of the Pyrenees if these hills went in a direct line the passage would bee short betwixt the two seas for they say that both the one and the other may be easily seene in a cleere day from the tops of some of them yea from that of S. Adrian Spaine is then both in generall and in particular as we haue described it and if we consider well the situation of this region Spaine rampared vp by nature we may rightly say that it is rampared and defended by nature against all the attempts and enterprises of strangers as much as any countrey in the world being compassed in with the daungerous gulfes of the two seas and walled vp behind with the hard passages of the Pyrenee mountaines being moreouer of a temperat and wholesome ayre Spaine a temporat ayre and hauing a soyle fit to nourish all things For there are neither violent winds nor thicke foggie vapours nor any insupportable heat of the Sunne but the aire is sweet and calme being continually refresht with the North and Westerne winds which come from the sea 14 Of the fertilitie of Spaine Fertilitie of Spaine and the great diuersitie of good things which it produceth the auntients haue left vs ample and true testimonies whereof the most autentique are That the Romanes hauing made warre in the heart thereof both against the Carthaginians and them of the countrey for aboue two hundred yeares it did in a manner continually feed these great armies on either side with that which it did bring forth and did not onely supplie them with victuals but also with treasure to entertaine their souldiours and to satisfie the greedie desire and couetousnesse of their commaunders and captaines and moreouer hath filled their treasuries full of spoiles both at Rome and Carthage as shall appeare by the particularities in the progresse of the Historie It was Spaine which gaue courage to the Carthaginians to attempt those high enterprises which wee read of them and did furnish them with meanes to entertaine so many mercinarie souldiours wherewith for so many yeares they did trouble and annoy the Romane empire and other nations without cost or daunger to their owne citizens who in all these wars did hunt after nothing but honour and profit to the prejudice of Spaine and with the bloud of other people Wee haue before made some mention how rich it was in mynes of gold Riches of Spaine siluer and all other kinds of mettall let vs now say boldly that nature had heapt vp mountaines of treasure there and that the auntients did rightly say in tearmes befitting their Idolatrie That Pluto dwelt vnder the couering of this earth the which was the cause of infinit calamities to the Spaniards For these greedie robbers came from all parts being drawne thither with the desire of gaine so as the best aduised were forced to forbid the vse of gold and siluer among them by an expresse law Among others the Betique prouince which now hath the name of Andalusia Granado and thereabouts was exceeding rich of mines of gold and siluer and yet the soyle was verie fertile
he tooke from the enemie but most of all by his onely authoritie and the reuerence of his name so long as he continued the warres in Italie which was 16 yeares 6 Whilest that the Consul P. Scipio attended him at the entrie of Italie Cn. Scipio sent into Spaine at the foot of the mountaines Cn. Scipio his brother sent by him into Spaine parted from the mouth of Rosne with a good number of gallies and other vessels well manned with souldiours and coasting along the Gaulish shore he came to Empurias without any encounter where hauing landed he gouerned himselfe so discreetly in all his enterprises and with so great humanitie towards the Spaniards as in a short time hee reduced to the deuotion of the Romanes those which had beene drawne away either by force or feare He wins the Spaniards by mildnesse assured himselfe of the old allies and got new not onely among the people which lay neere vnto the sea but also of those which dwelt farre into the countrey and euen of the mountainers although they were very rude and barbarous wherewith he encreased his armie and had willingly from them without any constraint victuals and all other necessaries Hanno appointed Gouernor of the countrey on this side Ebro for the Carthaginians went to field to make head against the Romans whilest that Asdrubal Gouernour generall of the Prouince made hast to joyne with him with a great armie Hanno defeated by Scipio But Scipio went speedily to charge Hanno and did easily defeat him where he slew 6000 of his souldiors tooke 2000 forced his campe and not onely spoyled the baggage of his armie but also that which Hannibal had appointed for Italie wherewith Scipios souldiors were made rich In the meane time Asdrubal arriues hauing had no certaine intelligence of the defeat of Hanno whereof being aduertised he marched towards the sea where he found many Romane souldiours and mariners stragling after some spoyle of whom he slew many giuing them a worthie reward of their negligence the which happened neere vnto Tarracone yet hee made no long abode there but presently repassed the riuer of Ebro Scipio hauing rested his armie foure dayes resolued to pursue him but he would first assure himselfe of Tarracone the which was not very well furnished The Spaniard inconstant Asdrubal seeing him retire aduanced againe and did sollicite the Ilergetes to rebell who notwithstanding had giuen hostages to the Romanes making them to spoyle some of their allies countrey whereupon Scipio went to field and Asdrubal retyred Scipio meaning to punish these Ilergetes besieged Athanasia their chiefe towne and forced them to redeeme themselues with mony and to giue new hostages then he went to the Ausetanians allied to the Carthaginians neere vnto the riuer of Ebro whom he besieged and defeated the Lacetanes who came to succour them whereof there remained 12000 vpon the place and the rest were dispersed returning disarmed to their houses This siege continued 30 daies in the heart of winter the snow being almost foure foot deepe wherewith their engines of batterie were in a manner couered the which did preserue them from the fire which was cast by the enemie In the end Amusite their captaine hauing abandoned them and being retyred to Asdrubal the towne yeelded to Scipio redeeming it selfe from spoyle for 20 talents amounting to 12000 French crownes from whence Scipio led his armie backe to Tarracone The second yeare of the second Punicke warre Asdrubal Generall of the Carthaginians resolued to charge the enemie wheresoeuer he should encounter him either by sea or land hauing armed out thirtie gallies which Hannibal had left him and tenne others which he had of all which he gaue the charge to Himilcon commaunding him to sayle along the coast in view of his land armie with the which he parted from Carthagene keeping still neere the shoare whereof Scipio being aduertised he resolued also to fight with Asdrubal if any opportunitie were offered Yet hauing intelligence that he had beene reenforced with some fresh troupes he resolued not to hazard a battaile by land but to set vpon them at sea Hauing to that end embarked the flower of his armie hee parted from Tarracone with fiue and thirtie ships of warre and came within foure or fiue leagues of the mouth of the riuer of Ebro there he was aduertised by two galliots of Marseilles that the enemies gallies were at anchor in the mouth of the riuer and their land armie camped neere vnto them wherefore Scipio desiring to surprize them commaunded his gallies to set forward making great speed towards them Spaine had then many watch-towers vpon the coast set vpon high hils for the safetie of passengers against pyrats The Roman army was discouered by them and an alarme giuen to the Carthaginians being sooner discouered by the army at land than by the gallies Asdrubal dispatching many horsemen gaue charge That euery one should retire presently to his gally and prepare to fight for the enemie had bin discouered Most of the souldiors and marriners were at land dispersed here and there in the tents and villages making good cheere with their companions fearing nothing lesse than the comming of the Romans that day who were hidden by the high clyffes which run into the sea for that they could neither heare the beating of their oares nor any noise of their fleet And as all was full of disorder and tumult among the Carthaginians Asdrubal put his armie in battaile neere vnto his fleet whilest the rest embarked who ran without order or discipline as if they had bin chased from the land and would haue saued themselues in the sea The confusion was so great that hindering one another the souldiors could not vse their armes nor the marriners launch out nor doe their duties so as they were forced to cut their cables and doing all things in hast they were defeated more by their owne disorder than by the Romanes who aduancing tooke two gallies at their first joyning and sunke foure The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Cn. Scipio the rest of the Carthaginian fleet being dispersed and not able to hold together they ran aground willingly so as the men saued themselues and fled to their army which stood in battaile who being spectators of this combat saw their gallies pursued and taken carying all away that were not run on ground or broken vpon the coast so as the Romans drew 25 out with them to sea This victorie did not only disarme the Carthaginians of their sea forces but also made them forsake all that coast Wherfore the Romans being landed at Onusta or Honosca became masters thereof without any resistance spoyling the countrey vnto the gates of new Carthage whereas they burnt the suburbes Returning from thence laden with spoyle to Longuntica which at this present is Guardamar they found-great store of a kind of broome wherwith they did vse to make cables for ships the which Asdrubal had caused to be
reason of the fort and the obstinate defence of the garrison The same yeere the preuiledges of Nobility with all exemptions were confirmed to them of the valley of Roncal as a testimony that they had beene alwaies valiant and faithfull to their Kings In the yeere 1091. hee forced Abderramen the Moore King of Huesca to pay him tribut An. 1091. he sent succors to his cousin D. Alphonso of Castille in the warre which hee made vpon the marches of Toledo and hauing a deseigne to besiege Sarragossa in time hee beganne a fort neere to the riuer of Ebro fiue leagues from Sarragosse the which he called Castellar Fâ—rt of Castillar buill he wonne afterwards from the Moores Olalla Almenara and Naual and he peopled Luna from whence is descended the family of Luna and to coope vp the King of Huesca hee fortefied the castles of Marcuello Loarre and Algueçar vpon the Marches of Sobrarbre and subiected all that is betwixt it and Montarragon within a league of Huesca wherefore King Abderramen seeing himselfe restrained daily more and more hee had recourse vnto D. Alphonso King of Castille offring to pay him a greater tribute then he did to him of Nauarre if hee would take him into his protection whereunto D. Alphonso gaue eare beeing glad to make himselfe great by what meanes soeuer of such power is ambition in the hearts of men who sparing not the King D. Sancho his cousin he had wrested from him the Siegneury of Guipulcoa which had euer beene vnited to the crowne of Nauarre and had made Earle and Gouernor in his name D. Lopes Dias of Haro Lord of Biscay This manner of proceeding did much displease D. Sancho Ramires who for this cause hauing sent some troupes of soldiers to the fronters of Alaua to entertaine the Castillans he went to the siege of Huesca being resolued to take it at what price soeuer hee was accompanied by his sonnes D. Pedro King of Sobrarbre and D. Alphonso with the forces of Nauatre and Arragon but as he proceeded in this seege with to great vehemency it happened that going to vew the weakest places with his captaines he was shot with a Moorish arrow vnder the arme hole as he lifted vp his arme D. Sancho Ramires King of Arragon slaine at the siâ—ge of Hâ—esca to shew some one that was neere him a place where he thought fit to make his battery The blow was mortall the which D. Sancho feeling he retired to his tent dissembling his paine as much as hee could being there hee caused D. Pedro and D. Alphonso his children to sweare not to depart from the siege vntill they had taken the towne and soone after hee died as they drew the arrowe out of the wound Hee was a valiant Prince and had happely inlarged his dominions by conquests against the Moores but his neighbors Christians were not very faithfull euen D. Alphonso King of Castille Hee loued iustice and Gouernment the towne of Estella was begunne by him the which at this day is one of the three cities of Nauarre and the second in dignity He affected religion much according to the practise of that age for besides many donations made by him to churches and monasteries and the re-edyfying of them that were ruined hee made D. Ramir his youngest sonne a religious man of the order of Saint Benet in the monastery of Saint Ponce of Tomerres D. Pedro his eldest sonne succeeded him in the realme of Nauarre and Arragon in the yeere of our Lord 1094. about this time many monasteries of France obtained exemption from the iurisdiction of Bishops the Monkes beting desirous to enioy greater liberty their Abbors to adorne themselues with crosses and miters like Bishops About that time D. Therefa An. 1094. Portugal eountesse of Portugal had a sonne by Henry of Lorraine or of Besançon at a place called Guymaranes his name was D. Alphonso as the King his grand-father by the mothers side and by surname Henriques who was first King of Portugal and that stemme of all the Kings which haue held that Kingdome vnto this day whose birth is strangly written by the Spanish authors saying that hee had his feete ioyned together behinde the which were set at liberty the fift yeere of his age by the praiers and vowes of his parents in remembrance whereof Cont Henry and his wife finished a church begunne long before at Carquere neere vnto the riuer of Duero dedicated vnto the Virgin Mary the which at this day is a receptacle for lesuites within two leagues of Lamego The first lands which lie betwixt Duero and Minio Porto Braga and Guymaranes and then Coimbra Visco and Lamego with the iurisdiction of Vera. It is to be presumed that he was a wise and valiant Knight and of a great house seeing that D. Alphonso gaue him his daughter in marriage with so great a dowry and that hee did so confidently commit vnto him the fronter of his realmes on that side There is nothing written certaine of his father and mother but that being of the house of the Dukes of Lorraine and Nephew to the Earls of Tolouse we may hold him to be descended from the house of France and moreouer nobly allied to the families of Germany Besides the Prince D. Alphonso Henriques hee had two daughters by D. Theresa his wife D. Theresa Henriques who was married to D. Fernand Paez of Transtamara and D. Sancha Henriques who maried D. Fernand Mendes To returne to the King D. Alphonso Moores and to this new warre which he had against the forces of Affrike beeing ioyned vnto the Moores of Spaine the which hee himselfe had drawne vpon him D. Roderigo Diaz de Binar called Cid hauing the gard of Toledo and of al that fronter finding himselfe somewhat eased by the departure of King Ioseph Aben-Tefin who was returned into Affrike he propounded to attempt Sarragosse from the seege whereof D. Alphonso had beene diuerted by the comming of the Moores Almoranides He chose a fit occasion for the Sarragossans their King Ioseph Aben-Hut being terrified with the forts which the King of Nauarre had built about them Cid Ruis Dliax receiued into Sarragosse as Protector by the which they did see themselues daily restrained anoied they did willingly receiue Cid as their protector King Aben-Hut was an enemy to the King of Valencia and so was the King of Denia either of them seeking to seize vpon his Estate but Cid carried himselfe so wisely as hee preserued the realm for King Hiaja who was a friend to the King of Castille his Lord hee repulst the King of Denia and forced the Earle of Parcelone who at the perswasion of the King of Sarragosse had beseeged Valence to retire notwithstanding the Earl hauing receiued great somes of money from the King of Denia to support him against Cid continuing to forrage and spoile the country of Valence he was vanquished by Cid in an incouÌ„ter to whom afterwards he became
Historie That a certaine Gentleman called D. Fernand in Gallicia hauing taken away a poore labourers goods for which wrong he could haue no iustice from the ordinatie Magistrate of the country so as he came to the Emperor beeing at Toledo where hauing watched his oportunitie he cast himselfe at his feet making knowne vnto him the violence which had beene done him by D. Fernand and demanded Iustice The Emperour did not disdaine this poore man but beeing duly informed of the fact he sent vnto the Gouernour and Merino Maior of Gallicia commanding them to cause restitution to be made presently vnto the Labourer of all that he should find had beene taken from him but the Gentleman would not obey any commaund neither durst the Iudge force him either fearing to displease him or else wanting meanes to constraine him whereof the Emperor beeing aduertised hee parted from Toledo to come into Gallicia where hauing made diligent inquirie of D. Fernands fact and of his disobedience and contumacie he caused his house to be enuironed where being taken he commanded he should be hanged before his owne gate for a warning to others to liue vprightly and in peace with their neighbors not to contemne Iustice nor their Prince A noble act and worthie imitation He had raigned king and emperour 35. yeares his bodie was carried to Toledo and interted in the royall chappell of that Church His Estates were diuided after his death as hath beene sayd betwixt his two sons D. Sancho and D. Fernand. D. Sancho the sixth King of Castile 20 THe Realmes of Castile Toledo Castile and Leon diuided were then dis-united from Leon and Galicia in the yeare 1157. D. Sancho being aduertised of his fathers death he parted suddenly from Baeça and came to Toledo to his funerall A Prince who did nothing degenerate from the vertues of his Ancestors yea did rather exceed them but he raigned little D. Fernand the 28. King of Leon. 21 HIs brother D. Fernand Leon. neither attending his comming nor the performance of his funerals departed presently and went to take possession of his Kingdomes of Leon and Galicia according to the fathers will which diuision was a great cause of ciuill warres to the preiudice and dishonour of the Christians name in Spaine wherefore great Monarkes should be warned by these examples which are ordinarie in Histories neuer to dismember their Monarchies but to employ all their spirits and wisedome to continue it still vnited although they leaue many children leauing the Soueraigne authoritie ouer the rest vnto him whom the lawes and customes do call D. Fernand beeing receiued and setled in his Realmes of Leon and Galicia Nauarre hee began to intreate his Nobilitie ill among others he dispossest one of the chiefse knights of Leon called D. Pedro Ponce de Minerua of his lands and goods who for this cause came into Castile to beseech the King D. Sancho to mediate his restitution and to bring him againe into fauour with the king his brother But it falling out at that time that Don Sancho the wise king of Nauarre beeing aduertised of the death of the Emperour D. Alphonso had made certaine roades into Castile almost vnto Burgos for that D. Sancho had alwaies signed the Leagues which the Earle of Barcelone had made against his father and him with the Emperour D. Alphonso and moreouer detayned from him Nagera and the lands vpon the riuer of Oja this knight was entertained by the king of Castile who imployed him in this warre of Nautuarre and made him head of an armie which he sent vnto the fronters by the riuers of Oja which hauing incountred that of Nauarre neere to Bagnares they came to battaile in the fields of Valpierre neere to S. Assentâ—o In the Nauarrois Armie D. Lope Dias de Haro Earle of Biscay led the foreward Count Ladron of Gueuara had charge of the rereward with the Earle D. Sancho of Larrinacar Inigo Ramires d' Aiuar with other and the king the battaile On the other side the Earle D. Pedro Ponce had ordered his men as well and were more in number wherefore comming to fight although in the beginning the Nauarrois seemed to haue the better yet were they defeated and forced to saue themselues in the next forts The king D. Sancho had this route for that he was too hastie to fight and would not attend the succours of horse and foote which came out of France which beeing arriued and desirous to wipe out this blemish and infamie they charged the Castillans which gaue them battaile againe in the same fields of Valpierre and defeated them These things are written in some Histories Battell of Valpierre but not allowed nor credited by other Spanish Authors for that they insert some things which haue small probabilitie and others that are meere fictions Whereas they say that Don Pedro Ponce de Minerua vsed a strange liberalitie to prisoners both Nauarrois and French setting them all free without any ransome which is not probable and they also affirme that D. Sancho king of Nauarre dyed in the first battayle the which is reprooued by other Authors and by the letters and titles which are yet extant witnessing that he liued aboue 37. yeares after by these reasons whatsoeuer is written of these two victories may iustly bee suspected That which is written of the Earle Don Raymond Berenger Arragon Prince and Gouernour of Arragon is more authenticke that burning with desire to haue the Realme of Nauarre he did solicite D. Sancho King of Castile to declare himselfe with him and that they two ioyning their forces together should set vpon the King of Nauarre and that in the yeare 1158. D. Raymond came againe into Castile accompanied with a great number of Prelates and Knights to renue their League yet without any effect for Castile for this assembly and enterview past not without great contention for that Don Raymond Berenger refused to do homage vnto the King of Castille for the townes of Sarragossa and Calatajub but in the end he was forced to acknowledge himselfe his vassall in that regard with a bond to come to Court and to assist at the coronation of the Kings of Castile Castile to carrie the royall sword before them at those ceremonies As for the Earle D. Pedro Ponce de Minerua and other Noblemen which were in the like perplexitie the best Spanish Authors say that the king D. Sancho tooke the panies to goe himselfe in person with them into Leon to reconcile them to the King D. Fernand his brother who came in a peacefull manner to meete him as farre as Sahagun receiued him honorably with great shewes of loue and restored these Noblemen to their goods and honours yea he augmented them by his bountie in fauour of the King D. Sancho to whom he carried so great honour and respect as he offered to acknowledge to hold of him as his vassall his Realmes of Leon and Galicia the which D.
the other This was the practise of those kings when they had a desire to change their wiues either for their pleasures or for some other aduancements the Pope interposing himselfe dispencing binding or dissoluing at his will and pleasure by the authoritie of the Romish Sea The second daughter of D. Sancho king of Portugal and of D. Aldoncia was Donna Malfada Queene of Castile a Lady of rare beauty whom D. Henry of Castile married but Pope Innocent the 3. dissolued this marriage within few daies by the solicitation of D. Berenguela sister to this king of Castile who in disdaine that Don Aluaro de Lara had concluded it without her priuitie informed the Pope of their neere allyance that was betwixt them and perswaded him to separate them but this Princesse being thus reiected retired in great disdaine into Portugal where she liued the rest of her daies in the Monasterie of Ronca built by her The third daughter was Donna Sancha a Nunne in the Monasterie of Saint Francis of Alanguer built by her The fourth Donna Blanche Lady of Guadalacaria in Castile and the fifth and last was D. Berenguela who was not maried but did accompany her eldest sister Donna Theresa when as she retired to the Monastery of Lorban This King D. Sancho had familiarity with two Gentlewomen after the death of his wife the first was called Donna Maria Aires of Fornello by whom hee had one daughter called Donna Vrraca and D. Martin Sanches of Portugall who was Gouernor of the fronter of Portugall and a great fauourite to Don Alphonso king of Leon his brother-in-law he married Donna Olalla Peres daughter to the Earle D. Pero Fernandes de Castro Don Sancho did marrie this Gentlewoman his friend to knight called D. Gil Vasquez de Sonça and tooke a second friend whose name was Donna Maria Peres de Ribera whom he loued much and by her had Donna Theresa Sanches who was wife to Don Alphonso Tellez founder of the towne of Albuquerque and had also one sonne called D. Ruy Sancho of Portugall and another daughter Donna Constance Sanches who built the Monasterie of Saint Francis at Coimbrâ— D. Ruy Sancho was slaine in a battaile neere vnto Porto so as the king D. Sancho had in all fifteene children nine lawfull and sixe Banards whereof there were seuen sonnes and eight daughters After the decease of his father hauing raigned abour foure yeares when as they began to treat of a League against the King of Castile whereof we haue made mention certaine English and French ships beeing arriued at Lisbone with many Knights and souldiers which went to the holy Land by the Streight of Gibraltar beeing stayed there by soule weather hee made vse of this occasion and intreated these passengers to assist him at the siege of Silues in the countrie of Algarbe and about the same time there arriued eighteen other ships of war which his brother-in-law Philip Earle of Flanders sent him with which forces hee tooke Sylues and did great harme vnto the Moores of that countrie It was at that time when the Emperour Frederick Barbarossa king Philip Augustus of France and Richard king of England called Corde-Lyon made their voyage into the East that this towne of Silues was taken from the Moores by the helpe of these strangers This King Don Sancho built more townes and peopled more countries then any of the kings of Portugall whereby he purchased the name of Poblador which is as much to say as Builder or peopler of Townes Valencia of Minio Torres-nouas Monte-Maior the new Batellas Penamaçor Sortella Penella Figueira Couillana Folgacino and Montemor were his works with many other places part of the which hee gaue to the Orders of Saint Iames and Auis which began in his time in Portguall to Saint Iames hee gaue Alcacar de Sal Pamela and Almada and to that of Auis Valeillas Alcanebe Geromegna Alcantade and Alpedrin with the castell of Mafra He recouered Yelbes from the Moores which they had taken from Portugall 25 D. Alphonso king of Castille Castile against whom as wee haue sayd the other foure Christian Kings of Spaine had made a League had not yet beene much annoyed thereby in the yeare 1194. An. 1194. wherefore hee thought rather to vndertake some warre against the Moores then to defend himselfe against his neighbours of whom he made shew to haue so little feare as he would not leaue any thing which he had taken or that were in controuersie nay Fort of Nauarre betwixt Logrogno and Negera he built a towne betwixt Logrogno and Nagera the which he called Nauarret to the which he gaue many liberties and freedomes as appeares by his letters granted in an assembly at Carrion in the yeare 1095. Notwithstanding all this the Confederats did not stirre but Histories make mention that D. Sancho surnamed the Strong king of Nauarre who had newly succeeded his father Don Sancho the Wise beeing deceased the yeare before 1194. and he of Leon allyed themselues with the King of Castile for the warre which he intended against the Moores of Andalusia to beginne the which he sent for Chiefe and General of his armie D. Martin Arch-bishop of Toledo a Prelate much esteemed by the Historiographers of Spaine by reason of his great vertues honoured among others by Don Roderigo his successour who termes Don Martin Stole the Diademe of the Church his wisedome prouidence the peace of many his tongue the reformation of discipline his hands the releefe of the poore and his armes the persecution of Blasphemie with other such Spanish elegancies saying in the end that the Church was happie which had such a Pastor these are his very words This Arch-bishop finding armes the fittest meanes to propagate the faith of Christ made so furious an entry into Andalusia as he left horrible markes throughout the whole Prouince where he filled all with murther ruine fire and desolation and then returned triumphantly beeing laden with great and rich spoiles but this expedition beeing suddenly made against the Moores did afterwards bring more miserie and dishonor to the King and his Estate then it had done profit or honor vnto the Bishop who had shewed more rage and fury then valour reason or warlike discipline 26 The Arch-bishops exploit did so incense Aben Ioseph King of the Arabians Moores beeing sollicited by the Moores of Spaine as hauing with great speed leuied a mighty armie of Affricane Arabians yea out of the regions neerest vnto the Negros hee passed the Sâ—eight and came into Andalusia where he ioyned with the Moores of Spaine and marched beyond the mountaine which they call Sierra Morena against the Christians King Don Alphonso the Noble beeing aduertised of this great preparation was come to lodge at Alarcos a fort at that time by reason of the situation of great Importance whether all his vassalls and men of warre of Toledo Extremadura and Castile came where hee also attended supplies from Nauarre and Leon. The Moores
After him Gençalo Peres Lord of Molina did rebel beeing mooued therevnto by D. Gonçalo Nugnes de Lara who beganne to ouerrunne and spoile those parts which lay neere his houses like an enemy not ceasing for any admonitions or threats made vnto him in the Kings name vntill that hee was forced to goe and besiege him in Molina notwithstanding by the means of D. Berenguela the Queene mother hee was restored to the Kings fauor and the souldiers were drawne from before Molina But D. Gonçalo Nugnes de Lara who for feare of punishment was retired into the Moores country demanding pardon also could not obtaine it wherefore hee liued the remainder of his daies which were but short at Baeça in Andalusia where hee died miserably as his brethren D. Aluaro and D. Fernand had done worthy in truth of great punishments for their rash and seditious enterprises beeing greater and more eminent then all the other Noblemen of the realme The King beeing freed from this care and the realme in some quiet D. Maurice Bishop of Burgos an English man borne beganne in the yeere of our Lord 1222. to set his hand to the building of the great church of that city An. 1222 according to the fashion wee see it at this day the which was finished in his time The Episcopal seat was before at Saint Laurence The Archbiship D. Roderigo caused them also this yeere to worke about the building of the chiefe Church of Talauera the which was indowed with foure dignities and twelue Chanoiâ—s and at the same time the Churches of Vailledolit and Osma were built by a Bishop of Osma who had beene Secretary to the King D. Fernand. The church of Padron the Bishops lodging and the bridge which is vpon Minio were also then built by the care and charge of D. Laurence Bishop of that place It was also about the beginning of this yeere 1222. that D. Ramir Infant of Nauarre Nauarre brother the King D. Sancho the retired was made Bishop of Pampelone of whose charity Authors write with admiration that hee gaue all he had vnto the poore and the more his riches did abound the more he gaue In all the time after the marriage of the King D. Iames Arragoâ—â— and D. Elenor of Castille vnto the yeere 1228. when as the warre of Majorca was attempted the realme of Arragon was troubled with continual seditions procured by the Infant D. Fernand the Kings vncle beeing exceeding ambitious who hauing entred into League with D. Nugno of Arragon his cousin sonne to D. Sancho Earle of Rosillon D. William of Moncada a little before enemies but now growne friends vpon this occasion Pedro d' Ahones and others tooke vpon him againe the Regency of the realme by force in the yeere 1223. and distributed amongst his fauourers and confederats the chiefe dignities of the realme holding the King and Queene in his power but a while after the King esçaped from Tortosa and retired to Hucâ—ra or Horta where hauing conferted with the Nobility hee raised an armie with the which hee entred the territories of the Moores of Valencia and Murcia beeing tired with ciuill tumults so as hee forced Azebut or Zeit King of Valencia to promise him tribut and in like manner him of Murcia which was the fiâ—th penny of their imposts In this warre many commaunders of the League intermedled contrarie to the Kings liking Amongst others D. Pedro d' Ahones discontented that the King had made a truce with the Moores sought to breake it and did often lead troupes of souldiars into the territory of Valencia spoyling all he found so as the King hauing often aduised and intreated him to conteine himselfe but in vaine hee commanded they should take him prisoner D. Pedro de Ahones 〈◊〉 but D. Pedro seeking to defend himselfe being pursued by the King and others was slaine by D. Sancho Martines de Luna with a lance the which did put all the townes of Arragon beeing already infected into open rebellion against the King who marched presently with his army into the countries of Sobrarbre and Ribagorça whereas the houses lands and subiects of D. Pedro were the which he wasted al he could The townes of Saragossa Huesca and all the rest except Calatajub followed the Infant D. Fernand and the Noblemen of his faction as defenders sayd they of the publike liberty the chiefe of the Saragossans was their Bishop D. Sancho d' Ahones brother to D. Pedro that was slaine On the other side the Kings army was led by D. Blasco Alagon and Artal de Luna who did much annoy them of Saragossa and others In the end the mildnesse patience and dissimulation of the King D. Iames surmounted al these alterations and mutinies who could so winne the Princes and Noblemen beeing much troubled to maintaine this warre as they all submitted themselues vnto him by whose example the townes were quiet yet the citties of Saragossa Huesca and Iacca made a league amonst themselues for the defence of their lands and iurisdictions against theeues and robbers and remainders of ciuil dissentions and erected a Magistrate holding a forme of Iustice like vnto that which they call Hermandades in Castille yet without any preiudice to the Kings royal preogatiue 13 In Castille whilest that the King D. Fernand was busie to suppresse his owne subiects and to dispose of the affaires of old Castille Moores the Inhabitants of Cuenca Huete Alarcon and Moja beeing gathered together made a roade into the territories of Valencia from whence they brought a great booty This was an aduice giuen by D. Berenguela the Queene mother and the prelates of Castille to the end they might breake the truce which was betwixt her sonne and the petty Kings of the Moores thinking it high time the King should goe to the warre and that it was the dutie of a Catholike Prince to pursue these infidels Fernand King of Castille eâ—â—ers Andalusia with what right soeuer Wherefore the King animated by this councel gathered his army together and marched into Andalusia where at his first entry Aben Mahomad King of Baeça made himselfe his vassal sending to meet the Christians army when it was at the passage of the mountaine called Puerto del Muradal Afterwards they came to Quesada whereas many Moores were slaine and many taken the townes of Lacra Teua and Palhes were abandoned by the Moores the castles of Esnader Escamel and Espulei were razed whereof the two last were yeelded by composition From thence D. Lope Dias de Haro was sent with D. Fernand Coci Maister of the Order of Saint Iames and D. Gonçal Tuannes maister of Calatraua to Biuoras whereas there were certaine bands of Arabians of Affrike whom they defeated bringing away many prisoners D. Roderigo Ximenes the Archbishop and Primat did accompany the King in this expedition who after these happy exploits returned to Toledo whereas the Queenes attended him In the meane time D. Iames King of Arragon Arragon being discontented
but sixe leagues from Seuile resolued to yeeld themselues to King Fernand supposing that if they did protract it any longer they were vndone The city being enuironed and al passages stopt so as there could no victuals enter they were daily in fight both by land and sea where the Moores were most annoyed and therefore they had a great desire to burne the nauy but they found good resistance Hee amongst the commanders which did most feats of armes was D. Pelayo Perez Correa maister of the Order of Saint Iames and of the Knights Garcia Perez de Vargas of Toledo Whilst they were busie about this siege of Seuile the Infant D. Alphonso of Castille was in the realme of Murcia where he sought to take the towne of Xatiua which is not farre from Valencia hauing already seized vpon Enguerra but the King D. Iaime his father in law crossed his conquests saying that the attempted vpon his right for that Xatiua and other neighbour places belonged vnto him according to the last lymitation And for that the Infant D. Alphonso did not retire his forces the King of Arragon tooke Villena and Saix in the country of Castille the which were held by the knights of Calatraua and from the Moores he tooke Capdetes and Burgarra places belonging to the conquest of Castille These differences being like to cause greater troubles some great personages interposed themselues procuring the father in law and the sonne to meet at Almizra where they reconciled them yet the King of Arragon shewed himselfe very strict against D. Alphonso refusing to giue him leaue to conquer Xatiua the which hee promised to hold in doury to his wife Yoland There they did assigne the lands which should belong to either Realme Conâ—â—nes of Mâ—rcia and Valence appointing for the fronter to Murcia against Valencia Almança Sarazul and the riuer Cabriuol and to Valencia Castralla Biar Saxona Alarch Finestrat Torres Polop La Meâ—le lez d' Aquas and Altea with their confines The mediators of this accord were the maister of Saint Iames the Prior of the Templers and D. Diego Lopes de Haro who returned with the Infant D. Alphonso of Castille and all their troupes to the campe before Seuile where the King of Granado arriued also wel accompanied and there were some succors sent from the King of Arragon at this siege there were great and dayly skyrmishes especially about a bridge of boates which was betwixt the city and the Bourg of Triana vpon the riuer of Guadaâ—quibir the which in the end was broken by the Christians hauing taken the oportunity of a great and violent winde in the which they let slippe two great boates the which came with such violence as they brake the bonds wherewith the bridge was tied the which did wonderfully amaze the Moores This great city was so straightly besieged as they began to want victuals and therefore doubting they should not be able to defend it long they demanded a composition the which was granted them vpon these conditions That the city should be deliuered vnto the King D. Fernand and that all the Moores that would should depart with their goods to whom there was left for a retreat the townes of Saint Lucar Aznalfarache and Niebla Seuile yeelded to King Fernand and for that they should haue time to depart the King nor his garrisons should not enter but a month after the making of this accord and in the mean time the fort or castle of the city should be deliuered vnto the King According to these Articles there went out of Seuile aboue a 100000. Moores of all ages and sexes which past into Affrike besides such as remained in Andalusia and Granado Thus the King D. Fernand got this goodly great city in the yeere 1248. hauing continued his siege sixteene monthes An. 1248. it was not commanded by any King but only by a Gouernor called Axataf The first thing the King did was to prouide for matters of religion He went in a â—ollemne procession to the great Mesguide the which was clensed and hallowed and a Masse song by D. Guttiere elect Archbishop of Toledo successor to D. Iohn deceased D. Raymond Lozana was chosen Archbishop of that church the king resoluing to enrich it with great reuenues like vnto the rest The greatest personages which were at this siege with the king D. Fernand were his children D. Alphonso D. Frederic and D. Henry D. Guttiere Archbishop of Toledo hee of Saint Iames called D. Iohn Arias D. Garcia Bishop of Cordoua D. Sancho bishop of Coria with other Prelats and Clergy men as D. Pelayo Peres Correa the foureteenthmaister of the Knights of Saint Iames D. Gonçalo Ybanes of Quintana the fifteenth maister of Calatraua the maister of the Alcantara the Priors of the Templers and of Saint Iohn with a great number of their Knights Of secular Noblemen there were D. Diego Lopes de Haro Lord of Biscay D. Pedro Nugnes de Gusman D. Gonçalo Gonçales of Galicia D. Pedro Ponce of Leon D. Ruy Gonçales Giron Artas Gonçales Quixada D. Alphonso Telles de Meneses D. Gomes Ruis de Mançanedo D. Roderigo Aluares of Toledo D. Roderigo Froles Fernand Yanes Ruy Gonçales first Alcayde or captaine of Carmona Garcia Peres de Vargas of Toledo D. Laurence Suarez and Diego Martines Adalid all these were in the Land army In that at sea was Rayâ—ond Boniface Admiral with many knights and Squiers of Biscay and Cuipuscoa with whom there ioyned many marriners and souldiers Basques from about Bayonne in France al that had done the King any seruice in this warre were rewarded according to their merits and callings much land and many houses were giuen to the Nobility wherein the Clergy was not forgotten And for that the city was vnpeopled the King inuited people from all parts with guifts preuiledges and great immunities so as it was soone full of inhabitants Soone after this prize the King sent part of his victorious army against some places of strength thereabouts the which were made subiect vnto him some by force and some by a voluntary composition as Medina Sidonia Alcala Bejel Alpechin Aznalfarache Arcos Lebrixa and others towards the sea By this conquest the King D. Fernand was free from all warre behinde the limits of his Prouince for hee ment to entertaine peace and friendship with King Mahomad of Granado who had alwaies carried himselfe faithfully towards him wherefore he began now to conceiue in his imagination the conquest of all Affrike and resolued to passe the Straights in the spring with a great army against Caid Arrax Miralmumin of Maroc Death of D. Fernand King of Castille but death preuented him in the city of Seuile newly conquered in the yeere 1252. hauing raigned in Castille about fiue and thirtie yeeres and in Leon one and twenty There were present at his death his sons D. Alphonso D. Frederic and D. Henry D. Alphonso Lord of Molina the deceased Kings brother and the Archbishop Raymond Hee
Granado and of the two forts of Malaga 23 D. Denis the first of that name the sixth king of Portugal 24 Ahominable league and other practises of the Infant D. Sancho of Castille to dispossesse his father 25 Enterprises of Castillans and Arragâ—nois against Nauarre 26 Homage forced by D. Pedro King of Arragon from his brother D. Iames for the Islands of Majorca and Minorca and other lands of his portion 27 Massacre of the French in Sicile called the Sicilian euensong D. Pedro king of Arragon vsurpes the Island from the house of Aniou and the warre which ensued 28 Conspiracy in Arragon called the vnion against the king D. Pedro for the defence of their preuiledges and the authority of the Magistrate called the Iustice Major of Arragon 29 Censures against the Infant D. Sancho of Castille and his rebellion against the Pope The fathers curse vpon him and his posterity not vaine the death of D. Alphonso thâ— wise Continuance of the royall houses of Spaine mentioned in this twelfth Booke CASTILLE 11. D. Alphonso 10. 30. LEON  NAVARRE 23. D. Thybaud 2. 24. D. Henry 1. 25. D. Ieanne and in respect of her Philip the faire PORTVGAL 5. D. Alphonso 3. 6. D. Denis 1. ARRAGON 9. D. Pedro. 3. D. Alphonso the eleuenth of that name the tenth King of Castille and thirty one of Leon. 1 THe Moores of Spaine were reduced to that extremity Castile as they did all obey the Kings of Castille and Arragon as their vassals euery one in their iurisdiction the yeere that Alphonso the eleuenth came vnto the crowne but they continued not long in this Estate for as liberty is the most pleasing of all things when as they found any subiect of alteration they imbraced it Yet in the beginning they kept themselues quiet seeking to confirme the alliances which they had made with the King D. Fernand deceased and for that King Mahomad of Granado shewed himselfe ready to doe this homage the King D. Alphonso who was alwaies bountifull abated him 50000. Marauidis of gold of his yeerely tribute beeing in the city of Seuile where hee was proclaimed and crowned King of Castille Leon c. The first Ordonance he made was to decry the money which was then currant called Pipions in place whereof he caused an other peece to be coyned which they named Burgaleses euery one being ninety deniers six deniers making a solz and fifteene solz a marauidis of gold so as the Burgalois and the marauidis in gold were all one in value This change of money made all things deere in Spaine wherevpon the King did much augment the Estates fees and ordinary pensions of his followers The first alteration which happened in the Moores countries was in Tareda but they were easily supprest for the petty King of that place called Amet was so amazed as hee quit the place vnto the Christians and fled into Affrike We haue sayd before that King D. Alphonso had married D. Violant daughter to D. Iaime or Iames King of Arragon by whom hauing no children in six yeeres they had liued together he intended to leaue her wherevpon hee sent into Denmarke to treat a marriage betwixt him and Christienne the Kings daughter attending the returne of his Ambassadors at Toledo where he was againe visited by King Mahomad of Granado The King of Arragon hauing some intelligence of this diuorce which D. Alphonso pretended to make was much discontented and in a maner ready to proclaime war against Castille if he had not bin diuerted by some noblemen and great personages of his realm notwithstanding their subiects vpon the frontiers did for a long time spoile one an other their was a league also made betwixt Arragon and Nauarre which did incense them more Thibaud the second of that name and three and twentith King of Nauarre 2 THis league was to defend the realme of the young Thybaud the second Nauarrel who had succeeded his father in the yeere 1253. being not yet 15. yeeres old whose gouernment and the Regency of the realme was in the hands of Marguerite of Foix his mother League betwixt the king of Arragon and the Queene widow of Nauar. The Histories of Nauarre say that the King of Arragon came in person to Tudele to visit the Queene widow and King Thibaud her sonne whereas they made an offensiue and defenciue league the King D. Iaime offring vnto the widow and to this Pupil whatsoeuer hee could doe or they demand alwaies reseruing the rights which he pretended in Nauarre the which he would end friendly when as King Thibaud should be come to age and in the meane time it was agreed that being of full yeeres he should marry D. Constance or D. Sancha daughters to the King of Arragon and if King Thibaud died then should D. Henry his brother marry one of them the King of Arragon promising moreouer not to marry his daughters into the house of Castille without the consent of Queen Marguâ—rite she promised also for her part to do her best endeauor that the King her son should not marry with any of the daughters of Castille lawful nor bastards especially of King Fernands second marriage In this league was comprehended the French King and the Emperour by Queene Marguerite and the King of Arragon would insert a condition that this present league should be allowed and confirmed by the Popes authority within a certaine time and great penalties and censures set downe by him for them that should breake it The Queene mother was assisted by D. Garcia Almoraâ—id D. Sancho Fernandes of Montagu D. Garcia Gomes of Agoncillo D. Gonçalo Yuanes of Batzan D. Corbaran of Leet D. Martin Garces of Eusa D. Pero Gonçales of Morentiu D. Martin Gonçales of Morentia D. Guerero Siere Symon Giros D. Pedro Ximenes of Valtierra and D. Lope Arcez Deane of the Collegiall church of Tudele who did all sollemnly sweare to obserue the Articles of this league The company beeing gone from Tudele the King of Castille was presently aduertised of the league which they had made wherevpon hee sent many companies of horse and foote vnto the frontiers of Nauarre pretending that the realme did belong to him and that hee would pursue his right by armes On the other side Queen Marguerite the Regent manned the townes forts ioyning vpon Castille with good garrisons being also succored by the King of Arragon so as the Castillans passed no farther at that time Thybaud crowned king of Nauarre In the meane time King Thibaud grew to be ful 25. yeers old wherfore they thought it fit to declare him of age to crown him An. 1254. the which was done in the yeere 1254. in the great church of Pampelone where he did sweare to obserue and augment the preuiledges of the country Being in possession of the gouernment he would haue the alliance and league which his mother had made with the King of Arragon newly confirmed for the effecting
had married D. Beatrix of Arragon Proprietary of that Earldome according to the Arragonois who was inuested by him in the realmes of Naples and Sicile in the yeere 1262. with charge that hee should expel Manfroy and pay a rent vnto the Church as feudatarie Charles by the perswasion of D. Beatrix his wife who was iealous to see her two sister Queenes the one of France the other of England vndertooke the voiage of Italy where his inuestiture was confirmed and he crowned with his wife at Rome at Saint Iohn of Latran by Pope Clement the fourth Then passing on against Manfroy who came to incounter him both armies met about at Bencuent Manfroy vanquished and slaine by the French in the yeere 1266. whereas Manfroy was slaine in battaile and his men vanquished so as Charles remained peaceble King of Naples and Sicile The body of Manfroy was not buried in holy ground for that he stood excommunicate but in a field nere vnto beneuent from whence he was afterwards transported vnto the confines of Campania his wife and children being taken by the French died in prison Some yeeres after Conradin the right heire of these realmes past into Italy being perswaded by many Italians of the Gibeline faction who hauing incountred the French army neere vnto Arezzo vanquished it wherefore marching boldly on hee had a second incounter with King Charles his army neere vnto Alba the which was vnfortunate for him for his army was not onely defeated but himselfe taken prisoner thinking to saue himselfe in a disguised habit and carried to Naples whereas King Charles by a detestable inhumanity thrust on by Pope Clement in the yeere 1269. cut off his head with that of his cousin Frederic Duke of Austria and of many Noblemen of Naples and Sicile which had followed Conradins party By these meanes the Popes gaue these realmes vnto the French and called them the two Sicilles the one on this side the other beyond the Far. Henry brother to D. Alphonso King of Castille Lieutenant of Rome was partisan to Conradin in this warre and was taken as hath beene sayd If the Sultan of Egipt a barbarous Prince hauing the King Saint Lewis and his brother Charles prisoners had intreated them in like manner the French would haue held it very strang But God powred forth his vengeance vpon the French some yeeres after in the Island of Sicile whether they called D. Pedro King of Aragon who had succeeded D. Iaime his father in the yeere 1276. who without delay caused himselfe to be crowned in Saragossa by Bernard Oliuelia Archbishop of Tarragone but before he receiued the crowne he made protestation that he would not be bound to any submission nor promise which Pedro his Grandfather had made vnto the Pope or the church of Rome to the preiudice of the liberty of his realme to the end they should not pretend that hee was their Leege-man or vassal In the same assembly of Estates of Sarragossa he caused the oth to be confirmed to his son D. Alphonso to raigne after him as heire presumptiue and for that at his comming to the crowne he had not assembled the Estates of Cattelogne at Barcelona according to the ancient customes there to promise and sweare the obseruation of the rights lawes and preuiledges of the country the Noblemen of Cattelogne being long inured to tumults they made a league and conspired with the townes for the preseruation of their liberties the chiefe of which conspiracy were D. Roger Bernard Earle of Foix holding many fees and much land in Cattelogâ—e Arnold Roger Earle of Pallars Ermengaud Earle of Vrgel and Aznar his brother Raymond Foulques Vicont of Cardone Bernard Roger Eril Raymond Anglesol and William Raymond Iosse whereof we will hereafter make mention But wee must returne into Castille where we haue left King D. Alphonso the wise much troubled for the disorders which had happened during his absence 21 Being arriued at Toledo euery man repaired thether Castille and especially the Infant D. Sancho who had made truce for two yeeres with the Moores Thether came also D. Lope Diaz of Haro An audacious speech of D. Lope Diaz dâ— Haro who was so hardy as to deliuer a message for them all that it would please him to declare his sonne D. Sancho his successor in the realmes of Castille Toledo Leon and other places seeing hee had already giuen some proofes of his vertue and valour against the Moores and that he was the eldest of his sons lyuing to whom the King made but a cold answere in the beginning but hauing afterwards assembled the Estates in the towne of Segobia D Alphonso reiects the children of D. Fernand his eldest sonne from the succession and giues it to D. Sancho by the councel of the Infant D. Manuel his brother he resolued to gratefie D. Sancho whom he made heire of the crowne after his decease and in this quality hee was receiued by them all Thus D. Alphonso and D. Fernand the children of Don Fernand de la Cerde were put from the royall succession which did belong vnto them by right although that some excuse this fact of D. Alphonso saying that there was no law at that time which did binde him to leaue the realme more to one then to an other as since there was made and receiued in the time of D. Fernand the fifth in the city of Toro where it was decreed vpon this difficultie that the children of the elder brother deceased should in that respect be preferred before the vncle representing their fathers person The Queene D. Violant and D. Blanche widow to D. Fernand were so discontented with this resolution of the Estates of Segobia as taking his young children with them they went out of the country of Castille to D. Pedro King of Arragon brother to the Queene D. Violant Many Noblemen and townes of the Realme did also hold it to bee very vniust foreseeing many great miseries which would ensue if the children did liue King D. Alphonso finding this discontentment came to Burgos where transported with choller he caused his brother D. Fadrique or Frederic to bee smothered without any forme of iustice and commanded that D. Symon Ruis of Haro Lord of Los Cameros should he burned in the towne of Treuigno Cruelty of King D Alphonso for that they had assisted the Ladies in their retreat into Arragon the which terrefied euery man He sent also to D. Pedro King of Arragon to complaine that he had receiued these Princesses and the children whereof he excused himselfe with good words Going from Burgos An. 1278. he past through the country of Leon and then tooke the way to Seuile being resolued to make warre against the Moores so as in the yeeere 1278. hee laied siege to Algezire where there was a small garrison of the Miralmumins of Affrike D. Pedro his sonne was chiefe at this siege but notwithstanding they prest it both by sea and land
her sonnes preiudice This election of Arbitratours signified to the King of Portugall and accepted by him hee went to Tarrassone in Arragon passing by Medina del Campo from whence the King Don Fernand did accompany him vnto Soria To Tarassone there also came the King of Arragon Don Iohn and the Bishop of Sarragossa who imployed themselues to examine the rights and pretensions of the parties whilest that the King Don Fernand and the Queene his Mother attended their sentence in Agreda In regard of the Realme of Murcia the King of Portugall Don Iohn and the Bishop did pronounce That the riuer of Segura should make the separation betwixt the Lands of Murcia and Valencia so as that which is to the South of Murcia should be of the Iurisdiction of Don Fernand and from the sayd riuer towards Valencia should belong to the King of Arragon so as Don Iames did not onely get the towne of Alicante which hee had demanded but also many other places As for the differences betwixt the king Don Fernand and Don Alphonso de la Cerde which were greater for the Don Alphonso pretended the whole Relame of Castile to belong lawfully vnto him it was iudged and arbitrated by the kings of Arragon and Portugall That for the right and interest which the sayd Don Alphonso pretended by an arbitrarie sentence pronounced vppon the pretension of Don Alphonso de la Cerde the king Don Fernand should giue and surrender vnto him the places which follow Alba de Tormes Bejar Val de Corneja Gibraleon Gargantalaolla Torremenga Passaron el Reall de Mancanares Algaua Mont de la Grede de Magan the Towne of Sarria with the appurtenances thereunto adjacent Monçon Lemos Robayna Aliadra Almonia Canall and la Barka Estercolina Torre Blanca Rodo Eledia Hornacuelos las Hazennas of Corduba the Royall right and inheritance of Bonilla with the appurtenances thereunto belonging Colmenar of Sepulueda and Aldea maior with Sal de Campos Vencos Gaton Ferran Moliellas the Salt-pits of Rubio Belbimbre Castro Caluon the Port of Vizagra of the Cittie of Toledo and the Martinengas of Madrid and of Medina del campo All these fore-mentioned places were adiudged and giuen by the Arbitrators to the Infant Don Alphonso into the possession whereof hee should without any opposed contradiction bee actually put and inuested by the king Don Fernand by our Lady day otherwise called the Natiuitie of the blessed Virgin Mary in September following and in consideration thereof the Infant Don Alphonso should no more intitle himselfe king of Castile and Leon nor carrie the armes quartered of Castile and Leon as hee had done before and continued it to that present day and hee should deliuer vp and surrender vnto the king Don Fernand the Towne of Almaçan with the appurtenances adiacent and some other places which hee had taken during the warre This arbitrarie sentence was giuen and pronounced by the Arbitrators in the yeare one thousand three hundred and foure whereunto were added and annexed great penalties and forfeitures to the partie that should infringe or violate the same at the which were present Don Raymond Bishops of Valencia Don Martin Bishop of Lisbon the Bishop of Huesca and the Bishop of Cordoua Don Iohn Osorio Master of the knights of Saint Iames Iohn Ximen Diego Gonçales Secretarie of Tarassone Gonçalo Gonçales Raymond Altar of Aguilar Pero Lopes of Padilla Fernand Guttieres of Quixada Gonçalo Diaz de Cauallos Lope Garcia of Hermosilla Martin Fernandes Porto Carrero Alphonso Perez of Saauedra Sancho Ruis of Escalante moreouer there were also present at that time Velasco Peres of Leyua Stephen Peres of Auila Lope Peres of Burgos with many other Noblemen and Knights and it was written and signed by Andrew Perez of Corbera publike Notarie of Tarrassone In this last sentence D. Iohn was no Iudge but Agent and Atturney for the king D. Fernand in whose name hee yeelded As for the Infant D. Alphonso what shew soeuer he made he was nothing pleased as it will appeare by the euent The kings hauing beene some daies together as well at Tarassone as at Agreda parted good friends These matters beeing ended they resolued to determine the controuersie betwixt the Infant D. Iohn and Don Diego Lopes de Haro to which end D. Diego was cited to come to Court which was then at Medina del Campo to answer to the demands of Don Iohn and of his wife D. Maria Diaz de Haro heire proprietarie of Biscay D. Diego would not plead in the Court of Leon but he appeared in that of Castile which gaue ninty dayes respite to the defender notwithstanding if he let the thirtieth day passe and did not present himselfe or giue a lawfull excuse they might seaze vpon their sheepe oxen cowes and swine and eate them tying the feete against the walles and trees in signe of the demanders possession Don Diego appeared and pleaded for his defence that considering the accords and transactions made heretofore betwixt him Don Iohn and Donna Maria his wife by the which they had yeelded vnto him the possession of the Segneurie of Biscay in regard of the recompences which they had receiued wherewith they were contented and had sworne and confirmed it by oath they were now fallen from all the right they could pretend to the sayd Segneurie and the dependances The cause beeing pleaded of either side with allegations of maine reason they were referred to councell and in the meane time the Queene D. Maria foreseeing some new trouble laboured by all meanes to accord them or to vndergo an arbitrarie and friendly sentence but Don Diego Lopes would not yeeld thereunto but departed without the King or Queenes priuitie and returned into Biscay the which was very ill taken The assembly beeing ended the king came to Vailedolit Sentence giuen by the king against D. Diego Lopes de Haro where he was so importuned by the Infant Don Iohn as he pronounced sentence by the aduice of his Councel contayning That D. Iohn and his wife Donna Maria Diaz should be put in possession of Biscay yet he did suspend the execution of the sentence thinking that Don Diego would grow thereby more tractable but he was resolued to hold his Segneurie so the king seeing his obstinacie would haue dismembred the country of Guipuscoa from his Crowne to giue it to his vncle in recompence wherunto he yeelded to end all quarrels but D. Maria Diaz de Haro beeing obstinate sayd resolutely that she demanded nothing of another mans and that she would neuer quitte her fathers inheritance no not if they would giue her ten times as much as the Segneury of Biscay was worth These poursuites did so trouble and disturbe euery man and euen Don Iohn himselfe as they all thought it fit and conuenient the King so commanding to surcease the processe for two yeares during the which the parties should haue truce and not attempt any thing one against another And for that the great loue and friendship
Ampurias Prior of S. Iohn in Cattelogne and others Afterwards this ill aduised Prince hauing left this Order became one of Monteça where he spent his dayes in dissolutenes and filthy pleasures This age afforded other such like examples in Don Iames eldest sonne to the king of Maiorca and Lewis sonne to Charles the lymping king of Castile who became Franciscan Friars but they were mooued by zeale of religion and were not giuen to vices His second brother D. Alphonso was by the same Estates of Tarragone acknowledged and sworne heire of those kingdomes after the decease of Don Iames their father This Infant had married D. Theresa of Entenza and had in her right the Country of Vrgel which came vnto her by succession from her vncle Don Armingol of Cabrera vpon condition she should marrie the Infant Don Alphonso of which marriage was borne at that time Don Pedro who was king of Arragon the fourth of that name At the same Estates of Arragon were pacified the quarrels betwixt Don Artal of Alagon and Don Symon Cornel who kept the Realme in diuision and that according to the aduice and order of the Magistrate called the Iustice Maior of Arragon called Symon Peres of Salanoua the parties should vndergo the iudgement of the King and his Estates Doubtlesse the authority of this Magistrate at that time was great who might both censure the King and the Estates and appoint them a place and admit them that did assist or reiect them But returning to the affaires of Castile Castille the election of Don Iohn of Arragon to the Arch-bishoppricke of Toledo did not much please the Queene D. Maria fearing hee would not greatly fauour D. Alphonso king of Castile but would alwaies hold the partie of Don Manuel his brother-in-law who was a mighty Prince in Castile and wonderfull factious but the Pope assured the contrarie and past his election and to speake the truth he neuer supported D. Iohn Manuel in any action that was preiudiciall to the King although that Toledo and the iurisdiction thereof were in his gouernement by reason of the tutelage so as they fell to such debate as Pope Iohn was forced to send a Cardinal Legate into Spaine to reconcile them and to bring the Archbishop into his sea the which he had abandoned The Queene D. Maria hauing called the Estates at Palence in the yeare 1322. An. 1322. as she prepared her selfe to go thither she fell sicke at Vailledolit whereof she dyed Death of Q. D. Mary of Castile to the great griefe of all good men for by her wisedome and bountie she had bene the support and onely defence of Spaine against the rebellious and ambitious desires of Princes and Noblemen wherein she labouerd wonderfully with great happinesse and commendable successe The young king and the Realme were depriued of this support for the which he soone after smarted The Queenes bodie was layed in the Monasterie of las Huelgas at Vailledolit which she had caused to be built hauing also founded in her time that of Saint Paul in the same towne and that of the preaching Friars at Toro with others We read as memorable thing vpon the religious exercises and concerning the diuine seruice in the Constitutions of D. Iohn Arch bishop of Toledo then liuing that the Priests do offer the Hostie at the least foure times in the yere and that after Morning prayer The same yeare the Estates beeing assembled in the towne of Siracusa in Sicile Arragon the king Don Frederick caused his sonne Don Pedro to be crowned king with him and they raigned together in that Iland Don Pedro did afterwards marrie Izabel daughter to Iohn King of Bohemia or of Henry Duke of Carinthia as some say It was at such time as the expedition was made for the conquest of Sardinia whereof D. Alphonso Infant of Arragon was Generall by the resolution of the Estates held at Gyrone and in consideration of the subuention giuen by them for the charges of that warre We haue sayed before that the Ilands of Sardinia and Corsica had beene giuen in fee by Pope Boniface the eight vnto Don Iames King of Arragon and to his successors males or females paying a certain rent to the Church of Rome for an acknowledgement of Soueraigntie and that hee should conquer them at his owne perill The same donation had been confirmed by Pope Benedict in the yeare 1304. to the same king Don Iames and facultie giuen him to leauie the tythes for this conqeust and a Legate appointed to assist therein but it was deferred by reason of other lets The reasons which moued the Popes to make this donation were their passions and hatred against the common-weales of Genoua and Pisa who commanded in those Ilands but the pretext was that these Ilands lying in the Mediterrranean sea as a barre betwixt Affricke and Italy diuiding it from the North to the South they entertained the Potentates of Italy especially these two common-weales of Genoua and Pisa who were then very strong at sea in continuall quarrels and warre most pernitious for Christendome sighting for the possession thereof with great effusion of bloud and wasting of their forces and treasures the which they should haue employed in better occasions against the Infidels vnder his colour the fame of the Castillans and Arragonois and of their Princes being then great it seemed expedient for the suppressing of all iealousie and quarrell betwixt the Geneuois and Pisans to take from them the right of these Ilands and to transferre them to a greater power which might be able to keep and defend them from the inuasions of Satrasins and Arabians who still made some breach there The conquest therefore of the Iland of Sardinia beeing vndertaken in the time of Pope Iohn the 22. sitting in Auignon by this king D. Iames the 2. there were many ships of warre and burthen prepared as well in a port called Fangoso vnder Tortosa at the mouth of Ebro as at Barcelona Tarragone Valencia other places of that coast wherin they spent much time whilest that the king D. Iames tooke his fourth wife Eclisende sister to Othon of Moncada a woman of good yeares and he made D. Pedro his son Eatle of Ribagorça and Ampurias the last Earle Mangolin being dead without children And for that the enterprise seemed difficult by reason of the Pisans power who enioyed the Iland and had newly made a peace with the Geneuois the king of Arragon did sollicite Pope Iohn the 22. by his Ambassador Vidal of Villanoua to assist him in this warre with his meanes and fauour to the Princes of Italy but this Pope beeing distasted by certaine Cardinals which fauoured the Pisans sought to diuert this enterprise all he could exhorting the king of Arragon rather to poursue his right by Iustice then by armes notwithstanding the fleete beeing in a manner readie to set sayle and the king persisted in his resolution and bound himself to pay great
honour to haue sought to recouer his Grand-fathers Kingdome beseeching him to haue regard thereof and if he should finde it good to depriue him of his crown the which he could not beleeue hee besought him to giue him and his meanes to passe into Affrike into the Moores country The King D. Pedro made shew to heare these reasons without any passion and assured him that he would reconcile him with his competitor causing his lodging to be made in the Iewes place of the city of Seuile but being displeased with the practises which he had made to his preiudice with the Kings of Arragon and Maroc hee burnt with a desire to be reuenged Being afterwards aduertised that this King Vermeil had brought many iewels and great store of gold from Granado he was so farre transported with a desire to spoile him of this treasure as without any further deliberation he commanded Martin Lopes of Cordoua his chamberlaine to goe and take him prisoner with all those that were with him and to put them into the Ataraçana or Arçenal then seeking an occasion to dispatch him he caused his processe to be made for that he had beene an actor in the death of King Ismael Cruelty coueteousnesse aâ—â— infidelity of 〈◊〉 Pedro King of Castile brother to King Mahumet the old and condemned him to die with seuen and thirty other Knights which were taken with him according to which sentence he caused him to bee drawne out of the Ataraçana and the seuen and thirty knights with him who wee led to the field of Tablada and there executed in a great assembly and concourse of people from all parts This miserable King Mahumet Aben Alhamar being brought vpon an asse clad in a roabe of scarlet was the last which suffred but hee had this consolation that D. Pedro himselfe was his executioner who reproching him with the alliance he had had with the King of Arragon thrust him through with a launce at which blow Mahumet cried out in his owne language Ha Pedro thou hast done a poore exploit and purchased a shameful triumph this day afterwards he made an end of him and cut off his head This was the second yeere of the raigne of this Moore and the 745. of the Arabians King Mahumet Lagus or the old being assured by this death returned to Granado ioyful to be thus freed of his enemy whose head the King D. Pedro sent vnto him The Granadins receiued him without contradiction in the yeere 1362. And he to recompence the King of Castile for he goodly present hee had made him of his Competitors head deliuered all the Knights and Castillans which had beene taken at the incounter of Guadix without any ransome Ezdriz Aben Balua chiefe councellor to King Mahumet Vermeil remained prisoner with the King of Castile with many others whereof some were redeemed for money others were exchanged for other prisoners in after times and some died miserably in prison The truce betwixt Castile and Granado was renued and new homage sworne by Mahumet the Old to the King D. Pedro paying the tribute which had bin paied to the kings his predecessors These things thus ended the king of Castile staied not long to begin war against ArragoÌ„ 14 For the effecting whereof with greater aduantage he sought to ingage the king of Nauar in this war being newly come out of France Nauarre into his owne realme in 1361. much desired and well receiued as one that had beene long absent He rewarded the Noblemen and knights which had serued and succored him in his affaires of France bountifully among the which the most remarkable were D. Roderigo of Vrris who had for his good seruices the gouernment of the iurisdictions of Sanguesse Olite and Tudelo The Baron of Garro was recompenced in an other sort beeing a wandring knight and sought imployment in the warres so as being loath to stay in Nauarre hee returned into France As all things had beene resonablie quiet in Nauarre vntill that time there was an occasion offered to trouble all by the comming of Inigo Lopes of Orozco and Arrias Gonçales of Valez Ambassadors for D. Pedro king of Castille who came in their maisters name Charles King of Nauarre practised by him of Castile to congratulate king Charles his comming to seeke his friendship and a new league and to procure an interview of these two kings King Charles was glad of this Ambassage and as hee had alwaies an intent to haue warre with the French King vnill that hee had restored him the lands which hee pretended to bee his hee did much esteeme the friendship of Castile to make vse thereof at such a neede Hee therefore promised the Ambassadors to come to Soria in Castile and hauing first concluded with the Ambassadors a kind of peace he went thether in the yeere 1362. hauing in his company his brother Lewis Captal of Buche a gret Nobleman of Guienne the Abbot of Fescain and others as well Nauarrois as French The King of Castile came to the place assigned and receiued him with great demonstrations of loue where for the first act they confirmed the Articles of peace conteyning an offensiue and defensiue league against al men After some daies spent in feasts sports and exercises of armes the King of Castile hauing inuited the King of Nauarre to a great banquet he told him that he had some thing to say vnto him wherevpon being retired into a gallery the King of Castile vsed these words in the presence of D. Garcia Aluarez of Toledo maister of Saint Iames Inigo Lopes of Orosco Martinianes of Seuile high treasorer Martin Lopes of Cordoua great Chamberlaine Mathew Fernandes Chancellor of the priuy seale all of his priuy councel and of the chiefe Noblemen and Knights which had accompanied King Charles Brother sayd he seeing we haue made an oth to aide one an other against our enemies I will let you vnderstand that the peace I haue with the King of Arragon was made against my will and to the preiudice of mine honour for Aben Alhamar King of Granado beeing confederate with him spoiled my country of Andalusie which made me yeeld vnto a peace that I might punish this Moore and now that I haue had my reuenge I am not bound to obserue this peace vnlesse the places which I yeelded vp bee restored me againe and the charges of the warre caused by the King of Arragon paied wherefore according to the promise which you haue made me and sworne I summon you to aide me with your forces and person in this warre The King of Nauarre was much amazed at this speech being thus surprized and knew not what to answer for he presumed the King of Castile had not had any enemies when he sware this peace and league In the end he seemed desirous to doe what the King of Castile would haue him but he demaunded time to conferre priuatly with his councellors which attended him Al were of opinion he should obay
of the two Princes of Castile brethren Portugal we doe not read that D. Pedro king of Portugal tooke part with either of them He died in the yeere 1367. the seuen and forty of his aâ—â— hauing raigned almost eleuen yeere To which Realme succeeded D. Fernand his sonne being at his coronation sixe and twentie yeere old and some monthes in whom the direct and lawfull line of D. Henry of Besançon or of Lorraine failed as shal appeere He was present in the towne of Estremos when as his father died and was there acknowledged and proclaimed King taking an oth from such of his subiects as were then present D. Pedro King of Arragon Arragon hearing the successe of Henries victory began to feare him sending Francis of Perillos and Iames Elfaro Ambassadors into France who procured an offenciue and defenciue league the French King promising to aide him of Arragon in his warres of Sardyina yea and against D. Henry if hee did not referre vnto him the question for the realme of Murcia and other lands promised as hee had informed him And for that the warres betwixt the French and English were reuiued Francis of Perillos being held the best captaine at sea in his time was granted vnto the French king who entertained him notwithstanding that the King of Arragon his maister had great need of him for the warres of Sardynia the which was continually entertained by Marian Iudge of Arborea who this yeere had taken many places from the Arragonois and defeated in a sallie which he made being deseeged in the castle of Oristagno the army of Arragon commanded by D. Pedro of Luna and his sonne the which did so disquiet the King as he resolued to go thether in person but new affaires hindred him for he was inuaded from the county of Rossillon by some Frenchmen who notwithstanding were but vagabond troupes running vp and downe the country without warrant and he was also kept backe by the controuersies which he had with the new King of Castille wherefore he sent D. Berenger of Carrozo Earle of Quirra thether with an army yet giuing it still out that he should goe thether himselfe keeping the Standard royal displaied on the top of the castle of Barcelona after the accustomed manner in signe that the King would goe to the warre the which kept these seditious people somewhat in awe Hee caused an Edict to bee published by the which hee granted respight to all that were indebted and repeale for banished men that were of Sardynia Being come to valence he made his sonne D. Martin Seneshall of Cattelogne who commanded ouer all armes vniting vnto that dignity that of the Constable of the realme as well on this side as beyond the seas and then it was decreed that from that time the children of the Kings of Princes of Arragon should be called to that degree The end of the fifteenth Booke SEMPER EADEM THE SIXTEENTH BOOKE of the Generall History of Spaine The Contents 1 DOn Henry the second of that name the 15. King of Castile and 36. of Leon. The continuation of his conquest of the Realme of Castile and the contentions betwixt the Castillans Portugals Nauarrois and Moores 2 Peace betwixt Castile and Portugal 3 Parliament at Toro and the lawes made there 4 Contention betwixt the Kings of Castile and Nauarre their agreement Bad offices of Charles King of Nauarre to the King of Castile in fauour of the English against the French and the constancy and fidelity of D. Henry the new King 5 Vnfitting and vnlawful marriage of D. Fernand King of Portugal with D. Leonora Telles of Meneses and the tumults which ensued 6 Warre renued betwixt Castile and Portugal 7 Order of Monkes of Saint Ierosme in Spaine 8 Preparatiues for warre made by Iohn duke of Lancaster pretending the Realme of Castile against D. Henry 9 Treaty of peace betwixt Castile and Arragon 10 Affaires of Nauarre death of D. Roderigo of Vrriz 11 Cession of the rights of Rossillon and Cerdagne to the house of Aniou 12 Trauels of the King of Nauarre detention of the Prince his sonne in France Rash enterprises of the King of Nauarre against him of Castile warre betwixt these potentats 13 Schisme in the Church of Rome 14 Death of D. Henry King of Castile and some testamentary lawes made by him 15 D. Iohn first of that name the 16. King of Castile and 37. of Leon. 16 Treaties of marriages ill mannaged and donations betwixt the Kings of Castile and Portugall 17 Practises of D. Leonora Telles of Meneses Queene of Portugal against the Nobility and the troubles and calamities which followed 18 The King of Castile acknowledgeth in the Schisme of the Romaine Church the Pope of Auignon 19 Warre betwixt Castile and Portugal procured by the Earle of Oren pacified a marriage betwixt D. Iohn King of Castile and D. Beatrix Infanta of Portugal 20 Rebellion of the Earle of Gijon 21 Regency of D. Leonora Telles of Meneses in Portugal pursute of Don Iohn King of Castile of the Realme of Portugal in the hereditary right of D. Beatrix his wife D. Iohn Maister of Aâ—iz called to the Gouernment and the exploits of warre betwixt the Castillans and Portugals 22 Bad deseignes of Charles King of Nauarre to free his sonne beeing prisoner in France his liberty by the bounty of the princes of France 23 Continuance of the war of Portugal Election of D. Iohn Maister of Auiz to the crowne of Portugal battaile of Aljubarote and defeat of the Castillans In this sixteenth Booke mention is made of the Kings 15 D. Henry of Castile 16 D. Iohn his sonne 36 of Leon second of that name 37 of Leon first of that name D. Henry called de la Merced the fifteenth King of Castile and sixe and thirty of Leon. AFter the death of the King D. Pedro the Realmes of Castile and Leon Castile remained to D. Henry without any great difficulty He got by his virtue and mildnesse what his brother had lost by his pride and cruelty Hee was a friend to the vertuous nobly minded bountifull D. Henry surnamed the Gratious valiant and strong of his person although he were but of a small stature He was surnamed the liberall or gratious by reason of the bounty he shewed to them that had serued him The greatnesse and good fortune of this King was suspected vnto the Kings of Nauarre and Arragon who made a league this yeere restoring one vnto an other certaine townes and castles that is Arragon deliuered to Nauarre Herrera of Moncayo and Nauarre to Arragon Saluaterra and Real they pacefied the controuersies which were betwixt them of Sanguessa and Real by a definitiue sentence of Merins and Gouernors of Tudelo and Saragossa Queene Ieanne gouerning the realme of Nauarre and dealing in all these affaires in the absence of King Charles her husband who was gone into France vpon the reuiuing of the warre betwixt the French and English that same yeere
Saint Martin deliuered it vnto the King and came vnto his seruice The Constable D. Pedro Earle of Transtamara seeing what had befallne the Duke of Benauent and the Queen of Nauar and how they handled the Earl of Gijon he found means to make his accord and came vnto the King at the seege of Gijon by whom he was well receiued and had giuen him the townes of Pont Ferrada Villafranca and Varçarcell which had beene the Duke of Benauents The yeere growing towards an end and the country of Asturia being barren not able long to maintaine an army the King resolued to make some accord with the Earle Accord made with the Earle of Gijon who sought it wherevpon they concluded these Articles That the French King should be Iudge of their controuersies who should iudge within six monthes whether the Earle had offended and if it were found that hee should loose his lands he was content if not all should be restored to him againe That vntill a definitiue sentence the towne of Gijon should remaine in the Earles hands vpon condition it should remaine in the Estate it was then without adding any supply of victuals or men and that the Earle should not goe aboue three leagues from the town if it were not into France to sollicit the iudgement of this cause In which case the King should giue him thee hundred thousand Marauidis to defray his charges That the Earles other Lands should remaine in the possession of D. Ruy Lopes of Aualos Lrod Chamberlaine to the King who should hold them vpon his faith and that the Earle should giue his sonne D. Henry for hostage By this composition the Earle D. Alphonso was freed from seege This yeere 1394. died D. Iohn Alphonso of Guzman Earle of Niebla a man of a peacefull spirit Death of the Earle of Niebla yet was he somewhat ingaged in the troubles of Castile leauing his soone D. Henry of Guzman heire to his great possessions Pope Clement died also that yeere in Auignon the sixteenth yeere of his Popedome in whose place the Cardinals of that seat meaning to proceed to the election of an other Death of Pope Clement at Auignon receiued letters from the Vniuersity of Paris to perswade them to deferre it for some daies to know the intention of Pope Boniface the ninth resyding at Rome touching the vnion of the church yet notwithstanding they entred into the Conclaue nine daies after the funeral and without regard of any letters written by the Vniuersity and King Charles they gaue their voices and withall made a protestation in writing that the future Pope should not hinder the rooting out of the Schisme and that he should bee bound to giue ouer his dignity if neede were they made choise of D. Pedro de Luna carrying the title of Santa Maria in Cosmedin a Cattelan and Doctor of the Canon law a man of great authority and well practised in worldly affaires Election of Pedro de Luna to be Pope called Benedict the 13. whom they called Benedict the thirteenth The French King yeelding to that was done sent his Ambassadors to Auignon to doe the accustomed homage to the new Pope but beeing afterwards sollicited by some of the Cardinals who repented themselues of Benedicts election he sought by meanes of the protestation which had beene made to force the Pope to quit his dignity vnder pretext to reconcile the Schisme but Benedict was loth to leaue so sweet a morcell which so many of his order had gap'd after resisting long to the great preiudice of all Christendome and the French king did in vaine sollicit by many Ambassages D. Henry King of Castile to ioyne with him in the displacing of Benedict from his Popedome whom the Kings of Nauarre and Arragon did also obey The King D. Henry hauing proceeded as we haue said against the chiefe authors of the troubles of his realme Nauarre he returned to Vailledolit and knowing by good experience the disposition of his aunt whom he had brought with him he resolued to send her into Nauarre to King Charles her husband the which notwithstanding the Estate shee was in she did impugne by all meanes possible wherefore the King fearing she would steale away and put her selfe into some place of strength which would be very troublesome to take he commanded the prior of Saint Iohn to set a gard about her lodging and he himselfe went to Tordesillas Then the Queene knew that she must of force returne into Nauarre without any other assurances then such promises and othes as the King her husband had giuen and seeing no euasion nor delay she sent to intreat the King her Nephew to be well aduised what he did in seeking to force her to returne into Nauarre and seeing that it did concerne both her honour and life she intreated him to propound it to the graue and learned men of his councel to resolue what was fit for her to doe The King was very well pleased herewith and committed the businesse to the Bishops of Palence and Zamora by whose aduice it was concluded that the Queene Donna Leonora should returne to her husband and that the King her Nephew should accompany her to the frontiers of Nauarre whereof she was aduertised that she might dispose her selfe to obay but it was against her will wherevpon the King returned to Vailledolit Queene of Nauarre sent to her husband against her will and from thence they tooke their way towards Nauarre hauing sent the Archbishop of Toledo and him of Zamora an Arragonois and the bishop of Albi a Frenchman with others to Tudele to aduertise King Charles of his wiues comming and to take a new oth of him to intreat her well and honourably The Archbishop of Saragossa came to meet the Queene being accompanied by many Knights of Nauarre France and Arragon to whom she was deliuered with her daughters vpon the confines of Castile and Nauarre to the great contentment of King Henry to whom she had beene chargeable many yeeres by her turbulent and adbitious spirit The King D. Charles did shew by the effects that he was neuer ill-affected towards her for he receiued her with all that did accompany her with great honour and shewes of loue and ioy he intreated her curteously and honoured her as much as she could desire commanding there should be feasts and bonfiers made throughout all the realme of Nauarre by reason of her comming And for that they had not yet had any sonne he would haue the Estates of his realme assembled to that end at Pampelone some monthes after the Queenes returne sweare the Infanta's his daughters for lawfull heires of the realme and of his other Estates who should succeed one after an other vnto the last liuer He caused his subiects to take this oth as it was accustomed in Spaine and to auoide warre and sedition whereof they had fresh examples in the neighbour countries of Arragon and Valencia D. Iohn King of
his last acts Kings in Spaine mentioned in this eighteenth Booke ARRAGON 15. D. Martin 1. 16. D. Fernand 1. 17. D. Alphon 5. CASTILE and LEON 18. D. Iohn 2. and the 39. NAVARRE 32. D. Iohn 1. IN the reigne of King Henry the third it often appeered how vaine the enterprises of bad subiects are against a vertuous and innocent Prince for God did preserue this poore pupill from the ambitious rage of his Tutors Princes Prelats and great Lords of Castile ruining them by their owne discord And he did so much honour the royall Maiesty as when as this young Prince had taken vpon him the gouernment of the realme at the age of foureteene yeeres he deliuered them into his hands to punish them as their obstinate rebellion and ingratitude had deserued Being freed as we haue said of the Duke of Benauent the Queene of Nauarre and the Archbishop of Saint Iames and hauing by their example reduced the Earle of Transtamara and the Archbishop of Toledo to their duties there onely remained D. Alphonso Earle of Gijon his vncle who was reduced to that extremity as he was forced to vndergoe the censure of a strange Prince in a cause which concerned his honor his goods and his liberty the which he might haue enioyed with reputation yea much augmented his dignity if he had contained himselfe with modesty in the fauor of D. Henry King of Castile his naturall Prince According to the accord made at the seege of Gijon the King sent his Ambassadors to the French King to debate the causes he had to dispossesse D. Alphonso who hauing staied many daies in the court of France Proceeding against the Earl of Gijon the Earle of Gijon nor his Attorney appeering and the time of the assignation being expired they prepared for their returne when they had newes that their aduerse party was come to the coast of Brittaine and was comming towards Paris wherefore to giue more countenance to their cause they attended Being arriued hee spake with King Charles for his iustification accusing the King his Nephew that he sought to take his portion from him lying in Asturia Leon and Castile the which was asigned him by the deceased King D. Iohn his brother adding many other charges and excesse wherevnto the Ambassadors answered pertinently laying open the Earles ingratitude rebellion and conspiracy against the King his Lord and benefactor who had drawne him out of prison and restored him to all his goods the which King Iohn had iustly taken from him adding therevnto pensions Estates and honours and accusing him in particular of the violent vsurpation of the towne of Paredes of Naua and other tyranicall actions done by him hauing also refused to signe the truce of Portugal with many others acts of contempt and fellony concluding that hee ought to loose the Earldome of Gijon and to be wholy left to the discretion and will of the King his Lord so as in the proofes of these crimes exhibited by the Ambassadors in defence of their Princes actions hauing not any thing to reply publikely he gaue the Lords of the French Kings councell secretly to vnderstand that the ill will which the King his Nephew bare him incensed by his bad councellors who werre corrupt and mercenary proceeded from nothing else but that hee had alwaies opposed himselfe to the practises and secret intelligences which they had with the English in league with whom they would draw the King of Castile to the preiudice of the friendship and ancient alliance which was betwixt the houses of Castile and France wherefore he intreated them to deale so with King Charles as he would iudge fauorably of his cause causing his Estates and Lands to be restored to him againe promising all his life time to doe him good and loyal seruice The King desirous to reconcile Princes that wee neere in bloud caused the Ambassadors to be treated with about a prorogation of the assignation for they had protested that the time prefixt being expired through the Earles negligence and contempt to whom the King their master had caused three hundred thousand marauidis to be deliuered for the charges of his voiage and to take from him all excuse that they could no more appeere before him as before their Iudge yet they said that seeing the King of Castile their Lord had submitted himselfe vnto his Iudgment for the brotherly loue that was betwixt them notwithstanding that many of his councell had diswaded him holding it a disparragement for the soueraigne Prince to contend with his vassall and subiects before a strange Iudge and out of his country and iurisdiction They were of opinion that if the Earle Don Alphonso did willingly deliuer the towne of Gijon vnto the King of Castile and submit himselfe to his will and mercy that by his intercession the Earle should obtaine a safe conduit and assurance to come into Castile and so he should treat of his affaires more profitably then by any other course They withall made a request vnto King Charles in the name of the King their Lord that for the league which was betwixt the two Kings and realmes he would be pleased to command D. Alphonso to depart his country which the French King could not refuse and therefore he caused notice to be giuen vnto the Earle that he should retire himselfe commanding all Gouernors of Prouinces especially of port towns not to giue him any fauor or aide wherefore he went away in poore estate kept himself some daies about Rochelle The six monthes of truce concluded betwixt the King and him being many daies before expired and yet the Ambassadors had not written any thing concerning the conclusion of this sute there were some troupes of horse and foote sent about Gijon after which the King came with greater forces both by land and sea the which did so presse the place as the Contesse Donna Isabella of Portugal yeelded it compounding for her life and liberty and of some Knights that were within it and the deliuery of her sonne D. Henry whom the King held in hostage In the meane time letters came out of France from the Ambassadors contayning what had past in this cause wherewith the King was wel satisfied The miserable Countesse Isabella daughter to D. Fernand King of Portugal being destitute of all meanes went into France to her husband D. Alphonso who was poore Gijon yeelded vnto the King and the Earle dispossest and banished into France and without any helpe or fauour but from the Vicontesse of Touars in whose country he liued in the towne of Marant After the taking of Gijon the King went to Seuile to treat a truce with the Moores being sollicited by King Mahumet then reigning in Granado the third after the death of Mahumet the old who was bruted to haue poisoned the King D. Henry the second and this was his succession Mahumet Guadix the tenth King of Granado MAhumet surnamed Guadix after the death of Mahumet the Old his
Brittanie caused all disorders to bee reformed and restitution to be made The Councell of King Iohn was then reduced to fifteene Prelates and Knights whereof fiue should assist and serue and they should change euery foure moneths Don Iohn King of Portugall laboured to quench and qualifie all occasions of new trobles betwixt his Realme and that of Castile Portugal by a firme peace Wherefore hauing sent backe his ambassadours in the yeare 1419. to Don Iohn King of Castile they were returned with good hope and promise to send ambassadours into Portugall expressely to that end This king D. Iohn the first of that name then raigning in Portugall hauing made a long truce with D. Henry King of Castile during that time he gaue himselfe to gouerne his Realme with iustice to repaire the ruines which had growne by the precedent warres and to adorne it with new buildings wherein employing himselfe with iudgement bountie and wisedome hee was beloued and respected both of his owne subiects and of strangers In remembrance of the victorie which he had gotten at Aljubarote he did build neere vnto it a sumptuous Monasterie which he dedicated to the Virgin Mary and did call it Saint Mary the royall of the battell or victorie which is a Conuent of Iacobin Friars And for that he had a better iudgement then many other Princes knowing that most of the relligious Monkes and other persons did not vnderstand the Latin tongue Booke of the â—oly Scripture translated into Portugall in the which the houres and suffrages were sung in churches he caused them to be translated into the Portugall tongue and in like manner many bookes of the holy Scripture and the interpretation thereof namely the foure Euangelists the which did afterwards much displease our Doctors in Diuinity Hee was so zealous of the honor of his house as a Groome of his chamber called Don Fernand Alphonso of Saint Iren hauing so much forgotten himselfe as to defloure one of the Queenes maides daughter to D. Aluar Peres of Castro Earle of Arroyoles he caused him to be burnt in the place of Rusio in Lisbon and as for her he chased her shamefully from Court sending her to her parents neither could the Queenes intercession preuaile any thing He did also punish with great seuerity the other insolencies of his Courtiers and aboue all things he shewed himselfe a louer of iustice onely he did forget to do reason to D. Beatrix Queene of Castile pretending to be right heire of the Realme which he enioyed whilest that she liued as it were in a priuate estate in Castile an example of rare patience and chastitie for shee would neuer heare speake of a second mariage although she were sought vnto by Princes of great state who happily might haue setled her in her fathers kingdome Besides the aboueâ—named buildings he built the towne of Almerin vpon the riuer of Tayo the pallace of Sintra the castle at Lisbon those of Sierra Balada neere to S. Iren and other Seeing himselfe in peace with all Christian Princes and well obeyed of his subiects he passed the sea with an armie and tooke Ceuta from the Moores of Affricke hauing in his company the Infant D. Edward holding then the place of the eldest for Don Alphonso was dead the Infant Don Pedro Duke of Coimbra and Lord of Montmajor the old and of Auero Don Pedro of Meneses Earle of Viana standard bearer of the realm who was the first Gouernor of Ceuta which victorie was intermixt with mourning for the death of the Queene D. Philippe his wife which happened in the yeares 1415. at what time the king D. Iohn did take a way the vse of accompting the yeares by the Aera of Caesar the which had beene till that time obserued in Portugall ordaining that from that time the yeare should begin from the Natiuity of Christ and that it should bee so dated in all publike and priuate writings to the end to conforme himselfe to that which was brought into Castile Arragon and Nauarre and to auoyd the confusion which fell our in contracts and bargains betwixt the subiects of the Realmes of Spaine In the yeare 1419. 1419. the Infant Don Henry his sonne who was Master of the Order of Christ mooued with an honest emulation by the conquest which his father had made vpon the Barbarians hauing conferred with some men of knowledge and experience in Cosmographie resolued to runne ouer the Ocean sea and to discouer the shoare and Ilands thereof Going from Lisbon with some ships hee came to the Iland of Madera in the yeare 1420. the which he found desert and full of wood An. 1420. whereof it carries the name M adera discouered for Madera is that which the Latins call Materia and we timber He set fire to this wood so as hauing cleansed it they found the soyle good and fruitfull for all things especially for sugar canes which grow in such aboundance as both Spaine and all Europe make great vse of it The Infant did afterwards continue this and other nauigations D. Henry Master of Christus the first discouerer at sea and was the first spurre to the Portugals which came after to discouer the coasts of Affricke and Asia and the Ilands of the South and Easterne seas with great honor to their nation and infinit profite to the whole world These things were attempted by the Portugals when as the peace betwixt them and the Castillans was doubtfull for the Councell of Castile delayed it by reason of the kings minority yet they liued quietly one with another About that time the ambassadors of Castile Castile which had beene sent to the Councell of Constance returned into Spaine bringing home the re-union of the church of Rome vnder Pope Martin the fift Among them was Don Diego of Anaya Maldonado Archb. of Seuile who built the Colledge of Saint Bartholomew at Salamanca this yeare 1420. beeing called the great Colledge the most auncient of all Castile where many learned men haue beene bred In that Vniuersitie of Salamanca are many other Colledges built and endowed with good liuings where there is good exercise of Diuinity arts and tongs as also in other townes of Spaine by the care of Bishops and good Prelates labouring chiefly to maintaine learning which are the grounds of pietie and vertue The same yeare a marriage was made betwixt D. Blanche of Nauarre the widdow-Queene of Sicile Nauarre and the Infant D. Iohn of Arragon second sonne to the King Don Fernand deceased By the treatie concluded the yeare before it was sayd That if the Infanta the presumptiue heire of Nauarre for the elder sister the Countesse of Foix was already dead without children should die before her husband hauing children or not that hee should raigne during his life in Nauarre after the decease of King Charles his father-in-law From this condition and promise being sworne there grew many troubles in Nauar. Besides the expectation of the Realme there
whereof were the Admirall Don Frederic Don Pedro Manriques Gouernor of Leon Don Iohn Ramir of Ariellan Lord of Los Cameros Don Pedro of Quingnones Merin Maior of the Asturia's Don Diego of Estuniga sonne to the Earle of Ledesma Don Roderigo of Castagneda Lord of Fuente Duegna and Don Pedro Mendoça Lord of Almacan who drew many others vnto their league namely the Earle of Ledesma who had his lands fronting vpon Eccia The King called soldiars from all parts to suppresse this tumult among the rest hee was speedily serued by the Nobility of Andalusia to whom the confederates did write very dutifull and respectiue letters intreating him to cause the Constable to dislodge from Court before that hee grew so powerfull as hee might be preiudiciall both to him and his realme There was in truth some reason to suppresse the boldnesse and greatnesse of this man who was insolent couetous and not very faithfull to his Prince the which was well knowne to the King and to many of his Councell D Aluaro de Luna the Constable insolent couetous and trecherous but hee had them all so tyed vnto him as not any one could attempt against him nor consent willingly to that which should displease him wherefore an answer was made vnto the letter quite contrary to that which the Noblemen of the league demanded with whom there newly ioyned Don Lewis de la Cerde Earle of Medina Celi and Don Pedro of Castile Bishop of Osma who had seazed vpon many places as Don Pedro of Quignones had done of the Citty of Leon so as the whole realme was full of seditions and tumults all in generall imputing the fault vnto the constable partly with reason and partly without The King being at Roa vsed all dilligence to assemble forces to be the stronger writing letters to Toledo and other great townes admonishing them of their duties and to be faithfull vnto him In the meane time the Marshall D. Intgo Ortiz of Estuniga brother to the Earle of Ledesma entred into Vailledolit with fiue hundred men at armes and seized on the towne in the name of the confederate Lords On the other side the King was aduertised that the King of Nauarre and D. Henry his brother were entred into Castile with fiue hundred men at armes and not knowing vpon what pretext considering the accord lately concluded betwixt them he sent vnto them intreating them to ioyne with him and to come to court the King of Nauarre consented and came to the king to Cuellar with sixe horse onely whereat the whole court did much reioyce They came at the instance of the confederate Lords and also incited with a desire to recouer that which they had lost in Castile by meanes of the present troubles in whose company was the Earle of Castro The King of Nauarre beeing seperated from the rest and come vnto the king receiued great honour and good vsage but the Infant D. Henry aduanced not but staied with the troupes the which hee led to Pegnafiel where they opened him the gates the King hauing so commanded and soone after hee had conference with the king of Nauarre his brother at Minquela neere to Cuellar there beeing good correspondency betwixt them although they made no shew of it for the King of Nauarre continued with the King of Castile and hee retired to Vailledolit to the Lords of the League there was much trouble and many enterviewes of Noblemen of either part with great leauies of souldiars to the oppression of the people and yet there was no meanes to make an accord the confederates insisting still that the constable should bee banished from court the which was a hard matter to effect The Admirall and the Infant D. Henry sent to challenge the constable and he accepted the combate but yet they did not fight The King did sollicit D. Henry promising him that if he would bee of his party he would make him maister of Saint Iames and would giue him other things for the which the Infant gaue him thankes letting him vnderstand that whatsoeuer he did was for his seruice In these treaties of pacification the greatest difficulty was in the restitution of lands forfeited Lands of confiscation giuen away â—iâ—der the peace the which had beene distributed to many yea to some of the confederats who would not restore them at the least without recompence Being in these garboiles and out of hope of any accord they had newes that D. Roderigo of Villandrado first Earle of Ribadeo who had some yeeres before serued Charles the seuenth the French King with great reputation and honour was come into Castile bringing with him three thousand souldiars to serue and succor King Iohn his naturall Lord wherefore all treaties of accord ceasing the Kings of Castile and Nauarre went as farre as Pegnafiel to meet him with some troupes to assure him from the surprises of the confederats who sent the Earle of Ledesma with fifteene hundred horse to attend him at a passage This supply and other occasions together with the dilligence of certaine religious men who sought to reconcile these Noblemen made the parties more tractable so as in October 1439. a peace was concluded An. 1439. vpon these conditions That the constable D. Aluaro de Luna should absent himselfe from court for sixe monthes and that the king of Castile should recompence the king of Nauarre and D. Henry his brother for the lands he had taken from them and the processe and proceedings made against them that were in armes disanulled that the townes and sorts held by the confederats should bee restored These things being concluded at Castro Nugno the constable to fullfill the Article which concerned him parted from court leauing most of the kings councell which fauored him discontented The Noblemen dismist their souldiars and the king parted from Castro Nugno to goe vnto Toro In the meane time the Infanta D. Catherina wife to D. Henry died in child-bed There was no peace firmly setled by this accord for the king being possest by a councel made by the constable was held in distrust and the courtiers in continuall iealousie He caused some of them which had followed the confederate Lords to be imprisoned at Salamanca and to take Segobia from Ray Dìaz of Mendoça who held it he gaue it to the Prince of the Asturia's his sonne The King of Nauarre and his brother D. Henry seeing these proceedings they went from Madrigal towards the court but the King sent to forbid them to come there and to the end they should not finde him at Salamanca he dislodged and went to Bonilla de la Serra from whence hee sent to demaund a saufe-conduit of the Noblemen for Don Guttiere Gomes of Toledo Archbishop of Seuile whom hee ment to send to treat with them the which beeing willingly granted the Archbishop came to Madrigal with some of the King councel but they returned without any conclusion wherefore the King of Nauarre and the Infant his
of Alba D. Inigo Lopes of Mendoça Don Lope of Barrientos newly made Bishop of Cuenca and then the Earle of Haro came and ioyned with him On the other side the Admirall the Earles of Benauent and Castro Don Pedro of Quignones D. Iohn of Tobar beeing sent by the K. of Nauarre entred into Olmedo with a thousand horse the which being ioyned to them which the king of Nauarre and the Infant had brought and gathered together made about fiue and twenty hundred horse Matters beeing readie to be decided by an ineuitable battell the king of Nauarre hauing no will to hazard himselfe Confederats beseeged in Olmedo hee demaunded a parle of the king of Castile of some Knights of either part the which being granted the Admiral and the Earle of Benauent of the one side and the Bishop of Cuenca and the Constable on the other conferred together many times the King of Nauarre in a manner demanding no other thing but that they should restore to him the Infant D. Henry the Earle of Castro and others of the league their lands and estates but as for the gouernement of the Realme and quarrels with the Constable hee made not any mention The Bishop vsing his accustomed pollicy prolonged this treaty all he could knowing that D. Guttiere of Soto-major master of Alcantara should come within few daies to the campe with sixe hundred horse by which supply the king of Castile being euery way the stronger he did hope to see his enemies wholly defeated and forced to yeeld to his and the Constables mercie The coâ—ference being ended without any conclusion Demand of the confederats of the King of Castile the king of Nauarre and the confederates sent Lope of Angulo and the Licentiat Cuellar his Chancelor to the campe to acquaint the king of Castile with the miseries and losses which do follow a battel whereunto the Constable respecting only his priuate interest aspired tyrannously for the fruits which he gaped after by the death of the best Knights of Castile wherefore hee should do a thing worthie of himselfe to chase away this man arrogant of the authoritie which he held vnworthily and decree that they might bee heard in iustice in some citie or other place of the Realme whither they should come like men of peace not bringing with them aboue ten men vpon moyles else they protested that they would make their complaints vnto the Pope and that the miseries which should follow should be by his fault The king answered that he would take order requiring to haue this demand in writing Two dayes after Prince Henry going to view Olmedo Prince Henry made to runne away with certaine light horse hee was charged by the enemies who sallyed out of the towne who made him to flie shamefully to the campe the which did so much displease the king his father as instantly refusing to heare any more speech of an accord he caused his Standard to be displayed and his men to be put into battell the Constable leading the foreward with eight hundred men at armes the Prince the battell with foure hundred men at armes and the king the reereward with sixe hundred men at arms besides the light horsemen which were very many and diuided into these ordonances the which hee made to stand firme aboue an hower in view of Olmedo to see if the king of Nauarre would come foorth who beeing wonderfully incensed at this brauado although he had not equall forces to his aduersarie yet like a couragious Prince he would needs go foorth to fight contrarie to the aduice of many it beeing late opposing his squadron and that which the Earle of Castro led against Prince Henry and the Infant his brother the Admirall the Earle of Benauent Pedro of Quignones and Fernand Lopes of Saldaigne with the rest of the forces against the Constable of Castile Battel of Olmedo llst by the k. of Nauar and so began the battell about two houres before Sunne-setting whereas the king of Nauarre and the confederates notwithstanding their endeauours were vanquished and it was happie for them that approching night parted them and kept the victors from pursuing of their enemies so as notwithstanding that they did fight with great resolution and obstinacie yet there were but seuen and thirtie slaine vppon the place and about two hundred dyed after of such as had beene wounded in the battel The King of Nauarre and his brother D. Henry who was sore hurt in the left hand retired to Olmedo the Earle of Benauent fled as farre as Pedraza the Admirall was taken by a Squire called Peter of Carera who notwithstanding brought him to his owne house at the tower of Lobaton many Noblemen and others in number aboue two hundred were taken Among which the chiefe were the Earle of Castro and a sonne of his called Don Pedro of Sandouall Alphonso of Alarcon D. Henry Henriques the Admirals brother Fernand of Quignones Diego of Londogno sonne to Sancho Roarigo of Aualos nephew to Don Ruy Lopes of Aualos sometimes Constable of Castile and Don Pedro of Quignones but he found meanes to escape The rest of the confederates armie fled to diuers parts and was not pursued by reason of the night The King of Castile much pleased with this victorie sent commandement throughout his whole Realme that they should make bon fires in signe of ioy and hee caused a chappell to be built vppon the place of fight which he named the holy Ghost of the battell and hauing the day after sent Guttiere Sanches of Aluarado prisoner to Vailledolit he caused his head to be cut off Before midnight the king of Nauarre and the Infant his brother going out of Olmedo with such forces as they had they tooke the way of Portillo and by Fonte Duegna they came to Daroca and from thence to Calatajub where as the Infant Don Henry dyed of the wound which he had receiued in the hand Death of Don Henry Infant of Arrrgon it being inflamed his bodie was at that time layed in the chappell of D. Iohn de Luna in that city and afterwards transported to Poblete whereas the king Don Fernand his father lyes He left his wife Donna Beatrix with child who was afterwards deliuered of a son who was called Don Henry of Arragon and by surname the Fortunate Infant His death was the more grieuous to the King of Nauarre for that it happened in an vnseasonable time after the losse of a battelâ— besides seeing himselfe depriued of such a brother it did but increase his griefe for the late death of his two sisters the Queenes of Castile and Portugall there remayning not any oâ— so many children which the deceased King Fernand his father had left League of the king of Nauar wholy dissolued but onely he and Don Aâ—phonso king of Arragon who was in a manner continually resident at Naples and had no lawfull children By this losse the king of Nauarre was wholy abandoned by
horse and foote and made a great skirmish where D. Phillip of Nauarre and Arragon dyed who was maister of Monteza nephew to the King and sonne to Prince Don Charles of Viana by vs oftentimes heretofore mentioned with other men of note the which caused the Christians to make their retreate who were insolently pursued in the Rere by the Moores who notwithstanding were afterward beaten back by the Captaine of the frontier of Murcia King Ferdinand leauing for that time Almerie and Baça two strong places marched towards Huescar which yeelded and Don Rodrigo Manrique was made Gouernor thereof Whilest the warre continued in these quarters Iniury done to one of the kings Receiuers of his money and punishment of the offenders the Captaine of Alua de Tormes and the gouernor of the Duke of Aluas lands did Bastonado one of the Kings Collectors of his rents which the King hauing notice of the Licentiate Lewis de Polanco Prouost of the Court was sent thither to doe Iustice therevpon who tooke the Captaine of Alua in his owne Castle and caused him to bee hanged in the same place where hee had done the deed As for the Gouernour of the Countrey hee was brought to the Chancery at Valiodolit and there condemned to haue his hand stricken off and to bee for euer banished out of the Kings dominions In the which place of Valiodolit the Court came and wintered Moneys there was an Edict made concerning the moneys that the siluer coyne should bee thence-forth made of the same sterling as that of Paris It was enacted not long before in Portugall to coyne certaine kindes of gold of two and twenty Carates Portugal of the golden mine of Guiney and likewise certaine siluer money called Twenties of the worth of twenty Res which were equiualent to the Marauedis of Castile for thirty six Res were at that time worth a Real as thirty sixe Marauedis in Castile and Nauar The affaires of which kingdome since the execution of the Lords made by King Iohn were quiet and peaceable for euery one seeing that hee had not spared his owne bloud kept himselfe still and this King was not onely reuerenced in Portugall but likewise in Affricke where hee possessed much land in so much as the Moores of Azamor who had beene in times past vnder the subiection of Portugall and were now reuolted did againe this yeare submit themselues vnto it about which time he built the Fountaine at Setuball And hauing no businesses to hinder him hee went about to pursue new enterprises no lesse profitable for mankinde than honorable to the house of Portugall Hauing had the opinion and aduise of diuerse great personages skilfull in Cosmographie and all other Mathematicall sciences and especially good Marriners hee sent away Bartholmew Dias with a certaine religious Frier named Anthony inioyning them to coast the shoares of Affrick of the Ocean sea Nauigaâ—ions of the Portugals into the Ocean sea pursued by the commandement of King Iohn till they could bee able to relate vnto him how farre that land stretched and how the voyage which hee conceiued in his owne vnderstanding might bee made by the South into the East to the countreys and Islands where the spices growe Bartholomew Dias and the Fryer arriued at the Cape of Bonasperanza or good hope which is the farthest stretched out point of Affricke beyond the Equinoctiall winter Tropick Cape de bona Speranza and doubling againe the East Riuer of the Infant they came to the mouth of the Iland termed by them of the Infant which is a hundred and fifty leagues farther then the Cape of good hope There Fryer Anthonie with the consent of Bartholmew Dias landed and trauailed with such turnings vp and downe this vnknowne world Friev Anthonies long and dangerous iourney as hee brought himselfe with great labour and danger as it is credible into Palestine to the Citty of Ierusalem taking a carefull note of all things Bartholmew Dias returned by sea into Portugall the same way hee came and informed the King of all that hee had seene or knowne of the shoares and sea coasts as Fryer Anthony did the like of his land voyage beeing returned a good while after the which encreased King Iohns desire to execute his praise-worthy enterprise esteeming and not without reason that by the knowledge and practise of that Nauigation great profit might redound to his kingdome Now the better to vnderstand the costs and charges of this trafficke for Spices brought from the Islands of the Moluccoes and to bee able to reckon what the commoditie thereof might come to following the passage of the Ocean sea hee sent Pedro de Couanilla and Alphonso de Payua into the East King Iohns dilligence to learne the voyage to the East by the Ocean sea and the Island of Moluccoes who were wise and discreete persons and very skilfull in the Arabian tongue to bring him word of the traffick of these countries Hauing then furnished them with money credit and other necessaries for so long a voyage they went to Naples and from thence by Rhodes to Ierusalem from whence they passed by Alexandria to Caire then they went to Aden to Ormuz and at last came to Calicut and other places of the Indies carrying with them for their conduct a Carde or Compasse made by the licenciate Calsadilla Bishop of Viseo the Doctor Rodrigue Pero d' Alcaçaba and Moyses a Iew who had drawne it after the description of Martin of Boheme the great Mathematician taking information of all the parts of Ethiopia Arabia Persia and of the Indies where there is any trafficke faires or assemblies of people Alphonso Payua died in this voyage Pedro de Couanilla was deteined by Prester Iohn Emperour of Ethiopia so as the King could haue no relation from any of them concerning their voyage yet Couanilla found meanes to write a discourse of what hee had learned and sent it afterward to the King by one Rabi Abraham and Ioseph de Lamego who hauing beene already in Persia were sent backe againe by King Iohn to heere some newes of the said Pedro de Couanilla This discourse did whet on the Kings desire to effect this voyage for the which purpose he did arme certaine Carauels this yeere 1488. at the same time the marriage of his sonne Prince Alphonso and the Infanta Isabella eldest daughter to the King of Castile whereof mention was made in the treaty of peace betwixt Spaine and Portugall was wholy agreed vpon albeit the Prince was then but thirteene yeeres of age For the charges of which marriage the Estates of the Kingdome gaue to King Iohn the sum of a hundred thousand golden crusadoes at which time the King being desirous to aduance to wealth and honor D. Pedro de Meneses Earle of Villareal and Lord of Almeyda beeing at Beja he created him Marquis of Villareal and Earle of Oren. There came now into Castile a great Ambassage from Maximillian of Austria
be hereafter declared Don Alphonso de Cardegnas Master of Saint Iames beeing dead this yeare King Fernand retayned the Mastershippe The Mastership of S. Iames in beâ—ings hands in quality of administrator not suffering any new election to be made as hee had done the like to that of Calatraua with the selfe same considerations and reasons who by the Popes authoritie remayned Administrator of them Don Alphonso was then the Master of the same Order and the three and fortieth in order and continuances the same was done to the Order of Alcantara the which three dignities were since that incorporated to the Crowne by Pope Adrian the sixth in the time of the Emperour Charles the fifth who was heire to the Kingdomes of Castile The same yeare the Kings of Castile were altogether rid of King Mahomet Boabdellin the Little who beeing impatient of the daily sollicitations which were made to him for to become a Christian and to receiue the water of Baptisme did sell all the lands and right which had beene giuen him by the capitulations at such time as hee deluered vp the Cittie of Granado for foure-score thousand Duckets and with his family retired himselfe into Affricke There were new teares and lamentations renewed when his owne mother vpbrayding him sayd That it well became him to put finger in the eye and weepe like a woman for the losse of his dignitie and pallaces seeing that hee could not defend them like a man He was kindly welcommed and receyued by the King of Fez but within a few yeares afterwards he was slaine in his fierce and intestine warres against the Xerifs The Spanish Authours set downe for a memorable matter that the Kingdome of Granado beganne and ended two kings of Castile of one selfe same name raigning namely Ferdinand and the first and last King of Granado were called Mahomet At the same time the Earledome of Rossillon was restored to King Fernand by the French king The Earledome of Rossillon restored to King Fernand. Charles the eighth who hauing vndertaken at the entreatie and request of Lewis Sâ—orza named the Moore who did vsurpe the Dutchie of Milan the Conquest of the Kingdome of Naples did feare least the King of Castile should in his absence enterprise vpon France in regard of the strife and contention about the sayd Earledome Wherefore to free and acquit himselfe from that feare and suspition hee yeelded it vnto him and renewed the peace and allyances betwixt the Kingdomes of France Castile and Arragon but it was euill and vnfaithfully kept Wherein the Kings chiefe Councellours did greatly stand him in stead namely Steephen Petâ—de vâ—rs and Friar Alphonso of Albi and namely the holy man Friar Francis de Paule who died at Plessis les Tours certaine of whose letters are yet extant which he wrote therevppon and to the same effect to King Fernand. It was concluded in this agreement that King Ferdinand of Castile should not giue ayde nor assistance to the King of Naples whereby it appeareth that this Catholicke King knew well how to vse the vncharitable rule which sayes that Charity begins by it selfe King Ferdinand vnchaâ—itable For he to recouer the Earledome of Rossillon without restitution of the money which King Iohn his Father had borrowed of King Lewis the eleuenth did not greatly care to leaue the honour state and life of his coosin germaine and brother in law Ferdinand King of Naples for a prey to the French or at the least hee promised it and swore so to the French King notwithstanding that hee afterward changed his minde King Ferdinand and Queene Isabell hauing remained for a while in Cattalonia and afterward at Saragossa they came to Valiodolit where Don Roderigo d'Vlloa beeing deceased who was one of the superintendents of the treasure which they call Cantador major they suppressed that superintendencie retaining no more but the two that remained namely Don Guttiere de Cardenas great Commander of Leon and Don Iohn Chacon gouernor of the frontier of Murcia Beeing departed from Valiodolit to Medina del Campo they receiued newes of the death of King Ferdinand of Naples whom his sonne Don Alphonso Duke of Calabria succeeded The King at the same time had called in the towne of Tordesillas a Chapter of the order of Saint Iames and reformed certaine abuses and there the differences were compounded betwixt Castile and Portugall about the Indian nauigation Wee haue declared how that Pope Alexander had granted by his Bull dated at Saint Peters Portugal this present yeare one thousand foure hundred ninety and three and the first of his Popedome 1493. the west Indies to the Kings of Castile Now for to limit the Streights betwixt Castile and Portugall The Pope â—imits the Spaniards and Portugals nauigation he did draw a line or a meridionall in the Globe from the Poles of the North to the South leauing a hundred leagues distance to the Portuguze towards the West from one of the Isles to Cape vert to make their nauigation of Affrick and the East Indies wherewith the King of Portugall was highly displeased and complained in such sort to the Pope that the Kings of Castile entreated that the nauigation might bee left free to him towards the west The Portugals nauigation limited towards the VVest of foure hundred leagues and the Isles and lands within the same reputed for his conquest wherewith the King of Castile was not onely contented but added to it threescore and ten leagues more so as the Portugalls nauigation in all did stretch from the Isles of Cape vert towards the west foure hundred and seauenty leagues passing the meridionall by that point round about the globe The Moluccos founa to bee within the nauigation of the Castillans but time made it manifest that the King of Portugall thereby did smally better his condition for the riche Islands of the Moluccos from whence the spices come are found to bee within the streight of Castile this Transaction was passed the seauenth day of Iune in the yeare one thousand foure hundred ninety and foure Now King Iohn thinking that the Moluccos were his part hee sent certaine Caruels this yeare to seeke a passage by the Affrican sea towards the East but they went not farre beyond the Cape of Good hope wherefore the King beeing very desirous that in his dayes this vnknowne nauigation might bee practised The King of Monicongo receiues the Christian religion could not haue that good hap for hee did not liue this yeare In his time neuerthelesse the kingdome of Manicongo in Guiney was discouered the King whereof with the most part of his nobility were Baptized King Iohn beeing oppressed with continuall melancholy for the death of his sonne Prince Alphonso hee fell into a dropsie which by little and little brought him to his end not without suspition that his disease was procured or augmented by poyson hee neuerthelesse made his abode in the Citty of Lisbone and
such courtesie and modestie he got honour and wealth for himselfe and the Kings his masters vnto whom hee sent great treasures in recompence whereof he was made great Commander of Alcantara Columbus his fourth and last voyage to the Indies Then was the Admirall Columbus permitted to go to sea who departed with foure Caruels set foorth at the Kings cost with an hundred threescore and ten saylers but beeing come to the mouth of the riuer Oçman in the Island of Hispagniola the Gouernour Nicholas d' â—uanda would not suffer him to come into the city of S. Domingo wherfore he sayled to the port Escondido or hidden and after came to the riuer and cape of Fig-trees from whence he ran more then three hundred and seuenty leagues alongst the Southerne coast desirous to find a passage beyond the Equinoctiall he came to a place called Nombre de Dios and from thence returned to Cuba and foorth-with passed to Iamaica where he lost two Caruels In this Iland the Admirall had many crosses for most of his people fell sicke there to the death then they mutined and would haue slaine one another Francisco de Porras Treasurer of his nauie being author of that sedition and besides that the Indians refused to giue him victuals which did greatly trouble him for this he found a present remedie and beeing a good Astronomer he knew that the day following there would bee a great Ecclipse of the Moone Columbus foretels an Eclipse of the Moone to the Indians to feare them he told the idolatrous Indians that if they gaue him not victuals they should all of them die of the plague and for a true token thereof they should the morrow after see the Moone appeare all bloudie the which by reason of the Eclipse became duskie and spotted the Indians were so greatly amazed thereat as they besought the Admirall to pardon them and to reconcile them to the Moone and brought him more victuals then he had need of Hauing remained a yeare in Iamayca the Admirall Columbus returned into Spayne from whence he neuer afterwards did stirre this was his fourth and last voyage to the Indies The same course held king Manuel in his nauigation to the East Indies wherein hee spared no cost Portugal for hauing had ample information of the whole voyage of Calicut by D. Vasco de Gama he had sent thither in the yeare 1500. a Nauie of twelue Carauels vnder the command of Captaine Pero Aluares Cabralde a Gentleman of Portugal followed by other Gentlemen manned with fifteene hundred souldiers carrying along with him fiue Friars and good store of merchandize to exchange for spices and other things which the East produceth all of it according to the order and appointment of Don Vasco de Gama These Caruels hauing sayled in view of the Ilands of the Canaries and arriued at S. Iames as they discouered the Isle of Bresill there appeared to them a Comet with long and fearefull beames towards the East continuing their voyage there arose so great and strange a tempest as by day the water of the sea seemed as blacke as pitch and in the night like to fire which swallowed foure of those shippes the rest of the Naâ—y sayling on in great danger came in sight of cape Double and from thence arriued at Mosambique then sayling towards Melinde and beyond that to Anjauina they came at last within a league of Calicut from whence he beganne to contract with the King of the same countrie but afterwards they fell at oddes which caused losse to either of them Vppon this occasion Pero Aluares Cabralda went into the land of Malabar belonging to the King of Cochin with whome he agreed and found meanes to lade his ships with spices and so returning homewards he touched at the cape of Good hope and from thence to Lisbone where he arriued in Iuly in the yeare 1501. 1501. with sixe Carauels of twelue that hee carried out with him hauing beene in that voyage neere sixteene moneths Before his returne Iohn de la Nueua Gallego Voyage of Iohn de la Nueua a Portugal departed from Lisbon with three shippes and a Caruell for the selfe same voyage of Calicut but King Manuel conceyuing in his mind to find a way to the Isles of Moluccos and those countries where the spices grow he sent the same yeare 1501. a skilfull marriner called Americus Vespucius a Florentine with foure Carauels who passed not much farther then Saint Augustines Cape and without taking notice of the great riuer of siluer or Rio de Plata he returned home The yeare 1502. Don Vasco de Gama An. 1502. Admirall of Portâ—gall was againe sent by the King into the East D Vasco de Gama his second voyage with thirteene shippes and three Carauels manned with great numbers of Gentlemen and souldiers with Merchandizes munitions and victuals and all other things necessarie for so long and painefull a voyage and within few dayes after hee sent other fiue shippes to follow Don Vasco commanded by Stephano Gamo By these were new lands discouered to the great profit and commodity of the nations of Europe This same yeare King Manuel had by his wife Queene Mary Birth of prince Iohn of Portugal a sonne called Iohn who succeeded him in the Kingdome the day of whose birth was rainy and such thunder and lightning on the day of his christening as the Royall pallace was in danger of beeing burned And the yeare following 1503. his daughter the Infanta Izabella was born An. 1503. who came to be Empresse of Germany Birth of D. Isabella and was mother to king Philip the second deceased Don Vasco beeing returned from his luckie and prosperous voyage king Manuel gaue no intermission to that most profitable and honorable nauigation but the Portugals hauing raised warre in the East betwixt the Kings of Calicut and Cochin tooke the King of Cochins part beeing by him receyued and welcommed into his countrie and hauens so as he of Calicut did in short time know that he had greatly erred in wronging his guests The yeare 1504. King Manuel hauing notice of this warre An. 1504. was displeased therewith and set foorth a Nauy of twelue great shippes Voyage of Lopes Suares de Meneses Don Lopes Suares de Mereses beeing Admiral of the same who arriued in safetie at Cochin by meanes whereof they did greatly encrease the renowne of the Portugals and established the trafficke pourchasing their King friends not onely among those Easterne people but also tributarie Princes for his seruants These conquests were pursued by Ferdinand of Almeyda and Alphonso of Albuquerque and other vertuous and valiant Captaines which haue continued those voyages since and by meanes thereof haue carried some knowledge of the name of Iesus Christ to those barbarous and vnbeleeuing people The Court of Castile lying at Alcala de Henares the yeare 1503. the Princesse D. Ioane was there brought in bed of a sonne who
and of Fernando Cortez to the Indies 2 Expedition of Africke by the Castillans and the taking of the great port of Mersalcabir 3 Peace betwixt Castille and France and treaties of mariage 4 The Archduke Philip of Austria and D. Iaone his wife part out of Flaunders to returne into Castille and are stayed in England 5 Death of Christofer Columbus His posteritie 6 D. Philip and D. Ioane his wife kings of Castille Retreat of king Ferdinand into Arragon 7 Voyage of king Ferdinand into Italie Enteruiew of king Lewis and king Ferdinand at Sauonne 8 The duke Valentin being a prisoner in Castille escapes into Nauarre 9 Affaires of Nauarre Disposition of the king D. Iohn of Albret Contentions betwixt him and the queene his wife for the factions of Nauarre 10 Rashnesse of the earle of Lerin Constable of Nauarre Sentence and condemnation against him Warre betwixt the king and the earle Death of duke Valentin 11 Exploits of Pedro Nauarro in Africke in fauour of the Portugals 12 Rashnesse of the marquesse of Priego punished by the king D. Ferdinand Regent in Castille 13 Sedition at Lisbone for religion The mutines punished 14 Search of the firme land at the Indies by Alphonso Hojeda and others 15 League betwixt the Pope the Emperour Maximilian king Ferdinand and Lewis 12 the French king against the Venetians 16 Discouerie of the firme land at the Indies Forts built there 17 Expedition of Cardinall Francis Ximenes into Africke The taking of the citie of Oran 18 Warre against the Venetians 19 Practise of Pope Iulio against the French Schisme in the Church of Rome Counsell demanded by the French king 20 Taking of Bugia and other exploits in Africke by Pedro Nauarro Death of D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo 21 Behauiour of the Spaniards at the West Indies Seditions among them 22 Progresse of the warre of Italie made by the French against the Pope Councell of Pisa and a counter Councell at Rome at S. Iohn de Latran 23 Warre betwixt France and Spaine A league betwixt the Pope king Ferdinand and the Venetians 24 Continuance of this warre by the Pope against the French Exploits of Gaston earle of Foix duke of Nemours 25 Pursuit of the king and queene of Nauarre in Castille to be restored to much of their patrimonie in that realme but without any effect 26 Meanes vsed by the Pope and king Ferdinand to dispossesse the king D. Iohn of Albret and the queene D. Katherina his wife of the realme of Nauarre 27 Meanes vsed by the Emperor Maximilian to abandon the French Battell of Rauenna 28 Censures against Lewis the twelfth the French king and his realme Retreat of king Iohn of Albret into Fraunce Inuasion of the realme by the Castillans Pampelone taken by the duke of Alua. 29 Exploits of Vasco Nugnes of Bilbao and other Spaniards at the Indies D. Philip 1. and D. Ioane 21 Kings of Castille and 42 of Leon. THe Castillans and Leonois 1504 for want of their Queene proprietarie D. Isabella began to accustome themselues to the yoke of German princes hauing presently set vp in Castille the Armes of the Archduke Philip of Austria and of D. Ioane heire of these realmes in her mothers right and D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alba aduanced these banners in their name yet the king D. Ferdinand continued lawfull gouernour vntill the comming of these princes who had aduertisement sent them presently into Flaunders of the Queenes death The Archduke Philip was then six and twentie yeares old faire of face well proportioned of his members of a good grace mild and courteous in speech of a great spirit actiue quicke and learned by reason whereof being in him more then ordinarie hee was surnamed the Great Whilest that he made preparation to come and take possession of this great inheritance king Ferdinand after the royall and stately obsequies of the deceased Queene and the bodie transported to Granado with a great traine he retired himselfe to the monasterie of Mejorada and from thence hee past to Toro being accompanied by D. Francis Ximenes Archbishop of Toledo Diego of Deca Archbishop of Seuille and others of great qualitie and learning to conferre about the execution of the deceased Queenes will 1 In the meane time Iohn de Cosa Voiage of Iohn de Cosa a good sea-man rigged forth foure Carauels out of port S. Maria at his owne charge and by Iohn of Ledesma of Seuille and others desirous to inrich themselues vndertaking the conquest of that countrey at the Indies which was held by the Caribes Whereupon setting sayle he came and toucht at a place called Carthagena there being joyned vnto him captaine Lewis Guerre who beginning to make warre together they tooke sixe hundred of these Barbarians in the island of Codego then coasting along the shore desirous to barter wares and to buy gold they entred into Vraba where they found some little gold in the sand and from thence they returned into the island of Hispaniola and the citie of S. Domingo laden with men but scanted of victuals and of all other things especially of gold wherof they were exceeding greedie The same yeare 1504 Fernando Cortez voyage to the Indies there went vnto the Indies Fernand Cortez borne at Medellin in Estremadura one of the most famous men that hath beene in these conquests vnto our dayes He arriued at S. Domingo in a ship belonging to Alphonso Quintero of Palos of Moguer where he was well entertained by the Secretarie Medine the gouernour being then absent and afterwards by the gouernor Nicholas d' Ouando himselfe being returned This was he which conquered Noua Hispania Of the maners of the Indians their idolatries and damnable superstitions the curious may be more amply informed by the particular histories of the Indies written by Peter Martyr of Angleria Gonsal Fernandes of Ouiedo Francisco Lopes of Gomara and others During king Ferdinands gouernment in Castille the Estate began to be trobled by some noblemen who thought that queen Isabel being dead they might lawfully tyrannise but the king hauing called the Estates to Toro 1505 in the yeare 1505 he caused a new oath to be taken to the queene D. Ioane his daughter and to her husband as kings of Castille Leon Granado c. and by his wisedome pacified those tumults and disorders which were likely to grow Chauncerie transported frō Cite Royall to Granado Which yeare for many reasons the Chauncerie which was at Cite Royall was transported to Granado where since it hath remained And by the persuasion of D. Francisco Ximenes Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spaine there was an expedition attempted against the Moores of Africke nothing concurring with the embassage which had beene sent to Caire whereof mention hath beene made 2 The Primate had had sundrie discourses with a Venetian called Ieronimo Vianello an industrious man and knowing the countrey of Africke His designe was vpon the citie of Oran Description of Oran well
then came and died in Spaine in the towne of Cigales neere to Vailledolit in the yeare 1558 and lyes in the monasterie of S. Benedict of Vailledolit 3 Whilest that the Queen D. Isabella liued they did still practise some meanes of peace betwixt France and Spaine and to this end the kings of Castille and Arragon had their embassadors in the French kings Court making shew that they would restore king Frederic to his realme of Naples or giue it to D. Ferdinand duke of Calabria his eldest sonne who was resident if Spaine but it was not credible for that is not the custome in our age to giue away kingdomes which they doe quietly enjoy especially hauing gotten it with so great charge neither did he any thing But the yeare of her decease there was a peace concluded betwixt the Emperor Maxmilian and his sonne Philip and king Lewis by the which it was the third time agreed That prince Charles of Austria should mariâ— Claude of France with the consent of the princes and noblemen of France by the kings commaundement and namely of Francis duke of Angoulesme who was next in degree to the Crowne It was also concluded That the Emperor Maximilian should grant the inuestiture of the duchie of Milan to king Lewis for him and his heires and successors males and for want of males to his daughter and to her future spouse prince Charles who dying before the consummation of the mariage she should be giuen in mariage to the Infant D. Ferdinand his brother and they their descendants should enjoy the said duchie of Milan For the expedition of which priuiledge and donation king Lewis should pay vnto the Emperor 70000. ducats vpon the deliuerie of the letters and the like summe six moneths after and euery yere vpon new-yeares day a paire of gilt spurs in signe of honor Betwixt the Pope the Emperour king Philip his Sonne and the French king there was a league made against the Venetians League made against the Venetians to recouer the townes and Lands which either of these Princes pretended to belong vnto him and had beene vsurped by this Common-weale into which league Ferdinand king of Arragon might enter if he pleased and there was not any mention made of the realme of Naples in expectation whereof king Fredederic ended his daies that yeare 1505. at Tours Peace betwixt France and Spaine That yeare the truce betwixt D. Ferdinand king of Arragon and the French king was conuerted to a peace vpon condition that king Ferdinand should marry Germaine the kings neece daughter to his sister and to Iohn of Foix and of Nauarre Vicount of Narbone which Lady was allyed to King Ferdinand in the third degree the Vicont of Narbone being borne of queene Leonora of Nauarre his Sister by reason of which consanguinity they had a dispensation from the Pope Treatie of marriage betwixt Ferdinand and the Lady Germaine of Foix. and in consideration of this marriage it was agreed that the part which the French king might pretend in the realme of Naples should stand in stead of a dowrie for his Neece the future queene of Arragon vpon condition that the king D. Ferdinand should pay vnto the French king seuen hundred thousand ducats for the charges hee had beene at in the warre of Naples and moreouer should indowe his spouse with three hundred thousand ducats and in regard thereof a peace being concluded the Noblemen and Barons of the Realme that were prisoners in the Spaniards hands should be deliuered and the banished men restored to their estates all confiscations being void That queene Germaine dying without children before the king D. Ferdinand her dowrie should remaine to him but if she suruiued and had no children it should returne to the crown of France That king Ferdinand shold be bound to assist Gaston of Foix brother to his future spouse to conquer the realme of Nauarre which he pretended to belong vnto him and not to queene Katherine his cousin That the French King should giue leaue to queene Elizabeth widowe to King Frederit to retyre into Spaine with two children which shee had in France to whome the King D. Ferdinand should giue honest meanes to liue and if she should refuse to goe that the French king should not giue any entertainment to her nor her children That for a stronger bond of peace and assurance of the two realmes the king of Spaine should be bound to aide him of France with two thousand light Horse three hundred men at armes and sixe thousand foot the French king him of Spaine with a thousand â— ances and sixe thousand foot in their warres The king of England was caution for both of them for this peace whereunto and to the marriage king Ferdinand did easily incline to quiet his minde in regard of the realme of Naples being also aduertised that his sonne in law king Philip contemning the will and testament of queene Isabell his mother in Lawe did not meane that hee should gouerne the realme of Castille Isabel widow to Frederic of Naples chased out of France The widow queene of Naples being chased out of France according to the accord she desired rather to retyre to Ferara vnder the protection of Duke Alfonso of Esse then to go into Spaine fearing it may be that king Ferdinand would put her children to death that there might not be any to pretend to the realme of Naples King Ferdinand hauing remained most part of the yeare at Segobia and hunting at Cerezuela hee came to salamanca there to spend the remainder in which yeare there dyed many great men of Spaine Death of many Gentlemen in Spaine D. Alfonso of Fonseca Bishop of Osma to whome there succeedded an ignorant and visaious prelate base Sonne to the Admirall D. Frederic Henriques called D. Alfonso Henriques borne of a slaue of which promotion the king did often repent him and was much blamed for it by other Prelates namely of frier Anthonie de la Pegna who preached before him There dyed also D. Pero Aluares Osorio Marquesse of Astorga who left for successor his Sonne D. Aluar Peres Osorio D. Gomes Suarez of Figueroa Earle of Feria to whome succeeded Don Laurence Suares of Figueroa his Sonne who hauing marryed D. Katherine of Cordoua eldest Daughter to D. Pedro of Cordoua and neece to the great Captaine came by her â—ight to bee Marquesse of Pâ—lego D. Alfonso of Fonseca Lord of Coca and Alacxos and D. Francisco of Velasco Earle of Siruela D. Hurtado of Mendosa gouernour of Casorla brother to the deceased Cardinall D. Pero Gonsales of Mendâ—ca did also end their daies this yeare The plague did also carry away infinite numbers of people in the citie of Burgos so as it was in a manner left desolate 4 In the yeare 1506 1506 vpon the controuersie growen betwixt the two kings father in lawe and sonne Difference betwixt D. FerdinaÌ„d king of Arragon and D. Philip and D.
for you At this noyse there came two friers running who moued with a monkish zeale tooke vp a Crosse and running vp and downe the streetes cried Kill kill these wicked hereticall dogges for both plague and famine will fall vpon this countrey for their impieties with which cries they stirred vp the people so as falling vpon these new Christians as they call them they slue aboue 4000 regarding the innocent no more then the offender and that which was the chiefe motiue they spoiled their goods sackt their houses and burnt many in the streetes and publike place of the citie the which the officers of Iustice could not help In the end being tired rather then glutted with killing and spoyling the tumult ceased King Manuel beeing aduertised of this excesse caused the two friers which were the authors to be apprehended and to be publikely burnt at Ebora and informations being made against the mutines and spoilers about 70 of them were most iustly hanged wherein it is strange how often they were then abused who leauing Mahumets or the Iewish impietie came into the bosome of the Romish church thinking to find a safe refuge or some mildnes and humanitie there whereas they did often make triall of the smothered hatred and crueltie of these proud and rauishing olde Christians as they call them in Spaine men truely vnfitte to draw infidelles to the healthfull Doctrine of IESVS CHRIST for this detestable example could no wayes edifie the sonne of the King of Manicongo who was sent a while after into Portugall to bee there instructed in the Romish Religion This King ruling vpon the westerne shoare of Afrike beyond the Equinoctiall was vassall and alied to the king D. Manuel the infant his sonne was named Henry and was bred vp and instructed in the Latine tongue and the sciences for the space of twelue yeeres Henry Infant of Manicongo baptized at Saint Eloy in Lisbone after the which hee returned into his countrey being accompanied by many of the monkes of S. Eloy carrying with him many ornaments seruing for the ceremonies of the Romish religion and many gifts from the King D. Manuel 14 D. Ferdinand King of Arragon for his part Castille seeking the propagation of religion following the aduice of his councell and of the diuines of Spaine gaue leaue this yeare one thousand fiue hundred and eight to some Spaniards dwelling at the Indies to search into the maine land there to conquer prouinces and people and to conuert those infidelles to the Christian religion Alphonso of Hoieda first discouerer of the firme land as the Indies by armes if they did not willingly submit themselues sending ample instructions vnto them The first that vndertooke that enterprise was Alphonso of Hojeda or Fojeda borne at Cuenea hauing dwelt long at the Indies who parting from the port of Beate of Saint Dominike with foure shippes and three hundred men came vnto Carthagena beeing followed by an other shippe in the which there should be certaine mares swine and other cattell to breed being conducted by the bacheler Martin Fernandes of Ensiso with an hundred and fiftie Spaniards Hauing landed Alphonso of Hojeda caused the Caribes a cruell and barbarous nation which inhabite that countrie to be summoned to yeeld obedience to the King D. Ferdinand and D. Ioane of Castille and to receiue the preaching of the gospel offering them peace with great priuiledges and exemptions but they making no regard of all these things Hoieda made cruell wars against them killing or making slaues all he could get according to the instruction of the diuines of Spaine He marcht about fiue leagues into the land and besieged a little borough of some one hundred houses where there might dwell some three hundred persons of these Caribes Caribes defend themselues couragiously who defended themselues in such sort with poysoned arrowes and their other armes as they slew three score and tenne Spaniards and among them Alphonso de la Cosa of Palos of Moguer in Adalusia a man expert in nauigation and lieutenant at that time to Hoieda which was a great losse and had not Diego of Nicuesa of Baesa arriued they were in daunger to haue receiued a greater losse and affront Nicuesa parting from the same port of Beata of S. Domingo had brought foure score Spaniards in seuen shippes and two brigantines Hoieda hauing ioyned with 780. did easily force the borough and burnt it with all the Indians who had no leasure nor meanes to flie of the which they retayned seuen prisoners and hauing gathered vp some little gold in the ashes of this fire these captaines diuided themselues Hoieda bending towards Vrabia and Nicuesa to Beragua 15 This was done at such time as the Christian princes made a league at Cambrie against the Venetians into the which D. Ferdinand King of Arragon and Gouernour of Castille entred Pretensions of Christian princes against the Venetians The Venetians who alwayes knew how to make their profite by other mens quarrels held Padena Vincence Verona Friuli and Treuiso which the emperour pretended The French king as duke of Millane demaunded of them Cremona Ghiaradda Brest Bergamo and Crema for the pope there was exacted the towne of Faruse Rimini Rauenna and Ceruia the King Ferdinand desired to retire the places and ports of the realme of Naples which had beene engaged vnto them by the old King D. Ferdinand of Naples for these considerations all their embassadors met there together to conclude a warre against the Venetiance but king Ferdinand had no great will to take armes against that common weale proiecting other meanes to recouer his right but to please the Emperour hee ioyned in this warre and for that there was some discontentment betwixt the king D. Ferdinand the emperour and prince Charles by reason of the gouernement of Castille it was said that there should be no speach of it vntill the end of that war There were many other particularities treated of and concluded there euery one of these princes seeking more his owne priuate interest then the good of the league in generall King Ferdinand was then at Tordesillas whither hee had accompanied his daughter the Queene D. Ioane who liued there and hauing beene a widow eight and fourty yeares ended her dayes there In May in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and nine queene Germanie wife to king Ferdinand was deliuered of a son at Vailledolit 1509 who was named Iohn but he liued not long after which this princesse had not any more children but the king her husband before he maried her had D. Alphonso of Arragon by the vicountesse of Eboli Genealogie of Arragon he was archbishop of Saragosse a prince of singuler vertue he had also D. Ioane of Arragon who was wife to the Constable D. Bernardin of Velasco and moreouer by a gentlewoman of Bilbao called D. Tota he had D. Maria of Arragon who was a nunne at Madrigal and of a lady of Portugall of the family
pope Iulio the 2. against the French would seeke some reuenge against him he began to study by what means he might diuert him from Italy and if occasion were offred to expell him quite wherefore he drew the Suisses vnto him hee did sollicite the king of England to make war against the French and did what hee could to cause D. Ferdinand to declare himselfe their enemy but the Popes practises were then of small effect for England stirred not king Ferdinand seeing that the French king made no shew that hee meant to annoy the pope hee persisted in some sort in the league of Cambray saying that hee would according to the treatie made with the emperour assist him in the warre of Lombardie whither he sent foure hundred horse and two thousand Spanish foote vnder the command of the duke of Termini The pope fearing that the Venetians ruine would also cause that of the state of Rome and of the other potentates of Italy he sought to haue some pretext to quarrell with the French king hoping that if hee declared himselfe his enemie with any colour he should sway the league of Cambray much wherefore he tooke an occasion for that king Lewis fauored Alphonso of Este duke of Ferrara against whom hee had a quarrell punishing him with his spirituall and temporall armes and to gratifie king Ferdinand and to draw him to his deuotion hee confirmed vnto him the possession of the realme of Naples with the said conditions that the king of Arragon his predecessors had formerly held it the which hee had before refused and moreouer hee drew a promise from the king to aide him with three hundred men at armes if need were for the defence of the territories of the church King Ferdinand foreseeing and fearing the miseries that might ensue if the French king and the pope should grow to an open quarrell he did all good offices to reconcile them but hee could not for the pope was obstinately bent to oppresse the duke of Feâ—erra and the king held it dishonourable for him to abandon his allie whereupon king Lewis moued with a iust indignation began to treat a new league against pope Iulio with the emperour and other princes and potentates of Christendome persuading Maximilian as emperor to pursue the vniting of the lands held in Italie by the pope as belonging rightly vnto the empire and that the Germans and French ioyntly should demaund a generall Councell Councell propounded to reforme the pope for the reformation of the pope and clergie and to giue some forme thereunto for his part hee called an assembly of the prelates of France in manner of a Nationall Councell in the citie of Orleans to the end they should withdraw themselues from the popes obedience by a decree The prelates hauing transferred the assembly from Orleans to Towers they drew some articles to be presented vnto the pope in the name of the French church and in case hee did refuse them then to protest that they did not acknowledge him for their superiour appointing in that respect an other assembly within sixe moneths after Cardinall of S. Croix a Spaniard against the pope of the clergie of France To this enterprise the king had drawne some cardinalls namely D. Bernardin of Caruajal bishop of Siguensa cardinall of Saint Croix a Spaniard who had beene apostolike legat in the emperours court hoping to make king Ferdinand to yeeld vnto it for the respect hee bare vnto the emperour The pope besides the interest of the Venetians and of all Italy which did moue him being in heart an irreconcileable enemie to the French and to all them beyond the mountaines he desired nothing but troubles as appeared by his courses In the mean time king Ferdinand by reason of an army of Turkes which had beene discouered neere vnto Otranto was forced to call home his souldiers which he had sent into Lombardie in fauour of the league of Cambray which made the emperour and French king suspect that hee would ioyne with the pope whereupon they sent vnto him to know his intent whereunto king Ferdinand made a plaine answer without any ambiguitie that although by reason of the fee of Naples hee had furnished the pope with some horsemen yet hee meant not for all that to leaue the league of Cambray but would entertaine it more then before and therefore hee promised to send his souldiers backe into Lombardie but as for the other league which they treated of hee could not yeeld vnto it and much lesse that which concerned a generall councell Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a Councell for that sayd this catholike king it were a scandalous thing and would trouble all Christendome being most apparent that this councell was not propounded but to offend the pope whom both he and all Christian Princes did acknowledge to be Christs vicar in the church of God and that peace and vnion should bee the end of all holy councels wherefore hee excused himselfe from entring into any other league then that of Cambray exhorting them for the tranquilitie of the state of Christendome torne and dismembred with warre to hearken to some good agreement with the Pope Excuses made by king Ferdinand for not yeelding to a councell notwithstanding which answere the French king and the Emperour made a new League for the executing of the league of Cambray against the Venetians leauing libertie for the Pope to enter within fiue monethes and for the kings of Spaine and Hungarie within foure and if the Pope should refuse to enter into their league then they would call a generall Councell for the effecting whereof the Emperour should assemble the Prelates in Germany as the French king had done them in France Thus great miseries did threaten Italie through the obstinacy of Pope Iulio 20 Whilst that the Christian Princes of Europe treated of these things in the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and tenne 1510 the coast of Africke was much annoyed by the army of Spaine of the which the earle Pedro Nauarro was gouernour Bugia taken by Pedro Nauarro who tooke the citie of Bugia which had beene a great Vniuersity for the Moores the which strooke so great a terrour throughout all Africke as the towne of Algier and many places vpon that coast became tributaries to the crowne of Castille Algier tributary to Castille agreeing with Pedro Nauarro what annual rent they should paie and sending embassadors into Spaine who brought with them 50 Christian slaues and they landed at Valencia at such time as king Ferdinand hauing left the Infant D. Ferdinand his grand-childe with Cardinal Ximenes whom they called the Cardinall of Spain and the councel at Vailledolit he came into Arragon and called the estates of the realmes to Monson The earle Pedro Nauarro continuing his conquests hee woone Tripoli in Barbarie and soone after Tripoli in Barbari taken about the middest of August D. Garcia Aluares of Toledo
place called the Antique of Darien being commaunded by Vasco Nugnes of Balboa Exploits of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa they obtained of him the deliuerie of the bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso who could not be staied by any intreaties in that countrey to be chiefe Iustice ouer all but went presently to S. Domingo and from thence into Spaine where hee made his complaint vnto the king accusing Vasco Nugnes of much wickednesse and excesse whereupon there was a grieuous sentence pronounced against him the punishment whereof he auoyded by his great future seruices The first voyage which Vasco Nugnes made against the Indians was against a Cachique or king of that countrey called Careta lord of Coyba who hauing refused him victuals and gold was by him his troups which were 130 Spaniards assayled taken and his burrough sackt where they found three Spaniards who for villanies committed had fled from their captaine Nicuesa and had beene receiued and wel intreated by this Cachique at whose intreatie he was deliuered and held for a friend and Vasco Nugnes promised to aid him against another Cachique his enemie who was called Ponsa Being prest with hunger and want of all necessaries these Spaniards of Antique sent Samudio and Valdiuia two of their men into the island of Hispaniola to fetch them victuals and another into Spaine called Zamudio who carried the processe of the bacheler Martin Hernandes of Enciso Vasco Nugnes in the meane time went in person against the Cachique Ponsa who fled away with his people carrying all their wealth with them whereupon he went against another Cachique called Comagro whose land was not farre from the South sea for the region of Darien is but an isthmus Darien an isthmus or neck of land or a strait necke of land Vasco Nugnes contracted friendship and alliance with this Cachique for he found him mild and tractable He lodged him in a hall which was 150 paces long and 80 broad whereas he and all his Spaniards made good cheere with their victuals wine of dates and â—ther fruits after their maner and the Cachiques eldest sonne brought the weight of 4000 dragmes in gold wrought and seuentie slaues which he gaue vnto the Spaniards Coâ—etousnesse of the Spaniards somewhat checked by an Indian who seeing them through greedinesse to contend and quarell about the diuision of these things he wondred much and said vnto them That seeing they had so great a desire of gold which was but earth as for it they did thrust themselues into so great dangers and did trouble so many peaceable nations he would shew them a region not farre of and neere vnto the other sea where they should glut their couetousnesse but they must not goe with so small a troupe being necessarie to lead a thousand Spaniards thither Vasco Nugnes and Roderigo of Colmenares being verie joyfull of this aduertisement and more for that they heard him speake of another neere sea imbraced this lord who was called Panquiaco intreating him to become a Christian and that hee should goe with them the which he did willingly yeeld vnto and was baptised Charles in honour of prince Charles of Austria the heire of Spaine This region whereof Charles Panquiaco spake was called Tumanama to come vnto the which they must of necessitie passe the mountaines and woods inhabited by the Caribes cruell people and eaters of men carrying arrowes dipt in deadly poison which made them madde that were wounded therewith and therefore Vasco Nugnes returned to Antique to prouide all things necessarie for this voyage and conquest Hauing found Valdiuia returned from S. Domingo with some victuals he sent him into Spaine and with him 15000 dragmes of gold for the kings fift part of diuers booties which they had taken giuing him charge to beseech the king to send a thousand Spaniards for the conquest of the South sea But Valdiuia miscarried by the way he and all his treasure being drowned In the meane time Vasco Nugnes with a brigantine and many barkes began to saile into the gulph of Vraba to seeke for victuals and finding a great riuer which he called S. Iohn he went ten leagues vp against the streame but he found not any man for all were fled vp into the countrey hauing bin terrified with the crueltie and insatiable couetousnesse of the bearded Spaniards as they called them by Cemaco the Cachique who had beene vanquished by Martin Hernandes Enciso yet the Spaniards forraged the countrey neere vnto the riuers sides and made great bundels of arrowes and other armes nets couerings and other Indian implements the which afterwards they cast into the sea for that in their returne they were taken with a storme carrying away the value of seuen thousand Castillans in gold but nothing that could satisfie hunger for these people in truth were poore and liued only of fishing exchanging their fish with their neighbours for Mays Roderigo Henriques of Colmenares running vp along the riuers side with seuentie companions returned without bread or any other victuals but he brought much Casse-fistula which he found growing in those regions in great aboundance Hauing joyned againe with Balboa they entred into the mouth of a floud which they called the blacke riuer where they were to incounter a Cachico called Abenamaquer whom they defeated and tooke prisoner whose arme a villanous Spaniard cut off in cold bloud for that he had been wounded during the skirmish Colmenares remaining there with this Cachico and the moitie of the Spanish troupes Balboa with the rest past on came vnto a place where as he found a building made vpon great old trees much like vnto a cage to keepe birds in there a Cachico kept who thinking himselfe to be in a safe place inexpugnable they mockt at the Spaniards who were on the ground did summon theÌ„ to yeeld but when as they saw them begin to ouerthrow the foundation of his palace with axes he came downe with two of his sonnes and presented himselfe humbly to Balboa excusing himselfe that hee had not any gold whereof he had no need but promised that he would goe and seeke some if he would suffer him at libertie Balboa trusting him let him goe free but he was deceiued For this Cachico falsifying his faith consorted with other Cachicoes and their people in great numbers who fell vpon the Spaniards but to their owne losse for they were repulst with the losse of many Indians Not content with this insolencie the Cachicoes about the blacke riuer and that gulph conspired to assaile the Antique of Darien suddenly with all their power and to kill the Spaniards and eat them The which was discouered to Vasco Nugnes by a faire Indian woman whom he entertained as his friend who had beene aduertised to free her selfe of this danger by a brother of hers who was of the conspiracie and for her sake did frequent familiarly among the Spaniards Vasco Nugnes of Balboa caused this Indian to be taken hauing vnderstood
by his soldiers to keep the field with the Germanes hauing the Caualarie of Naples and the Popes with 4500 Spaniards hauing sent one thousand Spaniards to assist the duke of Milan The viceroy hauing with these forces sackt Bouoelta Cruell warre of the Spaniards against the Venetians past the Brent and marcht vnto the sea burning townes and villages and all the houses of the gentlemen of Venice which were in that countrie and the more to afflict braue them he caused ten peeces of his greatest ordnance to be mounted at a place called Marguera and shot against the city of Venice whereof the bullets fel at S. Seconds church with trouble and amazement to all the inhabitants and the more for that night comming it did represent vnto them more plainely the great fiers and ruines of their houses of pleasure in the countrey the which they held to be the greatest indignitie that euer the common wealth of Venice receiued which thinking to reuenge they encreased their disgrace for Aluiano hauing assured the Senat that the enemies armie laden with spoiles in those moorish places and trenches of riuers would find such difficulties in their retreat as it would bee easie to put them to rout and therefore had gotten leaue to draw their forces to field after that hee had coasted the enemies seeking to stoppe their passage at the riuer of Brenta being himselfe deceiued and surprised as hee thought to stop their passage going to Verona whether they marcht onely with an intent to retyre hee was fought with all and vanquished about Vincence Venetians defeated by the Spaniards hauing lost aboue fiue thousand Venetians and many Captaines slaine vpon the place with their Pouididor Andrew Lauredan who was slain by the contention of two souldiers whose prisoner hee should be besides many captaines and gentlemen of Venice that were prisoners which rout did much trouble the affaires of that state What succeeded afterwards in that warre I leaue to other Histories whome it concernes more particularly King Ferdinand being much impayred by his languishing infirmitie growen by reason of the potion which had beene giuen him attended as well as hee could the gouernment of his realmes but hee had a good Councell and faithfull ministers so as his affaires both of state and iustice were nothing impayred neither were they in any sort peruerted Forts built in Afrike This yeare there was a fort built at Oran and another at a place called Pegnon or the rocke of Alger in Afrike whereas the crowne of Castille held Melille Casaâ—a Oran Masalquiuer Tripoli and Bugie and the two rockes or Pegnons of Alger and of Velez besides the Princes and townes that were Tributarie vnto it And so ended that yeare 2513. 8 In the yeare one thousand fiue hundred and foureteene 1514 Vasco Nugnes of Balboa hauing staied a good space in the countrie of the Cachico Tumanama discouering the mines and treasures of that region Behauiour of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa at the Indies he parted from thence leading one of that princes sons with him to be instructed in the Romish religion and came into the country of D. Charles Panquiaco who receiued Balboa being sicke verie courteously with all his companions giuing theÌ„ al the ease commodities he could and when they would depart he presented them with 20 pounds of gold Being thus satisfied of him they retyred to their fort of the Antique of Darien the which they found much better peopled than they had left it for vpon the brute of the great riches that were on the firme land many were come from Hispaniola the citie of S. Domingo to inhabit there It is thought that Balboa brought beside the contentment he had to haue discouered the south sea the value of aboue 100000 Castillans in gold Booty taken at the Indies besides perles and other precious jewels in great aboundance hauing made a long and dangerous voyage gone through many barbarous natioÌ„s enemies by desart and vnknown places Trauels endured with great patience and happines by the Spaniards hauing not only to incounter men but Tygres and Lyons hunger and thirst thick woods craggy mountaines and yet neuer was put to rout neuer lost a man nor himselfe wounded in any sort Of al their spoiles they laied to the value of 20000 ducats for the kings right and then they diuided the rest among them euerie one receiuing according to his place yea their mastiues had pay aswel as the men for it is reported that a dog belonging vnto Vasco Nugnes Mastiues receiued pay and a part of the spoile among the Spaniards called Leoncillo had for his part 500 Castillans receiuing a greater pay than a harquebusier After that Vasco Nugnes had ordered some things in the fort of Darien he sent a friend of his called Arbolancha born at Bilbao into Spain to carry news vnto king Ferdinand of his voyages and discoueries and the fift penny of what they had gotten At that time the French king did sollicit both k. Ferdinand and the emperor Maximilian to conclude the marriage betwixt D. Ferdinand brother to prince Charles of Austria and the lady Renee the French kings second daughter for whose dowrie hee would quit his pretensions to the duchie of Milan but hauing made a peace with the king of England by a marriage contracted betwixt him Marie that kings sister he changed his opinion Designes of Pope Leo to put strangers out of Italy and gaue ouer that treatie for Renee and Ferdinand The Pope hauing diuers designes to free Italie of strangers hauing no desire to see the French king lord of Milan yet he entertained him with this hope to make vse of him and his meanes to get the realme of Naples from k. Ferdinand to settle his brother Iulian of Medicis king there therof he had already had some practise with the VenetiaÌ„s Pope seekes to get the realme of Naples To fauor the Popes designes being profitable for the common-weale of Venice Andrew Gritti was appointed by the Senat to be generall of an army to inuade the banks of Apulia 1514 thinking by that meanes to diuert the Spanish army out of Lombardie that they should haue none but the Germanes to incounter Hereupon Bartholmew of Aluiano hauing surprised certain Spaniards he caused them to be hanged at Padoua saying that they had been suborned by their coÌ„manders to kill him in treason the which put the viceroy of Naples into such a rage as he made a miserable spoile of the country about Padoua hauing chased Bernardin Antinola nephew to Aluiano he shut him into Citadelle which place being battered was taken partly by a breach and partly by scalado Bernardin of Antinola his men were carried away prisoners and the place sackt To recompence this losse Aluiano defeated some troups of light horse nere to Este the army which besieged Creme being hardly retained for want of pay was forced to retire
fleet to be made readie of about one hundred and 30 saile among the which there were aboue forty ships of burthen Galleots and lesser vessels with one great Galeon of Portugall There were eightie and seuen gallies that is two and twenty of Spaine eleuen of Naples Armie sent against Pegnon de Wels. ten of Sicile eight of Portugal twelue of Dorâ—a eight of FloreÌ„ce three of Sauoy sixe of Marc Antonio Colonna three of Malta and foure of Marco Centurioni There was in them aboue ten thousand Italians Spaniards and Dutch among the which were many Noblemen and Gentlemen voluntaries the chiefe besides the General D. Garcia de Toledo were Francisco Baredo who coÌ„manded the ships of Portugal Sanchio de Lâ—yua those of Naples the Lord of Plombin the duke of Florence galleyes Iohn Andrew Doria his owne Marc Antonio Colonna Chiappin Vitelli commander of the foot of Tuscaine Hanibal Altemps with his Germans Fernando de Sylua and others They came not to the port of Malaga which was appointed for the Rendez-vous vntill the end of August and then the army parted meeting with the aides of Portugall being all vnited together they arriued neere vnto the port of Velez where they had some trouble to vnship their ordnance and men for the rest they had no great difficultie for the Moores and Turkes fainted when as they saw the artillerie planted in two batteries began to annoy them the which would soone haue ruined that fort being but small therfore they studied rather how to fly than to defend themselues So in the night the greatest part of them escaped in barks there remained about 25 who yeelded The Moores came down in great troupes of Horse and did skirmish with the Christians The generall Toledo hauing taken this place furnished it with all things necessarie left a garrison in it of 800 Spaniards After which they consulted if they should vndertake any thing else this conquest seeming but smal in respect of the great charge they propounded that of Bugia but considering that the season of the yere was far spent being in the middest of Septem that their men had endured much at sea especially the galley-slaues of Tuscaine being vnacquainted with those seas the Germans who were much wasted so as they held it not fit to ingage themselues in an action which would require time whereupon they returned with their galleys to winter and D. Garcia de Toledo went to be Viceroy of Sicile King Philip remembring that the emperor Charles his father had sent Ferdinand Magellanes in the yere 1519 to discouer the Moluques and other Ilands thereabouts some of which were more plainly discouered in the yere 1542 Ilands of Philip pina discouered he gaue order this yeare to D. Lewis de Velasco viceroy of Mexico to make ready a great fleet with the which entring into the South sea and sayling towards the west he should discouer those places better whereof they had yet but a generall knowledge which they held were inhabited by good sensible men But for that the preparation was long and the charge great they parted not till towards Christmasse The fleet being commanded by Velasco sailed towards the Moluques he had with him Michel of Legaspo who by order from the king should be gouernour of the first place he should discouer hold worthie to leaue a garrison and to plant a Colony there They therefore found out Tendaia or Tendain Punel Bohol and Pauilogen all which foure in honor of the king were called Philippine they also set footing in the Iland of Luzon which is bigger than all the rest being more towards the North where the city of Maniglia is built by the which the whole Iland is also called It was not difficult for the Spaniards to become master of those places for that they of China hauing abandoned the gouernement which they had enioyed there was not any Lord but they that had most power did tyrannize ouer the weaker They found the Countrie fertill and abounding in many things necessarie for the vse of man but it was a verie commodious dwelling for the great traffike of gold silke and other rich Merchandize which they had with them of China wherefore they planted diuers Colonies in a short space finding the inhabitants inclined to ciuilitie especially in the Island of Luzon and the citie of Manigila Michel Lopes of Legaspo remained Gouernour of those places where hee dyed twelue yeares after with the title of Adelantado The king of Spain being aduertised of the great preparations the Turke made at Constantinople 1565 to send a great fleet to Sea gaue order for the fortifying of those places which were most in danger Malta beseeged by the Turkes But Solymans intent was to attempt Malta it did behoue king Philip to defend preserue it for the interest of his neer estates of Naples Sicile this Iland lying verie coÌ„modiously to annoy them if the Turks shold take it and keep it as he might easily do by the care and diligence of the kings of Algier of Tripoli mightie Pirates his tributaries who are alwaies in armes ready to furnish it vpon any sudden occasion besides his own means which are great whereof hee might make there a good staple or store-house for his warres against Europe The Iland of Malta is a great and spacious rock about 60 miles in compasse lying betwixt Sicile Afrik Description of Malta from the which it is aboue 50 leagues or 200 miles distant from Sicile 60 miles or 15 leagues accompting 4 miles for a good league towards the North it looks to Cap Passaro in Sicile and on the South to the towne of Tripoly in Barbarie This rock is couered some six foot thick with earth and no more it doth yeeld excellent fruits feed some cattel brings hony cotton which is the inhabitants wealth it hath many ports landings which are reasonably safe for their ordinary trade but not to receiue any great fleets The names of the chiefe are Marsamusset Marsa Scala Marsa Sirocco Cala S. Georg Cala of S. Paul Marsa in the Moors toÌ„g signifies a port Cala is a shore or strond The citie is almost in the middest of the Iland carrying the name thereof being inhabited by them of the countrie but the aboad of the knights who are Lords thereof is about the port of Marcamusset towards Sicile wheras the sea makes many smal gulphs leauing tongues of earth or rock betwixt both where they are lodged and well fortified Vpon one of these points which made a passage to one of the gulphes was built a fort called S. Herme which kept that entrie defended the Maltois gallies which lodge within the gulph right against it on the other side towards Sicile is the castel S. Ange the which was strong wel furnished coÌ„manding towards the Sea vnder it was the Borogh where the knights were lodged and there make their
cause giuen him to doubt a warre in Afrike for that in Tunis the people had taken armes and expelled the Turkes that were there in gard calling home their old King Amida who had beene expelled and liued at Malta wherevpon Amurath did presently send Vluccialy with some gallies who attempted to land some men but the King of Fez opposed himselfe hauing no wil that the Turkes should grow potent in Afrike And the Catholike King who had made a league with the Moore would not haue the Turke aduance on that side protesting to Vluccialy that by reason of the truce formerly made betwixt him and the great Turke he could not attempt war against him of Fez vnlesse he would breake the truce and therefore if he attempted any thing hee would send his gallies against him which threats made Vluccialy resolue hauing past thether wel prouided not to alter any thing this yeere The disorders at the Tercera's increased daily many comming thether for refuge after they had beene spoyling at sea whereof some were French And King Phillip being aduertised that in France they prepared many ships of warre and leauied souldiers publikly vnder the fauour of the Queene mother to come vnto those Islands there to fortifie themselues against the Spaniards to cut off their nauigation to the Indies and to assure them against the enterprises of the King of Spaine and depriue him of the vse of them he had already commanded D. Aluar de Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz to carry 5000. men thether when as hearing that D. Antonio had set saile with aboue 70. ships and 7000. soldiers as reports are alwaies greater then the effects he prest the Marquis to be gonne and seemed to be somewhat discontented with him for his slacknesse in making ready the ships of Andaluzia whereof there were a good number appointed for this voiage so as hee was forced to goe from Lisbone on the tenth of Iuly with eight and twenty ships only some Biscains the rest Flemings and Esterlings appointing the rest which were at Saint Lucar Santa Maria and other ports to follow him This Castillan army beeing come to the Island of Saint Michel Armies of French and Spaniards in the Island of Saint Michel they found that the French were already landed and did spoile it So as they came happely to preserue the Island and the chiefe fort of it called Puncto Delgada Hee was glad that whilest the French were busie about the spoile of that poore Island they had suffred a great ship and very rich comming from the Indies to escape the which had come vnwittingly vnto those Islands beeing ignorant how the affaires of Portugal had past These two enemies fleets were at anchor some thirty miles one from an other beiug couered with points of Land which runne into the sea The French being about Laguna towards the West and the Spaniards at Morro which is to the East with this disaduantage that the Marquis sayling along the Island to finde a fit place to land the army had beene fully discouered by the French which hee could not doe of theirs lying couered and hidden besides the French had taken a Caruell of aduice the Marquis hauing sent two vnto the Gouernor of the Island to aduertise him of his comming and of the number of ships and souldiers which hee brought with him and of those which should follow him Beeing therefore hard to discouer the French army by sea the Marquis was desirous to land some men to learne some certentie but they were forced to returne without any certaine knowledge Wherefore to bee better assured he waied anchor and put to sea with all his fleet in order to fight meaning to passe in that manner along the South part of the Island where the enemy lay for the other side of the Island was desart and had no landing and by that meanes see what their strength might be where at the breake of day there came a smal barke vnto him in the which was the Master of a Biscain ship with letters from Iohn de Castillo who commanded in the fort of the city by the which he did aduertise him of all that had past since the comming of D. Antonio and his army vnto the Island That the French had in all 58. sailes whereof 28. were great ships and 6000. souldiers that they had sackt the village of Laguna and put to rout Pedro Pexot and Laurence Noghera who went to incounter them with 3000. men part Islanders and part Spaniards and then had entred into the city which they had found empty and that they sought to winne the fort into the which they were fled that had escaped at the defeat That Laurence Noghera was dead of a wound which hee had receiued in the fight and that Pexot went away soone after in a Carauel towards Lisbone leauing many of his vessels in the Port which had beene taken or brothen by the French and that hee was straightly beseeged in the fort and therefore hee should take counsell whether hee should fight or retire with all his ships vnder the fort to fauour it The Marquis beeing glad of this aduice sent the Master backe to Iohn de Castillo with this answere That hee should not trouble himselfe but hold good for hee was resolued to fight with hope to vanquish the enemy This report came neere the truth for the number of their ships for the French fleet at their comming from Belille in Britan consisted of fiue and fifty sailes whereof there were fiue and thirty ships of warre and twenty pinaces Number of the French army at the Terceres tarrying seuen and thirty companies of foote which might make some foure thousand souldiers whereof Saincte Solene was Collonel of fifteene Ensignes nine were vnder the command of the Siegneur of Buz eight vnder Beaumont and fiue vnder Fumee ouer which Philip Strossy was Generall and the Earle of Brissac was his Lieutenant The Marquis hauing spent that day in consultations and in ordring all things necessary for the army the next day which was the three and twentith day of Iuly the two fleets were at sea their prowes turned as if they ment to fight which it is verie likely they had done instantly if so bee that a calme had not kept them from ioyning After dinner the vvinde grovving somevvhat fresh the Marquis thinking that the French vvho had the vvinde vvould haue charged him and hee preparing to receiue them hee saw them bend their course towards the Island of Santa Maria fifty miles distant from that of Saint Michel the which the Spanish fleet did in like manner coasting one an other and turning their sailes sometimes on the one side sometimes on the other vntill that night came which was very calme so as the French could not execute their deseigne which was to haue sent ten ships of warre along the Island to get behind the Spanish fleet with an intent to charge them the next day in front and 〈◊〉 â—ithier side
to recouer the reputation which he had lost but the King of Spaine stayed this rigour sending a generall pardon concerning this murther The Deputies of the generall Estates beeing returned from France with many good words Deputies sent from the Estats of the â—â—wcountries into England but no effects by reason of the league which hindred the Kings desire to embrace their cause they had recourse vnto the Queene of England vnto whom they also sent their Deputies seeking to perswade her to vndertake their protection against the king of Spaine in regard of her owne priuate interest and the good of both the Estates This matter was weightie and required a graue and deliberate consultation Shee called her Councell and demanded their opinions whether shee should voluntarily ingage her selfe in a warre without constraint which she must needes do in taking vppon her the protection of the Low-countries Whereupon they concluded that she might not with her owne safetie abandon the vnited Prouinces of the Netherlands vnlesse she would neglect the preseruation of her owne Estate Reasons why the Queene of England shold take protection of the Low-countries They layed before her the King of Spaines hatred against her hauing changed the religion which he had planted in England which appeared by his denying passage to her Merchants throughout the Low-countries with armes powder and munition which he had bought in Germany That he had refused to renue the auncient contracts made betwixt the Emperour Charles his father and her predecessours And to shew his hatred to her Maiestie he had suffered the Inquisitors of Spaine to persecute her poore subiects with all crueltie and had dismissed her Ambassadour out of Spaine vppon colour of Religion That the Duke of Alba his Gouernour in the Low-conntries had in hostile manner arrested the bodies and goods of her subiects contrarie to the ancient contracts That he had sent forces to invade her realme of Ireland and to ayde her rebels Besides these and many other iniuries the Lords of her Councell layed before her how dangerous it would be for her Estate if the Spaniard should become absolute Lord of those countries that he would alter their religion disanuâ—ll their auncient Priuiledges and liberties and make them subiect to his will and pleasure which done he might easily inuade England hauing so much shipping and so many marriners at his command and his Indian treasure to supply all other wants He would ouerthrow all trade betwixt her subiects and the Netherlanders and would breed factions within the heart of her countrie These reasons sayd they should mooue her Maiestie to embrace the present occasion and not suffer the Low-countries to be planted with Spaniards and Italians considering that the warre was not vndertaken against those Prouinces but with an intent to make a greater conquest Whilst that the Queene of England resolues to vndertake the protection of the generall Estates of the vnited Prouinces it was concluded to arme out a Fleete to annoy the King of Spaine vpon his owne coast Sir Francis Drake with â— fleet vpon the coast of Spaine or at the Indies whence his treasor came Wherefore this yeare 1585. in September Sir Francis Drake was sent out of England with a fleet of 25. ships and pinaces and about 2300. souldiers and mariners Master Christopher Carlile was his Lieutenant generall with many other gallant Captaines and Gentlemen whose names for breuitie sake I omit being written at large by others After some daies this Fleet came to the Ilands of Bayonne vppon the coast of Spaine where the Generall putting his men into boates and pinaces went into his Galley with an intent to surprize the towne but vpon the way there came an English Merchant vnto them from the Gouernour to see what Fleet it was who after some speech with the Generall was returned backe and one Captaine Sampson with him to demaund of the Gouernour if there were any warres betwixt Spaine and England and why they did arrest the English Merchants and their goods To whome the Gouernour made this answer that he knew not of any warre and that it was not in his owne power to make any and as for the stay of the Merchants it was the kings pleasure but not with any intent to preiudice them and that hee had receiued a countermaund to discharge them the which hee did presently The lying of this Fleete at those Ilands did much trouble them in Spaine beeing ignorant of their intent Whereuppon Don Aluaro de Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz Admirall of Spaine beeing then at Lisbone did set downe in writing what harme this Fleete might do if it should go to the West Indies and enter into the South sea as Drake had formerly done and what course was to bee taken to preuent those inconueniences and dangers The English Fleete stayed not long vppon the coast of Spaine but directed their course towards the VVest Indies S. Iago taken passing by the Canaries and the Ilands of cape Verde where they tooke the towne of S. Iago which they spoiled and burnt they came to the Island of S. Dominica from whence they past to the Island of Hispaniola where they tooke that gallant Cittie of S. Domingo by force which after they spoyled and burnt a third part S Domiâ—gâ— taken the Spaniards made a composition for the rest paying fiue and twenty thousand Duckets at fiue shillings sixe pence the peece In this Island they found great store of good prouision but little siluer or plate yet in their furniture they were very rich and costly From Saint Domingo they put ouer to the mayne land and came within sight of Carthagena which stands vppon the sea side where they made a gallant attempt vppon the towne and tooke it they landed their troupes fiue miles from the towne whither they marched in battell comming within halfe a mile of the towne they were to passe vpon a narrow causey not fiue paces ouer lying betwixt the sea and the harbour This streight was crost ouer with a wall well flanked and a good ditch hauing onely a passage for horsemen and carriages if need required which breach had a good barricado and here there were sixe peeces of Ordinance planted which scoured along the causey and in the harbor or inner water they had layd two gallies with their prowes to the shore hauing eleuen peeces of Ordinance in them which did beate crosse this streight and three of foure hundred small shot notwithstanding all this preparation to receiue them the Lieutenant generall it beeing very darke and not yet day marched by the sea shoare so as they receiued little harme by their shot and comming close vp to the wall after some resistance they ouerthrew the Barricado and forced the Spaniards to retire they entred pel mel with them into the towne and wan the market place where the Spaniards made head awhile after which they abandoned the towne and retired to other places whither they had
Commissioners for Spaine Duke of Frias Earle of Haro c. D. Iohn Baptista Taxis Earle of Villa Mediana c. and Alexander Rouidius a Lawyer and Senator of Milan The Archdukes sent for their Commissioners Charles Earle of Aremberg Counsellor of State and Admirall to the said Archdukes Iohn Richardot Knight President of the priuy Councel and Counsellor of State and Lodowike Verreiken Knight their principal Secretarie All these Commissioners after many consultations and conferences in the end concluded a peace on the 18 of August betwixt the two kings their Estates and subiects vpon certaine articles whereof I haue set downe the contents 1 First it was concluded That from thenceforth there should be a sincere and firme league and peace inuiolably obserued for euer Articles of the peace betwixt England and Spaine and in all places betwixt the most renowmed king of England Scotland France and Ireland c. and the most renowmed king of Spaine c. and the most renowmed Archdukes of Austria Dukes of Bourgondie their heires and successors their countries dominions and subiects of what condition or degree soeuer they be or may be 2 That all acts of hostilitie should cease and all wrongs and injuries done during the troubles be forgotten so as there should be no action pretended for any depredations or spoiles committed but all should be freely abolished except such depredations as had beene committed since the 24 of Aprill 1603 and that from thenceforth they and their subiects should forbeare from all depredations and spoiles and cause restitution to be made of any that should be after that time committed 3 That neither of the aboue named princes their heirs or successors by himselfe or any other should do treat or attempt any thing against the other or against their kingdomes or dominions vpon any pretence nor assist or consent vnto any warre attempt or treatie to the prejudice one of another 4 That they should neither themselues giue nor consent to be giuen by any of their vassals subiects or inhabitants any aid fauour or supplie vnto the enemies or rebels of either part whether they shall inuade their countries or withdraw themselues from their obedience and subiection of souldiers victuals money ordnance and munition or any other aid to maintaine warre 5 That the said princes should and did renounce all leagues confederations and intelligence made to the prejudice one of another which did or might impugne this peace the contents thereof all which they shal disannull and declare to be of no force 6 That the said kings and Archdukes should restraine their subiects from doing any wrong and should reuoke all Commissions and letters of Reprisall and Mart of what nature soeuer being to the prejudice of the said princes or of their subiects to whomsoeuer they haue beene granted the which they shall declare to be void and of no force And that whosoeuer should do to the contrary should be punished criminally and compelled to make restitution to the parties damnified 7 That as concerning the townes of Flessingue Brill Ramekins and other forts thereunto belonging in the which the souldiers of the king of England did remaine in garrison forasmuch as the said king affirmed that by contracts formerly made betweene queene Elizabeth of famous memorie vnto whom his Maiestie did succeed and the Estates of the vnited Prouinces hee stood bound not to redeliuer the said townes and forts to any but to such as had deliuered the same for caution so as by the said contracts his Maiesties faith honor which he resolued to keep religiously towards all men being ingaged he might not then restore those places vnto the Archdukes yet hee promised to enter into treatie with the said Estates wherein his Maiestie would assigne them â— conuenient time to accept of conditions conformable to justice and equitie for a pacification with the renowmed princes his deere brethren which if the Estates should refuse to accept then his Maiestie as beeing freed from the former conuentions would determine of those townes as hee should thinke most just and honourable wherein hee would doe all good offices for the said Princes his louing brethren 8 That the renowmed king of England c. would commaund the garrison souldiers not to serue the Hollanders nor to succour them with victuals armes or any munition for warre or other the king of Spaines or the Archdukes enemies vpon any colour or pretext soeuer nor doe any act of hostilitie against the king of Spaine the Archdukes or their subiects And in like manner the king of Spaine and the Archdukes did promise that no act of hostilitie should be done against the said garrison souldiers nor against the king of England c. oâ— his subiects 9 That betweene the said kings their kingdomes vassals inhabitants and subiects there should bee free commerce in all places where it hath beene formerly vsed before the warres according to the auncient leagues and treaties so as the subiects of either partie might goe and enter freely into the others countries and dominions both by sea and land without any Safeconduct or other licence and depart from thence with their goods and marchandises paying the ordinarie customes and imposts 10 That it should be lawfull to haue acesse vnto the ports of the said princes there to make stay and with the like libertie to depart not onely with ships for marchandise but also for warre whether they come thither being forced by foule weather or for the repairing of their ships or for prouision of victuals so as they exceed not the number of six or eight ships when they come in voluntarily nor stay longer in the hauens than they shall haue cause for the repairing of their ships or to make prouision of necessaries least it should cause an interruption of free traffique with other nations in amitie And if any greater number of ships of warre than is aboue mentioned shall happen to haue accesse into those ports then it shall not bee lawfull for them to enter without the priuitie and consent of the prince Prouided that they should not commit any act of hostilitie within the said ports to the prejudice of the princes and that there should be an especiall care had that vnder the pretext of traffique there should be no victuals armes or munition for warre carried by the subiects of those kingdomes to the enemies of the one or other king And whosoeuer should attempt the contrarie should bee punished as seditious persons and breakers of the peace It was also prouided That the subiects of the one should not bee worse intreated in anothers dominions in his sales and contracts of marchandise than his owne naturall subiects 11 That the king of England c. after the conclusion of these articles should forbid by proclamation That none of his subiects or any inhabiting within his realme should carrie ouer in his owne name directly or indirectly or colour any ships marchandise or any other thing going out
found out of course or to haue beene altered by the injurie of time or by corrupt custome 21 And to make this peace fruitfull to the subiects of the king of England c. it was concluded That such as had recourse to and from the realmes and dominions of the king of Spaine and Archdukes and should remaine there for trade should not be molested in the cause of conscience wherefore to the intent their traffique might be safe and without danger both by land and sea the said king of Spaine and Archdukes should prouide that vsing their trade and commerce they should not be called in question nor molested for their consciences so as they gaue no scandall 22 If any goods or marchandise prohibited to be carried should be conueyed out of the realmes and dominions of the said kings and Archdukes by the subiects of the one or the other that in such case the person offending shall onely incurre punishment and only the goods prohibited shall be confiscated 23 That the goods of subiects dying within the realmes and dominions of either should be preserued for the right heires and successors of the deceased alwaies reseruing the right of any third person 24 That graunts and priuiledges giuen by the princes to merchants of either of the kingdomes comming to their realmes which priuiledges by reason of the warres haue ceased should from thenceforth be reuiued and stand in their full force and vertue 25 And if hereafter any vnkindnesse should grow betwixt the king of England c. and the king of Spaine or the Archdukes wherby there might grow any interruption of entercourse and traffique the subiects of either prince should be so aduertised thereof as they might haue six monethes from the time of the admonition to transport their marchandise without any arrest disturbance or molestation in the meane season to be offered or done them either in their persons or goods 26 That neither of the said princes should imbarre or stay for their prouision in war or for any other seruice to the prejudice of the owners the ships of the others subiects lying in their ports or roads vnlesse one of those parties to whom the ships do belong bee first aduertised thereof and yeeld his consent thereunto 27 It was also accorded That if during this peace and league of friendship any thing should happen to be attempted or done against the force and effect thereof either by water or by land by any of the said princes their heirs and successors their vassals and subiects or by their allies comprehended in this league or by the heirs successors of any of those allies their subiects or vassals yet notwithstanding this peace and amitie should remaine in his full strength and vertue and the attempters and such as doe offend onely shal be punished for their attempts 28 That all prisoners taken in the warres or condemned to the gallies should be released and set free the charges of diet of such as were not in the gallies being first paied and the ransomes of such as had before compounded for the same being discharged 29 It was concluded That all ciuile actions which were in force at such time as the last warre begun should be continued and pursued notwithstanding any lapse of time during the same warre so as they should not be any way prejudiced by the continuance of the warre those onely were excepted which were alreadie come to the princes treasurie or Exchequer 30 If any action should be commenced in the realmes and dominions of any of these princes by any person not being subiect to the same prince touching any depredations or spoyles the cause should be remitted to the Iudge of the jurisdiction vnder that prince against whose subject or subjects the suit is commenced 31 If the Hollanders and the other confederat Estates would accept of conditions of pacification with the Archdukes or their successours by the meanes of the king of England c. the said Archdukes and their successours would alwayes willingly hearken vnto that which should be propounded therein and would desire that by the helpe of the king of England c. they might be brought to imbrace equall conditions wherein they should well vnderstand how much the said Archdukes did attribute vnto the king of England The last three articles were for the comprehending of the allies friends and confederats of the said princes in this present treatie the which they did seuerally and particularly name and for the ratification confirmation and due obseruation of the said treatie There was also an order set down touching marchandise of high Germanie to be transported into Spaine and free from the imposition of thirtie in the hundred whereby the Constable of Castille hauing speciall procuration from the Catholike king did promise that it should be lawfull for the subjects of the king of England c. to conuey marchandise out of high Germanie being subject to the imposition of thirtie in the hundred and could not without paiment thereof be carried into Spaine the same marchandise being first conueyed into England and there discharged and customed and from thence to bee afterwards transported into Spaine or any other of the king of Spaines dominions without paiment of thirtie in the hundred so as the said merchandise had not paid any thing to the Hollanders and Zelanders or other enemies of the king of Spain and the Archdukes which marchandise they should conuey in their owne ships and not in any belonging to any other prince or nation And to auoid fraud the marchandise of high Germany which should be transported out of England Scotland and Ireland into the dominions of the king of Spaine and the Archdukes should be registred and marked with the seale of the towne from whence it came and a certificat sent from the magistrat of the said towne testifying that the said marchandise were discharged in England Scotland or Ireland and that they had paid custome there vpon paine of the kings displeasure the losse of their offices and other punishments to bee inflicted at the kings pleasure vpon the magistrats of townes vnder the obedience of the king of England c. which are to certifie the vnlading of ships and the registring thereof if they shall herein commit any fraud And what marchandise soeuer of high Germanie shall not be discharged in England Scotland or Ireland and yet to be transported into Spaine and other the dominions of the king of Spaine all such marchandise shall be confiscated and reputed good prize There were also three articles concluded concerning a moderation to be had in the proceedings in the Inquisition in Spaine against the king of Englands subiects First If they exceeded in any thing before their entrance into Spaine they should not be called into the Inquisition for the same neither should they bee molested for any of those things so committed out of Spaine neither should any account be demaunded of them for the same 2 That no man
also diuers names for in the beginning they call it Sierra or mountaine of Acienca by reason of the auncient towne of Auca the ruines whereof are yet to be seene aboue the towne of Bourgos then it is called Sumo Sierra Puerto de Tablada of Palomera of Abilo Pico of Tornauacas in the end enters into Portugal making a great front neere vnto the Ocean the which they call the mount of Strella The mountains of Strella in Portugall and the wonders thereof vpon the top of which is an admirable lake for they doe often find in it pieces of ships which haue suffered shipwracke vpon that coast notwithstanding that the mountaine is very high and a good way from the sea and they say moreouer that when the sea is troubled with tempests they doe heare the waues beat and all that lake and mountaine make a noyse with the horrible sound of the winds and tempest as if they were in full sea This course of the mountains running betwixt the riuers Duero and Tayo doth now cause a distinction of the people of the Prouinces of Spain Distinction of Spaine within the countrey for which reason they are called on this side or beyōd the mountains The other branch of this moūt Idubeda runs towards the South neere vnto the towns of Siguensa and Cuenca keeping in the riuer Ebro that it bend not towards the West the which in our time hath also gotten diuers names that is Solorio Sierra Molina Sierra d'Alcarras Sigura in old times Mons Argentum and sometimes rising high and sometimes falling and opening in some places it is in a manner plain neere vnto Valence then it riseth againe and passeth to Carthagena and to Cap de Palos in former times called Scombraria the ancient limit of two gouernments of Spaine at what time this mountain was called Orospeda or Ortospeda Orospeda Mo. Illipula M. Passing on by the sea shore riseth the mountaine in old time called Illipula and now Sierra Vermeia Sierra de Rondas and other hils of the kingdome of Granado Calpe M. which is Gibaltar which extend vnto the strait whereas they make Mont Calpe called at this time Gibaltar the which should properly be called Gibal Tarif a name gotten by the discent of a captaine Moore called Tarif who landed in this place with the first armie of Moores that came out of Africke into Spaine when as the Gothes kingdome went to ruine Other mountaines diuiding themselues from this and going far from the sea run aboue Cordoue and Seuille the which in old time were called Mariani Montes and Castulonensis Saltus now Sierra Morena Mariani M. Out of these aboue named mountaines which keepe in the riuer Ebro bending from the North to the South Tayo Tagus Guadiana Anas Guadalquibir or Betis riuers there flowe three great flouds or riuers Tagus Anas and Betis according to the ancients but now called Tayo Guadiana and Guadalquibir besides many others of lesse fame which these doe receiue and carrie into the Ocean Tayo hath his spring at a place which is now called Sierra Molina The course of Tagus neere vnto the towne of Cuenca and Toralba the which passing almost through two parts of Spaine runneth by Toledo the country of Estrema Dura and Portugal towards the West Ocean where it enters by a large and spacious channell beneath the royall citie of Lisbone This riuer was famous among the Auncients by reason of the little graines and as it were scrapings of pure gold which they did often find in the grauell and sand which the torrent and streames of water had brought from the mountaines Guadiana commeth out of the countrey which in old time they called Campus Laminitanus The beginning and course of Guadiana and now Campo de Montiel a place which is otherwise drie and wanting water This riuer directeth her course in the beginning towards the West neere vnto the towne which was called Pax or Pezaugusta but now Badaios turning there to the South it dischargeth it selfe into the Atlanticke sea bounding in at this day the kingdome of Portugal on the South side as in old time it diuided the prouince of Betica from Lusitania Towards the Spring they call it Rodiera A singularitie of Guadiana and from thence which is admirable hauing run some leagues in the countrey it hides it selfe vnder the ground neere vnto a place called Argamasilla and runneth so hidden aboue eight great leagues then it comes forth againe into certaine moores continuing her course in that manner neere vnto the auncient townes of Cecilia Gemela Emerita and Pezaugusta towards the sea by reason whereof the Spaniards breed admiration in strangers bragging that they haue a bridge in their countrey vpon the which aboue ten thousand cattell feed daily As for Guadalquibir Guadalquibir the name spring and course so named by the Moores which is as much to say as a great floud and in old time Betis her beginning is vpon Mont Argent called now Sierra d'Alcarras and runneth towards the West into the Atlanticke sea beneath Seuille by a large channell although in old time it had two whereof the one passed along the wals of Nebrissa which at that time was Lebrissa the which is at this day aboue two leagues off for that the channell is filled vp vpon the which Asta did also stand which in those times was also called Zeres de la Frontera There are other mountaines in Spaine of lesse fame Cayo as Mont Cayo Iui neere to Tarrassone in Arragon The ladders of Hanniball in old time Caunus M. Iui or Mons Iouis neere to Barcelone the ladders of Hanniball called in that time the coast of Garaph and others Moreouer there are many riuers besides those which we haue described giuing the names or bounds to Prouinces as the riuer of Ruscino whereof the towne and countrey was named of the ruines whereof Perpignan was built Astorga which seemeth to giue the name vnto the Asturians the riuer of Calybs which passeth according vnto some neere vnto Tarrassone and in his name carrieth the marks of the beginning of the Spaniards the water whereof is excellent to steepe yron Sicoris or Sigro which passeth at Lerida about the which were the Sicanians which passed into Sicilie Cinpa or Senga and the greater and lesse Arragon flouds whereof the kingdome of Arragon is named with others which are obserued by the curious But it shall be easie for vs among these great mountaines and riuers which we haue described to find out euery people and prouince and the particular places of Spaine as well according to the distinctions of the Auncient as their limits and diuisions since the euersion of the Romane Empire Beginning then with the Westerne point we say That from Cape S. Vincent vnto the Island of Gades or Calis Turditanes did dwell the auncient Turditanes vpon the sea and within the land holding both bankes of the riuer
Anas and the countrey which lieth betwixt it and Betis beyond the which they did occupie some leagues of the countrey towards the South This Region was in the beginning full of woods and forrests which they called Tercenians and Tartessians but being cut downe it hath beene alwaies very fertile and abounding in all things The towne of Hispalis called after Sepila and since Seuille was of this nation being also called Romulensis Colonia situated vpon the bankes of Betis a great and nauigable riuer and lower towards the sea Nebrissa and Asta Colonia and within the countrey Italica whereas the Emperours Traian Adrian and Theodosius were borne with the Poet Silius and Carmon retaining still the name Pax Iulia and Beia at this present Portugall Neere vnto them towards the East were the Turdules Turdules whose countrey is also bathed by Betis Cordoue and vpon this riuer is the towne of Cordoue called Colonia Patricia built by the Consull M. Claud. Marcellus about the yeare of the foundation of Rome 602. Which countrey of the Turdules did extend to the Turditanes and the Bastules from the Isle of Gades vpon the Ocean vnto the Mediterranean sea neere vnto the Promontorie Charidemum or Cap de Gates The places which the Turdules did hold lying vpon the Ocean shoare towards the strait were the port of Mnesthee the Temple of Iuno built by Hercules and the citie of Belon on which side there are at this day S. Marie Trafalgar and Tariffe and within the countrey the mountaine Ilipula and Ilipula Magna at this present Ilpa Illiberis or Liberia which some thinke was Granado in those times and Astigi one of the judiciall seats of Spaine which may be Eccia at this day although there were another of that name vpon the sea shoare Among this nation it may well be the Melessians were and their towne Oringe taken by L. Scipio which they say was Aryona After were the Bastules Bastules and their townes within the straits and along the Mediterranean sea who were surnamed Poeni continuing vnto the Promontorie of Charidemum or Cap de Gates and to Balaria now Bara or Vera next vnto the Turdules of which nation Calpe was otherwise called Heraclee Gibaltar the which at this day they name Gibaltar neere vnto the which in old time was the towne of Carteia called also Tartesse the which was a common name in old time for the riuer Betis the Island of Gades and all the neighbour countrey It is likely Algezire that this towne of Carteia was situated whereas Algezire now standeth Titus Liuius setteth it without the strait vpon the Ocean Then Malaga a port which retayneth his name and Abdera which is Almerie vpon the Mediterranean sea belonging vnto the Bastules and it may be Munda whereas Pompeyes eldest sonne was defeated if it be that Ronde which is at this day as some will haue it The countries inhabited by these three nations are at this day comprehended in Granado Andaluzia and a part of Portugall and made the Betique Prouince one of the chiefe members of the kingdome of Spaine Next vnto them Bastitans Contestans and continuing along the coast of the Mediterranean sea were the Bastitanes and Contestanes whereas in our time lyeth Murcia and Valence seperated by the mountaine Orospeda The towne of Basa was in old time the chiefe mansion of the Bastitanes otherwise called Basitanes to whom Acci did belong now called Guadix and vnto Beiar and Origuela in old time called Bigerra and Orcelis But Murcia then called Menlaria Saetabis which is Xatiua and towards the Promontorie Scombaria now called Cap de Palos new Carthage Alone which at this day is Alicant Illici it may be Elches in our time and the citie of Valence were belonging vnto the Contestanes among the which it may be Illiturge was lying farre from the sea or else among the aboue named Bastitanes Then followed the Editanes and Ilercaones Editanes and their townes from Valence vnto the mouth of the riuer Ebro The townes and places renowmed among the Editanes or as others tearme them Seditanes were Dianium vpon the sea and Sagunt higher destroyed by Hanniball whereas now Moruiedro standeth Caesar Augusta farre off from the sea is Saragossa in old time Salduba Among the Ilercaones were Dertosa Ilercaones a people in these times Tortosa and old Carthage ruined by the two Scipios brethren Ioyning vnto them and still coasting along the sea shoare and on this side the riuer of Ebro Acetanians were the Acetanians Laetanes Castellanes and Indigetes all which are comprehended at this day in Catelogne vpon the sea To these Acetanians who were also called Cosetanians belonged Terraco of the which the greatest part of Spaine was named a towne peopled by the two brethren Scipios to oppose it against new Carthage Barcelone growne great of a small beginning Barcelone by the ruines of Rubicata a Colonie of the Africanes situated vpon the riuer Rubricatus Laetanes at this present Lobregat was of the Laetanes or Laletanes The Castellans who Castellans according vnto some haue left their name to our Catelogne were whereas it may be the Duchie of Cardone now is Vpon the declining of the Pyrenee mountaines Indigetes were the Indigetes or Endigetes whereas the towne of Empurias or Emporium now is and Rhoda or Roses now ruined and in old time the Temple of Venus whereas now Coelibre stands a name taken from Illiberis which was at the foot of the Pyrenees as some suppose For a frontier to Spaine on that side Ruscino Rossillon we will place Ruscino which is the Countie of Rossillon although it were in old time of the Prouince of Gaule but it hath of long time beene annexed vnto Spaine there was Elna which hath not changed her name and Ruscino both riuer and towne of whose ruines Parpignan was built Neere vnto it is a small riuer called Illeris and since Tetrum that is to say filthie for that the water thereof is blacke by reason that it passeth among the mynes of mettall whereof those mountaines are full In this countrey there was also a towne called Illiberis as that of Grenade whereas the first Councell of Spaine was held but at this day there remaineth no marke of it Comming now to the holy Promontorie or Cape S. Vincent from whence wee are parted we will describe the people dwelling along the Westerne and Northerne Ocean vnto the other end of the Pyrenees neere vnto Bayonne whereof the first were called Celtiques who came without all doubt from Gaule Celtiques after that the Celtes and Iberians were mingled together comprehended partly vnder the Lusitanians who held a great Continent of the countrey as well by the sea side as within the land and gaue the name vnto one of the chiefe members of Spaine containing the Vergons of whom wee will make mention hereafter These Celtiques and Lusitanians comprehended a great part of our Portugall Lusitanians
forts euen to the gates of Valence where as Don Alphonso of Arragon Earle of Denis commanded There the king of Castile and Don Lewis camped and had many skirmishes but hearing that the king of Arragon and Don Henry and Don Tello brethren to the king of Castile beeing banished came with three thousand horse to fight with them they dislodged and retired to Moruiedro refusing a battell for that the army of Castile was much lessened hauing left garrisons in as many places as they had taken Don Gil Fernandes of Carauallo Master of Saint Iames of Portugal was in that army After this retreat the Abbot of Fescan Nauarre and Arragon Legate for the Pope laboured to make a peace betwixt these Princes and obtained of the king of Castile that D. Lewis of Nauarr should be employed who went to conferre with the king of Arragon at Burriana and brought Don Alphonso of Arragon Earle of Denia to the king of Castile being at Moruiedro he was afterwards made Constable of Castile and Marquis of Vilena with him came Don Bernard of Cabrera with others but all their indeauours were vaine For the King of Castile would not heare speake of peace The perfidie of Don Pedro of Arragon against the earle of Trāstamara vnlesse the king of Arragon would promise to kill Don Henry Earle of Transtamara and Don Tello his brethren with Don Fernand of Arragon the which he refused to do in the beginning seeming to haue horrour of so wicked an act as to betray them which had fledde to him for protection and had serued him yet afterwards hee made no conscience thereof seeing himselfe pressed and his countrie so spoiled by the King of Castile but agreed with the king of Nauarre to kill Don Henry the which God would not permit for he had appointed him for the Realme of Castile and Leon and to be an exemplarie scourge for the tyrant Don Pedro who promised to giue the towne of Logrogno to Charles king of Nauarre if he would assist him in this murther For the effecting hereof the two kings of Nauarre and Arragon concluded an interview at Sos King Charles pretending that he would quit the allyance of Castile For assurance and guard of the towne where these two kings should meete there was chosen for Gouernour Don Iohn Ramires of Areillan a knight of Nauarre Chamberlaine to king Charles who tooke for his Lieutenant his brother Ramir of Areillan with thirtie men at armes thirtie Lances twenty Crosse-bowes and other souldiers The kings entred into Sos either of them with two men whither Don Henry and Don Tello had bene sent for to come Don Henry came accompanied with eight hundred horse the which hauing left without the towne he entred with two more as the kings had done There entred also the Abbot of Fescan but ignorant of what was intended against Don Henry The kings hauing treated long of their affaires in shew thinking it a fit time to dispatch Don Henry they talked secretly with Don Iohn Ramires perswading him with great promises to execute this murther but this knight who was noble and vertuous would neuer yeeld vnto it saying that he had rather die an hundred times then to blemish his good name with so execrable a crime The kings seeing that their hopes were vaine to make him the minister of their treason they knew not what to do but to dissemble their enterprise and retire into their countries imposing silence to D. Iohn Ramires who merited immortall commendation for this generous act besides that God did greatly honour him afterwards hauing directed him into Castile at such time as D. Henry raigned of whom he was beloued and cherished and obtained from him the Segneurie of los Cameros From him are descended the Earles of Aguilar of the family of Areillan This businesse ill attempted and not able to be executed was for that time dissembled There had past many former treaties and accords betwixt this Pedro king of Arragon and his brother D. Fernand Marquis of Tortosa to the preiudice of D. Henry for that they found him desirous to raigne in Castile of which Realme D. Fernand was the lawfull heire if D. Pedro the cruell died without children begotten in lawful matrimony but the king of Arragon had neuer any intent to do good vnto his brother D. Fernand nor to procure him any honour and aduancement but as he was a man full of disdainfull enuie and without loue or respect of any that did him seruice so he spared no man and dissembled with all men for his present commoditie Don Henry who knew him well could also dissemble for his part and stand vpon his guard he could handle him so cunningly as by the meanes and forces of Arragon hee made himselfe a way to attaine vnto his desseignes 16 Soone after there was a new and strict League made with him whereupon Don Iohn Fernandes of Heredia and Francis of Perillos Captaines to the king of Arragon were went with money into France to leuie men During these treaties and practises there was no cessation of armes Castile at what time it fell out that the king tooke foure gallies of Castile their king beeing at Moruiedro from whence he parted to come into Castile at which time there was a soone borne him at Almaçan of a Lady called Donna Izabella which soone he named Don Sancho soone after returning to the warre more enraged then euer against the king of Arragon he marched into the countrie of Valence hauing alwaies in his company Mahomad the Moore king of Granado he tooke Alicant Xixona Gandie Oliue and other places but hee was in danger to haue beene suddenly surprized and defeated in his retreat by Don Henry Earle of Transtamara had he not beene aduertised by one of Castro of Ordiales Hauing escaped this danger this religious king went in pilgrimage in his shirt with a halter about his necke to place called our Ladie of Puch The king of Castile entred many times into Arragon and Valence neither could the king of Arragon hinder him from forcing of many places the which he left manned with good garrisons of Castillans and at sea he had not alwaies the worst although the Arragonois were the more expert marriners from whome the Castillans tooke in the yeare 1364. fiue gallies which were carried to Carthagena and the captaines mariners and souldiers for the most part put to death by the kings commandement 17 The king of Arragon being desirous to be freed from this war Arragon sought all meanes by the king of Nauarre to draw the king of Castile to some good accord but it was labour lost wherefore the kings of Nauar and Arragon resolued to make a league betwixt them for confirmation whereof they concluded a marriage betwixt the Infant Donna Ieanne sister to king Charles and Don Iohn Duke of Girone the heire of Arragon being then foureteene yeares old And moreouer the king of Arragon bound himselfe to giue
lands and reuenues to Don Lewis brother to king Charles and to prouide him a wife and to giue fifty thousand florens to vngage certaine townes which king Charles had pawned to Gaston Phebus Earle of Foix his brother-in-law and to intertayne him a certaine number of men against any enemy whatsoeuer namely sixe hundred horse-men of the country of Nauarre if it were against Castile but if it were against France then to entertaine him a thousand and to ayde him at need with all his forces both by sea and land and moreouer he quit vnto him for euer and to remaine to the Crowne of Nauarre Saluatierra and the place called the Terme of Real For assurance of these things which were very honorable for the king of Nauarre he of Arragon promised to lay in deposito the towne of Iacca Vncastilla Sos Exea and Thermael which should be committed to the fidelitie of Raymond Allemand of Ceruillon a knight of Arragon who for this effect should be discharged of his oath of homage and vassailage which he ought vnto the king of Arragon and should sweare fealty to him of Nauarre to deliuer him the places put into his hands if the aboue-mentioned accord should be broken by the king of Arragon The king of Nauarre promised for his part to quit the allyance of the king of Castile and to make warre against him and his children and for his part he layed in pawne the towne and castle of Sanguesse Gallipienço Vxué Aybar Caseda Pitellas and Penna and moreouer the person of Arnaud Lord of Luse his Chamberlaine who was much fauoured by him which articles were sworne at Vncastillo in the presence of the Earles of Transtamara Ribagorça and others whome the Kings commanded to keepe this league secret It was not sufficient for these two Kings to fortifie themselues against the attempts of the king of Castile Diuision of the Realme of Castile before they had conqueredit for their safeties and defence but they would also diuide the Beares skin before they had taken him sharing the Realme of Castile in such sort as the king of Nauarre should haue the cittie of Burgos with all old Castile all the country of the mountaines of Oca vnto the limits of Nauarre and the Ocean sea comprehending therein the Prouinces of Guipuscoa Alan and Biscay and moreouer the townes of Soria and Agreda And for the king of Arragon were assigned the Realmes of Toledo and Murcia They did also conspire the death of Don Pedro king of Castile the king of Arragon offering to him of Nauarre 200000. florens and the proprietie of the townes and castles of Sos Vncastel Exea and Tiermas if he slue him or deliuered him prisoner vnto him and without it hee offered him presently the cittie of Iacca with the territorie and vallies The better to dissemble these practises they ordained that Don Lewis the king of Nauarres brother should make a roade into Arragon but he should suffer himselfe to bee taken prisoner by Don Alphonso Earle of Ribagorça the which was done but Lewis of Nauarre was soone deliuered and the king of Nauarre did so dissemble his intentions as the king of Castile could not discouer any thing This last desseigne was thus plotted betwixt the two kings without the priuitie of any man in regard of Don Henry Earle of Transtamara with whom the king of Arragon had other practises For Don Henry affecting openly the Realme of Castile vppon hope of the fauours which he attended from France promised vnto the king of Arragon that if he assisted him he would giue him to hold in Soueraigntie the sixth part of the lands hee should conquer by his ayde in Castile whereunto the king of Arragon gaue eare being alwaies vniust vnto his brother Don Fernand Marquis of Tortosa to whom the Realme of Castile did belong by right if Don Pedro the cruell died without lawfull heires These bargaines were not so secret but the Infant Don Fernand had some notice thereof for the which he was so transported and made such a stirre as the king of Arragon and the Earle of Transtamara resolued to dispatch him of which councell was Don Bernard of Cabrera the which was soone after executed for the Infant Don Fernand seeing that himselfe was no more secured in Arragon then in Castile Death of Don Fernand of Arragon and therefore desiring to retire himselfe into France the King of Arragon his brother found meanes to stay him and to kill him in the castle of Buriane in the territorie of Valence In the yere 1363. Iohn the French king died being returned into England An. 1363. for to deliuer the hostages which he had giuen not being able to enduce the States of the kingdom to accomplish the capitulations with the English Charles King of Nauarre hearing these newes hee made preparation to passe into France to which Realme Charles the fift his brother in-law had succeeded but this warre of Arragon had so intangled him as hee could not so as his affaires prospered not well on this side the Pyreneé mountaines In the yeare 1364. An. 1364. the two kings of Nauarre and Arragon renewed their league but with some alteration King of Nauar open enemy to the king of Castile the King of Nauarre hauing alreadie discouered himselfe an enemy to the king of Castile To this end they met at Sos where they agreed to continue this warre against Castile and that it should not be lawful for the one to make any peace or truce without the consent of the other That the king of Nauarre should make no accord with the French king but he of Arragon should be comprehended They gaue hostages one vnto another for assurance of their conuentions The king of Arragon gaue his sonne D. Martin and he of Nauarre a son of Lewis his brother and the children of Don Iohn Ramires of Areillan of Don Martin Henriques of the Lord of Grammont of Don Bertrand of Gueuara Fernand Gil of Asian Martin Martines of Oriz and of Michel Sanches of Vrsua These articles were sworne by the chiefe knights and townes of either part and for that the summes of mony promised to the king of Nauarre at the capitulation of Vncastello were much augmented it was sayd that the K. of Arragon shold deliuer him 50000. florens presently in Sos and for the rest he should haue deliuered him in pawne the citty of Iacca Sos Vncastello Tiermas and Exea Another priuat accord was made betwixt the king Don Charles and Don Henry of Transtamara in whose hands the hostages should remaine The king of Nauarre promised to enter in person into Castile and there to make warre and to be assured of Don Henry hee would haue in hostage for his part his daughter Donna Leonora who was afterwards Queene of Nauarre and a base sonne of his called Don Alphonso Henriques The Earle promised that if at any time he should get the realme of Castile he would suffer the King