Barrio made answere to Guascar that they could not leaue of from y e iorney which they had in hand but with al spéede possible they meant to returne and then they would solicite his suite and request and so departed and procéeded on their iorney which was y e only cause of Guascars death and also the losse of al the said wonderful treasure for the captaines which carryed him prisoner gaue intelligence by poast to Atabaliba of all the talke had betwéene the Spanyards and Guascar But Atabaliba considered with him selfe that if this matter should come in question before the Gouernour aswell for that Guascaer had iustice on his side as also for the great aboundance of gold by his brother offred knowing also y e great loue affection that the Spaniards bare to the goldeÌ„ mettall he feared by these meanes that y e kingdome should be geuen to his brother yea and so it might fall out that for y e causes aforsaid he might be slain to put all matter out of question therfore he determined to kil his said brother yet he feared y e enterprise because he had heard say that y e christians had a law among theÌ„ that whosoeuer did kill any of their nation should therefore also be killed And thereupon he deuised to proue the Gouernours minde in that case the which he put in vre with great industry and on a day he fayned great sorrow with teares and sobbinge and would neither eate nor drinke nor speake with anye man although the Gouernour did earnestly enportune him to declare the causeâ— At the length hee began to say that hée had vnderstood and receiued newes how a Captaine of his séeinge him Prisoner had slayne his Brother Guascar the which was no small greefe for him for hée loued him not onely because he was his elder Brother but rather hée held him in stead of a father and although hee was the occassion to take him prisoner it was not to the intente to hurte his person nor yet to vsurpe his kingdome but only that hée should permit him to inioye his Prouince of Quito which his Father had giuen vnto him after that hée had conquered it which Prouince was also out of the dominion of Cusco The Gouernour hearinge his sorrowfull complaint comforted him and bid him bée of good cheare sayinge moreouer that death was a thing natural and when the Countrey should bee quieted of all dissencions then hee would make informacion to know who they were which consented and procured his Brothers death and punish them accordingly When Atabaliba perceiued that the Gouernour tooke the matter so slightly hée then fully determined to execute the thing which hée had deuised and sente priuily to the Captaines who had the kéepinge of Guascar expresse commission to kill him which was forthwith committed with such speede that it was neuer certainly knowen whither hée was slayne in the time that Atabaliba made his fained mourninge or afterwarde of which euill successe the principall fault was laide to Captaine Soto and Pedro de Barrio who were so presise in their determined iorney to Cusco The Indians doth reporte than when Guascar saw that hée should die hee said I haue béene a small while Lord of this Land and lesse shalbe the traytour my Brother by whose commaundement I now must die beeing his naturall Prince the which his words were well remembred for when they saw Atabaliba slaine as in this nexte Chapter shalbe declared they called to remembrance his wordes and said verely that Guascar was a Prophet childe of the Sunne consideringe how his wordes came to passe hee also sayd that when his Father departed froÌ„ him hee warned him that wheÌ„ a white people bearded should come into that Countrey that hee should submit him selfe vnto them because said hee they shalbe Lords ouer this Countrey although this thy Fathers Prophesie seemed strange yet through the industry of the Diuel it might be knowen for so much it happenâ—d before Guaynacaua died The Lord Marques went conquering along the coast of Peru and also when he abode in Caxamalca hee sente his Brother Hernando Pisarro with certayne Horsemen to discouer the Countrey who proceeded till hee came to Pachacama which standeth in the Prouince of Guamacucho where hee met with a Brother of Atabaliba called Illescaes who brought more theÌ„ 300000 poyzes of Golde towarde the raunsome of his Brother beside a great quantitie of Plate who after hee had passed many daungerous wayes and perrilous Bridges was come to Pachacama hee there had intelligence how a Captaine of Atabaliba called Cilicuchima abode in the Prouince of Xauxa with a great Armie which might be about fortie leagues from that place vnto whoÌ„ he sent requiring him to come vnto him but the Indian Captayne denied his request wherupon Hernando Pisarro determined to goe talke with him although his men coÌ„mended not his enterprise to bee so bolde to put him selfe in his enemies power who was a man of great might but in fine when Pisarro had spoken with him and through his perswasioÌ„ the Indian Captaine discharged his men and went personally with him to Caxamalca to sée his Lord Atabaliba but when hée should enter into the place where hée was hee put of his Shooes and tooke vpon his shoulders the present which they were wont to present him withall and with sorrowfull countenance the teares droppinge from his eyes hée sayd O mighty Prince if I had been with you at the time of your apprehencion the Christians had now possessed your person Atabaliba answered that it was Gods iudgement that hee should be Prisoner and also to be taken with so smal a company of straungers But said hee the principall occasion was the flight of my Captaine Ruminagui with 5000. men in whom I put my onely trust How Atabaliba was slayne and the occasion was layde to his charge how he went about to murder the Christians and how Don Diego de Almagro came into Peru the second time Chap. 7. THe Lord Marques Piâ—arro Gouernour béeinge in the Prouince of Poâ—chos before hee came to Caxamalca as before is declared he receiued a priuye Letter without firme which afterward was knowen to come froÌ„ the Secretary of Don Diego de Almagro froÌ„ Panama wherin was giuen to vnderstand how Don Diego had builte a great Ship with the intent that with the same others he ment with al his power to passe personally into Peru to intercept the Gouernoure procéedinges and to place possesse the best soyle in all the Land to his vse which ground did lye beyonde the Limittes discouered by the Marques the which according to a prouision receiued from the Emperour did contayne from the Equinoctiall Lyne forward 250 Leagues directly North and South This Letter the Gouernour kept in secreat and would make none of his fréendes priuye therunto but yet hee beléeued and it was true that Don Diego de Almagro had taken shippinge accordinge to the tenour
saythe That Socrates speakyng to the Athenienses sayd it is holden for trouth that your cittie in time past did resist an innumerable number of enemies which came froÌ„ y e Sea called Mare Athlanticum who had taken and enioyed the most parte of all Europe and Asia For at that time that strayght was Nauigable hauyng not far from y e mouthe an Ilande which began neare vnto the Pillers of Hercules whiche was reported to bee greater then Asia Africa and ioyntly from the same was contractacion in bying sellyng with other Ilandes which Ilands had conference with the fyrme and continent lande which stoode in frent of them who were neyghbours vnto the true sea For that Sea with reason might be called the certayne and true Sea and the lande continent and fyrmeâ—â—his mutche writeth Plato He also affyrmeth that .9000 yeares before the writyng hereof the Sea encreased with so mightie a power of water in those parties that in one day and one night this great Ilande suncke and all the people perished and that afterward the same sea remayned full of sandes and shallowes so that â—hereby neuer after any mought passe vnto the other Ilandes nor fyrme lande All those which write vpon Plato affirme and hold opinion that this Hystorie was true so that the most of them especially Marsilius Ficinus and Plantinus wil not admit the meanyng to be Alegoricall although many others iudge the contrarie as the same Marsilius referreth vpon the anotations vpon Thimeum But where he speaketh of the .9000 yeres it seemeth not a fabulus argument for accordynge to Eudoxus those yeres were to be vnderstood accordynge to the Egiptians accompt where euery monthe was accompted one whole yere and not accordynge to y e course of the Sunne so that .9000 monthes maketh .750 yeres Likewise it is almost a demonstration to geue credit to the oppinion touchyng this Iland consydering that all the Historiagraphersâ— and Cosmographers that wrote of olde time do cal the Sea where y â— Iland suncke Mathanticum reseruinge the name which it had when it was land Than presupposyng that the Hystorie is true who can deny that this Ilande Athlantica began from the streight of Gibraltar or not far from Cadiz and extended into the greate gulfe where as well North and South as East and West is a greater space then the scituation of all Asia and Africa The Ilands wherof the text maketh mencion seemeth to be Espaniola Cuba Iamaica and the residew which stande in that Comarke The firme landes whiche is sayd to stande in frent of the said Ilands doth appere by reason to be the same firme land which now is called after the same name and al the other prouinces wher vnto it is continent which beginnynge from the straight of Magalanez doth contayne runnyng Northward the lande of Peru the Prouince of Popayan Castillia del oro Beragua Nicaragua Guatimalla Nueua Hispania the seuen citties Florida Bacallaos and the said lande runneth along from thence Norward vntill it come to ioygne almost with Norway In the which without doubt is more grounde then as yet throughout all the world is inhabited or at least was knowen before the discouery of this countrey This matter doth not cause any great dificultie that the Romaines and other nations which in time past inioyed the Land of Spayne had not discouered this countrey It is to be thought y t the roughnes of those Seas in those dayes did disturbe and hinder the Nauigation So that this Lande may well bee called the firme and continent Land wherof Plato writeth which doth agree with all the tokens and signes which hee giueth of the other cheefely wherin hee affirmeth that it lyeth infrent of the South Sea Then forasmuch as hath beene sayled in our daies in the sayd South Sea doth appere that in respect of the bredth and greatnes of the sayde South Sea all the Mediterraneum Sea and as much as is knowen of the Occean vulgarly called the Northen Sea are Riuers in comparison of the other Then all this approued true the signes tokens and wordes of Plato do therwith accord so that there is no doubt or difficultie in the first passage into Peru of innumerable people as well from the great Iland Atlantica as also from other Ilandes from which Ilandes they vsed to sayle and also out of the firme Land they might passe into Peru And if in this pointe should seeme any difficultie yet it is to bee credited that by the South Sea they had vse and knowledge of Nauigation by contraction and traficke which they had with this great Iland where the text declareth that they had great aboundance of Shippes yea and Roades and harbors made by force of hande for their conseruacion where nature wanted This is as much as may be gathered touching this matter which is not small for a thing of such antiquitie without light cheefely that in all the Prouinces and Countrey of Peru were founde no kinde of Letters or Writinge to conserue the remembrance of things past nor yet the pictures or paynting which serued in the new Spayne for Letters sauing only certayne stringes of diuerse colours full of knots so that by those knots and distance betweene them was an account kepte amonge that people but maruailous strange to be vnderstood as hereafter in this History shalbe declared Therfore I may saye with Horatius Si quid nouicti restius istis candidus imperti si non vis vtere mecum And as concerning the Discouery of this newe countrey the wordes of Seneca doth fit which he set out in his Medea Tragedy Venient annis saecula seris Quibus Oceanus vincula rerum Laxet nouosque typhis detegat orbes Atque ingens pateat tellus Nec sit terris vltima thyle Besides the oppinion of Plato at this day are to be seene the Ilands of Asorez Canarie Madera and Ilandes of Cabo Verde with wonderfull shallowes and Sande lyinge farre out into the mayne Sea which are thought to haue bin part of the sayd Iland Athlantica This History doth also set forth the dutie and royall seruice of the Subiect to his Prince and how Mutynies are iustly punished And likewise last of all how blood is punished with blood and the highe waye to Honour is great paine and daunger of lyfe And I for my parte Gentle Reader desire no more for my paynes but that thou wilte as willingly accept my trauaile as I with good will do offer the same Farewell THE HISTORY OF THE Discouery and Conquest of the Prouince of Peru and of the warres and other notable thinges which there happened ¶ Of the notice of Peru and how the discouery was begon Chap. 1. IN the yeare of our Lord and Sauiour Iesus Christ 1525. in the Cittie of Panama which standeth scituated on the border of the South Sea in the Prouince of firme Land called Castillia del oro dwelt thrée Gentilmen among whom was sundrye times conference concerninge the vnderstandinge which they had
obtained of Peru wherupon they agréede to procéed on the discouery of the same and therupon laid all their goods into stocke of company The first and principallest of them was called Don Francisco Pisarro who was borne in a Cittie of Spayne called Trugillio The seconde was named Don Diego de Almagro natural of the Towne of Mallagon whose stocke or lynage could not vnto this day be perfecâ—ly knowen yet some doth holde opinion that hée was found at the Church doore in his swadling clothes after that hee was newly borne The thirde was a Préest called Fernando de Luque And where these thrée were the richest and principallest men in that Countrey they determined to encrease their ritches also to serue herein his Maiesty the Emperour Charles the fifth wherupon they concluded to take in hande to discouer by the South Sea the Easterly coast of the firme Lande towarde those places which afterward were named Peru So that after they had obtained licence of y e Gouernour who at that instant then gouerned for his Maiesty called Pedro Arias de Auila Don Francisco Pisarro arriued and rigged forth a Shippe wherin hee himself tooke shipping as Captaine General with 114. men in his company and so procéeded on the Uoyage and in short space hee discouered a smal and poore Prouince fiftie Leagues distant from the Cittie of Panama the which hee named Peru and afterward called the whole Countrey of the same name which was discouered for the space of 1200. Leagues And procéeding forward hee found another Land which the Spanyards named the burnt Towne where the Indians of that place held them cruell warre and slew many of his men so that he was forced to retire sore wouÌ„ded to the Countrey of Chinchama In this meane season Don Diego de Almagro who aboad at home had prepared another ship and therin tooke shipping with 70. Spanyardes and with them proceeded to seeke Don Francisco Pisarro sayling along the Coast til hée came to the Riuer which hee named the Riuer of S. Ihon which standeth 100. Leagues distant from Panama And findinge him not hee returned to the burnt Towne and there had vnderstanding of his beeing there where hee also came a score but the Indians encouraged with the victory and expulsion of Don Francisco did like wise valyantly resist his entry yea and also put him and his company to the woorse in so much that they entred a Forte where the Spanyards defended them selues through the ouersight of those which had the charge of that part of the Fortresse by meane wherof they put the Spanyardes to flight and also with a stripe put out one of the eyes of Don Diego by reason wherof they were forced to flee and to retire to the Sea side to take Shippinge agayne and from thence sayled along the Coast of firme Land vntill hee arriued at Chinchama where he found Don Francisco wiâ—h whom after long communicacion and refreshing of themselues they gathered togeather about 200. Spâ—nyardes aâ—d so proceeded againe vpon the discouery with two Shippes and 3. Canoas which were small Uessels built like vnto Troughes In which Nauigacion they passed many and great troubles by reason the Coaste is lowe and full of Marrish ground and replenished with great Lizarts which the Indians call Caymanes and are Beastes which breede in the mouthes of those Riuers which are so great that commonly they are of 20. yea 25 foote long Their property is aswel to refresh themselues on the Land as in the Water but if any of them can laye holde vpon Man or Beast in the Water their strength is such that they carry theÌ„ vnder water where as they deuoure and consume them But cheefely they smell a Dogge a farre off and they laye their Egges on the Land a great number togeather where they breede but among the Sandes they are slow of their creepinge after they haue hatched they leade their Younge to the Water in the which their natural properties they may bee compared to the Crocodilles of Nilo they also suffer much honger for their feedinge when they want meate is the fruite of a Trée called Maugle wherof are many in those Riuers which are of harde Timber highe and straight in groweth and grow in salte water which is not onely salte but also bitter But the opinion is that those Beastes vse to eate of that Fruite when other feeding fayleth they eate also Fish In all this Coast the Grayne called Maiz groweth not In this sorte they went rowinge with their Canoas against the currant of the Sea which alwayes runneth Northward and their way was Southward and in this Nauigacion all along the Coaste the Indians assaulted them accordinge to the custome of their Warres thundering out cryes and noyse callinge them banished men with haire on their faces yea such as were bred of y e scuÌ„ of the Sea without any other Origen or Linage because the Sea had brought them thither demaunding also why they wente like Uacabondes wandringe the World it should appeare saide they that you are ydle persons and haue not wherin to imploy your selues because you abide in no place to labour and till the ground And wheras many of their men and Captaines were slaine by thesâ— Indians aswel by hunger as other wise Don Diego determined to returne to Panama for mo men the which his determinacion he performed and had from thence 80 men so that with them and the residew that remained aliue they arriued at the Land called Carame which was without the dominion of the Mauglares and a Countrey aboundant of meate but meanely inhabited The Indians of y e Countrey which were men of War had their Chéekes full of holes wherin were placed Pearles of Golde and findinge this place so fruitfulâ— they abode there vntill Don Diego de Almagro returned agayne to Panama for more men But in this meane while Don Francisco Pisarro returned abiding the coÌ„ming of his companion in a litle Iland which stoode neare vnto the Mayne called Insula de Gallo wheras hée stood in néede of all thinges necessary How Don Francisco Pisarro abode in the Iland of Gorgona and how with the small company of men which hee had remayninge hee sayled till hee passed the Equinoctiall Chap. 2. WHen Don Diego de Almagro returned to Panama for succour he found that his Maiestie had prouided for gouernment of the same Cittie a Gentilman of Cordoua called Pedro de los Rios who staid his procéeding personally because those which remained in the Iland of Gallo had sente secretly to this new Gouernour to intreate that hée should not permit any moe men to dy in that daungerous Iorney without any profit wheras tosore others of their Nacion had ended their dayes and that it might please him to coÌ„maund them also to returne In consideracion wherof Pedro de los Rios sente his Deputie with especiall commaundement that all such as were willing might safely retuâ—ne to Panama without daunger and
of the thing which was ment to be signified so that in euerye Prouince were Offycers who had the charge to keepe the thinges in memorie with those coardes which were called Quippo Camayos so that many publique houses were found full of those coardes and the saide officers could by them easily declare any matter concerning their effecte although it had beene of many yeres paâ—t Of the people and things that are beyonde the Equinoctiall line towarde the Meridian along the sea Coast. Cap. 6. BEyonde the Equinoctiall line towarde the Meridian standeth an Iland 12. leagues distant from the towne of Boio neere adioyâ—ing to the firme land The which Ilande is called Puma and hath in it aboundance of sundrie sortes of beastes and store of deere and much fresh fish in swete waters In time past this Iland was replenished with people and maintained warres with all the townes about their frontiers but principallye they were enemies to the inhabitants of Tumbez which standeth 12. leagues distant from them They were lords of many Raffes for their nauigation these Raffes were made of long light poules bound one vpon another so that alwayes those which were placed vppermost were odde as ordinarily fiue seuen or nine and the middle powle was longer then the rest as a Ruther to guyde the Raffe and thereon sate the rower so that the raffe is made like an open hand euen as one finger is longer then another And on the toppe are plankes layde to kepe soldiers or passengers from wetting There are Raffes that 50. men and 3. horses may wel be carryed on them They vse for them as wel sayles as oares the Indians are very good Marryners for such kinde of vessels although it hath happened that when Spaniards haue sailed on those Raffes the Indians suttlely haue vndone the ropes wherewith the timber was bound together and so ech peece sodenly to separate froÌ„ other By meanes whereof many Christians haue peryshed and the Indians saued them selues vpon the powles withoâ—t any other thing to succour them by reason that they can swim exceeding well Their chiefe weapons for the warres were slinges clubbes and hatchets made of siluer and copper They had many speares or Iauelings with the sharpe poynts of them made of base golde Both the men and women vsed to were many iewels and ringes of golde Their ordinarie vessell was wrought and made of siluer and golde The Lorde of that Ilande was greatly feared among his people hee was also exceeding ielious of his wiues in so much that all those seruitours which attend vppon them had their noses cut of and likewise their genitall members In another litle Iland adioyning to the same they found a house and a gardeine plot or orchard within the same hauing litle trees and plantes therâ—in made of siluer and gold Ouer against this Iland in the firme land were certaine Townes the which by displeasure taken by the Lord of Peru he commaunded that aswell men as wemen should haue all their vpper teeth drawen out of which toothlesse people vntil this day are some liuing Proceeding forward beyond Tumbez toward the Meridian for the space of 500 leagues along the coast and ten leagues into the mayne there neuex rayneth thundreth or falleth any lightning or thunderbolt But passing the sayd ten leagues within the mayne land distant from the sea it both rayneth and thundreth haue both winter and summer in their due seasons in the same maner as is in Spaine But when it is winter in the mountaynes then is it summer on the sea coast and thâ— like contrariwise So that the leâ—gth of that coast which is already discouered of the land of Peru which taketh his beginning and is accompted from the citie of Pasto vnto the Prouince of Chili is one thousand eight hundred leagues as large as the leagues of Castillia and throughout the sayd Countrey lieth a long mountayne or ridge of hilles very troublesome to passe which in some places doth stand distant from the sea 15. yea and 20. leagues and in some places the branches of that mouÌ„taine approacheth nere the sea brim So that all which as yet is discouered of Peru is to be vnderstand by two names that is to say all the ground betweene the mountaines and the sea is called plaines and all the rest is called mountaines The plaines are drie and the most part sands for as before is declared there it neuer rayneth nor yet hath there bene founde any spring or fountaine sauing nere the sea side are 4. or 5. aqueys or cesterns the water wherof is saltish But the people doe prouide themselues of water of the Riuers which descend out of the mountaines The cause of those riuers is the thawing of the snow and rayne which commeth from the sayd hilles where very fewe naturall springes are found These riuers are distant one from another some 10. and some 15. and 20 leagues but the most ordinarie are of seuen and eight leagues so that commonly the trauelers doo appointe their iorneys accordingly to come vnto their fresh water Some of these riuers are a league broade and some lesse according to the disposition of the ground Along those Riuer sides are faire prospectes of trees and fruites ground conuenient for the Indians to sowe their â—orne called Maiz. After the Spaniards began to inhabite this contrey they sowed wheate all the saide plaine grounde they vsed to water with sâ—ewces conueyed out of the Ryuers in which arte they haue great experience and industry the beauty of those Riuers with Trees and fruites aforesaid grow along the said Riuers euen from the Seaâ— vnto the Mountaines those Riuers comming from the â—illes discendinge with such vehemency that the Spanyardes could not passe them on Horsebacke especially the Riuer called Sancta and many others so that those which iorney in those Playnes they keepe all along the Sea coaste but in the Winter season it is daungerous trauailinge that coaste by reason of the excéedinge great currantes of those Riuers that the waye is not vadeable on Horsebacke but only on Raffes or els with a bundell of Gourdes which they vse to binde before their breasts and vnder their armes and an Indian Pilot goeth before swimmyng to leade the way The grounde alonge these Riuers is excéeding fruitefull as wée haue declared where Wheat Maiz groweth in abouÌ„dance without respecting any time of sowing These Indians dwell not in houses but their abidyng is vnder Trées and shadowes made for the purpose Their women were garments made of Cotton woll like vnto gownes which come downe to their féete The men were shirtes downe to the knées and certein Mantels vpon the same although their attire is after one sorte they differ in the attire of their heads accordynge to the vse of euery countrey some vse their haire bounde vp with laces of woll some with one lace and other with many laces of sundry colours so there is
contayne .15 and 16â— palmes or spannes from the point of whinge to whinge these Buytres féede vpon Zeales when they come on Lande to sléepe and refresh them selues than come the Buytres and season some on the feete and some on the tayle and lay such holde on him that hee cannot stirre whilest other plucke out his eyes and then they féede on the carkas there is another sort of foule called Alcatraces which are like vnto Hens although much excéeding in greatnes for his throat will holde three gallons of corne of those all along the coast of the South Sea are aboundance at the leaste for the space of two thousand leagues and more the chiâ—fe feeding of these foules are fâ—â—h They haue also another marueylous propertie which is They will smell the carkas of a dead man a farre of so that they wil enter thirty and forty leagues into the land to séeke the dead bodies The flesh of these foules are of a marueylous euil smell and â—ath happened that some for want of foode haue eaten of them whereof they haue dyed as of a rancke poyson Here before is declared how in these mountaines there rayneth hayleth and snoweth and in fine extreme in colde yet notwithstanding from those high hilles are valleyes descending so deepe that it may be thought incredible to some to speake thereof In which valâ—eys the heate also is marueylous and there groweth a certeine herbe called Coca which the Indians doe estéeme more then golde or siluer the leaues whereof are like vntâ— Zumake the vertue of this herbe knowen by experieÌ„ce is that any hauing of those leaues in his mouth hath neuer hunger nor thirst In some places of those mountaines are no trées at all so that wayfaring men which passe that way vse to make their fire of turâ—es which they finde excéeding good for that purpose There are also vaynes of earth of sundrie coloures and vaynes of golde and Plate wherof the Indians had vnderstandinge and coulde melte the same better and with lesse coste than the Christians they also vsed in the high hilles to make litle Fornaces with their mouthes toward the Meridian wheras the winde most ordinary doth blow and then they lay in the same Fornaces the mettal with Shéepes doung coales so that the winde doth kindle the fier and the mettal melteth and cindreth the Golde and Siluer and yet vnto this day is seene the great aboundance of Siluer which in this sort is molten in the Mynes of Potosi which coulde not otherwise bee wrought with Bellowes so y t the Indians are the chéefe melters with their small furnaces which they cal Guayras in their Language and is as much as to saye as winde because the winde doth kindle their Fornaces This countrey is so fruitful that it yéeldeth for one bushell of Wheate sowen 150. yea and sometime 200. and an hundred for one is ordenary although they haue no Ploughes to till the ground but vse to turne it vp with shouels and so the Indians vse to sow and likewise they make holes in the ground with a woodden Pin and put therin Wheat in such sorte as they vse to set Beanes in Spayne All kinde of Gardaine carbes prospereth excéedingly the Indians foode is chéefely boyled Maiz and toastedâ— in lue of bread and Deare â—lesh dried also drye fishe and sundry kindes of Rootes which they call Iuca and Aâ—is Amotes Papas and such like with many kinde of earbes They also vse a certaine kinde of Beueredge in stead of Wine which they make of Maiz the manner is they lay their Maiz in water in certaine earthen Uessels which they keepe vnder earth and there it voyleth and besides the whole Maiz they put therunto a certaine quantity of ground Maiz the which one Neighbour lendeth to another as wee vse to lende Leuen for Bread They hold opinion y t the standing water maketh better and more stronger beueredge than the running water This drinke is commonly called Chicha in the Ilande Language and in the Peru spéeche it is called Acisa of this drinke there is both white and red according to the colour of y e graine wherof it is made But it is of greater force then any Wine to ouercome the braine to make drunkardes but yet notwithstandinge if the Indians may haue Spanish Wine they would not care for their owne naturall drinke They vse also another sorte of drinke made of a small fruite which grow vpon certaine Trees called Molles this drinke is not so precious as the Chicha ¶ Of the Citties of Christians which are in the Mountaines of Peru. Chap. 9. IN the Mountaines of Peru are sundry places of habitacion of Christians which begin at the Cittie of Quito which standeth foure degrees beyond the Equinoctiall this Cittie in times past was a pleasante thinge and plentifull of corne and cattell and in the yeare of 1544. and 45. there was discouered ritch Mynes of Gold wherupoÌ„ the Cittie began to inlarge his bowndes with inhabitants and flourished vntill the fury of the cruell warres among the Spanyardes begon which was the cause that the most parte of all the Cittizens were slayne by the handes of Gonsalo Pisarro and his Captaines because they did both fauour serue the Uize-roy Blasco Nunez Vela all the time that he there aboade as hereafter perticularly shalbe declared From this Cittie is no poblation of Christians in the Mountaines vntill you come to the Prouince of the Bracamoros which was discouered by Captaine Ihon Porsell and Captaine Vergara who built there certaine Uillages to the intent that from thence they ment to discoâ—er forwardes But these Uillages came to ruine because Gonsalo Pisarro toke those Captaines and their men to ayde him in his Warres This Discouery was first taken in hande by the order and consent of the lycenciat Vaca de Castro who was gouernour of that Prouince aâ—d sent Captayne Porsell by the coast of Saint Mighell and farther vp into the Mayne hee sent Vergara by the Prouince of the Chachapoyas thinking that they should haue made their entries by seuerall places although it so happened that both the sayd Captaynes met in their iorney and fell to discorde about their Discouery concerning to which of them it should appertaine so that they were both sente for by the Gouernour Vaca de Castro to pacifie and take order in the causes of their contencion so that they were of the first Captaynes that were at the beginninge of the Warres in the Cittie of the Kinges in the seruice of the Uice-roy and after that the sayd Uice-roy was taken prisoner they abode with Gonsalo Pisarro and left of their procéeding in the Discouery This discoâ—ery reached 160. leagues from the Citie of Quito along the mountaines so that other 80. leagues forward standeth the Prouince called Chicapoyas wheâ—e is a Towne of Christians intituled Leuanto and is a fruitfull soyle for all kinde of victuall and hath also reasonable rich
had no vnderstanding But when Villaoma could not bring his purpose to effect at Charcas he came flying to Cusco And when Don Diego was entred into the Countrey of Chili Philip the Interpreter who was priuie to all the conspiracie fled likewise howbeit hee was taken by certaine Spanyardes that followed him and aswel for this treason as the other that he committed in Quito the Gouernour commaunded his body to be cut in quarters who at the time of his death confessed that hee was the only cause of the vniust death of Atabaliba only to haue his wife at his commaundement as before hath béene rehearsed And as Don Diego was occupied in the conquest of Chili a seruant of his named Iuan de Herrada ouertooke him he it was that his said master had left in the citie of the kings to gather more soldyars for his seruice in the discouery who brought vnto him a prouision which Hernando Pisarro had brought out of Spayne for him by vertue of the which the Emperour had made him Gouernour of one hundred Leagues of ground beyonde the borders and limits of the iurisdiction and gouernment of Don Francisco Pisarro the which office and gouernmente was called in the letters patentes new Toledo for the Precincte of Don Francisco his Iurisdiction was named new Castile But now Don Diego iudging that the cittie of Cusco did fall within the compasse of his Regiment without any respect of his former othe which hee so solemnly had made hee determined to cease and leaue of the discouery which hee had in hand and to returne to take into his possession the Citie of Cusco Of the troubles which Don Diego de Almagro passed in his iorney toward Chili and of some other particularities of that countrey Chap. 2. GReate were the troubles which Don Diego and his company passed in the iorney toward Chili aswel with hunger and thirst as also with encounter of Indians which were mightie great men of groweth Also there were in some places excéeding good archers who were clothed in Zeale skinnes But the extreeme colde did much annoy them aswell the bitter sharpe aire as the frost and snow also the passage ouer the mountaines which were couered with snow where it hapned that a captaine called Ruydias who followed Don Diego de Almagro had many of his men and horses frozen to death for neither their apparrel nor armour could resist the excéeding sharpnes of the aire which did so vehemently penetrate and fréese them The extremitie of this cold was such that at the end of fiue moneths when Don Diego returned toward cusco he found some of his coÌ„pany which had followed outward frozen to death standing on their feete leaning vpon the Rockes and holding their horse bridels in their hands and their horses likewise frozen to death as fresh without corruption as though at that instant they had dyed The carcases of which horses was a great reliefe for his men at his said returne for want of other victualles and after they were past the extremitie of cold theÌ„ came they into such a wildernes without any kinde of habitation where they stoode in as great a néede of water to drinke so that their chiefe remedy was to carrye with them from the snowy hilles shéepes skinnes full of water in such sort that euery liue sheepe carryed on his backe the Skinne of an other dead Sheepe full of water Among diuerse properties which the Shéepe of Peru haue one is the strength of their ordinarye burden is halfe a hundred waight and many times thrée quarters of a hundred being laden vpon them as Cammels vse to carry their ladinge and are in makinge much like vnto Cammels sauing that they want the knop on the backe The Spanyardes hath now brought them â—o such purpose that they will carrye a man also in a rode Saddell foure or fiue leagues a day and when they feele theÌ„ selues weary they vse to lye downe and will not rise againe although they should bee beaten neuer so much or lifted vp with strength vpon their feete yet they will not goe one â—oote further except they bee vnladen And it happeneth often times that whan any rideth vpon them and they feelinge them selues weary they then lifte vp their heades and looketh vpon him that spurreth them and casteth out of their mouthes a thing of an exceeding euill sauor which is though to be of the foode which lieth in their stomackes They are beastes of great commoditie and their wooll is in euery respect as fine as silke especially one sorte or kinde of them called Palos their â—éedinge is very small chéefely such as labor whose ordinary meate is Maiz also they drinke very seldome that is to say once in foure or fiue daies the flesh of them is passing good and in euery respecte as good or rather better then the Sheepe in Castile of this kinde of flesh all the countrey is aboundantly prouided and in euery Citie and towne it is the principallest flesh in the Shambles although at the first comming thither of the Spanyardes they vsed no shambles for why euery one had cattayle of his owne and whan one Neighbour killed any sort of Beast his other neighbors might haue therof what they would require In certaine places of Chili were many Abstruses in the Plaines so that when they were disposed to hunte them the Spanyards would ride pâ—st after them very seldome could ouertake any although their flight was on their féete runninge and hoppinge and although their bodies were hugie and waighty yet with their leapes a good horse runninge neuer so swifte could very seldome out runne them There are also many running Riuers which runneth in the day season at night not a whit which is a thinge to be noted and especially among them that vnderstand not the reason therof which is that in the day time the sun melteth the snow and Ise of the mountaines so that the water that commeth from those high hilles in the day maketh great Riuers and at night all remaineth frozen againe But after we passe 500. leagues alâ—ng the coast come into 30. degrées on y e other side of the Equinoctial toward the Southward there is plenty of rayne and also al windes as ordinarily do blow as it doth in Spaine and other places Eastward All the countrey of Chili is inhabited and hath aswel plaine ground as mountaines and by reason of many crekes and bayes which are in the sea coast of this lande so that sayliâ—ge North and South requireth sundry windes Chili standeth in 40. degrees as is saide North and South from the Cittie of the Kinges till you passe to the saide 40. degrees in altitude the countrey is very temperate and hath Winter and Sommer in due season accordinge to the qualitie of Castile and their North Starre is in comparison like vnto ours sauinge alwayes hee is accompanied with a litle white clowde this starre according to Astronomers opinion is
called Pole Antartike and hath also not farre from him the crosse starres with other three more that followeth him in their order and moouinge so that there are seuen starres y t attendeth on that North star which differ not much from ours which the sayd Astronomers call Triton sauing that the fourth which are toward the South standeth crosse wise and are ioyned nearer togeather than ours our North star also is cleane out of sight within 200. leagues of Panama comming directly vnder y e Equinoctiall Line where at one instant is easely seen both those Tritons or north starres Artike Antartike although a great space from the Pole Antartike séemeth most playne the foure crosse starres by the moouinge wherof the Sea faringe men do kéepe their reckoninge whan they come to 30. degrees then all the other three starres serue for their purpose In this countrey of Chili the daye differeth from the night and the night from the day according to the course of the yeare as it doth in Spayne although not by the same times In the Lande of Peru and in the Prouince of Tierra firme and also in al other places there adioyninge to the Equinoctiall the day and night is equall throughout all the yeare and if at any time in the cittie of the Kinges the daye or night increase or diminishe it is so small a thing that it can not easely be decerned The Indians of Chili goe apparelled like vnto the Indians of Peru both men and wemen are of a good iesture and féede ordinarily of such meates as those of Peru. Beyond Chili 38. degrées from the Line are two greate men of power which maintaine alwayes war the one against the other and eche of them is of power to bringe into the Féelde 200000 men of war the one was named Leuchengorma which is Lord of an Iland which standeth two leagues from the firme land dedicated to his Idols in which Iland standeth a great Temple wherunto appertained 2000 Preestes The Indians of this Leuchengorma informed the Spanyardes that 50. leagues beyond that place between two Riuers was a great Prouince all inhabited with wemen which consente not to haue any sorte of men among them except a certaine time conuenient for generacion and then if any happen to bee with a childe and bring forth men children they are after certaine yeares sent to their fathers and the daughters which they likewise beare remaineth with them these wemen also are in subiection to Leuchengorma The Quéene of these wemen is called Guayboymilla which in their language is as much to say as Heauen of Golde because the reporte was that great quantitie of gold groweth there therof they make exceeding ritch cloth of all their coÌ„modities they paye tribute to Leuchengorma And although oftentimes y e Spanyards hath had notice of this countrey yet they neuer tooke y e discouery in hande because Don Diego would not abide to inhabit in y e coast also sithence that time Pedro de Valdiuia was sent to inhabit y e couÌ„trey who could not bring his desire of furniture to passe coÌ„uenient for y e voiage although he hath inhabited 33. degrées beyoÌ„d the Equinoctial Southward also perfect knowledge of habitacion was knowen to bee vnto 40. degrées alonge that coast especiallye one shippe which Don Gabriell de Carauajall Bishop of Plazensia sent in discouery which had passed through the Strayght of Magalanes who from the said straite came sayling along that coast Norward vntil he arriued at the port of the city of y e kings and before the coÌ„minge of this ship there was no memory of Rats found in all Peru so that it seemeth that y e first broode of Rats came out of that ship sithens that time al the citties in Peru are replenished with aboundance it is thought that among chests and fardels of marchandize they were carried from place to place wherupon the Indians do name them Ococha which is to say a verminâ— comen out of the sea Of the returne of Hernando Pisarro into Peru and of the dispatch which he brought with him and of the rebellion of the Indians Cap. 3. AFter that Don Diego de Almagro was departed from Cusco Hernando Pisarro came froÌ„ Spayne hauing receiued at y e Emperors hand greate fauoure who also made him knight of the order of S. Iames He also brought for his brother Don Francisco prorogation for certain leagues of ground in his gouernment And also the prouisioÌ„ which hath béene spoken of for the gouermeÌ„t of Don Diego de Almagro At this instant Mango Inga Lord of Peru was prisoner in Cusco for the conspiracie which he had wrought against the Christians with his brother Paulo Inga and Villaoma Almagro wrote vnto Iohn Pisarro requesâ—ing him to set theÌ„ at libertie because he was loth that Hernando Pisarro should finde them prisoners at his comming to Cusco at which time Iohn Pisarro was in the conquest of Collao and at the sight of his letter they were discharged out of pryson When Hernando Pisarro was come to Cusco he became a singular good freend to Inga and vsed hym verie curteously notwithstandyng he had alwaies regarde to attende vnto hym It was thought that this freendship was to the intent to craue some golde of hym for his Maiestie or els for hym self So that after twoo monethes that he was come to Cusco Inga besought hym to graunt vnto hym leaue to goe vnto Yncaya to celebrate a certaine feast and in consideration of his courtesie he promised to bryng vnto hym an Image of golde whiche was made in remembraunce of his Father Guaynacaua bothe in proportion and likenesse the coueteous desire of gold caused Hernando Pisarro to grauÌ„t his request And when he was comen to Yncaya he put in vre the conspiracie whiche he had pretended since the tyme that D. Diego de Almagro departed from Chili so findyng hym self at the place where he required to bee He began to murder certaine Miners that wrought in the gold Mines and other housdand men whiche were in the fieldes he also sent one of his Captaines with a greate nomber of his people to take the Fortresse of Cusco the whiche his commaundement was doen accordyngly so that in sixe daies the Spanyards could scarcely winne the Fortresse againe and at the winnyng thereof Ihon Pisarro was slaine in the night season with a stone whiche strake hym on the heade so that by the meane of an other wound whiche he had on his head he could not suffer his head peece his death was bewailed throughout the lande And certainly the losse of his persone was greate because he was a valliant manne and well experimented in the warres of that countrey and singularly beloued of all men When Inga had intelligence of the death of Ihon Pisarro he came with all his power vpon the citie besieged it for the space of eight Monethes and more and at euery full Moone he assaulted the Citie
on euery side how be it Hernando Pisarro and his brethren defended his assaulte like valliant gentlemen with many other Capitaines and approued good Souldiars whiche were within the Citie especialâ—y Gabrâ—ell de Rojas Hernando Ponso de Leon Don Alanso Henriquez and the Treasorer Requelme and many others who vnarmed them selues neither daie nor night and did assuredly beleeue that the Gouernor and all the other Spanyardes were slaine by the Indians because thei had knowledge that all the lande had rebelled and were occupied in the warres So that these valliant minded men fought so manfully as men that expected no humaine succour but onely put their trust in the helpe from GOD alone although thei daiely deminished by the handes of the Indians In the meane while that the warre and siege endured Gonsalo Pisarro with other twentie horsemen came out of the Citie to vewe the siege and proceded forwarde till thei came to the Lake called Chinichera whiche stoode fiue leagues distant from the Citie where the enemies came so thicke and thronged vppon hym who although he aâ—d his companie fought valliauntly yet thei had yelded if Hernando Pisarro and Alonso de Turo had not rescued them with an other companie of horsemen because GoÌ„salo had entered too farre emong the enemies whiche he did with greater courage then wisedome How Don Diego de Almagro came with his power vpon Cusco and tooke prisoner Hernando Pisarro Chapt. 4. HEre before hath been declared how Iuan de Herrada caried into the prouince of Chili to Don Diego de Almagro the prouision which the Emperor had graunted to hym concernyng his newe gouernation whiche did extend beyond the limites of DoÌ„ Francisco Pisarro his graunt wherevpon he determined to returne from his pretended discouerie of Chili and to take the Citie of Cusco into his power to whiche purpose the gentlemen whiche were in his coÌ„panie encouraged hym to make all the hast possible especially Gomes de Aluarado brother to Don Pedro de Aluarado and his Uncle Diego de Aluarado and Rodrigo Orgonios emong whom some desired the reparation of the Citie and Countrey and other coueâ—ed to bee alone in the gouernation of Chili so that to bryng this matter to passe thei deuised to cause their interpretars to proclaime that Don Francisco Pisarro and all his companie of Spanyardes were slaine by the Indians whiche had rebelled who had likewise vnderstandyng of the rebellion of Inga So that now Don Diego tooke this enterprise in hande and when he was come within sixe leagues of Cusco without giuing knowledge to HernaÌ„do Pisarro of his commyng he wrote to Inga promisyng to pardon all that was paste if he would become his freend and assist hym in his pretended purpose alledgyng moreouer that all the lande appertainyng to Cusco was within the precinct of his gouernement wherefore his meanyng was to possesse the same But Inga deceiptfully sent hym woorde that he should come personally and talke with hym and so he did with suspition of some deceipte wherefore he lefte some of his menne with Iuan de Sayauedra and tooke the reste with hym But when Inga espied tyme conuenient he sette vppon hym with suche a vehement courage that Don Diego was glad to retire In the meane season HernaÌ„do Pisarro hauyng knowledge of his commyng went to visite Iuan de Sayauedra at his Campe and mought haue taken hym prisoner if he had would as the Citezens of Cusco had counsailed hym to doe but he would not rather when he had spoken with hym he retourned backe vnto the Citie without the giuyng vnto him of any vngentle language How be it Iuan de Sayauedra reported afterward that he had offered vnto hym 5000. poyzes in gold to deliuer into his power all the men whiche were in his companie and that he refused the money When Don Diego was retourned from Inga he came with all his armie in the sight of the Citie with his Ensignes spread where he tooke fower horsemen whiche Hernando Pisarro had sent to talke with hym he also sent to require the state and Cheef Magistrates of the Citie to receiue hym for their gouernour accordyng to the Emperours letters Patentes graunted to hym whiche were ready to bee seen The saied Magistrates made answere saiyng that he should cause the limittes of his graunt to be measured with Don Francisco Pisarro and wheÌ„ it should be verified that the Citie of Cusco should fall out of the league of grounde specified in the graunt of Don Francisco then would thei yeelde to his request and also obeye hym as reason and duetie should require But their wise and gentle aunswere was neuer performed By meane whereof after did followe suche greate damage slaughter and discorde betwene these twoo valliaunt Captaines and although sundrie tymes thei mette to measure by line the lande that should appertaine to eche of them yet thei neuer agreed vpon the cause For sometymes thei would saie that the leagues of lande appertainyng to the gouernation of Don Francisco should bee measured a long the Sea coste acceptyng into the reconyng all Creekes Bayes and croked heade landes or Capes Others helde opinion that the measure should bee by lande acceptyng likewise into the accompte all croked waies whiche of force were to bee gonne almoste circular and not directly straight So that by eche of these twoo reconynges the gouernement of Don Francisco did finishe a greate waie before thei could come to Cusco yea some saied before thei could come to the Citie of Kynges But Don Francisco pretended that their opinions were not iuste nor lawfull in that forme of measuring but rather saied he that thei should measure according to the rules of the altitude of the Sunne allowing the due nomber of leagues to euery degree beginnyng at the Equinoctiall line accordyng to Astronomers reconyng in the Northe and Southe course by the superior line and in so doyng the Citie should fall into the iursdiccion of Pisarro But bee it as maie bee for as yet vntill this daie the matter was neuer agreed vpon that is to saie whether the Citie of Cusco doeth fall into the newe Castile or in the newe Toledo although sundrie tymes bothe Pilotes and learned GeometriciaÌ„s hath met to decide the cause especially the Licenciall Vaca de Castro who had a perticular CoÌ„mission touchyng that matter and as yet sentence was neuer pronounced But now letting this discord ceasse returnyng again to the Historie Hernando Pisarro sent woorde vnto Don Diego that he would prepare a certaine parte of the Citie for hym and his retine we to lodge in and in the meane while he would aduertise his brother Don Francisco of his demaunde who at that instaunt was abiding in the Citie of the Kyngs to the intent that some order might be taken betweene them consideryng that thei were bothe freendes and companions And to treate of this matter some doe affirme that truce was taken vpon that condition so that vnder that conclusion eche one held him self to
Citie of Cusco where he made new processe against Don Diego and after certaine daies commaunded hym to bee behedded He likewise released out of prison Diego Mendez with other twoo prisoners whiche had serued against hym who as soone as thei were at libertie went vnto Inga into the Mountaines called Andez whiche through the asperous entrie are inexpugnable Inga receiued them very ioyfully and shewed greate sorroâ—e for the death of his frende Don Diego whom he loued excedingly as appeared for when he passed that waie he gaue vnto hym many shortes of Maile and Corselettes and other sortes of armor which he had taken from the Christians which he had ouercome and slaine when thei went to aide Gonsalo Pisarro and Iuan Pisarro in Cusco sent by the Lorde Marques aâ— hereâ—ofore hath béen declared He had also Indians disguised at the battaile to bryng hym newes of the successe thereof How Vaca de Castro sent to discouer the Countrey by diuerse wayes Chap. 22. THe battayle agaynst Don Diego béeing wonne and the countrey pacified Vaca de Castro deuised to deuide his men of Warre and not hauing wherwith to gratifie them all except hee should send them to conquer abrod in the countrey wherupon hee commaunded Captayne Vergara that with the company which hee had brought to serue his Maiestie hee should returne to his conquest of the Bracamoros hee sente also Captayne Diego de Rojas and Phillip Gutierez with 300. menâ— Eastward to discouer that countrey which afterward they did inhabite which countrey ioyneth with the Riuer of Plate With Captayne Monroy hee sent succour to the Prouince of Chili to Captaine Pedro de Valdiuia hee sente also Captaine Iuan Perez de Gueuarra to conquer the Lande of Mullobamba which hée tofore had discouered and is a countrey more hilly then playne out of the side of which hilles springeth two greate riuers which falleth into the Northen Sea The one is called Maranion of the which heretofore wée haue spoken and the other is called the riuer of Plate the naturall people of that countrey are Cariues which eateth mans flesh The countrey is so hoat that the people goe naked sauinge light Mantels which they wrap about their bodies In this countrey Iuan Perez had vnderstandinge of another great Lande which standeth beyonde those Hilles toward the North where are ritch Mynes of Gold and there br â—acute edeth Cammels and sundry sortes of Powltery like vnto those of the new Spayne and also sheepe somewhat lesser then the Sheepe of Peru and all their corne ground is watered with slewces because there it seldome rayneth yet there is a maruailous great Lake froÌ„ the which issueth many riuers on the borders wherof are many villages replenished with people In all those Riuers are certaine Fishes like vnto great Mastiffes which often times doo bite the Indians which enter into those Riuers or passe â—longe the riuer sides for they vse to come many times out of the Riuers This countrey hath the Riuer of Maranion on the North-side and the countrey of Brasill on the East part which the Portingals now possesse and the riuer of Plate lyeth from thence Sowthward The report was that the Wemen called Amazons dwel in that countrey Now Vaca de Castro hauing dispatched his Captaynes and Souldiers on these discoueries he abode in Cusco one yere and a halfe making reperticion of the Indians which were vacant and putting things in order in the countrey Hee likewise made Statutes to the great vtillitie of the coÌ„mon Weale and conseruacion of the Indians In this season was discouered in the Comarkes or borders of Cusco the richest mynes of Golde that vnto this day the like at any time had not beene seene especially in a riuer called Carabaya in which Mynes one Indian hath gathered 50. poyzes in one daye and al the countrey was throughly quieted and the Indian people cherished and defended from the greate wronges which in former time they receiued At this time came Gonsalo Pisarro to Cusco for till now hée could not obtayne lycence so to doo And after that hee had abode there certaine dayes he went to Charcas to deale in matters of his profite and there remayned till the Viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela came into the countrey FINIS The discouery of the ritche Mynes of Potosi how captaine Carauajall toke it into his power THE RICHE MINES OF POTOSSI FOrtune hauing shewed her selfe so amiable to Captaine Carauajall it appeareth y t now shée hath brought him to the top of the Hill of Prosperitie It happened that after certaine dayes that the Indians and Anaconas of Iuan de Villa Roell Cittizen of the Towne of Plata went trauailing in the countrey about 18. leagues distant from the sayde Towne they chaunced to come to a highe Hill scituated in a Playne in the which they found manifest tokens of siluer wherupon they began to melte out of a vayne which séemed riche The riches was so great which heare they founde that almost in euery vayne where they made their ensay they founde the greatest parte of Ewre to â—e fine siluer and the basest Mines were by valuacion .480 duckets in euery hundred weight of Ewre which is the greatest riches that euer hath ben seen or written of When the Iustice of the towne of Plate had vnderstandynge of this fortunate successe the Ruler of the sayd Towne came deuided the said Mynes amonge the townes men and eche of them made his choyse according to his lot The Indians and Anaconas which came thither to worke were many in number in sutch sort that in short time they built at the foote of the saide hill a Towne to dwell in which multiplied in suche wise that there inhabited of Indian workemen aboue .7000 persons which did so well vnderstand that businesse that they came to agréement with their maisters to allow vnto them a wéekely pention but their gayne was twise so mutche as they payde vnto their maysters The vaines of these Mines is of sutche qualitie that the Ewre wil not melt with y e winde of Bellowes as in other Mines are accustomed but their meltyng is in certain litle Furnaces called Guayras wherein they vse to melt with coles and sheepes dung with the only force of the ayre with out any other instrument These Mines are called Potosi by reason that al the borders there about are so called These Indian workemen are riche for he that hath but â—oure or fiue thousand poyzes is counted but poore notwithstandyng the great pension or tribute which they pay vnto their maisters and all such workemen which come thither to worke will not willingly depart from thence by reason that their paines peril is not comparable to other Mines by blowynge of the bellowes with the greate smoke of the â—oles and likewise the Sulfer of the vaynes of Ewre When the reperticion of these Mines were made they began to prouide all sortes of necessary Uictualles for the woorkemen which was a thing very difficil