more generall significations became to be what they are so this of Cnyht or Knight For plainly it s applied to the office to which their Honor bound them not to their age As appears in Our old word Rodknights that is Riding Knights f v. Verstegan pag. 319. or Knight riders which were such as held their lands by the seruice to Ride vp and down with their Lords de Manerio in Manerium which vnder Henrie III. before William of Ralegh was adiudged g Bracton lib. 2. de acq rer dom cap. 16. 35. to be cause of Ward and Marriage Stephen of Segraue being then as hee might haue good reason of a contrarie opinion They were called also Kadknights and in one that translated diuers of the Saxon laws they are thus rememberd Si hoc fit hee means if fighting were in domo hominis quem Angli vocant Radcniht alij verò Sexhendman The Sexhendman was the Saxon Sixhyndmon i. one whose worth was valued at DC shillings In our law they are stiled Milites and neuer Equites Yet so that Miles is taken for the self same with Chiualer For in the Writs of Parlament beeing in Latin to the Barons Chiualer is alwaies as an addition so exprest in French because it seems euery Baron fit for that Court is at least supposd to bee a Knight and most commonly is so And where in a Writ of h 30. Ed. 3. fol. 18. a. Mesne the Lord Paramount was namd Iohannes Tournour Miles and in the distringas ad acquietandum Iohannes T. Chiualer it was held in Court that no error was by the variance But in the common laws also Miles is aswell taken for others as for Knights Somtimes it goes for Miles gladio cinctus for one indeed Knighted as before in the Magna assisa eligenda and elswhere Other times and very often it is only for a Free-holder of lands by Knights seruice And against Miles and Tenant by Knights seruice were liber Sokemannus Burgensis Villanus Tenant in ancien demesn and Seruiens opposd Sokemans were but Tenants in socage which held by seruice of the Plough or such like Burgenses Burgesses men of Towns and Corporations of personall only not feudall worth Villain neer the like although applied afterward to Bondslaues Tenants in Ancient demesn although they had their large libertie of discharge and quiet as now yet were reckon'd so farre from the worth of old Tenants by Knights seruice that they had not rank mongst the Liberi homines Therefore in the writ of Right Close the Tenure must not be laid per liberum seruitium because saith the Register no Free man may bring that writ and whereas by the Statute of Merton quilibet liber homo may make an Attourney it was i Temp. Ed. 1. tit Attorney 102. le case 21. Ed. 1. Ms. pluis plein la est adiudge adiudged that Tenants in Ancient demesn were not in those words comprehended And in an action of Disceit against k Placit coram Rege de Temp. H. Bigod Pasch. 44. Hen. 3. Rot. 17. Berk. William Mamman and others by the Abbot of Beaulieu touching the Mannor of Farendon which the Abbot claim'd as ancient demesne by the gift of King Iohn the issue being whether part of it were Ancient demesne or no the Defendant Petit quod inquiratur per Milites praeceptum est Vicecomiti quod venire faceret coram H. le Bigod in proximo aduentu suo ad partes illas omnes Milites praedicti Comitatus ad recognoscendum c. Where note both Ancien demesn triable by the Country and also that Milites vsd for liberè tenentes as it were excluded the Abbots Tenants being by reason of their tenure not inter liberos legales Homines or fit to be in a Iurie These distinctions euen still hold By Seruientes l 22. Ed. 3. fol. 18. Seriants were those vnderstood which either by perpetuall couenant or temporary pay were bound to the warrs not by Tenure as the Milites or tenants by Knights seruice Nec miles nec seruiens litem audeat mouere saith one of m Radeuic de gest Frederic 1. lib. 1. cap. 26. Barbarossa's Militarie laws and vpon the writ of sending foure Milites to see the sick in an Essoin de Malo lecti it 's not sufficient saith Bracton si Vicecomes mittat seruientes milites enim esse debent propter verba breuis And these by reason of their pay which by couenants was most commonly for life or diuers continuall yeers were also calld Solidarij whence our word Souldiers the Spanish Soldado the French Soldat and such like because of the Soldata or Solidata the proper name of their Salarie which they receiu'd Soldata vero say the Feudalls dicitur quia plerunque in solidorum donatione consistit quandoque autem in Vino annona consistit I will not deriue here the n Caesar. de Bel. Gallic 3. Nicol. Damascen ap Athenaeum dipnos lib. 5. Soldarij or the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which are mention'd for such as liu'd as Deuoti Ambacti or neer followers about great men among the old Gaules I dare not what euer others Yet the name of Miles notwithstanding hath as well its fit application to a common hired souldier as to him that serues by reason of his tenure and so comprehends both them two and the personally honor'd Knight But them two by reason of their seruice to which their continuall rewards bind them the Knight because that after out of his own worth or hopefull forwardnes he is adiudged by some suprem Iudge of Chiualrie worthy that dignitie the character of his qualitie in his creation perpetually remains These Knights it seems were anciently call'd Baccalaurei or Bachelors a name corrupted out of Batalarij from the French Batailer perhaps that so they might be opposed against the Vexillarij or Bannerets of whom anon because the Bachelors displai'd not a Banner but only had good place of one in the armie and so exercis'd themselues in Battell whence the same name was it may o Ludouic Viues de Caus. corrupt Art lib. 2. be transfer'd to such as tooke the first degree 〈◊〉 the Militia Togata of the Vniuersitie The diligent and learn'd President of the Parlament at Rheims p In Cons. Britan art 88. Bertrand d'Argentre fetches the name of Bachelor from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 so called in the Eastern Empire 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. because they followed the Armie and carried the Victuall For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is saith q Constantin Themat 6. my Autor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. a kind of Cake or such like of a circular forme nam'd in the r C. tit de erogat milit annonae l. 1. de excoctione l. 2. Code Buccellatum and in some Graecians s Eustath Antecessor 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 §. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
to them also a Ualiant or stout man and from that for the identitie of Gaulish and British is no news mongst Students of Antiquitie if one should deriue as litle libertie in pronunciation will permit the word Vauasor it were farre more tolerable then infinite of etymologies too daringly stood vpon A learned a P. Pith. de les Comtes de Champ. Brie lib. 1. man likes well of this from Gaesi and goes further supposing that in their God Hesus or Esus remember'd by Lucan and Lactantius and in the Ambacti mention'd in b Antiquitus In Comitatu Engelberti Teutonice est In Engelbrechtes Ambachte Freher Orig. Palatin 1. cap. 5. Caesar and Festus the name of Gaisus or Gaesus lies hid But there I more honor then follow him To talke here of a communitie twixt the Turks Bassas and Vassi as some very learn'd dare do were but aduenturing vpon much more ridiculous deriuation But when they tell vs that Vassallus is a diminutiue of Vassus it may be beleft although if Goropius his deduction of Salique from Sal which he makes the same with Sadle be tolerable as doubtlesse in his phanatique doctrine when the origination is indeed to bee fecht from Dutch his coniectures are often commendable why might not Vassal be as if you should say Vir Equestris or such like or if Sale be Hall and Hall the proper name of the Lords Court especially in our English Feuds where we call a Court Baron often Halimote why might not Vassal be as Vir strenuus Curti Domini inseruiens But without surer ground I loue to abstain from assertion Thus much for the Origination of Feuds as they are deriu'd out of the Empire or haue been in vse in these Western parts But of their first being at all a more ancient root is found and that vnder the Romans It 's reported that twixt Aeneas and Latinus one head of the league c Dionys. Halicarnas Antiq. Rom. 〈◊〉 was that the Troians should be alwayes readie to assist him in his wars against the Rutili And in the Augustam d Lamprid. vita Seueri V. C. tit de locato Conduct l. licet 35. storie it 's deliuer'd of Alexander Seuerus his Empire began in CCXX after Christ that sola quae de hostibus capta sunt Limitaneis Ducibus militibus donauit ita vt eorum ita essent si haeredes illorum militarent nec vnquam ad priuatos pertinerent priuatus is here oppos'd against Miles dicens attentius eos militaturos si etiam sua Rura defenderent Addidit sanè his animalia seruos vt possent colere quod acceperant ne per inopiam hominum vel per senectutem possidentium desererentur rura vicina Barbariae he means the Frontiers of the Empire quod turpissimum esse ducebat and somewhat like did the Emperor Probus in giuing certain e Fl. Vopiscus in Probo Territories in Isauria to his old souldiers addens vt eorum filij ab anno decimo octauo mares duntaxat ad militiam mitterentur Here were a kind of Feudall possessions but all their old volumes of the Ciuill law haue nothing that touches Feuds either in name or substance as they truly are The neerest like them is their Emphyteusis and ius f v. Mynsinger ad Instit. tit de de locat conduct §. Adeo Emphyteuticarium agreeing almost with our Fee Farm or socage tenure Neither of both which according to the Emperialls are to bee called Feuds although they as well as Militarie possessions in our law are so vsually named Some others I know suppose Militarie Feuds euen as ancient as Roman Colonies but they deceiue their Readers The tenants of the Empire as well mediat as immediat were all bound to be attendant in a place called Roncaliae vpon Po not farre from Piacenza when the Emperor went to be crownd and he that made default forfeited his Fief An old g Otho Frisiagens de gest Frederic lib. 2. cap. 12. autor thus deliuers it Est consuetudinis Regum Francorum quae Teutonicorum vt quotiescunque ad sumendam Romani imperij Coronam militem ad transalpizandum coegerint in praedicto Campo Roncalijs mansionem faciant Ibi ligno in altum porrecto scutum suspenditur vniuersorúmque equitum agmen Feuda habentium ad excubias proxima nocte Principi Faciendas per Curiae praeconem exposcitur quod sectantes qui in eius Comitatu fuerunt singuli singulos beneficiatos suos per praecones exposcunt At sequenti die quicunque nocturnis vigilijs defuisse deprensus fuerat denuò ad praesentiam Regis aliorúmque principum vel virorum illustrium euocatur sicque omnes omnium Beneficiati qui sine bona voluntate Dominorum suorum Domi remanserunt in Feudis condemnantur And not only Lay but Ecclesiasticall Fiefs were subiect to this Militarie Tenure and Forfeiture In England before the Normans plainly were militarie Fiefs although not in like manner as since That h Canut leg cap. 69. vide leg Confess cap. 21. law of K. Knout for the certaintie of Heriots paid only in Martiall Furniture proues it and that their Earls and Thanes were bound to a kind of Knights seruice And in those times so were it seems all the lands of the Kingdom except some priuiledged with greatest immunities if at least held of the King or Crown mediatly or immediatly For although there be a i Ingulphus Malmesburiens Charter extant of K. Ethelulph wherby Ecclesiastique freedom is granted generally and that the Church should be free from all secular seruice and sine Expeditione Pontis extructione Arcis Munitione which yet may be vnderstood as for an exception yet diuers Charters are anciently giuen as great and religious fauors by Saxon Kings which vsually reserue those three repairing of Bridges Tax for Warre and Castle gard or repairing them as of what no land should or could be discharged They are called by a speciall name Trinoda Necessitas in a Patent k Chart. Archiepisc Cant. A. Chr. DCLXXX by K. Cedwalla to Wilfrid first Bishop of Selesey giuing him Paganham now Pagham in Sussex and vnder the Diocese of Chicester whither from Selesey the See was translated Whereupon it was well noted when Pope l 28. Hen. 3. Matth Paris Consulas licet hinc interpreteris Responsum Kniueti in 44. Ed. 3. fol. 25. a. Celestin IV. endeuoring his grieuous exactions from Church-liuings in this State vnder Henry III. a consultation was about to what duties Churchmen by reason of their possessions were subiect that the old Kings of England were not so lauishly indulgent in their Grants to Churchmen quin tria sibi semper reseruarent propter Publicam Regni vtilitatem videlicet Expeditionem Pontis Arcis reparationes vel refectiones vt per ea resisterent Hostium incursibus And Ethelbald K. of Mercland Concedo vt omnia monasteria
the three reserud in King Iohns Grand Charter to be leuied without consent of Parlament Nullum so the words are o Charta ista est apud Matth. Paris in Annalibus Thomae Rudborne Monachi Wintonienses Ms. in the Kings person scutagium vel auxilium ponam in Regno nostro nisi per commune consilium Regni nostri nisi ad Corpus nostrum redimendum ad primogenitum Filium nostrum Militem faciendum ad primogenitam filiam nostram semel maritandam Et ad hoc non fiat nisi rationabile auxilium And in the same Nos non concedimus de caetero alicui quod capiat auxilium de liberis hominibus suis nisi ad corpus suum redimendum ad faciendum primogenitum Filium suum Militem ad primogenitam filiam suam semel Maritandam ad hoc non fiat nisi rationabile auxilium That aide de Rançon as it is calld in the Custumier of Normandie occurrs not as I remember in our Law annals printed but in the not publisht yeers of p 21. Ed. 1. fol. 66. Edward 1. a release by one Robert of Bentham to the Abbot of Ford is pleded of all seruices forspris suit reall reasonable aide pur luy reindre hors de prison ou ces heires quel heur qu' ils fussent enprisones From the Normans vntill Edward I. these Aides were all vncertain but to be leuied with moderation and according to the quantitie of the Tenants worth ne q Glanuil lib. 9 cap. 8. nimis grauari inde videatur vel suum contenementum amittere Neither was any certaintie of Age in the sonne and heire by the law known But in III. r West 1. cap. 36 Edward I. it was enacted that for the Knighting and marriage of a whole knights Fee should be XX. shillings giuen and of XX. pounds yeerly so cage as much and so pro rata and that none should bee leuied vntill the sonne and heire were of XV. yeers age and the daughter of VII But the King was not bound by this Statut extending only to common persons as appears by Records s Parl. 20. Ed. 3. Art 45. alibi of interceding time where the value leuied was greater Therefore by the act of XXV Edward III. the Kings Aides were brought to a like value All lands are subiect to these Aides except only ancient demesne and grand and petit serieantie Tenures as the law hath been t 11. Hen. 4. fol. 31. 10. Hen. 6. Auowry 267. Anc. dem 11. anciently deliuerd One that wrote a litle after the Statut of Westminster I. speaking of Auowrie for reasonable aide a faire fits eign Chiualer allows as good barres to the Auowrie for the tenant to plede that u Briton Chap de prises de auers the Father himself is no Knight or that the sonne is not yet of age pur ordre de Chiualler prendre so that one not knighted cannot claime this aide of his Tenants And the fit age to receiue the Order is fifteene according to that Statut although if the sonne and heire of a Tenant x 5. Iacob c. Sr Drue Drurie D. Coke part 6. Plowd c. Ratcliffe D. Coke part 8. c. Sr Henry Constable by Knights seruice be Knighted in his fathers life time at what age soeuer he is at his fathers death discharged of Wardship both of land and bodie and the Wardship of the bodie of one knighted within age after the death of his ancestor presently ends For the King being suprem Iudge of Chiualrie by knighting his subiect adiudges him fit for Knights seruice his deficiencie in which kind by reason of his age is entended by the law vntill one and Twentie vnlesse the king adiudge him otherwise For their Name that in all places except England hath its originall from a Horse the most vsuall beast of the Warres as the Roman Equites were titled from their Equus publicus being also before called y Iunius Gracchanus apud Plin. lib. 33. cap. 2. Celeres and Trossuli For to the Spaniards they are Caualleros to the Italians Cauallieri to the French Cheuallers all in their prouinciall tongues from the Latin Caballus and in the British Margoghs in like signification For as now so anciently Marc or Marg in that language as other more interpreted a Horse Whence euerie Knight with his two Esquires on Horseback in Brennus his armie was stiled z Pausanias in Phocicis Trimarcisia which though it bee applied to the Celts or Gaules mongst whom also Caesar specially reckons as their chief lay Order the Equites or Margoghs yet without much difficultie it may bee communicated to the Britons And the Germans call them Reytteren that is Ridars a word in a Buchanan Reb. Scot. lib. 7. in Malcolm 3. Scotland to this day vsed Old Rimes of b Ms. Of the Horse Sheep and Goose. Dan Lidgate Eques ab Equo is said of very right And Cheualier is said of Cheualrie In which a Rider called is a Knight Arragoners done also specifie Caballiero though all that partie Is name of Worship and so took his ginning Of Spores of gold and chiefly Riding As all these in this Western part expresse a speciall honor implying abilitie of martiall seruice with horse so the old Greeks attributed not to a great man a better name then what truly was the same with euery of those That is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 whence Hecuba c Euripid. in Hecuba calls Polymestor King of Thrace 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and in Homer 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nestor So the chief men and of best worth in d Herodot lib. 〈◊〉 Chalcis were known by the Title of Hippobatae i. Equites But our English calls them Knights the word signifying a Minister Scholer or Disciple Leornung Cnihts is vsd for the Disciples in the old Euangelists of the Saxons as most worthie Clarenceulx hath noted And it was taken also for the yonger sort Tyrones or such like For where the Latine of venerable Bede hath of King Sigibert instituit Scholam in qua Pueri literis erudirentur the e Habes apud Caium de Antiq. Cantabrig lib. 1. English-Saxon hath he sceole gesette on ðaere cnihtas geonge men gesette getyde laerde i. hee instituted a Schoole and placed in it Cnihtes Knights and yong men both furnished and learned At this day a Diener seruant or vallet is both in Alemanique and Belgique called Ein Knecht And to this sense in Cnichtas in the translation of Bede perhaps hath tyro and tyrocinium allusion in those Monks which thereby expresse somtimes a Knight and Knighthood But as it goes for the Titularie name of this Honor I suppose it rather for a Minister or Seruant denoting that one which had vndertaken the Order was a Martiall minister or seruant known and as it were in perpetuall seruice retained for the State And that as Comes and Baro from their
the fifts daughters to the Daulphin of Viennois saies ita suos Principes vocitabant Allobroges And in a Monasterie of the â—acobits at Paris I speak it vpon the credit of o Cosmog lib. 3. part 2. cap. 40. P. Merula the Epitaph of Humbert is thus conceiud Cy gist le pere tres illustre Seigneur Humbert iadis Dauphin de Viennois puis Laissant sa principaute fuit fait frere de nostre ordre Prieur de ce CoueÌ„t de Paris et en fine Patriarche d'Alexandrie et perpetuel Administrateur de l' Archeuesché de Reims Principal Bien-facteur de ce nostre Couent Il mourut l'an du grace mil trois cens cinquante cinq Hence som collection may be that Daulphin or Dauphin is taken as signyficant for Prince But not euery heire apparant with them is called Daulphin It s only the sonne and heire which hath indeed its ground in the first Donation Euery other heire apparant supposing their law Salique which excludes Females is calld the Monsieur as not many yeers since Francis Duke of Alençon and brother and heire to Henrie III. and in the memory of our Fathers Francis Duke of Engoulesme brother to Lewes II. and afterward King For their law Salique because few know any thing of it though all talk of it and it belongs to this purpose a word or two There are yet remaining and in p Edit Optima ap Goldast Constit Imperial Tom. 3. Print Leges Salicae composd as they say by foure Counsellors about Pharamunds time Wisogast Bodogast som call him Losogast Salogast and Windogast or Husogast In them you shall read thus De terra verò Salica nulla portio Haereditatis Mulieri veniat sed ad Virilem sexum Tota terrae haereditas perueniat The best interpretation of Terra salica although some will haue q Apud Hadrian Iun. in Batauiae cap. 9. it Regiam Terram Dominium Coronae Maiestatis Regiae Francorum is by our word Knights fee or land held by Knights seruice Som deriue it from * Goropius Francic ib. 2. Sal contracted from Sadel or Sadle signifying alike with vs and the old Franks which were Teutonique and calld also Salians And not long since in an Arrest in the Parliament at Burdeaux vpon controuersie r Bodin de Repub lib. 6. cap. 5. twixt two Gentlemen for priority of their houses a very old Testament being produced whereby the Testator had deuised his Salique land it was resolud in point of iudgement that this name interpreted Fiefs And who knows not that Fiefs originally were militarie gifts and as the same with our Knights Fees But the Crown or any suprem Dominion cannot be calld a Fief or Fee whose essence consists in beeing held by some tenure And good Lawiers haue thought that the text extends no otherwise Whereupon I think one now liuing s Hierom. Bignon de l'excellencie des Rois. liure 3. at Paris speaking of their Royall succession by them allowd only to Masles makes it rather a perpetuall custom then particular Law Ce n'est point saith he vn loye ecritte mais nee auec nous que nous n'auons point inventée mais l'auons puisse de Nature mesme qui le nous a ainsi apris donne cet instinct But why then is it call'd Salique and why was that law so vrg'd against our Soueraign of famous memorie Edward III. To be long and curious vpon this matter fits not this place But Goropius vndertakes a coniecture of the first cause which excluded Gynaecocratie or femall succession and gouernment among them and ghesses it to haue proceeded from their obseruation of a great misfortune in Warre which their neighbours the Bructerans a people anciently about the now Ouer-Isel one of the XVII Prouinces from neer whom he as many others deriues the Franks endur'd in time of Vespasian vnder the conduct and Empire of one e v. Tacit. Histor 4. Velleda a Ladie euen of diuine estimation amongst them But howsoeuer the Law be in truth or interpretable it is certain that to this day they haue a vse of ancient time which commits to the care of some of the greatest Peers that they when the Queen is in child-birth be present and warily obserue least the Ladies should priuily counterfeit the enheritable sex by supposing som other Male when the true birth is female or by any such means wrong their ancient custom Roiall as of this Lewes XIII born on the last of September in M. DC is after other such f Rodulph Boter Comment 8. rememberd Before the title of Daulphin I find not any speciall name for the French heir apparant Both He and his brothers are vsually in their old stories calld generally Reges as the Children of the Saxon Kings with vs are g V. Ethelwerd lib. 2. cap. 18. recentiorum complures Clytones or Clytunculi Dedit etiam consilium Edricus vt Clitunculos Eadwardum Eadmundum Regis Eadmundi filios necaret saith Roger of Houeden This Clyto Clito and Clitunculus they had from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. inclytus by which they interpreted their Saxon word Eðeling Etheling i. Noble One h Nith Angilbert hist. lib. 4. Atqui Vet. Saxonum Gens in Nobiles Liberos Libertos Seruos dispertita est ab Einhardo apud Adam Bremens hist. Eccles. cap. 5 Abbat Vrspergensem speaking of the German Saxons vnder Charles le maine hath Gens omnis in tribus ordinibus diuisa consistit Sunt n. inter illos qui Edhilingi that is Ethelingi sunt qui Frilingi sunt qui Lazzi illorum linguâ dicuntur Latinâ verò linguâ sunt Nobiles Ingenuiles atque seruiles And that Edgar sonne to Edward sonne of Edmond Ironside the last heire to the Crown of the Saxon line not mixt with the Norman is in Houeden Marian Florence and others calld Clyto Edgarus Clyto whom Henry of Huntingdon Matthew Paris and such more stile Edgarus Etheling i 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pro VV. Nobilissimis vt videtur Ducibus siue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sumitur Canut leg cap. 55. or Adeling where by the way note Polydore's ignorance titling him Edgarus cognomento Ethelingius his surname being no more Etheling then the now Englands Darling Charles his is Prince or indeed then Polydore's was Ignorant After the Conquest no speciall title more then Primogenitus filius Regis was for the Prince vntill the name of PRINCE OF WALES came to him Yet Polydore speaking of Henry the first his making his sonne William Duke of Normandie addes hinc mos serpsit vt Reges deinceps Filium Maiorem natu quem sibi successorem optassent Normanniae principatu donarent But the time which interceded Henry the first and K. Iohn vnder whom Normandie was lost will not iustifie any such thing as an honorarie Duty to the English Heires He afterward in Henry III. his XXXIX yeer saies that in Parliament Edwardus Regis filius he
two Consuls of Millan Which it seems was the rather done because about that time the Volumes of the Roman i. what wee call the Ciuill laws began to be newly in request and as it were awakt out of that neglect wherein they had neer D C. yeers slept as of no reckoning among the Lombards and were now publiquely read and profest in Bologna by Irnerius the first publique professor of them after Iustinian's time It s likely that the Lombards thought it presently requisit to put their Feudall customs into Writing and forme and vnder Titles as well as the Romans had don their ancient Laws What was then performed by the two Millanois hath since been betterd and for publique vse inlarged by that most learned Lawier Cuiacius and is as a part of the Ciuill law for Feuds Vpon that innouation of Otho 1. in giuing patrimoniall and Feudall Honors with prerogatiues in the committed Territories Noua Nobilitatis ratio saith Sigonius in Italiam est inducta vt ij demùm soli Nobiles iudicarentur qui ipsi aut eorum maiores his atque eiusmodi alijs honestati priuilegijs essent nam hanc consuetudinem successores eius non omiserunt sed etiam multis partibus adauxerunt He collected it perhaps out of this passage in the Feudalls Qui ab antiquis temporibus beneficium non tenent licet nouiter à Capitancis seu à Valuasoribus acquisierint plebeij nihilominus sunt Which some interpret as if no other Nobilitie had been but what had proceeded from the possessing an ancient Feud by gift or inuestiture from the Emperor or some Valuasor But I rather follow the conceit of learned Hotoman which collects thence only that a new purchase of some Noble Feud without ancient inuestiture or many yeers continuance of possession ennobleth not And doubtlesse other Nobilitie mongst them was as Gentrie and Knighthood But indeed none Feudall except such as had its root in some of those Titles bestowd The common opinion of the Originall of Feuds thus But vnder fauour they rather to this purpose of Nobiâ—itie should bee deriud out of France For although it be true that mongst the Lombards they were and anciently yet plainly before the French Empire in France they were and that hereditarie if their ancient laws deceiue not For what els was their Terra Salica but as a Knights Fee or land held by Knights seruice It was so adiudged in the Parlament at Burdeaux as in the first Chapter is rememberd And those Salique laws are supposd much ancienter then the Lombardian Kingdome in Italie Vnder the Lombards also such Dignities as they had were by Feudall right giuen in inheritance as in storie is affirmd of K. Autharis that inuested his Duces or Gouernors of Prouinces of their Territories to them and their Heirs Masles which was not imitated by the French Charlemagne or his successors nor in vse till the beginning of the German Empire How then is it likely that the imitation of the Lombards Feudall laws was cause of Feuds in other places Referre them chiefly to the Salians or French and you shall come neerer Truth The Salians from Pharamunds time and doubtlesse before had them in France they continued Charlemagne according to the custom of his own patrimoniall State brought them into Italie where although they were before him yet that continuance they then had is thus to be referd to Charlemagne that is the giuing of them for life with those Dignities before spoken of and the gift of them in inheritance as they were meerly Fees Militarie But the inheritance of them beeing annext to Honorarie Titles may well be allowd to Otho's time which yet could not be if their Originall and continuance were to be drawn through the Lumbards by reason of that example of Autharis How much this differs from common opinion men that hauc read do know and if they haue well read will I coniecture be of my mind Out of the Empire by imitation it seems or by generall consent of Nations most part of Europe took their forms of Feudall possessions but by imitation doubtlesse those Dignities of Feudall right The identitie of names in the Empire and other Kingdoms iustifies it Neither was the Eastern Empire of later times without Militarie Feuds To this day remains a Constitution of x Harmenopul 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. tit 〈◊〉 Constantin Porphyrogennetus against alienation of them They called them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Militania 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 are the words of the law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. that it be not lawfull for Souldiers Milites to alien those possessions by which Knights seruice so in our law you may interpret it is maintaind The Tenants of Feuds in the VVestern Empire and now euery where in Europ are known by the name of Fideles Homines Uassi Vassalli and the like The reason of all their names except Vassi Vassalli is manifest Some deriue them from Bas which in French and other languages of note expresses an inferior But the word is so inferior to many which are denoted by Vassi or Uassalli that I cannot bee of their mind Euen a King if hee hold a Dukedom of another King is rightly called his Vassall or Vassus VVhich to leaue friuolous coniecture may be deduced from the old Gaulish word Gues Guas or Gais for a Valiant or Militarie man then by which name what might one that held his lands vnder a tenure to be so more fitly bee titled And that those words were of such signification mongst the Gaules the ancient people of France before the French and extended farre larger in name then all France may bee noted out of that of y In Aeneid 8. Seruius vpon Uirgils duo quisque Alpina coruscant Gaesa manu Gaesa saith hee Hastas viriles Nam etiam Fortes Galli Gaesos vocant Now the communitie of G Gu and V for W in words made of Latin Idiom out of Dutch Gaulish or other language is not vnknown to any Who sees it not in the familiar vse of the names of Walter Gualther William Guilielm Ward Guardia Uasto Guasto and the like so our What is to the Scots Quhat which or whilke quhilke and how common G. and Q were in pronunciation and mongst the Latins z Lips de Rect. pronunc Ling. Lat. cap. 13. the learn'd know And the Latins hauing no such letter as W in that sort as the Gauls vsd it were compelld to expresse such words as they began with W by Gu as some do now by Qu. yet the omission of the u in Gaesa might not amisse be when they had in vsing it pronounc't G as in Gu or as g in Lego Thus might Gaisi or Gaeisi easily be made of Guass or Wass and then Uass and Vassi in our now vsd sense which is well confirmed out of that which most â—earn'd Clarenceulx hath obseru'd vpon Seruius his word Gaesi in fitting to it as a synonomie the Brittish Guassdewr signifying
Ecclesiae Regni mei à Publicis vectigalibus Operibus Oneribus absoluantur nisi instructionibus Arcium vel Pontium quae nunquam vlli possunt relaxari But these were not so much by reason of Tenure as generall subiection to occasions of State and accidentall necessitie and supply of wants to common good Those kind of Militarie Fiefs or Fees as wee now haue were not till the Normans with whom the custom of Wardships in Chiualrie they began not vnder Hen. III. as most ignorantly Ranulph Higden the Monk of Chester and Polydore tells you came into England But before that Wards were in Scotland if their Stories and laws of Malcolm II. deceiue not When he distributed the Kingdom into Tenancies then Omnes Barones saith his laws concesserunt sibi Wardam Releuium de haerede cuiuscunque Baronis defuncti ad sustentationem Domini Regis although Buchanan rather guesses that Scotland had this custom by imitation of the English or Normans But in this Malcolm's time Wardships were not at all in England Of the originall and vse of Militarie Feuds thus much With the Roturier or base tenures this place hath not to do Only a word or two of the names of Feudum and Alodium The deriuations of both are diuers For Feudum I am somwhat confident that its root is in Fides howeuer by different writing thence varied and from it is our word Feild which was anciently Feud and Feuld as in the names of Rotherfeud and Losfeuld for Rotherfeild and Losfeild occurring with diuers like in old Rolls is apparant The Vassals are stiled Fideles in Latin and Drudi i. True from the same word in Teutonique From what others herein multiplie but rouing farre fâ—om the mark I purposely abstain and from the coniecture of some because they are too ridiculous Alodes or Alodium signified anciently what in the more strict sense Enheritance doth in our law that is lands descended from the ancestor and Alodes and Comparatum are m Vide quae adnotanit H. Bignon ad Marculph Formul lib. 1. cap. 12. opposed often as Purchase and Enheritance Now euery Feud or Fief paid a Releif or Heriot vpon death of the tenant and the Heir or successor came in alwaies as at this day in some fashion of a new Purchase But where no tenure was there the enheritance discended freely to the Heire who claimd it alwaies meerly from his ancestor Out of this difference I imagin the names of Feudum and Alodium were translated to make that distinction which is vsually twixt them whence Alodium now abusiuely denotes chiefly lands possest without seruice or subiection except only acknowledgment of superioritie in the Giuer This may hold better then that from Leudes or any which I haue seen An example of Alodes or Alodium the great Lawier Hotoman specially takes out of an old Charter made to one Paulan by our King Athelstan which is n Hector Boeth lib. 16. rememberd to haue bin found amongst the spoiles of Warre in Westmerland by the Scots vnder their Robert II. As the words were I insert it I King Athelstan Giues to Paulan Oddan and Roddan Al 's guyde and as faire Al 's euer thai mine wair And tharto Witnesse Maulde my wife The simplicitie of that age is euen pictur'd in it An age when misnomers misrecitals being deceiud such like did not make void the Kings Patent Nor doth it in substance differ from the Conquerors gift of the Palatinat of Chester whereof before And both in this of Athelstan that of the o Apud Camden in Essexia Hundred of Dauncing and Chelmer by the Confessor to Randolph Peperking and others extant of about the Conquest shew the affectation that age had to Riming in Charters Wheras now Prose without difficultie makes not one sufficient This of Feuds belongs more specially to the Dignities alreadie spoken of but also hath its vse in the vnderstanding of the nature of our ancient Knights in regard of the tenure of their Fees to whom wee make the next passage Knights Time of taking the Virilis Toga Custome of the Gaules in their Childrens taking arms Of the Germans Adoption per arma The Custome of the Longobards for the Kings sonne sitting at Table with his father Knighting by Girding with a Sword Cingulum Militiae Amittere Cingulum Som not comming in sight of the Emperor but Cincti Minerua Zosteria Balteus Knighting by a blow giuen on the eare anciently in the Empire First Mention of a knight made in England The ancient and holy ceremonies in Knighting The Marshall's fee anciently at a Knighting Kings Knighted by their Subiects Subiects Knighted by Subiects although not Lieutenants Eques Auratus One Prince may Knight in another's Territorie Infanciones Freedom to a Villain by Knight-hood Knighting by Los Ricos hombres in Spain A Knights Fief or Fee Who may be compeld to take the Order Census Equestris Miles sine Terra Inquisition of such as held Knights Fees and yet were not of the Order A Knight's Furniture by our law anciently not subiect to an Execution The Armes of a Knight descending to the Heire Ius Sigilli in a Knight Gold Rings and ius Aureorum Annulorum in Rome Their Equestris Ordo Ancient fashion of Manumission in England Seales when first in England The generall vse of them in most Nations The Iewish instruments of Contracts Their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and the Starra in the old Rolls Triall by a Iurie of Iews and Christians and their othes Difference of Paruum Sigillum and Magnum Sigillum Aide a faire Fitz Cheualer de Rancome de Marriage Of what lands and when the first and third kindes are to be leuied The name of Knight in most languages from a Horse What it is and whence in our and the German vse Cnihtes Rodknights Miles and Chiualer one Seuerall Notions of Miles oppos'd against Sokmans Burgesses Villains Tenants in Ancien demesn and Seruientes Liberi Homines Solidarij Knights Bachelors Som coniectures whence that name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and Buccellatum The fashion of Degrading a Knight The example of Sir Andrew Harkley Of Sir Ralph Grey Losse of the hand to a base fellow striking a Knight CHAP. IX HOweuer diuers Orders of Knighthood being there are mongst them which take precedence of KNIGHTS of the Spurre or those which generally are known by the name of Knights yet by institution and vse of all States They are the ancientest and shall here go first because also the other Orders are but late attributs according to the seuerall inuentions of particular Princes As in Rome Children vntill XIV yeers of age for so will the time be although some places of good autors misconceiud hath perswaded som otherwise vsing their Toga praetexta the ensigne of Infancie did then take VirilisToga or habiliment of manhood according to the increasing hopes of their worth so in the Northern parts of Europe about that age the sonnes of Princes and others of Noble Rank vsd to
Grant is extant of u Pet. de Vineis lib. 6. Ep. 17 Frederique II. that a knight may be made quanquam pater suus Miles non fuerit nostris constitutionibus caueatur quod milites fieri nequeant qui de genere Militum non nascuntur In France it was x Belmanorian apud Tilium lib. 1. vide Ranulph de Glanuilla lib. 5. cap. 5. adiudged anciently that where the Lord of a Villain I vse the word as in our law had knighted his Villain being a Gentleman he became free and had the honor lawfully but if another had knighted him nothing had been wrought by it For none could manumit him but his Lord. And till Manumission or vnlesse knighthood had had Ciuill freedome for its ground he was not capable of it Neither there might any great man confer this dignitie vpon one which were not before a Gentleman without grieuous Mulct But the king only might do it And mongst old laws y Ex legib Hisp. Fr. Mennenius of Spain Quil bet Infancio euery Gentleman or hijdalgo potest esse Miles in Aragonia alij verò non Et si fortè non Infancio promoueatur per Ricum hominem ad Militiam perdit honorem quem tenebat Ricus homo one of their Ricos hombres vel si non tenebat nunquam tenere debet Et illi promotus semper remanet villanus sublato sibi equo armis Now to the dishonor of Merit and Noblesse how many most vndeseruing either for qualitie or parentage bear this most honorable Title But some ancient adiuncts to knighthood here next offer themselues They are chiefly The respect of the Honor to Possessions Their Martiall Equipage Their right of vsing a Seale The Aide a faire fitz Chiualer The Name and honorable regard to it and Degradation Of them all in their Order The Knights Feif or Fee is as commonly known by name as Knight But what it was or is is not to all known An old z testimonie makes it DC LXXX acres consisting of IV. Hydes Of Hydes before where of Barons Other certainties x Lib. Rub. Scaccarij are proposd for a Knights Fee anciently but * v. 4. Ed. 2. tit Auoury 200. in vain It s neerest truth to set no number of Acres nor quantitie of Territorie but only of Reuenue out of land which being XX l. yeerly was the value of a Knights Fee Remember what is alreadie deliuerd of an entire Baronie and the possessions of other dignities In them the Relief alwaies expresses the fourth part of the annuall reuenue by vertue of the Grand Charter which in this point was made in imitation of what was common law in the Relief of a Knights Fee being as appears by Glanuil and Geruase of Tilburie iust c. shilâ—ings What then more plainly could proue that the knights Fee that is the Possession fit for the maintenance of a Knight in those dayes was exactly land of X X l. yeerly And they which had such an estate might bee compelled to take and it seems of right demand a Knighthood Yet vnder Hen. the III. and Edward 〈◊〉 some of lesse Reuenue were calld to this Dignitie Anno sub eodem 1256 exijt edictum Regium saith Matth. Paris praeceptumque est acclamatum per totum Regnum Angliae vt quilibet qui haberet XV. libratas terrae supra armis redimitus tyrocinio donaretur vt Angliae sicut Italiae Militia Roboraretur Et qui nollent vel qui non possent honorem status Militaris sustinere pecunia se redimerent Heere XV. pound reuenue was the same and afterward all the a Matth. Paris pag. 1249. edit Lond. vbi legendum pro decem quindecem Shirifes of England were amerced euery one at fiue Marks in the Exchequer for not distraining the Tenants in their Countie according to that precept And other like examples are in themselues vnlike for value But by the Statute of Westminster 1. of Resonable Aide XX. pound Socage land and a Knights Fee are compar'd for like possessions and in I. Edward II. an act of Parlament was that if any were distrain'd to bee made Knight hauing neither in Fee nor for life twentie pounds reuenue and the same were prou'd vpon his complaint by inquest he should be discharg'd Nor that any man should be compell'd to bee a Knight before his full age of XXI years Yet after that the writs haue bin for such as had fortie pound yearly b 19. Ed. 2. Claus. memb 16. Dors. 7. Ed. 3. tit Auerment 37. Claus. 7. Ed. 3. part 1. Dors. memb 7. 22. both in Ed. II. and III. their times and of diuers succeeding And vnder Henry VI. the Chiefe Iustice c Babington 7. Hen. 6. sol 16. C. Sir Richard Haukesford of the Common Pleas sayes that the King might compell euery man of xll. yearly worth in lands to receiue Knighthood by writ out of the Exchequer and if they appear'd not at the first day but come after to take this order by rigour of Law they are not to be receiu'd but amerced for default Where he remembers that when writs in that kind went out at the second day a great Burgesse of Southwork able to dispend c. Marks yearly appear'd on whom they were vnwilling that the honor should be bestowed and after deliberation resolu'd that because hee came not the first day hee should not be Knighted This Census or Militarie value hath some proportion to that of the Ordo Equestris in Rome Their Ordo Equestris or secundus Ordo as they calld it in respect of the Senators being Ordo primus had it's known worth in possessions That worth was CD M. of their Sestertij in present estate of our sterling M. M. M. C. XXV pounds euery M. Sesterij or one Sestertium which are all one reckon'd at VII pounds XVI shillings III. pence Yet in those more ancient times of England when the relief of a Knights Fee and so a Knights Fee were truely known as now also too frequently this honor was giuen to such as had not any land twixt them and other a difference is made in d Roger. de Houeden part 2. pag. 424. lib. Rub. scaccarij Richard I. his edict of Torneaments Rex statuit Torniamenta fieri in Anglia charta sua confirmauit ita quod quicunque torniare vellet daret ei pecuniam secundum formam subscriptam videlicet Comes daret pro licentia torniandi XX. Marcas argenti Barones decem Marcas argenti Miles Terram habens IV. Marcas argenti Miles non habens Terram II. Marcas argenti Out of this Militarie Reuenue and the right of compulsion in the King to make the possessors Knights you may easily vnderstand what Pro respectu Militiae is in the Exchequer Rolls anciently and why in Enquests of Eires the presentations were of such as had a whole Knights Fee and were not Knighted being of full age In an Eire
Hidata Terra non Hidata 271 Hide of Land 271 Hidage what 270 Hippobatae 333 Hlafe afford Hlafford 61. Hlafe-die for Ladie 61 Honor and Reuerence Parents to Maiestie 121 Honor and Vertue their Temple in Praefat. Honorarij Codicilli 185. 220 Holland Earldom when began 194. 195 Holds 225 Holy Iland 248 Horse from it the name of Knight in all languages but English 332. 333. See in Haire Hunggiar a Turkish Title 103. giuen to a great fat Hog by Ismael Sophi in dishonor of Baiazeth 104 Humbert Daulphin 172 Hugh le Bigod his surrendring the Earldome of Norfolk 231 I IAuan vsd sometimes for Syria 75. 76 Iariffe i. Seriph 97 Iacupbeg 105 Ic dien 272 Idolatrie its beginning 9 Iewes their honoring of the New Moon 164. See in Sunne and in Childbirth Their Oaths Contracts and Seales 328. 329 Iewish Kings Crown 153 Ilethyia for Lucina whence 165 Illustres 383. 385 Imperator the name 19. 20. seq See Emperor Imperator Dominus to the Kings of England 25. 26. 35 Imperatori Proximus a Title 172 Images of the Roman Nohilitie in Praefat. Infulae 149 Inferiors to superiors their forme of speaking 114. 115 In Hoc Vince 16â— Infantes and Infanta 179 Inuestiture of Prouinces 1â—1 See in Duke Marquesse Count c. and in Bishops Iudex Fiscalis 221. 227 Ioannes cognomento Digitorum 56 Iohn an vnluckie name to Kings 205 Ioannes Belul for Prester Iohn 15. 86 Ioannes Encoe ibid. Iohn of Sarisburie vnder Henrie 11. requested the Pope to giue Ireland to Henrie 11. 56 Iohn afterward King of England made Lord of Ireland with a Crowne of feathers sent from the Pope 57. and afterwards would haue been a Mahumedan and sent for the Alcoran 102 Iosuah Ben Nun remembred in old columns erected by some that fled out of Canaan into Mauritania Tingitania in his time 70 Iochabelul i. Prester Iohn 87 Ireland its Kings anciently 31. 57. See in Dominus in Henry 11. in Iohn of Sarisb in Iohn King Subiect to Edgar a good part of it 55 Ireland Dukes of Ireland 58 Iupiters Tombe in Crete and his Epitaph 12. See in Baal His statue vsd to be had in Oaths 158 Iupiter Labradeus his statue 155 his statue in Constantinople 159 Iudith her story examined with coniectures on it 33. 34. not knowen to the Iewes but from Europe 33 Iulian Apostata forbidding to be called Dominus 48 Iudas of Galilee Autor of the Sect which would not allow any Prince the name of Lord. 49 Iuliers made of a Marquisate a Countie 214 Ius Aureorum disputed 324. seq K KArolouitz 78 Karm in Scythian 90 Keshish 110 Kelchyn 286 Kessar i. Caesar. 28 Keyser 70 Kentish-mens Prerogatiue anciently to be in the Uantgard in Praefat Kingdomes how begun 2. 3. seq vsque ad 17 King and Emperor their difference in the Roman Empire 20. seq See in Rex Kings in Clientela Imperatoris 28 Kings subiect to the Empire properly no Kings 29. seq King whence in seuerall languages 44 King crowned before born 145 Kings Freind 185 Kings see in Swearing in Crowns in Annointed in Scepter in Crosse in Knighting in Dukes c. Kings denominating their Nations 74. 75. 76 Kissilpassa whence 83. 106 Kissing the Emperors foot 38. kissing the forefinger or hand in adoration 38. kissing the bands 39 40 forbidden ibid. Hands Knees and Feet ibid. Popes foot 39. 40. why the hand was kissed 40. kissing at Farewels 42. Head Eies and Hands 42. kissing of Iacob by Esau. 42 A Statute against kissing the King 43. Numidian Princes why not kist 43. after Praiers and of Charitie 43. That Templars might not kisse a woman 373 Kidermister first Baronie in England by Creation by Patent 282 Knights and knighting some Course in the ancientest times like knighting 306. by giuing the deseruing arms and bauing him sit at his fathers Table 307. 308 Knighthood receiued from whom 308 Girding in knighthood 309. 310. seq by giuing a blow on the care 312. first mention of a Knighthood in England 313 Knighthood giuen by Churchmen 313. 314. Holie Ceremonies in the ancient taking of Knighthood in England and elswhere 314. Fees at the Knighting of a Great man anciently 315. Kings knighted by their subiects 315. by other Kings ibid. Knighting by meaner men 316. by a Knight of his owne power 317. form of knighting now 317. a supreme Prince may knight in any Territorie 317. No Knight to be made anciently vnlesse descended of Noble Parentage 318. a Knights Fee 319. and Relief ibid. by what value one may be compelld to take the Order 319. 320 322. Knight with land and without land 320. a Knights Equipage House and Furniture exempt from execution and issues 321. 322. his Arms discendible to his heirs 322. 323. Knights seale 323. if that were a Right of Knighthood 323. Aids to knighting 330. The Father being no Knight shall not haue aid to make the sonne a Knight 331. Knighting discharges Wardship and how 332. whence the name of Knight in seuerall languages 332. Knights Bachelors 336. 337. DegradatioÌ„ of a Knight 337. striking a Knight punished with losse of the hand 339. See in Bath in Banneret in Orders Knighthood to a Mahumedan by a Christian Emperor 380 Knecht 333 Knaue how it anciently signified 341 Knape Knabe 341 Knesi i. Dukes 27 Kneeling to Princes 4â— the answere of Philip 11. of Spain in excuse being saluted with kneeling 42 Konigin 44 Kopach the Russian Emperours Cap. 152 L LAws wont to bee sung and thence called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 15 Laws Ciuile when first profest in Praefat. Lauerd for Lord. 61 Ladie 61 Lars Lartes 59 Latins 75 Lazar and Lazars 78 Lamorabaquin in Froissart what 89 Laurell in Triumph 139. whence it was taken and of what tree 148 for the Caesars ibid. against Thunder ibid. Lazi Kings might not weare purple 144 Labarum and its form 161 Lazzi what 177 Lantgraue 221. 222. 246 Lancaster made a Palatinat 247 Lancaster sword 31 Lairds of Scotland 288 Letters 16. Lewes 11. See Basilius Leo X. gaue Henrie VIII the name of Defender of the faith 79. Leshari 105 Leuderique Bishop of Breme taxed of pride for vsing the name of Pastor and such like 118 Lewes XIII of France born 176 Leicester Earldom 235 Leod Bishop 225. 204 Leudes what 264 Leornung Cnechts 333 Leitou Palatins 249 Lewhelin Prince of Wales 275 Liuerie and seisin in some sort of England to the Normans 34 Lilith what 164 Limitum Duces 183. 209 Lithuania 193. 249 Liuonia 194. 240 Lindisfarn 248 Lord. See in Dominus in Iudas of Galilee in Hlafford and of the deriuation of the name 59. 60. 61 expressing a Baron 284 Louerd for Lord. 61 Loof and Loef 61 Lodouicus and Chlouis the same 71. 72. 78 London custome 265 Lords in curtesie 284 Lombards or Longobards 294 Lucanicus and Lucanica 72 Lucius first Christian King of Britain 78 Lunus and Luna 167 Lycosura first Citie according to Graecian