there no small fish as Cods c. and few great ones nor any bones of Whales Morsses or the like found upon the shore nor any drift wood 3. Because in 65 deg 30 min. the ice lay all in rands which he believes to be produc'd as in the shoal'd Bays For had there been any Ocean beyond it it would have been broken to pieces as they found it coming thro the Strait into the Sea Eastward 4. Because the ice seeks its way out to the Eastward driving out at Hudsons Straits But if there be any passage it is very narrow and the voyoge very long nor can any large Vessels fit to merchandise be able to endure the ice and other incommodities as the long nights cold snows frosts c. P. 24. col 2. l. 36. till Vasile Ivanowitz about the year 1509. P. 36. col 2. l. 63. as 5509 â— 1679. ibid. l. 66 7188-5509 P. 36. col 1. l. 41. Hungary About the year 1188 Bela was King of Hungary perhaps the original of the Imperial Family of the Russes the time corresponding very well P. 39. col 2. l. 1. del whose name seems to have been Zac. Litspenow l. 67. He died in the forty-ninth year of his age and two and thirtieth of his reign in the year 1677 and left his son Feodor Alexowich a young Prince of about ninteen years of age who reigns this present year 1680. In the Description of Sweden The times of the Kings supply thus the 6th began his reign A. M. 2014 the 25th the times of the rest being uncertain began A. M. 2637 the 26th A. M. 2712 the 27th A. M. 2831 the 31th the intermediate being also uncertain A. M. 3031 the 32th A. M. 3060 the 33th A. M. 3125 the 34th A. M. 3174 the 35th 3252 the 36th A. M. 3551 the 46th A. D. 3916 the 47th Ericus III. A. M. 3929 in whose time according to Loccenius whose computation we have here follow'd conceives our Saviour to have been born A MAP of the NORTH-POLE and the PARTS ADIONING OXON At the THEATER MDCLXXX NOVA ZEMBLA In the Philosophicll Transactions of a o 1674 n 101 there is set down a Description of a Nova Zembla as it was sent to the Royall Society from a Russia Merchant and discovered by order of the Grand Czaar but there being not joyned to it either Longitude Latitude or other measure we though it better to follow the two newest Maps one printed at Amsterdam a o 1678 the other at Nuremberg 1679 and to place this by itselfe which shews it not an Iland but joyned with the Continent at the letter K. K. To the Right honble Charles Fitz Charles Earle of Plymouth Viscount Totnes and Baron Dartmouth This Map is Humbly Dedicated by M Pitt Letter C. stands for Cape I. Iland M. Mount P. Point R. River S. Sound OXON … UNIV DOMINUS ILLVMINATIO MEA GREENLAND GREENLAND â—â—e Siâ—â—ation of Greenland call'd by the Dutch Spitsbergen because of its sharp-pointed Rocks and Mountains lies from 76 Degrees of Northerly Latitude to 82 but how much farther as also whether Island or Continent is not yet discover'd for as much as no man hitherto is known to have passed beyond that Our Mariners generally conceive it an Island the Dutch only say that they believe the Land to reach more North because the Ice they found was not broken and floating as in the Sea but firm and stable as continued to the shoar The South part of it looks towards the Promontories of Finland and Lapland North-Cape North-Kin c. The next Land on the West is the large Country of Groenland and Nova Zembla on the East but these at so vast a distance that they cannot be reckon'd as its confines or neighbours The Dutch attribute the first discovery of it to three of their own Pilots The Discovery of Greenland and have given most of the names to the Creeks and Promontories according to their own fancy Which diligence had our men used from time to time as also been careful to make Charts as our industrious Neighbours oblige their Shipmasters to do divers discoveries had been asserted to this Nation which are now almost disputed from us L. 4. c. 17. The Dutch gave names saith Purchas upon this very occasion to places long before discovered by the English as if themselves had been the finders I shall instance only in these discoveries which strangers as you may see in Hackluit attribute to us Vol. 1. â— 512 513 c. But the Dutch tho following our steps endeavour to assert them to three of their own Pilots ann 1596 who searching for a passage to the East-Indies light upon Greenland these were Jacob Heemskerck William Barents and John Cornelis Ryp what these men effected will be best known by their own Journal recorded by Purchas June 7 1696 they were in 74 Degrees the water as green as grass by the way it were worth enquiry whether this be not the cause of the blue Ice which is by every one noted as peculiar to these Coasts June 9 they were upon Cherry or bear-Bear-Island in 74 Degrees and 13 Minutes the variation of the needle was 13 Degrees June 13 they departed thence North and by East 16 Dutch miles June 14 15 they continued their course 20 miles June 16 17 18 they continued 30 miles June 19 they saw land at 80 Degrees and 11 Minutes and sailed Southward upon the Western Coast till 79 deg 30 m. where they found a good road but could not land because of Ice June 20 they kill'd a mighty Bear whose skin was 13 foot long they found also a very good Haven and good anchorage on the East were two Islands on the West a great Creek or a River where they found many Geese sitting upon their Eggs of a perfect red colour such as come once a year into some parts of Holland as it should seem from this place This land they supposed to be Greenland the Compass varied 16 deg June 23 they weighed Anchor but were forced back with Ice 25 They weighed Anchor again and sailed Southward coasting till they entred into a River whence they got not to Sea again till the 27th 28 They kept on their course Southward where there were so many Fowls that they flew against their Sails and Masts 30 They were in 75 deg July 1 they saw Cherry or Bear-Island This is all that I can find concerning their voyage To this I shall oppose two voyages the first of Sir Hugh Willoughby 1553 the other of Steven Burrows 1556. The Dutch do not allow Sir Hugh Willoughby to have passed Seynam Blaeu's Maps which is in 70 deg and that also in 1571. Yet in their Maps they call a small Island by the name of Willoughby's Land of which our men know nothing except it be the same with Hope Island a part of Greenland as it is most likely for the land he discover'd was a large Country by the
West-side whereof he sailed some days together with a good wind and therefore could not be a small Island as they describe this which H. Hudson could not find when he sought for it see a discourse of this in Purchas's Pilgrim l. 3. c. 1 15. We have nothing of this voyage but those imperfect or short notes which were found lying upon his table after his death wherein it is contain'd that they parted from Seynam Aug. 2. Aug. 14 they were 160 leagues North and Easterly from Seynam they continued sailing till Sept. 14 when they landed on a country high rocky and uninhabited from whence the cold and Ice forced them to return more South which they did till they reach'd Arzina a River in Lapland where the next Spring they were all found frozen to death in their Ship A few years after this about 1556 we read of Steven Burrows who searching a passage by the North-East unto the Indies arrived in 112 deg 25 min. of Longitude and 76 of Latitude and so sailed to 80 deg 11 min. and thence to Nova Zembla Now this cannot be any known place but Greenland which is also confirm'd because the Land was desolate the Ice of a blew colour and great store of Fowls All signs of Greenland But from this time began a great and familiar trade from England to all those Northern Regions and many trials made to discover the North-East passage so that no question but that they landed many times upon Greenland but took no notice of it as neither did the Dutch till many years after when a gainful fishing was there found out Before which none either gave it a name took possession of it or pretended to the discovery This trade was managed for divers years by the Russia company of English Merchants as will appear by the story of it which is this In 1553 the King and Queen Philip and Mary gave a commission to certain Merchants to trade into Russia and made them a corporation who presently not only began a very brisk and profitable negotiation into those Northern Countries but employed divers Ships for finding out a passage that way into the Indies Particularly Arthur Pet and Charles Jackman about the year 1580 rambled over all those Seas and it is very probable they also were upon Greenland but there is nothing particularly known concerning them No nation but the English frequented those Northern Seas till 1578 that a Dutch Ship came to Cola and a year or two after another to St. Nicholas by the solicitation of an English man that set himself against the company Afterwards they crept in more and more and in 1594 they employed Barents and others to find out a passage to the Indies and in 1596 the three Dutch Pilots aforenamed upon the same design who first light upon Bear-Island and thence to Greenland Barents separating from his company sayled to the Northeast of Nova-Zembla where he lost his Ship and himself died In 1603 Steven Benet was employed who went no farther then Cherry-Island whence he brought some Lead Oar. In 1608 Henry Hudson was sent forth to discover the North-pole who went to 82 deg as did also Thomas Marmaduke of Hull 1612 but saw divers Islands beyond that and gave names to divers places upon Greenland formerly discovered as Whale-bay Hackluits-Headland c. The company having been informed of the great number of Sea-horses Morsses and Whales that frequented cherry-Cherry-Island and Greenland first applyed themselves with one or two Ships to the killing of Morsses which in a short time made Morsses grow scarce In the year therefore 1610 they set out the Ship Amity Jonas Pool commander for Whale-fishing who fell upon the land formerly discovered though not regarded and called it Greenland whether because of the green Moss wherewith it was covered or mistaking it for Groenland a Northern Countrey formerly discovered or for some other reason I know not He called it also King James New-land but that name is grown obsolete He also gave names to many of the most eminent places upon the west side of the Country as to Horn-Sound because there they found an Unicorns-horn Ice-Point Bell-Point Lowness-Island Black-Point Cape-cold Ice-Sound Knotty-Point Fowl-Sound Deer-Sound And in Cross-Road 79 deg 15 min. variation 18 deg 16 min. northwest he seized upon the Country to the use of his Masters by setting up a red Cross and fastning a writing to it There also he made some quantity of Oyl and brought an Unicorns-horn as they called it from thence And this was the first time that any benefit was made by the fishing of that place In 1611 the company hired six Basques expert Fishermen and sent them with two Ships to fish for Whales in Greenland where the first Whale they killed yielded them twelve tuns of Oyl Some of his company looking about the Harbours for Whales discovered in Sir Thomas Smiths Bay a great number of Morsses The Master of one of the Ships taking with him some of his men went thither and killed of them 500 and kept 1000 alive on Shoar which afterwards they let go In 1612 two Ships more were sent when they killed seventeen Whales and some Morsses and made 180 tuns of oyl This year the Hollanders came thither with one Ship conducted by Andrew Sallows an Englishman Another English Pilot brought thither also a Spanish Ship the English Ships met with and threatned them but notwithstanding they made a good voyage In 1613 the company sent thither seven Ships who had a Patent to prohibit all strangers except the Muscovia company from frequenting those coasts Yet they met with fifteen Sail of Dutch French Flemish and some interlopers of our own Nation To some the General gave liberty to fish with others he made composition to have half or part of what they caught others he drave away from the Country after he had taken out the English that were in their Ships though themselves also by that means were not so well laden as they might have been this year they discovered hope-Hope-Island and other Islands to the West In 1614 they set out thirteen great Ships besides two Pinnaces well armed and the Dutch eighteen whereof four men of war who being stronger stayed and fished there as did our men also but both parties made a poor voyage This land they fully discovered to 80 deg by Tho. Sherwin and Will. Baffin and by others divers Islands toward the East They also took possession of several parts of the Country for the King setting up a Cross and the Kings Arms in Lead the Dutch afterwards did the like in the same places for the Prince of Orange In 1615 they set out two great Ships and two Pinaces which by reason of fourteen Sail sent by the Hollanders came home not fully laden This year the King of Denmark sent three Ships men of war with an English Pilot James Vaden to demand Custom of the Ships for fishing upon his Island as he pretended the
added to the former because it was at twelve hours before noon his place at that instant was 2 deg 26 min. of Virgo whose declination is as before 10 deg 35 min. The Latitude of the place was 78 deg 47 min. whose complement was 11 deg 13 min. the declination being subducted from the complement of of the elevation of the Pole leaveth 38 min. four fifths of which is 12 min. being substracted from 38 leaveth 26 min. for the refraction which is more or less according to the thickness or thinness of the air But to return to Nova-Zembla Situation of Nova-Zembla There is lately a new Chart of Nova-Zembla put out in Holland which separates it from Samoiedia by the Streights of Nassau or Fretum Waygats but makes the North of it wherein Barents in 1595 wintered in the same parallel with part of Greenland and that Nova-Zembla is inhabited with people like in clothing stature and manner of life to the Samoieds that they are Idolaters as many of the others Barbarous c. Another Map joyned with the former also continues Groenland to Greenland on the South-west corner which also is contrary to all other Relations but the Map of Nova-Zembla is manifestly calculated out of the observations of them that wintered there with W. Barents and therefore I shall neither disparage nor approve it further trial may determine it A late Traveller a French-man Chyrurgeon in a Danish Ship saith That Nova-Zembla is a Continent joyned on the South to Samoiedia by a ledg of Mountains called by him the Pater-Noster-Mountains and on the North to Greenland which is contrary both to this new Chart and to the observations of all Marriners both English and Dutch He saith also that he with others went ashore upon Nova-Zembla and brought away some of the inhabitants into Denmark that they were more barbarous then any other nation he had ever seen A Groenland-Monk in the Chron. of Iseland saith that the Pigmies inhabited Nova-Zembla this Traveller indeed saith they were but short truss'd persons but not so little as to deserve the name of Pigmies nor indeed much lesser then his Countreymen the Gronelanders are described The Dutch who wintered there Beasts mention no other beasts then Bears Foxes and such other as live upon prey for that say they there is neither Leaves nor Grass for other Beasts to feed upon but Mr. Hudson saith that all the land they had seen of Nova-Zembla seemed pleasant much high-land and without Snow in some places also green and Deer feeding upon it nor were all the high hills covered with Snow But Mr. Hudson was there in Summer and it is probable that assoon as winter begins the Deer betake themselves to Samoieda or some other place Our Merchants that have lived in Russia say Fowls that upon Nova-Zembla is a great lake wherein a wonderful number of Swans and Geese do breed which moult their feathers about St. Peters day and at that time the Russes go thither to gather their feathers and to kill the Fowls which they dry and bring into their own Countrey for winter provision Both English and Dutch in their frequenting this coast have given names to several places And it is a remarkable inconvenience that the Dutch very rarely make use of a name given by another nation but had rather give new ones themselves that the world may take them to be the great discoverers and diligent observers In 73d was a land discovered by H. Hudson and called Hold-with-hope unknown as he conceived to any Christian till that time and as our late Navigators say to any since CHERRY and other ISLANDS OUr men conceive Greenland to be broken land Northern Islands or a great number of Islands at least very near to one another On the West-side they discovered as far as 82 deg the most Northerly point they called Point Purchas there they found very many Islands which they thought not worthy to give names to being careful only to take notice of those six or eight Harbours which were commodious for their fishing On the East-side they went no farther then 78 deg because the Dutch disturbed their trading on that side There are also many Islands some of which are named hope- hope-Hope-Island as hope-Hope-Island discovered in 1613 which may be that the Dutch call willoughbies-Willoughbies-land or John mayens-Mayens-Island though indeed it corresponds well to neither but rather to the later It belongeth to Greenland and is but a small Island and lies North-east and South-west whereas the Countrey Sir H. Willoughby landed upon was a large Countrey in as much as he sayled many days by the side of it and lies North and South which must be Greenland Edges-Island was discovered 1616 Edges-Island Wyches-Island by Capt. T. Edge who had made that voyage ten times Wyches-Island so call'd from a Gentleman of that name was found out 1617 but there being nothing remarkable come to our knowledg concerning these we pass them over Only it is worth noting that both the Whale and Morss-fishing was known and practised 800 years ago as appears by the Relation which Octher the Norwegian made to his Lord Alfred King of England where he also saith that the Morsses were hunted for their teeth which were mightily esteemed Cherry-Island Cherry-Island when first discovered I know not but it received not its name nor was known to be of any profit till 1603 when a Ship set out at the charges of Sir Francis Cherry touched upon it and found there some Lead and a Morsses tooth but stayed not to fish because the year was too far spent However they called it in honour of Sir Francis Cherry for whose use they took possession of it Cherry-Island In 1604 Morss-fishing a Ship set sail Mr. Welden the Merchant and Steven Bennet the Master from London April 15 and arrived at Cola in Lapland May 1 they stayed in Lapland till July 1 and July 8 they came in sight of Cherry and they came to an Anchor on the South-south-east side but because of the stream could not land so that they sailed round about the Isle and at length anchored two miles from the Shore Going on land one of them with his Gun killed as many Fowl as almost laded their Boat July 9 they found on Shore nothing but store of Foxes that part of the Island was in 74 deg 45 min. July 10 they weighed Anchor and stood into another Bay and came to anchor in eight fathoms where they saw an incredible number of Morsses swimming in the Sea Coming to Shore they espied a vast company of them lying on the ground they shot at them with three Guns they carried with them but with all their weapons they could kill but fifteen of above 1000 that lay there like Hogs hudling together on heaps but they found as many teeth as filled an Hogshead Before the 13th they killed near 100 more making use only of their teeth In 1605 the
Fish Butter Tallow Hides c. are brought from all parts of Norway to be shipt off into other Countries The Townsmen not many years ago observing the daily encrease of their trade and the great concourse of strangers which it drew from all parts and fearing they themselves might at last be prejudiced by an unlimited and general admission of foreign Tradesmen and Merchants into their City made an order that whoever would after such a time be admitted a freeman of the Town should either be whipt at a Game instituted upon this occasion and call'd by them Gantenspill or rowl'd in mud and dirt or lastly hung in a basket over some intolerable and filthy smoak This hard usage quickly diminished the number of foreigners who fancied it scarce worth their while to purchase their freedom at so dear and scandalous a rate But of late the industry and skill as well as number of the inhabitants encreasing these barbarous customs are laid aside and the Citizens themselves are now able to export what was formerly fetcht away from them The Bishop of this Diocess was heretofore under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Truntheim To the Governor of Berghen are subject the Prefectures of Sudhornleen Nordhornleen Soghne Sudfiord Norfiord and Sundmerleen The Prefecture and Bishoprick of Nidrosia or Truntheim THE fourth Castle and Government in Norway is that of the City Nidrosia as it was anciently called from the river Nider on which 't is seated or Truntheim formerly the Metropolis of the Kingdom and the seat of the King and Archbishop of Norway Pontanus somewhere calls this City the Cabinet of all the Norwegian monuments but Wormius found no great reason to confer so honourable a title upon it when after a diligent search into the Antiquities old monuments and reliques of the primitive inhabitants of this Kingdom he met with no more then three Runic inscriptions in this whole Diocess The conveniency of the Haven makes this place resorted to by some Mariners and Merchants to this day but the ruines are so great that it looks more like a Village then City not having had any opportunity of recovering its former splendor since it was burnt down in the year 1522. Its houses are a company of old fashion'd and rotten buildings and the Kings Palace is decay'd below the meanness of an English Cottage However something of its ancient grandeur still appears in the Cathedral dedicated to St. Olaus which tho almost consumed by fire yet by the ruines shews it self to have been one of the most magnificent and largest structures in the world In this Church the Huntsmen were wont to make a yearly offering of the skins of the largest and stoutest white Bears which they kill'd for the Priest to tread upon at Divine Service Groneland and Iseland were formerly parts of the Diocess of Truntheim but now this Bishoprick is not of so large an extent In the Castle resides the Governor of the whole Prefecture of Truntheim who has under him several other Governors of lesser Provinces In the Country a little beyond this City there grows no wood at all But instead thereof the inhabitants make use of fish-bones as well to build their houses and for several implements of housholdstuff as fuel and with the fat of the same fish they feed their Lamps in winter The Prefecture of Truntheim in the year 1658 was by the Danes surrendred up to the Swedes by a publick Treaty of Peace The next year they wrested it again out of the hands of the Swedish King but resign'd it back at the Treaty of Roschild Halgoland the Country of Ohther King Aelfred's Geographer is a part of this Prefecture Of which that Author gave this account to the King his Master ê§ nan man ne bude be Nor ðh an him i. e. That no inhabited Country lay further North then this But the great fishing trade upon these Coasts have made the English better acquainted with these parts then this Gentleman was with his own Country The Prefecture of Wardhus THE Castle of Wardhus the seat of the fifth and last great Governor in the Kingdom of Norway has its name from the Island Warda in which it stands This Isle lyes about two German miles from the main land of Finmark being near twelve English miles in compass The inhabitants of this and the two adjoining Isles which in Finmark go all under the general name of Trunsolem live only upon Stockfish which they dry in the frost They have no manner of Bread nor drink but what is brought them from other places Some small stock of Cattel they have but only such as can make a shift to live of their masters diet dryed fish Finmark or Norwegian Lapland ON the North of Norway lies Finmark or as the Natives use to call it Taakemark which perhaps was the ancient habitation of the Finni mentioned by Tacitus For the character which that Historian gives us of those people is very applicable to the modern Finmarkers The Finni says he are a people extraordinary savage and miserably poor They have neither Horses Arms House nor Home but feed upon roots and such provision as their Bows and Arrows can procure and are clothed with the skins of wild beasts To this day Finmark is not divided as all other Countries generally are into distinct Lordships and Inheritances but as in Mr. Hobbes's state of nature every private man pretends a right and title to every part of the Land and the strength of the Arm is the only Judge of controversies When fishing season comes in they throng to the Sea-coasts and when that is over retire again into the uplands Only the Islanders in Heymeland keep their stations and have their Churches in Trom Suro Maggero and other places The language manners and habits of the people are the same as in the Swedish Lapland of which an account has been already given Of the ancient Commerce between the old Britains English and Norwegians THo the relations which our English writers give us of the prowess and brave exploits of the valiant British King Arthur savour too much of Romance yet in the main our best Historians agree unanimously in this that no Prince ever conquer'd more of the Northern Kingdoms then this King W. Lambert in his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 assures us that all the Islands Nations and Kingdoms in the North and East Seas as far as Russia were tributary to him And Geoffry of Monmouth says King Arthur at one time summon'd no less then six Kings to appear before him at his Court in Britain viz. 1. Guillaumur King of Ireland 2. Malvase King of Iseland 3. Doldaff King of Gothland 4. Gunnase King of Orkney 5. Lot King of Norway And 6. Aschile King of Denmark Upon these conquests the Kingdom of Norway was annexed to the Crown of England and the Norwegians incorporated into one Nation with the Britains But this amity was of no long continuance for Norway was at too great a distance
which they say happens frequently in the great and sandy Desarts But these are very few and I suppose as easily blown asunder as brought together However these deserve here no particular consideration This rising of the Earth in large Continents is doubtless very great tho none either have or will ever be at the trouble and charge to measure it yet some estimation may be made by the length and swiftness of Rivers It is commonly said that a Ship is not able to sail against that stream whose declivity is one pace in an hundred yet some declivity there must be and as they say seldom is it less then one in five hundred Suppose then the Nile which runs in the greatest Continent Africk which we know in the world it disembogues into the Mediterranean Sea in 31 deg of Northerly Latitude and ariseth out of the Lake Zaire which is in 10 deg or as some say 14 of Southerly Latitude in all 41 deg which comes to about 2460 miles English if running streight but because of its bendings it may be well estimated 3000 miles which allowing two foot to a mile comes to six thousand feet if it move with as slow a motion as can be but considering that it is a swift River the mud not setling till it come to the Sea and hath in it divers great Cataracts the Lake of Zaire must needs be much higher then the mouth of Nilus But the height of mountains is more certainly and easily known and divers of them have been measured as one of the highest hills betwixt Yorkshire and Lancashire Pendle-hill if I be not mis-informed was not found to exceed half a mile in perpendicular height Olympus somewhat above a mile and some others as El Pico in the Isle of Teneriffe yet higher But the certainty we know not The manner of measuring and calculating is thus which is much easier in such a mountain as Teneriff or Pendle-hill being one peak or top standing in a plain then in those Juga or ledges of mountains which run thro and divide most of the great Continents of the world whereof the highest may be still higher then the other Let b c d represent a mountain whose height a c is thus found Take two stations in a straight line from it the first at b not far from the foot the other at e a considerable distance from it from each of these stations take the angles at the top b c a e c a then out of 90 subduct b c a the remainder is the angle c b a which also being subducted from 90 the remainder is the angle c b e. Therefore in the triangle c b e we have one side e b viz. the distance of the two stations which must be exactly measured and all the angles for c e b is the complement of the other two to 180 then say As the sine of the angle e c b is to the side e b So is the sine of the angle c e b to b c. Having then in the rectangular triangle b c a one side b c and all the angles for a b c is the complement of b c a to 90 say then As the Radius is to the sine of b c a So is b c to c a the height By the Quadrat Divide 10000 by the number of parts cut at each station then say As the difference of the Quotients is to the distance betwixt the statitions So is 100 to the height This great Globe is not only divided into Land and Water Divisions of the Earth but many other ways in respect to them As some are Continents which are great parts of Land without any Sea Islands are small parts encompassed by water Peninsula or Chersonesus is a part of Land which would be called an Island were it not for an Isthmus or neck of land which joins it to the Continent A Mountain or Rock jutting out into the Sea is called a Promontory Cape or Headland Again the Ancients divided all they knew of the Earth into three parts Europe Asia and Africa of each of these in their several places but another Hemisphere having been lately discovered there is commonly added to these America as the fourth part Others also name two more the Lands under the North and South Poles which indeed were not comprehended in the former division yet because we know not whether there be Land or only Sea as under the North Pole seems to be it is not expedient to account them distinct parts till better discovered Our Mariners that went with design to pass under or near the North Pole in their search of a passage to China and arrived as far as 82 deg of Latitude found nothing but some few Islands the rest as they could see being in the midst of Summer nothing but Ice Some do imagine that the three parts of the habitable world received their division from the three Sons of Noah and C ham indeed obtained Africa but Japhet dwelt in the Tents or habitations of Shem tho in process of time his posterity seems to have peopled the greatest part of Europe The reason of the names we despair of knowing they having been forgotten even in Herodotus's time there is no hopes now of retrieving them See the discourse concerning the Map of Europe Lastly the parts of the Land before-mentioned The particular observations in the descriptions are very opportune for the separating and distinguishing Countries Nations and Governments The knowledge and consideration whereof is the chiefest and most useful design of this whole Work and all others of the like nature For it little conduceth to know places unless we be also informed of what is contained what actions performed and what concerns our selves may have in them In those therefore we shall consider the names situation bounds of each Country as also what Cities Havens Towns Forts likewise what Mountains Valleys Caves Fountains and other such remarkable and to us and our Country unusual things as nature it self hath formed To which shall be added the condition and quality of the soil and its productions in order to the discovering what in every place abounds and what therein may be communicated to other Countries or what may probably be carried to them in order to trade In every Nation also account shall be given of their original Language Manners Religion Employments c. that if any art or science useful to society be there eminent it may be transferred into our own Country Much more considerable are their Governments Civil and Military their Magistrates Laws Assemblies Courts Rewards and Punishments and such like Neither must we omit the manner of educating their youth in arts liberal and mechanick taught in their Schools Universities Monasteries Shops also and the like Their manner of providing for their poor of all sorts either in Hospitals or Workhouses Lastly it will be expected that we give an account of the History or actions and successes of each
surface of the water in the Islands but rather that the high-water is caused by the winds The whole land is so encompassed with Ice The Ice and cold that it is difficult to be approach'd and 1613 about the middle of June the Ice was so much and so strong that the Ships which went from Holland to the Whale-fishing were not able to come to the shore nor was the Snow thawed from the Land The Rain-Deer also and other Beasts were many of them starv'd for want of food Though ordinarily the Ice breaks in May yet if the Northerly or Easterly winds continue long for those are the coldest the Frost endures the longer For though the Sun stay half the year yet never arising above 33 deg 40 min. above the Horizon its beams are so few and scatter'd that they are most-times insufficient to dissolve the Ice much less to dispel the cold From the weakness of the heat also it proceeds that the vapours from the earth are neither hot enough to warm the air nor thin enough to rise to any considerable height but they hang continually in thick dark mists upon the mountains and sometimes upon the earth it self insomuch that he which is at one end of his Ship cannot discern his companion at the other Concerning the Cold and Ice it is further remarkable that the Ice is oftentimes raised above the water many 16 fathoms and this is much fresher than the other many-times also it is thirty-five fathoms underwater which is more salt and easilier melted It is frozen sometimes to the bottom of the Sea Freezing makes a great and to them who have not heard it before a terrible sound as the Ice doth also at the breaking Sometimes it breaks only into great pieces which is very dangerous to the Ships for then many times the Sea beaten from one Ice to another is turn'd into a whirlpool which overturns the Ships Sometimes it shatters at once into small pieces with more noise but less danger The Seamen defended their vessels at first with Ropes Mats and such like soft and loose materials hung down by the sides of the Ships whereby they thought to break the force of the Ice but they quickly found this too weak a defence Now they use Poles Hooks and the like to keep it at a distance and that the Ship may drive along before it which serves well in a calm but an high wind often dashing the Ice against the Ship breaks it to pieces Sometimes it is crushed between two pieces of Ice sometimes thrust up upon other pieces William Barents found upon a great Ice 10 fathoms above water much earth and Fowls-Eggs lying upon it The Beasts of this Country are only these The beasts 1. Foxes white gray tawny and black 2. Rain-Deer which by feeding upon the yellow Moss in three months grow to a prodigious fatness above four inches upon the ribs which seems to be the reason why they are able to endure so long a winter though sometimes also they dye for want of food At the first discovery they did not fear or avoid our people but when one of them found himself wounded with a bullet he assaulted the shooter threw him down and had not his companions rescued him the poor man was in danger to have lost his life they are now as wild as other Deer 3 Bears chiefly white ones which are of a wonderful largeness 6 foot high their skins 14 foot long above an 100 weight of fat has been taken out of one of them and they have strength proportionable When our men had killed so large a Bear that they were not able to bring him off and went to call for more help another Bear coming by accident took him up in his mouth and run away with him and at a distance began to eat him Our men coming when he had eaten near half of him found the other half as much as four of them could tug to their tent The Hollanders in Nova Zembla observed that when the Sun disappeared the Bears left them till the Sun returned and in their stead the Foxes grew more bold The largest sort of Bears are those they call Water-Bears that live by what they catch in the Sea where they have been seen swimming twelve miles from any shore The Dutch Relation saith that skins have been seen fourteen ells long but they meant feet Our men say that the story of their bringing forth their young deformed and that they reduce them into shape by licking is a fable for that they have seen very young ones and some also taken out of their Dams bellies perfectly formed In this Country there doth not breed any great quantity of Land-fowls 〈◊〉 there is one of the bigness of a Lark with a square bill that feeds upon worms and tasts not fishy Another they call Snow-Fowl of the bigness and colour of a Sparrow with a white belly being almost starved they flew into a Ship in great abundance and were so tame that the Mariners took as many of them as they pleased but as soon as they were fed with Hasty-pudding flew away and would no more come near them Of Water-fowl there is great variety as Cuthbert-Ducks Willocks Stints Sea-Pigeons Sea-Parrets Guls Noddies and in so great abundance that with their flights they darken the Sun and at their rising make such a noise that persons talking together cannot hear one another speak Particularly there is one called by the Dutch Raadtsheer all white as Snow except his Bill which is thin small and sharp his feet and eyes he lives upon what he can get in the water 2. A Diver or Didapper called by the Mariners a Pigeon because of the noise he makes almost as big as a Duck with a thin crooked sharp-pointed bill two inches long feathers black legs and feet red these swim very swift endure long under water and are tolerable good meat 3. Like to this but somewhat bigger is the Lumb only his belly is white and his noise like the croaking of a frog these build in the Mountains and carry their young ones in their beaks to the Sea to teach them to swim and dive their flesh is not good 4. The Mew called Kutle-gehf from the noise he makes hath a crooked bill with a bunch under it his belly is all white his wings and back gray with black pinions legs and feet and a red ring about his eyes the Fishermen baiting their hooks with Whales-flesh catch store of these Mews as if they were Fish He is pursued by another fowl for his dung which as soon as he hath dropt the other eats and leaves him 5. The Allen pursues and beats the other Birds till they vomit their prey for him to devour which when done he goes his way from them There are also great quantities of Fishes in these Seas as Seals Dog-fishes Lobsters Gernels Fishes or Shrimp-gurnets Star-fish Mackrel Dragon-fish Dolphins Buts-head Unicorns and the like But
their boats and strip themselves of their clothes but never like some other Barbarians sell their wives and children Their clothing is either of birds skins Their Clothing with the feathers and down upon them or Seals Dog-fish or the like Seals they use most in their fishing because that fish there abounds and are easily deceived by seeing one clad in their own Livery besides that these kind of furs are not so apt to be wet tho dip'd in water They wear the hair sides outward in summer inward in winter and in great colds carry two or more suits one upon another They dress their skins very well making them dry soft and durable and sow them also very strong with sinews of beasts and needles made of fish-bones But in nothing do they shew so much art Their Boats as in their Boats or Canoes They are made of that we call Whalebone about an inch thick and broad and these not set like ribs but all along from prow to poop fast sowed to one another with strong sinews and cover'd over with Seals-skin They are from ten to twenty foot long and about two foot broad made like a Weavers shuttle sharp at both ends so that he can row either way and in making this pointedness they are of all things most curious for therein consists the strength of their Vessel In the middle of it are the ribs both to keep the sides asunder and to make the hole in the covering wherein the rower sits They have a deck made of the same materials which is closely fasten'd to the sides in the midst whereof is a round hole as big as the middle of a man so that when he goes to Sea he sets himself in that hole stretching out his feet forward into the hollow of the Boat he stops up the hole so close with his frock or loose upper garment that no water can enter tho it were in the bottom of the Sea His frock is strait tyed at the hand-wrists and to his neck and his capouch sowed also close to it so that if the Boat be overturned or overwhelmed in the Sea he rises up again without any wet either upon his skin or in his Boat They have but one oar which is about six foot long with a paddle six inches broad at either end this serves him both to ballance his Boat and move it which he doth with that incredible celerity that one of our Boats with ten oars is not able to keep company with them the Danish relation saith that they rowed so swift that they even dazled the eyes of the spectators and tho they crossed frequently yet never interfered or hit one another Their fishing ordinarily is darting Their Fishing their darts are long strongly barbed and at the other end have bladders fastned to them that when they have struck the fish he may spend himself with strugling to get under water which yet he cannot do and so is easily taken Besides these they have greater Boats for the removing their tents and other utensils as also to carry their fish they have caught to their houses these are thirty and forty foot long and have sometimes ten and sometimes more seats for rowers Cardinal Bembus in his Venetian History saith that in his time one of these with seven persons in it was by storm cast upon the coast of Britany I know not whether it be worth mentioning that they have Kettles and Pans made of stone some say of Loadstone that endures the fire wonderfully but not having tools fit to hollow them sufficiently they make up the edges of Whalebone FREESLAND or FRISELAND LIeth in 60 deg more westerly than any part of Europe distant from Iseland â—… leagues It is reported in bigness not to be much lesser than England a ragged and high land the mountains cover'd with snow and the coast so full of drift Ice that it is almost inaccessible It was first discovered to us by Nicolao and Antonio Zani It s Discovery two Venetian Gentlemen that were here shipwrack'd They describe the inhabitants to be good Christians very civil and to be govern'd by a great Lord whose name was Zichmay whose mighty conquests and strange accidents may be read in Hackluit It is not our business to write or repeat romances Those men whom our Seamen touching there accidently saw were like in all things to the Gronelanders both in features of body and manner of living as much as they could judge so like that many of them thought it continued to Groneland in which opinion also they were confirm'd by the multitudes of the Islands of ice which coming from the north argued land to be that way for many of our Mariners hold that salt water doth not freeze but that all the ice they find in the Sea comes from the Bays and mouths of fresh water Rivers for the ice it self is sweet and fresh being dissolved and serves to all purposes as well as spring or river water Besides the salt Sea they say is always in motion and so cannot freeze But the Dutch who wintred in Nova Zembla took notice that the salt water freez'd and that two inches thick in one night There seems to be good fishing every where upon the coast In their soundings they brought up a sort of pale Coral and little stones clear as Chrystal They call'd it West England and one of the highest mountains they called Charing-Cross EUROPA delineata et recens edita per NICOLAUM VISSCHER Nobilissimo Prudent Domino D. SIMONI VAN HOORN Consulo et Senatori Vrbis Amstelodamensis 〈◊〉 Ordinum Belgicae Feoderatae nomine ad Magnae Britanniae Regem nuper Legato extraordinario Tabulam hanc D. D. Nicolaus Visscher EUROPE THE Holy Scripture a Monument ancienter The peopling of the world after the Flood and of greater authority then any among the Heathens declares the whole earth after the Flood to have been overspread by the sons of Noah Cham's posterity seems to have peopled Africa and some parts of the adjoining Continent yet not so universally but that divers Colonies were there planted both of the sons of Sem and Japhet The posterities of Sem and Japhet were so intermingled that even anciently much less in these later times there could not be any exact distinguishing of their limits Tho the common opinion is that Japhet's sons inhabited the greatest part of Europe We must therefore omit this division for want of evidence and content our selves with that of the Ancients dividing the then known world into Europe Asia and Africa the modern discoverers have added America The ancient division of the world Now when this division of the Earth into Europe Asia and Africa was first instituted as also the reasons of it and of the impositions of the names is to us utterly unknown That it is very ancient appears by Herodotus the first credible Historian that we have of the Heathens and from what he says in his fourth Book
Mittens one pair of Woollen Stockings and one pair of Shoes towards the maintenance of Souldiers By these and such-like means great additions are made to the Kings Exchequer the ordinary income of which is said to have been in the year 1578 six or seven Tun of Gold of 100000 Dollers apiece all charges of the Crown being first deducted though in that year as also in several following there were spent in maintaining Wiburg and Revalia Cities upon the Borders of Muscovy 100000 Dollers extraordinary The Sueci or Swedes by some Writers mistaken for the Suevi or Schwabs a people of Germany 〈◊〉 seem to be the same Nation with the Sueones or Suiones of Tacitus by that description of them which he sets down An ancient and warlike people united under distinct Laws if Swedish Authors may in this case be credited not many years after the Flood by one Suenno or Sueno eldest son to Magog and great grand-child to Noah and from him called Suenons or Sueons though others will have them so named from Suedia or Suidia i.e. to burn Wood or Forrests that are cut down they being forc't at their first arrival into this Country to fell and burn the Woods in order to Tillage but these opinions as well as that of Grotius who derives their name from the Swedish and English word Swet because the Swedes were always a laborious people are conjectures scarce worth naming That this Nation was not only before but the Parent of the Gothi or Getae is asserted by many Authors and says Loccenius apparent from several Runick Monuments and ancient Swedish Laws which testify that thence proceeded the Gothish people diffusing themselves into other Countrys as Thrace Spain Italy c. One of these Laws is said to have been made about the time of Alexander the Great for calling them back into their own Country Scandia every one being commanded presently to return or forfeit all Title to any Inheritance there which they or their Ancestors had formerly possess'd That they were not so well known to the world as these Goths or Getes which we take to be the same People is on the contrary altogether as certain but the reason of this may be that there were several Emigrations of the latter when the former remained in their own Country either not known by strangers as a distinct People from the Goths or passing under the same name with them The Norwegian Chronicles reckon five and twenty Kings of Sweden before Haldanus Hwithen the first Founder of their Kingdom which was afterward by Harald Harfagher the third King from him very much enlarg'd and made an absolute Monarchy That out of this Country a vast number of men went to people Schonen and the Cimbrick Islands in the Reign of Ericus the first Swedish King according to Loccenius his account is attested by Johannes Magnus and other Authors and about the year of Christ 870 one Otherus in his account of the Northern Regions which he made to King Aelfred makes mention of Swedland or the Land of the Swedes and the Isles of Gotland and Jutland giving them much-what the same Limits they have at present And in all ages so famous have been the warlike Exploits and victorious Arms of this Nation that one Nicolaus Ragvaldi Archbishop of Vpsal making an Oration extant in Johannes Magnus in the Council of Basil A. D. 1440 concerning the noble atchievments of the Sweo-Gothish People prevailed so far with the Holy Fathers there present that it was moved in Council that the King of Swedland should have precedency of all other Christian Kings The men of Sweden as to their persons are generally of a proper and big body Their Manners a comely presence and gentile carriage in their younger years bred up to learning travelling and especially languages of which 't is ordinary for a Swedish Gentleman to be able to speak five or six in perfection and in their riper accustomed to affairs of State and War Honest free and plain-dealers they are noted for insomuch that the Granaries in the whole Country had anciently neither Lock nor Key but only a Hatch judged sufficient security amongst honest and trusty neighbours and to steal Corn out of the common fields was a crime so horrid that it was punishable by death The women are also of a tall stature and very personable generally chast adultery which is severely prohibited by their Laws being seldom committed by them modest virtuous and endowed with those qualities which are commonly the consequents of wholsom Laws and Government They the Citizens especially love to go neat and provide themselves generally with good clothes and fair houses counting that ill spent which is superfluously bestowed upon their worst part their belly When Marriage Christenings Burials c. are to be solemnized they spare no expences to seem noble and magnificent sometimes rather then want a splendid Funeral for their Relations keeping the dead corps for several years and in the interim labouring to gather up as much money as will maintain the pomp of it's burial Anciently they burnt their bodies a custom as they say brought in by Wooden however they make it one of their Epocha's and call that time Aetas Cremationis afterwards they buried them on the tops or some eminent places of hills and this is call'd by their Writers Aetas Collium but Christianity hath reduc'd to the same customs that are used by the rest of that Religion Frugal and laborious they are inured as well by their exercises as the Clime of their Country to all extremity of hardship it being ordinary for a common Souldier to watch upon the Guard at Stockholme a whole winter-night full eighteen hours long without being relieved To be a Gentleman and well descended is highly esteemed amongst them tho frequently their titles of honour out-swell their estates for when any one of a competent estate dyes one half of it is allowed to the surviving widow and the other half divided among the children the son having two parts and a daughter the third the widows part upon her decease is shared amongst them after the same proportion so that one great estate is cut out into many little parcels by many children which being again subdivided by these childrens children the family is commonly reduced to a low condition all inheriting equally the Titles and Priviledges of the Nobility The hospitality of this Nation is amongst the rest of their good qualities Their Hospitality the most remarkable they anciently using to entertain those that were strangers with the like civility as they would treat their friends affording them victuals and what necessaries they stood in need of gratis and furnishing them with horses to the place whither they intended to go The contrary to this viz. churlishness and inhospitality was thought so great a crime and so unworthy the genius of any Swedish inhabitant that in the time of Charles the second who is said to have reigned sometime before
call'd Nystort or St. Olaus's Fort built in the year 1475 by one Ericus Axelson Governor of Aboa in the reign of Carolus Canuti VIII 5. Tavastia an in-land Province Tavastia having on the West North Finland on the North Cajania on the East Savolaxia and Carelia and on the South Nylandia and the Principality of Raseborg In it there is one Fort call'd the Fort of Tavastia or Tavasthus built by Berjerus Jerl A. D. 1250 to keep the Tavastians in awe whom he at that time had brought over to the Swedish Government and forc'd to profess the Christian Religion Here is one Lake of a considerable bigness nam'd Jende or Pejende and towards the Northern parts of the Province several others call'd Kautilambi i.e. Iron Lakes not so large as the former but no less remarkable by reason of the great quantity of Iron which the inhabitants find in them and as is said daily hook out for their private use 6. Nylandia or Neuland so call'd New-land Nylandia because its ancient inhabitants the Finni and Carelii being driven out new Colonies were sent out of Helsingia and Suecia to go people or rather defend this Country Here are two Cities Borgo and Hesingfors 7. Carelia Carelia lying upon the East-side of the great Peninsula Scandia or Scandinavia parted from Russia by the Rivers Pinsyoki which runs toward the North Sea and Povevetz which falls into the Lake Onega by the near approaching of these two Rivers toward each other Scandia is almost made as the Ancients suppos'd it to be a perfect Island the nick of land call'd Maanselke not being above three German miles in length in that part where the Rivers come nearest together This Province anciently contain'd all that large tract of ground which lies between the River Kymi on the North the Lakes Pejende on the West and Onega on the East and the Rivers Sueci which falls into the Lake Ladoga and Nieva which empties it self into the Finnic Bay on the South and South-East but at present its bounds are much narrower taking in only the more Southern part of that large Country which formerly it did wholly contain It affords good store of pasturage and breeds Cattel as Oxen Horses c. in great abundance whence it has its name Carelia Caria in the Finlandish tongue signifying Herds or Droves of Cattel MAGNATUS DUCATUS FINLANDIAE Nova et accurata delineatio Caiania Finl Metz. Finland … Finl Sept. Savolexia Tavastia Nylandia Caretia Literis et morum elegantiâ probatissime Juveni Magnorum Parentum Filio D. no JACOBO SCHÜTZ Suece tunc pro tempore vitae excolendae gratiâ per varias terras peregrinanti tabula haec Geographica submisse offertur The chief Cities in Finlandish Carelia Cities are 1. Wiburg a noted Mart-Town well fortified with Trenches Forts and a strong Castle against which the Muscovites very often have made unsuccessful attempts with no less then an hundred thousand men 2. Kexholm or as the Swedes call it Kekisalmi i.e. the Frith of Gurnardi from keki signifying a kind of Fish call'd a Car or Gurnardi which abounds in the River Woxen upon which this City stands and Salmi a Frith or Bay The Russes call it Carelogorod i. e. the Fort of Carelia gorod in their language denoting a Fort. In this Province the soil is exceeding rich 〈◊〉 in those places especially which lye near the Lake Ladoga for fifteen or twenty miles Northward from it the ground is so overflown with Lakes and Rivers that it bears Corn only on the higher and more mountainous parts whereupon the inhabitants live mostly upon hunting and fishing taking more pains for their subsistance where the earth is less bountiful The largest and most remarkable amongst the Lakes of this Country and as some are of opinion of all Europe is the Lake Ladoga of which four parts in five belongs to the King of Sweden It has its name from a kind of Fish about the bigness of a Herring call'd in the Russian tongue Lagdog which is peculiar to this Lake and with which it very much abounds The figure of it is oval about an hundred leagues in length and sixty in breadth In it are many small Islands and upon its banks several Towns of very good note Near a place call'd Kidila in this Province are dug out of the ground a sort of precious stones which go under the name of Kexholmian Rubies the Russes call them Kidelsco Camen The ancient inhabitants of Finland were says Jornandes the most hospitable and least barbarous of any of the Scandians The Inhabitants of Finland but at present they are of all the Laps only excepted the most fierce and unciviliz'd Their language which they make use of Their Language and which is proper to themselves is of a harsh and uneven dialect difficultly attainable by any stranger as having in it some proprieties not common to any Europaean tongue as in the whole language they have no F nor any word that begins with B D or G or two consonants so that they pronounce v. g. for the he for grant rant for both poth for good cood c. Thro the whole tongue they observe no Genders and have but one Article se to denote both sexes their Prepositions they place after the words to which they belong Their Rythms in Verse they count not from the like ending but the like beginning of the last words and many such-like differences The Government of Finland Their Government was anciently administer'd by Kings of its own who exercis'd their power without controul and were no ways tributary to or dependent on a foreign jurisdiction till about the year of Christ 1150 Ericus IX surnamed the Saint King of Sweden brought the whole Country into subjection to his Laws and at the same time compell'd them to embrace the Christian Religion After his days Tavastia was conquer'd by Berjerus Jerl and Carelia by Turgillus Kuntesonius who built Viburg to defend it against the Russes A. D. 1193. At present the whole Principality belongs to the King of Sweden and is reckon'd as a very considerable part of his dominions Of Ingria or Ingermanland INgria Ingermanland Of Ingria or as the Muscovites call it Isera is a fruitful and pleasant Province having on the East and South part of Muscovy on the West Esthonia and part of the Finnic Bay on the North the Lake Ladoga and the River which joins it with the Finnic Bay It affords beasts both wild and tame of several species in great plenty That which abounds most is the Aelg Elk or as the Germans call it Ellent which as we mentioned in Lapland in the spring-time swims over the River Nieva in numerous herds into Carelia and towards the end of Autumn returns by the same way into Russia and the more Southern parts of this Province and also into Esthonia Livonia c. here are several Cities of great importance and strength which were formerly the
Blekingia c. BY a Ratification of Peace concluded at Roschild Feb. 26 ann 1658 between Charles X. then King of Sweden and Frederic III. King of Denmark the Provinces of Scania Hallandia and the Castle of Bahus with all the Forts Islands c. and also all the Royalties Jurisdictions Dominions Ecclesiastical or Civil with the Revenues Tributes Payments and all Rights whatsoever whether by Land or Sea were by the King of Denmark in consideration of having some places restored to him as Sialand Laland Falstria c. which the King of Sweden had during the late war made himself Master of wholly ceded and given up to the Crown of Sweden as a perpetual possession to be incorporated with that Kingdom for ever in as full and ample manner as the Kings of Denmark and Norway had formerly possess'd and enjoy'd the same And by another Ratification of Peace held at Copenhagen ann 1660 between the said Frideric III. of Denmark and this present King of Sweden these Provinces in the same manner as they had been granted by the former Treaty were confirm'd to the Swedish Crown We shall treat of all these Provinces though by reason of the present Wars 'twixt the Swedes and Danes the possession of them is much disturb'd and some Cities and Forts in them seized and Garrison'd by the Danish Forces as Accessional parts of this Kingdom remitting what may be said concerning the ancient Titles the Kings of Denmark had to them or what else may concern them to be spoken to in that Kingdom 1. Scania or Schonen a Province abounding as was said in Gothia with Corn Beasts Birds and all Commodities of life having on the East Blekingia on the West the Sund along the shore of which it runs for the space of twenty German Miles on the North Hallandia and Westro-Gothia and on the South part of the Baltic or Ost-Zee It is in length eighteen and where broadest in bredth twelve German miels In it are besides many Towns and Villages twelve Nomarchies or Principalities The chief City is 1. Lundia Lundon or Lune formerly from the year 1109 to 1559 the seat of an Arch-bishop who was wont to be call'd to the general Diets of the Empire and have his voice in them It is said to have two and twenty Churches in it and amongst the rest a magnificent Cathedral dedicated to St. Laurence no less remarkable for its high Steeple which is a guide to Mariners and its large vault under the Quire then for the Dial which shews the year month week day and hour of the day all at the same time with all Feasts both moveable and fix'd as also the motions of the Sun and Moon and their progress through every degree of the Zodiack This Clock is so order'd by artificial Engines that when ever it strikes two Horse-men come forth and encounter each other the one giving the other just so many blows as the hammer is to strike upon the Bell at what time a door opening the Virgin Mary appears sitting upon a Throne with Christ in her arms and the Magi doing him reverence and two Trumpeters sounding all the while This is the suppos'd work of Caspar Bartholine the famous Mathematician The Altar also of this Church is an excellent piece of work of black and white Marble adorn'd on the fore-part with the Sculptures of Frederic II and Sophia his wife and upon the Table-stone with the Images of our Saviour and his twelve Apostles at his last Supper 2. Malmoge or as some call it Elbogen at the very Southern point of Schonen just opposite to Copenhagen in Zeland a well traded Port the birth-place of the said Caspar Bartholine or Malmogius Danus as some pleas'd to name him the great Mathematician 3. Trelleberg North of Elbogen 4. Landscroon on the Sea side a place of great consequence and strength built by Ericus VIII An. 1413. It has six Gates in all three towards the Sea and three towards the Continent with a fair Market-place and a stately Stadt-house Here is a large and convenient harbour for Ships though of somewhat hazardous entrance This City was fortify'd with a Castle by Christian III. who remov'd the Fair at Engelholm to this place where it is kept at Mid-summer every year with a great concourse of Merchants 5. Helsemburg a mean Town but fortified with an impregnable Castle just opposite to Helsinore and Croneberg in Seland the other of the two Keys which openeth into the Sund. In the middle of the Castle rises a high four square Tower which shews it self to Mariners a great way off from the Castle and serves them as a mark to steer their course by In this Town are kept two Fairs every year one in Mid-Lent the other upon Palm-sunday noted for the concourse of people and great store of Merchandize vended here 6. Radneby a Frontire Town bordering on Verendia 7. Christiania or Christendorp built by Christiern IV. An. 1604 out of the ruins of Ahusia and Vaea or Wa and fortifyed with eight Bulwarks and so encompass'd with Fens and Marshes on one side and with the Sea on the other that it may seem almost impregnable To these may be added 8. Scanore the most ancient of any 2. Hallandia Hallandia or Hallandt which lyes to the North East upon part of Westro Gothia its limits begin at the Promontory call'd by the Natives Hallands-Ars by Strangers Coll and thence runs along the Codane Shore to Elsburg sixteen German miles and may be said to have on the West the Sea which runs 'twixt it and Jutland on the North part of Smalandia and on the South Scania or Schonen Of this Province see what was said in Westro-Gothia 3. Blescida Blekingia or Blecking Blekingia a Province somewhat mountanous woody and barren and not near so fertil as either of the two former It is bounded on the East and South with the Baltic Sea on the North with Verendia in Smaland and on the West with Schonen The whole Province is divided into eight Nomarchies and contains these Cities and Towns of note all lying upon the Baltic 1. Vstadium vulg Vster 2. Stanthamera or Santhamer 3. Ahuiis 4. Selsburg 5. Elenholm 6. Rottenbuy 7. Christianopolis Christenberg rais'd out of the ground by Christiern IV. King of Denmark A. D. 1604 to defend his Kingdom on this side but not long after by a warlike Stratagem surpris'd by the Swedes An. 1611 and by them destroy'd and quite dispeopled since which time it has been rebuilt and at present is very well replenished with Inhabitants and much frequented by Merchants 10. Bromsebro famous for the treaty of peace betwixt Christina Queen of Sweden and Christianus IV. King of Denmark concluded at this Town A. D. 1648 with many smaller Towns and Villages To these may be added 4. Jemptia Jemptia or Jempterland so called from one Kietellus Jampte a Norwegian Nobleman who escaping from the tyranny of Harald Harfager King of Norway came
and set up a Government for himself in this Province and Helsingia which lyes Northward in Suecia properly so call'd having on the East part of the Province of Medelpadia on the West the Dofrine Mountains on the North Angermannia and on the South part of Helsingia and Medelpadia This Province did anciently belong to the Kings of Norway though in the reign of Olaus Scotkonung it is said to have revolted from Olaus Crassus then King of Norway and become Tributary to the Crowns of Sweden In the year 1613 by a peace concluded between the Northern Crown it was by Gustavus Adolphus yielded up to the King of Denmark but A. 1642 repossess'd by the Swedes Pontanus in his Map of Scandia reckons up some places of note in it viz. Alsne Ron Aus Lidh Hamer-dal Vndersaker Oviken c. In the time of Olaus Magnus this Province was under the jurisdiction of the Arch-Bishop of Vpsal Near a small Village in this Country there are says Messenius several large stones with Gothick Inscriptions which are a prophesy of what for the future would befall the Scandians 5. Herrndalia Herrndalia call'd by Pontanus Herdalia and by most Authors reckon'd as a part of Helsingia contains the Territories of Nomedal Hellegeland Frostena Indera Heroa with some others all which belong to the Dioeceses of the Bishop of Nidrosia and are in the possession of the King of Sweden Of the Baltic Sea the Finnic and Bothnic Bays and the Swedish Islands contain'd in them THe Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea so called says Pontanus from the Saxon and English word Belt because it encompasseth the Kingdom of Sweden after the manner of a belt or girdle or as Jornandes would have it from Baltia or Basilia i. e. Queen of Islands the ancient Greek name of Scandia or Scandinavia or as Adam Bremensis is of opinion from the Wiso-Goths who inhabited upon the Coasts of it usually call'd Balts i. e. a stout and valiant people is the largest of any Sea in Europe except the Mediterranean containing in it five and thirty Islands of considerable bigness besides an infinite number of lesser note The whole Bay as some are of opinion is call'd by Mela Sinus Codanus q. Gothanus or Gothicus from Gothia that borders upon it or Caudanus from Cauda because it comes from the main Ocean after the manner of a tail of a beast by Strabo the Venedic Bay from the Venedae a people of Germany who liv'd upon the Coast of it and by the Danes and Swedes the Oost-Zee because as may be gather'd out of the History of Eric Eigod King of Denmark the Danes who went pilgrimage to the Holy Land used to pass into Russia and the Eastern parts by this Sea It beginneth at the narrow place call'd the Sund and interlacing the Countries of Denmark Sweden Germany and some part of Poland extendeth it self to Livonia and Lithvania It either by reason of the narrowness of the passage by which the Ocean flows into it or because of its Northerly situation whereby the Celestial influences have less power over it never ebbs nor flows From the several Countries and places that it washes it has diverse names given it and is distinguished into different Bays the most remarkable are 1. The Bothnic Bay The Bothnic Bay counted from the Island Alandia Northward to the River Kimi which falls into it at the very furthest Cape It has its name from Both signifying in the Swedish Language a Fenny Country or a Land overflown with water 2. The Finnic Bay The Finnic Bay so call'd from the Principality of Finland which it waters Some will have the Sinus Venedicus of Strabo and the Mare Amalchium of Pliny particularly to denote this Bay The Swedish Islands in this Sea concerning those that are under the Danish Power see Denmark to begin with the most Southerly first are 1. Rugen upon the Coasts of Pomeren given to the Swedes by the great Treaty of peace at Munster and Osnaburg A. D. 1649. Of which consult the Volume of Germany 2. Bornholm is situate more Northward then Rugen and lyes opposite to Blekingia it has one City in it nam'd Santwyk and thirty-two small Villages This Island was by a Ratification of Peace held at Copenhagen A. D. 1660 given up to the Danes under certain conditions of which mention is made in Denmark 3. Huena or Hueen a very small Island in the Oresundic Bay famous for the City Vraniburg built by that excellent Mathematician Tycho Brahe where the Pole is elevated 55 deg 54 min. This Isle was yielded up to the Swedes by vertue of the foremention'd Peace concluded betwixt the two Northern Crowns A. D. 1660. 4. Vtklippa 5. Vtlengia both lying over against Blekingia 6. Oelandia a fruitful and pleasant Island in which are said to be the best breed of Horses that are in all the Swedish Dominions This Island A. D. 1526 was taken by Christiern King of Denmark and shortly after regain'd by Gustavus I. King of Sweden A. D. 1613 it was put into the hands of Gustavus Adolphus and ever since retain'd by the Swedes See more concerning it amongst the Provinces of Gothia 7. Gotland lying over against Ostro-Gothia in length seventy-two miles and in breadth twenty For a long time almost torn in pieces by the continual Arms of Denmark and Sweden till 1648 by a Treaty of Peace betwixt Christina Queen of Swedeland and Christiern IV. of Denmark it with the City Wisbuy of which see amongst the Gothic Provinces was wholly yielded up into the hands of the Swedes to be held by them as a perpetual possession 8. Oselia call'd by Pliny Oserica opposite to Liefland and reckon'd by some as a District of Esthonia fifty-six miles in length and twenty-eight in breadth In it is the City Arnsburg fortifyed with a strong Castle 9. Daghoe Dachden or Dagheroort parted from Oselia by a very narrow Bay 10. Alandia lying in the middle Sea betwixt it and Vpland reckon'd by some as a part of Finland in it is the Fort Castleholm 11. Hogland in the Finnic Bay with severalothers of less note and importance REGNI DANIAE Accuratissima delineato Nobilissimo Amplissimo Consultissimoque Viro D. GERARDO SCHAEP I. V. D. Inclyti et Celeberrimi Ansterodamensium Emporii Consuli ac Senatori et ad Serenissimos SVECIAE DANIAque Reges Legato Dignissimo Fidelissimo D. D. D. Ioannes Ianssonius DENMARK SAxo Grammaticus deduces the name of Denmark Danmark or Dania from Dan 〈◊〉 the son of Humblus a Prince of these parts many years before the coming of our Saviour This opinion seems to have been an ancient tradition amongst the Danes and is confirmed by one of the old Chronicles of their Kings published by Wormius out of a manuscript copy of the Scanian Laws writ in Runick characters in the beginning of which we read Dan heet den forste cunung i Danmurk der var fore Christus borth Af hannom call is Danmurk i. e. The first
took Sleswic destroyed the Church rooting out Christianity and replanting Paganism This relapse is sufficiently confirm'd by the many Runic monuments found daily in and about this City whose inscriptions shew them to be Heathenish reliques tho of too late a date to have been erected before the first appearance of Christianity in these parts But the Slavonians kept not long footing here For within a short while the Danes weary of the tyranny and Idolaty of strangers forced them to quit their Conquets and retire Whereupon paganism was once more rooted out Christianity reestablisht and the Cathedral rebuilt Soon after this the Angles that maintain'd a trade in Sleswic built the Church of the Holy Ghost near the market-place with the adjoyning Hospital The Dukedome of Sleswic was first given by Christopher King of Denmark about the year 1253 by way of pension to the children of King Abel upon condition the Duke of Pomeren and some other petit Princes of Vandalia would engage they should always acknowledg a dependance upon and never pretend any title to the Danish Crown After a revolution of some years it became the inheritance of Christiern of Oldenburg King of Denmark who annexed it to the Danish Realm a part of which it has continued ever since Assign'd indeed it hath been often as a portion to some of the younger Princes of the blood but never quitted its dependance upon the Crown This City as appears by their records was first made a Bishops See by the Emperor Otho the first who upon his conquest of Jutland first sent ministers hither to instruct the ignorant Heathens in the principles of the Christian religion and afterwards set a Bishop over the new Converts whom the records call Mark. Upon the South of Sleswic lies Ekelfort 〈◊〉 called so from the abundance of Squirrels in the adjoyning woods as the Arms of the Town still show It is a Town of good Trade and one of the safest parts in the Baltic shore Flensburch takes its name from Flen a small bay of the Baltic Sea upon which it is seated Mhier in his accurate History of the affairs of Flanders speaking of Henry Duke of Sleswic who died at the siege of this City A. D. 1427 says it ought to be called Vlensburg not Flensburg from Vlens which in the language of the Inhabitants signifies the flux and reflux of the Sea Some fetch its name from one Fleno a Danish Nobleman who had the Custom of the fishing trade in this place and was Lord of the Mannor It is situated in a low and pleasant valley begirt with several hills of great height It consists chiefly of one continued street of magnificent and noble buildings the length of which is said to be near two English miles All along this street the Ships are brought up in a port so commodious that the Citizens can lade and unlade their Vessels at their doors On the top of an hill in the Suburbs stands the Castle which easily commands the Town and Haven Betwixt this City and Sleswic is the undoubted seat of the antient Angles the ancestours and first Founders of our English Nation in Britain Which is not only proved by the assertion of our famous Historian Ethelwerd quoted before but from a small village in this tract which to this day is called Anglen Ptolomey indeed and Tacitus place the antient Angli furrher southward as far as the banks of the Elb and they were doubtless a more populous nation then can reasonably be imagined to be confin'd to so narrow a piece of ground as at this day goes under the name of Anglen in the maps of our modern Geographers For we cannot otherwise conceive they should so far overpower the Saxons and Jutes who came with them into Britain as to call so great a part of our Land after their own names without any notice taken of their Allyes Hadersleve seven German miles distant from Flensburg Northward Hadersleve was first made a City and had its Charter confirm'd by Waldemar Duke of Jutland about the year 1292. It was formerly defended by a strong Castle built on the top of an hill which overlooks the Town This John Earl of Holstein pull'd down and instead thereof begun to build a new one call'd from him Hansburg or John's-Castle for Hans in the High Dutch and Danish tongues is the same with John which was finished by King Frideric the Second The most of the streets in Hadersleve are of a good breadth and very uniform In the Great Church is to be seen a stately monument erected by King Eric the Eighth to the memory of Rombold Duke of Silesia who was sent Ambassador hither from the Emperor Sigismund to compose the differences between the King of Denmark and the Earls of Holstein about the claim laid by both parties to the Dukedom of Sleswic and died before the work was finished On the Western Coasts of South-Jutland live the Srond-Frisians Srond-Frisians mention'd often by Saxo Grammaticus as men of great strength and agility of body This Historian reckons Eyderstede a part of his Frisia minor but now a days there are none go under the name of Strand-Frisians except a small remnant of people who inhabit the Strant an inconsiderable Island in the German Ocean and a little narrow tract of land between Husem and Langenhorn In the middle of this petit Province they have a market-place where they maintain a small traffick and commerce amongst themselves Their country is defended from the rage of the Sea like Holland and other parts of the Netherlands by great Earthen banks which preserve their meadows and corn fields lying all on one level from the waves They have a great art of making the whitest and best salt in Europe of earth soked in the Sea-water dried and boil'd Saxo says these people are a Colony of Frislanders in the low Countries who being a laborious nation and destitute of habitations in their own Country came hither to seek their fortunes and by draining the fenns made this piece of marshy ground habitable What time this transplantation hapned is not mention'd in the Danish Chronicles but that it was so will be manifest to any one that will compare the language habit and manners of this people with those of the Frisians in the Netherlands The rest of the Towns of note in the Southern Jutland are 1. Husem a rich and neat port-Town on the Western Shore 2. The two Tunderens Greater and Less both places of considerable traffick upon the same coast 3. Gottorp the ancient seat of the Earls and Dukes of Holstein It is seated on the top of the Slie exceedingly well fortifyed and very remarkable for the Tol-booth or Custom-house which one year with another brings in Toll for at least 50000 Oxen which are brought out of Jutland into Germany 4. Appenrade seated on a small bay of the Baltic Sea and much frequented by the Danish Fishermen Of the ancient wall of Partition which
endeavours to prove that Xen. Lampsacenus mentions the Baltic Sea and thence concludes that this name is much more ancient then most of the modern Geographers fancy who make Adam Bremensis and Helmoldus the first Authors that call this Bay Mare Balthicum But he that shall take the pains to examine Pliny's words upon this occasion will find that no mention is there made of the Baltic Sea but of an Island only in these parts called Baltia which is now named Schonen but is not as the Ancients imagined an Isle From this Baltia some think this Sea was called Baltic as the Adriatic Sea had its name from the Island Adria Others more happily derive the word from the Danish and English word Belt because Seeland and the greatest part of the King of Denmark's dominions are girt round with this Bay And to this day the inhabitants of Seeland and Funen call that small arm of the Sea which part these two Islands die Belt Pomponius Mela who is followed by many late writers of good note calls the Baltic Sea Sinus Codanus which signifies no more then the Danish Bay For Codanus Godanus or Gedanus is the same with Danus and Gedanum and Dantiscum signifie the same thing And indeed when we consider what a large portion of the Danish Kingdom is encircled with the Sea we shall find reason enough notwithstanding the late surrender of several Islands to the Swedes to let it still retain this its ancient name The most considerable Islands in the Baltic which at this day are subject to the Crown of Denmark are these that follow FIONIA FIonia or Funen is parted from Jutland by a streight of the Baltic called by the inhabitants Medelfarsund about one German mile in breadth and separated from Seeland by the Beltis-sund or Baltic Bay The length of it from East to West is about ten German miles and the breadth eight Saxo Grammaticus Lyscander and most of the Danish writers make this the pleasantest piece of ground in the King of Denmark's dominions Whence they have fancied the Island had its name from fine which has the same signification in Funen as in England Tho Adam Bremensis may seem to favour this conceit in calling the inhabitants of this Island Finni and their Country Finningia and Pontanus allows the etymology yet methinks Stephanius guesses better at the derivation of the word when he fetches it from Fion which in the old Runic monuments signifies a neck of land rent from the continent and such any man will suppose Funen to be who shall have the opportunity of viewing that slender Frith which at this day separates that Island from Jutland The Island abounds with all manner of Corn especially Wheat and Rye which is hence yearly transported in great quantities into other Nations Besides the Natives have generally great Herds of Cattle and very good Breeds of Horses The Woods which overspread almost the whole Island are exceedingly well stored with Deer Hares and Foxes The chief City in this Island is Ottensee which some will have to take its name from Woden the great God of the ancient Danes whom some of their Historians call Othin or Odin Others more probably say 't was built by the Emperor Otho the first who overrun a great part of the Danish Kingdom and left his name in more places then one This opinion seems to be confirmed by a Letter written by the Emperor Otho the third about the year 987 in which this City is named Vrbs Othonesvigensis Pontanus thinks 't was first built by King Harald who to testifie his gratitude to the forementioned Emperor Otho the first by whose procurement he was converted to Christianity called it Ottonia or Ottensche and his son Suenotto This City is seated in the very center of the Island and therefore in a fit place for the Sessions of the Nobility and Magistracy which are yearly held in this place As were likewise the General Assemblies of the Kingdom of Denmark before the year 1660. The buildings in this Town are generally well built and the streets uniform Besides other public buildings there are in it two fair Churches whereof one is dedicate to St. Cnute the other to St. Francis Not far from the former of these stands a stately Town-Hall upon a very spacious Market-place where King Frideric II. renew'd the ancient League between the Crown of Denmark and the Dukes of Holstein and Sleswic in the year 1575. When the Quire of St. Cnute's Church was repair'd in the year 1582 the workmen found in a Vault a Copper Coffin gilded and adorn'd with precious stones upon which was writ the following inscription in old Latin-Gothic characters Jam coelo tutus summo cum rege Canutus Martyr in aurata rex atque reconditur arca Et pro Justitiae factis Occisus inque Vt Christum vita sic morte fatetur in ipsa Traditur a proprio sicut Deus ipse ministro A.D. MLXXXVI Other Towns of note in Funen are 1. Bowens a Port-Town of good trade seated on the West-side of the Island at the North-end of Medelfarsund 2. Middlefar seated on the common passage from this Island to Kolding in Jutland On the thirtieth of January in the year 1658. Carolus Gustavus King of Sweden led his Army over the ice to this place and having routed the Danish Forces that opposed him made himself absolute master of the whole Isle of Funen 3. Ascens not far from the mountains of Ossenburgh where John de Hoy Nicholas Fechlenburgh and Gustavus Troll Bishop of Vpsal were slain and their Army commanded by Christopher Earl of Oldenburgh totally routed by John Rantzaw King Christian the third's General who level'd this City to the ground 4. Foborg upon the Southern coast of the Island It was once burnt by the unruly soldiers of Christian the third whilst Odensee adhering to the captive Prince Christian the second who at that time was kept close prisoner at Sunderburg redeem'd it self from the like fate by a large sum of money 5. Swynborg over against the Island of Langland From this place Carolus Gustavus King of Sweden led his Army over the ice into Seeland in the year 1658. 6. Nyborg the usual passage from Funen into Seeland This City was first fortified with a Moat and Bulwarks by King Christian the third It is very memorable for the battel fought by the Confederates of the Empire Brandenburgh Poland and the Low Countries in the year 1659 against the Swedes who in that engagement were overthrown and utterly routed out of Funen Besides the great Towns mentioned there are in Funen a great number of fair Villages among which they reckon up no less then 264 Parish Churches SEELAND SEeland the largest fairest and most fruitful Island in the Baltic Sea lies to the East of Funen from which 't is separated as we have said before by the Belt On the other side it is parted from Schonen by a small Frith call'd by the inhabitants Oresundt thro which
can be brought up to the Walls of the Town III. GRIPSWALD Gripswald Which was questionless a large and populous Town before it was wall'd round in the year 1233 and turn'd into a strong City After which time it was daily enlarged and enriched by the great resort of Hollanders and other foreign Merchants who had here the convenience of lading their Ships with as good Salt as any that Lunenburg or the other famous Salt-Markets of Germany will at this day afford But upon the decay of wood the small Forests near Gripswald being quickly burnt up in supplying their furnaces with fewel this trade vanished and the Town has much ado to keep up to the riches and splendour it hath long since attained The only commendation of the Town at present is that it is a regularly and well fortified place and considerable for an University which has bred up and continues so to do many brave men singularly eminent for their parts and learning In the Fields and Meadows near Gripswald there grows a kind of wild Garlick which the Neighbourhood call Ramess in such quantities that each year for near a month about Whitsontide when the herb flowers it smells so intolerable strong that a stranger would hardly be able to struggle with the offensive stench of a walk for a quarter of a mile without the Gates of the City All the Butter sold in the Town savours strong of this nauseous herb and the very flesh of Cattel that graze in these pastures tasts as if it were stuff'd with Garlick There are besides these Cities mention'd Other 〈…〉 many other great Towns of note in Pomeren though not so considerable as to merit a particular Description in this place Such are 1. Damgarten and 2. Tribsees both situate on the Coasts of the Dukedom of Mecklenburg and remarkable for a Toll or Impost exacted upon Travellers by the Swedish Officers The Dukes of Mecklenburg lay claim to all Rights and Priviledges in these two Towns but the Memorials exhibited to that purpose to the Mediators in the late Treaty at Nimeguen did not meet with the expected success 3. Loytz 4. Lassen 5. Treptow with several others RVGIA INSVLA DVCATVS accuratissime descripta ab E. Lubino Arces nobilium pleraeque hoc signo notātur Apud Janssonio-Waesburgios Mosem Pitt et Stephanum Swart THE ISLE OF RUGEN RUGEN is one of the chief Islands in the Baltic Sea and famous for the courage of its ancient inhabitants mention'd in most Historians of note by the name of Rugi or Rugii Sidonius gives them the constant Epithet of pugnaces and none mention their names without some grand Elogium or other Their chief Forts were Arcona and Camerentz both which they fancied impregnable till Waldemar King of Denmark shew'd them the vanity of that conceit by storming those two Bulwarks of their Country and taking the whole Island in the year 1368. And indeed Arcona if we believe the stories which some German Historians tell of it was a place sufficiently fortified by Nature against all the batteries which the Martial men of former ages were able to invent For 't was seated on the top of a vast rock by the Sea-shore which was so high that no arrow shot from the strongest Bow could possibly reach the Castle so that the Fort was certainly tenable so long as the besieged were provided with victuals and ammunition The Isle was formerly of a much larger extent then 't is at this day 〈◊〉 reaching out to the South-East as far as Ruden which is now an Island of it self distant about three Leagues from Rugen whereof 't was anciently a part This separation was occasion'd by a great tempest in the year 1303 some say 1309 at which time the Sea breaking its banks drown'd a great part of Rugen and made by this breach so deep a Channel call'd by the Shipmen Das new Tieff oder Schiffart i. e. the new Channel that the greatest Ships that sail on the Baltic can pass this way to Stralsund a great advancement to the trade of that City Whereas before this accident there was no passage this way excepting only a narrow Road for Hulks or small Hoys call'd by the Mariners Dan Bellen which the Danish Merchantment had almost stopt up with continual throwing into it the ballast of their Ships At the present whole Isle is about thirty English miles in bredth and as much in length so that the whole circumference amounts to ninety miles were it exactly round or thereabouts But Rugen has so many Creeks Promontories Peninsuls windings and turnings that he who goes about to take an exact survey of its whole circumference will find it much larger For 't is observable that so many branches of the Sea break into the Island that no part of the land is above two or three English miles from the shore And yet every small Province in the Isle as the Peninsuls Wittaw and Jasmunt the Country of Bergen the Isle of Vmmantz Viddensee Zuder c. is so well secured by Nature from the most tempestuous rage of the waters that the inhabitants need not fear a deluge Rugen is so rich a Corn-Country Commodities that it is usually call'd the Barn of Stralsund as Sicily was of Rome Besides 't is well stock'd with good breeds of Horses Kine Sheep c. and especially with Geese which are the largest in Europe It was anciently commended for a Country where neither Wolf nor Rat was to be seen but now the Rugians have as great store of these Vermine as their neighbours Jasmunt furnishes the whole Island with Wood for Timber and Fewel out of a Forest call'd in their tongue de Stubbunitza which exactly answers to our English word Copses The Sea and multitude of small Lakes afford them plenty of Fish enough to supply the wants of themselves and their neighbours Amongst other Lakes in the Isle there is one not far from Burchwall the ruins of an old Fort in Jasmunt which the neighbourhood upon the authority of Tradition superstitiously believe to be of that Nature that it will not bear a Boat nor suffer a Net to catch a Fish of the many shoals they daily see in it Near this Lake is a Promontory of a wonderful height which hangs over the Sea Stubbenkamer and was anciently a notable shelter for Pirats who used to cruise upon these Coasts This Den is call'd by the Natives de Stubbenkamer or Bedchamber There are no Mart-Towns of any consequence in the Island Strength nor have the Inhabitants the oppertunity of trading with any Merchants save their Neighbours of Stralsund who buy up all the Corn and other Commodities in the Country So that we cannot expect to meet with such multitudes of people here as in the other Isles of the Baltic However Rugen is everywhere so populous that t is able upon a very small warning to bring seven thousand stout fighting men into the field which if resolute and