Pausan. in Boeoticis Crissa vnde sinus Crissaeus a Sea Towne of Phocis between Cirrha Anticyra froÌ„ which the Bay of Corinth is called also the Crissaean Bay Strab. lib. 9. This Bay is called now the Bay of Lepanto Crithota a Promontory of Acarnania lying out into the Sea betweene the City Alyzea and the mouth of the Riuer Achelous Strab. lib. 10. Crocylium a Towne in Aetolia of the Region inhabited by the Apodoti Thuc. lib. 3. Crommyon a Towne in the Isthmus of Corinth Thucyd. lib. 4. Paus. in Corinthiacis betweene Schoenus and the Rockes called Scironides and confineth on Megaris Strab. lib. 8. Cyclades Ilands in the Aegaean Sea so called for that they lye round about the Iland Delos Their number and order according to Strabo is this Helena Ceos Cythnus Seriphus Melos Siphnus Cimolis Prepesinthus Otearus Naxus Parus Syrus Myconus Tenus Andrus Gyarus Strab. lib. 10. Cyllene a Sea-towne of Elis in Peloponnesus belonging to the City of Elis and where their shipping lay 60 furlongs distant from Araxus Strab. lib. 8. and from Elis 120 furlongs Paus. in 2. Eliacorum Also a Mountaine the highest in Peloponnesus on the confines of Arcadia and Achaia neere Pheneum Paus. in Arcadicis Cyme a City of Aeolis on the Sea-coast Her l. 1. the last of the maritime Cities of Aeolis towards Ionia as may be gathered out of Strab. lib. 13. Cynos-sema a Promontory of the Thracian Chersonnesus not farre from Abydus Thucyd lib. 8. ouer against the mouth of the Riuer Rhodius which falleth into the Sea betweene Abydus and Dardanum Strab. lib. 13. Cynus a Towne of Locris vpon the Sea towards Euboea belonging to the City of Opus distant from the Promontory Cnemides 50 furlongs in the entrance of the Bay of Opus Strab. lib. 9. Liuy lib. 28. Cynuria a territory on the border betweene Argia and Laconia toward the Sea-side containing the Cities Thyrea and Anthena Thucyd lib. 5. Paus. in Corinthiacis Cyphanta a maritime Towne of Laconia distant from Zarex on one side 16. furlongs from Prasiae on the other 200. Paus. in Laconicis Cypsela a Castle in Parrhasia a Territory of Arcadia neere to Sciritis of Laconia Thuc. lib. 5. Cyrrhus a City of Macedonia not farre from Pella Thucyd. lib. 2. Cyrrhestae that is the people of Cyrrhus are placed there abouts by Pliny lib. 4. Cytinium a City of Doris on the side of Pernassus Thuc. lib. 3. Strab lib. 9. Cythera an Iland opposite to Malea a Promontory of Laconia and distant from it forty furlongs Strab. lib. 8. opposite directly to the City Boea Paus. in Laconicis In it are two Cities Cythera and Scandea Thucyd. lib. 4. Paus. in Laconicis Cythnus an Iland one of the Cyclades vide Cyclades Cyzicus an Iland and City in Propontis Strab. lib. 12. distant from Zâ—leia which is a City neere the Sea on the Riuer Aesepus 190 furlongs Id. lib. 13. D DArdanus Dardanum Dardanus is a City on the Sea side from Abydus 70 furlongs betweene it and Rhoetium Strab. lib 13. It confineth on Abydus Herodot lib. 7. Dardanum is a Promontory betweene Abydus and Dardanus Strab. lâ—b 13. Daâ—sylis a Region of Bithynia lying vpâ—â— Propontis Ptolomy and Strabo mention thâ— Towne Dascyclos or Dasâ—ylium which Strabo saith standeth vpon the Lake Dascylitis by the Riuer Rhindâ—cus Strab. lib. 12. It was a Prouince subiect to the Persians in the time of Xerxes and gouerned by Megabates his Lieutenant Thucyd. lib. 1. Daulia a Citie of Phocis on the East of Delphi vpon the Riuer Cephissus and at the foot of Pernassus Strab. lib. 9. Pausanias in Phocicis Decelea a Towne in Attica in the way betweene Oropus and Athens distant from Athens 120 Furlongs and not much more from Boeotia Thuc. lib. 7. Delium a Temple of Apollo by the Sea-side in the Territory of Tanagra Thucyd. lib. 4. Paus. in Boeoticis opposite to Chalcis of Euboea Herod lib 6. Delos an Iland and in it a City with a Temple consecrated to Apollo Thucyd. lib. 3. It is distant from Andros 15 miles and as many from Myconus Plin. lib. 4. Delphi a City of Phocis famous for the Temple and Oracle of Apollo It standeth at the foot of the Hill Pernassus Herod lib. 8. on the South part of the hill Strabo lib. 9. threescore furlongs from the Sea Paus. in Phocicis Delphinium a Towne in the I le Chius not farre from the City Chius and by the Sea-side Thucyd. lib. 8. Dercaei a people of Thrace * Dicaea a City of Thrace betweene Abdera and Maronea Herod lib. 7. Dictidij a people in Mount Athos Thuc. lib. 8. Dion a City and in it a Temple of Iupiter standing at the Sea side at the foot of Olympus Thucid. lib. 4. Strab. Epit. lib. 7. Also a City in Mount Athos Thuc. lib. 4. Doberus a City of Paeonia at the foot of Cercine Thuc. lib. 2. Doliche a Citie of the Perrhaebians not far from the Mountaines called Cambunij Liuy lib. 44. Dolopia a Region on the South side of the hill Pindus on the North of the Amphilochians and confining on Phthiotis of Thessaly Strab. lib. 9 10. Doris a Region confining on the Melians and with a narrow corner running in betweene them and Phocis Herod lib. 8. It lyeth on the East part of Parnassus and deuideth the Locrians called Ozolae from the Locrians called Opuntians It was called Tetrapolis because it contained these 4 Cities Erineus Boium Cytinium and Pindus Strab. lib. 9. The Doriens are also a Nation in Asia by the Sea side ioyning to Caria of which were numbred the inhabitants of the Ilands Rhodes and Cos and the Cities Cnidus and Hal. carnassus Strab. lib. 14. Doriscus Campus a large Champaigne by the side of the riuer Hebrus in Thrace where Xerxes passing on towards Greece mustred his mighty Armie Herodot lib. 7. Drabescus a City of Edonia beyond the Riuer Strymon Thucyd. lib. 1. Drecanum a Promontory of the Iland Cos distant from the City Cos 200 furlongs Strab. lib. 14. Dremyssa an Iland lying before Clazomenae Thucyd. lib. 8. Liuy lib. 38. vide Clazomenae Droi a people of Thrace * Dyme a Citty of Achaia the neerest to the confines of Elis. Strab. lib. 8. Pausan. in Achaicis E EChinades Ilands lying in and out before the mouth of the Riuer Achelous Thuc. lib. 3. Strab. lib. 10. Edonia a Region of Thrace lying to the Riuer Strymon and the Sea It had in it Amphipolis Drabescus and other Cities Thuc. lib. 1. by which the scituation thereof may be sufficiently vnderstood Eâ—dâ—mene a City of Macedonia not farre from Doberus Thuc. lib. 2. Plin. lib. 4. Eion a City of Thrace on the riuer Strymon Herod lib. 7. In the mouth of Strymon 25 furlongs from Amphipolis Thucyd. lib. 4. Elaea a Sea-towne in Aeolis belonging to the City of Pergamus distant from the mouth of the Riuer Caicus towards Ionia 12 furlongs and from Canae 100 furlongs Strab. lib. 13. Elaâ—aea a City of Phocis by the Riuer Cephisâ—â—â—
Solium a maritime Towne of Acarnania Thucyd. Scholiast ad lib. 2. Sparta the same with Lacedaemon Strab. lib. 10. Vide Lacedaemon Spartolus a City of the Bottiaeans on the border of the Chalcideans Thuc. lib. 2. Spercheius a Riuer that riseth in Dolâ—pia at a Mountaine called Tymphestus and falleth into the Melian Bay tenne furlongs within Thermopylae Strab. lib. 9. Sphacteria a little Iland lying before Pylus of Messenia Thucyd. lib. 4. Pausan. in Messenicis Sporades Ilands vpon the Coast of Caria and of Creta Strab. lib. 8. Stagirus a City in the Bay of Strymon betweene Argilus and Acanthus Herodot lib. 7. Stratus a City of the Amphilochians in Acarnania vpon the Riuer Achelous Thucyd. lib. 3. two hundred furlongs from the Riuers mouth Strab. lib. 10. Strophades Ilands ouer against Messenia about 400 furlongs from the Continent Strab. lib. 8. Stryma a City on the Coast of Thrace next after Mesembria towards Macedonia Herod lib. 7. Strymon a Riuer deuiding Thrace from Macedonie It riseth in the Hill Scomius Thucyd. lib. 2. It passeth by Amphipolis on both sides of it and falleth into the Sea at the City Eion Herodot lib. 7. It is said to rise out of the Mountaine Rhodope Strâ—b Epit. lib. 7. But it is probable that the Hill Scomius is part of Rhodopâ— Stymphalus a City of Arcadia confining on the Territory of Phlius Paus. in Arcadicis Strab. lib. 8. Styra a City in Euboea neere to the City Carystus Strab. lib. 10. Sunâ—um a Promontory and Towne in Attica towards Euboea betweene the Saronean Bay and the Sea towards Euboea Strab. lib. 10. and distant from Euboea three hundred furlongs Idem lib. 9. Sybota Ilands betweene Leucimne a Promontory of Corcyra and the Continent Strab. lib. 7. Thucyd. lib. 1. Also a Hauen by the Promontory of Cheimerium in the same Continent Thucyd. lib. 1. Syme an Iland ouer against the Continent of Caria betweene Loryma and Cnidus Strab. lib. 14. Syros an Iland one of the Cyclades Vide Cyclades T TAenarus a Promontory of Laconia betweene the Laconian and the Messenian Bayes Paus. in Laconicis Also a maritime City of Laconia in the Messenian Bay distant from Taenarus the Promontory forty furlongs Paus. in Laconicis Tanagra a City of Boeotia confining on Attica thirty furlongs from Aulis a Hauen on the Euboean Sea Strab. lib. 9. Taulantij a People of Illyris about Dyrrachium or Epidamnus Strab. lib. 7. Thucyd. lib. 1. Taigetus a Mountaine of Laconia beginning at the Sea aboue Thurides and reaching vp towards Arcadia as farre as Amyclae and Lacedaemon Strab. lib. 8. Tegea a City of Arcadia betweene Argos and Lacedaemon Thucyd. lib. 5. Herodot lib. 6. Polyb. lib. 4. the Territory thereof confineth with the Argiues at Hysiae with Laconia at the Riuer Alpheus and with the Territory of Thyrea at the Hill Parnethus Paus. in Arcad. These Cities of Peloponnesus Argos Tegea and Mantinea though much celebrated in History are placed with little consideration of any History in all the Maps that I haue hitherto seene Teichiussa a Castle of the Milesians in the Bay of Iassus Thucyd. lib. 8. Telos an Iland ouer against Triopium Her lib 7. a narrow Iland in circuit 140 furlongs adiacent to Cnidus Strab. lib. 10. Temenium a Towne in Argia distant from Argos 26 furlongs Strab. lib. â— from Nauplia 50 furlongs Paus. in Corinth Tempe a pleasant Valley betweene the Mountaines Ossa and Olympus through it runneth the Riuer Peneus Herod lib. 7. Strab. lib 9. Liu. lib. 44. Tenedus an Iland in circuit about 80 furlongs opposite to the Continent of Troas at Achaeum betweene Sigeum and Larissa and distant from it 40 furlongs Strab. lib. 13. Tenos an Iland one of the Cyclades Vide Cyâ—lades Teos a maritime City of Ionia scituate in the very Isthmus of the Erythraean Chersonnesus distant from Lebedus 120 furlongs Strab. lib. 14. Termerium a Promontory of the Mindians opposite to the I le Cos. Strab. lib. 14. Teuglussa an Iland not farre from Halicarnassus Thucyd. lib. 8. Thassus an Iland vpon the Coast of Thrace halfe a dayes sayle from Amphipolis Thucyd. lib. 4. Thebae the principall City of Boeotia scituate neere the Riuers Ismenus and Asopus Strab lib. 9. distant from Plataea 70. furlongs Thucyd. lib. 2. Thera an Iland on the Coast of Crete distant from a Promontory thereof called Dion seuenty furlongs Strab. lib. 10. Therasia a small Iland neere to Thera Strab. lib. 10. Therme and the Thermaean Bay Therme is a City in the bottome of the Thermaean Bay and the Thermaean Bay is presently within Pallene Herod lib. 7. Thermopylae the straight entrance into Greece out of Thessaly of about halfe an Acres breadth betweene the Mountaine Oeta and the Melian Bay Called Thermopylae from hot waters that rise there which the Grecians call Thermae and from Gates made there by the Phoceans in old time which they call Pylae Herod lib. 7. This streight is distant from Chalcis in Euboea 530. furlongs Strab. lib. 9. Thespiae a City of Boeotia vnder Mount Helicon on the confines of the City Aliartus Paus. in Boeoticis neere to the Criâ—saean Bay Strab. lib. 9. Thesprotis a maritime Region of Epirus bordering on the Ambraciotes and Leucadianâ—s Herod lib. 8. The Chaones and Thesproti haue the whole coast from the Ceraunian Mountaines to the Bay of Ambracia Strab. lib. 7. Thessalia a Region of Greece contained withâ—n the Mountaines Olympus Ossa Pelion which is to the Sea Othrys and Pyndus Herod lib. 7. where hee layeth out the bounds of Thessaly exactly Thoricus a maritime Towne of Attica toward the Euboean Sea next beyond the Promontory Sunium Strab. l. 9. Vide Helena Thracia a Kingdome bordering on Macedonie at the Riuer Strymon described at large by Thucyd. lib. 2. Thrio and Thriasij campi Thria or Thrio a Towne of Attica between Athens and Eleusis ouer against Salamis The Fields belonging to it are called Thriasij Campi and the shore Thriasium litus Strab. 9. Herod lib. 8. Thronium a City of Locris vpon the Melian Bay betweene the Promontory Cnemides and Thermopylae Strab. lib. 9. Thurides a City in the Messenian Bay the first towards the East distant from the Promontory Taenarus 70 furlongs Paus. in Laconicis Thurium a City of Laconia 80 furlongs aboue Pharae Paus. in Messâ—nicis Thyamis a Riuer of Epirus diuiding Thesprotis from Cestrine Thucyd. lib. 1. Thyamus a Hill on the consines of Agraeis and Amphilochia not farre from Argos Amphilochicum Thucyd. lib. 3. Thyrea a maritime City in the Bay of Argos in the Territory called Cynuria It confineth on Argia and Laconia Thucyd. lib. 5. and on the Territory of Tegea Paus. in Arcadicis Thyssus a City in Mount Athos Thuc. lib. 4. Herod lib. 7. Tichium a City of Aetolia in the part inhabited by the Apodoti Thuy lib. 8. Tithorea a City in the top of Pernassus called also Neon 80 furlongs from Delphi Paus. in Phocicis Tmolus a Mountaine betweene the Riuer Câystrus and the City of Sardes Herod
by the Megareans thought good to make an attempt vpon Piraeus the Hauen of the Athenians Now it was without guard or barre and that vpon very good cause considering how much they exceeded others in the power of their Nauy And it was resolued that euery Mariner with his Oare his Cushion and one Thong for his Oare to turne in should take his way by Land from Corinth to the other Sea that lyeth to Athens and going with all speed to Megara lanch forty Gallies out of Nisaea the Arsenall of the Megareans which then were there and sayle presently into Piraeus For at that time there neither stood any Gallies for a watch before it nor was there any imagination that the enemies would on such a sudden come vpon them For they durst not haue attempted it openly though with leasure nor if they had had any such intention could it but haue been discouered As soone as it was resolued on they set presently forward and arriuing by night lanched the said Gallies of Nisaea and set Sayle not now towards Piraeus as they intended fearing the danger and a wind was also said to haue risen that hindred them but toward a Promontory of Salamis lying out towards Megara Now there was in it a little Fort and vnderneath in the Sea lay three Gallies that kept watch to hinder the imporâ—ation and exportation of any thing to or from the Megareans This Fort they assaulted and the Gallies they towed empty away after them And being come vpon the Salaminians vnawares wasted also other parts of the Iland By this time the fires signifying the comming of enemies were lifted vp towards Athens and affrighted them more then any thing that had happened in all this Warre For they in the Citie thought the enemies had been already in Piraeus And they in Piraeus thought the Citie of the Salaminians had been already taken and that the enemy would instantly come into Piraeus Which had they not been afraid nor been hindred by the wind they might also easily haue done But the Athenians as soone as it was day came with the whole strength of the Citie into Piraeus and lanched their Gallies and imbarking in haste and tumult set sayle toward Salamis leauing for the guard of Piraeus an Army of Foot The Peloponnesians vpon notice of those succours hauing now ouer-runne most of Salamis and taken many prisoners and much other booty besides the three Gallies from the Fort of Budorus went backe in all haste to Nisaea And somewhat they feared the more for that their Gallies had lyen long in the water and were subiect to leaking And when they came to Megara they went thence to Corinth againe by Land The Athenians likewise when they found not the Enemy at Salamis went home and from that time forward looked better to Piraeus both for the shutting of the Ports and for their diligence otherwaies About the same time in the beginning of the same Winter Sytalces an Odrysian the sonne of Teres King of Thrace made Warre vpon Perdiccas the sonne of Alexander King of Macedonia and vpon the Chalcideans bordering on Thrace vpon two promises one of which hee required to be performed to him and the other hee was to performe himselfe For Perdiccas had promised somewhat vnto him for reconciling him to the Athenians who had formerly oppressed him with Warre and for not restoring his Brother Philip to the Kingdome that was his Enemie which hee neuer paid him And Sytalces himselfe had couenanted with the Athenians when he made League with them that he would end the Warre which they had against the Chalcideans of Thrace For these causes therefore hee made this Expedition and tooke with him both Amyntas the sonne of Philip with purpose to make him King of Macedonia and also the Athenian Ambassadours then with him for that businesse and Agnon the Athenian Commander For the Athenians ought also to haue ioyned with him against the Chalcideans both with a Fleet and with as great Land-forces as they could prouide Beginning therefore with the Odrysians he leuied first those Thracians that inhabite on this side the Mountaines Aemus and Rhodope as many as were of his owne dominion downe to the shore of the Euxine Sea and the Hellespont Then beyond Aemus he leuied the Getes and all the Nations betweene Ister and the Euxine Sea The Getes and people of those parts are borderers vpon the Scythians and furnished as the Scythians are all Archers on Horsebacke He also drew forth many of those Scythians that inhabite the Mountaines and are free-States all Sword-men and are called Dij the greatest part of which are on the Mountaine Rhodope whereof some he hyred and some went as Voluntaries He leuied also the Agrianes and Leaeans and all other the Nations of Paeonia in his owne Dominion These are the vtmost bounds of his Dominion extending to the Graeans and Leaeans Nations of Paeonia and to the Riuer Strymon which rising out of the Mountaine Scomius passeth through the Territories of the Graeans and Leaeans who make the bounds of his Kingdome toward Paeonia and are subiect onely to their owne Lawes But on the part that lyeth to the Triballians who are also a free people the Treres make the bound of his Dominion and the Tilataeans These dwell on the North side of the Mountaine Scomius and reach Westward as farre as to the Riuer Oscius which commeth out of the same Hill Nestus and Hebrus doth a great and desart Hill adioyning to Rhodope The Dimension of the Dominion of the Odrysians by the Sea side is from the Citie of the Abderites to the mouth of Ister in the Euxine Sea and is the neerest way foure dayes and as many nights Sayle for a round Ship with a continuall fore-wind By Land likewise the neerest way it is from the Citie Abdera to the mouth of Ister eleuen dayes iourney for an expedite Footman Thus it lay in respect of the Sea Now for the Continent from Byzantium to the Leaeans and to the Riuer Strymon for it reacheth this way farthest into the maine Land it is for the like Footman thirteene dayes iourney The Tribute they receiued from all the Barbarian Nations and from the Cities of Greece in the reigne of Seuthes who reigned after Sitalces and made the most of it was in gold and siluer by estimation 400. Talents by yeere And Presents of gold and siluer came to as much more Besides Vestures both wrought and plaine and other furniture presented not onely to him but also to all the men of authority and Odrysian Nobility about him For they had a custome which also was generall to all Thrace contrary to that of the Kingdome of Persia to receiue rather then to giue and it was there a greater shame to be asked and deny then to aske and goe without Neuerthelesse they held this custome long by reason of their power for without gifts there was nothing to be gotten
This was the issue of this Expedition of Sitalces The same Winter after the Fleet of the Peloponnesians was dissolued the Athenians that were at Naupactus vnder the conduct of Phormio sayled along the Coast to Astacus and disbarking marched into the inner parts of Acarnania Hee had in his Army 400. men of Armes that hee brought with him in his Gallies and 400. more Messenians With these he put out of Stratus Corontae and other places all those whose fidelity hee thought doubtfull And when he had restored Cynes the sonne of Theolytus to Corontae they returned againe to their Gallies For they thought they should not be able to make Warre against the Oeniades who onely of all Acarnania are the Athenians Enemies in respect of the Winter For the Riuer Achelous springing out of the Mountaine Pindus and running through Dolopia and through the Territories of the Agraeans and the Amphilochians and through most part of the Champaigne of Acarnania passing aboue by the City of Stratus and falling into the Sea by the Citie of the Oeniades which also it moateth about with Fens by the abundance of Water maketh it hard lying there for an Army in time of Winter Also most of the Ilands Echinades lye iust ouer against Oenia hard by the mouth of Achelous And the Riuer being a great one continually heapeth together the grauell insomuch that some of those Ilands are become Continent already and the like in short time is expected by the rest For not onely the streame of the Riuer is swift broad and turbidous but also the Ilands themselues stand thicke and because the Grauell cannot passe are ioyned one to another lying in and out not in a direct line nor so much as to giue the Water his course directly forward into the Sea These Ilands are all Desart and but small ones It is reported that Apollo by his Oracle did assigne this place for an habitation to Alcmaeon the sonne of Amphiraus at such time as he wandred vp and downe for the killing of his Mother telling him That he should neuer be free from the terrours that haunted him till he had found out and seated himselfe in such a Land as when he slew his Mother the Sunne had neuer seene nor was then Land because all other Lands were polluted by him Hereupon being at a Non-plus as they say with much adoe hee obserued this ground congested by the Riuer Achelöus and thought there was enough cast vp to serue his turne already since the time of the slaughter of his Mother after which it was now a long time that hee had beene a Wanderer Therefore seating himselfe in the places about the Oeniades hee reigned there and named the Countrey after the name of his sonne Acarnas Thus goes the report as we haue heard it concerning Alcmaeon But Phormio and the Athenians leauing Acarnania and returning to Naupactus in the very beginning of the Spring came backe to Athens and brought with them such Gallies as they had taken and the Free-men they had taken Prisoners in their fights at Sea who were againe set at liberty by exchange of man for man So ended that Winter and the third Yeere of the Warre written by THVCYDIDES THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE HISTORY OF THVCYDIDES The principall Contents Attica inuaded by the Peloponnesians The Mitylenians reuolt and are receiued by the Peloponnesians at Olympia into their league The Athenians send Paches to Mitylene to besiege it Part of the besieged Plataeans escape through the fortifications of the enemie The Commons of Mitylene armed by the Nobility for a sally on the enemy deliuer the towne to the Athenians The residue of the Plataeans yeeld to the besiegers and are put to the sword The proceedings vpon the Mitylenians and their punishment The sedition in Corcyra Laches is sent by the Athenians into Sicily And Nicias into Melos Demosthenes fighteth against the Aetolians vnfortunately and afterwards against the Ambraciotes fortunately Pythadorus is sent into Sicily to receiue the Fleet from Laches This in other three yeeres of this Warre THe Summer following the Peloponnesians and their Confederates at the time when Corne was at the highest entred with their Army into Attica vnder the Conduct of Archidamus the son of Zeuxidamus King of the Lacedaemonians there set them downe and wasted the Territory about And the Athenian horsemen as they were wont fell vpon the enemy where they thought fit and kept backe the multitude of light-armed Souldiers from going out before the men of Armes and infesting the places neere the Citie And when they had stayed as long as their victuall lasted they returned and were dissolued according to their Cities After the Peloponnesians were entred Attica Lebsos immediately all but Methymne reuolted from the Athenians which though they would haue done before the Warre and the Lacedaemonians would not then receiue them yet euen now they were forced to reuolt sooner then they had intended to doe For they stayed to haue first straightened the mouth of their Hauen with Dammes of Earth to haue finished their Walles and their Gallies then in building and to haue gotten in all that was to come out of Pontus as Archers and Victuall and whatsoeuer else they had sent for But the Tenedians with whom they were at oddes and the Methymnians and of the Mitylenians themselues certaine particular men vpon Faction beeing Hostes to the Athenians made knowne vnto them that the Lesbians were forced to goe all into Mitylene that by the helpe of the Lacedaemonians and their Kindred the Boeotians they hastned all manner of prouision necessary for a Reuolt and that vnlesse it were presently preuented all Lesbos would be lost The Athenians afflicted with the Disease and with the Warre now on foot and at the hottest thought it a dangerous matter that Lesbos which had a Nauie and was of strength entire should thus bee added to the rest of their Enemies and at first receiued not the accusations holding them therefore the rather feigned because they would not haue had them true But after when they had sent Ambassadours to Mitylene and could not perswade them to dissolue themselues and vndoe their preparation they then feared the worst and would haue preuented them And to that purpose suddenly sent out the 40. Gallies made ready for Pelopōnesus with Cleippedes and 2. other Commanders For they had bin aduertised that there was a Holiday of Apollo Maloeis to be kept without the Citie and that to the celebration thereof the Mitylenians were accustomed to come all out of the Towne and they hoped making haste to take them there vnawares And if the attempt succeeded it was well if not they might command the Mitylenians to deliuer vp their Gallies and to demollish their Walles or they might make Warre against them if they refused So these Gallies went their way And tenne Gallies of Mitylene which then chanced to be at Athens by vertue
to light and diuide it amongst them all or else they said they would make their composition by deliuering vp the Citie to the Athenians Those that managed the State perceiuing this and vnable to hinder it knowing also their owne danger in case they were excluded out of the composition they all ioyntly agreed to yeeld the Citie to Paches and his Army with these conditions To be proceeded withall at the pleasure of the people of Athens and to receiue the Armie into the Citie and that the Mitylenians should send Ambassadors to Athens about their owne businesse And that Paches till their returne should neither put in bonds nor make Slaue of nor slay any Mitylenian This was the effect of that composition But such of the Mitylenians as had principally practized with the Lacedaemonians being afraid of themselues when the Army was entred the Citie durst not trust to the Conditions agreed on but tooke Sanctuary at the Altars But Paches hauing raised them vpon promise to doe them no iniury sent them to Tenedos to be in custody there till the people of Athens should haue resolued what to doe After this he sent some Gallies to Antissa and tooke in that Towne and ordered the affaires of his Armie as he thought conuenient In the meane time those 40 Gallies of Peloponnesus which should haue made all possible haste trifled away the time about Peloponnesus and making small speed in the rest of their Nauigation arriued at Delos vnknowne to the Athenians at Athens From thence sayling to Icarus and Myconum they got first intelligence of the losse of Mitylene But to know the truth more certainly they went thence to Embatus in Erythraea It was about the seuenth day after the taking of Mitylene that they arriued at Embatus where vnderstanding the certainty they went to counsell about what they were to doe vpon the present occasion and Teutiaplus an Elean deliuered his opinion to this effect Alcidas and the rest that haue command of the Peloponnesians in this Army it were not amisse in my opinion to goe to Mitylene as we are before aduice be giuen of our arriuall For in all probability we shall find the City in respect they haue but lately won it very weakly guarded and to the Sea where they expect no enemy and we are chiefly strong not guarded at all It is also likely that their land Souldiers are dispersed some in one house and some in another carelesly as victors Therefore if we fall vpon them suddenly and by night I thinke with the helpe of those within if any bee left there that will take our part we may be able to possesse our selues of the Citie And we shall neuer feare the danger if we but thinke this that all Stratagems of Warre whatsoeuer are no more but such occasions as this which if a Commander auoid in himselfe and take the aduantage of them in the enemy he shall for the most part haue good successe Thus said he but preuailed not with Alcidas And some others Fugitiues of Ionia and those Lesbians that were with him in the Fleet gaue him counsell That seeing he feared the danger of this he should seaze some Citie of Ionia or Cume in Aeolia that hauing some Towne for the seat of the Warre they might from thence force Ionia to reuolt whereof there was hope because the Ionians would not be vnwilling to see him there And if they could withdraw from the Athenians this their great reuenue and withall put them to maintaine a Fleet against them it would be a great exhausting of their treasure They said besides that they thought they should be able to get Pissuthnes to ioyne with them in the Warre But Alcidas reiected this aduice likewise inclining rather to this opinion that since they were come too late to Mitylene they were best to returne speedily into Peloponnesus Whereupon putting off from Embatus he sayled by the Shoare to Myonnesus of the Teians and there slew most of the prisoners he had taken by the way After this hee put in at Ephesus and thither came Ambassadours to him from the Samians of Anaea and told him that it was but an ill manner of setting the Grecians at liberty to kill such as had not lift vp their hands against him nor were indeed enemies to the Peloponnesians but Confederates to the Athenians by constraint And that vnlesse he gaue ouer that course he would make few of the enemies his friends but many now friends to become his enemies Wherefore vpon these words of the Ambassadours he set the Chians and some others all that he had left aliue at liberty For when men saw their Fleet they neuer fled from it but came vnto them as to Athenians little imagining that the Athenians being masters of the Sea the Peloponnesians durst haue put ouer to Ionia From Ephesus Alcidas went away in haste indeed fled for he had bin descried by the Salaminia and the Paralus which by chance were then in their course for Athens whilest he lay at Anchor about Claros and fearing to bee chased kept the wide Sea meaning by his good will to touch no Land till hee came into Peloponnesus But the newes of them came to Paches from diuers places especially from Erythraea for the Cities of Ionia being vnwalled were afraid extremely lest the Peloponnesians sayling by without intention to stay should haue pillaged them as they passed But the Salaminia and the Paralus hauing seene him at Claros brought the newes themselues And Paches thereupon made great haste after and followed him as farre as Latmos the Iland but when he saw hee could not reach him he came backe againe and thought he had a good turne seeing hee could not ouertake those Gallies vpon the wide Sea that the same were not compelled by being taken in some place neere Land to fortifie themselues and so to giue him occasion with guards and Gallies to attend them As hee came by in his returne hee put in at Notium a City of the Colophonians into which the Colophonians came and inhabited after the Towne aboue through their owne sedition was taken by Itamanes and the Barbarians This Towne was taken at the time when Attica was the second time inuaded by the Peloponnesians They then that came downe and dwelt in Notium falling againe into sedition the one part hauing procured some forces Arcadians and Barbarians of Pissuthnes kept them in a part of the Towne which they had seuered from the rest with a Wall and there with such of the Colophonians of the high Towne as being of the Medan faction entred with them they gouerned the Citie at their pleasure and the other part which went out from these and were the Fugitiues brought in Paches He when he had called out Hippias Captaine of the Arcadians that were within the said wall with promise if they should not agree to set him safe and sound
hauing set vp a Trophie went all againe aboard their Gallies Thence they returned to Catana and tooke in victuall Then with their whole Army they went to Centoripa a small Citie of the Siculi which yeelding on composition they departed and in their way burnt vp the Corne of the Inessaeans and the Hyblaeans Being come againe to Catana they find there 250 Horsemen arriued from Athens without Horses though not without the furniture supposing to haue Horses there and 30 Archers on horsebacke and 300 Talents of siluer The same Spring the Lacedaemonians led forth their Army against Argos and went as far as to Cleonae But an Earthquake hapning they went home againe But the Argiues inuaded the Territory of Thyrea confining on their owne and tooke a great Booty from the Lacedaemonians which they sold for no lesse then 25 Talents SYRACVSE BESEEGED BY the Athenians A. Acradina B. Nasos C. Sycha or Tycha D. Temenitis E. Epipolae F. The quarieand Prison G. The fort of labdalum H. Euryalus I. The Campe of the Athenians K. The walles made by the Athenians to beseege the Citty L. Heapes of Stones Layd ready for the finishing of the wall M. The Marishes N. The wall made by The Syracusians O. leon P. Trogilus Q. Thapsus R. The great Hauen S. The little Hauen T. Plemmyrium V. Dascon W. Olympiaeum X. The high way to Helorus Y. The riuer Anapus Z. The lake Lysimelia Not long after the Commons of Thespiae set vpon them that had the gouernment but not preuailing were part apprehended and part escaped to Athens the Athenians hauing also ayded them The Syracusians the same Summer when they heard that the Athenians had Horsemen sent to them from Athens and that they were ready now to come against them conceiuing that if the Athenians gat not Epipolae a rocky ground and lying iust against the City they would not bee able though Masters of the Field to take in the City with a Wall intended therefore lest the Enemie should come secretly vp to keepe the passages by which there was accesse vnto it with a Guard For the rest of the place is to the outside high and steepe falling to the City by degrees and on the inside wholly subiect to the eye And it is called by the Syracusians Epipolae because it lyeth aboue the leuell of the rest The Syracusians comming out of the Citie with their whole power into a Meddow by the side of the Riuer Anapus betimes in the morning for Hermocrates and his fellow-Commanders had already receiued their charge were there taking a view of their Armes but first they had set apart 700. men of Armes vnder the leading of Diomilus an Outlaw of Andros both to guard Epipolae and to be ready together quickly vpon any other occasion wherein there might be vse of their seruice The Athenians the day following hauing beene already mustred came from Catana with their whole Forces and landed their Souldiers at a place called Leon 6 or 7 furlongs from Epipolae vnperceiued and layed their Nauie at Anchor vnder Thapsus Thapsus is almost an Iland lying out into the Sea and ioyned to the Land with a narrow Isthmus not farre from Syracuse neither by Sea nor Land And the nauall Forces of the Aâ—henians hauing made a Palizado acrosse the said Isthmus lay there quiet But the Land-Souldiers marched at high speed toward Epipolae gat vp by Euryaluâ— before the Syracusians could come to them from out of the Meddow where they were mustering Neuerthelesse they came on euery one with what speed hee could not onely Diomilus with his 700 but the rest also They had no lesse to goe from the Meddow then 25 Furlongs before they could reach the Enemy The Syracusians therefore comming vp in this manner and thereby defeated in Battell at Epipolae withdrew themselues into the Citie But Diomilus was slaine and 300 of the rest The Athenians after this erected a Trophie and deliuered to the Syracusians the bodies of their dead vnder Truce and came downe the next day to the Citie But when none came out to giue them battell they retired againe and built a Fort vpon Labdalum in the very brinke of the precipices of Epipolae on the side that looketh towards Megara for a place to keepe their Vtensiles and Money in when they went out either to fight or to worke Not long after there came vnto them from Egesta three hundred Horsemen and from the Siculi namely the Naxians and some others about one hundred and the Athenians had of their owne two hundred and fifty for which they had Horses part from the Egestaeans and Cataneans and part they bought So that they had together in the whole sixe hundred and fiftie Horsemen Hauing put a Guard into Labdalum the Athenians went downe to Syca and raised there a Wall in circle very quickly so that they strooke a terrour into the Syracusians with the celerity of the worke Who therefore comming forth intended to haue giuen them Battell and no longer to haue neglected the matter But when the Armies were one set against the other the Syracusian Generals perceiuing their owne to bee in disarray and not easily to bee embattailed led them againe into the Citie saue onely a certaine part of their Horsemen which staying kept the Athenians from carrying of Stone and straggling farre abroad from their Campe. But the Athenians with one Squadron of men of Armes together with their whole number of Horse charged the Horsemen of the Syracusians and put them to flight Of whom they slew a part and erected a Trophy for this Battell of Horse The next day the Athenians fell to worke vpon their Wall to the North side of their circular Wall some building and some fetching Stone and Timber which they still laid down toward the place called Trogilus in the way by which the Wall should come with the shortest compasse from the great Hauen to the other Sea The Syracusians by the perswasion of their Generals and principally of Hermocrates intended not to hazard Battell with their whole power against the Athenians any more but thought fit rather in the way where the Athenians were to bring their wall to raise a counterwall which if they could but doe before the wall of the Athenians came on it would exclude their further building And if the Athenians should set vpon them as they were doing it they might send part of the Army to defend it and pre-occupate the accesses to it with a Palizado And if they would come with their whole Army to hinder them then must they also be forced to let their owne worke stand still Therefore they came out and beginning at their owne Citie drew a crosse wall beneath the circular Fortification of the Athenians and set woodden Turrets vpon it made of the Oliue-trees which they felled in the ground belonging to the Temple The Athenian Nauy was not yet come about
Ambracian Bay therefore Cestrine seemeth part of the Chaonians Strab. lib. 7. called Cestrine from Cestrinus the sonne of Helenus Paus. in Corinthiacis Chaeronea a City of Boeotia confining on Phocis twenty furlongs distant from Panopeus or Pâ—anotis and scituate vpon the Riuer Cephissus Pausan. in Phocicis Strab. lib. 9. Chalce an Iland one of the Sporades distant from Telos 80 Furlongs and from Carpathus 400 Furlongs Strab. lib. 10. Chalcedon a City of Bithynia ouer against Byzantium Strab. lib. 12. in the mouth of Pontus Euxinus Ibid. Thucyd. lib. 4. Chalcis a City of Euboea at the Euripus Herodot lib. 7. Strab. lib. 10 Also a Citie of Aetolia vpon the Riuer Euenus on the East side of it Strab. lib. 10. beneath Calydon Idem lib. 9. Chalcidea a Region ioyning to Thrace containing most of the Townes vpon or neere the Sea from the mouth of the Riuer Strymon to Potidaea in Paâ—lene This may bee gathered out of Thucydides It was so named for that they were Colonies of Chalcis in Euboea either immediate or deriued Challaei the people of a City of the Locri Ozolae Thucyd. lib. 3. Chaonia a maritime Region of Epirus beginning at the Mountaines called Ceraunij and together with Thesprotis reaching as farre as the Ambracian Bay Strab. lib. 7. It is diuided from Thesprotis by the Riuer Thyanis Thucyd. lib. 1. Cheâ—dorus a small Riuer of Macedonia which rising in Grestonia runneth into the Riuer Axius Herod lib. 7. Cheimerium a Promontory of Epirus betweene the Ilands called Sybota and the the mouth of the Riuer Acheron Strab. lib. 7. vide Acheron Chelonata a Promontory of Elis between the Promontories of Araxus and â—â—thys Strab. lib. 8. Chersonnesus signifieth any portion of Land that is almost enuironed with the Sea but for the most part when there is no word added to determine the signification it is here that Territory of Thrace which is included with these three Seas Propontis Hellespont and the Blacke Bay Melas Strab. Epit. lib. 7. In the Isthmus of this Chersonnesus standeth the City Cardya at the side toward the Blacke Bay and Pactya on the part toward Propontis Herod lib. 6. Chius now called Scio an Iland and City of the Ionians Herod lib. 1. distant from Lesbos about 400. Furlongs and 900. furlongs in circuit Strab. lib. 13. Chrusis a part of Mygdonia so called Steph. Chrysopolis a Village of the Chalcedonians in the mouth of Pontus Strab. lib. 12. Cimolis an Iland one of the Cyclades vide Cyclades It lyeth West of Sicinus Pholegandros and Lagusa Strab. lib. 10. Cirrha a City of Phocis in the Corinthian Bay ouer against Sicyon Strab. lib. 9. distant from Delphi threescore furlongs from Delphi to Cirrha runnes the Riuer Plistus It is the Hauen or Towne of shipping for Dâ—lphi It confineth vpon Locris Pausan. in Phocicis He maketh it the same with Crissa vide Crissa Citarius a Mountaine of Macedonia ioyning to Olympus out of which riseth the Riuer Eurotas Strab. Epit. lib. 7. Cithaeron a Mountaine of Attica When the Persian Campe vnder Mardonius lay about Asopus in the Territory of Plataea the Army of the Grecians that were encamped at the foot of Cithaeron were opposite to them Herod lib. 9. Plataea is betweene Cithaeron and the City of Thebes Strab. lib. 9. Citium a City of Cyprus * Claros an Iland one of the Sporades Ex Ortelij thesauro Also a City belonging to the Colophonians Paus. in Achai betweene the mouth of the Riuer Caystrus and the City of Colophon Strab. lib. 14. Clazomenae an Ionique City in Lydia Herodot lib. 1. Scituate in the Chersonnesus of Erythrae confining on the Erythraeans these being within the Clazomenians without the Chersonnesus Betweene Clazomenae and Teos acrosse the Isthmus it is but fifty Furlongs but round about by Sea a thousand Furlongs Presently without the Isthmus where it is narrowest stands Clazomenae Strab. lib. 13. Before it lye 8 little Ilands Idem lib. 14. Cleitor a City of Arcadia betweene Psophis and Caphyae Polyb. lib. 4. It confineth on the Territory of Pheneum towards the East Paus. in Arcadicis Cleonae a City of Argia betweene Argos and Corinth confining on the Phliasians Paus. in Corinthiacis Also a City in the territory where Mount Athos standeth Herod lib. 7. Thucyd. lib. 4. Cnemides a Promontory of Locris distant from Cynus the Hauen of the Opuntians towards Thermopylae 50 Furlongs Strab. lib. 9. Cnidus a City of the Dorians in Asia by the Sea called Triopium Herod lib. 1. On the North it hath the Ceraunian Bay on the South the Rhodian Sea Strab. lib. 14. Colonae an vpland City of Hellespont in the Territory of Lampsacus Strab. lib. 13. Also a maritime City of Troas 140 furlongs from Jâ—um betweene Hamaxitus and Larissa Jd. lib. 13. Colonides a maritime Citie of Messenia betweene Asine and the mouth of the Riuer Pamisus distant from Asine 40 Furlongs Paus. in Messeniacis Colophon an Ionique City in Lydia Herod lib. 1. betweene Ephesus and Lebedus from Lâ—bedus 120 furlongs from Ephesus 70 furlongs Strab. lib. 14. Coloâ—honiorum portus a Hauen not farre from Torone Thucyd. lib. 5. Copâ— Copais lacus Cope is a City of Boeotia scituate on the North part of the Lake Copais Strab. lib. 9. Paus. in Boeoticis Corassiâ—e Two little Ilands on the West of the Iland Patmus Strab. lib. 10. Corcyra now called Corfu an Iland ouer against Epirus whose East parts are opposite to the Ilands called Syboâ—a and West parts to the Hauen called Onchimus Strab. lib. 7. Coressus a Towne of the Territory of Ephesus by the Sea side neere to the mouth of the Riuer Caystrus Herodotus lib. 5. Corinthus a famous City neere the Isthmus of Peloponnesus Coronea a City of Boeotia vpon the Riuer Câ—phisus where it entreth into the Lake Copais and not far from the Hill Helicon Strab. lib. 9. Corontae a City of Acarnania Thucydid lib. 4. Cortyta a Towne neere the Sea in Laconia Thucyd. lib. 4. Corycus a Mountaine in the Chersonnesus of Erythrae between Teos and Erythrae Strab. lib. 13. Coryphasium a Promontory of Messenia distant from Methone 100 furlongs in this Promontory stood the Fort of Pylus Paus. in Messeniacis Cos a Iland with a City in it of the same name It belonged to the Doriens of Asia Herodot lib. 1. called Cos Meropidis Thucyd. lib. 8 because inhabited of old by the Meropians It lyeth in the Carpathian Sea Strab. lib. 10. Opposite to Termerium a Promontory of the Mindians Id. lib. 14. Cranaon a City in the Champaigne of Thessaly Strab. lib. 9. The same may be gathered out of Liuy lib. 42. Cranij a people of Cephallenia Thucyd. lib. 2. About the straight of that Iland Strab. lib. 10. Crateâ—ei a Hauen neere the City of Phocaea in Aeolis Thucyd. lib. 8. Crenae Id est the Welles a place in Acarâ—nania not farre from Argos Thucydid lib. 3. Creusa a Sea-Towne of Boeotia vpon the Bay of Crissa belonging to the City Thespiae Strab. lib. 9.
lib. 5. Sardes standeth at the foote of Tmolus and out of this Hill riseth the Riuer Pactolus Strab. lib. 13. Tolophon a City of the Locri Ozolae Thuc. lib. 3. Tomeus a Hill neere to Pylus in Messenia Thucyd. lib. 4. Torone and the Bay of Torone Torone is a Chalcidique City betweene the Singitique and Toronaean Bayes neere the Promontory Ampelus Herod lib. 7. The place of the Toronaean Bay is vnderstood out of Liuy lib. 44. where he saith that Cassandrea or Potidaea standeth betweene the Macedonian Sea and the Bay of Torone Tragâ—a an Iland neere to Samos Thuc. l. 1. Tragaeae Ilands about Miletus Strab lâ—b 14. Triopium a Promontory of the Cnidians Thuc. lib. 8. Vide â—nidus Tripodiscus a Village of Megaris Thucyd. lib. 4. Tritaea a City of Achaia remote from the Sea distant from Pharae 120 furlongs Paus. in Achaicis Also a City of the Locri Ozolae Thucyd. lib 3. Troas a Territory of Asia the lesse vpon the side of the Aegaean Sâ—a betweene Aeolis and Hellespont Strab. lib. 13. Troezen a maritime City of Argia the vtmost in the Bay of Hermione Strab. lib. 8. confining on Epidauria Pausan. in Corinthiacis Troia Vide Ilium Trogilium a Promontory and foot of the Mountaine Mycale ouer against the I le Samos which with Posiâ—eum a Promontory of that I le maketh the streight there of seuen furlongs ouer Strab. lib. 14. Z ZAcynthus an Iland ouer against Peloponnesus Strab. lib. 10. Now called Zanâ—e Zarex a maritime City of Laconia distant on one side from Epidaurus Limera 100 furlongs and from Cyphanta on the other side sixteene Furlongs Paus. in Laconicis Zeleia a City vnder Mount Ida toward Propontis distant from Cyzicus 190. furlongs and from the Sea 80. furlongs Strab. lib. 13. Zona a City on the shore of Doriscus in Thrace Herod lib. 7. THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE HISTORY OF THVCYDIDES The principall Contents The estate of Greece deriued from the remotest knowne Antiquity thereof to the beginning of the Peloponnesian Warre The Occasion and Pretexts of this Warre arising from the Controuersies of the Athenians with the Corinthians concerning Corcyra and Potidaea The Lacedaemonians instigated by the Confederates vndertake the Warre not so much at their instigation as of enuie to the greatnesse of the Athenian Dominion The degrees by which that Dominion was acquired The Warre generally decreed by the Confederates at Sparta The Demands of the Lacedaemonians The obstinacy of the Athenians and their Answer by the aduice of Pericles THVCYDIDES an Athenian wrote the Warre of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians as they warred against each other beginning to write as soone as the Warre was on foot with expectation it should proue a great one and most worthy the relation of all that had beene before it Coniecturing so much both from this that they flourished on both sides in all manner of prouision and also because hee saw the rest of Greece siding with the one or the other Faction some then presently and some intending so to doe For this was certainely the greatest Commotion that euer happened amongst the Grecians reaching also to part of the Barbarians and as a man may say to most Nations For the Actions that preceded this and those againe that are yet more ancient though the truth of them through length of time cannot by any meanes cleerely be discouered yet for any Argument that looking into times farre past I haue yet light on to perswade me I doe not thinke they haue beene very great either for matter of Warre or otherwise For it is euident that that which now is called Hellas was not of old constantly inhabited but that at first there were often remouals euery one easily leauing the place of his abode to the violence alwayes of some greater number For whiles Trafficke was not nor mutuall entercourse but with feare neither by Sea nor Land and euery man so husbanded the ground as but barely to liue vpon it without any stocke of Riches and planted nothing because it was vncertaine when another should invade them and carry all away especially not hauing the defence of Walls but made account to be Masters in any place of such necessary sustenance as might serue them from day to day they made little difficulty to change their habitations And for this cause they were of no ability at all eyther for greatnesse of Cities or other prouision But the fattest Soyles were alwaies the most subiect to these changes of Inhabitants as that which is now called Thessalia and Boeotia and the greatest part of Peloponnesus except Arcadia and of the rest of Greece whatsoeuer was most fertile For the goodnesse of the Land increasing the power of some particular men both caused Seditions whereby they were ruin'd at home and withall made them more obnoxious to the insidiation of strangers From hence it is that Attica from great antiquity for the sterility of the Soyle free from Seditions hath beene inhabited euer by the same People And it is none of the least euidences of what I haue said That Greece by reason of sundry transplantations hath not in other parts receiued the like augmentation For such as by Warre or Sedition were driuen out of other places the most potent of them as to a place of stability retired themselues to Athens where receiuing the Freedome of the Citty they long since so increased the same in number of People as Attica being incapable of them it selfe they sent out Colonies into Ionia And to me the imbecillity of ancient times is not a little demonstrated also by this that followeth For before the Trojan Warre nothing appeareth to haue beene done by Greece in Common nor indeed was it as I thinke called all by that one name of Hellas nor before the time of Hellen the sonne of Deucalion was there any such name at all But Pelasgicum which was the farthest extended and the other parts by Regions receiued their names from their owne Inhabitants But Hellen and his Sonnes being strong in Phthiotis and called in for their ayde into other Cities these Cities because of their conversing with them began more particularly to be called Hellenes and yet could not that name of a long time after prevaile vpon them all This is coniectured principally out of Homer for though borne long after the Trojan Warre yet he giues them not any where that name in generall nor indeed to any but those that with Achilles came out of Phthiotis and were the first so called But in his Poemes he mentionenh Danaans Argiues and Achaeans nor doth he likewise vse the word Barbarians because the Grecians as it seemeth vnto me were not yet distinguished by one common name of Hellenes oppositely answerable vnto them The Grecians then neyther as they had that Name in particular by mutuall entercourse nor after vniversally so termed did euer before the Trojan Warre for want of strength and correspondence enter into any
to them and declared how the first Founder of it was a Corinthian and what answer the Oracle had giuen them intreating their helpe and that they would not stand by beholding their destruction And the Corinthians vndertooke their defence not onely for the equity of the cause as thinking them no lesse their owne then the Corcyraeans Colonie but also for hatred of the Corcyraeans who being their Colony yet contemned them and allowed them not their due honour in publique meetings nor in the distribution of the Sacrifice began at a Corinthian as was the custome of other Colonies but being equall to the richest Graecians of their time for store of money and strongly furnished with ammunition of Warre had them in contempt Also they sticked not sometimes to boast how much they excelled in shipping and that Corcyra had beene once inhabited by the Phaeaceâ— who flourished in glory of nauall affaires which was alâ—so the cause why they the rather prouided themselues of a Nauie and they were indeed not without power that way for when they began this Warre they had 120. Gallies The Corinthians therefore hauing all these criminations against them relieued Epidamnus willingly not only giuing leaue to whosoeuer would to goe and dwell there but also sent thither a Garrison of Ambraciotes Leucadians and of their owne Citizens which succours for feare the Corcyraeans should haue hindred their passage by Sea marched by Land to Apollonia The Corcyraeans vnderstanding that new inhabitants and a Garrison were gone to Epidamnus and that the Colonie was deliuered to the Corinthians were vexed extremely at the same and sayling presently thither with 25. Gallies and afterwards with another Fleet in an insolent manner coÌ„manded them both to recall those whom they had banished for these banished men of Epidamnus had beene now at Corcyra and pointing to the Sepulchers of their Ancestors and claiming kindred had intreated the Corcyraeans to restore them and to send away the Garrison and Inhabitants sent thither by the Corinthians But the Epidamnians gaue no eare to their commandements Whereupon the Corcyraeans with forty Gallies together with the banished men whom they pretended to reduce and with the Illyrians whom they had ioyned to their part warred vpon them and hauing laid Siege to the Citty made Proclamation that such of the Epidamnians as would and all strangers might depart safely or otherwise were to bee proceeded against as Enemies But when this prevailed not the place being an Isthmus they enclozed the Citty in on euery side The Corinthians when newes was brought from Epidamnus how it was besieged presently made ready their Armie and at the same time caused a Proclamation to bee made for the sending thither of a Colony and that such as would goe should haue equall and like priuiledges with those that were there before and that such as desired to bee sharers in the same and yet were vnwilling to goe along in person at that present if they would contribute 50. Corinthian Drachmaes might stay behind And they were very many both that went and that laid downe their siluer Moreouer they sent to the Megareans for feare of being stopped in their passage by the Corcyraeans to ayde them with some Gallies who accordingly furnished out 8. the Citizens of Pale in Cephalonia 4. They also required Gallies of the Epidaurians who sent them 5. the Citizens of Hermione 1. the Traezenians 2. the Leucadians 10. the Ambraciotes 8. Of the Thebans and Phliasians they required money of the Eleans both money empty Gallies and of the Corinthians themselues there were ready 30. Gallies and 3000. men of Armes The Corcyraeans aduertised of this preparation went to Corynth in company of the Ambassadors of the Lacedaemonians of the Sycionians whom they took with them and required the Corinthians to recall the Garrison and Inhabitants which they had sent to Epidamnus as being a City they said wherwith they had nothing to do or if they had any thing to alledge they were content to haue the cause iudicially tryed in such Citties of Peloponnesus as they should both agree on and they then should hold the Colonie to whom the same should be adiudged They said also That they were content to referre their cause to the Oracle at Delphi that Warre they would make none but if they must needes haue it they should by the violence of them be forced in their owne defence to seeke out better friends then those whom they already had To this the Corinthians answered that if they would put off with their Fleet and dismisse the Barbarians from before Epidamnus they would then consult of the matter for before they could not honestly doe it Because whilest they should bee pleading the case the Epidamnians should be suffering the misery of a Siege The Corcyraeans replyed to this That if they would call backe those men of theirs already in Epidamnus that then they also would doe as the Corinthians had required them or otherwise they were content to let the men on both sides stay where they were and to suspend the Warre till the cause should be decided The Corinthians not assenting to any of these propositions since their Gallies were manned and their Confederates present hauing defyed them first by a Herald put to Sea with 75. Gallies and 2000. men of Armes and set sayle for Epidamnus against the Corcyraeans Their Fleet was commanded by Aristaeus the sonne of Pellicas Callicrates the sonne of Callias and Timanor the sonne of Timanthes and the Land Forces by Archetimus the sonne of Eurytimus and Isarchidas the sonne of Isarchus After they were come as farre as Actium in the Territory of Anactorium which is a Temple of Apollo and ground consecrated vnto him in the mouth of the Gulfe of Ambracia the Corcyraeans sent a Herauld to them at Actium to forbid their comming on and in the meane time manned out their Fleet and hauing repaired and made fit for seruice their old Gallies and furnished the rest with things necessary shipped their Munition and went aboard The Herauld was no sooner returned from the Corinthians with an answer not inclining to peace but hauing their Gallies already manned and furnished to the number of 80. Sayle for forty attended alwayes the Siege of Epidamnus they put to Sea and arranging themselues came to a Battell In which the Corcyraeans were cleerely Victors and on the part of the Corinthians there perished 15. Gallies And the same day it happened likewise that they that besieged Epidamnus had the same rendred vnto them with Conditions That the Strangers therein found should be ransomed and the Corinthians kept in bonds till such time as they should be otherwise disposed of The Battell being ended the Corcyraeans after they had set vp their Trophie in Leucimna a Promontory of Corcyra slew their other prisoners but kept the Corinthians still in bonds After this when the Corinthians
the Fleet conceiuing it to be impossible with their present forces to make Warre both against Perdiccas and the Townes reuolted set saile againe for Macedonia against which they had beene at first sent out and there staying ioyned with Philip and the brothers of Derdas that had invaded the Countrey from aboue In the meane time after Potidaea was revolted and whilest the Athenian Fleet lay on the Coast of Macedonia the Corinthians fearing what might become of the Citie and making the danger their owne sent vnto it both of their owne Citie and of other Peloponnesians which they hired to the number of 1600. men of Armes and 400. light armed The charge of these was giuen to Aristaeus the sonne of Adimantus for whose sake most of the Voluntaries of Corinth went the Voyage for hee had beene euer a great Fauourer of the Potidaeans And they arriued in Thrace after the reuolt of Potidaea forty dayes The newes of the reuolt of these Cities was likewise quickly brought to the Athenian people who hearing withall of the Forces sent vnto them vnder Aristaeus sent forth against the places reuolted 2000. men of Armes and 40. Gallies vnder the Conduct of Callias the Sonne of Calliades These comming first into Macedonia found there the former thousand who by this time had taken Therme and were now besieging the City of Pydna and staying helped for a while to besiege it with the rest But shortly after they tooke composition and hauing made a necesary League with Perdiccas vrged thereto by the affaires of Potidaea and the arriuall there of Aristaeus departed from Macedonia Thence comming to Berrhoea they attempted to take it but when they could not doe it they turned backe and marched towards Potidaea by Land They were of their owne number 3000. men of Armes besides many of their Confederates and of Macedonians that had serued with Philip and Pausanias 600. Horse-men And their Gallies 70. in number sayling by them along the Coast by moderate Iournies came in three dayes to Gigonus and there encamped The Potidaeans and the Peloponnesians vnder Aristaeus in expectation of the comming of the Athenians lay now encamped in the Isthmus neere vnto Olynthus and had the Market kept for them without the Citie and the leading of the Foot the Confederates had assigned to Aristaeus and of the Horse to Perdiccas for hee fell off againe presently from the Athenians and hauing left Iölaus Gouernour in his place tooke part with the Potidaeans The purpose of Aristaeus was to haue the body of the Armie with himselfe within the Isthmus and therewith to attend the comming on of the Athenians and to haue the Chalcideans and their Confederates without the Isthmus and also the 200. Horse vnder Perdiccas to stay in Olynthus and when the Athenians were past by to come on their backs and to encloze the Enemie betwixt them But Callias the Athenian Generall and the rest that were in Commission with him sent out before them their Macedonian Horsemen and some few of their Confederates to Olynthus to stop those within from making any sally from the Towne and then dislodging marched on towards Potidaea When they were come on as far to as the Isthmus and saw the Enemie make ready to fight they also did the like and not long after they ioyned Battell That wing wherein was Aristaeus himselfe with the chosen men of the Corinthians and others put to flight that part of their Enemies that stood opposite vnto them and followed execution a great way But the rest of the Army of the Potidaeans and Peloponnesians were by the Athenians defeated and fled into the Citie And Aristaeus when hee came backe from the Execution was in doubt what way to take to Olynthus or to Potidaea In the end hee resolued of the shortest way and with his Souldiers about him ranne as hard as hee was able into Potidaea and with much adoe got in at the Peere through the Sea cruelly shot at and with the losse of a few but safety of the greatest part of his company Assoone as the Battell beganne they that should haue seconded the Potideans from Olynthus for it is at most but 60. Furlongs off and in sight aduanced a little way to haue ayded them and the Macedonian Horse opposed themselues likewise in order of Battell to keepe them backe But the Athenians hauing quickly gotten the Victory and the Standards being taken downe they retyred againe they of Olynthus into that Citie and the Macedonian Horsemen into the Armie of the Athenians So that neither side had their Cauallery at the Battell After the Battell the Athenians erected a Trophie and gaue truce to the Potideans for the taking vp of the bodies of their dead Of the Potideans and their friends there dyed somewhat lesse then 300. and of the Athenians themselues 150. with Callias one of their Commanders Presently vpon this the Athenians raised a Wall before the Citty on the part towards the Isthmus which they kept with a Garrison but the part to Pallene-ward they left vnwalled For they thought themselues too small a number both to keepe a guard in the Isthmus and withall to goe ouer and fortifie in Pallene fearing lest the Potidaeans and their Confederates should assault them when they were deuided When the people of Athens vnderstood that Potidaea was vnwalled on the part toward Pallene not long after they sent thither 1600. men of Armes vnder the Conduct of Phormio the Sonne of Asopius who arriuing in Pallene left his Gallies at Aphytis and marching easily to Potidaea wasted the Territory as hee passed through And when none came out to bid him Battell hee raised a Wall before the Citie on that part also that looketh towards Pallene Thus was Potidaea on both sides strongly besieged and also from the Sea by the Athenian Gallies that came vp and rode before it Aristeus seeing the Citie enclosed on euery side and without hope of safety saue what might come from Peloponnesus or some other vnexpected way gaue aduice to all but 500. taking the opportunity of a Wind to goe out by Sea that the prouision might the longer hold out for the rest and of them that should remaine within offered himselfe to bee one But when his counsell tooke not place beeing desirous to settle their businesse and make the best of their affaires abroad hee got out by Sea vnseene of the Athenian Guard and staying amongst the Chalcideans amongst other actions of the Warre laid an Ambush before Sermyla and slew many of that Citie and sollicited the sending of ayd from Peloponnesus And Phormio after the Siege laid to Potidaea hauing with him his 1600. men of Armes wasted the Territories of the Chalcideans and Bottieans and some small Townes he tooke in These were the Quarrels betweene the Peloponnesians and the Athenians The Corinthians quarrelled the Aâ—heniâ—ans for besieging Potidaea and in it the
their enemies fall off the least and as for their Bodies they vse them in the seruice of the Common-wealth as if they were none of their owne but their minds when they would serue the State are right their owne Vnlesse they take in hand what they haue once aduised on they account so much lost of their owne And when they take it in hand if they obtaine any thing they thinke lightly of it in respect of what they looke to winne by their prosecution If they faile in any attempt they doe what is necessary for the present and enter presently into other hopes For they alone both haue and hope for at once whatsoeuer they conceiue through their celerity in execution of what they once resolue on And in this manner they labour and toyle all the dayes of their liues What they haue they haue no leasure to enioy for continuall getting of more Nor Holiday esteeme they any but whereon they effect some matter profitable nor thinke they ease with nothing to doe a lesse torment than laborious businesse So that in a word to say they are men borne neither to rest themselues nor suffer others is to say the truth Now notwithstanding men of Lacedaemon that this Citie your Aduersary bee such as wee haue said yet you still delay time not knowing that those onely are they to whom it may suffice for the most part of their time to sit still who though they vse not their power to doe iniustice yet bewray a minde vnlikely to swallow injuries but placing equity belike in this that you neither doe any harme to others nor receiue it in defending of your selues But this is a thing you hardly could attaine though the States about you were of the same condition But as we haue before declared your Customes are in respect of theirs antiquated and of necessity as it happeneth in Artes the new ones will preuaile True it is that for a City liuing for the most part in peace vnchanged customes are the best but for such as bee constrained to vndergoe many matters many deuices will be needfull Which is also the reason why the Athenian Customes through much experience are more new to you then yours are to them Here therefore giue a Period to your slacknesse and by a speedy invasion of Attica as you promised relieue both Potidaea and the rest lest otherwise you betray your friends and kindred to their cruellest enemies and lest wee and others be driuen through despaire to seeke out some other League Which to doe were no iniustice neither against the Gods Iudges of mens Oathes nor against Men the hearers of them For not they breake the League who being abandoned haue recourse to others but they that yeeld not their assistance to whom they haue sworne it But if you meane to follow the businesse seriously wee will stay for else wee should doe irreligiously neither should wee finde any other more conformable to our manners then your selues Therefore deliberate well of these points and take such a course that Peloponnesus may not by your leading fall into worse estate then it was left vnto you by your Progenitors Thus spake the Corinthians The Athenian Ambassadours who chanced to bee residing in Lacedaemon vpon their businesse when they heard of this Oration thought it fit to present themselues before the Lacedaemonians not to make Apologie for what they were charged with by the other Citties but to shew in generall that it was not fit for them in this case to take any sudden resolution but further time to consider Also they desired to lay open the power of their Citty to the elder sort for a remembrance of what they knew already and to the yonger for an information of what they knew not supposing that when they should haue spoken they would encline to quietnesse rather then to Warre And therefore they presented themselues before the Lacedaemonians saying That they also if they might haue leaue desired to speake in the Assembly who willed them to come in And the Athenians went into the Assembly and spake to this effect THE ORATION OF THE Ambassadours of ATHENS THough our Ambassage was not to this end that wee should argue against our Confederates but about such other Affaires as the Citie was pleased to employ vs in yet hauing heard of the great exclamation against vs wee came into the Court not to make answer to the criminations of the Cities for to pleade before you here were not to pleade before the Iudges either of them or vs but to the end you may not be drawne away to take the worst resolution at the perswasion of the Confederates in matters of so great importance And withall touching the summe of the Oration made against vs to informe you that what wee possesse wee haue it iustly and that our Citie deserueth reputation But what neede wee now to speake of matters long past confirmed more by heare-say then by the eyes of those that are to heare vs relate them But our actions against the Persian and such as you your selues know as well as wee those though it bee tedious to heare them euer objected wee must of necessity recite For when wee did them we hazarded our selues for some benefit of which you as had your parts in the substance so must wee haue ours if that be any benefit in the commemoration And wee shall make recitall of them not by way of deprecation but of protestation and declaration of what a Citty in case you take ill advice you haue to enter the list withall Wee therefore say that wee not onely first and alone hazarded Battell against the Barbarian in the Fields of Marathon but also afterwards when hee came againe beeing vnable to resist him by Land embarqued our selues euery man that was able to beare Armes and gaue him Battell amongst the rest by Sea at Salamis which was the cause that kept him backe from sailing to Peloponnesus and laying it waste Cittie after Cittie for against so many Gallies you were not able to giue each other mutuall succour And the greatest proofe of this is the Persian himselfe who when his Fleet was ouercome and that hee had no more such Forces went away in haste with the greatest part of his Armie Which being so and euident that the whole State of the Grecians was embarqued in their Fleet we conferred to the same the three things of most aduantage namely the greatest number of Gallies the most prudent Commander and the most liuely courage For of 400. Gallies in the whole our owne were few lesse then two thirds and for Commander Themistocles who was the principall cause that the Battell was fought in the streight whereby he cleerely saued the whole businesse and whom though a Stranger you your selues haue honoured for it more then any man that came vnto you and a forwardnesse wee shewed more adventurous then any other in this that when none of them had ayded vs by Land before
these are now they invade chiefly vpon confidence of their strength But they that are much the fewer must haue some great and sure designe when they dare fight vnconstrained Wherewith these men now amazed feare vs more for our vnlikely preparation then they would if it were more proportionable Besides many great Armies haue beene ouercome by the lesser through vnskilfulnesse and some also by timorousnesse both which we our selues are free from As for the battaile I will not willingly fight it in the Gulfe nor goe in thither seeing that to a few Gallies with nimblenesse and art against many without art streightnesse of roome is disaduantage For neither can one charge with the beake of the Gallie as is fit vnlesse hee haue sight of the enemy a farre off or if he be himselfe ouer-pressed againe get cleere Nor is there any getting through them or turning to and fro at ones pleasure which are all the workes of such Gallies as haue their aduantage in agility but the Sea-fight would of necessitie be the same with a battaile by Land wherein the greater number must haue the better But of this I shall my selfe take the best care I am able In the meane time keepe you your order well in the Gallies and euery man receiue his charge readily and the rather because the enemy is at Anchor so neere vs. In the fight haue in great estimation order and silence as things of great force in most Military actions especially in a fight by Sea and charge these your enemies according to the worth of your former Acts. You are to fight for a great wager either to destroy the hope of the Peloponnesian Nauies or to bring the feare of the Sea neerer home to the Athenians Againe let mee tell you you haue beaten them once already and men once ouercome will not come againe to the danger so well resolued as before Thus did Phormio also encourage his Souldiers The Peloponnesians when they saw the Athenians would not enter the Gulfe and Streight desiring to draw them in against their willes weighed Anchor and betime in the morning hauing arranged their Gallies by foure and foure in a ranke sayled along their owne Coast within the Gulfe leading the way in the same order as they had lien at Anchor with their right wing In this wing they had placed 20 of their swiftest Gallies to the end that if Phormio thinking them going to Naupactus should for safegard of the Towne sayle along his owne Coast likewise within the Straight the Athenians might not be able to get beyond that wing of theirs and auoyd the impression but be enclosed by their Gallies on both sides Phormio fearing as they expected what might become of the Towne now without guard as soone as he saw them from Anchor against his will and in extreme haste went aboord and sayled along the Shoare with the Land forces of the Messenians marching by to ayde him The Peloponnesians when they saw them sayle in one long File Gally after Gally and that they were now in the Gulfe and by the Shoare which they most desired vpon one signe giuen turned suddenly euery one as fast as he could vpon the Athenians hoping to haue intercepted them euery Gallie But of those the eleuen formost auoyding that wing and the turne made by the Peloponnesians got out into the open Sea The rest they intercepted and driuing them to the Shoare sunke them The men as many as swamme not out they slew and the Gallies some they tyed to their owne and towed them away empty and one with the men and all in her they had already taken But the Messenian succours on Land entring the Sea with their Armes got aboord of some of them and fighting from the Deckes recouered them againe after they were already towing away And in this part the Peloponnesians had the victory and ouercame the Gallies of the Athenians Now the 20 Gallies that were their right wing gaue chase to those eleuen Athenian Gallies which had auoyded them when they turned and were gotten into the open Sea These flying toward Naupactus arriued there before the enemies all saue one and when they came vnder the Temple of Apollo turned their beake heads and put themselues in readinesse for defence in câ—se the enemy should follow them to the Land But the Peloponnesians as they came after were Paeanizing as if they had already had the victory and one Gallie which was of Leucas being farre before the rest gaue chase to one Athenian Gallie that was behind the rest of the Athenians Now it chanced that there lay out into the Sea a certaine Ship at Anchor to which the Athenian Gally first comming fetcht a compasse about her and came backe full butt against the Leucadian Gallie that gaue her chase and sunke her Vpon this vnexpected and vnlikely accident they began to feare and hauing also followed the chase as being victors disorderly some of them let downe their Oares into the water and hindred the way of their Gallies a matter of very ill consequence seeing the enemy was so neere and staid for more company And some of them through ignorance of the Coast ranne vpon the Shelues The Athenians seeing this tooke heart againe and together with one clamour set vpon them who resisted not long because of their present errours committed and their disarray but turned and fled to Panormus from whence at first they set forth The Athenians followed and tooke from them sixe Gallies that were hindmost and recouered their own which the Peloponnesians had sunke by the Shoare and tyed a sterne of theirs Of the men some they slew and some also they tooke aliue In the Leucadian Gally that was sunke neere the ship was Timocrates a Lacedaemonian who when the Gally was lost runne himselfe thorow with his sword and his body draue into the Hauen of Naupactus The Athenians falling off erected a Trophy in the place from whence they set forth to this victory took vp their dead and the wracke as much as was on their own shore and gaue truce to the enemy to doe the like The Peloponnesians also set vp a Trophy as if they also had had the victory in respect of the flight of those Gallies which they sunke by the Shoare and the Gally which they had taken they consecrated to Neptune in Rhium of Achaia hard by their Trophy After this fearing the supply which was expected from Athens they sayled by night into the Crissaean Gulfe and to Corinth all but the Leucadians And those Athenians with twenty Gallies out of Crete that should haue beene with Phormio before the battaile not long after the going away of the Gallies of Peloponnesus arriued at Naupactus And the Summer ended But before the Fleet gone into the Crissaean Gulfe and to Corinth was dispersed Cnemus and Brasidas and the rest of the Commanders of the Peloponnesians in the beginning of Winter instructed
know it could not hold out it would now compound whilst it were able both to pay vs our charges for the present and our tribute for the time to come But the way that Cleon prescribeth what Citie thinke you would not prouide it selfe better then this did and endure the siege to the very last if to compound late and soone be all one And how can it be but detriment to vs to be at charge of long sieges through their obstinacy and when we haue taken a Citie to finde it exhausted and to lose the reuenue of it for the future And this reuenue is the onely strength we haue against our enemies Wee are not then to be exact Iudges in the punition of offenders but to looke rather how by their moderate punishment we may haue our Confederate Cities such as they may be able to pay vs tribute and not thinke to keepe them in awe by the rigour of Lawes but by the prouidence of our owne actions But wee to the contrary when wâ—â—ecouer a Citie which hauing beene free and held vnder our obedience by force hath reuolted iustly thinke now that we ought to inflict some cruell punishment vpon them whereas we ought rather not mightily to punish a free Citie reuolted but mightily to looke to it before it reuolt and to preuent the intention of it but when we haue ouercome them to lay the fault vpon as few as we can Consider also if you follow the aduice of Cleon how much you shall offend likewise in this other point For in all your Cities the Commonalty are now your friends and either reuolt not with the few or if they be compelled to it by force they presently turne enemies to them that caused the reuolt whereby when you goe to Warre you haue the Commons of the aduerse Citie on your side But if you shall destroy the Commonalty of the Mitylenians which did neither partake of the reuolt and as soone as they were armed presently deliuered the Citie into your hands you shall first doe vniustly to kill such as haue done you seruice and you shall effect a worke besides which the great men doe euery where most desire For when they haue made a Citie to reuolt they shall haue the people presently on their side you hauing foreshewne them by the example that both the guilty and not guilty must vndergoe the same punishment Whereas indeed though they were guilty yet wee ought to dissemble it to the end that the onely party now our friend may not become our enemie And for the assuring of our dominion I thinke it farre more profitable voluntarily to put vp an iniurie then iustly to destroy such as wee should not And that same both Iustice and profit of reuenge alledged by Cleon can neuer possibly bee found together in the same thing You therefore vpon knowledge that this is the best course not vpon Compassion or Lenitie for neither would I haue you wonne by that but vpon consideration of what hâ—th beene aduised bee ruled by mee and proceede to iudgement at your owne leasure against those whom Paches hath sent hither as guilty and suffer the rest to enioy their Citie For that will bee both good for the future and also of present terrour to the enemie For hee that consulteth wisely is a sorer enemie then hee that assaulteth with the strength of action vnaduisedly Thus spake Diodotus After these two opinions were deliuered the one most opposite to the other the Athenians were at contention which they should decree and at the holding vp of hands they were both sides almost equall but yet the sentence of Diodotus preuailed Whereupon they presently in haste sent away another Gallie lest not arriuing before the former they should finde the Citie already destroyed The first Gallie set forth before the second a day and a night But the Mitylenian Ambassadours hauing furnished this latter with Wine and Barley Cakes and promised them great rewards if they ouertooke the other Gallie they rowed diligently at one and the same time both plying their Oares and taking their refection of the said Barley Cakes steeped in Wine and Oyle and by turnes part of them slept and the other part rowed It happened also that there blew no Winde against them And the former Gallie making no great haste as going in so sad an errand whereas the former proceeded in the manner before mentioned arriued indeed first but onely so much as Paches had read the Sentence and prepared to execute what they had decreed But presently after came in the other Gallie and saued the Citie from being destroyed So neere were the Mitylenians to the danger But those whom Paches had sent home as most culpable of the Reuolt the Athenians as Cleon had aduised put to death beeing in number somewhat aboue a thousand They also razed the Walles of Mitylene and tooke from them all their Gallies After which they imposed on the Lesbians no more Tribute but hauing diuided their land all but that of the Methymnaeans into 3000 parts 300 of those parts of the choisest Land they consecrated to the Gods And for the rest they sent men by lot out of their owne Citie to possesse it of whom the Lesbians at the rent of two Minae of Siluer yeerely vpon a Lot had the Land againe to bee husbanded by themselues The Athenians tooke in all such Townes also as the Mitylenians were Masters of in the Continent which were afterwards made Subiects to the People of Athens Thus ended the businesse touching Lesbos The same Summer after the recouery of Lesbos the Athenians vnder the conduct of Nicias the sonne of Niceratus made Warre on Minoa an Iland adiacent to Megara For the Megareans had built a Tower in it and serued themselues of the Iland for a place of Garrison But Nicias desired that the Athenians might keepe their Watch vpon Megara in that Iland as beeing neerer and no more at Budorus and Salamis to the end that the Peloponnesians might not goe out thence with their Gallies vndiscryed nor send out Pirates as they had formerly done and to prohibit the importation of all things to the Megareans by Sea Wherefore when he had first taken two Towres that stood out from Nisaea with Engines applyed from the Sea and so made a free entrance for his Gallies betweene the Iland and the firme Land he tooke it in with a Wall also from the Continent in that part where it might receiue ayde by a bridge ouer the Marishes for it was not farre distant from the maine Land And that being in few dayes finished hee built a Fort in the Iland it selfe and leauing there a Garrison carried the rest of his Armie backe It happened also about the same time of this Summer that the Plataeans hauing spent their Victuall and beeing vnable longer to hold out yeelded their Citie in this manner to the Peloponnesians The Peloponnesians assaulted the Walles but they within
withall the safer for this action after his defeate in Aetolia And the Athenians that were in the twenty Gallies returned to Naupactus The Acarnanians and Amphilochians when the Athenians and Demosthenes were gone granted Truce at the Citie of the Oeniades to those Ambraciotes and Peloponnesians that were fled to Salynthius the Agraeans to retyre the Oeniades being gone ouer to Salynthius and the Agraeans likewise And for the future the Acarnanians Amphilochians made a league with the Ambraciotes for an hundred yeeres vpon these conditions That neither the Ambraciotes with the Acarnanians should make Warre against the Peloponnesians nor the Acarnanians with the Ambraciotes against the Athenians That they should giue mutuall ayde to one anothers Countrey That the Ambraciotes should restore whatsoeuer Townes or bordering fields they held of the Amphilochians and that they should at no time ayde Anactorium which was in hostility with the Acarnanians And vpon this composition the Warre ended After this the Corinthians sent a Garrison of about 300 men of Armes of their owne Citie to Ambracia vnder the Conduct of Xenoclides the sonne of Euthycles who with much difficulty passing through Epiruâ— at length arriued Thus passed the businesse in Ambracia The same Winter the Athenians that were in Sicily inuaded Himeraea by Sea ayded by the Sicilians that inuaded the skirts of the same by Land They sayled also to the Ilands of Aeolus Returning afterwards to Rhegium they found there Pythodorus the sonne of Isolochus with certaine Gallies come to receiue charge of the Fleet commanded by Laches For the Sicilian Confederates had sent to Athens and perswaded the people to assist them with a greater Fleet. For though the Syracusians were masters by Land yet seeing they hindred them but with few Gallies from the liberty of the Sea they made preparation and were gathering together a Fleet with intention to resist them And the Athenians furnished out forty Gallies to send into Sicily conceiuing that the Warre there would the sooner be at an end and desiring withall to traine their men in nauall exercise Therefore Pythodorus one of the Commanders they sent presently away with a few of those Gallies and intended to send Sophocles the sonne of Sostratides and Eurymedon the sonne of Toucles with the greatest number afterwards But Pythodorus hauing now the Command of Laches his Fleet sayled in the end of Winter vnto a certaine Garrison of the Locrians which Laches had formerly taken and ouerthrowne in a Battell there by the Locrians retired The same Spring there issued a great streame of Fire out of the Mountaine Aetna as it had also done in former times and burned part of the Territory of the Cataneans that dwell at the Foot of Aetna which is the highest Mountaine of all Sicily From the last time that the fire brake out before to this time it is said to bee fifty yeeres And it hath now broken out thrice in all since Sicily was inhabited by the Grecians These were the things that came to passe this Winter And so ended the sixth yeere of this War written by THVCYDIDES THE FOVRTH BOOK OF THE HISTORY OF THVCYDIDES The principall Contents The Athenians take and fortifie Pylus in Laconia The Lacedaemonians to recouer it put ouer 400. of their best men into the Iland Sphacteria whom the Athenians hauing ouercome the Lacedaemonian Fleet doe there besiege The Athenians and Syracusians fight in the Streight of Messana Cleon engageth himselfe rashly to take or kill the Lacedaemonians in Sphacteria within 20. dayes and by good fortune performeth it The Sedition ceaseth in Corcyra Nicias invadeth Peloponnesus The Sicilians agreeing take from the Athenians their pretence of sayling vpon that Coast with their Fleet. The Athenians take Nisaea but faile of Megara The ouerthrow of the Athenians at Delium The Cities on the Confines of Thrace vpon the comming of Brasidas revolt to the Lacedaemonians Truce for a yeere And this in three yeeres more of the same Warre THE Spring following when Corne beganne to bee in the eare tenne Gallies of Syracusae and as many of Locris went to Messena in Sicily called in by the Citizens themselues and tooke it and Messaâ—a reuolted from the Athenians This was done by the practice chiefly of the Syracusians that saw the place to bee commodious for inuasion of Sicily and feared lest the Athenians some time or other hereafter making it the seate of their Warre might come with greater forces into Sicily and inuade them from thence but partly also of the Locrians as being in hostility with the Rhegians desirous to make Warre vpon them on both sides The Locrians had now also entred the Lands of the Rhegians with their whole power both because they would hinder them from assisting the Messenians and because they were sollicited therevnto by the banished men of Rhegium that were with them For they of Rhegium had beene long in Sedition and were vnable for the present to giue them Battell for which cause they the rather also now inuaded them And after they had wasted the Countrey the Locrians withdrew their Land-forces but their Gallies lay still at the guard of Messana and more were setting forth to lye in the same Harbour to make the Warre on that side About the same time of the Spring and before Corne was at full growth the Peloponnesians and their Confederates vnder the Conduct of Agis the sonne of Archidamus King of the Lacedaemonians inuaded Attica and there lay and wasted the Countrey about And the Athenians sent fortie Gallies into Sicily the same which they had prouided before for that purpose and with them the other two Generals Eurymedon Sophocles For Pythodorus who was the third in that Commission was arriued in Sicily before To these they gaue commandment also to take order as they went by for the state of those Corcyraeans that were in the Citie and were pillaged by the Outlawes in the Mountaine and threescore Gallies of the Peloponnesians were gone out to take part with those in the Mountaine who because there was a great Famine in the Citie thought they might easily be masters of that State To Demosthenes also who euer since his returne out of Acarnania had liued priuately they gaue authority at his owne request to make vse of the same Gallies if hee thought good so to doe about Peloponnesus As they sayled by the Coast of Laconia and had intelligence that the Peloponnesian Fleet was at Corcyra already Eurymedon and Sophocles hasted to Corcyra but Demosthenes willed them to put in first at Pylus and when they had done what was requisite there then to proceed in their Voyage But whilest they denyed to doe it the Fleet was driuen into Pylus by a Tempest that then arose by chance And presently Demosthenes required them to fortifie the place alledging that hee came with them for no other purpose and shewing how there was
which was but short they brake many of them and tooke fiue whereof one with all her men in her and they fell in also with them that fled to the shoare and the Gallies which were but in manning out were torne and rent before they could put off from the Land Others they tyed to their owne Gallies and towed them away empty Which the Lacedaemonians perceiuing and extremely grieued with the losse because their fellowes were heereby intercepted in the Iland came in with their ayde from the Land and entring armed into the Sea tooke hold of the Gallies with their hands to haue pulled them backe againe euery one conceiuing the businesse to proceed the worse wherein himselfe was not present So there arose a great affray about the Gallies and such as was contrary to the manner of them both For the Lacedaemonians out of eagrenesse and out of feare did as one may say nothing else but make a Sea-fight from the Land and the Athenians who had the victory and desired to extend their present fortune to the vtmost made a Land-fight from their Gallies But at length hauing wearied and wounded each other they fell asunder and the Lacedaemonians recouered all their Gallies saue onely those which were taken at the first onset When they were on both sides retired to their Campes the Athenians erected a Trophie deliuered to the Enemie their dead and possessed the wrecke and immediately went round the Iland with their Gallies keeping watch vpon it as hauing intercepted the men within it The Peloponnesians in the meane time that were in the Continent and were by this time assembled there with their succours from all parts of Peloponnesus remained vpon the place at Pylus As soone as the newes of what had passed was related at Sparta they thought fit in respect the losse was great to send the Magistrates downe to the Campe to determine vpon view of the state of their present affaires there what they thought requisite to be done These when they saw there was no possibility to relieue their men and were not willing to put them to the danger either of suffering by Famine or of being forced by multitude concluded amongst themselues to take Truce with the Athenian Commanders as farre as concerned the particulars of Pylus if they also would bee content and to send Ambassadours to Athens about agreement and to endeuour to fetch off their men as soone as they could The Athenian Commanders accepting the proposition the Truce was made in this manner The Articles of the Truce THAT the Lacedaemonians should deliuer vp not onely those Gallies wherein they fought but also bring to Pylus and put into the Athenians hands whatsoeuer Vessels of the long forme of building were any where else in Laconia That they should not make any assault vpon the Fort neither by Sea nor Land That the Athenians should permit the Lacedaemonians that were in the Continent to send ouer to those in the Iland a portion of ground corne agreed on to wit to euery one two Attique Choenickes of Meale and two Cotyles of Wine and a piece of Flesh and to euery of their seruants halfe that quantitie That they should send this the Athenians looking on and not send ouer any Vessell by stealth That the Athenians should neuerthelesse continue garding of the Iland prouided that they landed not in it and should not invade the Peloponnesian Armie neither by Land nor Sea That if eyther side transgressed in any part thereof the truce was then immediately to bee voyd otherwise to hold good till the returne of the Lacedaemonian Ambassadours from Athens That the Athenians should convoy them in a Gallie vnto Athens and backe That at their returne the Truce should end and the Athenians should restore them their Gallies in as good estate as they had receiued them Thus was the Truce made and the Gallies were deliuered to the Athenians to the number of about threescore and the Ambassadours were sent away who arriuing at Athens said as followeth THE ORATION OF THE LACEDAEMONIAN Ambassadours MEN of Athens the Lacedaemonians haue sent vs hither conâ—erning our men in the Iland to see if wee can perswade you to such a course as being most profitable for you may in this misfortune be the most honourable for vs that our present condition is capable of We will not be longer in discourse then standeth with our custome being the fashion with vs where few words suffice there indeed not to vse many but yet to vse more when the occasion requireth that by words wee should make plaine that which is to bee done in actions of importance But the words we shall vse wee pray you to receiue not with the minde of an Enemie nor as if wee went about to instruct you as men ignorant but for a remembrance to you of what you know that you may deliberate wisely therein It is now in your power to assure your present good fortune with reputation holding what you haue with the addition of honour and glory besides and to auoyd that which befalleth men vpon extraordinary successe who through hope aspire to greater fortune because the fortune they haue already came vnhoped for Whereas they that haue felt many changes of both fortunes ought indeed to bee most suspicious of the good So ought your Citie and ours especially vpon experience in all reason to bee Know it by seeing this present misfortune falne on vs who being of greatest dignity of all the Grecians come to you to aske that which before wee thought chiefely in our owne hands to giue And yet wee are not brought to this through weakenesse nor through insolence vpon addition of strength but because it succeeded not with the power wee had as we thought it should which may as well happen to any other as to our selues So that you haue no reason to conceiue that for your power and purchases fortune also must be therefore alwaies yours Such wise men as safely reckon their prosperity in the account of things doubtfull doe most wisely also addresse themselues towards aduersity and not thinke that Warre will so farre follow and no further as one shall please more or lesse to take it in hand but rather so farre as fortune shall leade it Such men also seldome miscarrying because they bee not puft vp with the confidence of successe choose then principally to giue ouer when they are in their better fortune And so it will bee good for you men of Athens to doe with vs and not if reiecting our aduice you chance to miscarry as many wayes you may to haue it thought hereafter that all your present successes were but meere fortune Whereas on the contrary it is in your hands without danger to leaue a reputation to posterity both of strength and wisedome The Lacedaemonians call you to a Peace and end of the Warre giuing you peace and alliance and much other friendship and mutuall familiarity
say as they said whom hee before calumniated oâ— saying the contrary be proued a lyer hee aduised the Athenians seeing them enclined of themselues to send thither greater forces then they had before thought to doe that it was not fit to send to view the place nor to lose their opportunity by delay but if the report seemed vnto them to bee true they should make a voyage against those men and glanced at Nicias the sonne of Niceratus then Generall vpon malice and with language of reproach Saying it was easie if the Leaders were men to goe and take them there in the Iland And that himselfe if hee had the Command would doe it But Nicias seeing the Athenians to bee in a kinde of tumult against Cleon for that when hee thought it so easie a matter hee did not presently put it in practice seeing also he had vpbraided him willed him to take what strength hee would that they could giue him and vndertake it Cleon supposing at first that he gaue him this leaue but in words was ready to accept it but when he knew he would giue him the authority in good earnest then he shrunke backe and said that not he but Nicias was Generall being now indeed afraid and hoping that he durst not haue giuen ouer the office to him But then Nicias againe bade him doe it and gaue ouer his command to him for so much as concerned Pylus and called the Athenians to witnesse it They as is the fashion of the multitude the more Cleon declined the Voyage and went backe from his word pressed Nicias so much the more to resigne his power to him and cryed out vpon Cleon to goe Insomuch as not knowing how to disengage himselfe of his word hee vndertooke the Voyage and stood forth saying that he feared not the Lacedaemonians and that hee would not carry any man with him out of the Citie but onely the Lemnians and Imbrians that then were present and those Targettieres that were come to them from Aenus and 400. Archers out of other places and with these he said added to the Souldiers that were at Pylus already he would within twenty dayes either fetch away the Lacedaemonians aliue or kill them vpon the place This vaine speech moued amongst the Athenians some laughter and was heard with great content of the wiser sort For of two benefits the one must needs fall out either to be rid of Cleon which was their greatest hope or if they were deceiued in that then to get those Lacedaemonians into their hands Now when he had dispatched with the Assembly and the Athenians had by their voices decreed him the Voyage he ioyned vnto himselfe Demosthenes one of the Commanders at Pylus and presently put to Sea Hee made choice of Demosthenes for his Companion because he heard that hee also of himselfe had a purpose to set his Souldiers a land in the I le For the Armie hauing suffered much by the straightnesse of the place and being rather the besieged then the besieger had a great desire to put the matter to the hazard of a Battell confirmed therein the more for that the Iland had been burnt For hauing beene for the most part wood and by reason it had lyen euer desart without path they were before the more afraid and thought it the aduantage of the Enemie for assaulting them out of sight they might annoy a very great Armie that should offer to come aland For their errours being in the Wood and their preparation could not so well haue beene discerned whereas all the faults of their owne Armie should haue beene in sight So that the Enemy might haue set vpon them suddenly in what part soeuer they had pleased because the onset had beene in their owne election Againe if they should by force come vp to fight with the Lacedaemonians at hand in the thicke Woods the fewer and skilfull of the wayes hee thought would bee too hard for the many and vnskilfull Besides their owne Armie beeing great it might receiue an ouerthrow before they could know of it because they could not see where it was needfull to relieue one another These things came into his head especially from the losse hee receiued in Aetolia Which in part also happened by occasion of the Woods But the Souldiers for want of roome hauing beene forced to put in at the outside of the Iland to dresse their dinners with a watch before them and one of them hauing set fire on the Wood it burnt on by little and little and the Wind afterwards rising the most of it was burnt before they were aware By this accident Demosthenes the better discerning that the Lacedaemonians were more then hee had inagined hauing before by victuall sent vnto them thought them not so many did now prepare himselfe for the Enterprize as a matter deseruing the Athenians vtmost care and as hauing better commodity of landing in the Iland then before he had and both sent for the forces of such Confederates as were neere and put in readinesse euery other needfull thing And Cleon who had sent a Messenger before to signifie his comming came himselfe also with those forces which he had required vnto Pylus When they were both together first they sent a Herald to the Campe in the Continent to know if they would command those in the Iland to deliuer vp themselues and their Armes without battell to be held with easie imprisonment till some agreement were made touching the maine Warre Which when they refused the Athenians for one day held their hands but the next day hauing put aboord vpon a few Gallies all their men of Armes they put off in the night and landed a little before day on both sides of the Iland both from the Mayne and from the Hauen to the number of about 800 men of Armes and marched vpon high speed towards the formost watch of the Iland For thus the Lacedaemonians lay quartered In this formost watch were about thirty men of Armes The middest and euenest part of the Iland and about the water was kept by Epitadas their Captaine with the greatest part of the whole number And another part of them which were not many kept the last guard towards Pylus which place to the Sea-ward was on a Cliffe and least assaileable by Land For there was also a certaine Fort which was old and made of chosen not of hewne stones which they thought would stand them in stead in case of violent retreat Thus they were quartered Now the Athenians presently killed those of the formost guard which they so ran to in their Cabins and as they were taking Armes For they knew not of their landing but thought those Gallies had come thither to Anchor in the night according to custome as they had been wont to doe Assoone as it was morning the rest of the Army also landed out of somewhat more then 70 Gallies euery
in to the ayde of their owne left wing put the right wing of the Athenians to flight and chased them to the Sea-side But then from their Gallies they turned head againe both the Athenians and the Carystians The other part of their Armie continued fighting on both sides especially the right wing of the Corinthians where Lycophron fought against the left wing of the Athenians for they expected that the Athenians would attempt to goe to Solygia so they held each other to it a long time neither side giuing ground But in the end for that the Athenians had Horse men which did them great seruice seeing the other had none the Corinthians were put to flight and retired to the Hill where they laid downe their Armes and descended no more but there rested In this Retreat the greatest part of their right wing was slaine and amongst others Lycophron one of the Generals But the rest of the Army being in this manner neither much vrged nor retiring in much haste when they could do no other made their Retreat vp the Hill there sate downe The Athenians seeing them come no more downe to Battel rifled the dead bodies of the Enemy and tooke vp their owne and presently erected a Trophie on the place That halfe of the Corinthians that lay at Cenchrea to watch the Athenians that they went not against Crommyon saw not this Battell for the Hill Oneius but when they saw the dust and so knew what was in hand they went presently to their ayde so did also the old men of Corinth from the Citie when they vnderstood how the matter had succeeded The Athenians when all these were comming vpon them together imagining them to haue been the succours of the neighbouring Cities of Peloponnesus retired speedily to their Gallies carrying with them the booty and the bodies of their dead all saue two which not finding they left Being aboard they crossed ouer to the Ilands on the other side and from thence sent a Herald and fetched away those two dead bodies which they left behinde There were slaine in this battell Corinthians two hundred and twelue and Athenians somewhat vnder fifty The Athenians putting off from the Ilands sayled the same day to Crommyon in the Territory of Corinth distant from the City a hundred and twenty Furlongs where anchoring they wasted the Fields and stayed all that night The next day they sailed along the shore first to to the Territory of Epidaurus whereinto they made some little incursion from their Gallies and then went to Methone betweene Epidaurus and Troezen and there tooke in the Isthmus of Chersonnesus with a Wall and placed a Garrison in it which afterwards exercised robberies in the Territories of Troezen Halias and Epidaurus and when they had fortified this place they returned home with their Fleet. About the same time that these things were in doing Eurymedon and Sophocles after their departure from Pylus with the Athenian Fleet towards Sicily arriuing at Corcyra ioyned with those of the Citie and made Warre vpon those Corcyraeans which lay encamped vpon the Hill Istone and which after the sedition had come ouer and both made themselues masters of the Field and much annoyed the Citie and hauing assaulted their fortification tooke it But the men all in one troupe escaped to a certaine high ground and thence made their composition which was this That they should deliuer vp the Strangers that ayded them and that they themselues hauing rendred their Armes should stand to the iudgement of the People of Athens Heereupon the Generals granted them truce and transported them to the Iland of Ptychia to bee there in custodie till the Athenians should send for them with this condition That if any one of them should be taken running away then the truce to bee broken for them all But the Patrons of the Commons of Corcyra fearing lest the Athenians would not kill them when they came thither deuise against them this plot To some few of those in the Iland they secretly send their friends and instruct them to say as if forsooth it were for good will that it was their best course with all speed to get away and withall to offer to prouide them of a Boat for that the Athenian Commanders intended verily to deliuer them to the Corcyraean people When they were perswaded to doe so and that a Boat was treacherously prepared as they rowed away they were taken and the Truce being now broken were all giuen vp into the hands of the Corcyraeans It did much further this Plot that to make the pretext seeme more serious and the agents in it lesse fearefull the Athenian Generals gaue out that they were nothing pleased that the men should be carried home by others whilest they themselues were to goe into Sicily and the honour of it be ascribed to those that should conuoy them The Corcyraeans hauing receiued them into their hands imprisoned them in a certaine Edifice from whence afterwards they tooke them out by twenty at a time and made them passe through a Lane of men of Armes bound together and receiuing stroakes and thrusts from those on eyther side according as any one espyed his Enemie And to hasten the pace of those that went slowliest on others were set to follow them with Whips They had taken out of the Roome in this manner and slaine to the number of threescore before they that remained knew it who thought they were but remoued and carried to some other place But when they knew the truth some or other hauing told them they then cryed out to the Athenians and said that if they would themselues kill them they should doe it and refused any more to go out of the Roome nor would suffer they said as long as they were able any man to come in But neither had the Corcyraeans any purpose to force entrance by the doore but getting vp to the top of the House vncouered the roofe and threw Tyles and shot Arrowes at them They in prison defended themselues as well as they could but many also slew themselues with the Arrowes shot by the Enemie by thrusting them into their throats and strangled themselues with the cords of certaine beds that were in the Roome and with ropes made of their owne garments rent in pieces And hauing continued most part of the night for night ouertooke them in the action partly strangling themselues by all such meanes as they found and partly shot at from aboue they all perished When day came the Corcyraeans laid them one acrosse another in Carts and carried them out of the City And of their Wiues as many as were taken in the Fortification they made bond-women In this manner were the Corcyraeans that kept the Hill brought to destruction by the Commons And thus ended this farre-spred sedition for so much as concerned this present Warre for of other seditions there remained nothing
friends Enemies to neither side and you to depart out of our Land after agreement such as we shall both thinke fit Thus the Melians answered to which the Athenians the conference being already broken off replyed thus Ath. You are the onely men as it seemeth to vs by this consultation that thinke future things more certaine then things seene and behold things doubtfull through desire to haue them true as if they were already come to passe As you attribute and trust the most vnto the Lacedaemonians and to Fortune and Hopes So will you be the most deceiued This said the Athenian Ambassadors departed to their Campe and the Commanders seeing that the Melians stood out fell presently to the War and diuiding the worke among the seuerall Cities encompassed the City of the Melians with a wall The Athenians afterwards left some forces of their owne and of their Confederates for a guard both by Sea and Land and with the greatest part of their Army went home The rest that were left besieged the place About the same time the Argiues making a Road into Phliasia lost about 80 of their men by ambush laid for them by the men of Phlius and the outlawes of their owne City And the Athenians that lay in Pylus fetched in thither a great booty from the Lacedaemonians notwithstanding which the Lacedaemonians did not warre vpon them as renouncing the Peace but gaue leaue by Edict onely to any of their people that would to take booties reciprocally in the Territory of the Athenians The Corinthians also made Warre vpon the Athenians but it was for certaine controuersies of their owne and the rest of Peloponnesus stirred not The Melians also tooke that part of the wall of the Athenians by an assault in the night which looked towards the Market place and hauing slaine the men that guarded it brought into the Towne both Corne and other prouision whatsoeuer they could buy for money and so returned and lay still And the Athenians from thenceforth kept a better watch And so this Summer ended The Winter following the Lacedaemonians being about to enter with their Army into the Territory of the Argiues when they perceiued that the sacrifices which they made on the border for their passage were not acceptable returned And the Argiues hauing some of their owne Citie in suspition in regard of this designe of the Lacedaemonians apprehended some of them and some escaped About the same time the Melians tooke another part of the wall of the Athenians they that kept the siege being then not many But this done there came afterwards fresh forces from Athens vnder the Conduct of Philocrates the sonne of Demeas And the Towne being now strongly besieged there being also within some that practised to haue it giuen vp they yeelded themselues to the discretion of the Athenians who slew all the men of Military age made slaues of the women and children and inhabited the place with a Colony sent thither afterwards of fiue hundred men of their owne ANTIENT SICELE ACCORDING TO THE Description of Philip Châ—erius THE SIXTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORY OF THVCYDIDES The principall Contents Sicily described The causes and pretences of the Sicilian Warre with the consultation and preparation for the same Alcibiades one of the Generals of the Army accused of defacing the Images of Mercury is suffered for that present to depart with the Armie The Athenian Army commeth to Rhegium thence to Catana From thence Alcibiades is sent for home to make answer to his accusations and by the way escaping goeth to Lacedaemon Nicias encampeth neere Syracuse and hauing ouercome the Armie of the Syracusians in Battell returneth to Catana The Syracusians procure aydes amongst the rest of the Sicilians Alcibiades instigateth and instructeth the Lacedaemonians against his Countrey Nicias returneth from Catana to Syracuse and encamping in Epipolae besiegeth the Citie and beginneth to encloze them with a double Wall which was almost brought to perfection in the beginning of the eighteenth yeere of this Warre THe same Winter the Athenians with greater Forces then they had before sent out with Laches and Eurymedon resolued to goe againe into Sicily and if they could wholly to subdue it Beeing for the most part ignorant both of the greatnesse of the Iland and of the multitude of people as well Greekes as Barbarians that inhabited the same and that they vndertooke a Warre not much lesse then the Warre against the Peloponnesians For the compasse of Sicily is little lesse then eight dayes sayle for a Ship and though so great is yet diuided with no more then twenty Furlongs Sea measure from the Continent It was inhabited in Old time thus and these were the Nations that held it The most ancient Inhabitants in a part thereof are said to haue been the Cyclopes and Laestrigones of whose Stocke and whence they came or to what place they remoued I haue nothing to say Let that suffice which the Poets haue spoken and which euery particular man hath learned of them After them the first that appeare to haue dwelt therein are the Sicanians as they say themselues nay before the other as being the naturall breed of the Iland But the truth is they were Iberians and driuen away by the Ligyans from the bankes of Sicanus a Riuer on which they were seated in Iberia And the Iland from them came to be called Sicania which was before Trinacria And these two inhabit yet in the Westerne parts of Sicily After the taking of Ilium certaine Troians escaping the hands of the Grecians landed with small Boats in Sicily and hauing planted themselues on the borders of the Sicanians both the Nations in one were called Elymi and their Cities were Eryx and Egesta Hard by these came and dwelled also certaine Phoceans who comming from Troy were by tempest carried first into Africke and thence into Sicily But the Siculi passed out of Italy for there they inhabited flying from the Opici hauing as is most likely and as it is reported obserued the Straight and with a fore-wind gotten ouer in Boats which they made suddenly on the occasion or perhaps by some other meanes There is at this day a people in Italy called Siculi And Italy it selfe got that name after the same manner from a King of Arcadia called Italus Of these a great Army crossing ouer into Sicily ouerthrew the Sicanians in battell and draue them into the South and West parts of the same and in stead of Sicania caused the Iland to be called Sicilia and held and inhabited the best of the Land for neere 300 yeeres after their going ouer and before any of the Grecians came thither And till now they possesse the midland and North parts of the Iland Also the Phoenicians inhabited the Coast of Sicily on all sides hauing taken possession of certaine Promontories and little Ilands adiacent for Trades sake with the Sicilians
the same time Lamentations Shouts That they won That they lost and whatsoeuer else a great Army in great danger is forced differently to vtter They also that were aboord suffered the same till at last the Syracusians and their Confederates after long resistance of the other side put them to flight manifestly pressing chased them with great clamor encouragement of their owne to the Shoare And the Sea-forces making to the Shore some one way and some another except only such as were lost by being far from it escaped into the Harbour And the Army that was vpon the Land no longer now of different passions with one and the same vehemence all with shrikes and sighes vnable to sustaine what befell ran part to saue the Gallies part to the defence of the Campe and the residue who were far the greatest number fell presently to consider euery one of the best way to saue himselfe And this was the time wherein of all other they stood in greatest feare and they suffered now the like to what they had made others to suffer before at Pylus For the Lacedaemonians then besides the losse of their Fleet lost the men which they had set ouer into the Iland and the Athenians now without some accident not to be expected were out of all hope to saue them selues by Land After this cruell battell and many Gallies and men on either side consumed the Syracusians and their Confederates hauing the victory tooke vp the wrecke and bodies of their dead and returning into the City erected a Trophy But the Athenians in respect of the greatnesse of their present losse neuer thought vpon asking leaue to take vp their dead or wreck but fell immediately to consultation how to bee gone the same night And Demosthenes comming vnto Nicias deliuered his opinion for going once againe aboard and forcing the passage if it were possible betimes the next morning saying that their Gallies which were yet remaining and seruiceable were more then those of the Enemy for the Athenians had yet left them about 60 and the Syracusians vnder 50. But when Nicias approued the aduice and would haue manned out the Gallies the Mariners refused to goe aboord as being not onely deiected with their defeat but also without opinion of euer hauing the vpper hand any more Whereupon they now resolued all to make their retreat by Land But Hermocrates of Syracuse suspecting their purpose and apprehending it as a matter dangerous that so great an Army going away by Land and sitting downe in some part or other of Sicily should there renue the War repayred vnto the Magistrates and admonished them that it was not fit through negligence to suffer the Enemy in the night time to goe their wayes alledging what he thought best to the purpose but that all the Syracusians and their Confederates should goe out and fortifie in their way and prepossesse all the narrow passages with a guard Now they were all of them of the same opinion no lesse then himselfe and thought it fit to be done but they conceaued withall that the Souldier now ioyfull and taking his ease after a sore battell being also holiday for it was their day of sacrifice to Hercules would not easily be brought to obey For through excesse of ioy for the victory they would most of them being holiday be drinking and looke for any thing rather then to be perswaded at this time to take Armes againe and goe out But seeing the Magistrates vpon this consideration thought it hard to be done Hermocrates not preuailing of his own head contriued this Fearing lest the Athenians should passe the worst of their way in the night and so at ease out-goe them as soone as it grew darke he sent certaine of his friends and with them certaine Horsemen to the Athenian Campe who approaching so neere as to be heard speake called to some of them to come forth as if they had beene friends of the Athenians for Nicias had some within that vsed to giue him intelligence and bade them to aduise Nicias not to dislodge that night for that the Syracusians had beset the waies but that the next day hauing had the leasure to furnish their Armie they might march away Vpon this aduertisement they abode that night supposing it had beene without fraud And afterwards because they went not presently they thought good to stay there that day also to the end that the Souldiers might packe vp their necessaries as commodiously as they could and be gone leauing all things else behind them saue what was necessary for their bodies But Gylippus and the Syracusians with their land-forces went out before them and not only stopped vp the waies in the Countrey about by which the Athenians were likely to passe and kept a guard at the foords of brookes and riuers but also stood embattelled to receiue and stop their Army in such places as they thought conuenient And with their Gallies they rowed to the Harbour of the Athenians and towed their Gallies away from the shore some few whereof they burnt as the Athenians themselues meant to haue done but the rest at their leasure as any of them chanced in any place to driue ashore they afterwards haled into the City After this when euery thing seemed vnto Nicias and Demosthenes sufficiently prepared they dislodged being now the third day from their fight by Sea It was a lamentable departure not onely for the particulars as that they marched away with the losse of their whole Fleet that in stead of their great hopes they had endangered both themselues and the State but also for the dolorous obiects which were presented both to the eye and minde of euery of them in particular in the leauing of their Campe. For their dead lying vnburyed when any one saw his friend on the ground it strooke him at once both with feare and griefe But the liuing that were sicke or wounded both grieued them more then the dead and were more miserable For with intreaties and lamentations they put them to a stand pleading to bee taken along by whomsoeuer they saw of their fellowes or familiars and hanging on the neckes of their Camerades and following as farre as they were able And when the strength of their bodies failed that they could goe no further with Ay-mees and imprecations were there left Insomuch as the whole Armie filled with teares and irresolute could hardly get away though the place were hostile and they had suffered already and feared to suffer in the future more then with teares could bee expressed but hung downe their heads and generally blamed themselues For they seemed nothing else but euen the people of some great City expugned by siege and making their escape For the whole number that marched were no lesse one with another then 40000. men Of which not onely the ordinary sort carried euery one what he thought he should haue occasion to vse but also the men of Armes
and Amorges was onely this hee thought him a man vnfit for the businesse now in hand with Alcibiades Pisander after he had gone about to all those Combinations which were in the Citie before for obtaining of places of Iudicature and of Command exhorting them to stand together and aduise about deposing the Democracie and when he had dispatched the rest of his businesse so as there should be no more cause for him to stay there tooke Sea with those other tenne to goe to Tissaphernes Leon and Diomedon arriuing the same Winter at the Athenian Fleet made a Voyage against Rhodes and finding there the Peloponnesian Gallies drawne vp to Land disbarked and ouercame in battell such of the Rhodians as made head and then put to Sea againe and went to Chalce After this they made sharper Warre vpon them from Cos. For from thence they could better obserue the Peloponnesian Nauy when it should put off from the Land In this while there arriued at Rhodes Xenophontidas a Laconian sent out of Chius from Paedaritus to aduertise them that the Fortification of the Athenians there was now finished and that vnlesse they came and relieued them with their whole Fleeet the State of Chius must vtterly be lost And it was resolued to relieue them But Paedaritus in the meane time with the whole power both of his owne auxiliar Forces and of the Chians made an assault vpon the Fortification which the Athenians had made about their Nauy part whereof he wonne and had gotten some Gallies that were drawne aland But the Athenians issuing out vpon them first put to flight the Chians and then ouercame also the rest of the Army about Paedaritus and slew Paedaritus himselfe and tooke many of the Chians prisoners and much Armour After this the Chians were besieged both by Sea and Land more narrowly and great famine was in the City Pisander and the other Athenian Ambassadours that went with him when they came to Tissaphernes began to conferre about the agreement But Alcibiades for he was not sure of Tissaphernes because he stood in feare too much of the Peloponnesians and had a purpose besides as Alcibiades himselfe had taught him to weaken both sides yet more betooke himselfe to this shift that Tissaphernes should breake off the Treaty by making to the Athenians exorbitant demands And it seemed that Tissaphernes and hee aymed at the same thing Tissaphernes for feare and Alcibiades for that when he saw Tissaphernes not desirous to agree though the offers were neuer so great he was vnwilling to haue the Athenians thinke hee could not preswade him to it but rather that he was already perswaded and willing and that the Athenians came not to him with sufficient offers For Alcibiades being the man that spake for Tissaphernes though he were also present made vnto them such excessiue demands that though the Athenians should haue yeelded to the greatest part of them yet it must haue beene attributed to them that the Treaty went not on For they demanded first That all Ionia should be rendred Then againe The adiacent Ilands and other things which the Athenians stood not against In fine at the third meeting when he feared now plainely to be found vnable to make good his word he required That they should suffer the King to build a Nauy and sayle vp and downe by their Coast wheresoeuer and with what number soeuer of Gallies hee himselfe should thinke good Vpon this the Athenians would treate no longer esteeming the Conditions intolerable and that Alcibiades had abused them and so went away in a chafe to Samos Presently after this the same Winter Tissaphernes went to Caunus with intent both to bring the Peloponnesians backe to Miletus and also as soone as he should haue agreed vnto new Articles such as he could get to giue the Fleet their pay and not to fall directly out with them for feare lest so many Gallies wanting maintenance should either bee forced by the Athenians to fight and so bee ouercome or empied of men the businesse might succeed with the Athenians according to their owne desire without him Besides he was afraid lest looking out for maintenance they should make spoile in the Continent In consideration and foresight of all which things he desired to counterpoise the Grecians And sending for the Peloponnesians hee gaue them their pay and now made the third League as followeth In the thirteenth yeere of the raigne of Darius Alexippidas being Ephore in Lacedaemon Agreement was made in the Plaine of Maeander betweene the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates on one part and Tissaphernes and Hieramenes and the sonnes of Pharnaces on the other part concerning the affaires of the King and of the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates That whatsoeuer Countrey in Asia belongeth to the King shall be the Kings still And that concerning his owne Countries it shall bee lawfull for the King to doe whatsoeuer hee shall thinke meete That the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates shall not inuade any the Territories of the King to harme them nor the King the Territories of the Lacedaemonians or their Confederates If any of the Lacedaemonians or their Confederates shall inuade the Kings Countrey to doe it hurt the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates shall oppose it And if any of the Kings Countrey shall inuade the Lacedaemonians or their Confederates to doe them hurt the King shall oppose it That Tissaphernes shall according to the rates agreed on maintaine the present Fleet till the Kings Fleet arriue That when the Kings Nauy shall be come the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates shall maintaine their owne Nauie themselues if they please or if they will haue Tissaphernes to maintaine it he shall doe it And that the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates at the end of the Warre repay Tissaphernes what soeuer money they shall haue receiued of him When the Kings Gallies shall be arriued both they and the Gallies of the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates shall make the Warre ioyntly according as to Tissaphernes and the Lacedaemonians and their Confederates shall seeme good And if they will giue ouer the Warre against the Athenians they shall giue it ouer in the same manner Such were the Articles After this Tissaphernes prepared for the fetching in of the Phoenician Fleet according to the Agreement and to doe whatsoeuer else hee had vndertaken desiring to haue it seene at least that he went about it In the end of this Winter the Boeotians tooke Oropus by Treason It had in it a Garrison of Athenians They that plotted it were certaine Eretrians and some of Oropus it selfe who were then contriuing the reuolt of Euboea For the place being built to keepe Eretria in subiection it was impossible as long as the Athenians held it but that it would much annoy both Eretria and the rest of Euboea Hauing Oropus in their hands already they came to Rhodes to call the Peloponnesians into Euboea But the Peloponnesians had a
surprize of Piraeus * It may be hence gathered that in the Gallies of old there was but one man to one Oare * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a piece of Leather wherein their Oare turned The Peloponnesians dare not execute their designe but turne to Salamis * Fires lifted vp if they were stiâ—l signified friends comming if waued enemies Scholiastes The King of Thrace maketh Warre on the King of Macedon The description of Thrace * A ship that vseth onely Sailes of the round forme of building and seruing for burthen in distinction to Gallies and all other vessels of the long forme of building seruing for the Warres * 75000. pound sterling * The Adriatique Sea Mar Maggiore The great power of the Scythians The beginning of the Kingdome of Macedonia The Macedonian Kings descended of the Temenidae a Family in Argos of the Peloponnesians The Macedonians retire into their walled towns Archelaus the sonne of Perdiccas the ninth King of Macedon of the Family of the Temenidae Sitalces and Perdiccas come to a conference about the motiues of the Warre The Grecians at the comming of this Army stand vpon their Guard fearing they were called in by the Athenians to subdue them Seuthes corrupted by Perdiccas perswadeth Sitalces to returne Phormio putteth suspected persons out of Stratus and Corontae The course of the Riuer Achelous The Fable of Alcmaeon Acarnania whence so called The end of the third yeere of the Warre THE FOVRTH YEERE The Peloponnesians inuade Attica The Reuolt of Lesbos The intention of the Lesbians to reuolt discouered to the Athenians The Athenians send 40. Gallies to Lesbos The Athenians imprison such of Mitylene as were at Athens and stay their Gallies The Athenians giue the Mitylenians time to purge themselues at Athens The Mitylenians sent to Lacedaemon for ayde * This Malea seemeth not to be the Promontory of Malea ofâ—itylene â—itylene but some other neerer place on the North side of the Citie The Mitylean Ambassadors speed not at Athens They sally out vpon the Athenians but without successe They lye still expecting helpe from Peloponnesus The Athenians send for the aydes of their Confederates The Athenians send Asopius the sonne of Phormio with 20. Gallies about Peloponnesus * Lepanto Asopius slaine The Mitylenian Ambassadours sent to Lacedaemon are appointed to attend the generall Assembly of the Grecians at Olympia * Olympiade 88. The Mitylenians takeÌ„ into the Lacedaemonian league The Lacedaemonians prepare for the inuasion of Attica both by Sea and Land The Athenians to make shew of their power and to deterre the enemy from their enterprize send 100 Gallies not so much to waste Peloponnesus as to confute the opinion which the Lesbian Ambassadors had put into the Lacedaemonians of their weakenesse * A degree estimated by their wealth as if one should say men that had 500 Chaldrons reueâ—ue as they reckon in Scotland * Horsemen such as kept a Horse to serue the State and were valued at 300 Chaldrons The greatnesse of the Athenian Nauy occasion of their great expence of money * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A man Armes had double pay for himselfe and for a seruant The Mitylenians goe with a power to Methymne hoping to haue it betrayed The Athenians send Pachesâ—â—th â—â—th 1000 men of Armes to Mitylene The end of the fourth Summer * 37500 pound sterling The description of the fortification of the Peloponnesians about Plataea The description of the Plataeans going ouer the Enemies Walles * There is no mention of these 300. where the Author relateth the laying of the siege But it must be vnderstood â—alaethus a Lacedaemonian entreth secretly into Mitylene and confirmeth them with hope of speedy aide THE FIFTH YEERE * It should be 40. Attica the fourth time inuaded Pausanias King of Lacedaemon Salaethus armes the Commons for a Sally They mutiny and giue vp the Towne Some of the Mitylenians fearing the worst take Sanctuary Whom Paches perswadeth to rise And sendeth them to bee in custody at Tenedos The voyage of Alcidas with 40 Gallies into Ionia Alcidas with his Fleet at Embatus is assured of the losse of Mitylene The aduise of Teutiaplus in the Councell of Warre The aduice of certaine Outlawes of Ionia and Lesbos The cowardly resolution of Alcidas He killeth his prisoners The Samians sharpely reprehend him Alcidas maketh hast from Ephesus homeward * The names of two Gallâ—es of Athens Paches pursueth the Peloponnesians and is glad he ouer taketh them not * Jn distinction to Latmus the Mountaine But I can finde no mention of thâ—â— Latmus the Iland in any of the Geographers Paches restoreth Notium to the Colophonians driuen out by sedition * The City of Colophon 2. miles higher into the Land Paches parlieth with Hippias His equiuocation with Hippias whom he put to death contrary to promise Paches taketh Pyrrha and Eressus He apprehendteh Salaethus in Mitylene The Athenians slay Salaethâ—◠〈…〉 to 〈…〉 the siege of 〈◊〉 The cruell decree of the Athenians in their passion against the Mityleans The Athenians repent of their decree and consult anew Cleon most popular and most violent The nature of the multitude in counsell liuely set forth Aggrauation of the Reuolt of the Mitylenians * Meaning that the Orators are bribed and hired to giue counsell to the Common-wealth according to the desire of other States The Sentenâ—◠〈…〉 A Gallie sent 〈…〉 the former with a Sentence of mercy The speed oâ— this latter Galâ—â—e to ouertake thâ— former that carried the Decree of death The Commons of 〈◊〉 very neere 〈◊〉 Aboue a thousand principall authors of the Reuolt executed * 6 pound 5 shillings sterling Nicias taketh Minoâ— an â—â—land adâ—â—cen to 〈◊〉 The Plataeans yeeld the City The Lacedaemonians refuse to take Plataea by force but wâ—ll haue it by voluntary surrender Vniust proceeding of the Lacedaemonians * It doth not appeare by any thing in the time of this 〈◊〉 that the Lacedaemonians deserued any reputation for Iustâ—ce but contâ—â—â—â—ly they appearâ— by this 〈…〉 other actios not to 〈◊〉 â—â—teemed of iustice at â—ll 〈…〉 their owne interest or passion The Lacedaemonians proceed with their question The Plataeans are put to death 25 Athenians slaine with them Plataea pulled downe The Lacedaemonians in their sentence vpon the Plataeans haue more respect to their owne profit then to the merit of the cause The 40 Gallies with Alcidas come weather-beaten home The sedition of Corcyra occasioned by the Captiues that came from Corinth Who perswade the renouncing of their league with Athens Pithias one of the Athenian faction accused and absolued accuseth some of the other faction * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Stakes either for Vine props which are particulary called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or for other profane vse * Of our mony about 15 shillings 7 pence halfe-penny Pithias and others slaine in the Senate The Lacedaemonian faction assayle the Commons * Arrowes Darts Stones and the like missile weapons The Commons ouercome the
Oâ—garâ—hicalls Alcidas and the Peloponnesiaâ—s arriue and fight at Sea against the Corcyraeans Alcidas a coward Threescore saile of Athenians come to ayde the Corcyraeaâ— Commons The Peloponnesians depart with their Fleet * that came with Nicostratus The people vpon the comming in of the Athenians most cruelly put to death whomsoeuer they can of the contrary Faction Description of the behauiour of the people in this sedition * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 changes of the 〈◊〉 of things The manners of the seditions * The vniting of Companies vnder certaine Lawes for the more profitable mannaging of their Trades and arts seemeth to haue beene in vse then as now * By oath * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 properly that spight which reigneth in two aduersaries whilest they contend or eagernesse in striuing In seditions and confusion they that distrust their wits suddenly vse their hands and defeate the Stratagems of the more subtile sort The Athenian Fleet goes away 500. of the Nobility that escaped seaze on such places as belonged to the Corcyraeans in the Continent They come ouer fortify themselues in Istone The Athenians send 20. Gallies into Sicily in pretence to ayde the Leontines but with intention to hinder the comming of corne from thence into Peloponnesus and to spy out the possibility of subduing that Iland The end of the fifth Summer The Plague againe at Athens The Athenians inuade the Lipareans and Ilands called the Iles of Aeolus * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 There are in Thucidides mentioned 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈…〉 later is the 〈◊〉 of â—he â—nhabitanâ—s of Sicily 〈◊〉 generall the formâ—r â—re oneâ—y thosâ— that 〈…〉 that name antiently 〈◊〉 Italy and comming ouer into Sicily gaue that name to the Iland â—HE SIXTH YEERE Earthquakes about Euboea and inundations * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The naturall cause of Inundation giuen by the Author * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Athenians win Mylae And Messana The Athenians send Demosthenes with 30. Gallies about Peloponnesus And Nicias with 60. Gallies into the Iland of Melos * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Melians menâ—ioned a little after this are not Ilanders nor terme◠〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Army of Nicias and another Armie from the Citie of Athens meete vpon a signe giuen at Tanagra in Boeotia They ouercome the Tanagrians in battell The Lacedaemonians build the City Heraclea * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A people of Thessaly neere the Melian Gulfe The commodious seate 〈◊〉 this new City for the Warre The Thessalians infest the new Citie with continuall Warre for feare they should be too great The seuerity of the Lacedaemonians gouernment dispeopled the Citie of Heraclea and frighted men from it The Lacedaemonians alwayes seuere not alwaies iust Demosthenes warreth on Leucas Demosthenes inuadeth Aetolia at the perswasion of the Messenians The ambition of Demosthenes the chiefe cause of his vnfortunate Enterprize in Aetolia * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The whole consecrated ground wherein the Temple stood not the Church only Hesiod the Poet said to haue dyed in this Temple of Jupiter Nemeius Potidania Crocylium Tichium Ophionei The Aetolians vnite against the inuasion of Demosthenes Bomians Callians Aegitium The Aetolians giue Demosthenes a great ouerthrow Demosthenes afraid to come home The Athenian Fleet in Siâ—â—â—y sayle to Locris and take Peripolium The Aetolians and Peloponnesians make a iourney against Naupactus * These are afterwards called Macarius Menedatus Demosthenes relieueth Naupactus The end of the sixt Summer The Athenians in Sicily assault Nessa * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * Nessa rather Inessa The Inhabytants he calleth Inessaei lib. 6. Delos hallowed An Edict that none should be suffered to be borne or dye in Delos Rhenea an Iland 〈…〉 and dedicated to 〈◊〉 of Delos The Athenâ—ans 〈◊〉 the quinqueniall 〈◊〉 at Delos Hom. Hym. ad Apoll. 〈◊〉 146 Hom Hymn ad Apoll. ver â—65 The Ambraciotes and Peloponnesians make Warre against the Acarnanians and Amphilochians vnfortunately They take Olpae The Acarnanians make Demosthenes their Generall The Ambraciotes at Olpae send to the Ambraciotes at home to come to their ayde Demosthenes chosen Generall The Battell betweene the Ambraciotes and Acarnanianâ— The Ambraciotes and Peloponnesians fly * called before Menedatus and Massarius * called before Menedatus and Massarius Demosthenes suffereth the principall Peloponnesiaâ—s to retire from Olpae secretly to disgard the Ambraciotes of their ayd and procure the Peloponnesians the hatred of the Nations thereabouts Denosthenes sendeth part of his Armie to lye in Ambush by the wayes by which the Ambraciote supplies were to come from the Citie The Mantineans retire from Olpae The Ambraciotes goe after them and are slaine to the number of 200. The rest escape to Salynthius King of the Agraeans Demosthenes goeth out to meet the supply of Ambraciotes that came from the Citie The Ambraciotes surprized in their lodgings The Ambraciotes put to flight The conference of the Herald from the Ambraciotes in Agraeis with one of Demosthenes his Army about the number of the slaine The Acarnanians will not let the Athenians subdue the Ambraciotes vtterly because they thought the Ambraciotes better neighbours then the Athenians League for 100 yeeres betweene the Ambraciotes and Acarnanians The Athenian Fleet in Sycily inuade Himeraea * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Pythodorus sent to take the Fleet from Laches * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a streame of fire and was a kind of melted stone gushing out of the sides of the Mountaine The fire breaketh out of and Aetna burneth the Fields of Catana THE SEVENTH YEERE Messina Messana reuolteth from the Athenians Rheggiâ— The 〈◊〉 inuasion of 〈◊〉 The Athenians send forty Gallies into Sicily Whome to put in by the way at Corcyra being full 〈◊〉 sedition the Outlawes holding the Field and the Commons the Câ—tie Demosthenes vrgeth to put 〈◊〉 at Pylus The commodity of Pylâ—â— The Athenians build the Fort of Pylus The Lacedaemonians at home regard the taking of Pylus but lightly The Lacedemonians army and 〈◊〉 take it more to heart The Athenians take Eion in Thrace and 〈◊〉 it againe The Lacedaemonians by Sea and Land seeke to recouer Pylus Zâ—nte Demosthenes sends to call backe the fleete to helpe him The Lacedaemonians prepare themselues to assault the Fort. The scituation of the I le Sphacteria The Lacedaemonians put ouer 420 men of Armes besides their seruants into the I le Sphacteria ouer against Pylus Demosthenes prepareth himselfe to keepe the Lacedaemoniaâ—â— from landing on the shoare * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Athenians take heart The Lacedaemonians assault the Fort by Land and seeke to force landing from their Gallies The valour of Brasidas * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ladders or Plankes to disbarke by Brasidas swouneth by reason of his wounds * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Forâ— the place on the outside of the Gally for Soâ—ldiers to stand and fight on betweene the Rowers and the
water The Lacedaemonians after three dayes assault without effect giue ouer that course The Athenian Fleet returne from Zacynthus to ayde the Athenians in Pylus The Athenians ouercome Peloponnesian fleete in the Hauen of Pylâ—s The Athenians getting the victory beseege the men cut off from the army in the Iland The Magistrates of Sparta come to view the state of the Campe and conclude these to send to Athens about peace Truce betweene the Armies till Ambassadours might be sent to Athens * Out of this and other places iâ— appeares that the shâ—â—ping of those times was of two formes long and round The long which principally vsed the Oare serued for the Warres the round which vsed onely the saile serued for Merchants vses and transportation of prouâ—sion Of the first sort were all Gallies whether of one two three or more 〈◊〉 of Oares of the latter were the Ships called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * a Choenix a measure of about three pintes of ours * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a quarter of a Choenix * Breuity of speech was so customary and naturall to the Laconians that it grew to a prouerbe * 〈…〉 Greece 〈…〉 Athenians to tyrannize it The insolent demaund of the people of 〈◊〉 by the aduice of Cleon. The Lacedaemonians desiâ—e to speake before a priuate Committee * Viz for buying Peace at the cost of the Confederates subiection for the thing they durst not propound before the people was 〈◊〉 that by the amity of these two grâ—aâ— states the rest of Greece would be forced to serueth 〈◊〉 which they 〈…〉 their Oration as I haue noted before The Ambassadors returne without effect and the Truce endeth The Athenians cauill and keepe the Gallies of the Lacedaemonians The Warre at Pylus goes on The Syracusians and Athenians fight in the straight betweene Messana and Rhegium Messana * Sphacteria * Rhegium being a promontory and deriued from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifies to breake makes it probable that Sicily was once a part of Italy and there broken of by some Earthquake but yet Scylla is neerer to Sicily then Rhegium is * Charybdis here taken for the name of the whole strait is but a part neere to Messana betweene it and Peloâ—â—â— subiect to extraordinary agitation in stormy weather but nothing iâ— that it was or was faâ—ed to be of old The Syracusians and 〈◊〉 fight at Sea * a 〈◊〉 of Sicily hard by Messana * cast in by the Souldiers on shore The Messanians warre on the Citie of Naxus and receiue a great losse * of those which were founded by the Chalcideans of Greece * Syracusa and Locris The Athenians and Leontines attempt to take Messana The Athenians are much troubled to watch the Iland * The water which is found by digging in the Sea-sands is commonly fresh being strained and so purged of the saltnesse in the passage of the water through the sand but not so good as further off from the Sea The shift of the Lacedaemonians to relieue the besieged with victuall * to the people of the Countrey about * A medicine for hunger and thirst not meate Scholiastes The Athenians are angry that their Armie is detained so long in the siege of the Iland Cleon to auoyd the enuie of hindering the peace engageth himselfe ere hee was aware to fetch those that were besieged in the Iland home to Athens * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Magistrate to whose authority was committed the leuying and mustering of Souldiers Cleon vndertaketh to fetch those in the Iland prisoners to Athens Cleon taken at his word would haue declined the employment but cannot * his power to leuy Souldiers A glorious boast of Cleon well taken The reason why Demosthenes durst not land in the Iland to subdue the besieged by fight * The Athenian Souldiers The wood of the Iland burnt by accident Cleon arriueth at Pylus The Athenians inuade the Iland And kill those that were in the first and most remote watch from Pylus * Viz the light-armed * Thalamij There were three rankes of 〈◊〉 amongst the Athenians the vppermost called Thranitae the second Zygitae and the â—ast Thalamiâ—ae or Thalamij In the Gally called a Birâ—me there were no Zeâ—giâ—â—â— in a 〈◊〉 were all 3. rankes in a Quadrireme and vpwards all the middle rankes were Zenguae onely the vppermost were Thranitae and 〈…〉 Thalamitae The Athenians diuide themselues into many troopes against the maine body of the Lacedaemonian Souldiers The fight betweene the Athenians and the Lacedaemonians in the middle of the Iland * The skill of fighting a standing fight was thought a peculiar vertue of the Lacedaemonians as the Sea-fight was thought to the Athenians * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 A kind of quilted Armour or of Stuffe close beaten like â—â—lt The Lacedaemonians retire to the Fort where the last guard was placed The Athenians assault them there Some of the Athenians climbe vp behind the Lacedaemonians vnâ—eene and appeare at their backes * 5000. Lacedaemonians vnder their King Leonidaâ— in the Streâ—ght â—f Thermopyle withstood 300000. Persians till they were circumuented and charged both before and behinde and so all slaine Herod lib. 7. The Lacedaemonians yeeld * This manner of sâ—bordaining diuers Commanders to be chiefe in succession was in those times muâ—h vsed The Lacedaemonians yeeld vp their Armes and are carried prisoners to Athens The number of the slain and of the prisoners The yelding of the Lacedaemonians was contrary to the opinion had of their vertue The Lacedaemonian prisoners kept in bonds at Athens to be made vse of in making the peace or else vpon the first inuasion of Attica to be slaine Nicias warreth in the Territory of Corinth with good fortune The Corinthians hearing of their comming assemble then forces to hinder their landing The Athenians and Corinthians fight * A Hymne accustomed to be sung one before Battell another after victory The Corinthians are put to â—light * It was said before that all the Corinthians of military age were come forth * To fetch off the dead by a Herald was a confession of being the weaker but yet Nicias chooseth rather to renounce the reputation of victory then omit an act of piety Besides the people tooke meruaâ—lously â—ll the neglect of the dead bodies as may appeare by their sentence on the Captaines after the Battell at Aâ—ginusae The Athenians waste other parts of the same Coast. The execution of the Corcyraean banished men and end of that sedition Truce granted to the banished men with condition that the same should bee voyd if any of them offered to make an escape The fraud of the Corcyraeans to entrappe the banished men The truce broken and the outlawes put into the hands of the Commons The Corcyraeans take the Outlawes out by scores and make them passe the Pikes The outlawes refuse to goe out to execution They kill themselues The miserable end of the banished men which was also the end of the sedition
it and required to be let in for that he was he said in hope to recouer Nisaea But the Megarean Factions being afraid one lest he should bring in the Outlawes and cast out them the other lest the Commons out of this very feare should assault them wherby the City being at battell within it selfe and the Athenians lying in wait so neere would be lost receiued him not but resolued on both sides to sit still and attend the successe For both the one faction and the other expected that the Athenians and these that came to succour the City would ioyne battell and then they might with more safety such as were the fauoured side turne vnto them that had the victory And Brasidas not preuailing went backe to the rest of the Army Betimes in the morning arriued the Boeotians hauing also intended to come to the aide of Megara before Brasidas sent as esteeming the danger to concerne themselues and were then with their whole forces come forward as farre as Plataea But when they had receiued also this message they were a great deale the more encouraged and sent 2200 men of Armes and 200 horse to Brasidas but went backe with the greater part of their Army The whole Army being now together of no lesse then 6000 men of Armes And the Athenian men of Armes lying indeed in good order about Nisaea and the Sea side but the light-armed straggling in the Plaines the Boeotian horsemen came vnexpected vpon the light-armed Souldiers and droue them towards the Sea For in all this time till now there had come no aide at all to the Megareans from any place But when the Athenian horse went likewise out to encounter them they fought and there was a battell between the horsemen of either side that held long wherein both sides claimed the victory For the Athenians slew the Generall of the Boeotian horse and some few others and rifled them hauing themselues bin first chased by them to Nisaea And hauing these dead bodies in their power they restored them vpon truce and erected a Trophie Neuerthe lesse in respect of the whole action neither side went off with assurance but parting asunder the Boeotians went to the Army and the Athenians to Nisaea After this Brasidas with his Army came downe neerer to the Sea and to the City of Megara and hauing seazed on a place of aduantage set his Army in battell array and stood still For they thought the Athenians would bee assaylants and knew the Megareans stood obseruing whether side should haue the Victory and that it must needs fall out well for them both wayes first because they should not be the assaylant and voluntarily begin the battel and danger since hauing shewed themselues ready to fight the victory must also iustly be attributed to them without their labour And next it must fall out well in respect of the Megareans For if they should not haue come in sight the matter had not beene any longer in the power of fortune but they had without all doubt been presently depriued of the City as men conquered Whereas now if haply the Athenians declined battell likewise they should obtaine what they came for without stroake stricken Which also indeed came to passe For the Megareans when the Athenians went out and ordered their Army without the Long-wals but yet because the enemy charged not stood also still their Commanders likewise considering that if they should begin the battell against a number greater then their owne after the greatest part of their enterprize was already atchieued the danger would be vnequall For if they should ouercome they could win but Megara and if they were vanquished must lose the best part of their men of Armes Whereas the enemy who out of the whole power and number that was present in the field did aduenture but euery one a part would in all likelihood put it to the hazzard And so for a while affronted each other and neither doing any thing withdrew againe the Athenians first into Nisaea and afterwards the Peloponnesians to the place from whence they had set forth then I say the Megareans such as were the friends of the Outlawes taking heart because they saw the Athenians were vnwilling to fight set open the Gates to Brasidas as Victor and to the rest of the Captaines of the seuerall Cities And when they were in those that had practised with the Athenians being all the while in a great feare they went to Councell Afterwards Brasidas hauing dismissed his Confederates to their seuerall Cities went himselfe to Corinth in pursute of his former purpose to leuy an Army for Thrace Now the Megareans that were in the Citie when the Athenians also were gone home all that had chiefe hand in the practice with the Athenians knowing themselues discouered presently slipt away but the rest after they had conferred with the friends of the Outlawes recalled them from Pegae vpon great oathes administred vnto them no more to remember former quarrels but to giue the Citie their best aduice These when they came into Office tooke a view of the Armes and disposing bands of Souldiers in diuers quarters of the Citie picked out of their enemies and of those that seemed most to haue co-operated in the treason with the Athenians about a hundred persons and hauing constrained the people to giue their sentence vpon them openly when they were condemned slew them and established in the Citie the estate almost of an Oligarchy And this change of gouernment made by a few vpon sedition did neuerthelesse continue for a long time after The same Summer when Antandrus was to be furnished by the Mitylenians as they intended Demodicus and Aristides Captaines of certaines Gallies set forth by the Athenians to fetch in Tribute being then about Hellespont for Lamachus that was the third in that Commission was gone with ten Gallies into Pontus hauing notice of the preparation made in that place and thinking it would be dangerous to haue it happen there as it had done in Anaea ouer against Samos in which the Samian Outlawes hauing setled themselues ayded the Peloponnesians in matters of the Sea by sending them Steersmen and both bred trouble within the Citie and entertained such as fled out of it leuyed an Army amongst the Confederates and marched to it and hauing ouercome in fight those that came out of Antandrus against them recouered the place againe And not long after Lamachus that was gone into Pontus as he lay at Anchor in the Riuer Calex in the territory of Heraclea much raine hauing fallen aboue in the Countrey and the streame of a Land Flood comming suddenly downe lost all his Gallies and came himselfe and his Army through the Territory of the Bithynians who are Thracians dwelling in Asia on the other side to Chalcedon a Colony of the Megareans in the mouth of Pontus Euxinus by Land The same
Summer likewise Demosthenes Generall of the Athenians with fortie Gallies presently after his departure out of Megaris sayled to Naupactus For certaine men in the Cities thereabouts desiring to change the forme of the Boeotian gouernment and to turne it into a Democratie according to the gouernment of Athens practised with him and Hippocrates to betray vnto him the estates of Boeotia Induced thereunto principally by Ptoecdorus a Theban Outlaw And they ordered the designe thus Some had vndertaken to deliuer vp Siphae Siphae is a Citie of the Territory of Thespiae standing vpon the Sea side in the Crissaean Gulfe and Chaeronea which was a Towne that payed duties to Orchomenus called heretofore Orchomenus in Minyeia but now Orchomenus in Boeotia some others of Orchomenus were to surrender into their hands And the Orchomenian Outlawes had a principall hand in this and were hyring Soldiers to that end out of Peloponnesus This Chaeronea is the vtmost Towne of Boeotia towards Phanocis in the Countrey of Phocis and some Phocians also dwelt in it On the other side the Athenians were to seaze on Delium a place consecrated to Apollo in the Territory of Tanagra on the part toward Euboea All this ought to haue been done together vpon a day appointed to the end that the Boeotians might not oppose them with their forces vnited but might be troubled euery one to defend his owne And if the attempt succeeded and that they once fortified Delium they easily hoped though no change followed in the state of the Boeotians for the present yet being possessed of those places and by that meanes continually fetching in prey out of the Countrey because there was for euery one a place at hand to retire vnto that it could not stand long at a stay but that the Athenians ioyning with such of them as rebelled and the Boeotians not hauing their forces vnited they might in time order the State to their owne liking Thus was the Plot layed And Hippocrates himselfe with the forces of the Citie was ready when time should serue to march but sent Demosthenes before with forty Gallies to Naupactus to the end that he should leuy an Army of Acarnanians and other their Confederates in these quarters and sayle to Siphae to receiue it by Treason And a day was set downe betwixt them on which these things should haue been done together Demosthenes when he arriued and found the Oeniades by compulsion of the rest of Acarnania entred into the Athenian Confederation and had himselfe raised all the Confederates thereabouts made Warre first vpon Salynthius and the Agraeans and hauing taken in other places thereabouts stood ready when the time should require to goe to Siphae About the same time of this Summer Brasidas marching towards the Cities vpon Thrace with 1700 men of Armes when he came to Heraclea in Trachinia sent a Messenger before him to his friends at Pharsalus requiring them to be guides vnto him and to his Army And when there were come vnto him Panaerus and Dorus and Hippolochidas and Torylaus and Sâ—rophacus who was the publique Hoste of the Chalcideans all which met him Melitia a towne of Achaia he marched on There were other of the Thessalians also that conuoyed him and from Larissa he was conuoyed by Niconidas a friend of Perdiccas For it had beene hard to passe Thessaly without a guide howsoeuer but especially with an Army And to passe through a neighbour Territory without leaue is a thing that all Grecians alike are iealous of Besides that the people of Thessaly had euer borne good affection to the Athenians Insomuch as if by custome the gouernment of that Countrey had not beene Lordly rather then a Common-wealth he could neuer haue gone on For also now as he marched forward there met him at the Riuer Enipeus others of a contrary mind to the former that forbad him and told him that he did vniustly to goe on without the common consent of all But those that conuoyed him answered that they would not bring him through against their wils but that comming to them on a sudden they conducted him as friends And Brasidas himselfe said he came thither a friend both to the countrey and to them and that he bore Armes not against them but against the Athenians their enemies And that he neuer knew of any enmity between the Thessalians Lacedaemonians wherby they might not vse one anothers ground and that euen now he would not goe on without their consent for neither could hee but onely entreated them not to stop him When they heard this they went their wayes And he by the aduice of his guides before any greater number should vnite to hinder him marched on with all possible speed staying no whereby the way and the same day he set forth from Melitia he reached Pharsalus and encamped by the Riuer Apidanus From thence he went to Phacium From thence into Peraebia The Peraebians though subiect to the Thessalonians set him at Dion in the Dominion of Perdiccas a little City of the Macedonians scituate at the foot of Olympus on the side toward Thessalie In this manner Brasidas ran through Thessalie before any there could put in readinesse to stop him and came into the Territorie of the Chalcideans and to Perdiccas For Perdiccas and the Chalcideans all that had reuolted from the Athenians when they saw the affaires of the Athenians prosper had drawne this Armie out of Peloponnesus for feare the Chalcideans because they thought the Athenians would make Warre on them first as hauing been also incited thereto by those Cities amongst them that had not reuolted and Perdiccas not that he was their open enemy but because he feared the Athenians for ancient quarrels but principally because he desired to subdue Arrhibaeus King of the Lyncesteans And the ill successe which the Lacedaemonians in these times had was a cause that they obtained an Armie from them the more easily For the Athenians vexing Peloponnesus and their particular Territory Laconia most of all they thought the best way to diuert them was to send an Armie to the Confederates of the Athenians so to vexe them againe And the rather because Perdiccas and the Chalcideans were content to maintain the Armie hauing called it thither to helpe the Chalcideans in their reuolt And because also they desired a pretence to send away part of their Helotes for feare they should take the opportunity of the present state of their affaires the enemies lying now in Pylus to innouate For they did also this further Fearing the youth and multitude of their Helotes For the Lacedaemonians had euer many Ordinances concerning how to look to theÌ„selues against the Helotes they caused Proclamation to be made that as many of theÌ„ as claimed the estimation to haue done the Lacedaemonians best seruice in their Warres should be made free feeling them in this manner and conceiuing that as they should euery