things which are worth the writing of neere vnto Locres be these Sagra the riuer and the reliques of the towne Caulon Mystia the castle Consilium Cerinthus which some think to be the vtmost promontory of Italy bearing farthest into the sea Then follow the creeke or gulfe Scylacensu and that which was called by the Athenians when they built it Scylletium Which place another creeke Tirenaeus meeting with makes a demie Island in which there is a port towne called Castra Anibilis and in no place is Italy narrower being but twenty miles broad And therfore Dionisius the elder would haue there cut it off quite from the rest and laid it to Sicilie Riuers nauigable there be these Caecinos Crotalus Semirus Arocha Targines Within forth is the towne Petilia the mountaine Alibanus and promontory Lacinium before the coast whereof there is an Island tenne miles from the land called Dioscoron and another Calypsus which Homer is supposed to haue called Ogygia Moreouer Tyris Eranusa Meloessa And this is seuentie miles from Caulon as Agrippa hath recorded CHAP. XI ¶ The second Sea of Europe FRom the promontory Lacinium beginneth the second sea of Europe it takes a great winding and compasse with it and endeth at Acroceraunium a promontory of Epirus from which it is seuentie miles distant In which there sheweth it selfe the towne Croto and the riuer Naeathus The towne Thurium betweene the two riuers Arathis and Sybaris where there was a towne of the same name Likewise between Siris and Aciris there stands Heraclea fomtime called Siris Riuers Acalandrum Masuentum the town Metapontum in which the third region of Italy taketh an end The Inlanders be of the Brutians the Aprustans only but of Lucanes Thoatinates Bantines Eburines Grumentines Potentines Sontines Sirines Sergilanes Vrsentines Volcentanes vnto whom the Numestranes are ioined Besides all these Cato writes That Thebes of the Lucanes is cleane destroyed and gone And Theopompus saith That Pandosia was a citie of the Lucanes wherein Alexander king of the Epirotes was slaine Knit hereunto is the second region or tract of Italy containing within it the Hirpines Calabria Apulia the Salentines within an arme of the sea in compasse 250 miles which is called Tarentinus of a town of the Laconians scituate in the inmost nouke or creek hereof and to it was annexed and lay the maritine Colonie which there was And distant it is from the promontory Lacinium 1â—…6 miles putting forth Calabria like a demy Island against it The Greeks called it Messapia of their captaines name and before-time Peucetia of Peucetius the brother of Oenotrus In the Salentine country between the two promontories there is a 100 miles distance The bredth of this demie Island to wit from Tarentum to Brindis if you goe by land is two and thirtie miles but far shorter if you saile from the Hauen or Bay Sasina The townes in the Continent from Tarentum be Varia surnamed Apula Cessapia and Aletium But in the coast of the Senones Gallipolis now Auxa 62 miles from Tarentum Two and thirtie railes off is the promontorie which they call Acra Iapygia and here Italy runneth farthest into the sea Then is there the town Basta and Hydruntum in the space of nineteen miles to make a partition betweene the Ionian and Adriaticke seas through which is the shortest cut into Greece ouer against the towne Apollonia where the narrow sea running between is not aboue fiftie miles ouer This space between Pyrrhus king of Epirus was the first that intending to haue a passage ouer on foot thought to make bridges there after him M. Varro at what time as in the Pyrates warre he was Admirall of Pompeies fleet But both of them were let and stopped with one care or other besides Next to Hydrus there is Soletum a citie not inhabited then Fratuertium the hauen Tarentinus the garrison towne Lupia Balesium Caelium Brundusium fifteene miles from Hydrus as much renowmed as any towne of Italy for the hauen for the surer sailing although it be the longer and the citie of Illyricum Dyrragium is ready to receiue the ships the passage ouer is 220 miles Vpon Brundutium bordereth the territory of the Paediculi Nine young men there were of them and as many maids descended from the Illyrians who begat betweene them thirteen nations The townes of these Paediculi be Rhudia Egnatia Barion beforetime Iapyx of Dedalus his sonne who also gaue the name to Iapygia Riuers Pactius and Aufidus issuing out of the Hirpine mountaines and running by Canusium Then followes Apulia of the Daunians surnamed so of their leader father in law to Diomedes In which is the towne Salapia famous for the loue of an harlot that Anniball cast a fancie vnto then Sipontum and Vria also the riuer Cerbalus where the Daunians take their end the port Agasus the cape of the mountaine Garganus from Salentine or Iapygium 234 miles fetching a compasse about Garganus the hauen Garnae the lake Pantanus The riuer Frento full of Baies and Hauens and Teanum of the Apulians In like manner also Larinum Aliturnia and the riuer Tifernus Then commeth in the region Frentana So there be three kindes of nations Teani of their leader from the Greekes the Lucanes subdued by Calchas which quarters now the Atinates hold and occupie Colonies of the Daunians besides the abouenamed Luceria and Venusia townes Canusium Arpi sometime Argos Hippium builded by Diomides but soon after called Argyrippa There Diomedes vanquished and destroied the whole generation of the Monadians and Dardians together with two cities which grew to a merry iest by way of a by-word Apina and Trica The rest be more inward in the second region to wit one Colonie of the Hirpines called Beneuentum changed into a more luckie name wheras in times past it was cleaped Maleuentum the Aeculanes Aquilonians and Abellinates surnamed Protropi the Campsanes Caudines and Ligurians surnamed Cornelians as also Bebianes Vescellanes Deculanes and Aletrines Abellinates surnamed Marsi the Atranes Aecanes Afellanes Attinates Arpanes the Borcanes the Collatines Corinenses and famous for the ouerthrow of the Romanes there the Cannians the Dirines the Metintanes the Genusines the Hardonians and Hyrines the Larinates surnamed Frentanes the metrnates and out of Garganus the Mateolanes the Neritines and Natines the Rubustines the Syluines and Strapellines the Turmentines the Vibinates Venusines and Vlurtines Now the Inlanders of the Calabrians the Aegirines Apanestines and Argentines The Butuntines and Brumbestines the Decians the Norbanes the Palions Sturnines and Tutines Also of Salentine midlanders the Aletines Basterbines Neretines Valentines and Veretines CHAP. XII ¶ The fourth Canton or region of Italy NOw followeth the fourth region euen of the most hardie and valiant nations of all Italy In the coast of the Frentanes next to Tifernus is the riuer Tirinium full of good hauens and harbours The towns there be Histonium Buca and Ortona with the riuer Aternus More within the countrey are the Anxanes surnamed Frentanes the Carentines
they cal Medoe wherein standeth the town Asel and a fourth named Garode like as the towne also Then along the banks of Nilus are many townes to wit Navos Modunda Andabis Setundum Colligat Secande Navectabe Cumi Agrospi Aegipa Candrogari Araba and Summara The region aboue Sirbithim where the mountains do end is reported to haue vpon the sea coast certaine Aethyopians called Nisicastes and Nisites that is to say men with three or foure eies apiece not for that they are so eied indeed but because they are excellent archers haue a speciall good eie in aiming at their marke which lightly they wil not misse Bion affirmeth moreouer That from that clime of the heauen which beares aboue the greater Syrtes bendeth toward the South Ocean sea they be called Dalion to wit the Cisorians and Longopores who drinke and vse rain water only And beyond Oecalices for fiue daies iournie the Vsibalks Isuelians Pharuseans Valians and Cispians All the rest are nothing but desarts not inhabited But then he telleth fabulous and incredible tales of those countries Namely that Westward there are people called Nigroe whose king hath but one eie and that in the mids of his forehead Also he talketh of the Agriophagi who liue most of panthers and lions flesh Likewise of the Pomphagi who eat all things whatsoeuer Moreouer of the Anthropophagi that feed on mans flesh Furthermore of the Cynamolgi who haue heads like dogs Ouer and besides the Artabatites who wander and go vp and downe in the forests like fourefooted sauage beasts Beyond whom as he saith be the Hesperij Peroesi who as we said before were planted in the confines of Mauritania In certain parts also of Ethyopia the people liue of Locusts only which they pouder with salt and hang vp in smoke to harden for their yerely prouision and these liue not aboue 40 yeares at the most Finally Agrippa saith that all Ethiopia and take the land with it of Prester Iehan bordering vpon the red sea containeth in length 2170 miles in bredth together with the higher Egypt 1291. Some Geographers haue taken the bredth in this manner From Miroe to Sirbitum 12 daies iournie vpon Nilus from thence to the country of the Dauillians another 12 and from them to the Ethyopian Ocean 6 daies But in general all writers in a manner do resolue vpon this that betweene Ocean and Meroe it is 725 miles and from thence to Syene as much as we haue set downe before As for the positure and scituation of Ethyopia it lies Southeast Southwest In the meridian South parts thereof there be great woods of Ebene especially alwaies greene Toward the mids of this region there is a mighty high mountain looking ouer the sea that burns continually which the Greeks cal Theon ochema i. The chariot of the gods from the which it is counted foure daies iourny by sea to the promontory or cape called Hesperion-Ceras which confines vpon Africk neere to the Hesperian Ethyopians Some writers hold that this tract is beautified with pretty little hils and those pleasantly clad garnished with shadowie groues wherein the Aegipanes and Satyres do conuerse CHAP. XXXI The Islands in the Aethyopian Sea EPhorus Eudoxus and Timosthenes do all agree in this that there be very many Islands in all that sea Clitarchus witnesseth that report was made to Alexander the Great of one aboue the rest which was so rich and well monied that for an ordinary horse the inhabitants would not stick to giue a talent of gold also of another wherein was found a sacred hill adorned with a goodly wood vpon it where the trees distilled and dropped sweet water of a wonderfull odoriferous smell Moreouer full against the Persian gulf lieth the Isle named Cerne opposite vnto Aethiopia but how large it is or how far off it beareth into the sea from the continent is not certainly knowne this only is reported that the Ethyopians and none but they are the inhabitants therof Ephorus writeth that they who would saile thither from the red sea are not able for extreme heate to passe beyond certain columnes or pillars for so they call the little Isles there Howbeit Polybius auoucheth that this Island Cerne where it lieth in the vtmost coast of the Mauritanian sea ouer-against the mountaine Atlas is but 8 stadia from the land And Cornelius Nepos affirmeth that likewise it is not aboue a mile from the land ouer against Carthage besides that it is not aboue two miles in circuit There is mention made also by authors of another Isle before the said mountain Atlas named also therupon Atlantis And fiue daies sailing from it appeare the desarts of the Ethyopian Hesperians together with the foresaid cape which we named Hesperion-Ceras where the coasts of the land begin first to turn about their forefront to wind Westward and regard the Atlanticke sea Iust ouer-against this cape as Xenophon Lampsacenus reporteth lye the Islands called Gorgates where sometimes the Gorgones kept their habitation and 2 daies sailing they are thought to be from the firme land Hanno a great commander and generall of the Carthaginians landed there with an army who made this report from thence That the women were all ouer their bodies hairy as for the men he could not catch one of them so swift they were of foot that they escaped out of all sight but he flead two of these Gorgone women and brought away their skins which for a testimoniall of his being there and for a wonder to posteritie he hung vp in Iunoes temple where they were seen vntill Carthage was won and sacked Beyond these Isles there are by report two more discouered by the name of Hesperides But so vncertaine are all the intelligences deliuered concerning these parts that Statius Sebosus affirmeth that it is 40 good daies sailing from the Islands of these Gorgones along the coast of Atlas vnto the Isles of the Hesperides and from thence to Hesperion-Ceras but one As little resolution and certaintie there is as touching the Islands of Mauritania In this only they all jumpe and accord that K. Iuba discouered some few of them ouer-against the Autolotes in which he meant and purposed to die Gaetulian purple CHAP. XXXII ¶ Of the Islands Fortunatae or Canarie SOme Authors there be who thinke that the Islands Fortunatae and certaine others besides them are beyond the Antolotes among whom the same Sebosus aboue rehearsed was so bold as to speake of their distances and namely that the Island Iunonia is from Gades 750 miles and that from it Westward the Isles Pluvialia and Capraria are as much Also that in the Island Pluvialia there is no fresh water but only that which they haue by showrs of rain He saith moreouer that from them to the Fortunate Islands are 250 miles which lie 8 miles from the coast of Mauritania to the left hand called the coast of the Sun or Valley of the sun for that it is like a valley or
beginnes together with the Lucane and Brutian countries and there also the inhabitants changed not a few times For held and possessed it was by the Pelafgi Oenotri Italy Morgetes Sicilians people all for the most part of great Greece and last of all by the Lucanes descended from the Samnites who had to their leader and gouernour Lucius In which standeth the town Paestum called by the Greeks Posidonia the Firth or creeke Paestanus the town Helia now Velia The promontory Palinurum from which creeke retired within-forth there is a direct cut by water to the columne regia 100 miles ouer Next vnto this the riuer Melphes runneth also there standeth the towne Buxentum in Greeke Pyxus and hard by is the riuer Laus a towne there was likewise of the same name And from thence beginneth the sea coast of Brutium where is to be seen the towne Blanda the riuer Batum the hauen Parthenius belonging to the Phocaeans the Firth Vibonensis the groue Clampetia The towne Temsa called of the Greeks Temese and Terina held by the Crotonians and the mighty arme of the sea called the gulfe Terinaeus the towne Consentia Within-forth in a demy Island the riuer Acheron whereof the townesmen are called Acherontium Hippo which now we call Viboualentia the Port of Hercules the riuer Metaurus the towne Taurentum the hauen of Orestes and Medua the towne Scylleum the riuer Cratais mother as they say to Scylla Then after it the columne Rhegia the Sicilian streights or narrow seas and two capes one ouer-against the other namely Caenis from Italy side and Pelorum from Sicily hauing a mile and a halfe betweene them from whence to Rhegium is 12 miles and a halfe and so forward to a wood in the Apennine called Sila and the promontorie or cliffe called Leucopetra 12 miles off From which Locri carrying the name also of the promontorie Zephyrium is from Silarus distant 303 miles Here is determined the first gulfe of Europe wherin be named these seas First Atlanticum from which the Ocean sea breaketh in called of some Magnum the passage whereas it entreth is of the Greeks called Porthmos of vs Fretum Gaditanum i. The streights of Gebralter when it is once entred the Spanish sea so farre as it beateth vpon the coasts of Spaine Of others Ibericum or Balearicum and anon it taketh the name of Gallicum or the French sea right before the prouince Narbonensis and after that Ligusticum from whence all the way to the Island Sicilie it is called Tuscum which some of the Grecians terme Notium others Tyrrhenum put most of our countrimen Inferum i. The nether sea Beyond Sicily as farre as to the Salentines Polybius calleth it Ausonium but Eratosthenes nameth all the sea Sardonum that is between the mouth of the Ocean and Sardinia and from thence to Sicilie Tyrrhenum and from it as far as to Creta Siculum from which it is hight Creticum The Islands discouered along these seas were these The first of all those which the Greeks named Pityusae of the Pine shrub or plant but now Ebusus they are both a State confederate and a narrow arme of the sea runneth between them they are 42 miles ouer From Dianeum they lie 70 stadia and so many are there betweene Dianeum and Carthage by the maine land and as much distance from Pityusae into the maine Ocean lie the two Baleare Islands and toward Sucro Colubraria These Baleares in their warre-seruice vse much the sling and the Greeks name them Gymnesiae The bigger of them is an hundred miles in length and in circuit 380. Townes it hath of Romane citizens Palma and Pollentia of Latines Cinium and Cunici as for Bochri it was a towne confederate From it the lesser is thirtie miles off taking in length 60 miles and in compasse 150. Cities in it be Iamno Sanisera and Mago From the bigger 12 miles into the sea lieth the Isle Capraria which lies in wait for all shipwrack ouer-against the city Palma Menariae and Tiquadra and little Annibalis The soile of Ebusus chaseth serpents away but that of Colubraria breeds them and therefore dangerous it is for all that come into it vnlesse they bring with them some of the Ebusian earth The Greeks call this Island Ophiusa Neither doth Ebusus breed any Conies which are so common in the Baleares that they eate vp their corne There be as it were 20 more little ones among the shelues of the sea Now in the maritime coast of Gallia in the very mouth of Rhodanus there is Metina and soone after that which is called Blascon and the three Stoechades called so of their neighbors the Massilians for the order and ranke wherein they stand and they giue them euery one a seuerall name to wit Prote Mese which also is called Pomponiana and the third Hypea After them are Sturium Phoenice Phila Lero and Lerina oueragainst Antipolis wherein also is a token or memoriall of the towne Vergaonum CHAP. VI. ¶ Of Corsica IN the Ligurian sea is Corsica the Island which the Greekes called Cyrnos but nearer it is to the Tuscan sea it lyeth out from the North into the South and containeth in length an hundred and fiftie miles in breadth for the most part it beareth fiftie in circuit 322 distant it is from the Washes or Downes of Volaterrae 62 miles Cities it hath 35 and these colonies to wit Mariana planted there by C. Marius Aleria by Dictatour Sylla On this side of it is Oglasa but within 60 miles of Corsica there is Planaria so called of the forme thereof so flat it is and leuell with the sea and therefore deceiueth many a ship that runneth aground vpon it Bigger than it are Vrgo and Capraria which the Greekes called Aegilos In like manner Aegilium Dianium the same that Artemisia both lying ouer-against the coast Cosanum Other small ones also as Maenaria Columbrarie Venaria Ilua with the yron mines in circuit a hundred miles ten miles from Populonia called of the Greeks Aethalia from it is Planasia 39 miles off After them beyond the mouthes of Tybre in the Antian creeke is Astura and anon Palmaria Sinonia and iust against Formiae Pontiae But in the Puteolan gulfe Pantadaria and Prochyta so called not of Aeeneas his nource but because it was broken off by the gushing betweene of the sea from Aenaria Aenaria it selfe tooke that name of Aeeneas his ships that lay in rode there called by Homer Inarime of the Greeks Pithecusa not for the number of Alps there as some haue thought but of the worke houses and furnaces of potters that made earthen vessels as tunnes and such like to furnish Italy with Betweene Pausilypus and Naples Megaris and soon after eight miles from Surrentum Capraee renowned for the castle there of Prince Tyberius and it beareth in compasse foure hundred miles Anon you shall see Leucothea but without your kenning lyeth Sardinia fast vpon the Africke sea but lesse than nine miles from the coast of Corsica and still those
Iuba saith there is no more discouered vpon this sea of that side by reason of the dangerous rockes therein And I maruell much that he hath made no mention at all of the towne Batrasabe in the Omanians countrey ne yet of Omana which the antient Geographers haue held to be an hauen of great importance in the kingdome of Carmania Item he saith not a word of Omne and Athanae which our merchants report to be at this day 2 famous mart towns much frequented by those that trafficke from the Persian gulfe Beyond the riuer Caius as K. Iuba writeth there is an hill which seemeth all scortched and burnt Past which you enter into the countrie of the Epimaranites and anon after into the region af the Ichthyophagi and past them there is discouered a desart Island and the Bathymians country and so forward the mountaines Eblitaei are discouered and the Island Omoenus the hauen Machorbae the Islands Etaxalos Onchobrice and the people called Chadaei Many other Islands also of no account and namelesse but of importance Isura Rhinnea and one other verie neere thereto wherein are standing certaine Columnes or pillers of stone engrauen with vnknowne Characters and Letters A little beyond the port towne Goboea and the desart vnpeopled Islands Bragae The Nation of the Thaludaeans the region Dabanegoris the mountaine Orsa with an hauen vnder it the gulfe or arme of the sea called Duatus with many Islands therein Also the mountaine Tricoryphus the countrey Cardalena the Islands Solanidae and Capina Soone after you fall vpon other Islands of the Ichthyophagi and after them the people called Glarians The strond called Hammaeum wherein are golden mines The region Canauna The people Apitami and Gasani The Island Deuadae with the fountaine Goralus Then come you to the Garphets country the Islands Aleu Amnamethu Beyond which are the people called Darrae the Island Chelonitis many other of the Ichthyophagi The Isle Eodanda which lieth desart Basage besides many other that belong to the Sabaeans For riuers you haue Thamar Amnon in the the Islands Dolicae wherein be the fountaines Daulotes and Dora Ilands besides to wit Pteros Labaris Covoris and Sambracate with a towne so named also in the firme land On the South side many Islands there be but the greatest of them all is Camari Then haue you the riuer Mysecros the hauen Leupas the Sabaeans called Scenitae for that they liue vnder tabernacles rents Moreouer many other Islands The chiefest mart or town of merchandise in those parts is Acila where the merchants vse to imbarke for their voiage into India Then followeth the region Amithoscutia and Damnia The Mizians both the greater and the lesse the Drimutians and Macae A promontory of theirs is ouer-against Carmania and distant from it 50 miles A wondrous thing is reported to haue bin there done that is this that Numenus lord deputy vnder K. Antiochus ouer Mesena general of his army defeated the nauy of the Persians in sea-fight and the same day with the opportunity of the tide returned to land againe gaue their horsemen an ouerthrow to it whereupon in memoriall of a twofold victory in one day atchieued he erected 2 triumphant trophies the one in honor of Iupiter the other of Neptune Farre within the deep sea there lieth another Island called Ogyris distant from the continent 125 miles and containing in circuit 112 much renowned for the sepulchre of K. Erythra who there was enterred Another likewise there is of no lesse account called Dioscoridu lying in the sea Azanium and is from Syagrum the vtmost point or cape of the main 280 miles But to returne to the Continent there remaine yet not spoken of the Antarides toward the South as you turn to the mountains which continue for 7 daies iourny ouer then these nations Larendanes Catabanes and Gebanites who haue many townes but the greatest are Nagia and Tamna with 65 churches or temples within it whereby a man may know how great it is From thence you come to a promontory from which to the continent of the Troglodites it is 50 miles And in those quarters remaine the Toanes Acchitae Chatramotitae Tomabei Antidalei Lexianae Agrei Cerbani and Sabaei of all the Arabians for their store of frankincense most famous as also for the largenesse of their country reaching from sea to sea Their townes scituate vpon the coast of the red sea are Marane Marma Cocolia and Sabatra Within the firme land are these townes Nascus Cardaua Carnus and Tomala where the Sabaeans keep their faires and markets for to vent and sel their commodities of incense myrrhe and such drugs and spices One part of them are the Atramites whose capitall city Sobotale hath within the wals thereof 60 temples But the roiall city and chiefe seat of the whole kingdome is Nariaba scituat vpon a gulfe or arm of the sea that reacheth into the land 94 miles ful of Islands beautified with sweet odoriferous trees Vpon the Atramites within the main land joine the Minaei but the Elamites inhabit the maritine coast where there standeth a city also called Elamitum To them the Cagulates lye close and their head towne is Siby which the Greekes name Apate Then come you to the Arsicodani and Vadei with a great towne and the Barasei beyond whom is Lichemia and the Island Sygaros into which no dogs will come willingly and if any be put there they will neuer lin wandring about the shore vntill they die In the farthest part of the aboue-said gulfe are the Leanites whereof the gulfe tooke the name Leanites Their head seat and roiall seat is Agra but the city Leana or as others would haue it Aelana is scituate vpon the verie gulfe And he reupon our writers haue called that arme of the sea Aelaniticum others Aelenaticum Artemidorus Aleniticum and king Iuba Laeniticum Arabia is reported to take in circuit from Charax to Leana 4870 miles But Iuba thinketh it somewhat lesse than 4000. Widest it is in the North parts betweene the townes Herous and Chrace Now it remaineth that wee speake of other parts within the Mid-land thereof Vpon the Nabataei the Thimaneans doe border after the description of the old Geographers but at this day the Tauenes Suâ—…llenes and Saracenes their principall Towne is Arra wherein is the greatest trafficke and resort of merchants Moreouer the Hemnates and Analites whose townes are Domada and Erage also the Thamusians with their towne Badanatha the Carreans and their towne Chariati the Achoali and a city of theirs Phoda Furthermore the Minaei descended as some thinke from Minos king of Crete whose citie Charmaei hath 14 miles in compasse Other towns likewise be there standing a far off and namely Mariaba Baramalacum a town ywis of no mean account likewise Carnon and Ramei who are thought to come from Rhadamanthus the brother of Minos Ouer and besides the Homerites with their towne Massala the Hamirei
there be that write Philotera Beyond them are the Azarei Arabians of the wilder sort halfe Troglodites by reason they marry their wiues from out of the Troglodites countrey Beeing past these coasts you shall finde the Islands Sapyrene and Scytala and within a little thereof desarts vntil you come to Myos-hormos where there is a fountaine called Taduos the mount Eos the Island Lambe many hauens besides and Berenice a town bearing the name of the mother to K. Ptolomaeus Philadelphus to which there is a way lying from Coptos as we haue said last of all the Arabians called Autei and Gnebadei Now it remaineth to speake of the region Trogloditicum which the antient men of old time called Michoe others Midoe therein standeth the mountaine Pentedactylos Vpon the coast of this country there lie to be seen certaine Islands called Stenae-deirae and others no fewer in number named Halonnesi also Cardamine and Topazos which Island gaue the name to the precious stone called the Topaze Then come you to an arme of the sea betweene two lands full of pettie Islands whereof that which is called Mareu is well serued with water sufficient another Eratonos is altogether dry and vnprouided of fresh water These Islands tooke name of two captains and gouernors there vnder the king Within-forth farther into the firm land inhabit the Candei whom they call Ophiophagi because they are wont to feed on serpents and in truth there is not another country that breeds them more than it K. Iuba who seemeth to haue taken great paines in the diligent perusing and discouery of these parts omitted in all this tract vnlesse there be some fault and defect in them that copied out his first originall to speake of a second city named Berenice with the addition of Panchrysos as also of a third called Epidires and yet renowned it is in regard of the place wherupon it is seated for scituat it is vpon a knap of land bearing far into the red sea euen where the mouth of it is not aboue 4 miles an halfe from Arabia Within the prospect of this tract there is the Island Cytis which also bringeth forth good store of the Topaze stones Beyond this quarter nothing but woods and forrests where K. Ptolomaeus surnamed Philadelphus built the city Ptolemais onely for to chase and hunt the Elephant neere to the lake Monoleus and in regard of his game there he named it Epi-theras This is the verie country mentioned by me in the second book wherein for 45 daies before Mid-summer or the entrance of the Sun into Cancer and as many after by the sixt houre of the day that is to say about noone no shadowes are to be seen which being once past all the day after they fall into the South As for other daies of the yere besides they shew into the North whereas in that citie Berenice which we mentioned first vpon the very day only of the Sun-stead at the sixth houre or noon-tide the shadowes are cleane gone and none to be seene for otherwise there is no alteration at all to be obserued throughout the yeare for the space of 600 miles all about Ptolemais A strange notable thing worth obseruation that it should be so but in one houre all the yere long and a matter that gaue great light and direction to the world yea and ministred occasion to a singular inuention and subtil conclusion for Eratosthenes vpon this vndoubted argument and demonstration of the diuersitie of shadowes set in hand hereupon to take the measure of the whole globe of the earth and put it downe in writing to all posteritie Beyond this city Ptolemais the sea changeth his name and is called Azanium ouer which the cape sheweth it selfe which some haue written by the name of Hispalus also anon appeareth the lake Mandalum and in it the Island Colocasitis but in the deep sea many more wherin are taken many tortoises Farther vpon this coast is the towne Suchae and then you may discouer in the sea the Island Daphnis and the city Aduliton built by certaine Aegyptian slaues who ran away from their masters and took no leaue and verily this is the greatest and most frequented mart towne of all the Troglodites country and put the Aegyptians to them and it is from Ptolemais 5 daies sailing Thither is brought great store of yuorie or the Elephants tooth and of the horn of the Rhinoceros there many a man haue plenty of the sea-horse hides of tortoise shels of little Monkies or Marmosets there also a man may be sped with bondslaues A little beyond are the Aethiopians called Aroteres also the Islands named Aliaea and besides them other Islands namely Bacchias Antibacchias and Stratonis being past them there is a gulf in the coast of Aethiopia as yet not discouered or knowne by any name a thing that may make vs maruel much considering that our merchants search into farther corners than so Also a promontory wherein there is a fountaine of fresh water named Curios much desired of the sailers that passe that way and in great respect for the refreshing that it yeeldeth vnto them beyond it is the harbor or port of Isis distant from the towne of the Adulites aboue said ten days rowing with ores and thither is the Troglodites myrrhe brought and there laid vp Before this hauen there lie in the sea two Islands named Pseudopylae and as many farther within called Pyâ—…ae in the one of them be certaine pillers of stones ingrauen with strange and vnknowne Letters When you are past this hauen you come to an arme of the sea called Abalites within it is the Island Diodori and other lying desart and vnpeopled Also along the continent there is much wildernesse but being past them you come to the towne Gaza the promontorie also port Mossylites vnto which store of cynamon and canell is brought Thus far marched K. Sesostris with his army Some writers make mention of one town more in Aethiopia beyond all this vpon the sea side called Baradaza K. Iuba would haue the Atlantick sea to begin at the promontorie or cape aboue-named Mossylites on which sea as he saith a man may saile very well with a West-north-west winde by the coasts of his kingdomes of Mauritania or Maroccho as farre as to the coasts of Gibralter called Gades and sure he speaketh so confidently thereof as I will not altogether discred it his resolution in this behalfe From a promontorie of the Indians called Lepteacra and by others Drepanum vnto the Isle of Malchu hee saith plainely that by a straight and direct course it is 15 hundred miles and neuer reckon those parts that are burnt with the Sun From thence to a place called Sceneos he affirmeth it is 225 miles and from it to the Island Sadanum 150 miles and thus by this means he concludeth that in all to the open and knowne sea it is 1885 miles But all other writers besides him were of opinion that
take a great delight to inueagle others and to steale away some pigeons from 〈◊〉 owne flocks and euermore to come home better accompanied than they went forth Moreouer Doues haue serued for posts and courriers between and bin imploied in great affairs and namely at the siege of Modenna Decimus Brutus sent out of the town letters tyed â—…o their feet as far as to the camp where the Consuls lay and thereby acquainted them with newes and in what estate they were within What good then did the rampier and trench which Antonius cast before the towne To what purpose serued the streight siege the narrow watch and ward that he kept wherefore serued the riuer Po betweene where all passages are stopped vp as it were with net and toile so long as Brutus had his posts to flie in the aire ouer all their heads To be short many men are growne now to cast a speciall affection and loue to these birds they build Turrets aboue the tops of their houses for doue-coats Nay they are come to this passe that they can reckon vp their pedigree and race yea they can tel the very places from whence this or that pigeon first came And indeed one old example they follow of L. Axius a Gentleman somtiâ—…e of Rome who before the ciuill war with Pompey sold euery paire of pigeons for 400 deniâ—…s as M. Varro doth report True it is that there goeth a great name of certaine countries where some of these pigeons are bred for Campanie is voiced to yeeld the greatest and fairest bodied of all other places To conclude their manner of flying induceth and traineth me to thinke and write of the flight of other soules CHAP. XXXVIII ¶ Of the gate and flight of birds ALl other liuing creatures haue one certaine manner of marching and going according to their seuerall kind vnto which they keep and alter not Birds only vary their course whether they go vpon the ground or flie in the aire Some walke their stations as Crowes and Choughs others hop and skip as Sparrows and Ousels some run as Partridges Woodcocks and Snites others again cast out their feet before them staulk and jet as they go as Storks and cranes now for flying some spread their wings abroad stirring or shaking them but now then hanging and houering with them all the while as Kites others again ply them as fast but the ends only of their wings or the vtmost feathers are seen to moue as the Chaffinch Yee shall haue some birds to stretch out their whole wings sides mouing them as they flie as Rauens and others a man shal see in their flight to keep them in for the most part close as the Woodpeckers Some of them are known to giue one or two claps with their wings at first and then glide smoothly away as if they were carried and born vp with the aire as Linnets and others are seen as if they kept stil the aire within their wings to shoot vp aloft mount on high to flie streight forward to fal down again flat as Swallows Ye would think and say that some were hurled out of a mans hand with violence as the Partridge and others again to fal down plumbe from on high as Larks or els to leap jump as the Quailes Ducks Mallards and such like spring presently from the ground vp aloft and suddenly mount vp into the skie euen out of the very water which is the cause that if any chance to fall into those pits wherein wee take wild beasts they alone wil make good shift to get forth and escape The Geirs or Vulturs and for the most part all weightie and heauy foules cannot take their flight flie vnlesse they fetch their run and biere before or els rise from some steepe place with the vantage And such are directed in the aire by their tails Some looke about them euery way others bend and turne their necks in flying and some fly with their prey within their talons eat it as they fly Most birds cry and sing as they flie yet some there be contrariwise that in their flight are euer silent In one word some flying carry their brests and bellies halfe vpright others again beare them as much downward Some flie side-long and bias others directly forward and follow their bills and last of all there be that bend backward as they flie or els bolt vpright In such sort that if a man saw them all together he would take them not to be one kind of creature so diuers different are they in their motions CHAP. XXXIX ¶ Of Martinets MArtinets which the Greeks call Apodes because they haue little or no vse of their feet and others Cypseli are very good of wing and flie most of all others without rest And in very truth a kind of Swallows they be They build in rocks stony cliffes And these be they and no other that are seen euermore in the sea for be the ships neuer so remote from the land saile they neuer so fast and far off ye shall haue these Martinets alwaies flying about them All kinds els of Swallowes and other birds do somtime light settle and perch these neuer rest but when they be in their nest For either they seem to hang or els lie along and a number of shifts and deuises by themselues they haue besides and namely when they feed CHAP. XL. ¶ Of the bird Caprimulgus and the Shouelar THe Caprimulgi so called of milking goats are like the bigger kind of Owsels They bee night-theeues for all the day long they see not Their manner is to come into the sheepheards coats and goat-pens and to the goats vdders presently they go and suck the milke at their teats And looke what vdder is so milked it giueth no more milke but misliketh and falleth away afterwards and the goats become blind withall There be other birds named Plateae i. Shouelars Their manner is to flie at those foule that vse to diue vnder the water for fish and so long will they peck and bite them by the heads vntil they let go their hold of the fish they haue gotten and so they wring it perforce from them This bird when his belly is â—…ull of shell fishes that he hath greedily deuou red and hath by the naturall heat of his craw and gorge in some sort concocted them casteth vp all vp again and at leasure picketh out the meat and eateth it again leauing the shels behind CHAP. XLI ¶ The uaturall wit of some birds THe Hens of country houses haue a certaine ceremonious religion When they haue laied an egge they fall a trembling quaking and all to shake themselues They turne about also as in procession to be purified with some festue or such like thing they keep a ceremonie of hallowing as well themselues as their egs CHAP. XLII ¶ Of the Linnet Poppinjay or Parrat and other birds that can speake THe Linnets be in manner the
the Elements 6. Of the seuen Planets 7. Concerning God 8. The nature of the fixed starres and Planets their course and reuolution 9. The nature of the Moone 10. The eclipse of Sun and Moone also of the night 11. The bignesse of starres 12. Diuerse inuentions of men and their obseruations touching the coelestiall bodies 13. Of Eclipses 14. The motion of the Moone 15. Generall rules or canons touching planets or lights 16. The reason why the same planets seeme higher or lower at sundry times 17. Generall rules concerning the planets or wandring stars 18. What is the cause that planets change their colours 19. The course of the Sunne his motion and from whence proceedeth the inequalitie of daies 20. Why lightenings be assigned to Iupiter 21. The distances betweene the planets 22. The harmonie of stars and planets 23. The geometrie and dimensions of the world 24. Of stars appearing sodainly 25. Of comets or blasing stars and other prodigious appearances in the skie their nature situation and sundry kinds 26. The opinion of Hipparchus the Philosopher as touching the stars fire-lights lamps pillars or beames of fire burning darts gapings of the skie and other such impressions by way of example 27. Strange colours appearing in the firmament 28. Flames and leams seene in the skie 29. Circles of guirlands shewing aboue 30. Of coelestiall circles and guirlands that continue not but soone passe 31. Of many Suns 32. Of many Moones 33. Of nights as light as day 34. Of meteors resembling fierie targuets 35. Astrange and wonderfull apparition in the skie 36. The extraordinarie shooting and motion of stars 37. Of the stars named Castor and Pollux 38. Of the Aire 39. Of certaine set times and seasons 40. The power of the Dog-star 41. The sundrie influences of stars according to the seasons and degrees of the signes 42. The causes of raine wind and clouds 43. Of thunder and lightning 44. Whereupon commeth the redoubling of the voice called Echo 45. Of winds againe 46. Diuerse considerations obserued in the nature of winds 37. Many sorts of winds 48. Of sodaine blasts and whirle-puffs 49. Other strange kinds of tempests storms 50. In what regions there fall thunderbolts 51. Diuers sorts of lightnings and wonderous accidents by them occasioned 52. The obseruations of the Tuscanes in old time as touching lightening 53. Conjuring for to raise lightning 54. Generall rules concerning leames and flashes of lightning 55. What things be exempt and secured from lightning and thunderbolts 56. Of monstrous and prodigious showres of raine namely of milke bloud flesh yron wooll bricke and tyle 57. The rattling of harnesse and armour the sóund also of trumpets heard from heauen 58. Of stones falling from heauen 59. Of the Rain-bow 60. Of Haile Snow frost Mists and Dew 61. Of diuers formes and shapes represented in clouds 62. The particular propertie of the skie in certaine places 63. The nature of the Earth 64. The forme and figure of the earth 65. Of the Antipodes and whether there bee any such Also as touching the roundnesse of the water 66. How the water resteth vpon the Earth 67. Of Seas and riuers nauigable 68. What parts of the earth be habitable 69. That the earth is in the mids of the world 70. From whence proceedeth the inequalitie obserued in the rising and eleuation of the stars Of the eclipse where it is wherfore 71. The reason of the day-light vpon earth 72. A discourse thereof according to the Gnomon also of the first Sun-dyall 73. In what places and at what times there are no shadows cast 74. Where the shadows fall opposite and contrary twice in the yeare 75. Where the dayes bee longest and where shortest 76. Likewise of Dyals and Quadrants 77. The diuers obseruations and acceptations of the day 78. The diuersities of regions and the reason thereof 79. Of Earthquakes 80. Of the chinks and openinst of the earth 81. Signes of earthquake toward 82. Remedies and helps againg eatthquakes comming 83. Strange and prodigious wonders seen one time in the earth 84. Miraculous accidents as touching earthquake 85. In what parts the seas went backe 86. Islands appearing new out of the sea 87. What Islands haue thus shewed and at what times 88. Into what lands the seas haue broken perforce 89. What Islands haue bin ioyned to the continent 90. What lands haue perished by water and become all sea 91. Of lands that haue settled and beene swallowed vp of themselues 92. What cities haue beene ouerflowed and drowned by the sea 93. Wonderfull strange things as touching some lands 94. Of certaine lands that alwaies suffer earthquake 95. Of Islands that flote continually 96. In what countries of the world it never raineth also of many miracles as well of the earth as other elements hudled vp pell mell together 97. The reason of the Sea-tides as well ebbing as flowing and where the sea floweth extraordinarily 98. Wonderfull things obserued in the sea 99. The power of the Moone ouer Sea and land 100. The power of the Sun and the reason why the sea is salt 101. Moreouer as touching the nature of the Moone 102. Where the sea is deepest 103. Admirable obseruations in fresh waters as well of fountaines as riuers 104. Admirable things as touching fire and water ioyntly together also of Maltha 105. Of Naphtha 106. Of certaine places that burne continually 107. Wonders of fire alone 108. The dimension of the earth as well in length as in breadth 109. The harmonicall circuit ond circumference of the world In sum there are tn this boooke of histories notable matters and worthy obseruations foure hundred and eighteene in number Latine Authours cited M. Varro Sulpitius Gallus Tiberius Caesar Emperour Q. Tubero Tullius Tiro L. Piso T. Livius Cornelius Nepos Statius Sebosus Casius Antipater Fabianus Antias Mutianus Cecina who wrote of the Tuscane learning Tarquitius L. Aquila and Sergius Paulus Forreine Authours cited Plato Hipparchus Timaeus Sosigenes Petosiris Necepsus the Pythagoreans Posidonius Anaximander Epigenes Gnomonicus Euclides Ceranus the Philosopher Eudoxus Democritus Crâ—…sodemus Thrasillus Serapion Dicearchus Archimedes Onesicritus Eratosthenes Pytheas Herodotus Aristotle Ctesius Artemidorus the Ephesian Isidorus Characenus and Theopompus ¶ IN THE THIRD BOOKE ARE COMPREHENded the Regions Nations Seas Townes Hauens Mountains Riuers with their measures and people either at this day known or in times past as followeth Chap. 1. Of Europe 2. The length and breadth of Boetica a part of Spaine containing Andalusia and the realme of Grenado 3. That hither part of Spaine called of the Romans Hispania Citerior 4. The Prouince Nerbonencis wherin is Dauphine Languedoc and Provance 5. Italie Tiberis Rome and Campaine 6. The Island Corsica 7. Sardinia 8. Sicilie 9. Lipara 10. Of Locri and the frontiers of Italie 11. The second gulfe of Europe 12. The fourth region of Italie 13. The fifth region 14. The sixth region 15. The eighth region 16. Of the riuer Po. 17. Of Italie beyond the Po counted the eleuenth
hills and likewise from the plaines of Arabia It was sea also about Ilium and the flat of Teuthrania and all that leuell whereas the riuer Maeander now runneth by goodly medowes CHAP. LXXXVI ¶ The reason of Islands that newly appeare out of the sea THere be lands also that put forth after another manner and all at once shew on a sudden in some sea as if Nature cried quittance with her selfe and made euen paying one for another namely by giuing againe that in one place which those chawnes and gaping gulfes tooke away in another CHAP. LXXXVij ¶ What Islands haue sprung vp and when THose famous Islands long since to wit Delos and Rhodes are recorded to haue growne out of the sea and afterwards others that were lesse namely Anaphe beyond Melos and Nea betweene Lemnus and Hellespont Alone also betweene Lebedus and Teos Thera likewise and Therasia among the Cyclades which shewed in the fourth yere of the 135 Olympias Moreouer among the same Isles 130 yeres after Hiera which is the same that Automate And two furlongs from it after 110 yeares Thia euen in our time vpon the 8 day before the Ides of Iuly when M. Iunius Syllanus and L. Balbus were Consuls CHAP. LXXXViij ¶ What lands the Seas haue broken in betweene EVen within our kenning neere to Italy between the isles Aeoliae In like maner neer Creta there was one shewed itselfe with hot fountames out of the sea for a mile and halfe and another in the 3 yeare of the 143 Olympias within the Tuscan gulf and this burned with a violent winde Recorded it is also that when a great multitude of fishes floted ebbe about it those persons died presently that did feed thereof So they say that in the Campaine gulfe the Pithecusae Islands appeared And soon after the hill Epopos in them at what time as suddenly there burst forth a flaming fire out of it was laid leuell with the plain champion Within the same also there was a town swallowed vp by the sea and in one earthquake there appeared a standing poole but in another by the fall and tumbling downe of certain hills grew the Island Prochyta For after this maner also Nature hath made Islands thus she dis-ioyned Sicily from Italy Cyprus from Syria Euboea from Baeotia Atalante and Macris from Euboea Besbycus from Bithynia Leucostia from the promontorie and cape of the Syrenes CHAP. LXXXIX What Islands came to ioyne vnto the Maine AGaine shee hath taken Islands from the sea and ioyned them to the firme land namely Antissa to Lesbos Zephyria to Halicarnassus Aethusa to Myndus Dromiscos and Pern to Miletus and Narthecusa to the promontorie Parthenius Hybanda somtime an Isle of Ionia is now distant from the sea 200 stadia As for Syrie Ephesus hath it now in the midland parts far from the sea So Magnesia neighbouring to it hath Derasitas and Sophonia As for Epidaurus and Oricum they are no more Islands at this day CHAP. XC ¶ What lands haue been turned wholly into sea NAture hath altogether taken away certaine lands in the first place whereas now the sea Atlanticum is was sometime the continent for a mighty space of ground as Plato saith Likewise in our Mediterranean sea all men may see at this day how much hath beene drowned vp to wit Acarnania by the inward gulfe of Ambracia Achaia within that of Corinth Europ and Asia within Propontis and Pontus Ouer and besides the sea hath broken through Leucas Antirrhium Hellespont and the two Bosphori CHAP. XCI What lands haue swallowed vp themselues ANd now to passe ouer armes of the sea and lakes the very earth hath deuoured and buried her-selfe to wit that most high hill Cybotus with the towne Curites Sipylus in Magnesia and in the same place before time the most noble city called Tantalus the territories of Galanis and Gamale in Phoenice together with the very cities Phogium also a passing high hill in Ethiopia as if the very stronds and continent were not to be trusted but they also must worke hurt and mischiefe CHAP. XCII ¶ What Cities haue been drowned with the sea THe sea Pontus hath ouerwhelmed Pyrrha and Antyssa about Maeotis Elice and Bura in the gulfe of Corinth whereof the marks and tokens are to be seene in the Deep Out of the Island Cea more than 30 miles of ground was lost suddenly at once with many men In Sicily also the sea came in and bare away halfe the city Thindaris and all that Italy nurseth betweene it and Sicily The like it did in Baeotia and Eleusina CHAP. XCIII ¶ Of the strange wonders of the land FOr let vs speake no more of Earthquakes and whatsoeuer else of that kind as of graues and sepulchres of cities buried and extant to be seen but discourse we rather of the wonders than the mischiefes wrought by Nature in the earth And surely the story of coelestiall things was not more hard to be declared the wèalth is such of mettals and mines in such varietie so rich so fruitfull rising still one vnder another for so many ages notwithstanding daily there is so much wasted and consumed throughout the world with fires ruines shipwrecks wars and fraudulent practises yea and so much spent in ryot and superfluous vanities that it is infinite yet see how many sorts of jemmes there be still so painted and set out with colors in precious stones what varieties of sundry colours and how bespotted are they and amongst them behold the brightnesse and white hue of some excluding all else but onely light The vertue and power of medicinable fountaines the wonderfull burning so many hundred yeres together of fire issuing forth in so many places the deadly dampes and exhalations in some places either sent out of pits when they are sunke or else from the very natiue seat and position of the ground present death in one place to the birds and foules of the aire only as at Soracte in a quarter neere the city in other to all other liuing creatures saue only man yea and sometimes to men also as in the territories of Sinuessa and Puteoli Which damp holes breathing out a deadly aire some call Charoneae Scrobes i. Charons ditches Likewise in the Hirpines land that of Amsanctus a caue neere vnto the temple of Nephites wherinto as many as enter dy presently After the like manner at Hierapolis in Asia there is another such hurting all that come to it except the priest of Cybele the great mother of the gods In other places there be also caues and holes of a propheticall power by the exhalation of which men are intoxicate and as it were drunken and so foretell things to come as at Delphi that most renowned Oracle In all which things what other reason can any mortall man make than the diuine power of Nature diffused and spred through all which breaketh forth at times in sundry sorts CHAP. XCIV ¶ Of certaine Lands that alwaies quake SOme parts of the earth there be
that shake and tremble vnder mens feet as they go namely in the territorie of the Gabians not far from Rome there be almost two hundred acres of ground which tremble as horsemen ride ouer them And the like is in the territory of Reate CHAP. XCV ¶ Of Islands euer floting and swimming CErtaine Isles are alwaies wauing and nuer stand still as in the countrey about Caecubum Reate aboue named Mutina and Statonia Also in the lake Vadimonis and neer the waters Cutyliae there is a shadowie darke groue which is neuer seen in one place a day and night together Moreouer in Lydia the Isles Calanucae are not only driuen to fro by winds but also many be shoued and thrust with long poles which way a man will a thing that saued many a mans life in the war against Mithridates There be other little ones also in the Riuer Nymphaeus called Saltuares or Dancers because in any consort of Musitians singing they stir and moue at the stroke of the feet keeping time and measure In the great lake of Italy Tarquiniensis two Islands carry about with them groues and woods one while they are in fashion three square another while round when they close one to the other by the drift of winds but neuer fouresquare CHAP. XCVI ¶ In what lands it neuer raineth Also many strange wonders and miracles of the earth and other Elements heaped together PAphos hath in it a famous temple of Venice vpon a certain floure and altar whereof it neuer raineth Likewise in Nea a towne of Troas a man shall neuer see it raine about the Image of Minerua In the same also the beasts killed in sacrifice if they be left there neuer putrifie Neere to Harpasa a towne in Asia stands a rocke of stone of a strange and wonderfull nature lay one finger to it and it will stir but thrust at it with your whole body it moueth not at all Within the demy Island of the Tauri and city Parasinum there is a kinde of earth that healeth all wounds but about Assos in Troas there growes a stone wherewith bodies are consumed and therefore is called Sarcophagus Two hills there be neere the riuer Indus the nature of the one is to hold fast all manner of iron and of the other not to abide it wherefore if a mans shooe sole be clouted with hob nailes in the one of them a man cannot plucke away his foot and in the other he can take no footing at all Noted it is that in Locri and Crotone was neuer pestilence knowne nor any danger by earthquake And in Lycia euer after an earthquake it hath been faire for forty daies In the territorie of Arda if corne be sowed it neuer comes vp At the altars Murtiae in the Veientian field likewise in Tusculanum and the wood Cyminia there be certaine places wherein whatsoeuer is pitched into the ground can neuer be plucked vp againe In the Crustumine countrey all the hay there growing is hurtfull in the same place but being once without it is good and wholesome CHAP. XCVII ¶ What is the reason of the reciprocall ebbe and flow of the seas and where it is that they keepe no order and are without reason OF the nature of waters much hath bin said but the sea tide that it should flow and ebbe againe is most maruellous of all other the maner thereof verily is diuers but the cause is in the Sun and Moon Between two risings of the Moone they flow twice and twice go backe and alwaies in the space of 24 houres And first as he riseth aloft together with the world the tides swell and anon again as it goeth from the height of the Meridian line and enclineth Westward they slake again as she moueth from the West vnder our horizon and approcheth to the point contrarie to the Meridian they flow and then they are receiued backe into the sea vntill she rise again and neuer keepeth the tyde the same houre that it did the day before for it waiteth and attendeth vpon the planet which greedily draweth with it the seas and euer riseth to day in some other place than it did yesterday Howbeit the tides keepe iust the same time between and hold alwaies six houres apiece I meane not of euery day and night or place indifferently but only the equinoctial For in regard of houres the tides of the sea are vnequall forasmuch as by day and night the tydes are more or lesse one time than another in the equinoctial only they are euen and alike in all places A very great argument this is full of light to conuince that grosse and blockish conceit of them who are of opinion that the planets being vnder the earth lose their power and that their vertue beginneth when they are aboue only for they shew their effects as well vnder as aboue the earth as wel as the earth which worketh in all parts And plaine it is that the Moone performeth her operations as well vnder the earth as when we see her visibly aloft neither is her course any other beneath than aboue our horizon But yet the difference and alteration of the Moone is manifold and first euery seuen daies for whiles she is new the tides be but small vntill the first quarter for as she groweth bigger they flow more but in the full they swell and boile most of all From that time they begin again to be more milde and in the first daies of the wain to the seuenth the tides are equall and againe when she is diuided on the other side and but halfe Moon they increase greater And in the Coniunction or the change they are equall to the tides of the full And euidently it appeareth that when she is Northerly and retired higher farther from the earth the tides are more gentle than when she is gone Southerly for then she worketh neerer hand and putteth forth her full power Euery eight yere also after the hundreth reuolution of the Moone the seas returne to the beginning of their motions and to the like encrease and growth by reason that she augmenteth all things by the yerely course of the Sun forasmuch as in the two equinoctials they euer swel most yet more in that of the Autumne than the Spring but nothing to speak of in Mid-winter lesse at Mid-summer And yet these things fall not out iust in these very points and instants of the times which I haue named but some few daies after like as neither in the full nor in the change but afterward ne yet presently so soon as the heauen either sheweth vs the Moon in her rising or hideth her from vs at her setting or as shee declineth from us in the middle climat but later almost by two equinoctial hours Forasmuch as the effect of all influences and operations in the heauen reach not so soon vnto the earth as the eiesight pierceth vp to the heauen as it appeareth by lightnings thunders thunderbolts
Moreouer all tides in the main Ocean ouerspread couer and ouerflow much more within the land than in other seas besides either because the whole and vniuersall element is more couragious than in a part or for that the open greatnesse and largenesse thereof feeleth more effectually the power of the Planet working forcibly as it doth far and neere at liberty than when the same is pent and restrained within those streights Which is the cause that neither lakes nor little riuers ebbe and flow in like manner Pythias of Massiles writeth That aboue Brittain the tide floweth in height 80 cubits But the more inward and Mediterranean narrow seas are shut vp within the lands as in an hauen How beit in some places a more spacious liberty there is that yeeldeth to the power and command of the Moon for we haue many examples and experiments of them that in a calm sea without wind and saile by a strange water onely haue tided from Italy to Vtica in three daies But these tides and quick motions of the sea are found to be about the shores more than in the deep maine sea For euen so in our bodies the extreme and vtmost parts haue a greater feeling of the beating of arteries that is to say the vitall spirits Yet notwithstanding in many firths and armes of the sea by reason of the vnlike risings of the planets in euery coast the tides are diuers and disagreeing in time but not in reason and cause as namely in the Syrtes And yet some there be that haue a peculiar nature by themselues as the Firth Taurominitanum which ebbeth and floweth oftner than twice and that either in Euboea called likewise Euripus which hath seuen tides to and fro in a day and a night And the same tide three daies in a moneth standeth stil namely in the 7 8 and 9 daies of the moons age At Gades the fountaine next vnto the chappell of Hercules is inclosed about like a well the which at sometimes riseth and falleth as the Ocean doth at others againe it doth both at contrary seasons In the same place there is another spring that keepeth order and time with the motions of the Ocean On the banke of Betis there is a towne the wells whereof as the tide floweth do ebbe and as it ebbeth do flow in the mid times betweene they stirre not Of the same qualitie there is one pit in the towne Hispalis all the rest be as others are And the sea Pontus euermore floweth and runneth out into Propontis but the sea neuer retireth backe againe within Pontus CHAP. XCVIII ¶ Maruels of the Sea ALl seas are purged and scoured in the full Moone and some besides at certaine times About Messala and Nylae there is voided vpon the shore certaine dregges and filthinesse like to beasts dung whereupon arose the fable That the Sunnes oxen were there kept in stall Hereunto addeth Aristotle for I would not omit willingly any thing that I know that no liuing creature dieth but in the reflux and ebbe of the sea This is obserued much in the Ocean of France but found onely in man by experience true CHAP. XCIX ¶ What power the Moone hath ouer things on Earth and in the Sea BY which it is truly guessed and collected that not in vaine the planet of the Moone is supposed to be a Spirit for this is it that satisfieth the earth to her content shee it is that in her approch and comming toward filleth bodies ful and in her retire and going away emptieth them again And hereupon it is that with her growth all shell-fish wax encrease and those creatures which haue no bloud them most of all do feele her spirit Also the bloud in men doth increase or diminish with her light more or lesse yea the leaues of trees and the grasse for sodder as shall be said in conuenient place do feele the influence of her which euermore the same pierceth and entreth effectually into all things CHAP. C. ¶ Of the power of the Sun and why the Sea is salt THus by the feruent heate of the Sun all moisture is dried vp for wee haue been taught that this Planet is Masculine frying and sucking vp the humidity of all things Thus the broad and spacious sea hath the taste of salt sodden into it or else it is because when the sweet and thin substance thereof is sucked out from it which the firie power of the Sun most easily draweth vp all the tarter and more grosse parts thereof remaine behinde and hereupon it is that the deep water toward the bottom is sweeter and lesse brackish than that aboue in the top And surely this is a better and truer reason of that vnpleasant smacke and taste that it hath than that the sea should be a sweat issuing out of the earth continually or because ouermuch of the dry terrence element is mingled in it without any vapour or else because the nature of the earth infecteth the waters as it were with some strong medicine We finde among rare examples and experiments that there happened a prodigious token to Denis tyrant of Sicily when he was expelled and deposed from that mightie state of his and this it was the sea water within one day in the hauen grew to be fresh and sweet CHAP. CI. ¶ In like manner of the Moones Nature ON the contrary they say that the Moone is a planet Foeminine tender nightly dissolueth humors draweth the same but carieth them not away And this appeareth euidently by this proofe that the carkasses of wilde beasts slain she putrifieth by her influence if she shine vpon them When men also are sound asleepe the dull nummednesse thereby gathered she draweth vp into the head she thaweth yce and with a moistening breath proceeding from her enlargeth and openeth all things Thus you see how Natures turn is serued and supplyed and is alwaies sufficient whiles some stars thicken and knit the elements others againe resolue the same But as the Sun is fed by the salt seas so the Moone is nourished by the fresh riuer waters CHAP. CII ¶ Where the Sea is deepest FAbianus saith that the sea where is deepest exceedeth not fifteen furlongs Others againe do report that in Pontus the sea is of an vnmeasurable depth ouer against the Nation of the Coraxians the place they call Bathei Ponti whereof the bottome could neuer bee sounded CHAP. CIII ¶ The wonders of Waters Fountaines and Riuers OF all wonders this passeth that certain fresh waters hard by the sea issue spring forth as out of pipes for the nature of the waters also ceaseth not from strange and miraculous properties Fresh waters run aloft the sea as being no doubt the lighter and therefore the sea water which naturally is heauier vpholdeth and beareth vp whatsoeuer is brought in Yea and amongst fresh waters some there be that flote and glide ouer others As for example in the lake Fucinus the riuer that runneth into it in Larius Addua
Barderates Industria Pollentia Carrea which also is named Polentia Foro Fuluij the same that Valentinum Augusta of the Vagienni Alba Pompei Asta and Aquae Statyellorum And this is the ninth Canton after the Geographie of Augustus This coast or tract of Liguria containeth betweene the riuers Varus and Macra 211 miles To it is adioined the 7 wherin is Hetruria from the riuer Macra and it oftentimes changed the name In old time the Pelasgians chased the Vmbrians from thence and by them the Lydians did the like of whose king named they were Tyrrheni but soon after of their ceremonies in sacrificing in the Greeks language Thusci The first towne of Hetruria is Luna famous for the hauen then the Colonie Luca lying from the sea and neerer vnto it is Pisae between the riuer Auser and Arnus which took the beginning from Pelops and the Pisians or Atintanians a Greeke nation Vada Volateranea the riuer Cecinna Populonium of the Tuscanes in times past scituate only vpon this coast After these the riuer Prille and anon after Vmbro nauigable and of it tooke name so forward the tract of Vmbria and the port towne Telamon Cossa Volscientium a Colonie planted there by the people of Rome Grauiscae Castrum Novum Pyrgi the riuer Caeretanus and Caere it self standing foure miles within called Agylla by the Pelasgians who built it Alsium and Frugenae The riuer Tiberis distant from Macra 284 miles Within-forth are these Colonies Falisca descended from Argi as Cato saith and for distinction is called Hetruscorum Lucus Feroniae Russellana Senensis and Sutrina As for the rest these they be Aretini the old Aretini Fidentes Aretini Iulienses Amitinenses Aquenses surnamed Taurini Vlerani Cortonenses Capenates Clusines the old Clusines the new Fluentini fast vpon the riuer Arnus that runs before them Fesulae Ferentinum Fescennia Hortanum Herbanum Nepet Nouempagi i. the nine villages the Shire-wiek called Prefecture Claudia or Foro Clodij Pistorucin Perusia Suanenses Saturnini who beforetime were called Aurinini Sudertani Statones Tarquinienses Tuscanienses Vetulonienses Veientani Vesentini Volaterrani surnamed Hetrusci and Volsinienses In the same part lie the territories Crustuminus and Caeletranus bearing the names of the old townes Tiberis beforenamed Tybris and before that Albula from the middest well neere of Apennine as it lies in length runs along the marches of the Aretines small and shallow at the first and not able to beare a vessell without being gathered together as it were by fish-pooles into a head and so let goe at sluces as Tinia and Glanis which run into him the which are at the same passe and require 9 daies for collection of waters and so are kept in for running out in case they haue no helpe of rain at al. But Tiberis by reason of the rough stony and rugged channell for all that deuise hold on no long course together but only for troughes to speake more truly than boats thus it doth for a hundred and fifty miles not far from Tifernum Perusia and Otriculum diuiding as it passeth Hetruria from the Vmbrians and Sabines and so forth vntill anon within thirteen miles of the citie Rome it parts the Veientian countrey from the Crustumine and soone after the Fidenate and Latine territories from the Labicane But besides Tinia and Glanis he is augmented with two and forty riuers and especially with Nar and Anio which riuer being also it selfe nauigable encloses Latium behind and neuerthelesse so many waters and fountaines are brought thereby into the citie whereby it is able to receiue any ships be they neuer so great from the Italian sea and is the kindest marchant to conueigh all commodities growing and arising in any place of the whole world it is the onely riuer of all others to speake of and more villages stand vpon it and see it than al other riuers in what land soeuer No riuer hath lesse liberty than it as hauing the sides therof enclosed on both hands yet he is no quarreller nor much harm doth he albeit he hath many and those suddain swellings and in no place more than in the very citie of Rome do his waters ouerflow yet is he taken to be a prophet rather and a Counsellor to giue warning yea and in smelling more religious and breeding scruple to speake a truth than otherwise cruell and doing any great harme Old Latium from Tiberis to Circeios was obserued to be in length 50 miles So small roots at the first took this Empire The inhabitants thereof changed often and held it some one time some another to wit the Aborigenes Pelasgi Arcadians Sicilians Auruncanes and Rutilians And beyond Circeios the Volscians Ossians Ausonians from whence the name of Latium did reach soone after as farre as to the riuer Liris In the beginning of it stands Ostia a Colonie brought thither and planted by a Roman king the towne Laurentum the groue of Iupiter Indiges The riuer Numicius and Ardea built by Danae the mother of Perseus Then the Colonie Antium sometimes Aphrodisium Astura the riuer and the Island The riuer Nymphaeus Clastra Romana Circeij in times past an Island yea and that verily enuironed with a mighty sea if we beleeue Homer but now with a plain A wonder it is what we are able to deliuer concerning this thing to the knowledge of men Theophrastas who of strangers was the first that writ any thing diligently somewhat of the Romans for Theopompus before whom no man made mention at all said only That the citie was woon by the Gaules and Clitarchus next after him spake of nothing else but an embassage sent vnto Alexander this Theophrastus I say vpon a better ground and more certaintie now than bare hearesay hath set downe the measure of the Island Circeij to be eightie Stadia in that booke which he wrot to Nicodorus the chiefe Magistrate of the Athenians who liued in the 460 yeere after the foundation of Rome citie Whatsoeuer land therefore aboue tenne miles compasse lies neere about it hath beene annexed to the Island But after that a yeere another strange and wonderfull thing fell out in Italy for not far from Circeij there is a meere called Pomptina which Mutianus a man who had beene thrice Consull reporteth to haue been a place wherein stood 23 cities Then there is the riuer Vfens vpon which standeth the towne Tarracina called in the Volscian tongue Anxur where sometime was the citie Amycle destroied by serpents After it is there the place of a caue or peak the lake Fundanus the hauen Cajeta The town Formiae named also Hormiae the ancient seat as men thought of the Laestrigones Beyond it was the towne Pyrae the Colonie Minturne diuided asunder by the riuer Liris called Clanius The vtmost frontier towne in this part of Latium laid to the other is Sinuessa which as some haue said was wont to be called Sinope Thence comes to shew it selfe that pleasant and plentifull countrey Campania From this vale begin the hills full of
bordering vpon Pontus Faire riuers out of the Dardanians countrey Margis Pingus and Timachis Out of Rhodope Oessus out of Haemus Vtus Essamus and Ieterus Illyricum where it is broadest taketh vp 325 miles it lieth out in length from the riuer Arsia to the riuer Drinius 800 miles From Drinium to the cape Acroceraunium 182 miles M. Agrippa hath set downe all the whole sea comprehending Italy and Illyricum in the compasse of 1300 miles In it are two smaller seas or gulfs bounded as I haue said namely The lower otherwise called the Ionian in the fore-part the inner called Adriaticum which also they name the vpper in the Ausonian sea there be no islands worth the speaking but those aboue-named in the Ionian sea there are but few to wit vpon the Calabrian coast before Brundusium by the obiect site whereof the hauen is made and against the Apulian coast Diomede famous for the tombe and monument of Diomedes another also of that name called by some Teutria As for the coast of Illyricum it is pestered with more than a thousand such is the nature of the sea full of shelues and washes with narrow chanels running between But before the mouthes of Timavus there be Islands famous for hot waters which ebbe and flow with the sea and neere vnto the territorie of the Istrians Cissa Pullariae and those which the Greekes name Absyrtides of Medeas brother Absyrtes there slaine Neere vnto them they called the Islands Electrides wherin is ingendred Ambre which they cal Electrum a most assured argument to proue the vanity of the Greeks for that which of them they meant was neuer known against lader there is Lissa and certain other ouer against the Liburnians called Creteae and as many of the Liburnians Celadusae against Surium there is Brattia commended for neat and goats Issa inhabited by Roman citizens and Pharia with the towne Next to these Corcyra surnamed Melaena with the towne of the Guidians distant 22 miles asunder between which and Illyricum is Melita wherof as Callimachus testifieth the little dogs Melitaei tooke their name and 12 miles from thence the three Elaphites In the Ionian sea from Oricum 1000 miles is Sasonis well knowne for the Pirats harbor there THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS From whence first arose all the fabulous lyes and the excellent Learning of the Greekes THe third Sea of Europe beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia and endeth in Hellespont it containeth besides nineteene smaller gulfes or creekes 25 thousand miles Within it are Epirus Acarnania Aetolia Phocis Locris Achaia Messania Laconia Argolis Megaris Attica Boeotia And againe from another sea the same Phocis and Locris Doris Phthiotis Thessalia Magnesia Macedonia Thracia All the fabulous veine and learning of Greece proceeded out of this quarter And therefore we will therein stay somewhat the longer The countrey Epirus generally so called beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia In it are first the Chaones of whom Chaonia taketh the name then the Thesprotians and Antigonenses the place Aornus and the aire arising out of it so noisom and pestiferous for birds The Cestines and Perrhoebians with their mountaine Pindus the Cassiopaei the Dryopes Selli Hellopes and Molossi among whom is the tâ—…mple of Iupiter Dodonaeus so famous for the Oracle there the mountaine Tomarus renowned by Theopompus for the hundred fountaines about the foot thereof CHAP. I. ¶ Epirus EPirus it selfe reaching to Magnesia and Macedonia hath behinde it the Dassaretians aboue named a free nation but anon the sauage people of the Dardanians On the left side of the Dardanians the Trebellians and nations of Moesia lye ranged afront there ioine vnto them the Medi and Denthelates vpon whom the Thracians border who reach as farre as to Pontus Thus enuironed it is and defenced round partly with the high hill Rhodope and anon also with Haemus In the vtmost coast of Epirus among the Acroceraunia is the castle Chimaera vnder which is the spring of the kings water The townes are Maeandria and Cestria the riuer of Thesprotia Thyamis the colonie Buthrotium and the gulfe of Ambracia aboue all others most famous receiuing at his mouth the wide sea 39 miles in length and 15 in breadth Into it runneth the riuer Acheron flowing out of Acherusia a lake of Thesprotia 36 miles from thence and for the bridge ouer it 1000 foot long admirable to those that admire and wonder at all things of their owne In the very gulfe is the towne Ambracia The riuers of the Molossians Aphas and Arachtus The citie Anactoria and the lake Pandosia The townes of Acarnania called before time Curetus be Heraclea and Echinus and in the very entrance and mouth thereof Artium a Colonie of Augustus with the goodly temple of Apollo and the free citie Nicopolis When ye are gone out of the Ambrecian gulfe into the Ionian sea yee meet with the Leucadian sea coast and the promontorie of Leucate Then the creeke and Leucadia it selfe a demie Island sometime called Neritis but by the labour of the inhabitants thereby cut quite from the Continent but annexed to it again by meanes of the winds blowing together heapes of sand which place is called Dioryctus and is in length almost halfe a mile A town in it there is called Leucas sometime Neritum Then the cities of the Acarnanians Halyzea Stratos Argos surnamed Amphilochicum The riuer Achelous running out of Pindus diuiding Acarnania from Aetolia and by continuall bringing in of earth annexing the island Artemita to the firme and maine land CHAP. II ¶ Aetolia THe Aetolian nations be the Athamanes Tymphei Ephiri Aenienses Perrhoebi Dolopes Maraces and Atraces from whom the riuer Atrax falleth into the Ionian sea The Towne Calydon in Aetolia is seuen miles and an halfe from the sea neere to the riuer Euenus then followeth Macynia and Molychria behinde which Chalcis standeth and the mountaine Taphiassus But in the very edge and borders thereof the Promontorie Antirrhium where is the mouth of the Corinthian gulfe not a mile broad where it runneth in diuideth the Aetolians from Peloponnesus The promontorie that shooteth out against it is named Rhion but vpon that Corinthian gulfe are the townes of Aetolia Naupactum and Pylene but in the mid-land parts Pleucon Halysarna The mountaines of name in Dodone Tomarus in Ambracia Grania in Acarnania Aracynthus in Aetolia Acanthon Panaetolium and Macinium CHAP. III. ¶ Locri. NExt to the Aetolians are the Locri surnamed Ozolae free States and exempt the towne Oeanthe the hauen of Apollo Phaestius the creeke Crissaeus Within-forth are these towns Argyna Eupalia Phaestum and Calamissus Beyond them are Citrhaei the plaines of Phocis the towne Cirrha the hauen Chalaeon from which seuen miles within the land is the free citie Delphi vnder the hill Pernassus the most famous place vpon earth for the Oracle of Apollo The fountaine Castalius the riuer Cephissus running before Delphos which ariseth in a citie sometime
called Liloea Moreouer the towne Crissa and together with the Bulenses Anticyra Naulochum Pyrrha Amphissa an exempt State Trichone Tritea Ambrysus the region Drymaea named Daulis Then in the inmost nouke of the creeke the very canton and angle of Boeotia is washed by the sea with these townes Siphae and Thebae which are surnamed Corsicae neere to Helicon The third towne of Boeotia from this sea is Page from whence proceedeth and beareth forth the necke or cape of Peloponnesus CHAP. IV. ¶ Peloponnesus PEloponnesus called before time Apia and Pelasgia is a demy Island worthie to come behinde no other land for excellency and name lying betweene two seas Aegeum and Ionium like vnto the leafe of a plane tree in regard of the indented creekes and cornered nouks thereof it beareth a circuit of 563 miles according to Isodorus The same if you comprise the creekes and gulfes addeth almost as much more The streight where it beginneth to passe on and go forward is called Isthmos In which place the seas a bouenamed gushing and breaking from diuers waies to wit from the North and the East do deuoure all the breadth of it there vntill by the contrary running in of so great seas the sides on both hands being eaten away and leauing a space of land betweene fiue miles ouer Hellas with a narrow necke doth meet with Pel oponnesus The one side thereof is called the Corinthian gulfe the other the Saronian Lecheum of the one hand and Cenchraea of the other do bound out and limit the said streights where the ships are to fetch a great compasse about with some danger such vessels I meane as for their bignesse cannot be conueighed ouer vpon wains For which cause Demetrius the king Caesar the Dictator prince Caius and Domitius Nero assaied to cut through the narrow foreland and make a channell nauigable with ease but the attempt and enterprise was vnhappie as appeared by the issue and end of them all In the middest of this narrow streight which we haue called Isthmos the colonie Corinthus beforetime called Ephyra scituate hard to a little hill is inhabited some 60 stadia from both sea sides which from the top of the high hill and castle there which is named Acrocorinthus wherein is the fountaine Pirene hath a prospect into both those contrarie seas At this Corinthian gulfe there is a passage or cut by sea from Leucas to Patrae of 87 miles Patrae a Colonie built vpon the promontorie of Peloponnesus that shooteth farthest into the sea ouer-against Aetolia and the riuer Euenus of lesse distance as hath bin said than fiue miles in the very gullet and enterance do send out the Corinthian gulfe 85 miles in length euen as far as Isthmos CHAP. V. ¶ Achaia AChaia the name of a prouince beginneth at Isthmus aforetime called it was Aegialos because of the cities scituate so orderly vpon the strand The principal and first there is Lecheae abouenamed a port towne of the Corinthians Next to it Oluros a castle of the Pelleneans The townes Helice Bura and into which the inhabitants retired themselues when these beforenamed were drowned in the sea Sicyon Aegira Aegion and Erineos Within the country was Cleone and Hysie Also the hauen Panhormus Rhium described before from which promontorie fiue miles off standeth Patrae aboue mentioned the place called Pherae of 9 hils in Achaia Scioessa is most knowne also the Spring Cymothoe Beyond Patrae is the towne Olenum the colonie Dymae Certain faire places called Buprasium and Hirmene the promontorie Araxum The creeke of Cyllene the cape Chelonates from whence to Cyllene is two miles The castle Phlius The tract also by Homer named Arethyrea and afterwards Asophis Then the country of the Elians who before were called Epei As for Elis the city it selfe it is vp higher in the mid-land parts 12 miles from Pylos Within it standeth the Chappell of Iupiter Olympius which for the fame of the games there containeth the Greekes and Chaldeans account of yeares Moreouer the town sometime of the Piseans before which the riuer Alpheus runneth But in the borders and coast therof the promontorie Icthys Vpon the riuer Alpheus there is passage by water in barges to the townes Aulos and Leprion The promontory Platanestus all these lie Westward But toward the South the arme of the sea called Cyparissius and the city Cyparissa 72 miles in circuit The townes vpon it Pylos Methone a place and forrest called Delos the promontorie Acritas the creeke Asineus of the towne Asinum Coroneus of Corone and these are limited with Tenarus the promontorie There also is the region Messenia with 22 mountains The riuer Paomisus But within Messene it selfe Ithome Oechalia Arene Pteleon Thryon Dorion Zanclum famous townes all for many occurrents at sundry times The compasse of this arme of the sea is 80 miles the cut ouer-crosse 30 miles Then from Tenarus the Laconian land pertaining to a free people and an arme of the sea there in circuit about 206 miles but 39 miles ouer The townes Tenarum Amiclae Pherae Leuctra and within-forth Sparta Theranicum and where stood Cardamyle Pitane and Anthane The place Thyrea and Gerania The hill Taygetus the riuer Eurotas the creeke Aegylodes and the towne Psammathus The gulfe Gytheates of a towne thereby Gytheum from whence to the Island Creet there is a most direct and sure cut all these are inclosed within the promontorie Maleum The arme of the sea next following is called Argolicus and is 50 miles ouer and 172 miles about The towns about it Boea Epidaurus Limera named also Zarax Cyphanta the hauen Riuers Inachus Erasinus betweene which standeth Argos surnamed Hippium vpon the Lake Lerne from the sea two miles and nine miles farther Mycenae also where they say Tiryntha stood and the place Mantinea Hills Artemius Apesantus Asterion Parparus and eleuen others besides Fountaines Niobe Amymone Psammothe From Scylleum to Isthmus 177 miles Towns Hermione Troezen Coryphasium and Argos called of some Inachium of others Dipsium The hauen Cenites the creeke Saronicus beset round about in old time with woods of Oake whereupon it had the name for so old Greece called an Oake Within it stood the towne Epidaurum much resorted vnto for the temple of Aesculapius the promontorie Spiraeum the hauens Anthedon and Bucephalus and likewise Cenchreae which we spake of before being the other limit of Isthmus together with the chappell of Neptune famous for the games there represented euery fiue yeres Thus many creekes doth scotch and cut Peloponnesus thus many seas I say do rore and dash against it For on the North side the Ionian sea breaketh in on the West it is beaten vpon with the Sicilian From the South the Cretian sea driueth against it Aegeum from the Southeast and Myrtoum on the Northeast which beginning at the Megarian gulfe washeth all Attica CHAP. VI. ¶ Of Arcadia THe midland parts thereof Arcadia most of all taketh vp being euery way far remote from
and Calatis which before was called Acernetis It had sometime Heraclea and Bizon which sunke and was lost in a gaping chinke of the earth but now in stead thereof Diony sopolis called before Crunos The riuer Ziras runneth hard by it All that tract the Scythians named besides Aroteres possessed There townes were Aphrodisius Libistos Zigere Borcobe Eumenia Parthenopolis Gerania where it is reported that the nation of the Pygmeans kept whom the barbarous people call Catizi and they are of beliefe that they were chased away and put to flight by cranes In the edge thereof next to Dionysopolis there is Odessus of the Milesians the riuer Pomiscus the towne Tetranaulocos the mountaine Haemus bearing forth with a huge top into Pontus had in the pitch therof the towne Aristaeum Now in the coast is Mesembria and Anchialum where Messa was The region Astice There was the towne Anthium now there is Apollonia The riuers Panissa Rira Tearus Orosines Townes Thynnias Almedessos Deuelton with the poole which now is called Deultum belonging to the old souldiers Phinopolis neere vnto which is Bosphorus From the mouth of Ister to the entrance of Pontus some haue made it 555 miles Agrippa hath set to 40 miles more And from thence to the wall aboue-named 150 and so from it to Chersonesus 126. But neere to Bosphorus is the arme of the sea Gasthenes The hauen surnamed of old men and another likewise of women The promontory Chrysoceras whereupon standeth the town Bizantium of free estate called before-time Lygos From Dyrrachium it is 711 miles Thus much lies out the main in length between the Adriatick sea and Propontis Riuers Bathynias Pydaras or Atyras Towns Selymbria Perinthus annexed to the Continent 200 pases broad Within-forth Byzia the castle of Thracian kings hated of Swallowes vpon the horrible and cursed fact of Tereus The region Camica the colonie Flauiopolus where before-time the town was called Zela. And 50 miles from Byria the Colony Apros which is from Philippi 188 miles But in the borders the riuer Erginus where was the town Gonos And there you leaue the citie Lysimachia also now in Chersonesus For another land passage or Isthmus there is of like streightnes alone in name and of equall breadth with that of Corinth Likewise on both sides two cities do beautifie and set out the stronds which they take vp not vnlike to the other to wit Pactiae from Propontis and Cardia from the gulfe Melane as for this it taketh the name of the forme and proportion of the place made like a heart and both afterwards where inclosed within Lysimachia 3 miles from the long walls abouesaid Chersonesus from Propontis side had Tiristasis Crithotes also Cissa fast vpon the riuer Aegos now it hath from the colony Apros 32 miles Resistos ouer-against the colony Pariana And Hellespontus diuiding Europe from Asia seuen stadia asunder as we haue said hath foure cities there opposite one against another to wit in Europe Calippolis and Sestos in Asia Lampsicum and Abydos Then is the promontory of Chersonesus Mastisia iust contrary to Sigeum in the crooked front whereof is Cynossema for so is Hecubaes tombe named the very rode of the Athenians nauie The towne and chappell of Protesilaus and in the very vtmost forefront of Cherronesus which is called Aeolium the towne Elaeus After it as a man goeth to the gulfe Melane the hauens Caelos Panhormus and the aboue-named Cardia The third sea of Europe is in this manner bounded and limited Mountaines of Thrasia ouer and aboue those afore rehearsed Edonus Gigemorus Meritus and Melamphyllon Riuers falling into Hebrus be Bargus and Suemus The length of Macedonie Thracia and Hellespontus is set downe before Some make it seuen hundred and twenty miles The breadth is three hundred and eighty miles The sea Aegium tooke that name of a rocke betweene Tenedos and Chios more truly than of an Island named Aex resembling a goat and therefore so called of the Greekes which all at once appeareth to rise out of the mids of the sea The sea-men that saile from out of Achaia to Andros discouer it on the right hand and to them it presageth some dreadfull and mischieuous accident Part of the Aegaean sea is laid to the Myrtoum and so called it is of a little Island which sheweth it selfe to them that set saile from Gerestus to Macedonie not farre from Charistos in Euboea The Romanes comprehend all these seas in two names namely Macedonicum all that which toucheth Macedonia and Thracia and Graeciensum where it beateth vpon Greece As for the Greekes they diuide euen the Ionian sea into Siculum and Creticum of the Islands Also Icarius they call that between Samos and Mycione All the other names are giuen by gulfes and creekes whereof we haue spoken And thus much verily as touching the seas and nations contained in this manner within the third section or gulfe of Europe CHAP. XII ¶ The Islands betweene those lands among which Creta Euboea Cyclades and Sporades also of Hellespont Pontus Moeotis Dacia Sarmatia and Scythia ISlands ouer against Threspotia Corcyra 12 miles from Buthrotus and the same from the cliffes Acroceraunia 50 miles with a citie of the same name Corcyra of free condition also the towne Cassiope and the temple of Iupiter Cassiopeus it lieth out in length 97 miles Homer called it Scheria and Phaeacia Callimachus also Drepane About it are some others but bending toward Italy Thoronos and toward Leucadia the two Paxae fiue miles diuided from Corcyra And not farre from them before Corcyra Ericusa Marate Elaphusa Malthace Trachiae Pytionia Ptychia Tarachie And from Pholachrum a promontory of Corcyra the rocke into which their goeth a tale that the ship of Vlisses was turned for the resemblance it hath of such a thing Before Leucadia Sybota But between it Achaia there be very many of which Teleboides the same that Taphiae but of the inhabitants before Leucadia they be called Taphias Oxie and Prinoessa and before Aetolia the Echinades Aegialia Cotonis Thyatira Geoaris Dionysia Cyrnus Chalcis Pinara Mystus Before them in the deep sea Cephalenia and Zacynthus both free states Ithaca Dulichium Same Crocylea and Paxos Cephalenia sometime called Melaena is 11 miles off and 44 miles about As for Same it was destroied by the Romanes howbeit still it hath three townes between it and Achaia is Zacynthus with a town a stately Island passing fertile In times past it was called Hyrie and is 22 miles distant from the South coast of Cephalenia The famous hill Elatus is there The Isle it self is in circuit 25 miles Twelue miles from it is Ithaca wherin stands the mountain Neritus And in the whole it takes vp the compasse of 25 miles From it 12 miles off is Araxum a cape of Peloponnesus Before this Island in the main sea there appeare Asteris and Prote Before Zacynthus 35 miles full East are the two Strophades called by others Plotae and
122 miles and from Chersonesus 165 miles Beyond there haue been towns Cyte Cephyrium Acre Nympheum and Dia. And the strongest of them all by many degrees standeth yet still in the very entry of Bosphorus namely Pantecapium of the Milesians from Theodosia 1035 miles but from Cimmerum a town scituate beyond the Firth a mile and a halfe as we haue said And this is al the bredth there that diuideth Asia from Europe which somtime is passeable ouer most-what on foot namely when the Firth is frozen and all on yce The breadth of Bosphorus Cimmerius is 12 miles and a halfe It hath vpon it these townes Hermisium Myrmecium and within it an Island Alopece But along Moeotis from the farthest narrow land passage which place is called Taphrae vnto the mouth of Bosp horus it containes 260 miles On Taphrae side the Continent within-forth is inhabited by the Anchetae among whom Hypanis springeth and Neuri where Borysthenes hath his head Moreouer the Geloni Thussagetae Budini Basilidae and the Agathyrsi with blew haire on their heads Aboue them the Momades and the Anthropophagi On Buges side aboue Moeotis the Sauromates and Essedones dwell but along the borders euen as far as Tanais the Moeotae of whom the lake was so called and the vtmost on their backes the Arimaspi Within a little appeare the Rhiphaean hils and a countrey called Prerophoros for the resemblance of certain wings or feathers occasioned by the continuall fall of snow A part of the world thus is condemned 〈◊〉 dame Nature and drowned in deepe and thick darkenes dwelling within no other houses bâ—… the workes of frozen cold and the ycie harbors of the chilling Northerne wind Behind those hills and beyond the North pole there is a blessed and happy people if we may beleeue it whom they call Hyperborei who liue exceeding long and many fabulous and strange wonders are reported of them In this tract are supposed to be the two points or poles about which the world turns about and the very ends of the heauens reuolution For 6 moneths together they haue one entire day and night as long when the Sunne is cleane turned from them but their day beginneth not at the spring Aequinoctiall as the leaud and ignorant common people do imagine and so continueth to the Autumne for once in the yeere and namely at our mid-sommer when the Sun entreth into Cancer the Sun riseth with them and once likewise it setteth euen in the mid-winter with vs when the Sun entreth Capricorne The countrie is open vpon the Sunne of a blissefull and pleasant temperature void of all noisome wind hurtfull aire Their habitations be in woods and groues where they worship the gods both by themselues and in companies and congregations no discord know they no sicknes are they acquainted with They neuer die but when they haue liued long enough for when the aged men haue made good cheere and annointed their bodies with sweet ointments they leape from off a certain rocke into the sea This kind of sepulture of all others is most happy Some Writers haue seated them in the first part of the sea coasts in Asia and not in Europe for that indeed some be there resembling the like manners and customes and euen so scituate named Atocori Some haue set them iust in the mids between both Sunnes to wit the setting of it with the Antipodes and the rising of it with vs which cannot possibly be considering so vast and huge a sea comming betweene As for those that haue placed them no where but in the six moneths day-light haue written thus much of them That they sow in the morning reape at noone at sun-setting gather the fruits from the trees and in the nights lie close shut vp within caues Neither may we make doubt of that nation since that so many Authors doe testifie That they were wont to send the first fruits of their corne as far as Delos to Apollo whom aboue all others they honour And virgins they were that had the carriage of this present who for certaine yeeres were venerable and courteously entertained of all nations vntill such time as vpon breach of faithfull hospitalitie they took vp an order to bestow those sacred oblations in the next marches of their neighbour borderers and they againe to conueigh the same to their neighbours that confined vpon them and so forward as far as to Delos But soone after this custome was for-let and cleane giuen ouer The length of Sarmatia Scythia and Taurica and of all that tract from the riuer Borysthenes is 980 miles the breadth 717 as M. Agrippa hath cast it But I for my part suppose that the measure of this part of the earth is vncertaine but after the order which we haue begun let vs go forward with the rest behind of all this diuision as for the pety seas thereof we haue truly shewed them already CHAP. XIII ¶ The Islands Pontus HEllespont hath no Islands to be spoken of in Europe In Pontus are two a mile and halfe from Europ and 14 miles from the mouth of the riuer to wit Cyaneae of others called Symplegades and by report of fables they ran one into another the reason was because they being seuered by a small space betweene to them that enter the sea full vpon them they seemed twaine but if they turned their eye a little aside from them they made a shew as if they met together On this side Ister there is one pertaining to the Apolloniates 80 miles from Bosphorus Thracius out of which M. Lucullus brought Apollo Capitoliâ—…us What are within the mouths of Ister we haue declared already Before Borysthenes is the aboue named Achillea called Leuce and Macaron This our moderne Cosmographers in these daies doe set 140 miles from Borysthenes from Tyra 120 from the Island Peuce 50. It is in compasse about ten miles The rest be in the gulfe Carcinites namely Cephalonnesos Rhosphodusa and Macra I cannot passe by the opinion of many writers before we depart from Pontus who suppose all the inland seas or Mediterranian arise from that head and not from the streights of Gades and they lay for their ground an argument not without some good probabilitie because out of Pontus the sea alwaies floweth and neuer ebbeth againe But now we are to depart from thence that other parts of Europ may be spoken of when we are gone ouer the Riphoean hils we must passe along close by the North Ocean and keepe the left hand vntill we come to Gades In which tract there are reported to be very many Isles without name of which as Tymaeus reporteth there is one before Scythia called Bannomanna distant from Scythia one daies sailing into which in the temperate season of the spring Amber is cast vp to the shore by the waues of the sea All the other coasts are no otherwise marked and known but by vncertain heare-say The North Ocean from the riuer Paropamisus whereas it dasheth vpon Scythia
caput Saxi besides the rocks head The frontier towne of Cyrenaica is called Catabathmos which is a towne and a vaile all on a sudden falling with a steepe descent To this bound from the lesse Syrtis Cyrenaica Africa lieth in length 1060 miles and in bredth for so much as is knowne 800. CHAP. VI. ¶ Lybya Maroeotis THe countrey following is named Mareotis Libya and boundeth vpon Aegypt inhabited by the Marmaridae Adyrmachidae and so forward with the Mareotae The measure of it from Catabathmos to Paretoninm is 86 miles In that tract there lyeth in the way betweene the village Apis a place renowned for the religious rites of Aegypt From it to Paraetonium are 12 miles From thence to Alexandria 200 miles the bredth thereof is 169 miles Eratosthenes hath deliuered in writing that from Cyrenae to Alexandria by land is 525 miles Agrippa saith that the length of all Africk from the Atlanticke sea together with the inferiour part of Aegypt containeth 3040 miles Polybius and Eratosthenes reputed to haue bin most exact and curious in this kinde set downe from the Ocean to great Carthage 1600 miles From thence to Canopicum the neerest mouth of Nilus they make 1630 miles Isidore reckoneth from Tingi to Canopus 3599 miles And Artemidorus forty lesse than Isiodorus CHAP. VII ¶ Islands about Africke and oueragainst Africke THese seas haue not very many Islands within them The fairest of them all is Meninx 35 miles long and 25 broad called by Eratosthenes Lotophagitis Two towns it hath Meninx on Africke side and Thoar on the other it selfe is scituate from the right hand promontorie of the lesse Syrtis 200 paces A hundred miles from it against the left hand is Cercina with a free towne of the same name in length it is 25 miles and halfe as much in bredth where it is most but toward the end not aboue fiue miles ouer To it there lieth a pretty little one toward Carthage called Cercinitis ioineth by a bridge vnto it from these almost â—…o miles lies Lopadusa six miles long Then Gaulos and Galata the earth where of killeth the Scorpion a fell creature and noisome to Africke Men say also that they wil die in Clupea ouer against which lieth Corsyra with a towne But against the gulfe of Carthage be the two Aeginori rocks more like than Islands lying most between Sicily and Sardinia There be that write how these somtime were inhabited but afterwards sunke downe and were couered CHAP. VIII ¶ The Aethyopians BVt within the inner compassc and hollow of Africke toward the South aboue the Gaetulians where the desarts come between the first people that inhabit those parts be the Libij Aegyptij and then the Leucaethiopes Aboue them are the Aethyopian nations to wit the Nigritae of whom the riuer tooke name the Gymetes Pharusi and those which now reach to the Ocean whom we spake of in the marches of Mauritania namely the Perorsi From all these it is nothing but a wildernesse Eastward till you come to the Garamantes Augylae and Troglodites according to the most true opinion of them who place 2 Aethyopiaes aboue the desarts of Africk and especially of Homer who saith that the Aethyopians are diuided 2 waies namely East and West The riuer Nyger is of the same nature that Nilus It bringeth forth Reed and Papyr breedeth the same liuing creatures and riseth or swelleth at the same seasons It springeth betweene the Tareleia Aethyopians and the Oecalicae The towne Mavin belonging to this people some haue set vpon the wildernesse as also neere vnto them the Atlantes the Aegipanes halfe wilde beasts the Blemmyi the Gamphasants Satyres Himantopodes Those Atlantes if we will beleeue it degenerate from the rites and manners of all other men For neither call they one another by any name and they look wistly vpon the Sun rising setting with most dreadful curses as being pernicious to them their fields neither dream they in their sleep as other men The Troglodites dig hollow caues and these serue them for dwelling houses they feed vpon the flesh of serpents They make a gnashing noise rather than vtter any voice so little vse haue they of speech one to another The Garamants liue out of wedlock and conuerse with their women in common The Augylae do no worship to any but to the diuels beneath The Gamphasantes bee all naked and know no Wars and sort themselues with no forrainer The Blemmyi by report haue no heads but mouth and eies both in their brest the Satyres besides their shape only haue no properties nor fashions of men The Aegipanes are shaped as you see them commonly painted The Himantopodes be some of them limber legged and tender who naturally go creeping on the ground The Pharusi sometime Persae are said to haue bin the companions of Hercules as he went to the Hesperides More of Africke worth the noting I haue not to say CHAP. IX ¶ Of Asia VNto it ioineth Asia which from the mouth of Canopus vnto the mouth of Pontus after Timosthenes 2639 miles From the coast of Pontus to that of Maeotis Eratosthenes saith is 1545 miles The whole together with Egypt vnto Tanais by Artemidorus and Isidorus taketh 8800 miles Many seas there be in it taking their names of the borderers and therefore they shall be declared together with them The next country to Africk inhabited is Aegypt lying far within-forth to the South so far as the Aethyopians who border vpon their backs The nether part thereof the riuer Nilus diuided on the right hand and the left by his clasping doth bound and limit with the mouth of Canopus from Africke with the Pelusiake from Asia and carrieth a space between of 170 miles Whereupon considering that Nilus doth so part it self some haue reckoned Aegypt among the Islands so as it maketh a triangular figure of the land And here it is that many haue called Aegypt by the name of the Greeke letter Delta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The measure of it from the channell where it is but one and from whence it beginneth first to part into skirts and sides vnto the mouth of Canopus is 146 miles and to the Pelusiak 256 the vpmost part therof bounding on Aethyopia is called Thebais Diuided it is into towneships with seueral iurisdictions which they cal Nomos to wit Ombites Phatuites Apollopolites Hermonhites Thinites Phanturites Captites Tentyrites Diospalites Antaeopolites Aphroditolites and Lycopolites The country about Pelusium these town-ships with their seueral iurisdictions Pharboetites Bubastites Sethroites Tanites The rest haue these following the Arabicke the Hammoniacke which extendeth to the Oracle of Iupiter Hammon Oxyrinchites Leontopolites Atarrabites Cynopolytes Hermopolites Xoites Mendesins Sebennites Capastites Latapolites Heliopolites Prosopites Panopolites Busirites Onuphites Sorites Ptenethu Pthemphu Naucratites Nitrites Gynaecopolites Menelaites in the country of Alexandria In like manner of Libya Mareotis Heracleopolites is in the Island of Nilus fiftie miles long wherein also is that which
it fetcheth such windings to and fro that oftentimes it is taken for to run back againe from whence it came The first countrie that it passeth through is Apamia and from thence it proceedeth to Eumenitica and so forward through the plaines Bergylletici Last of all hee commeth gently into Caria and when hee hath watered and ouerflowed all that land with a most fat and fruitful mud that he leaueth behind him about ten stadia from Miletus he dischargeth himselfe into the sea Neer to that riuer is the hill Latmus the citie Heraclea surnamed Caryca of a hill of that name also Myus which as the report goeth was the first citie founded by the Ionians after their arriuall from Athens Naulochum and Pyrene Also vpon the sea coast the towne called Trogilia and the riuer Gessus Moreouer this quarter all the Ionians resort vnto in their deuotion and therefore named it is Panionia Neere vnto it was built a priueledged place for all fugitiues as appeareth by the name Phygela as also the town Marathesium stood there sometime and aboue it the renowmed citie Magnesia surnamed Vpon Maeander of the foundation of that other Magnesia in Thessalie From Ephesus it is 15 miles and from Trallais thither it is three miles farther Beforetime called it was Thessaloce Androlitia and being otherwise situate vpon the strond it tooke away with it other Islands called Derasides and ioine them to the firme land from out of the sea More within the maine standeth Thyatira in old time called Pelopia and Euhippa vpon the riuer Lycus But vpon the sea coast yee haue Manteium and Ephesus founded in times past by the Amazones But many names it had gone through before for in time of the Troiane war Alopes it was called soone after Ortygia and Morges yea and it took name Smyrne with addition of Trachaea i. rough Samornium and Ptelea Mounted it is vpon the hill Pione and hath the riuer Caystrus vnder it which commeth out of the Cilbian hills and bringeth downe with it many other riuers and principally is maintained and enriched with the lake Pegaseum which dischargeth it selfe by reason of the riuer Phyrites that runneth into it With these riuers he bringeth downe a good quantitie of mud whereby he increaseth the land for now already a good way within the land is the Island Syrie ioined to the continent A fountain there is within the citie called Callipia and two riuers height both Selinus comming from diuers parts enuiron the temple of Diana After you haue been at Ephesus you come to another Manteium inhabited by the Colophonians and within the country Colophon it selfe with the riuer Halesus vnder it Then meet you with the noble temple of Apollo Clarius and Lebedos And in this quarter somtime was to be seen the towne Notium The promontory also Coryceon is in this coast and the mountaine Mimas which reaches out 250 miles and endeth at length in the plaines within the continent that ioyne vnto it This is the place wherein Alexander the Great commanded a trench seuen miles long and an halfe to be cut through the plain for to ioyne two gulfes in one and to bring Erythree and Mimas together for to be enuironed round therewith Neere this city Erythree were sometimes the townes Pteleon Helos and Dorion now there is the riuer Aleon and the cape Corineum vpon the mount Mimas Clazomene Partheniae and Hippi called Chytophoria hauing beene sometime Islands the same Alexander caused to be vnited to the firme land for the space of two stadia There haue perished within-forth and beene drowned Daphnus Hermesia and Sipylum called before-time Tantalis notwithstanding it had beene the chiefe citie of Moeonia situate in that place where now is the meere or lake Sale And for that cause Archaeopolis succeeded in that preeminence and after it Colpe and in stead thereof Lebade As you returne from thence toward the sea side about twelue miles off you come vpon the citie Smyrna built by an Amazonite but repaired and fortified by Alexander the Great Situat it is pleasantly vpon the riuer Melis which hath his head and source not far off The most renowned hils in Asia for the most part spred themselues at large in this tract to wit Mastusia on the back side of Smyrna and Termetis that meets close to the foot of Olympus This hil Olympus endeth at the mountain Tmolus Tmolus at Cadmus and Cadmus at Taurus When you are past Smyrna you come into certain plains occasioned by the riuer Hermus and therefore adopted in his name This riuer hath his beginning neer to Doryleus a city of Phrygia and takes into it many other cities principally Phryge which giues name to the whole nation and diuides Phrygia and Caria asunder Moreouer Lyllus Crios which also are big and great by reason of other riuers of Phrygia Mysia and Lydia which enter into them In the very mouth of this riuer stood somtime the towne Temnos but now in the very vtmost nouke of the gulfe certain stony rocks called Myrmeces Also the towne Leuce vpon the cape so called somtime an Island it was and last of all Phocaea which limiteth and boundeth Ionia But to returne to Smyrna the most part of Aeolia whereof we will speake anon repaires commonly thither to their Parliament and Assises Likewise the Macedonians syrnamed Hircani as also the Magnetes from Sipylum But vnto Ephesus which is another principal and famous city of Asia resort those that dwell farther off to wit the Caesarians Metropolites Cylbianes the Myso-Macedonians as well the higher as the lower the Mastaurians Brullites Hyppepoenians and Dios-Hieriteae CHAP. XXX ¶ Aeolis Troas and Pergamus Aeolis in old time Mysia confronts vpon Ionia so doth Troas which bounds on the coast of Hellespontus Being then past Phocaea you meet with the port Ascanius the place where sometime Larissa stood and now Cyme and Myrina which loueth to be called Sebastopolis Within the firme land Aegae Attalia Posidea Neon-tichos and Temnos But vpon the coast the riuer Titanus and a city taking name thereof The time was when a man might haue seen there the city Grynia but now there is but an hauen and the bare ground by reason that the Island is taken into it and ioyned thereto The towne Elaea is not farre from thence and the riuer Caicus comming out of Mysia Moreouer the towne Pytane and the Riuer Canaius Other townes there were in old time but they are lost and perished namely Canae Lysimachia Atarnaea Carenae Cisthene Cilla Cocillum Thebae Astyre Chrysa Paloestepsis Gergithos and Neandros Yet at this day are to be seen the city Perperene beyond it the tract and territory Heracleotes the towne Coryphas the riuer Gryliosolius the quarter called Aphrodisias before-time Politice Orgas the country and Scepsis the new The riuer Evenus vpon the banke whereof stood once Lyrmessos and Miletos but now they are gon In this tract is the mountain Ida. Moreouer in the sea coast Adramytteos
Dioscurias Some there be that think how it was first founded by Amphitus and Telchius who had the charge of the chariots of Castor and Pollux for certain it is that the fierce and wild nation of the Heniochi are from them descended Being past Dioscurias you come vp the towne Heraclium which from Sebastopolis is 80 miles distant and so forward to the Achaei Mardi and Cercetae and after them to the Serri and Cephalotomi For within that tract stood the most rich and wealthy town Pitius which by the Heniochians was ransacked and spoiled On the backe part thereof inhabit the Epagerites a nation of the Sarmatians euen vpon the mountaine Caucasus and on the other side of that hill the Sauromatae the country is at this day called Tartaria the great Hither retired and fled king Mithridates in the time of Claudius Caesar the Emperor who made report that the Thali dwell thereby and confine East-ward vpon the very opening of the Caspian sea which by his report remaineth dry whensoeuer the sea doth ebbe But now to turne vnto the coast neer vnto the Cercetae you meet with the riuer Icarusa with a towne and riuer called Hierum 136 miles from Heracleum Then come yee to the cape Cronea in the very ridge and high pitch whereof the Toretae inhabit But beneath it you may see the citie Sindica 67 miles scituate from Hierum and last of all you arriue vpon the riuer Sceaceriges CHAP. VI. ¶ Maeotis and the streights thereof called Bosphorus Cimmerius FRom the said riuer to the very entrance of the Cimmerian Bosphorus are counted 88 miles and a halfe But the length of the very demy Island which extendeth and stretcheth out between Pontus and Maeotis is not aboue 87 miles and a halfe and the breadth in no place lesse than two acres of land This the paisants of that country do call Eione The very coasts of this streight Bosphorus both of Asia side and Europa boweth and windeth like a curb to Moeotis As touching the townes here planted in the very first entry thereof standeth Hermonassa and then Cepi founded by the Milesians Being past Cepi you come soone after to Stratilia Phanagoria and Apaturos in manner vnpeopled and void and last of all in the very vtmost point of the mouth where it falleth into the sea you arriue at the towne Cimmerius named before-time Cerberian CHAP. VII ¶ Nations about Moeotis BEing passed Cimmerium yon come to the very broad lake Moeotis whereof we spake before in the Geography of Europe Vpon the coast wherof beyond Cimmerium on the side of Asia inhabite the Moeotici Vati Serbi Archi Zingi and Psesij After this you come to the great riuer Tanais which runneth into Moeotis with two armes or branches and on the sides of it dwell the Sarmations an off-spring descended in old time as men say from the Medians but so multiplied now that they themselues are diuided and dispersed into many nations And first of all are the Sauromatae surnamed Gynaecocratumeni i. as one would say subiect to women from whence the Amazones are prouided and furnished of men to serue their turne in stead of husbands Next to them are the Euasae Cottae Cicimeni Messeniani Costobocci Choatrae Zigae Dandari Thussagerae and Turcae euen as far as the wildernesses forrests chases and rough vallies But beyond them are the Arnuphaei who confine vpon the mountaine Rhiphaei As for as the riuer Tanais the Scythians call it Silys and Moeotis they name Temerinda that is to say the mother of the sea or rather the seas end In ancient time there stood a great towne vpon the very mouth of Tanais where it falleth into the sea As for the neighbour borders of this sea inhabited they were sometime by the Lares afterwards by the Clazomenij and Moeones and in processe of time by the Panticapenses Some Authours write that about Moeotis toward the higher mountaine Ceraunij these nations following doe inhabit to wit first vpon the very coast and sea side the Napaeae and aboue them the Essedones ioyning vpon the Colchy and the high mountain Corax After them the Carmaces the Oranes Anticae Mazacae Ascantici Acapeates Agagammatae Phycari Rhimosoli and Ascomarci Moreouer vpon the hill Caucasus the Icatales Imaduches Ranes Anelaks Tydians Charastasci and Asuciandes Moreouer along the riuer Lagous issuing out of the mountaines Cathei and into which Opharus runneth these nations ensuing do dwell to wit the Caucadians and the Opharites beyond whom runneth the riuers Menotharus and Imitues out of the mountaines Cissij which passeth through the Agedi Carnapes Gardei Accisi Gabri and Gregari and about the source or spring of this riuer Imitues the people Imitui and Aparrheni Others say that the Suites Auchetes Saternei and Asampates inuaded and conqered these parts and that the Tanaites and Nepheonites were by them put to the edge of the sword and not one person of them spared Some write that the riuer Opharius runneth through the Canteci and the Sapaei and that the riuer Tanais trauersed sometime through the Phatareans Herticei Spondolici Synthietae Amassi Issi Catareti Tagori Catoni Neripi Agandei Mandarei Saturchei and Spalei CHAP. VIII ¶ Cappadocia HItherto haue wee treated and gone through the nations and inhabitants of the coasts vpon the Mediterranian sea Now are wee to speake of the people inhabiting the very midland parts of the maine within wherein I protest and deny not but that I will deliuer many things otherwise than the ancient Geographers haue set downe forasmuch as I haue made diligent search into the state of those regions as wel by enquiry of Domitius Corbulo who lately went with an army through those quarters as of diuers kings and princes who made repaire to Rome with sutes and supplications but especially of those kings sons that were left as hostages in Rome And first to begin with the nation of the Cappadocians This is a country that of all others which bound vpon Pontus reacheth farthest within the firm land for on the left hand it passeth by both Armenias the greater and the lesse Comagene and on the right all those nations in Asia before-named confining many others and still preuailing with great might growing on and climing Eastward vp to the mountain Taurus it passeth beyond Lycaonia Pisidia and Cilicia and with that quarter which is called Cataonia pierceth aboue the tract of Antiochia and reacheth as far as to the region Cyrrhestica which lyeth well within that country And therefore the length of Asia there may containe 1250 miles the breadth 640. CHAP. IX ¶ Armenia the greater and the lesse THe greater Armenia beginning at the mountains Pariedri is diuided from Cappadocia by the riuer Euphrates as hath bin said before where the riuer Euphrates beginneth to turne his course from Mesopotamia by the riuer Tigris as renowned as the other both these riuers is it furnished withal which is the cause that it taketh the name of Mesopotamia as being scituate
no more than 5 fathom deepe howbeit in certain chanels that it hath it is so deep that it canot be sounded neither wil any anchors reach the bottom and there rest and withall so streight narrow these chanels are that a ship cannot turne within them and therefore to auoid the necessitie of turning about in these seas the ships haue prows at both ends and are pointed each way in sailing they obserue no star at all As for the North pole they neuer see it but they carry euer with them certaine birds in their ships which they send out oft times when they seeke for land euer obseruing their flight for knowing well that they wil fly to land they accompany them bending their course accordingly neither vse they to saile more than one quarter of a yeare and for 100 daies after the Sun is entred into Cancer they take most heed and neuer make saile for during that time it is winter with them And thus much we come to knowledge of by relation of antient Writers But we came to far better intelligence and more notable information by certain Embassadors that came out of that Island in the time of Claudius Gaesar the Emperor which happened vpon this occasion and after this manner It fortuned that a free slaue of Annius Plocamus who had farmed of the Exchequer the customs for impost of the red sea as he made saile about the coasts of Arabia was in such wise driuen by the North windes besides the realme of Carmania and that for the space of 15 daies that in the end he fell with an harbour thereof called Hippuros and there arriued When he was set on land he found the King of that Countrey so curteous that hee gaue him entertainment for six moneths and entreated him with all kindenesse that could be deuised And as he vsed to discourse and question with him about the Romanes and their Emperour he recounted vnto him at large of all things But amongst many other reports that he heard he wondred most of all at their iustice in all their dealings was much in loue therewith and namely that their Deniers of the money which was taken were alwaies of like weight notwithstanding that the sundry stamps and images vpon the pieces shewed plainly that they were made by diuers persons And hereupon especially was he mooued sollicited to seeke for the alliance and amitie of the people of Rome and so dispatched 4 Embassadours of purpose of whom one Rachias was the chiefe and principall personage By these Embassadours we are informed of the state of that Island namely that it contained fiue hundred great townes in it that there was a hauen therin regarding the South coast lying hard vnder Palesimundum the principall citie of all that realme and the kings seat and pallace that there were by iust account 200000 of commoners citizens moreouer that within this island there was a lake 270 miles in circuit containing in it certain Islands good for nothing else but pasturage wherein they were fruitfull out of which lake there issued 2 riuers the one Palesimundas passing neere to the citie abouesaid of that name and running into the hauen with three streames whereof the narrowest is fiue stadia broad and the largest 15 the other Northward on India side named Cydara also that the next cape of this country to India is called Colaicum from which to the neerest port of India is counted foure daies sailing in the midst of which passage there lieth in the way the Island of the Sunne They said moreouer that the water of this sea was all of a deepe greene colour and more than that full of trees growing within it insomuch as the pilots with their helmes many times brake off the heads and tops of those trees The stars about the North-pole called Septentriones the Waines or Beares they wondred to see here among vs in our Hemisphere as also the Brood-hen called Vergiliae in Latine as if it had been another heauen They confessed also they neuer saw with them the Moone aboue the ground before it was 8 daies old nor after the 16 day That the Canopus a goodly great and bright star about the pole Antarcticke vsed to shine all night with them But the thing that they maruelled and were most astonied at was this that they obserued the shadow of their own bodies fell to our Hemisphere and not to theirs and that the Sun arose on their left hand and set on their right rather than contrariwise Furthermore they related that the front of that Island of theirs which looked toward India contained 10000 stadia reached from the South-East beyond the mountains Enodi Also that the Seres were within their kenning whom they might easily discouer from out of this their Island with whom they had acquaintance by the meanes of trafficke and merchandise and that Rachias his father vsed many times to trauell thither Affirming moreouer that if any strangers came thither they were encountred and assailed by wild sauage beasts and that the inhabitants themselues were gyants of stature exceeding the ordinary stature of men hauing red haire eies of colour blewish their voice for sound horrible for speech not distinct nor intelligible for any vse of traffick and commerce In all things else their practise is the same that our merchants and occupiers do vse for on the farther side of the riuer when wares and commodities are laid downe if they list to make exchange they haue them away and leaue other merchandise in lieu thereof to content the forrein merchant And verily no greater cause haue we otherwise to hate abhor this excessiue superfluitie than to cast our eie so far and consider with our selues what it is that we seeke for from what remote parts we fetch it and to what end we so much desire al this vanitie But euen this Island Taprobane as farre off as it is seeming as it were cast out of the way by Nature and diuided from all this world wherein we liue is not without those vices and imperfections wherwith we are tainted and infected For euen gold siluer also is there in great requestand highly esteemed and marble especially if it be fashioned like a tortois shell Iemmes and pretious stones pearles also such as be orient and of the better sort are highly prised with them and herein consisteth the very height of our superfluous delights Moreouer these Embassadors would say that they had more riches in their Island than we at Rome but we more vse thereof than they They affirmed also that no man with them had any slaues to command neither slept they in the morning after day-light ne yet at all in the day time That the maner of building their houses was low somewhat raised aboue the ground and no more adoe that their markets were neuer deare nor price of victuals raised As for courts pleading of causes and going to law they knew not what it meant
Island Gagandus where they began first to haue a sight of the birds called Parats beyond another Isle in the same way which is called Artigula they might see monkies marmosets but being once beyond Tergedum they met with the beasts Cynocephali From thence to Napata 80 miles this is the only little town among all the rest before named From which to the Island Meroe is 360 miles They reported moreouer that about Meroe not before the grasse and herbs appeared fresh and green yea and the woods shewed somwhat in comparison of all the way besides and that they espied the tracts of Elephants Rhinocerotes where they had gone As for the town it selfe Meroe they said it was within the Isle from the very entrie therof 70 miles that iust by there was another Island called Tatu which yeelded a bay or hauen to land at for them that took the arme channell of Nilus on the tight hand As for the building within Meroe there were but few houses in it that the isle was subject to a lady or queen named Candace a name that for many yeres already went from one queen to another successiuely Within this town there is the temple of great holinesse and deuotion in the honor of Iupiter Hammon and in all that tract many other chappels Finally so long as the Ethyopians swaied the scepter and raigned this Island was much renowned very famous For by report they were wont to furnish the Ethyopian king with armed men 250000 to maintain of Artisans 400000. Last of all there haue bin counted 45 kings of the Ethyopians and so it is reported at this day CHAP. XXX ¶ The manifold strange and wonder full formes and shapes of men ALl Ethyopia in generall was in old time called Aetheria afterwards Atlantia and finally of Vulcans son Aethiops it took the name Ethyopia No wonder it is that about the coasts thereof there be found both men and beasts of strange and monstrous shapes considering the agilitie of the suns fierie heat so strong and powerfull in those countries which is able to frame bodies artificially of sundry proportions and to imprint and graue in them diuers forms Certes reported it is that far within the country Eastward there are a kinde of people without any nose at all on their face hauing their visage all plain and flat Others again without any vpper lip and some tonguelesse Moreouer there is a kind of them that want a mouth framed apart from their nose-thrils and at one and the same hole and no more taketh in breath receiueth drinke by drawing it in with an oaten straw yea and after the same maner feed themselues with the grains of oats growing on the own accord without mans labour and tillage for their only food And others there be who in stead of speech and words make signes as well with nodding their heads as mouing their other members There are also among them that before the time of Ptolomaeus Lathyrus king of Egypt knew no vse at all of fire Furthermore writers there be who haue reported that in the countrey neere vnto the meeres and marishes from whence Nilus issueth there inhabit those little dwarfes called Pygmei But to return againe to the vtmost coasts of Ethyopia where we left there is a continuall raunge and course of mountains all red like fire as if they were euer burning Moreouer beyond Meroe there is a countrey lying aboue the Troglodites and the red sea where after you be three daies journy from Napata toward the coast of the said red sea you shall find that in most places they saue raine water for their ordinarie vse to drinke and otherwise all the countrey betweene is very plenteous and full of gold mines All beyond this region is inhabited by the Atabuli a people also of Ethiopia As for the Megabares whom some haue named Adiabares they lie against Meroe and haue a towne bearing the name of Apollo Among them are certain Nomades encamping vnder tents and tabernacles who liue of Elephants flesh Iust against them in a part of Africke are the long liuing Macrobians Again being past the Megabarenes you come vnto the Memnones Daveli 20 daies iourny from them to the Critenses Beyond whom you meet with the Dochi and the Gymnetes who are euer naked Soon after you shall find the Anderae Mathitae Mesagebes Hipporeae who be all ouer blacke and therfore they colour and paint their bodies with a kind of red chalk or rudle called Rubrica But vpon the coast of Africk are the Medimni Beyond whom you shal come to another sort of Nomades liuing vnder tents who feed of no other thing but the milk of certain creatures headed like dogs called Cynocephali also to the Olabi and Syrbotae who are reported to be 8 cubits high Moreouer Aristocreon saith that on Libya side fiue daies iourny from Meroe there is a town called Tole 12 daies iourny from thence there standeth Esar a town built by the Egyptians who fled thither to auoid the cruelty and tyrannie of K. Psammeticus And reported it is that the Egyptians held it for 300 yeres Also that the same fugitiues founded the towne Daron on the contrary side in the coast of Arabia But that which Aristocreon nameth Esar Bion called Sapa and saith withall that the very word Sapa signifieth in the Ethyopian language strangers or aliens come from other parts Hee affirmeth besides that their capitall city is within an Island Sembobitis and that Sai within Arabia is the third city of that nation Now between the mountains and the riuer Nilus are the Symbarians and the Phalanges but vpon the very hils liue the Asachae who haue many other nations vnder them and they are by report seuen daies iourney from the sea They liue vpon the venison of Elephants flesh which they vse commonly to hunt and chase As for the Island within Nilus of the Semberrites it is subiect to a queen And eight daies iourney from thence lieth the country of the Ethiopians named Nubaei Their chiefe town Tenupsis is seated vpon the riuer Nilus Beyond the Nubians you enter vpon the countrie of the Sambri where all the foure-footed beasts yea euen the very Elephants are without ears Vpon the coast of Africk inhabit the Ptoeambati and Ptoemphanae who haue a dog for their king and him they obey according to the signes which he maketh by mouing the parts of his bodie which they take to be his commandements and religiously they do obserue them Their head citie is Aurispi far distant from Nilus Beyond them are the Achisarmi Phaliges Marigeri and Casamarri Bion affirmeth That beyond Psembobitis there be other townes in the Islands of that coast toward Meroe all the way as you passe for 20 daies iourny The towne of the next Island is Semberritarum vnder the queen likewise another called Asar Also there is a second Island hauing in it the towne Daron a third which
regard of an accident obserued in it and a special qualitie that it had For the tree forsooth outwardly resembleth a thorn but the leaues are made directly like feathers Let a man shake the boughs neuer so little shed they will and fall incontinently but soon after there spring vp new in their steads CHAP. XI ¶ Sundry sorts of Gum. Also of the Cane Papyrus THe best gum in all mens iudgement is that which comes of the Egyptian thorne Acacia hauing veins within of checker work or trailed like wormes of colour greenish cleere withall without any pieces of the bark intermingled among and sticking to the teeth as a man cheweth it A pound thereof is commonly sold at Rome for three deniers The gumme that issueth from the bitter Almond trees and Cherry trees is not so good but the worst of all is that which the Plum tree yeeldeth There runneth likewise out of vines a certaine gum that is passing good for the bleach scabs and scals in little children And otherwhiles ye shall find some in Oliue trees and that cureth the tooth-ache Moreouer the Elme growing vpon Corycus a mountain in Cilicia and the Iuniper there haue a gum but good for nothing As for that of the Elme it breeds gnats there Moreouer of Sarcocolla a tree so called there distilleth a gum of that name which Painters and Physitions both haue great vse of Like it is to Manna Thuris which is the pouder of Incense and therefore the white is better than the red Sold it is at the same price that the other aboue named And thus much concerning the trees growing vpon mountains and plains Now albeit we are not entred yet into the treatise of those plants and shrubs which grow either in marish grounds or by riuers sides yet before we depart out of Egypt we must not forget the plant Papyrus but describe the nature thereof considering that all ciuilitie of this our life the memoriall and immortalitie also of men after death consists specially in paper which is made thereof M. Varro writes that the first inuention of making paper was deuised vpon the conquest of Egypt atchieued by Alexander the Great at what time as he founded the city Alexandria in Egypt where such paper was first made For before that time there was no vse at all saith he of paper but men vsed to write in Date tree leaues first and afterwards in the 〈◊〉 and barks of certain trees Then in processe of time they began to register publique records in rolls and sheets of lead and soon after priuate persons set downe their owne affaires in linnen books or els in tables couered with wax For we read in Homer that before the war of Troy writing tables were vsed And at the very time when he wrot Egypt was not all continent firm land as now it is For as he saith all the Papyrus whereof paper is made grew in that branch or arm of Nilus which answereth onely to the tract or territorie within the jurisdiction Sebennitis but afterward that part also was laid to Egypt by the shelves and banks made with the inundation of the said riuer For from the Island Pharos which now ioineth close vnto Alexandria by a bridge or narrow causey between it was a day nights sailing with a good fore wind at the poup to the main land as Homer hath reported But afterwards as Varro hath written by occasion of a certaine enuious strife and emulation which arose betweene one of the Ptolomees K. of Egypt and Eumenes K. of Pergamus about the erecting of their great libraries when Ptolomaeus suppressed and kept in all the paper made in Egypt there was parchment deuised by the said Eumenes to be wrought at Pergamus of skins And finally the vse was commonly taken vp of both to wit Paper and Parchment which continues the perpetuitie and euerlasting remembrance of men and their affaires But to returne vnto our plant Papyrus it growes in the marishes of Egypt or els in the dead standing waters of Nilus namely in certaine plashes and pits whereas the water did ouerflow and remained still after the riuer was fallen and down againe and namely such holes and ditches which are not aboue two cubits deep The root is wrythen and crooked of the thicknes of a mans arme the scape or stalk that riseth from it hath three sides with 3 corners trianglewise not aboue 10 cubits in height growing taper-wise small and sharp in the top where it beareth an head inclosed and round in maner of a cabbage Howbeit no seed it carrieth within neither serues the floure for any purpose but onely for chaplets to adorne the images of the gods The inhabitants of Egypt do vse the root in stead of wood not for fuell only but also to make thereof sundry vessels and vtensils in an house The very bodie and pole of the Papyr it selfe serueth very well to twist and weaue therwith little boats and the rinds thereof be good to make saile-clothes curtains mats and couerlets clothes also for hangings and ropes Nay they vse to chew and eat it both raw and sodden but they swallow the iuice only down the throat and spit out the grosse substance Moreouer there is Papyrus found in Syria about that very lake and meere whereas the sweet Calamus aboue named grows Neither vsed king Antigonus any other ropes about the tackling of his ships but such as were made hereof For as yet the vse of Spartum was not common Moreouer it is not long since that there was found growing in Euphrates about Babylon this plant Papyrus and knowne to serue for paper as well as the other in Egypt And yet for all that the Parthians will not leaue their old custome to weaue and purfle letters in their cloathes after the maner of embroderie Now 〈◊〉 touching the writing paper made of Papyrus after they haue cut it into certaine trunkes as long or as short as the size of their paper they diuide or sliue it with the point of a needle or bodkin for the purpose into very thin plates or leaues but they driue them as broad and large as possibly they can CHAP. XII ¶ Of diuers kinds of Paper and how writing Paper is made also the triall of good or bad Paper and the glue or past belonging thereto THe best sheets or leaues of paper be those which are set out of the very midst or heart of the stem or stalk of Papyrus and so consequently better or worse according as they be nearer or farther from it In antient time the principall paper and the largest was called Hieratica i. sacred or holy as being imployed only about religious and diuine books But afterwards the flatterers of the Emperor Augustus named those of the best sort Augustae like as the second Liviae after the name of his wife And hereupon it came that the paper Hieratica 〈◊〉 in a third ranke Next to them in goodnesse was reputed the
better to grind and withal yeeldeth better and is more fruitfull The Red-wheat called Far is polled wheat in Aegypt and carieth no beard or eiles about it So is the white winter Wheat Siligo saue onely that which is named Laconica To these may be adioyned other kinds also to wit * Bromos the poll wheat Siligo differing from all the other of that name and Tragos strangers all brought from the Levant or East parts and resembling Rice euerie one Typhe likewise is of the same kind whereof in Italy and this part of the world is made that husked corne which goeth among vs for Rice for it turneth into it The Greeks haue a kind of wheat called Zea or Spelt it is commonly said that both it and Typhae considering that they vse to degenerate and proue bastard will turne to their kinde again and become wheat if they be husked before a man sow them howbeit this change will not be seen presently nor before the third yeare As touching our common wheat there is no grain more fruitfull than it this gift hath Nature endued it withall because she meant thereby to nourish mankinde most for one Modius thereof sowne if the soile be good and agreeable thereto such as lieth about Biâ—…acium the champian countrey of Africke will yeeld an hundred and fiftie fold againe The procurator generall of that prouince vnder Augustus Caesar sent from thence vnto him one plant thereof a wondrous thing and incredible to be reported which had little vnder 400 straws springing from one grain meeting all in one and the same root as it appeareth vpon records by the letters sent testifying no lesse Likewise to the Emperour Nero he sent 340 strawes out of the same country rising all from one onely corne But to goe no farther than to Sicilie within the territorie about Leontium there haue beene certaine fields knowne wherein one graine putteth forth no fewer than a hundred stalks with ears vpon them and not there onely but also in many other parts of that Island And this is ordinarie throughout all the kingdome of Granade and Andalusia in Spaine But aboue all the land of Aegypt may make boast in rendring such interest to the husbandmen Moreouer of all those kinds of wheat which are so plentiful there is principal account made of that which branches as also of another which men call Centigranum i. the wheat that beareth 100 graines To leaue this kind of graine and to come to Pulse there hath been found in Italie and goe no farther one beane stalke laden with an hundred beanes Touching Summer corne to wit Sesama Millet and Panicke we haue alreadie spoken As for Sesama it commeth from the Indians whereof they make a certaine kind of oile The color of this graine is white Like vnto it there is another grain called Erysinum which is rife in Asia Greece and I would say it were the very same that with vs in Latine is named Irio but that it is more oileous and fatty and indeed to be counted a medicinable or Physicall plant rather than a kind of corne Of the same nature is that which the Greekes call Hormium it resembleth Cumin aed is vsually sowed with Sesama how beit no beast will eat thereof while it is greene no more than they do of Irio a foresaid To come now to the manner of husking and cleansing of corne the feat is not so easily done in all as in some for in Tuscane they take the eares of their red wheat called Far when they be parched and dried at the fire they pound or bray them with a pestill headed at the nether end with yron or els fistulous and hollow within yet bound about with a hoop or ring of yron and the same within forth toothed in manner of a star so as if they be not heed full in the stamping the yron-work at the pestill end will either cut the cornes in two or else bruise and break them clean In Italy for the most part they vse a reed or plain pestill not headed with yron to huske and dresse their corn or els certain wheeles that are turned and driuen apace with water which going very swift doe also grind the said corne But since we are fallen into this treatise concerning husking and grinding of corn it shall not be amisse for to set down the opinion and resolution of Mago in this behalfe First for common wheat he giueth order that it be well steeped and soked in good store of water afterwards to berid from the hulls and eiles that it hath in a mortar which done it ought to be dried in the sunne and followed a second time with a pestil In like maner saith he should barley be vsed how beit two Sextars or quarts of water will be sufficient to besprinckle and wet twentie Sextars of barly As for Lentils he would haue them first parched and dried and then lightly punned or stamped together with brans or els to put vnto twentie Sextars thereof a fragment or peece of a broken semeld brick and half a Modius or peck of sand Eruile would be cleansed or husked as Lentils be but Sesama after it hath bin infused or soked in hot water he saith ought to be laid abroad a sunning then to be rubbed hard together and afterwards to be put into cold water and therewith couered so as the huls or chaffes do flote and swim aloft which done to be laid forth a second time in the sun vpon linnen clothes for to drie Now if all this be not don one thing after another and dispatched with the more speed and hast it wil soone vinew or catch a mouldinesse and besides lose the bright natiue hew and looke wan and of a leaden colour Now say that corn be cleansed and husked some one way and some another it is ground afterwards in diuers sorts If the ears be bolted by themselues alone for goldsmiths worke the chaffe comming thereof is called in Latine Acus but if it be threshed and beaten vpon a paued floor eare straw and altogether as in most parts of the world they vse to doe for to fodder cattell and to giue in prouender to horses then it is tearmed Palâ—…a but the refuse or chaffe remaining after that Panick or Sesama be clensed they call in Latine Appluda how soeuer in other countries it be otherwise named To speake more particularly of Millet there is great store thereof in Campaine and there they set much by it for of it they make a kind of white grewel or pottage also the bread therof is passing sauorie and sweet The Tartarians also nations in Sarmatia feed most of this water gruell made with Millet as also with the crude and raw meale thereof vnsodden and vnbaked tempered with mares milk or els with horse-bloud that runneth out of their master leg-vains by way of incision made for the purpose with the phleame As for the Aethiopians they know no other corne but Millet
presence of the male 386 g. h Date trees corne of flips and branches as well as of kernils ibid. i Date trees spring of their owne leaues 508 m Dates guelded 386 l Date tree growing in the Capitoll of Rome 143 e Dates of 49 sorts 387 b Dates Royall 161 d Dates of Iurie best 387 e Dates of sundry sorts 388 h Dates serue to franke Swine ibid. i Damascene prunes ibid. l Date tree leaues serue for cordage 470 l. how to be pulled and ordered 470 l Date trees like not in a strange country 478 k Date tree of great antiquitie 495 e Dathiathum what it is 367 d Daies how they come to be vnequall and not of certaine length 13 f Daylight in the night 18 g Daylight vpon earth the reason thereof 35 c Day where it is longest and where shortest 36 i continuall day for six moneths ibid. how daies are obserued 36 l Day for six moneths together where 84 i the kindenesse of a Daughter to her mother 174 h Daughters of Agrippa deliuered of two tyrants 160 g Daphnis a bondslaue how highly praised 175 e Daudo a Sclauonian liued fiue hundred yeares 181 a Dactyle fishes 209 f Daughters of Marcus Curiatius why they were called Sedigitae 349 c Dauncing whose inuention 189 c D E Death suddaine 185 c. d. c. Dead supposed recouer 184 h Deale See Firre Deaw when it appeareth 29 b signes of Death in sicknesse 183 e Dead bodies weigh more than quicke 156 e Deafe naturally be dumbe 306 g Decumanus lines what it is 609 b Deere where they haue foure kidnies apeece 343 d Decapolis why so called 701 e Defrutum what it is 416 l Delos Island 40 g Delos Island famous and why so called 81 b. the diuerse names thereof 161 d Demetrius spared to burn Rhodes for the loue of a picture 175 d Democritus foreseeing by the stars a dearth of oile bought vp all aforehand 598 g. hee fained two gods Punishment and Benefit 3 d Democritus in hot weather fore-saw a shoure of raine and foretold it 610 m Deuteriae what wines 417 e D I Dials where first inuented 191 b. not seruing for all places 35 d Dialeta a kinde of Purples 29 b Dianitis Murrhe 369 b Dianaes temple at Ephesus foure hundred yeares in building 491 b. of what timber it was built 161 d her image of wood 491 c. by what meanes it endured so long ibid. Dianaes temple at Saguntum ibid. d Dibapha what Purple dies 260i Dianaes temple in Aulis 491 e Dia Pasmata what they be 383 c Dicaearchus his commission 31 d Digestion of meat worse in Summer than in Winter 355 f Digestion in sleepe of what effect 356 g Diademe first inuented 187 〈◊〉 Diuination by beasts who deuised 189 d Dinochares a renowned Architect 99 b Diomedian birds described and why so called 294 m 295 a. b. Dibapha what dies 260 i Dioscurias a famous citie of the Colchians 117 c. d by whom founded ibid. d Diuinors or men of a propheticall spirit 173 d Dionysius being deposed from his kingdome the sea-water grew to be fresh 44 i Dionysiodorus a Geometrician 49 c. and his Epistle found in his sepulchre and the contents thereof ibid. Diomedes his lake 94 g Diomedes his horses 78 h Diribitorium 489 d Discord betweene beasts 308 h Diuersitte of childrens resemblance of their parents ibid. b Diuision of fishes 247 d Difference between brains and marrow of the bones 333 a Difference of eie-sight in men 334 Diuersitie of mouthes in creatures 336 l Diuersitie of teeth in creatures 337 a Diseases strange incident to men and women 182. l. as strangely cured 183. a. who liued long without disease ibid. b. Diseases of sundry sorts ibid. c. d Diseases ihat haunt trees 538. m Distances in planting how to be obserued 514. l D O Docus shining beames in the skie 17. b Dogs louing and faithfull to their masters 218. l Dogs restore a king to â—…is crowne againe 218. m. their affection to their master 219. a Dogs emploied in wars 218. m. their rare properties 219. c one Dog ouercommeth a Lion and an Elephant 220. g. h Dogs mad 220. i. how they be preserued from madnesse ib. a Dog speaketh 220. k Dogs come into Hercules temple in the beast-market at Rome 285. d Dogs will not liue in the Isle of Sygaros 141. e Dog-starre his power 19. f Dog-starre powerfull on the sea 245. 〈◊〉 Dog-starre of great effect and precious 597. d. highly honoured ibid. Dolphins their nature 238. h. i Dolphin swiftest of all fishes and creatures 238. m. swifter than an arrow out of a bow ibid. sort themselues like man and wife 238. i Dolphins louingly affect men and musicke ibid. l. they loue mankind diuerse examples thereof 238. m Dolphins know the name Simo. ib. they helpe fishers to catch fish 240. 〈◊〉 they haue a certaine commonwealth ibid. l Dolphins haue no eares 333. c Dolphins enemies to Crocodiles 209. c Dormice kept tame 233 b. they sleepe all winter ibid. c kinde to their sires ibid. Doricke tune 14. l house Doues chast 290. g. hen-Doues meeke ibid h. the cocks iealous ibid. kinde to their pigions ibid. i. how they drinke ibid. stocke-Doues liue long 29â—… k. their tune ibid. Doues winke with both their eie-lids 336. i house-Doues glorious 290. m. taken in their pride by the faulcon 291. b. they loue the Kestrell or Stanell and wherefore ibid. doues emploied as posts and courriers betweene ib. c. how they be kept to their owne doue-cote ibid. doues and pigeons of great price 291. d Doues how ofâ—…en they sit and lay in a yeare 298. i. house-doues hatch a cocke and a hen pigeon 300. k. hen-doues tread one another for want of a cocke ibid. l Donax a kind of reed 485. c. k Dough how it is made 560 D R sea-Dragon 249. d Dragons in vines what they be 536. h Dragons fight with elephants and their subtiltie 198. k where they breed 199. c. Dragons procure appetite to meat with the iuice of wild lettuce 271. a some men neuer Dreame 309. c 〈◊〉 by Dreames who first practised 189. d Dreames common to all creatures that bring forth their young quicke ibid. Drepanâ—…s the sea-swallow seldome seen 351. d Drinke may be forborne altogether 166. g Drupae what oliues 379. b 30. g Drypetae what oliues 430. g Dryos hyphear 496. k Dryidae in France 497. b. why so called ibid. Dryidae their ceremonies in gathering of okes misselto ibid. c against drunkennesse and Drunkards 426. i M. Antonius a Drunkard and maintainer of Drunkennesse 428. g the behauiour of Drunkards 427. a Parthians great Drinkers of wine ibid. d Dromiscos Island 40. k D V Dung of blackebirds for what it is good 507. c Dunging of land when and in what order 582. l Dunghill cockes best adorned on the heads 331. b Dung how it is to be raked 582. l Dunging of grounds inuented by King Augeas 507. b Duracina certaine grapes 405. e
our Magicke abouesaid there was a second Osthanes in the daies of K. Alexander the Great who by reason that he attended vpon him in his train during his journies and voiages that he made was himself in great reputation abroad and by meanes thereof gaue no small credit and authoritie to his profession for that hee had opportunity thereby as no man need to doubt to trauell and compasse the globe of the earth and so to spread and divulge this learning in all parts And verily that this doctrine hath bin heretofore receiued in some nations of Italy it appeareth as well by good euidences and records extant at this day in the body of our Law written in the 12 Tables as by other arguments and testimonies which I haue alledged in the former Booke Certes in the 657 yeare after the foundation of Rome citie and not before which fell out to be when Cn. Cornelius Lepidus and P. Licinius Crassus were Consuls there passed a decree and act of the Senat forbidding expressely the killing of mankinde for sacrifice whereby we may euidently see that vntill this inhibition or restraint came forth our progenitors and ancestours were giuen to those inhumane and monstrous sacrifices No question there is verily but that this Art of Magicke was professed in France and continued vntill our daies for no longer is it agoe than since the time of Tiberius Caesar that their Druidae the Priests and Wisemen of France were by his authority put down together with all the pack of such Physitians prophets wizards But what should I discourse any longer in this wise of that Art which hath passed ouer the wide ocean also gone as far as any land is to be seene even to the vtmost bounds of the earth and beyond which there is nothing to be discouered but a vast prospect of Aire and Water And verily in Brittaine at this day it is highly honored where the people are so wholly deuoted vnto it with all reuerence and religious obseruation of ceremonies that a man would think the Persians first learned all their Magick from them See how this Art and the practise thereof is spread ouer the face of the whole earth and how those nations were conformable enough to the rest of the world in giuing entertainment thereto who in all other respects are far different diuided from them yea and in manner altogether vnknowne to them In which regard the benefit is inestimable that the world hath receiued by the great prouidence of our Romanes who haue abolished these monstrous and abhominable Arts which vnder the shew of religion murdred men for sacrifices to please the gods and vnder the colour of Physicke prescribed the flesh to bee eaten as most wholsome meat CHAP. II. ¶ The sundry kinds of Magicke The execrable acts of Nero and the detestation of Magitians MAgicke may be practised after diuers sorts according as Osthanes hath set downe in writing for it worketh by the means of Water Globes or Balls Aire Starres Fire-lights Basons and Axes yea and many other means there bee that promise the foreknowledge of things to come besides the raising vp and conjuring of ghosts departed the conference also with Familiars and spirits infernall And all these were found out in our daies to be no better than vanities false illusions and that by the Emperor Nero and yet was he neuer more addicted to play vpon the cythern nor took greater pleasure to hear sing tragicall songs than to study art Magick and no maruell if he were giuen to such strange courses hauing wealth world at wil and his fortunes besides attended vpon accompanied with many deep corruptions of the mind But amid those manifold vices whereunto he had betaken and sold himselfe a principall desire he had to haue the gods forsooth and familiar spirits at his command thinking that if he could haue attained once to that hee had then climbed vp to the highest point and pitch of magnanimity Neuer was there man that studied harder and followed any Art more earnestly than he did Magick Riches he had enough vnder his hands and power he wanted not to execute what he would his wit was quicke and pregnant to apprehend and learn any thing ouer and besides other means that he practised to bring about this desseine of his which were so intollerable that the world could not indure them and yet he gaue it ouer in the end without effect an vndoubted peremptory argument to conuince the vanity of this Art when such an one as Nero rejected it But would to God he had conferred with familiars spirits yea taken counsel of all the diuels in hell for to be resolued of those suspitions which were gotten into his head rather than giuen commission as he did to the professed bawds and common harlots in stinking stewes and brothell houses for to make inquisition from house to house after those whom he had in jealousie Certes no bloudy and detestable sacrifices how inhumane and barbarous soeuer he could haue performed but they had beene far more easie and tollerable than those cruel imaginations which he conceiued and wherupon he murdered most piteously so many good citizens filled Rome with their restlesse ghosts But to return again to Art Magick which Nero would so fain haue learned what might be the reason that he could not reach vnto it Surely these Magitians are not without their shifts meanes of euasion to saue the credit of their art if haply they misse and come short at any time of their purpose for otherwhiles they beare vs in hand that ghosts and spirits will not appeare nor yeeld any seruice to those persons who are freckled full of pimples and haply Nero the Emperor was such an one As for his lims otherwise he had them all sound they were besides the set daies and times fit for this practise and prescribed by Magitians he might chuse at his good will pleasure Moreouer an easie matter it was for him to meet with sheep cole black such as had not a speck of white or any other colour for him I say who when he list could sacrifice men and took greatest delight in those sacrifices furthermore he had about him Tyridates the K. of Armenia a great Magitian to giue him instructions This prince Tyridates being vanquished and subdued by the Romane captains vnder Nero and forced by their capitulations to present himselfe personally at Rome for to do homage vnto the Emperour trauelled thither all the way by land which was a sore charge to the countries prouinces through which he passed bringing with him as he did the whole pompe and train for the triumph ouer Armenia and himselfe came vnto Caesar. And why would not this Tyridates passe the seas and saile ouer into Italy the nearest and most expedit way Forsooth so precise he was that he
paintresse famous for her pensill 534. g. 551. a her picture ibid. Timomachus a painter of good note 548. k his pictures ib. Timotheus a famous Imageur and cutter in stone 568. l rich Tinctures which three be principall 88. k Tinesmus what disease it is 249 a. the remedies thereof 44. i. 49. e. 55. c. 66. i. 70. h. 72. k. 73. d. 126. g. 143. 〈◊〉 172. h. 249. b. 278 l. 283. b. 318. k. 332. h. 359. c. 382. k 413. a. 437. c. 443. d. e. 474. h. 520. i. Tin-glasse See Leadwhite Tin of diuers kinds 517. c. d sundry vses of Tin ibid. how it is sophisticat ibid. Tin Tertiarium what it is 517. d. the vse thereof ib. Tin Argentarium what mettall and how emploied 517. e Tissie 466. g Tithymales a kind of wild Poppie 69. c Tithymalus what herbe it is 251. e. the sundry names thereof ib. what is practised with the milkie iuice of it 251. e. f. Tithymall of many kinds ibid. 1. Tithymalos Characias 251. f. the description ib. the iuice extracted 252. g. the vertue ib. 2. Tithymalos Myrsinites or Caryites 252. i. k. the reason of both names ib. the dose thereof ibid. 3. Tithymalos Paralius or Tithymalis 252. l. the descriptition and dose ibid. 4. Tithymalus Helioscopius 252. l. the de description ib. the reason of the name ib. m. the vertue that it hath ib. the dose ibid. 5. Tithymalos Cyparissias why so called 253. a the description and operation ibid. 6. Tithymalos Platyphyllos 253. a. the reason of that name ib. why it is also called Corymbites ib. why named Amygdalites ib. the vertues ib. 7. Dendroides Cobion or Leptophyllon the description and effects 253. a. b Titius a man noted for being full of the foule Morphew 403. a. Tiwill in young children hangiug forth how to be reduced 451. e. See Fundament Tlepolemus a Physician 67. a T O Toads or venomous frogs described 434. l. why called in Latine Rubetae ib. wonders written of them ib. a bone in one of their sides of great efficacie ib. and 435. a how to be found 434. m against the venome or poison of these Toads remedies 119 a 223. d. 231. a. b. 232. g. 300. k. 307. e. 431. f. 434. i 435. b c. Toads â—…lax an herbe 286. l. See Osyris Toadstooles 7. f. 132. l. m. See Mushromes Tongue of man medicinable and of power to auert ill fortune 300. m Tongue blistered and sore how to be cooled healed 328. i 377. a. Tongue furred and rough how to be mundified 59. e. 192. i 419. b. Tongue speechlesse how it may be recouered 60. k Tongue palsie how to be cured 134. m against an vntemperat and lying Tongue a remedy 316. h Tonos in painting what it is 528. h Tonsils what they are 135. d. inflamed or sore how cured 183. c. 196. g. 197. d. 378. g. h. 437. d. 442. g. 507. f 509. c. 510. i. 607. f. See Amygdales Toothing in children how to be eased 105. b. 341 b c d 376. h. 397. e. 398. g. i. 449. e. Tooth or biting of man or woman mad is venomous 301. a the same in some cases is medicinable ibid. in a fit of a Tooth one killed himselfe 135. a for the Toothach proper remedies 36 g. 38 g h. 40 m. 42 h 44 g. 45 b. 47 b. 53 d. 56 i. 57 d. 62 l. 64 l. 65 b c 70. g. 72 g. 73 c. 74 g k. 102 l. 109 c. 123 a. 128 i 149 a. 161 c. 168 k. 169 a. 171 a. 178 g. 179. c 180 k. 181 c. 184 g h l. 187 l. 190 g. 199 f. 201. f 206 l. 238 h k. 239 b c. 252 h. 273 c. 274 k. 286. i 302 g. 312. g h. 316 l. 326 i k. l. m. 327 a. 375 e f 367. g. h. i. k. l. m. 419 f. 422 g. 431 c. 432 i. 440 g h 510 h. 557 d. 589. c. Topaze thought to be the Chrysolith a pretious stone 618 k where it was first discouered ibid. k l it was first graced by queene Berenice ib. the image of queene Arsinoe wife to Ptolomaeus Philadelphus made of the Topaze ib. d. Topaze of two kinds to wit Prasoides and Chrysopteros 618 m. it is filed ib. it weareth with vse ibid. Topazos an Island why so called 618. l Tordile what it is 206. h Tordilion what it is 74. h Tortoises liue both in land and water 431. d their manifold vses ibid. Tortoises of diuers kinds ibid. land Tortoises their flesh bloud c. medicinable 431. e their vrine also is effectuall in Physicke according to the Magi 432. g sea-Tortoises medicinable 432. h. 438. g their bloud 132. i their gall ib. â—…ore Tortoises described with their properties 432. l riuer Tortoises and their vertues 432. m Tortoises how to be dressed to cure the quartane ague 433. a. how to be let bloud artificially 433. b a Tortoise foot in a ship hindered her course ibid. Tortoises are medicinable ib. c they be fishes seruing for roiot and wantonnesse 451. b Tortoise-worke when vsed at Rome 482. g Touchstone 477. f. where it is found ibid. how to be chosen and vsed 472. g Tow of flax what it is 4. i. how emploied ib. Toxica be poysons what remedies against them 119. a 150. m. 177. d. 180. h. 323. d. 355. c. 364. h. Toxicon a kind of Ladanum 249. d T R Trachinia an herbe 291. c. the incredible effects which Democritus attributeth to it ib. Tragacantha a great healer 264. k Tragi what Spunges 423. b Tragion or Tragonis an herbe 291. c. the description ibid. Tragopogon an herbe 291. d. the description ibid. Tragoriganum an herbe 64. h. the description and the vertues ib. Tragos an herbe 291. d. the description ibid. Transplanting cureth many diseases in herbes 33. d Trauellers what wine they may drinke 155. d Treacle or Theriaca the composition thereof 79. b it was K. Antiochus his counterpoyson ibid. another Treacle or Theriaca reproued and the composition thereof 348. i Trebius Niger a writer 428. i Trees how they prooue harder to be hewed and wax drier 176. g. Treasure at Rome of gold and siluer 464. l m. 465. a Trembling of ioints or shaking of lims how to bee cured 49. d. 67. d. 141. b. 155. d. 162. h. 183. c. 219. d. 262. m 283. f. 312 i 359. c. 431. a. 447. a. Trembling of the heart how to be cured 48. h. 49. f. 174. i Tribuni aeris what they were at Rome 459. f Trichites a kind of Allum why so called 558. k Trich-madame See Prick-madame Trichomanes what kind of Maiden-haire 127. a Trichrus a pretious stone 629. c the description ib. Tricoccum 126. g Tridachna certaine Oisters 437. b Triens a small piece of brasse coine at Rome 463. b the Triens or brasse piece of the Servilij at Rome and the wonderfull nature thereof 513. a. b fed with siluer or gold ibid. Trifoile or Trifolie of three kinds 90. h the vertues thereof 107. b supposed by