Selected quad for the lemma: land_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
land_n	hold_v	manor_n	tenure_n	1,341	5	12.5333	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58003	The present state of the Ottoman Empire containing the maxims of the Turkish politie, the most material points of the Mahometan religion, their sects and heresies, their convents and religious votaries, their military discipline ... : illustrated with divers pieces of sculpture, representing the variety of habits amongst the Turks, in three books / by Paul Rycaut Esq. ...	Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700.	1668 (1668)	Wing R2413; ESTC R18075	228,446	228

Meat which is the usual proportion of the Grand Signiors ordinary Table and by inviting himself to a Banquet many times at the Visiers expences and this being done so frequently gives the world occasion to believe that he demands it out of no other 〈◊〉 then narrowness of soul to save the charges of his own Dinner and the rather it is so believed because this Emperour is reputed of a covetous disposition and of no affinity with Solyman the Magnificent But the ways and means by which the Grand Signior comes in the end to be possessed of the gains and profits collected by his Visier and other officers requires a particular discourse apart which shall in its due time and place be treated of and this shall for the present suffice to have spoken concerning the Prime Visier and his office CHAP. XII The Offices Dignities and several Governments of the Empire HE that will describe the Policies of a Country must endeavour especially in the most exact and punctual manner possible to declare the several Offices Dignities and Riches of it that so a more easie computation may be calculated of its strength numbers of Men Fortifications Forces by Sea where best defended and where most easily vulnerable and exposed The next to the Visier Azem or the first Visier are the several Beglerbegs which may not unaptly be compared to Arch-Dukes in some parts of Christendom having under their jurisdiction many Sangiacks or Provinces Beyes Agaes and others To every one of these the Grand Signior in honour bestows three Ensigns called in Turkish Tugh which are staves trimmed with the tail of a Horse with a golden Ball upon the top and this is to distinguish them from Bashaws who have two Ensigns and the Sangiak-beg who hath also the name of Pascha and hath but one When a Pascha is made the Solemnity used at the conferring his office is a Flag or Banner carryed before him and accompanied with Musick and Songs by the Mirialem who is an Officer for this purpose only for investiture of Pashaes in their office The Government of Beglerbegs who have several Provinces called Sangiacks under their Command are of two sorts the first is called Has ile Beglerbeglik which hath a certain Rent assigned out of the Cities Countries and Signories allotted to the Principality the second is called Saliane Beglerbeglik for maintenance of which is annexed a certain Salary or Rent collected by the Grand Signiors Officers with the Treasure of the whole Government out of which are paid also the Sangiack Beglers that is the Lords of the several Counties Towns or Cities and the Militia of the Country It is impossible exactly to describe the Wealth and wayes of Gains exercised by these Potent Governours to enrich themselves for a Turk is ingenious to get Wealth and hasty to grow rich howsoever we will succinctly set down the certain sums of Revenue which are granted them by Commission from the Grand Signior assigned them out of every particular place of their Government besides which they have the Profits of all Wests and Strays Goods of Felons sale of Vacant Church-Offices Salves Horses and Cattel which by Mortality or other accidents have no certain Master to which may be added the benefit of their Avanias or false Accusations whereby they invade the Right and Estates of their Subjects as also of the Robberies of their people and strangers by their own Slaves and Servants whom they send abroad with that design and having committed the Robberies themselves under pretence of discovery of the Crime and doing Justice they seize the innocent people torture and imprison them and perhaps put some to death for expiation of their own offences To come nearer then to this purpose The Beglerbegs of the first sort are in number 22 who have their Revenue allotted them in the places that they govern collected by their own Officers according to Commission of which the first is of Anatolia anciently called Asia minor afterwards Anatolia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its more Eastern situation in respect of Greece the yearly Revenue of which in the Grand Signiors books called the old Canon is a Million of Aspers and hath under its jurisdiction 14 Sangiack Kiotahi where the Beglerbeg resides in Phrygia Magior Sarahan Aidin Kastamoni Hudanendighiar Boli Mentesche Angora otherwise Ancyra Karahysar Teke ili Kiangri Hamid Sultan Ughi Karesi with the command of 22 Castles 2. Caramania anciently called Cilicia and was the last Province which held out belonging to the Caramanian Princes when all places gave way to the flourishing Progress of the Ottoman Arms the Revenue hereof is 660074 Aspers and hath under its jurisdiction 7 Sangiacks viz. Iconium which is the Court of the Beglerbeg in Cappadocia Nigkde Kaisani otherwise Cesanca Jenischehri Kyrscheheri Akschehri Akserai And in this Principality are three Castles at Iconium one at Larende and Mendui under the Pasha's immediate command and 17 others in several Sangiacks 3. Diarbekir otherwise Mesopotamia hath a Revenue of a Million two hundred thousand and 660 Aspers and hath under its jurisdiction 19 Sangiacks with five other Governments called Hukinmet in Turkish eleven of which Sangiacks are properly belonging to the Ottoman Royalties and eight are Curdian Counties or of the people called Kurts for when Curdia was conquered the Country was divided and distinguished into the nature of Sangiacks but with this difference of right inheritance and succession to the Goods and Possessions of their Parents and succeed as Lords of Mannors or to other petty Governments by Blood and Kindred And as other Lords of Sangiacks Timariots or Barons pay the Grand Signiors duties and hold their Land in Knights service or other tenure whereby they are obliged to attend and follow their Commanders to the Wars whensoever they are called thereunto by the Grand Signiors summons these that are registred for Hukiumet have no Timariots or Lords to command them but are free from all Duties and Impositions and are absolute Masters of their own Lands and Estates Those Sangiacks which are properly belonging to the Ottoman Royalties are C Harpu Ezani Syureck Nesbin Chatenghif Tchemischekrek Seared Mufarkin Aktchie Kala Habur Sangiar otherwise Diarbekir which is the place of residence of the Beglerbek Those Sangiacks which are entailed upon Families are Sagman Kulab Mechrani Tergil Atak Pertek Tchifakichur Tchirmek 4. Of Scham otherwise Damascus the certain Revenue of which is a Million of Aspers and hath under it Sangiacks 7 with Has where the Contributions by the Beglerbegs Officers are collected upon the Country and are Kadescherif alias Jerusalem Gaza Sifad Nabolos alias Naples in Syria Aglun Bahura and Damascus the City where the Beglerbeg resides He hath farther three with Saliane for account of which he is paid by the Kings Officers and those are Kadmar Saida Beru Kiurk Schubek where are no Timariots but the Inhabitants are true and absolute Masters of their own Estates in the same manner as the Curdi

unseasoned Timber that the first Voyage many of them became unserviceable for their Leaks and the rest at the 〈◊〉 of the Fleet in the Month of October following were laid up amongst the old and worn Vessels It may seem a difficult matter to assign the true reason why and by what means the Turks come to be so decayed in their Naval Forces who abound with so many conveniences for it and with all sorts of materials fit for Navigation as Cordage Pitch Tar and Timber which arise and grow in their own dominions and are easily brought to the Imperial Gity with little or no danger of their Enemies For Timber the vast Woods along the Coast of the Black Sea and parts of Asia at the bottom of the Gulph of Nicomedia supply them Pitch Tar and Tallow are brought to them from Albania and Walachia Canvas and Hemp from Grand Cairo and Bisquet is in plenty in all parts of the Turks Dominions Their Ports are several of them convenient for building both of Ships and Gallies the Arsenal at Constantinople hath no less than a hundred thirty seven Voltas or Chambers for Buildings and so many Vessels may be upon the Stocks at the same time At Sinopolis neer Trapesond is another Arsenal at Midia and Anchiale Cities on the Black Sea are the like and in many parts of the Propontis the Hellespont and the Bospborus are such Ports and conveniences for Shipping as if all things had conspired to render Constantinople happy and not only capable of being Mistress of the Earth but formidable in all parts of the Ocean and yet the Turk for several years especially since the War with Candia and their defeats at Sea have not been able at most to Equippe a Fleet of above 100 Sail of Gallies of which 14 are maintained and provided at the charge of the Beyes of the Archipelago for which they have certain Isles in that Sea assigned them The Turks do neither want Slaves for to bogue at the Oars of the Gallies for Tartary supplies them with great numbers besides divers persons in Constantinople make it a Trade to hire out their Slaves for the Summers Voyage for 6000 Aspers running the hazard of the Slaves life who returning home safe is consigned to the possession of his Patron And if want still be of Chiurma as the Turks call it or Slaves for the Oar a collection is made in several Provinces of the lustiest and stoutest Clowns called by the Turks Azabs but by the other Slaves Chakal these are chosen out of certain Villages one being elected out of every twenty houses the hire of which is 6000 Aspers for payment whereof the other 19 Families make a proportionable Contribution Upon receipt of their pay they give in security not to fly but to serve faithfully for that years Expedition But these men unused to the Service of the Sea unskilful at the Oar and Sea-sick are of little validity and the success of their Voyage may be compared to that in the Fable of the Shepherd who sold his Possessions on the Land to buy Merchandise for Sea-Negotiations The Souldiers which are destin'd to Sea-service are called Levents who come voluntarily and enter themselves in the Registers of the 〈◊〉 obliging themselves to serve that Summers Expedition for 6000 Aspers and Bisquet for the Voyage the stoutest and most resolute of these fellows are those called Cazdaglii who are a certain sort of Mountaniers in the Country of Anatolia neer Troy whose Country I once passed through with some apprehension and more than ordinary vigilance and caution to preserve my life for being all Robbers and Free-booters we admitted no Treaties or Discourses with them but with our Arms in our hands Others there are also obliged to Sea-service who are Zaims and Timariots and hold their Lands in sea-Sea-Tenure but being not bound to go in person themselves they bring or send their Servants called in Turkish Bedel to supply their place every one providing one two or more according to the value of his Lands as we have before declared in the Chapter of the Zaims and Timariots Some Janizaries are also drawn out for Sea-service and some Spahees of the four inferiour Banners and not to make too bold 〈◊〉 the veterane Souldiers command only such to Sea as are new and green Souldiers lately registred in the Rolls of the Spahees The Auxiliaries of the Turks Forces by Sea are the Pirates of Barbary from those three Towns of Tripoli Tunis and Algier but these of late years have disused the Custom of coming in to the Turks assistance yet oftentimes they ply towards the Archipelago and to the Levant but it is to supply themselves with Souldiers and recruits of people for encrease of their Colonies The other part of Auxiliary Forces is from the Beyes of the 〈◊〉 being fourteen in number every one of which commands a Gally and for their maintenance have the contribution of certain Islands in that Sea allotted to them the which are better manned and armed than these of Constantinople but these neither are not willing too much to expose their Vessels to fight or danger in regard that being built and maintained at their own charges and their whole subsistance they are the more cautious how they venture all their Fortune in the success of a battel These Beyes also give themselves much up to their delights and pleasure and employ more thoughts how to please their appetites than to acquire glory and fame by the War what they gain in the Summer when joyned with the gross of the Turkish Fleet is the Prize of the Grand Signior but what chance throws upon them in the Winter is their own proper and peculiar Fortune The Gunners of the Turkish Fleet are wholly ignorant of that art for any person who is either English French Dutch or any other Christian Nation they design to this Office whether he be skilful or unskilful in the management of Artillery having an opinion that those people are naturally addicted to a certain proneness and aptitude in Gunnery in which they find their error as often as they come to skirmish with their Enemy The chief Admiral or Generalissimo of the Turkish Armata is called the Captain Pashaw his Lieutenant General is called Tershana Kiahiasi the next Officer is Tersane Emini or Steward of the Arsenal who hath the care of providing all necessaries for the Navy but this place being bought as almost all other Offices occasions a necessity in these persons to rob Nails Anchors Cables and other provisions of the Fleet to satisfie the debts they contracted for the purchase of their places in the like manner doth every Reis or Captain of a Gally keep his hand in exercise as often as convenience offers these are all for the most part Italian Renegadoes or the race of them born and educated neer the Arsenal The Officers command their Chiurme or slaves in corrupted Italian which they call Franke and afford them a better

their Office is besides fighting as also of the Zaims and Spahees to carry earth and stones for making Batteries and Trenches whilest the Janizaries are in skirmish with the Enemy And for every three thousand Aspers rent the Timariots are sessed at a man and horse as the Zaim is for every five thousand And both one and the other of these Souldiers little differ from those in England which hold their lands in Capite or the ancient 〈◊〉 of Knights-service Both Zaims and Timariots are disposed into Regiments under command of Colonels called Alai-Begler who march with Colours and the Kettle Drum these Colonels are again under the command of the Pashaw or Sangiack-beg and he under the Beglerbeg which Forces being united into one body repair to the Rendezvous appointed by the general who is either the Grand Signior in person or the Visier Azem or some other eminent person qualified with the title of Visier These two Orders of Souldiery are not only appropriated to Land-service but some also are destined to the Sea who are called Deria Kaleminde and are under the command of the Captain Pashaw or Admiral but the Zaims are most commonly dispensed with as to the Sea-service in their own persons upon the payment of so much money as they are esteemed at in the Signiors Books out of which Levends are raised and enrolled in the Registers of the Arsenal but the Timariots can never be excused from their personal duty and service with their attendance of Souldiery according to the value of their Lands Neither the one nor the other of these can be dispensed with from their personal service at Land no excuse in time of the Grand Signiors Wars is lawful or pleadable if sick they are carried in HorseLitters or Beds if Infants in Hampers or Baskets and in their very Cradles accustomed to the hardship hazard and discipline of War And thus much shall serve in brief to have spoken in explication of the Nature of the Zaims and Timariots which come under the general denomination of Spahees and 〈◊〉 the best part of the Turkish Armies we shall now proceed to declare as far as can probably be computed the number of these Horse which fill up the vast Host that hath overspred so large a proportion of the world CHAP. III. A Computation of the numbers of the Forces arising from the Zaims and Timariots IT were a work of too great labour considering the little satisfaction and delight it would afford the Reader to proceed accurately in describing the just numbers of those which follow these Zaims and Timariots it will be sufficient to denote that the smallest number of a Zaim is four men and is the greatest of a Timariot whose lowest condition is obliged to maintain a single man and the highest of a Zaim to serve with nineteen so that whosoever will survey this Turkish Host must make his Calculate a little more or less by conjecture and judgment And this difficulty is the more augmented when I consider the fraud is used by the Accomptants Registers and Muster-Masters of the Grand Signiors Enrolments who are as well acquainted with the arts and sweetness of making false Musters as they are in the most ingenious places of Christendom and perhaps Policy may afford a connivance to this fraud for the sake of a superlative face of their Armies which they love to express by this usual similitude Asker reml deria misal As innumerable as the sands of the Sea shore but in effect the noise is greater than the reality and he that will sum up their number may find Arithmetick to make the account which by the vast extent of Tents confusion of Baggage train of Servants and attendants of the Camp appears infinite in the popular estimation Besides the Turkish Army admits of great increase and decrease by the many Interlopers as we may call them which the Zaims for their own honour introduce to fill up their numbers on a day of muster or appearance so that one would admire to see in so short a time so apparent a decay in the Turkish Camp which abuse the great and famous Visier Mahomet Kiupruli with cruelty and extraordinary severity endeavoured to remedy upon his expedition for recovery of Tenedos and Lemnos and conquest of Janoua in Transilvania but it is impossible for one man to know and see and remedy all disorders and is amongst the Turks called Aain oin a secret fraud as difficult to be totally remedied as it is to be throughly discovered But that which makes the principal difference and various change herein is the death of Zaims and Timariots some of which holding an estate only for life and others dying without heirs of their bodies their Lands 〈◊〉 to the Crown Which Estates being improved by the industry of the Possessors above the primary valuation in the Records and afterwards falling into the hands of the Prince are bestowed again on others according to their true estimate which is oftentimes double of the former By which means the number of the Grand Signiors Souldiery is encreased and it is a point very observable that as other Princes lose by the fall and death of their Subjects the Grand Signior is the only gainer for of the most that are slain in a day of Battel the Estates accrue to him in disposal again of which he observes this Rule to gratifie many with that which was before the proportion of a single person But to come now to the express and distinct account of the Ziamets and Timariots in every part and Government of the Empire this Computation is extracted out of the Imperial Rolls and Registers of the Grand Signior In the Government of Anatolia are reckoned as follows in the Of Sangiacks Ziamets Timariots Kiotahia 39 948 Saruhan 41 674 Aidin 19 572 Kastamoni 24 570 Hudawendighiar 42 1005 B●li 14 551 Mentesche 52 381 Angura 10 257 Karahisar 10 615 Teke ili 7 257 Kiangri 7 381 Hamid 9 585 Sultan Ughi 7 392 Karesi 7 240 Jenige hisar 7 12 Total of Ziamets are 295 and 7440 Timariots So that computing at the lowest 〈◊〉 4 Gebelues to every Zaim with them and their followers must make 1180 Doubling the number of Timariots at the lowest rate makes 14880 In all 16060 For maintenance of which Army the Rents in the Ottaman 〈◊〉 are Aspers 37310700 There were farther in past times allotted to the attendance of this Army about 6900 men for mending the ways bringing provisions and service of the Artillary there was also an allowance for 1280 Sutlers or Victualers of the Camp and for 〈◊〉 Trumpeters and Drummers which were Gypsies but this was when Anatolia was a Frontier Country to the Christians and was therefore better fortified and accommodated but since it is become one of the innermost parts of the Empire that Rent is converted into the possessions of Zaims and Timariots so that there is a farther addition of 330 Ziamets and 1136 Timariots