divided Chapter thereof differing from his Tenement in Villenage shewing there the Suites and Plaints of Coppy-holders saying that they haue an Estate of Inheritance according to the Custome And delivereth his owne opinion that if a Coppy-holder doing his Services bee compelled by the Lord he shall haue an Action of Transgression And sayth that Danby and Brian 21. Ed. 4. were of the same Minde according to which is Bracton and the sayd Presidents of Hen. 3. and the Writ vsed in Tempore R. 2. besides many other reasons at the Common-Law c. prooving that by use and circumstance things may alter and change their originall nature As for example the service of Socage Tenure was at the beginning as Mr. Littleton sayth to Till the Lords Land c. And yet now by consent of the Lord and by continuance of time are turned into money and other Services in lieu thereof Even so may be sayd of Coppy-holds as long as the Tenants themselves be free though their Tenure were at beginning never so bound and base yet by course of time they may gayne more liberty and freedome and grow to more estimation and account An other reason and Rule there is at the Common-Law to this intent that some things there were which in the beginning were but voluntary and yet in the end by continuance became Compulsary as appeareth 27 Ass praescript Bract. That a man that did at the first of his owne meere benevolence repayre a high way or a Bridge by often using was afterwards compelled volens nolens Even so it may be sayd of the Coppy-holders who at the first held but at the free will of the Lord yet now by usage and continuall granting time out of minde they haue gotten an estate after the Custome that doing their Services and behaving themselues well they cannot by Law or Reason be put from them Thus much for the allowance of Coppy-holders by the Common-Law now let us consider the Reputation of them by the Statutes and Parliament Law It appeareth by the Statute of 1. Rich. 3. 4. 19. Hen. 7. 23. That a Coppy-holder that may dispend twenty sixe shillings eight pence by the yeare shall be Empanelled on a Iury as hee that may dispend twenty shillings by the yeare of Free Lands And by the Statute of the 2. Ed. 6. cap. 8. the Interest of Coppy-holders are Reserved being found by Office after the Death of the Kings Tenants as well as other Estates at the Common-Law and so doth the Statute of Monasteries 31. Hen. 8. cap. 13. 1. Edw. 6. cap. 14. preserue Coppy-holds from dissolving And it will seeme that Coppy-holders are for the Common-wealth and therefore to bee maintayned for that some haue beene erected and established by Parliament which were not de visible by Coppy before as appeareth by the Statutes 32 Hen. 8. 2. 2. Ed. 32. What shall be sayd a Mannour and a Mannour as will mayntaine a Coppy-hold A Mannour consisteth in two parts viz. Demeasnes and Services and neyther of these two parts hath the name of a Mannour without the other for as a Messuage or Lands cannot be called Demeasnes without Tenements thereunto belonging to pay Rents and do Services but doth still beare the name of Messuage or Lands So on the other part though a Man have Tenements to pay him Rents and doe him Services and no Messuage or Lands whereupon to keepe his Court and to receiue his Rents and Services this cannot be called a Mannour but onely a Signiory in grosse Fitz. na brev s 3. 8. Demeanes are so called for that the Lord himselfe occupieth and manureth them In son maine Demeasne But all Lands that have been in the Lords owne hands bee not called Demeanes for all Free-holds and Coppy-holds were in his owne hands at the beginning But Demeanes is that which is now and time our of Minde have beene in the Lords hands or occupation of his Bay liffe or Servants And that also which auncient Coppy-hold may be to some purpose called Demeasnes because in every Surrender in Manus Domini and every grant extra manus Domini the Lord hath a medling with it and may thereupon keepe his Court and for the most part cut downe Timber and such like And that it is also called Demeasnes which now is in the Lords hands by any new Escheate or Forfeiture And also the Lands which are in the hands of the Coppy-holders is such a Demeasne as with other Services will make a Mannour though the Lord hath none other demeanes there in his owne hands nor in the hands of his Bayliffe or servants Services as with a Demeasne shal make a Mannour to maintaine Coppy-holds is where a man holdeth Lands or Tenements freely to suite to the Court of the Lord of the Mannour within the sayd Fee But yet euery kind of Service will not make a Mannour for Services are of two kinds viz. That is by Tenure and by covenant Service by Tenure is also of two sorts as if a man at this day giveth his Land in tayle or leaseth it for Life or Yeares saving the Reversion here is a Service of Fealty incident to this Tenure betweene the Doner or the Lessor and the Donee or the Lessee And yet though this be a Service by Tenure yet is it no such Service as will make a Mannour For if a man at this Day be seised of twenty Acres of Land and Enfeffeth nineteene severall persons of nineteene of these Acres saving the twentieth to himselfe and reserveth of every of his Fcofees suite of the Court and other Services to be done to this Court to be held on the twentieth Acre though the Feofments be by Deed indented or in tayle or of Lives yet all is voyde and avayleth not to make a Mannour But it maketh onely a Tenure in grosse for a Tenure may by divers meanes be created at this Day but a Mannour by no way by a Common person Plow Com. 2. 693. A Mannour must be by Prescription and the Services by Continuance time out of minde But although a man at this Day cannot make a Mannour yet hee may in some sort enlarge a Mannour by adding more Services unto it 9. Ass A man seised of a Mannour did give parcell of the same to hold of him by Suite to his Mill within the same Mannour for this Service the Lord may distrayne and it is their held to be accounted parcell of the Mannour In like manner a man may by reserving upon a gift Intayle or Lease for Life Services ingrosse increase the Services of an ancient Mannour Signior grant le Demeasnes Services del son Mannour de Norkelsey c. extend en auter Towne per le melior opinion des Iustices de Common Banck le grantee c. keepe a Court there and so a Mannour to be created at this Day What shall be sayd a Mannour or a Tenure in his proper nature or Common-Law and what in respect of Usage or
Custome to maintaine Coppy-holders It is to bee noted that although a Mannour of his proper ought to consist of demeanes and services yet in some cases that may bee a Manour and maintaine Coppy-holders and a Court Baron by usage and custome which otherwise by Common Law is no Manour nor cannot so be called c. A man seized of a Manour whereunto bee divers free Tenants divers Coppy-holders and divers speciall Customary Tenants and the Customary Tenants do hold to give atendance on the Free holders at the Lords Court All the Free Tenants dye saving one the Lord doth bargain and sell the Manour to an Estranger This is now in respect of the Free Tenements a Tenure and no Manour in respect of the Coppy-holders both a Manour and Tenure and in respect of the Customary Tenements neither Manour nor Tenure If divers do hold Lands to dine with the Lord every Sunday in the yeare this maketh neither good Tenure nor Manour But if they hold to wait on the Lord every Sunday at dinner and to dine with him this maketh a good service but no good Tenure If divers doe hold Lands by Coppy of the Mannour of D. and so have done time out of minde and by the like time there hath beene no Free holders to the said Mannour Although this be no Mannour in his proper nature yet by usage it is a good Mannour to maintaine Coppy-holds A man seised of a Mannour which time out of minde hath beene called by the name of the Manour of S. and doth demise the same by the name of the Mannour of S. this is good If a man seised of a Mannour whereto be six Free holders and six Villaines Regardants The sixe Free holders dye having Issue sixe daughters the Villaines enterrary with them yet the same is a Mannour and the villaines thereto regardant If a man seised of a Mannour whereto hee hath Leet and wrecke of the sea by prescription all the Tenancyes Escheate yet the Leete and the wrecke still remaine and it is a Mannour to that purpose If divers doe hold Lands by prescription to finde the Lords mans meat and hounds meat when hee commeth to hunt the Fox in the said Lands this maketh a good Tenure but no good Mannour If divers do hold Lands to doe suit and service at the Lords Court This is most properly such service as maketh a Mannour but if it be to doe suit and service at the Lords Couri when it pleaseth themselves this is neither Mannour nor Tenure If divers doe hold Lands to repaire a High way within a mile compasse without the bounds of the Lord of the Mannour this makes a good Tenure but no Mannour But to repayre or mend the wayes within the Precinct of the Mannour is good to enlarge the Mannour If divers doe hold Lands to pray for the prosperous Estate of the Lord and his Heires this maketh a Tenure but no good Mannour If divers doe hold Lands of the Lord to wayte upon him at twenty dayes warning twenty miles distant from the Mannour this maketh a good Service but no good Tenure But if it be to wayte upon the Lord within the sayd Mannour by certayne space this maketh both a good Tenure and a good Mannour If divers holde Lands to beate or kill the Lords Tenants that shall doe Trespasse on the Lords Demeasnes this is neyther good Tenure nor good Mannour But if it be to beate and kill the Kings enemies that shall doe so this maketh both a good Tenure and a good Mannour If Divers hold Lands by Prescription to do Service to the Lord to his Court of the sayd Mannour twenty miles distant at a place certaine This is both a good Tenure and a good Mannour But if it be to do Service to his Court at another Mannour this without Prescription cannot be severance from the first Mannour If Divers doe hold to come to the Lords Court and there to doe nothing this maketh neither good Tenure nor good Mannour But to come to the Court though not to be of the Homage yet to offer Amersements or make Certificates or any other Service to the Lord this maketh a good Tenure and a Mannour If any do hold Lands to do Divine Service before the Lord and his Tenants in the Court-house before the beginning of every Court this maketh both a good Tenure and a good Mannour What shall be sayd a good Custome to be able to maintaine Coppy-holds A Custome to make a Coppy-hold must be of necessity in the same Mannour where the sayd Coppy-holds are so granted viz. That the same Lands are and time out of minde haue beene onely Demised and Demisable by Coppy of Court Role for otherwise the Lord cannot grant it by Coppy because hee cannot beginne a Custome at this Day But if it have beene by like time granted by Coppy though sithence it came to the Lords hands yet if the Lord never Demise the same by Free Deede nor otherwise but by Coppy then he may well grant agayne the same by Coppy for it is neyther the person of the Lord nor the occupation of the Land that eyther maketh or marreth the Coppy-hold But onely the usage and manner of Demising the same for the prescription of a Coppy-holder consisteth neither in the Land nor in the Occupier but onely in the Usage of the Demising THE DIVISION OF CVSTOMES viz. Customes Prescriptions Vsage and Limitation THese foure though they be in some confounded together and indeede are of great Affinity yet there be divers differences in their severall natures betweene them Custome is where by continuance of time a Right is obtayned concerning divers persons in common Prescription is where by continuance of time one particular person obtayneth Right against an other Vsage is by continuance of time the efficient cause of them both Limitation is where a right may be obtained by reason of a non claime by the space of a certaine number of yeares differing in the Accoumpt of time from custome and prescription But what measure of time shall make a Custome divers have differed in opinion some judging the same to bee according to the Computation of yeares from the time of K. Ed. 1. untill the Statute of M. 1. which appointeth the limitation in a writ of right The accompt of which time unto the said Statute from the said K. time is 76. yeares others have thought a hundred years maketh a prescription because in old time an hundred yeares was accompted a Fee simple But the true measure thereof according to Master Littletons Rule is where a Custome or Usage or other things have beene used so long as mans memory cannot remember the contrary That is when such matter is pleaded that no man then in life hath not heard any thing nor know any proofe to the contrary And by this it appeareth that Customes and prescriptions resteth onely in the memory of man limitation consisteth onely of a certaine time which hath a
right or in some others a sufficient ability or capacity to prescribe Touching the first it is to be understood that hee which will prescribe must have a certaine and indefeazable estate and not otherwise As if a Tenant at Will or at Sufferance after hee hath occupied the Land for ten yeares will prescribe to have the same for ten yeares this is not good But a Tenant at Will after the Custome although he came in at the first by the Lords will yet doing and paying that which hee ought hee may prescribe to hold the Land whether the Lord will or no And although a Coppy-holder may prescribe in this forme against his Lord yet against an Estranger for a common or such like kind of profit hee cannot prescribe bâ—t in the right of the Lord neyther yet can a Tenant for life or for yeares prescribe in the right of their owne Estate onely because it lacketh continuance to make a custome or prescription except in some cases of necessity the Lord of a Mannour or of a Patronage for yeares or life may grant a Coppy in perpetuity or presentation for a longer time then the estate of the Grantor doth continue and this is admitted causa necessitatis and not Iure prescriptionis To the second Capacity must be in himselfe that doth prescribe which Ability and Capacity must consist in the person of him that doth prescribe For as prescription may be sometimes in respect of estate Mannour Lands or Offices so may prescription sometimes be in respect of person which person is not to be understood of a private person but of a body Politicke not that many persons may prescribe except the same be incorporate and to prescribe in respect of their incorporate Capacity and not in respect of their private Capacity As if the Inhabitants of Dale will prescribe to have Common in the Soyle of S. this is no good prescription for that they be not Incorporate they must prescribe that H. Lord of the Mannour of Dale for him and his Tenans within the said Mannour have used to have Common within the sai Soyle so is it for Coppy-holds for they must prescribe in the name of their Lord in such a case If a man prescribe that hee and his Ancestors have had such an Annuity this is not good But if a Bishop doe prescribe that hee and his predecessors have had such an annuity this is good The pleading of Prescription must bee used in forme of Law as other matters that be pleadable and forme must be used likewise in pleading of Coppy-holds and other Customary Titles for avoyding of confusion and discord as well as in other cases of the Common Law the forme of pleading prescription doth differ as the quality of the thing whereof prescription is made and somtimes doth differ as the persons doe differ which make the prescription As if a Coppy-holder makes his Title to his Land by prescription he must plead that the same Land is and hath bene time out of minde Demised and Demiseable by the Coppy of Court Role according to the custome of the Mannour wherof it is holden If two men as yonger brethren will make their Title to Land in Gavell-kinde they must say that the same Land is of the Tenure and Nature of Gavell-kinde which time out of minde have bin parted and partable between Heires males So if the yongest Sonne maketh his Title to Land in Borough English he must plead that time out of minde the Custome of the said Mannour hath bin that when or at what time soever a Coppy holder dyeth Seised of any Coppy-hold Lands in the same Mannour having divers Sonnes that the same hath used Iure Hereditario to descend unto the youngest Sonne c. And as the forme doth differ in the things wherof the Prescription is commonly made so doth it differ as the Persons do differ which prescribe as a private person shall prescribe in him and his Ancestors whose estate he hath An Incorporate person in him and his Predecessors A Lord of a Mannour in him and them which were Lord of that Mannour A Sheriffe in him and those which have beene Sheriffes of the same County A Steward of a Mannour in him and those which have beene Stewards there A Free holder in him and them which have beene Stewards to the said Lord. A Coppy-holder shall Prescribe against an Estranger that the Lord of the Mannour for him and his Tennants at will have used the like c. WHAT NECESSITY A Court Baron is of whereof it doth Consist how it is defined and what shall bee said a sufficient Court Role to make a Coppy-hold EVery Mauour hath a Court Baron incident to it of common right and common necessity and this Court Baron consisteth of foure speciall parts viz. The Lord the Steward the Tennants and the Bayliffe A Court Baron is defined to bee an assemblie of these partes together within the said Mannour to take Councell care and enquire of causes concerning the same Mannour to see justice duely executed the acts and ordinances there done to bee recorded in the Roles of the same Court which Roles are the evidence of all ordinances dutyes customes and conveyances the Lord and Tennants of the said Mannour and are to bee entred by the Steward or an Officer indifferent betweene the Lord and his Tennants and the same Roles to remaine with the Lord thereby to know his Tennants his Rents and his Fines his Customes and his services And the particular grant of every Coppy-hold to bee coppyed out of the Roles the coppyes thereof to bee delivered to every particular Tennant neither can they make any other Title to their said Tennements but by their said Coppy If the Lord of the Mannour having Coppy-hold Lands Surrendred into his hands will in the presence of his Tennants out of the Court grant the same to an other and the Steward entreth the same into the Court Booke and maketh thereof a Coppy to the grantee and the Lord dye before the next Court this is no good Coppy to hold the Land But if the same Surrender and grant bee presented at the next Court in the life of the Lord and the grantee admitted Tenant and a Coppy made to him this is good Coppy If the Lord of a Mannour having ancient Coppy-hold in his hands will by a deed of Feofment or by a Fine grant this Land to one to hold at the will of the Lord according to the Custome yet this cannot make a good Coppy-hold If the Lord in open Court doth grant a Coppy-hold Land and the Steward maketh no entry thereof in the Court Roles this is not good though it bee never so publicke done nor no Collaterall proofe can make it good But if the Tenant have no Coppy made unto him out of the Role or if hee loose his Coppy yet the Roles is still a sufficient tytle for his Coppy-hold if the Roles bee also lost yet it seemeth that by proofe hee can
make this good If Ordinances or by Lawes bee newly made and Recorded in the Roles of the Court if the Court Roles bee lost the by Lawes be set at liberty yet if there be any ancient customes or priviledges by Prescriptions not entred in the Roles c. though the Roles be lost yet they remaine good WHO SHALL BE SAID such a Lord of a Mannour as hath power to grant a Coppy-hold A Lord to grant or allow a Coppy-hold must be such a one as by Littletons definition is seised of a Mannour so that he must be in possession at the time of the grant for although hee have good right and title yet if he be not in possession of the Mannour it will not serve and on the other side if hee bee in possession of the Mannour though hee have neither right nor title thereunto yet in many cases the grant and allowance of such a Coppy is good as Donus de facto sed non deiure And in some cases a Coppy-hold shall be adjudged good according to the largenesse of the state of the Lord that granted the same and in some cases shall continue good for a longer time then the estate of granter was at the time of the grant But that is to be understood in case of necessity otherwise it will not be allowed If a man seised of a Mannour in which are divers Coppy-holds demisable for lives is deseased and the desessor granteth a Coppy-hold being voide for three lives this is not good to binde the Desseased otherwise it is of a Coppy-hold of Inheritance because it is necessary to admit the next heire If a man have a Title to enter into a Mannour for a condition broken and he granteth a Coppy-hold of the same Manour being void at a Court Baron this is a good grant for the keeping of the Court amounteth to an entre in the mannour A man seised of a Mannour for life whereunto bee Coppy-hold Inheritance belonging and one Coppy-holder Surrendereth to the use of a stranger in Fee the Lord may grant this in Fee and this Grant shall binde him in the reversion but the Coppy-holds being demisable for lives it is otherwise for then hee cannot upon Surrender grant the same longer then the life of the Grantor But if the Lord of a Mannour for yeares or during the minority of a Ward of which the Coppy-holds are demisable for three lives successively and not servingly in this case if the Coppyholder dyeth the Lord may grant the same being voide for three lives at his pleasure and this shall binde him in the Reversion or the heire at his full age WHO SHALL BE SAID such a Tenant as may be a COPPY-HOLDER ALthough there seemeth some shew of difference betweene Coppy-holders and Customary Tenants yet differ not they so much in nature as in name for although some bee called Coppy-holders some Customary some Tenants by the Virg some base Tenants some bound Tenants and some by one name and some by another yet doe they all agree in substance and kinde of Tenure though differ in some ceremonies and kinde of serving and therefore the name is not the matter but the Tenure Hee shall bee said a person sufficient to be a Coppy-holder who is of himselfe able or by an other to doe the service of a Coppy-holder as an infant may be a Coppy-holder for his Gardein and prochein any may doe the service so may a feme Covert and her husband shall doe the service But a lunaticke or Ideot cannot bee a Coppy-holder because they cannot doe the service themselves nor depute any other and the Lord shall retaine the Coppy-hold of an Ideot and not the Queene A Bond-man or aliene borne may bee a Coppy-holder and the King or Lord cannot seise the same But a man cannot bee a Coppy-holder unto a Mannour whereof hee himselfe is Lord although hee bee but Dominus pro termino annorum or in Iureuxoris WHAT SHALL BE SAID such Lands or other things as demisable by Coppy and may be holden by Coppy IT may bee said of Coppy-hold Lands as is afore said of the Tenants they may differ in name but not in nature As some called Coppy-hold Lands some customary Lands some bound Lands some base Lands some ancient Lands some demeasne Lands some encrease Lands some Mollendes some waste Lands some warke Lands some loose Lands and some Vierge Lands And although Coppy-hold Lands be specially so called because it is holden by Copdy of Court Role Customary Lands because of some speciall Custome Bond Lands because of the bond Tenure Base Lands because of Base Tenure ancient Lands because of the old demise demeasne Lands because of its new demise and late being the Lords owne Mannour Increased Lands because it is late purchased and laid to the Mannour Mollands because it is holden by easie rents or no rents at all waste Land because it hath beene lately approved out of the waste of the Mannour Worke Lands such as hath common appendant belonging to it Lose Land because it is holden by uncertainty Rents and Verge Land because it is holden by the Veirge Yet al the said lands are holden in one general kinde that is by Custome and Continuance of Time and their diversity of their names doth not alter the Nature of their Tenure It seemeth by Littleton that onely Lands and Tenements are demisable by Coppy And therefore if the Lord of a Mannour will grant the rent charge or the office of Stewardship or Baylewicke of his Mannour by Coppy or a common in grosse by Coppy these bee not good grants because they tye not in Tenure and also because the Custome doth not extend unto them but common appendent to a Tennant of Coppy-hold Lands may bee demised with the Tenant by Coppy Demeane Lands which within time of memory have beene occupied by the Lâ—rd himselfe or his Farmour is not good to â—e granted by Coppy because of the newneâ— of the grant yet by continuance of time it may be good Coppy-hold when the memory of the contrary is worne away as hath beene said before Neither can the Lord that granted such a Coppy put out his Coppy-holder during his life that granted the same because hee should not bee received to disable his owne grant If a Coppy-holder doe Surrender his coppy-hold into the Lords hands meerely to the use of the Lord I doubt whether the Lord may grant this againe by Coppy as hee may where it comes unto him by forfeiture or by escheat because it is made percell in demeasne by his owne acceptance and not by the Act of the Law quaere Note that neither the Statute of West 2. de bonis Conditionalibus nor any other Statute that hath not Coppy holds named in it doth extend to Coppy-hold Lands as the Statute Staple 27. Ed. 3. nor the Statute of Heresie 2. Hen. 5. nor the Statute of Will 32. Henry the eight nor the Statute of Limitation made the same yeare as is how
without his assent and perhaps it is not agreeing to his conscience and therefore it is not properly a not doing or deniall to doe his duty Quaere If there be 12. and 11. agree and the twelfth will not for it is not a full Jury Pasche 20. Eliz. Co. Bank ve 3. Ed. 3. Verdict 10. ou 11. 29. Ed. 3. ibid. 45. 12 Hen. 4. 10. Sherne WHAT OFFICE OR POWER entirely or dividedly the Lord Steward Free-holders Coppy-holders and the Bayliffs have in the Court Baron ALthough the Lord the Steward the Free-holders the Coppy-holders and the Bayliffes of every Mannour have an intermixt and joynt office and authority in some cases and to some purposes yet to other purposes their office is distinct and divided and every of them doth occupy severall places persons and parts The Lord is chiefe to command and appoynt to the Steward to direct and record the Free holder affirre and judge the Coppy-holders to enfirme and present the Bayliffe to attend and execute c. And all these together make a perfect execution of Justice and Judgements in a Court Baron and without all these a Court Baron cannot be holden in his proper nature in respect of all causes belonging to the perfect jurisdiction of a Court Baron And yet a Court Baron may be held by use and custome for some Coppyhold causes though it want one of the said parties viz the Free holders and there in Coppy-hold cases the Steward doth supply the place of a Judge But no other of the parts aforesaid except the Free holders can be missed or spared in a Court Baron But to make some more particular demonstration of their distinct authorities and offices And first the Lord as hee is chiefe in place so is hee in Authority and occupieth three severall Romes the one of a Chancelour in cases of equity the other of a Justice in a matter of right the third of himselfe in Cases proper and particular to himselfe The Steward doth occupie the parts of severall persons that is to say Judge and order in cases of Coppy-hold and also a Minister and Register to enter things into the Court Roles and in both these to bee indifferent betweene the Lord and his Tenants The Free holders doe likewise fulfill two parts that is to effect judge amercemetns and also to returne and certifie judgements The Coppy-holders also doe hold two severall roomes viz. to enforme offences committed against the Lord within that Mannour and to present such things as shall be given Charge by the Steward The Bayliffe doth also occupie two parts that is to say to execute the proces and Commandments of the Court and also to returne into the Court the Execution of the same proces 6. Ed. 6. Bract. No. case 84. pli 387. the under-steward in Court without authority of the L. or of the high-steward may demise Copy-hold it is a good grant for it is in full Court but contrary it is if it bee out of Court Quaere if the high steward without authority may demise out of Court Finis Lecturae Calthrop A Coppy-holder being indebted doth surrender to his creditor upon trust that hee shall have the Land to satisfie himselfe of the debt and then to be surrendred backe againe unto him And after the debt levied the creditor wil not surrender whereby according to the custome of the Mannour the Tenant pursues an English Bill to the Lord in his Court by which the trust is prooved by deposition the Lord seiseth the Land to the use of the first Coppy-holder until c. And Wray was of opinion that hee may well so doe for he hath no other remedy for the Lord cannot imprison him as the Lord Chancelour of England may doe and that the custome of deposition is good though some doe doubt but Gawdy agrees but hee saith that the Lord cannot retaine and keepe the Land and if hee should so doe the other shall have a Subpena whereunto Wray agreeth that hee cannot retaine the Land but seise it and grant it over which without seising hee cannot doe 25. Eliz. B. upon the motion of Cooke who said that 14. Hen. 4. 39. and Fitz. B. 1â— are according to their opinions For a Coppy-holder shal not have a Writ of Error not false judgement upon a judgement against him in Court of the Lord but hee shall sue by bill and thereupon the Lord shall reseise the Land upon false judgement given by the Steward and shall make restitution If one recover a debt by plaint in Court Baron those of the Court have not power to make execution to the Plaintiffe of the defendants goods but they may distraine the defendant and after the judgement retaine the distres in their hands in safegard untill the Defendant hath satisfied the Plaintiffe of that wherein hee is condemned by the Court 46. Hen. 6. 17. See the booke of Entrees Fol. 166. 7. Hen. 4. 27. In replevin the defendant said that one Edward Besall brought a writ of Droit close against the plaintiffe and one other in the Lords Court in ancient demeasne and declared in nature of Assize and it was found against the plaintiffe and damages were taxed whereby the defendant being then under-Bayliffe by the Stewards commandement takes the beasts for execution of the damages and takes and sells them and delivers the monies to the plaintiffe in Assize this is a good plea and yet this is but a Court Baron And Fol 29. by Hull A man recovers ancient Demeasne-Lands and damages in a Court of ancient Demeasne the Bay liffe may take the beasts of him against whom the recovery is c. for execution of Damages in every parcell of the Land holden of the Mannour although that Land bee Frank-fee and it is not denyed 22. Assise 72. agrees with 4. Hen. 6. mes Kitch 115. where it is used to make execution by levari facias that is a good Custome 38. Ed. 3. Custome 133. upon a recovery in Court Baron the defendants Cattle were delivered in execution WHERE A TENANT BY Coppy may plead a speciall Custome which is onely proper to him and his predecessors before him NInth Eliz. Taverner was sued by the Lord Cromwel for that he had committed waste upon his Coppy-hold he pleads by the advice of Manwood that he and those who before him had the house wherein hee dwelt had such a Custome by Prescription that they might fell Timber trees c. And many arguments were against that Custome in as much as other Tenants of that Mannour had not such a Custome but were punishable and had forfeited their Lands for such waste also that Custome was against common right and not reasonable and after long deliberation of the Judges it was adjudged that a Tenant may plead a particular Custome as if one prescribe to have a way in the Lords Land c. And 19. of Eliz. one prescribed that he those of that Tenement his predecessors had used to have
Common of estovers in another Mannour notwithstanding that the other Tenants have not such a Custome and it was good by the advice of all the Justices WHERE THE TENANT may cut downe trees destroy houses by Custome and such like Customes c. FOurth Ed 6. Justice Dalisons Reports Sanders and divers Justices Tenant by Coppy of Court Role may prescribe to have Wood growing upon the Land Montague there is such a custome and so used in the Counties of Mid. Northland and other places Browne it hath beene heere agreed of late that Tenant by the Custome may prescribe to suffer their houses to fall and to destroy their houses so also here wherby this is a good Custome Montague I have heard a Fable that a Tenant by the Custome may digge in the one part of his house and burne the other part by the Custome But if you will agree that the Tenant by Custome shall have the Land against the Lords Will to him and his heires by the Custome why then may they not by the Custome cut downe Wood Sanders I agree to none of your cases Montague surely in the Chancery it will bee over-ruled against you without doubt and it is necessary that an Act of Parliament bee made upon it WHERE AND HOW Tenant by Coppy may make a Ioynture to his wife of the same Land A Stranger brings a writ of right against the husband and wife in the same Court where the Land is by plea and the husband and wife doe appeare and the demandant doth Count against them and the husband and wife doe defend and say that they have more right then the demander and offer to try it by Battell and the demander and Tenants doe Imparle at which day the demander appeares and the husband and wife make default whereby finall judgement is given against them and at the same Court the Recoverer Surrenders the same Land into the Lords hands to the use of the Husband and Wife and the heiros of their two bobodyes begotten and it was said that this assurance hath beene vsed 1. Ed. 6. Dalisons reports Pell et Hikden Trin. 36. Eliz. Rot 547. on the Kings bench Tenant in Tayle the remainder in Fee Tenant in Tayle Surrenders to the use of I. S. in Fee I. S. suffers a Recovery and vouches the Tenant in Tayle who vouches the common vouchee and by speciall Verdict it was found that there was never any recovery before in that manner and it is not yet adjudged Gawâ—y and Clinch that the recovery can not be a Barre for warranty can not be anexed to an estate at will also he shall not recover in value because of the estate at will Fenner and Popham chiefe Justice to the contrary and that warranty may be annexed to Coppy-hold Land though it bee an estate at will of the Lord but as it is an estate in Fee performing the services and duties the Law will account them Tenants in Fee Also recovery in value being but a fiction in Law le common vouchee shall bee accounted to have the Land in value of the Coppy-hold within the Mannour and the Vouchee 23. Hen. 8. Br. Recovery in value 27. that such a Recovery is used in ancient demeasne upon a writ of right and Voucher over and that of a Free-hold there yet enquire of such a Recovery upon a plaint there of Land of Base Tenure for that cannot bee warranted c. But in the Common Bench in trespasse brought by Comb against Pears and Turner Mich. 36. et 37. Eliz. Rot. 14. Bromeley Brittain Hall in Essex Tenant in Tayle of a Coppy-hold suffers a recovery with Voucher where no recovery was before the lesser enter by the Court that cannot be but he shall have a Formdone in discender for the recovery in Court Baron cannot availe because a warranty cannot bee anexed to an estate which is at the will of the Lord. Also there can bee no Recovery in value first because there can be no recovery in value of Lands out of the Mannour and the Coppy-land is at the Lords wil Secondly Coppy-hold Land is granted by Coppy only and if by the Recovery the Tenant may have it the course and Custome of the seignory would be destroyed which shall not bee Thirdly the Lord shall loose his fine and Fealty also for the Coppy is admissus est tenens c. et Dat. Duo de fine pro tali ingressu c. et fecit fidelitatem Fourthly et Fiftly Ph. et Mar. A Coppy-holder Surrenders to the use of his wife for Life the remainder to the right heires of the husband and Wife the Wife dyes the Husband survives The question is who shall hold the Land and it was said that if the Husband had no Issue by that Wife then his Heire shall have it CERTAINE COPPY-HOLD cases reported in a cer taine BOOKE BUt it was said there that if the Wife had Issue by another Hâ—sband it was there doubted But it was holden by the better opinion in Dier that the Husband and his heires shall have the Land yet if the Husband had first two sonnes the heires of the Husband and the heires of the Wife shall have the Land in Common after the decease of the Wife and for proofe thereof hee puts this case If land bee given for Life the remaynder to two men and their heires they cannot have one heire in the case if the Tenant for Life dye before them in remainder they shall bee Jâ—â—â—etennants and the Heire of the surviver shall have all But if none in remainder bee in life when the Tenant for life dyes then the heires of them in the remainder shall hold in common Thirty seventh Henry the eighth A Coppy-holder to the intent to make an assurance to his Wife suffers another to bring a Writ of right in the Coppy Court and they joyne the Battell and at the day the Husband and Wife make default and finall judgement was given and after the recoverer Surrenders the same Land into the Lords hands to the use of the Husband and Wife and their heires and a good assurance pur Cur. A Coppy-holder makes a Lease at Will to another who commits Waste which is a cause of Forfeiture the Lessor brings an Action upon the case against the Lessee By Walsh Weston and Dier the Lord may enter and have Trespasse against the Lessors his Tenant and therefore it is reason that hee shall bee recompenced But the Lord shall have a speciall Writ of Travers and not vi and armis because the entry was lawfull 8. et 9. Eliz. ibid. The Lord Dacres enters upon his Coppy-holder and leaseth it to a stranger for yeares the Lessee enters and was ejected by the Coppy-holder and hee brings a Writ of Electione firme The Coppy-holder pleads that the Lands are demiseable per Custome and so they were at issue and hee shewed in evidence a Coppy made 13. Henry the eighth by which a Tenant had surrendred the Lands
if a Coppy-holder surrender his Land to the intent that a stranger shall have the Rent out of it by Coppy it is no good Coppy-hold Rent Ninthly if there bee two joyn-tenants in Common of a Mannour and a Coppy-holder surrenders to the use of one this is not Coppy-hold Land Tenthly if the Husband and Wife bee joynt-coppy-holders of the purchase of the husband during Coverture and the Husband is attainted of Felony and dyeth this is not a Forfeiture of any part of the Coppy-hold but if the purchase was made before the coverture then it is a Forfeiture of the moyty Eleventh If two Coppy-holders exchange by licence and after the part of the one is recovered by an elder title he may enter in the Land which the other hath in exchange Twelvth If two Coperceners Coppy-holders make partition and the one is impleaded and doth loose by just title and the recoverer enters into the Land shee cannot enter upon her sister because she did not pray in aide for the rate A feme Covert Joynt Coppy-holder with another in Fee may surrender her moyty to the use of her Husband and it is good Thirteenth the Kings Steward without ny patent of his Office seiseth divers Coppy-holds and afterwards the Lord Treasurer and those of the Exchequer doe lease the same Land for yeares and thereupon it was moved whether Coppies made by the Steward without patent were good and the Lord Dier thought they were good Copyes but in the Exchequer the Barons were of another opinion Fourteenth a man seised of a Mannour to which Coppy-holders for yeares and others are belonging hee deviseth by testament the same Mannour to a ceraine person for payment of his debts during which time divers Coppyes expire and the devisees grant new Coppyes and afterwards during the terme the devisees grant in reversion and a particular Tenant surrenders in Court to the use of the grantee and after the wife of the devisor recovers in Dower part of the Mannour and hath execution of those Coppy-holds assigned by the Sheriffe for her Dower And it was mooved whether the Wife shall avoid those Coppyes made by the devisees And Browne Justice was of opinion that no to which Weston agreed for they said that those are ordinary things and which must bee done of necessity by force of the Custome and not any deede or new charge created by the devisees who are but officers to execute the Custome which of necessity must bee done for they cannot bee made by any others who have the possession of the Mannour for it hath beene adjudged that such Coppyes and ordinary things as presentment to a Church made by a disseisor or by a Lessee for Life or Yeares shall stand good and shall not bee avoided by reason of the necessity but other charges created by the Heire after the death of the Huband as a Lease for yeares Rent charge in which there is no such necssity the Tenant in dowre shall discharge them and although the Wife shall bee adjudged in by her husband yet shee shall not have those things which chance before assignment of her dower If a wardship fall or an avoidance of a Church or a villaine regardant hath purchased and the heire enters or presents these things the heire shall have and not the Tenant in Dowre and it may be that the wife will never sue for her dower or peradventure she shall have other Mannours assigned her for the same And as to the reason that it is not a thing of necessity to grant Coppies in reversion yet they were of opinion that because the Custome doth allow it it is Custome ley and therefore it may bee put in execution for the Custome is annexed unto the Land and not unto the interest of the Lord. But Wray said that of estates that are to Coppyholders and their heires according to the Custome of the Mannour if such a Coppy-holder dye without heire the Custome is determined If such a Lessor for life or yeares of the same Mannour grant new Coppyes they are not good and so there is a diversity A man cannot devise that his friends shall make Coppyes or hold Courts for none shall make Coppye but he that is Lord of the Mannour and hath an interest The Lord of the Mannour shall have the government of the Coppy-hold during the infancy of his Tenant Executors shall have a Lease for yeares of Coppy-hold Land without any new admittance The Husband of a Wife that is Coppy-holder for yeares shall not bee newly admitted after the death of the Wife nor bee tenant by the courtesie Where inheritance of a Coppy-hold descends the heire may enter without admittance but it was a doubt whether he should have an action of Traverse against a stranger before admittance for before admittance he is not properly Tenant if such an heire will not come to the next Court the Lord may make proces against him A Coppy-holder shall have Traverse against his Lord paying his Services and customes If erronious judgement be given against a Coppy-holder in the Lords Court the Lord in his Court may reverse it for it is not amendable in any other place or Court If the Lesse of a Coppy-hold commit waste and the Lord seiseth for forfeiture the Coppy-holder shall not have an action of waste against his Lessee as if Tenant for life make a Lease for yeares which Lessee maketh waste and the Lessor recovers the Tenant for Life shall not have an action of the Case but is without remedy for it was his folly that hee would not have a Collatterall covenant of the Lessee that he should doe no waste A Coppy-hold is not forfeit for heresie by the last of 2. Hen. 5. A Coppy-holder is not Ter-tenant but is Tenant at the Lords will and a Coppi-hold is not bound by the statute of Wills nor of Tines nor of Limitations A Coppy-hold shall not be extended by a statute Marchant or Staple The Husband and Wife being seised of a Mannour to them and the heires of the Husband hee grants a Rent charge out of it and dyes the Coppy-holder surrenders the Wife makes another Coppie and dyes the grantee shall distraine upon the Coppy-hold If the Lord of a Mannour hath a great waste and grants a rent charge out of the same and the Coppy-holders have Common in the waste and they put in their Cattell the grantee shall distraine them if they cannot make prescription If a Coppy-holder surrender to the use of another and the Lord will not admit him nor make a grant unto him the surrender is void If there be two Joynt Coppy-holders and the one commits a forfeiture he shall forfeit but the Moyty Lessee for yeares ofa Coppy-hold shall have an eiectione firme by Plowden and others If there be a Lease for yeares of a Mannour and one Coppy-holder purchase the reversion in fee this is a destruction of the Coppy-hold and the Lessee of the Mannour may put him out and occupy
certain beginning and of certaine ending and is not directed by mans memory wherein is ment limitation of time and not limitation of estates If Lands have been demised by Coppy by the space of 60. yeares and yet there be some alive that remembreth the same occupied by Indenture this is not a good Coppy-hold And if Lands have beene demised by Coppy but 40 yeares and there is none alive that can remember the same to bee otherwise demised This is a good Coppy-hold for the number of yeares makes not the matter but the memory of man And it is not 60. 80. or 100 yeares that maketh a Coppyhold or a custome though it makes a limitation But such certaine number of yeares makes onely a likely-hood or presumption of a prescription that is that it commonly happeneth not that any mans memory alive can remember alone such a number of yeares But if any chance to be alive that remembreth the contrary then such prescription must give place to such proofe Custome hath certaine speciall vertues in it selfe which for the more estimation thereof I will shortly shew according to certaine precepts and principals allowed by al Lawes both by the Law of God the Law of of Nature and the Law of Nations and by the private Law of every Countrey as by the Law of GOD it is said Si quis videtur contentiosus esse nos eiusmode Consuetudinē non habemus nec ecclesia Dei which proveth that the Scripture and the Church of God do atribute some what to good customes though not to evill And by the Law of Nature Consuetudo est altera natura And by the Law of Nations Consuetudo est optima legum interpres And by the Lawes of this Realme Princes at their Coronation are sworne as well to keepe the custome of this Land as the Lawes of this Land which Law doth attribute so much to custome that sometimes it is admitted to derogate from the Custome Law for Consuetudo bona de clausausitata et approbata privat Communem Legem WHEREOF CVSTOME doth Consist CUstome although it doth chiefly consist of continuance of time and usage yet it doth further require seven other necessary properties accident for the maintenance of a good Custome Which are these FIrst it must be reasonable as it appeareth 2. Ed. 4. 24. SEcondly it must be certaine as appeareth 3. Ed. 3. 13. Ed. 3. 4. Dum fuit infra aetatem 3. 14. Ed. 3. 4. 14. H. 4. THirdly it must bee according to Common right 42. Ed. 3. 4. FOurthly it must bee on good consideration 5. Hen. 7. 9. 42. Ed. 3. FIftly it must bee compulsary 42. Ed. 3. Avow 66. SIxtly it must be without prejudice to the King 3. Hen. 6. Custome Fits Hen. 2. 22. Ed. 3. Prescription 40. SEventhly it must bee to his profit that claimeth the same 31. Ed. 3. Prescription 40. et 28. Usage is the efficient cause both of Custome and Prescription for without usage there can bee neither Custome or Prescription for even as the minde is to man so is usage to Custome And as you see there bee divers varietyes of mindes in men so are there many varieties of Customes as you see varieties of Countries and yet all men perfect and all Customes perfect some say that have their mindes affected according to the Constitution of their bodies And so have Countries their Customes according to the Constitution of the place as in Kent and in North Wales because those Countries have beene most subject to forraigne invasions that euery man there may bee of power for resistance The inheritance for the most part descend in gavell kind viz. to every brother alike and in other middle parts of the Realme for whom government Least equalty is best The inheritance wholy descendeth to the eldest brother And in Borough English which is in divers Boroughs because their substance commonly is Lands and in such Townes Lands may bee the better preserved then goods therefore their youngest sonnes shal onely have their Lands and as it is in those great parts of the Realme so it is in divers private parts and Mannours and divers private and special customes As some Mannours have Coppy-hold of inheritance some for life or liues in some Manour the Copy-holders surender in one manner and in some in an other sort In some the Fine is Arbitrable And in some Certaine et sic in similibus The usage of every Custome doth not rest to be yearely daily or continually used but as the equality and the nature of the thing whereof the Custome is doth require as Custome Harryots when they fall of Shacts and Foldage in their season of Common Estovers in their time and for Coppy-holders whose Fines are certaine yet at one time to pay a greater Fine then at an other and all these are good Customes though they cannot bee used at all times for Customes may bee sometimes used sometimes not used sometimes altered and sometimes not and therefore in Custome you may see there is user non user Abuser and interuser User is when according to time and occasion a Custome is used Non user is when for want of time and occasionor through negligence or forgetfulnesse a Custome is not used Abuser is that which user doth nourish a Custome and non abuser tolerate a Custome so doth abuser destroy a Custome and yet in some cases a Custome may bee sometimes used in one sort and sometimes in an other And yet a good Custome if there bee good considerations of the exchanging thereof all times and this I call enteruser If there be a Coppy-hold of an Ancient demeasne and this Land is forfeited to the Lord by waste and thereupon a seisure awarded thereof and yet the Lord doth suffer the Tennant still to occupy it by the space of 20. yeares without receiving any rent for the same and after grants the said Land to the Tennant by Coppy This grant is good and a good User of the Coppy hold But if after the said seasure awarded an Estranger had entred and Disseised him of his Land and made a Feofment in Fee thereof And after the Lord re-entreth and grants the same againe by Coppy unto the first Tenant this grant is not good by reason of the User of this Land If the Lord have used at the admission of his Coppy-hold Tenants sometime to take for a Fine two-pence or sometimes fourepence for an Acre somtimes twelve pence an Acre this User is so uncertaine that it maketh the Fine arbitrable at the Lords will If the Lord of a Mannour have used time out of minde to admit his Coppy-hold Tenants without Fine this usage shall binde the Lord as well as a Fine certaine If the Lord have used to have certaine work-dayes of his Tenants and that hath not been used by the space of twenty yeares last past yet that Non-user is no discharge to the Tenants so that there be any in life that can remember the
to have and to hold c. whose estate hee had and by another Tenant rendring the yearely Rents Customes and Services and also hee produced certaine Witnesses who proved the Land to bee Coppie by the space of 69. yeares The plaintiffe to destroy the Title of that evidence shewed certaine Rentals that they were Free Lands c. 9. et 10. Henry 7. and not Coppy and also another Rentall to that intent in 12. Henry 6. which prooved that those Lands were leassee for twenty yeares Per Cur. this evidence doth not disproove the Coppy-hold for it was not within the time of memory but if hee had shewed the Indenture of Leasse made within 50. yeares or 80. yeares so that a man might remember it then it had beene good although the Statute of limitation extends not unto it by the Justices such evidence as prooves it to be within time of memory is good Also by them if those Lands bee in the hands of the Lord by forfeiture Escheat or Surrender yet the Custome remaineth for he may demise them againe and the Custome shall bee revived but by some men if by Escheat it bee in the Lords hands the Custome is extinct 8. et 9. Eliz. Ibidem Addington Lord of Harlow in Essex would encrease the Fines of his Coppy-hold Tenants which were prooved to bee certaine And it was holden that hee could not increase them and it shall be a good prescription to say alwaies ready to pay such a summe and no more 18. 19. Eliz. 4. Eliz. It was mooved by Manwood Sergeant if a Coppy-holder in Fee in right of his Wife doe Surrender the wife being not examined by the Steward but by some of the Tenants the Custome permitting it the Husband dyes Whether the Wife shall sue by plaint in Nature of a Cui in vita or may enter And by him shee may enter because it is no discontinuance for that it is a surrender to the Lord who hath the reversion for if a Tenant in Tayle enfeoffe him in the reversion it is no discontinuance but if she had been examined she should have bin barred for ever And Dier if a Coppy-holder in Tayle surrender to the Lord to the use of a stranger the Issue may bring a plaint in Nature of a Formdone in discender and purge the discontinuance for it is within the statute De donis Conditionalibus Lit Fo. 16. Com 233. 15 Hen. 8 Br. tit Tenant per Copie 24. And by Manwood no negative prescription may prevaile against a statute And the Common Law is no other but an ancient usage throughout all the Realme and a prime Custome may encounter with it but not with a statute And by Dier if after the Surrender the Lord admit the Wife againe yet shee shall be in by her Husband in construction of the Law Coppy-hold of inheritance discends unto two sisters by two venters none of them making entry and before the Court and admission one of them dyes her heire shall have the moyty and not the other sister by Dier chiefe Justice in the Chancery Also if a Coppy-holder in Taile Surrender to another in Fee who is admitted this is a discontinuance and so the Husband of his Wifes Coppy-hold And hâ— said that a remitter shall be of a Copy-hold as it shal be of a Freehold and inheritance at the common Law 13. et 14. Eliz. In the Duchâ—â— it was in question whether a Coppy-hold may be entayled or not And by Wray chiefe Justice and Manwood chiefe Baron the Tayle was not Fee simple at the Common Law if it did not appeare by the Custome and that may bee prooved by the Court Roles or by some other proofe that there is a recovery by plaint of Formedon or the Lands had descended according to Land in Tayle as possessio fratris shall not be of it or that that the Daughter shall not inherit before the sonne which is unckle to the same Egerton was of counsell with this case which was betweene Sherington and an other 22. Eliz. Hanchet and Rosse concerning land of Dicot in Stepping Hackney a Coppy-holder of inheritance dies the Lord grants the wardship of the Land during the minority of the heire to the Wife being sole shee takes a Husband and dyes It was demanded whether the Husband should have it or not And it seemed not but if it had beene a thing in which he had intrest to his owne use that he should have it as a Lease for yeares the executor shall have it without admittance of the Lord so the Husband shall have a Lease for yeares made to his Wife without admission By all the Justices 17. Eliz. If a Coppy-holder in Fee take an estate in Tayle by Charter-hold or take a Lease for yeares by Indenture his Coppy-hold is confounded 7. et 8. Eliz. by Harpour and others a Lessee for yeares of a Mannour may make Coppyes if the Custome be so to a man and his heires secundum consuetudinem c. for if the Coppy-holder in Fee dye his heire is in by descent and ought to be admitted or els he shall compell the Lord to admit him for for it is of necessity But Coppies for life or yeeres it is otherwise for by the death of the Tenant there is not any that can compell the Lord to make him a new Copy if he will not but hee may retaine the Land in his owne hands and therefore the grants of such Coppyes as are expired made by a lessee for yeares are void 26. ELIZ. FIrst Land Demiseable by Coppy in the time of Richard the second is perfect Coppy-hold so if it bee demised by Coppy 15. or 16 yeares Secondly If the Lord purchase the Coppihold of his Tenant money this is clearly a surrender and an extinguishment of the Coppy and it is not demiseable by Coppy after But if the Lord enter for forfeiture without presentment found that is demiseable by Coppy againe Thirdly If the Lord bring Trespas against a Coppy-holder who pleads that it is Free hold this is a Forfeiture and the Lord may enter Fourthly the Lord cannot seise because his Coppy-holder was sworne to give evidence against him for this is no forfeiture Fiftly if a Coppy-holder disseise his Lord of other Land that is not a forfeiture of the Coppy-hold Sixtly if a Coppy-holder dye without heire and the Lord enter by escheat this is demiseable by Coppy againe but if the Lord afterwards doe make a feoffment or suffer a recovery and after doe repurchase it it is not demiseable but if the Lord reverse the Judgement upon recovery by error attaint or deceit and hath restitution then it is demiseable by Coppy againe A disseisin doth not extinguish the Custome nor acts done by the disseisor Seventhly if a Coppy-holder suffer a recovery by prescript at common Law by collusion or make a Feofment or bargaine and sale and the Lord enters and makes a lease for yeares thereof the Land is not demiseable by Coppy againe Eighthly