manor_n decay_v and_o die_v for_o it_o be_v not_o the_o two_o material_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n but_o the_o efficient_a cause_n knit_v and_o unite_n together_o those_o two_o materialll_v cause_n that_o make_v a_o manor_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o king_n himself_o can_v create_v a_o perfect_a manor_n at_o this_o day_n for_o such_o thing_n as_o receive_v their_o perfection_n by_o the_o continuance_n of_o time_n come_v not_o within_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o king_n prerogative_n and_o therefore_o the_o king_n can_v grant_v freehold_a to_o hold_v by_o copy_n neither_o can_v the_o king_n create_v any_o new_a custom_n nor_o do_v any_o thing_n that_o amount_v to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a custom_n and_o therefore_o a_o composition_n make_v between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o tenant_n where_o he_o have_v herriot_n custom_n to_o pay_v 10._o li._n in_o levie_n thereof_o every_o time_n it_o fall_v be_v no_o bind_v composition_n for_o this_o amount_v to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a custom_n et_fw-la haec_fw-la omne_fw-la &_o similia_fw-la sunt_fw-la temporum_fw-la non_fw-la regum_fw-la seu_fw-la principum_fw-la opera_fw-la which_o full_o verifi_v the_o old_a say_n plus_fw-fr valet_fw-la vulgaris_fw-la consuetudo_fw-la quam_fw-la regalis_fw-la concessio_fw-la this_o be_v the_o sole_a cause_n why_o the_o king_n can_v create_v a_o perfect_a manor_n at_o this_o day_n and_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a cause_n why_o a_o common_a person_n can_v create_v a_o perfect_a manor_n but_o not_o the_o sole_a cause_n for_o there_o be_v this_o cause_n far_o a_o perfect_a manor_n can_v subsist_v without_o a_o perfect_a tenure_n between_o very_a lord_n and_o very_a tenant_n but_o a_o common_a person_n can_v create_v a_o perfect_a tenure_n and_o consequent_o can_v create_v a_o perfect_a manor_n before_o the_o stat._n of_o quia_fw-la emptores_fw-la terrarum_fw-la if_o any_o tenant_n seize_v of_o land_n in_o fee_n simple_a have_v enfeoff_v a_o stranger_n he_o may_v have_v reserve_v what_o service_n he_o think_v fit_a or_o have_v he_o reserve_v no_o service_n yet_o the_o law_n will_v have_v employ_v a_o perfect_a tenure_n between_o the_o feoffor_a and_o the_o feoffee_n for_o the_o feoffee_n be_v to_o hold_v off_o the_o feoffor_a by_o the_o same_o service_n that_o the_o feoffor_a hold_v over_o on_o his_o lord_n paramount_n but_o since_o this_o statute_n if_o a_o tenant_n seize_v of_o land_n in_o fee_n infeoff_v a_o stranger_n neither_o by_o the_o express_a reservation_n of_o the_o feoffor_a nor_o by_o the_o employ_v reservation_n of_o the_o law_n can_v there_o be_v a_o perfect_a tenure_n create_v at_o this_o day_n between_o the_o feoffor_a and_o the_o feoffee_n for_o the_o feoffee_n shall_v hold_v immediate_o of_o the_o lord_n paramount_n not_o of_o the_o feoffor_a and_o further_o as_o the_o king_n can_v do_v nothing_o which_o amount_v to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a custom_n so_o a_o common_a person_n can_v do_v nothing_o which_o amount_v to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a tenure_n and_o therefore_o if_o there_o be_v lord_n and_o tenant_n by_o 10._o s._n rent_n and_o the_o lord_n will_v confirm_v the_o estate_n of_o a_o tenant_n tenend_n by_o a_o hawk_n a_o pair_n of_o gild_a spur_n a_o rose_n or_o similia_fw-la this_o be_v a_o void_a confirmation_n otherwise_o have_v it_o be_v if_o the_o lord_n have_v confirm_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o tenant_n tenendum_fw-la per_fw-la 5._o s._n that_o have_v be_v a_o good_a confirmation_n because_o it_o tend_v only_o to_o the_o abridgement_n of_o a_o old_a tenure_n and_o not_o to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a and_o as_o it_o be_v with_o a_o confirmation_n so_o it_o be_v with_o a_o composition_n upon_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o ground_n it_o be_v that_o if_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n purchase_v foreign_a land_n lie_v without_o the_o precinct_n and_o bound_n of_o the_o manor_n he_o can_v annex_v this_o unto_o the_o manor_n though_o the_o tenant_n be_v willing_a to_o do_v their_o service_n for_o this_o amount_v to_o the_o creation_n of_o a_o new_a tenure_n which_o can_v be_v effect_v at_o this_o day_n and_o therefore_o if_o a_o man_n have_v two_o manor_n and_o the_o lord_n will_v willing_o have_v the_o tenant_n of_o both_o these_o manor_n to_o do_v their_o suit_n and_o service_n to_o one_o court_n this_o be_v but_o lose_a labour_n in_o the_o lord_n to_o practice_v any_o such_o union_n for_o notwithstanding_o this_o union_n they_o will_v be_v still_o two_o in_o nature_n howsoever_o the_o lord_n covet_v to_o make_v they_o one_o in_o name_n and_o the_o one_o manor_n have_v no_o warrant_n to_o call_v the_o tenant_n to_o the_o other_o manor_n but_o every_o act_n do_v in_o the_o one_o to_o punish_v the_o offender_n in_o the_o other_o be_v traversable_a yet_o if_o the_o tenant_n will_v voluntary_o submit_v themselves_o to_o such_o a_o innovation_n and_o the_o same_o be_v continue_v without_o contradiction_n time_n may_v make_v this_o union_n perfect_a and_o of_o two_o distinct_a manor_n in_o nature_n make_v one_o in_o name_n and_o use_v and_o such_o manor_n peradventure_o there_o be_v thus_o unite_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o continuance_n of_o time_n but_o the_o lord_n power_n of_o itself_o be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o make_v any_o such_o union_n causa_fw-la qua_fw-la supra_fw-la but_o if_o one_o manor_n hold_v of_o another_o by_o way_n of_o escheat_n these_o two_o manor_n may_v be_v unite_v together_o fortior_fw-la enim_fw-la est_fw-la disposâ—tio_fw-la legis_fw-la quam_fw-la hominis_fw-la but_o in_o this_o that_o i_o exclude_v common_a person_n from_o be_v able_a to_o create_v a_o tenure_n i_o may_v seem_v to_o impugn_v many_o authority_n which_o hold_v at_o this_o day_n that_o a_o tenure_n may_v be_v create_v by_o a_o common_a person_n for_o to_o clear_v this_o colour_n of_o contradiction_n know_v that_o tenor_n be_v two_o fold_n first_o imperfect_a as_o where_o a_o man_n make_v a_o lease_n for_o year_n or_o for_o life_n or_o a_o gift_n in_o tail_n here_o be_v a_o imperfect_a tenure_n between_o the_o lessoâ—_n and_o the_o lessee_n the_o donor_n and_o the_o donee_n and_o this_o imperfect_a tenure_n i_o confess_v may_v be_v create_v by_o a_o common_a person_n at_o this_o day_n second_o perfect_a between_o very_a lord_n and_o very_a tenant_n in_o fee_n and_o such_o a_o tenure_n a_o common_a person_n can_v never_o create_v since_o the_o stat._n of_o quia_fw-la emptores_fw-la terrarum_fw-la and_o consequent_o a_o common_a person_n can_v create_v a_o perfect_a manor_n sithence_o for_o without_o a_o perfect_a tenure_n a_o perfect_a manor_n can_v subsist_v thus_o much_o touch_v the_o definition_n of_o a_o manor_n thus_o much_o i_o say_v touch_v the_o two_o material_a cause_n together_o with_o the_o efficient_a cause_n a_o word_n of_o another_o cause_n of_o a_o manor_n which_o appear_v not_o in_o the_o definition_n so_o manifest_o as_o the_o other_o cause_n do_v this_o be_v a_o cause_n which_o among_o the_o logician_n be_v term_v causa_fw-la sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la and_o that_o be_v a_o court_n baron_fw-fr for_o indeed_o that_o be_v the_o chief_a prop_n and_o pillar_n of_o a_o manor_n which_o no_o soon_o fail_v but_o the_o manor_n fall_v to_o ground_n if_o we_o labour_v to_o search_v out_o the_o antiquity_n of_o these_o court_n baron_n we_o shall_v find_v they_o as_o ancient_a as_o manor_n themselves_o for_o when_o the_o ancient_a king_n of_o this_o realm_n who_o have_v all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n in_o demesne_n do_v confer_v great_a quantity_n of_o land_n upon_o some_o great_a personage_n 43._o vide_fw-la lamb_n in_o his_o explication_n of_o saxon_a word_n verbo_fw-la thanus_n bacon_n in_o his_o element_n of_o the_o law_n fol._n 41._o 42._o 43._o with_o liberty_n to_o parcel_n the_o land_n out_o to_o other_o inferior_a tenant_n reserve_v such_o duty_n and_o service_n as_o they_o think_v convenient_a and_o to_o keep_v court_n where_o they_o may_v redress_v misdemeanour_n within_o their_o precinct_n punish_v offence_n commit_v by_o their_o tenant_n and_o decide_v and_o debate_v controversy_n arise_v within_o their_o jurisdiction_n and_o their_o court_n be_v term_v court_n baron_n because_o in_o ancient_a time_n such_o personage_n be_v call_v baron_n and_o come_v to_o the_o parliament_n and_o sit_v in_o the_o upper_a house_n but_o when_o time_n have_v wrought_v such_o a_o alteration_n that_o manor_n fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o mean_a man_n and_o such_o as_o be_v far_o unworthy_a of_o so_o high_a a_o call_n than_o it_o grow_v to_o a_o custom_n that_o none_o but_o such_o as_o the_o king_n will_v shall_v come_v to_o the_o parliament_n such_o as_o the_o king_n for_o their_o extraordinary_a wisdom_n or_o quality_n think_v good_a to_o call_v by_o writ_n which_o write_v run_v hac_fw-la vice_fw-la tanâ—um_fw-la yet_o though_o lord_n of_o manor_n lose_v their_o name_n of_o baron_n and_o
tempestive_a &_o intempestive_a pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la domini_fw-la possent_fw-la resumi_fw-la &_o revocari_fw-la as_o bracton_n and_o fleta_n both_o speak_v the_o lord_n upon_o the_o least_o occasion_n sometime_o without_o any_o colour_n of_o reason_n only_o upon_o discontentment_n and_o malice_n sometime_o again_o upon_o some_o sudden_a fantastic_a humour_n only_o to_o make_v evident_a to_o the_o world_n the_o height_n of_o their_o power_n and_o authority_n will_v expel_v out_o of_o house_n and_o home_n their_o poor_a copy-holders_n leave_v they_o helpless_a and_o remediless_a by_o any_o course_n of_o law_n and_o drive_v they_o to_o sue_v by_o way_n of_o petition_n sec_n ix_o but_o now_o copy-holders_n stand_n upon_o a_o sure_a ground_n now_o they_o weigh_v not_o their_o lord_n displeasure_n they_o shake_v not_o at_o every_o sudden_a blast_n of_o wind_n they_o eat_v drink_n and_o sleep_v secure_o only_o have_v a_o special_a care_n of_o the_o mainechance_v viz._n to_o perform_v careful_o what_o duty_n and_o service_n soever_o their_o tenure_n do_v exact_a and_o custom_n do_v require_v then_o let_v lord_n frown_v the_o copyholder_n care_v not_o know_v himself_o safe_a and_o not_o within_o any_o danger_n for_o if_o the_o lord_n anger_v grow_v to_o expulsion_n the_o law_n have_v provide_v several_a weapon_n of_o remedy_n for_o it_o be_v at_o his_o election_n either_o to_o sue_v a_o subpoena_fw-la or_o a_o action_n of_o trespass_n against_o the_o lord_n time_n have_v deal_v very_o favourable_o with_o copy-holders_n in_o divers_a respect_n sec_n x._o but_o i_o perceive_v myself_o rash_o running_n into_o a_o inextricable_a labyrinth_n i_o will_v therefore_o sail_v no_o long_o in_o these_o unknown_a coast_n but_o will_v hasten_v homeward_o i_o will_v content_v my_o self_n with_o this_o i_o know_v among_o the_o saxon_n th'essential_a part_n of_o a_o manor_n be_v know_v but_o whether_o there_o then_o be_v the_o same_o form_n of_o manor_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n that_o i_o dare_v not_o examine_v for_o fear_v of_o be_v account_v more_o curious_a than_o judicious_a and_o therefore_o leave_v the_o saxon_n i_o draw_v somewhat_o near_o home_n and_o come_v to_o the_o norman_n from_o who_o we_o have_v the_o very_a form_n of_o manor_n which_o be_v observe_v among_o we_o at_o this_o present_a hour_n sec_n xi_o i_o confess_v indeed_o that_o sithence_o the_o original_a creation_n of_o manor_n time_n have_v bring_v in_o some_o innovation_n and_o alteration_n as_o in_o give_v a_o large_a freedom_n unto_o copy-holders_n both_o in_o the_o nature_n of_o their_o service_n and_o in_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o tenure_n yet_o i_o may_v bold_o say_v that_o the_o selfsame_o form_n of_o manor_n remain_v unaltered_a in_o substance_n though_o something_o alter_v in_o circumstance_n demesne_n term_v in_o latin_a demanium_fw-la domanium_fw-la or_o dominicum_fw-la be_v take_v in_o a_o double_a sense_n proprie_fw-la and_o improprie_fw-la proprie_fw-la for_o that_o land_n which_o be_v in_o the_o king_n own_o hand_n 2._o chopimus_fw-la de_fw-la demonio_fw-la froute_fw-mi lib._n 2._o and_o the_o chopimus_fw-la say_v that_o domanium_fw-la est_fw-la illud_fw-la quod_fw-la consecratum_fw-la unitum_fw-la &_o incorporatum_fw-la est_fw-la regiae_fw-la coronae_fw-la take_v domanium_fw-la in_o this_o sense_n and_o then_o you_o exclude_v all_o common_a person_n from_o be_v seize_v in_o dominico_n for_o admit_v the_o king_n pass_v over_o the_o demesne_n land_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o come_v into_o a_o common_a person_n hand_n desinunt_fw-la esse_fw-la terrae_fw-la dominicales_fw-la for_o though_o the_o king_n pattentee_n have_v the_o land_n grant_v to_o he_o and_o to_o his_o heir_n yet_o come_v from_o the_o king_n must_v necessary_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o demesne_n land_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o any_o therefore_o though_o those_o land_n which_o common_o be_v term_v ancient_a demesne_n viz._n such_o land_n as_o be_v quondam_a in_o the_o hand_n of_o edw._n the_o confessor_n may_v proper_o be_v term_v general_o ancient_a demesne_n because_o they_o be_v in_o ancient_a time_n in_o the_o king_n own_o possession_n yet_o to_o term_v they_o at_o this_o day_n the_o lord_n demesne_n or_o the_o tenant_n demesne_n be_v sever_v from_o the_o crown_n be_v improper_a ca._n qua_fw-la super_fw-la sec_n xii_o then_o by_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o those_o land_n be_v term_v impropriè_fw-la demesne_fw-la which_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o a_o inferior_a lord_n or_o tenant_n nor_o can_v such_o a_o one_o in_o propriety_n of_o speech_n be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v of_o any_o land_n whatsoever_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la but_o if_o you_o observe_v narrow_o the_o manner_n of_o plead_n the_o word_n be_v use_v in_o a_o proper_a sense_n for_o you_o shall_v never_o find_v that_o a_o inferior_a lord_n or_o tenant_n will_v plead_v that_o he_o be_v simple_o seize_v in_o dominico_n but_o still_o with_o this_o addition_n in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la and_o that_o very_o apt_o for_o this_o word_n fee_n impli_v thus_o much_o that_o his_o estate_n be_v not_o absolute_a but_o depend_v upon_o some_o superior_a lord_n therefore_o i_o conclude_v with_o the_o feudist_n that_o a_o common_a person_n may_v apt_o be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v in_o feodo_n or_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la seod_fw-la but_o improper_o in_o dominico_n simple_o the_o king_n è_fw-la conuerso_fw-la may_v proper_o be_v say_v to_o stand_v seize_v dominico_n simple_o but_o in_o feodo_n improper_o or_o in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la ut_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la bracton_n divide_v these_o demesne_n land_n into_o two_o branch_n under_o the_o first_o be_v comprehend_v those_o land_n which_o the_o lord_n enjoy_v in_o his_o own_o possession_n under_o the_o second_o those_o land_n which_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o inferior_a copy-holders_n his_o word_n be_v these_o dominicum_fw-la dicitur_fw-la quod_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la ad_fw-la mensam_fw-la svam_fw-la &_o idcirco_fw-la anglice_fw-la vocat_fw-la bordland_n 5._o bract._n lib._n 4._o tract_n 3._o cap._n 9_o numb_a 5._o dicitur_fw-la etiam_fw-la dominicum_fw-la villinagium_fw-la quod_fw-la traditur_fw-la villanis_fw-la quod_fw-la quis_fw-la tempestive_n &_o intempestive_a resumere_fw-la possit_fw-la pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la sva_fw-la &_o revocare_fw-la sec_n xiii_o fleta_n agree_v with_o bracton_n in_o this_o division_n 5._o fleta_n lib._n 5._o cap._n 5._o and_o unto_o these_o two_o he_o add_v more_o sort_n of_o demesne_n land_n his_o word_n be_v these_o dominicum_fw-la est_fw-la multiplex_fw-la est_fw-la autem_fw-la dominicum_fw-la proprie_fw-la terra_fw-la ad_fw-la mensam_fw-la assignata_fw-la &_o villinagium_fw-la quod_fw-la traditur_fw-la villanis_fw-la ad_fw-la excolendum_fw-la quae_fw-la tempestive_a &_o intempestive_a pro_fw-la voluntate_fw-la domimi_fw-la &_o poterit_fw-la revocari_fw-la sicut_fw-la est_fw-la de_fw-la terra_fw-la commissa_fw-la tenend_n quamdiu_fw-la commissori_fw-la placuerit_fw-la poterit_fw-la &_o dici_fw-la dominicum_fw-la de_fw-la quo_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la liberum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la alius_fw-la usum_fw-la fruct_v &_o etiam_fw-la ubi_fw-la quis_fw-la habet_fw-la liberum_fw-la tenementum_fw-la aliter_fw-la curam_fw-la de_fw-la custode_fw-la dicipoterit_fw-la &_o curatore_fw-la quorun_v unus_fw-la dicitur_fw-la ab_fw-la homine_fw-la alius_fw-la in_o jure_fw-la dominicum_fw-la etiam_fw-la dicitur_fw-la ad_fw-la differentiam_fw-la ejus_fw-la quod_fw-la tenetur_fw-la in_o servitio_fw-la dominicum_fw-la denique_fw-la est_fw-la omne_fw-la illud_fw-la tenementum_fw-la de_fw-la quo_fw-la antecessor_n obiit_fw-la sesitus_fw-la nec_fw-la refert_fw-la cum_fw-la usu_fw-la fructu_fw-la vel_fw-la sine_fw-la &_o de_fw-fr quo_fw-la si_fw-la ejectus_fw-la esset_fw-la recuperare_fw-la possit_fw-la per_fw-la assisam_fw-la nove_fw-la deseisme_n licet_fw-la alius_fw-la haberet_fw-la usum_fw-la fructum_fw-la sicut_fw-la dici_fw-la poterit_fw-la de_fw-la illis_fw-la qui_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o villenagio_fw-it qui_fw-la utuntur_fw-la &_o fruuntur_fw-la non_fw-la nemine_fw-la proprio_fw-la sed_fw-la nomine_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la sec_n fourteen_o this_o opinion_n of_o bract._n and_o fleta_n bo_o h_o consent_v in_o one_o that_o copyhold_n land_n be_v parcel_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n want_v not_o modern_a authority_n to_o second_v it_o for_o 15._o eliz._n in_o the_o excheq_n i_o find_v it_o adjudge_v in_o the_o case_n of_o a_o common_a person_n howsoever_o it_o be_v otherwise_o in_o the_o king_n case_n that_o if_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n grant_v a_o way_n omnes_fw-la terras_fw-la svas_fw-la dominicales_fw-la the_o copy_n hold_v parcel_n of_o the_o manor_n pass_v by_o these_o general_a word_n neither_o do_v this_o want_n reason_n to_o confirm_v it_o for_o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o 3._o and_o e._n 2._o when_o bract._n and_o fleta_n live_v copy-holders_n be_v account_v mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n and_o therefore_o after_o a_o sort_n their_o land_n repute_v to_o continue_v still_o in_o the_o lord_n hand_n and_o now_o though_o custom_n have_v afford_v they_o a_o sure_a foundation_n to_o build_v upon_o yet_o the_o francke_n tenement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n rest_v in_o the_o lord_n it_o can_v
minimum_fw-la tenant_n in_o tail_n sec_n xxi_o but_o a_o tenant_n for_o life_n or_o year_n fealty_n brudnal_n and_o yoxley_n 5._o h._n 7._o the_o justice_n of_o the_o common_a place_n 10._o h_o 6._o hold_v that_o lessee_n for_o year_n can_v do_v fealty_n be_v both_o able_a to_o do_v fealty_n according_a to_o littleton_n rule_n that_o fealty_n be_v incident_a to_o every_o tenure_n except_o tenor_n in_o franck-almoigne_a and_o tenant_n at_o will_n contrary_a to_o some_o erronius_a opinion_n they_o differ_v in_o regard_n that_o homage_n can_v be_v but_o once_o do_v unto_o one_o lord_n by_o the_o same_o tenant_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o if_o land_n descend_v unto_o i_o which_o be_v hold_v of_o i._n s._n by_o homage_n and_o i_o do_v unto_o he_o homage_n and_o after_o other_o land_n descend_v unto_o i_o by_o another_o ancestor_n which_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o same_o lord_n by_o homage_n i_o shall_v not_o do_v homage_n again_o but_o fealty_n only_o because_o i_o can_v twice_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n but_o the_o selfsame_o tenant_n may_v several_a time_n do_v fealty_n unto_o the_o selfsame_o lord_n and_o therefore_o if_o a_o copyholder_n surrender_v whiteacre_n unto_o i_o for_o his_o whiteacre_n i_o shall_v do_v fealty_n unto_o the_o lord_n if_o after_o another_o surrender_v unto_o i_o blackeacre_n i_o shall_v do_v fealty_n likewise_o unto_o the_o same_o lord_n and_o thus_o much_o for_o service_n of_o submission_n sec_n xxii_o service_n of_o profit_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n tend_v to_o the_o public_a profit_n of_o the_o commonweal_n as_o when_o the_o lord_n injoyn_v his_o tenant_n to_o amend_v high_a way_n to_o repair_v decay_a bridge_n or_o similia_fw-la 2._o tend_v to_o the_o private_a profit_n of_o the_o lord_n as_o where_o the_o tenant_n be_v enjoin_v to_o be_v the_o lord_n carver_n butler_n or_o brewer_n or_o be_v tie_v to_o pail_n the_o lord_n park_n to_o tile_n the_o lord_n house_n to_o thatch_v the_o lord_n barn_n and_o similia_fw-la and_o thus_o much_o for_o corporal_a service_n annual_a service_n be_v in_o number_n infinite_a in_o nature_n all_o one_o for_o they_o all_o tend_v to_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o lord_n coffer_n and_o be_v reserve_v in_o their_o duty_n as_o well_o for_o copyhold_n land_n as_o freehold-land_n though_o in_o the_o saxon_n time_n and_o long_o after_o the_o conquest_n they_o be_v never_o or_o seldom_o reserve_v for_o copyhold-land_n but_o only_o for_o freehold-land_n i_o will_v not_o enumerate_v many_o particular_n of_o annual_a service_n for_o that_o be_v as_o endless_a as_o number_v the_o sand_n of_o the_o sea_n only_o this_o i_o say_v that_o those_o annual_a service_n which_o here_o come_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o my_o meaning_n consist_v all_o in_o render_v none_o in_o feasance_n for_o those_o annual_a service_n as_o well_o as_o accidental_a service_n which_o consist_v in_o feasance_n i_o comprehend_v under_o corporal_a service_n thus_o leave_v both_o corporal_a service_n and_o annual_a i_o bend_v my_o course_n towards_o accidental_a service_n which_o before_o i_o begin_v to_o particularize_v observe_v these_o two_o thing_n by_o the_o way_n 1._o that_o accidental_a service_n differ_v from_o corporal_a and_o annual_a service_n in_o this_o that_o most_o accidental_a service_n be_v incident_a to_o the_o fee_n and_o be_v due_a without_o special_a reservation_n of_o the_o lord_n but_o most_o corporal_a service_n and_o all_o annual_a service_n be_v due_a upon_o special_a reservation_n and_o be_v not_o incident_a unto_o the_o fee_n 2._o that_o service_n be_v take_v in_o a_o double_a sense_n in_o strictiori_fw-la sensu_fw-la and_o in_o latiori_fw-la sensu_fw-la in_o strictiori_fw-la sensu_fw-la and_o in_o that_o sense_n the_o feudist_n define_v servitium_fw-la fore_fw-la munus_fw-la obsequii_fw-la clientelario_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o duty_n which_o the_o tenant_n owe_v unto_o his_o lord_n either_o in_o perform_v some_o corporal_a function_n or_o in_o discharge_v some_o annual_a payment_n in_o latiori_fw-la sensu_fw-la and_o so_o it_o signify_v any_o duty_n whatsoever_o accrue_v unto_o the_o lord_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o signiory_n and_o in_o this_o sense_n these_o accidental_a service_n follow_v which_o prima_n fancy_n may_v seem_v better_o to_o rank_n under_o the_o title_n of_o jurisdiction_n or_o rather_o under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o fruit_n of_o a_o manor_n may_v very_o fit_o be_v reduce_v to_o this_o kind_n of_o service_n the_o service_n i_o aim_v at_o and_o which_o i_o mean_v to_o treat_v of_o particular_o in_o this_o place_n be_v these_o follow_v 1._o wardship_n 2._o herriot_n 3._o relief_n 4._o amerciament_n 5._o forfeiture_n 6._o escheates_n now_o touch_v every_o one_o of_o these_o apart_o and_o first_o with_o wardship_n sec_n xxii_o warshipp_n est_fw-la custodia_fw-la heredis_fw-la infra_fw-la aetatem_fw-la existentis_fw-la polidore_n virgil_n say_v that_o this_o be_v novi_fw-la vectigalis_fw-la genus_fw-la excogitatum_fw-la to_o help_v hen._n 3._o be_v oppress_v with_o much_o poverty_n by_o reason_n he_o receive_v the_o kingdom_n great_o waste_v by_o war_n of_o his_o ancestor_n and_o therefore_o need_v extraordinary_a help_n to_o uphold_v his_o estate_n the_o use_n of_o wardship_n be_v set_v abroach_o but_o the_o 33._o chapter_n of_o the_o grand_a customary_a make_v mention_n of_o this_o to_o have_v be_v use_v among_o the_o norman_n immediate_o after_o the_o erection_n of_o manor_n and_o that_o the_o use_n of_o wardship_n be_v a_o foot_n before_o h._n the_o three_o time_n as_o appear_v manifest_o by_o glanvil_n who_o write_v very_o large_o in_o many_o place_n in_o his_o book_n 5._o fleta_n lib._n 5._o cap._n 5._o and_o live_v in_o h._n the_o second_o time_n guardian_n be_v either_o term_v custodes_fw-la or_o curatores_fw-la custodes_fw-la a_o lege_fw-la curatores_fw-la ab_fw-la homine_fw-la as_o fleta_n speak_v the_o civilian_n make_v three_o sort_n of_o guardian_n tutor_n testamentarius_fw-la 2._o tutor_n a-praetore_a datus_fw-la 3._o tutor_n legittimus_fw-la this_o in_o every_o point_n agree_v with_o our_o common_a law_n so_o we_o have_v tutorem_fw-la testamentarium_fw-la viz._n where_o a_o man_n possess_v of_o certain_a good_n and_o chattel_n demise_v these_o unto_o his_o child_n and_o withal_o commit_v the_o care_n of_o his_o child_n body_n and_o disposition_n of_o his_o substance_n unto_o some_o friend_n this_o committee_n be_v tutor_n testamentarius_fw-la unto_o who_o belong_v the_o care_n and_o custody_n of_o the_o child_n body_n and_o the_o disposition_n of_o his_o substance_n until_o he_o accomplish_v the_o full_a age_n of_o fourteen_o year_n and_o then_o immediate_o he_o shall_v be_v out_o of_o ward_n for_o his_o body_n but_o his_o good_n may_v be_v keep_v long_o for_o as_o for_o they_o they_o shall_v remain_v in_o the_o trustee_n hand_n so_o many_o year_n as_o the_o testator_n appoint_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n for_o though_o it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o father_n power_n to_o restrain_v the_o liberty_n of_o his_o child_n bodylong_a then_o to_o the_o age_n of_o 14._o yet_o the_o dispose_n of_o his_o good_n he_o may_v commit_v to_o any_o for_o as_o long_a time_n as_o himself_o shall_v think_v expedient_a so_o by_o the_o stat._n 32._o and_o 34._o h._n 8._o if_o a_o man_n be_v seize_v of_o socage_n land_n not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la he_o may_v by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n commit_v the_o order_n of_o theoglands_n to_o what_o friend_n soever_o for_o as_o many_o year_n as_o shall_v seem_v most_o convenient_a and_o that_o friend_n be_v tutor_n testamentarius_fw-la otherwise_o it_o be_v of_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n for_o it_o be_v not_o in_o any_o man_n power_n by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n to_o deprive_v the_o lord_n of_o that_o duty_n which_o de_fw-mi jure_fw-la belong_v to_o he_o and_o therefore_o if_o a_o copyholder_n die_v his_o heir_n under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o in_o regard_n that_o this_o privilege_n of_o appoint_v the_o heir_n a_o guardian_n for_o their_o copyhold_n land_n until_o he_o accomplish_v the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o de_fw-fr jure_fw-la appertain_v unto_o the_o lord_n it_o seem_v that_o the_o father_n can_v prejudice_v the_o lord_n in_o this_o kind_n by_o appoint_v he_o another_o guardian_n by_o his_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n haec_fw-la de_fw-la tutore_fw-la testamentario_fw-la 2._o we_o have_v tutorem_fw-la a_o praetore_fw-la datum_fw-la viz._n where_o a_o man_n devise_v good_n unto_o his_o child_n and_o appoint_v he_o not_o guardian_n than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o ordinary_n hand_n to_o commit_v the_o order_n of_o the_o infant_n good_n unto_o some_o trusty_a friend_n unto_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o at_o what_o time_n the_o infant_n himself_o may_v choose_v a_o guardian_n for_o it_o be_v a_o rule_n in_o the_o civil_a law_n invito_fw-la curator_n non_fw-la datur_fw-la and_o this_o committee_n est_fw-fr tutor_n a_o praetore_fw-la datus_fw-la
these_o guardian_n term_v among_o the_o civilian_n tutores_fw-la a_o praetore_fw-la dati_fw-la be_v common_o call_v guardian_n pur_fw-mi nurture_n and_o thus_o in_o word_n we_o somewhat_o differ_v in_o matter_n nothing_o 3._o we_o have_v tutorem_fw-la ligiâ—tâ—mum_fw-la viz._n where_o the_o interest_n do_v de_fw-la jure_fw-la belong_v unto_o any_o without_o the_o nomination_n of_o a_o private_a person_n or_o the_o appointment_n of_o any_o public_a officer_n and_o this_o guardian_n be_v twofold_a either_o ligitimus_fw-la jure_fw-la naturae_fw-la or_o ligiâ—imus_fw-la jure_fw-la comuni_fw-la ligitimus_fw-la jure_fw-la naturae_fw-la as_o where_o the_o father_n or_o the_o mother_n have_v the_o wardship_n of_o their_o heir_n apparent_a be_v it_o heir_n male_a or_o female_a ligitimus_fw-la jure_fw-la comuni_fw-la and_o that_o guardian_n be_v twofold_a either_o guardian_n in_o chivalry_n or_o guardian_n in_o soccage_n guardian_n in_o chivalry_n be_v where_o any_o tenant_n seize_v of_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n die_v his_o heir_n male_a under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o and_o unmarried_a then_o shall_v the_o lord_n have_v the_o ward_n both_o of_o the_o land_n and_o body_n of_o this_o heir_n male_a unto_o the_o age_n of_o 21._o because_o the_o law_n intend_v that_o before_o that_o age_n the_o heir_n be_v unable_a to_o perform_v knight_n service_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n but_o the_o heir_n female_a shall_v be_v in_o ward_n no_o long_o than_o to_o the_o age_n of_o sixteen_o because_o the_o heir_n female_a though_o she_o herself_o be_v unable_a to_o perform_v knight_n service_n yet_o at_o sixteen_o she_o be_v able_a to_o take_v a_o husband_n who_o in_o her_o behalf_n may_v do_v knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o at_o those_o year_n she_o shall_v be_v out_o of_o ward_n nay_o sometime_o she_o shall_v be_v out_o of_o ward_n before_o sixteen_o and_o that_o be_v either_o where_o she_o be_v marry_v at_o the_o death_n of_o her_o ancestor_n or_o where_o she_o be_v any_o whit_n above_o fourteen_o when_o her_o ancestor_n die_v in_o neither_o of_o these_o case_n shall_v she_o be_v in_o ward_n at_o all_o for_o though_o the_o stat._n of_o w._n 1._o cap._n 11._o give_v unto_o the_o lord_n two_o year_n next_o ensue_v the_o fourteen_o yet_o that_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v where_o she_o be_v under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o and_o unmarried_a at_o her_o ancestor_n death_n and_o not_o otherwise_o this_o for_o guardian_n in_o chivalry_n guardian_n in_o socage_n be_v where_o any_o one_o seize_v of_o socage_n land_n die_v his_o heir_n under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o than_o the_o next_o friend_n unto_o the_o heir_n to_o who_o the_o inheritance_n can_v descend_v shall_v have_v the_o ward_n of_o the_o heir_n body_n and_o of_o his_o land_n until_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o as_o if_o the_o land_n descend_v unto_o the_o heir_n by_o the_o father_n side_n then_o the_o mother_n or_o next_o cousin_n of_o the_o mother_n side_n shall_v have_v the_o ward_n and_o if_o the_o land_n descend_v to_o the_o heir_n by_o the_o mother_n side_n than_o the_o father_n or_o next_o cousin_n on_o the_o father_n side_n shall_v have_v the_o ward_n to_o conclude_v observe_v this_o difference_n between_o guardian_n in_o chivalry_n and_o guardian_n in_o socage_n that_o they_o one_o receive_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o land_n to_o his_o own_o use_n without_o give_v any_o account_n the_o other_a only_o to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o heir_n to_o who_o he_o shall_v be_v accountable_a whensoever_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o heir_n to_o call_v he_o to_o account_v after_o th'age_n of_o fourteen_o thus_o much_o concern_v wardship_n a_o word_n concern_v herriot_n sec_n xxiv_o herriot_n or_o harriot_n come_v of_o the_o latin_a word_n herus_fw-la dominus_fw-la because_o it_o be_v a_o duty_n appropriate_v to_o the_o lord_n or_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o saxon_a word_n here_o exercitus_fw-la because_o in_o the_o saxon_n time_n when_o the_o name_n of_o herriot_n be_v first_o know_v herrior_n signify_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o tribute_n give_v to_o the_o lord_n for_o his_o better_a preparation_n towards_o war_n as_o a_o horse_n trap_v or_o a_o spear_n or_o armour_n or_o a_o sword_n or_o some_o suchlike_a military_a weapon_n and_o therefore_o in_o this_o sense_n import_v a_o thing_n appertain_v to_o the_o war_n and_o be_v due_a unto_o the_o lord_n by_o reason_n of_o this_o service_n which_o tenant_n owe_v unto_o their_o lord_n many_o warlike_a employment_n herriot_n vide_fw-la lamb._n in_o hâ—s_n explication_n of_o saxon_n word_n tit_n herriot_n it_o may_v very_o fit_o be_v derive_v from_o hence_o this_o their_o herriot_n among_o the_o saxon_n little_o differ_v from_o our_o relief_n at_o this_o day_n howsoever_o now_o they_o differ_v ex_fw-la diameâ—ro_fw-la but_o let_v we_o examine_v the_o nature_n of_o our_o herâ—iots_n at_o this_o day_n and_o not_o search_v into_o the_o nature_n of_o their_o herriot_n in_o those_o day_n for_o that_o be_v to_o examine_v the_o nature_n of_o relief_n not_o herriot_n britton_n thus_o speak_v a_o herriot_n be_v a_o render_v 69._o britton_n cap._n 69._o make_v at_o the_o death_n of_o a_o tenant_n to_o his_o lord_n of_o the_o best_a beast_n find_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o tenant_n decease_v or_o of_o some_o other_o according_a to_o the_o ordinance_n and_o assignment_n of_o the_o party_n decease_v to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o lord_n which_o touch_v not_o the_o land_n at_o all_o nor_o the_o heir_n nor_o his_o inheritance_n neither_o have_v any_o comparison_n to_o a_o relief_n for_o it_o proceed_v rather_o of_o grace_n and_o good_a will_n than_o of_o right_n and_o rather_o from_o villain_n than_o freeman_n to_o this_o effect_n speak_v fleta_n 28._o fleta_n lib._n 4._o cap._n 28._o herriottum_n est_fw-la quaedam_fw-la praestatio_fw-la ubi_fw-la tenens_fw-la libre_fw-la vel_fw-la servus_n in_fw-la morte_fw-la sva_fw-la dominum_fw-la suum_fw-la respicit_fw-la de_fw-la meliori_fw-la averio_fw-la svo_fw-la vel_fw-la de_fw-la seeundo_fw-la meliori_fw-la quae_fw-la quidem_fw-la praestatio_fw-la magis_fw-la fuit_fw-la de_fw-la gratia_fw-la quam_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la &_o nullam_fw-la habet_fw-la comparationem_fw-la ad_fw-la relevium_fw-la eo_fw-la quod_fw-la heredi_fw-la non_fw-la continget_fw-la quia_fw-la factum_fw-la antecessoris_fw-la this_o our_o herriot_n be_v twofold_a herriot_n service_n herriot_n custom_n herriot_n service_n be_v that_o herriot_n which_o be_v never_o due_a without_o special_a reservation_n and_o be_v seldom_o reserve_v upon_o any_o less_o estate_n than_o a_o estate_n of_o inheritance_n herriot_n custom_n be_v that_o herriot_n which_o be_v never_o due_a upon_o special_a reservation_n but_o be_v challenge_v upon_o some_o particular_a custom_n and_o be_v usual_o pay_v upon_o a_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o for_o year_n as_o well_o as_o upon_o a_o estate_n of_o inheritance_n touch_v the_o original_n of_o these_o herriot_n doubtless_o they_o be_v not_o of_o that_o antiquity_n which_o the_o name_n do_v promise_n for_o though_o among_o the_o saxon_n the_o name_n of_o herriot_n be_v know_v yet_o the_o nature_n of_o both_o these_o herriot_n service_n and_o herriot_n custom_n be_v utter_o unknown_a until_o the_o come_n of_o the_o norman_n who_o immediate_o upon_o the_o conquest_n change_v the_o name_n of_o the_o saxon_n herriot_n and_o term_v it_o by_o the_o name_n a_o of_o relief_n leave_v notwithstanding_o some_o dâ—fference_n betwixt_o they_o for_o where_o the_o saxon_n herriot_n consist_v usual_o in_o the_o payment_n of_o some_o military_a weapon_n our_o relief_n in_o those_o day_n consist_v whole_o in_o the_o payment_n of_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o present_o after_o the_o norman_n have_v thus_o whole_o alter_v the_o name_n and_o somewhat_o alter_v the_o nature_n of_o the_o saxon_n herriot_n then_o upon_o the_o parcel_a of_o their_o land_n unto_o inferior_a tenant_n they_o invent_v this_o new_a kind_n of_o service_n unknown_a among_o the_o saxon_n and_o term_v it_o by_o the_o name_n of_o the_o herriot_n service_n afterward_o upon_o the_o enfranchisement_n and_o manumission_n of_o certain_a villain_n these_o herriot_n custom_n be_v give_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o a_o continual_a future_a gratulation_n so_o that_o original_o as_o britton_n and_o fleta_n well_o note_v they_o be_v grant_v mere_o ex_fw-la gratia_fw-la but_o now_o time_n have_v effect_v it_o that_o they_o be_v challenge_v ex_fw-la debito_fw-la thus_o much_o of_o herriot_n a_o word_n of_o relief_n sec_n xxv_o relief_n be_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n which_o every_o freeholder_n pay_v unto_o his_o lord_n 9_o glâ—â—v_n lib._n 7._o cap_n 9_o be_v at_o full_a age_n at_o the_o death_n of_o his_o ancestor_n which_o in_o effect_n found_v all_o one_o with_o these_o word_n of_o glanvil_n haeredes_fw-la majores_fw-la statim_fw-la post_fw-la decessum_fw-la antecessorum_fw-la suorum_fw-la possunt_fw-la se_fw-la tenere_fw-la in_o haereditate_fw-la sva_fw-la licet_fw-la domini_fw-la possint_fw-la feodum_fw-la suum_fw-la cum_fw-la herede_fw-la in_o
you_o shall_v easy_o perceive_v that_o copyholder_n though_o very_o mean_o descend_v yet_o they_o come_v of_o a_o ancient_a house_n and_o therefore_o if_o in_o this_o point_n you_o desire_v satisfaction_n call_v to_o mind_n what_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v and_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o it_o will_v sufficient_o answer_v your_o desire_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o go_v a_o step_n further_o and_o to_o examine_v the_o several_a name_n which_o copyholder_n have_v have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n allot_v unto_o they_o together_o with_o their_o proper_a etymology_n immediate_o upon_o the_o conquest_n they_o be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o villain_n or_o tenant_n in_o villanage_n so_o term_v by_o the_o norman_n either_o in_o respect_n of_o imbecility_n and_o incertainty_n of_o their_o estate_n which_o be_v ground_v upon_o a_o very_a weak_a foundation_n whole_o depend_v upon_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o oustable_a at_o his_o pleasure_n or_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o service_n which_o savour_v of_o nothing_o but_o slavery_n whether_o they_o be_v certa_fw-la ac_fw-la determinata_fw-la or_o incerta_fw-la ac_fw-la indeterminata_fw-la ubi_fw-la sciri_fw-la non_fw-la poterit_fw-la vespere_fw-la quale_fw-la servitium_fw-la facere_fw-la deberent_fw-la in_o crastino_n as_o bracton_n speak_v contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o who_o hold_v that_o the_o service_n of_o copiholder_n be_v never_o subject_a to_o such_o incertainty_n or_o last_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v villain_n howsoever_o some_o free_a man_n do_v sometime_o hold_v land_n by_o the_o same_o tenure_n the_o least_o of_o these_o three_o reason_n be_v sufficient_a to_o make_v they_o deserve_v that_o name_n but_o join_v they_o together_o and_o then_o he_o that_o judge_v most_o favourable_o of_o they_o will_v think_v this_o the_o true_a title_n that_o can_v be_v bestow_v upon_o they_o yet_o some_o there_o be_v who_o in_o behalf_n of_o these_o tenant_n stick_v not_o to_o maintain_v howsoever_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o estate_n they_o may_v not_o unfit_o be_v term_v tenant_n in_o villanage_n be_v in_o such_o strange_a subjection_n to_o their_o lord_n that_o neither_o in_o respect_n of_o their_o service_n nor_o their_o person_n they_o can_v merit_v that_o name_n especial_o if_o we_o take_v the_o word_n in_o that_o reproachful_a sense_n that_o it_o be_v usual_o take_v in_o at_o this_o hour_n but_o if_o we_o account_v those_o villain_n service_n which_o any_o way_n touch_v husbandry_n as_o plough_v sow_v reap_v and_o such_o like_a and_o these_o man_n villain_n who_o exercise_n themselves_o in_o any_o point_n of_o husbandry_n than_o they_o agrue_v that_o their_o tenure_n can_v in_o no_o wise_a have_v a_o apt_a term_n than_o this_o for_o they_o confess_v that_o these_o copyholder_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n rustici_fw-la &_o pagani_n and_o their_o service_n wholâ—y_o ad_fw-la rusticitatem_fw-la tendentia_fw-la howsoever_o i_o dare_v not_o whole_o disallow_v of_o this_o opinion_n though_o i_o can_v altogether_o approve_v of_o it_o for_o i_o admit_v and_o in_o a_o manner_n consent_n that_o among_o the_o norman_n these_o service_n which_o we_o call_v rural_a service_n be_v call_v villain_n service_n and_o those_o man_n who_o we_o term_v husbandman_n be_v term_v villain_n and_o do_v hold_v that_o the_o copyhold_n service_n in_o those_o day_n be_v more_o slavish_a than_o rural_a and_o they_o themselves_o rather_o bondman_n than_o husbandman_n otherwise_o we_o shall_v make_v their_o tenure_n differ_v in_o nothing_o from_o ancient_a soccage_n tenure_n which_o i_o assure_v myself_o be_v otherwise_o for_o though_o soccagres_n be_v rustiques_n and_o in_o that_o sense_n villain_n yet_o their_o tenure_n be_v never_o note_v by_o the_o name_n of_o a_o tenure_n in_o villeinage_n till_o in_o many_o place_n their_o corporal_a service_n begin_v to_o be_v turn_v into_o money_n then_o for_o distinction_n sake_n the_o one_o begin_v to_o be_v call_v liberum_fw-la soccagium_fw-la the_o other_o villanium_n soccagium_fw-la but_o long_o before_o these_o coppiholder_n be_v term_v villeyne_n and_o therefore_o without_o all_o doubt_n their_o tenure_n be_v in_o baseness_n and_o slavery_n a_o degree_n above_o the_o ancient_a soccage_n tenure_n till_o at_o length_n the_o lord_n of_o manor_n be_v frame_v to_o more_o civility_n begin_v then_o to_o think_v it_o a_o most_o uncharitable_a part_n to_o keep_v their_o poor_a tenant_n in_o that_o bondage_n therefore_o out_o of_o the_o remorse_n of_o their_o own_o conscience_n and_o the_o compassion_n of_o their_o tenant_n misery_n by_o little_a and_o little_a they_o enfranchise_v they_o and_o release_v they_o of_o their_o heavy_a burden_n reserve_v service_n of_o another_o nature_n in_o lieu_n of_o they_o thus_o have_v shake_v off_o the_o fetter_n of_o their_o bondage_n they_o be_v present_o free_v of_o their_o opprobrious_a name_n and_o have_v other_o new_a gentle_a style_n and_o title_n confer_v upon_o they_o they_o be_v every_o where_o then_o call_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court_n roll_n or_o tenant_n at_o will_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n which_o style_v import_n unto_o we_o three_o thing_n 1._o nomen_fw-la 2._o originem_fw-la 3._o titulum_fw-la his_o name_n be_v tenant_n by_o copy_n of_o court_n roâ—e_n for_o he_o be_v not_o call_v tenant_n by_o court-role_n but_o by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n and_o this_o be_v the_o sole_a tenant_n in_o law_n who_o hold_v by_o copy_n of_o any_o record_n charter_n deed_n or_o any_o other_o thing_n 2._o his_o commencement_n be_v at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n for_o these_o tenant_n in_o their_o birth_n as_o well_o as_o the_o customary_a tenant_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o scotland_n who_o have_v the_o name_n of_o tenant_n be_v mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n and_o though_o they_o keep_v the_o custom_n inviolated_a yet_o the_o lord_n may_v sans_o control_n eject_v they_o neither_o be_v their_o estate_n hereditary_a in_o the_o beginning_n as_o appeareth_z by_o britton_n 66._o britton_n ca._n 66._o for_o if_o they_o die_v their_o estate_n be_v present_o determine_v as_o in_o case_n of_o a_o tenant_n at_o will_n at_o common_a law_n and_o in_o some_o point_n to_o this_o present_a hour_n the_o law_n regard_v they_o no_o more_o than_o a_o mere_a tenant_n at_o will_n for_o the_o freehold_a at_o the_o common_a law_n rest_v not_o in_o they_o but_o in_o their_o lord_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o copyhold_n of_o frank_n tenure_n which_o be_v most_o usual_a in_o ancient_a demesne_n though_o sometime_o out_o of_o ancient_a demesne_n we_o shall_v meet_v with_o the_o like_a sort_n of_o copyhold_n as_o in_o northamtonshire_n there_o be_v tenant_n which_o hold_v by_o copy_n of_o court-roll_n and_o have_v no_o other_o evidence_n and_o yet_o hold_v not_o at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n these_o kind_n of_o copyholder_n have_v the_o frank_n tenure_n in_o they_o and_o it_o be_v not_o in_o their_o lord_n as_o in_o case_n of_o copyhold_n in_o base_a tenure_n beside_o copyholder_n shall_v not_o attourne_v upon_o the_o grant_n away_o of_o the_o manor_n no_o more_o than_o tenant_n at_o will_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o their_o estate_n can_v be_v no_o enfranchisement_n to_o a_o villain_n no_o more_o than_o a_o mere_a estate_n at_o will_n and_o further_o their_o land_n be_v parcel_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n as_o well_o as_o land_n grant_v away_o at_o will_n according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o the_o common_a law_n and_o for_o his_o title_n and_o assurance_n that_o be_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n for_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n have_v so_o establish_v and_o so_o fix_v they_o in_o their_o land_n that_o if_o they_o do_v their_o service_n and_o duty_n and_o perform_v the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n they_o be_v as_o well_o inheritable_a according_a to_o the_o custom_n as_o he_o that_o have_v a_o frank_a tenement_n at_o the_o common_a law_n and_o sithence_o custom_n be_v the_o life_n and_o soul_n of_o copyhold_n estate_n and_o whatsoever_o shall_v or_o can_v be_v speak_v touch_v copy-holds_a arise_v from_o this_o head_n and_o from_o this_o fountain_n give_v i_o leave_v in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o speak_v something_o concern_v they_o sec_n xxxiii_o cvstome_n be_v define_v to_o be_v a_o law_n or_o right_o not_o write_v which_o be_v establish_v by_o long_a use_n and_o the_o consent_n of_o our_o ancestor_n have_v be_v and_o be_v daily_o practise_v custom_n prescription_n and_o usage_n howsoever_o there_o be_v correspondency_n among_o they_o and_o dependency_n one_o on_o the_o other_o differ_v custom_n prescription_n and_o usage_n how_o they_o differ_v and_o in_o common_a speech_n one_o of_o they_o be_v take_v for_o another_o yet_o they_o be_v three_o distinct_a thing_n custom_n and_o prescription_n differ_v in_o this_o 1._o custom_n can_v have_v any_o commencement_n since_o the_o memory_n of_o man_n
be_v no_o strange_a thing_n to_o place_v their_o land_n under_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n but_o to_o deliver_v my_o mind_n more_o free_o in_o this_o point_n i_o think_v that_o howsoever_o according_a to_o the_o strict_a rule_n of_o law_n these_o copy-holds_a be_v parcel_n of_o land_n demesne_n yet_o in_o propriety_n of_o speech_n if_o propriety_n can_v be_v in_o impropriety_n they_o be_v the_o more_o apt_o call_v the_o copy-holders_n demesne_n for_o though_o the_o frank_n tenement_n be_v in_o the_o lord_n by_o the_o common_a law_n yet_o by_o the_o custom_n the_o inheritance_n abide_v in_o the_o copy-holders_n and_o it_o be_v not_o deny_v if_o a_o copyholder_n be_v implead_v in_o make_v title_n to_o his_o copyhold_n he_o may_v just_o plead_v quod_fw-la est_fw-la seisitus_fw-la in_o dominico_n svo_fw-la with_o this_o addition_n secundum_fw-la consuetud_fw-la manerii_fw-la therefore_o i_o conclude_v that_o howsoever_o the_o common_a law_n valu_v the_o title_n of_o the_o copyholder_n yet_o he_o have_v such_o a_o interest_n confirm_v unto_o he_o by_o custom_n that_o the_o lord_n have_v no_o power_n to_o resume_v his_o land_n at_o your_o own_o pleasure_n they_o be_v though_o improper_o call_v yet_o peradventure_o true_o account_v the_o lord_n demesne_n and_o that_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o world_n howsoever_o it_o be_v in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n that_o these_o land_n alone_o can_v proper_o challenge_v the_o name_n of_o the_o lord_n demesne_n if_o any_o land_n in_o the_o possession_n of_o inferior_a lord_n may_v proper_o challenge_v that_o name_n which_o the_o lord_n reserve_v in_o his_o own_o hand_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o own_o board_n or_o table_n be_v it_o his_o waste_n ground_n his_o arable_a ground_n his_o pasture_n ground_n or_o his_o meadow_n be_v it_o his_o copyhold_n which_o he_o have_v by_o escheat_n by_o forfiture_n or_o by_o purchase_n or_o be_v it_o any_o part_n of_o his_o freehold_a land_n of_o which_o i_o must_v speak_v a_o word_n by_o the_o way_n not_o to_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v demesne_fw-la for_o manifesta_fw-la probatione_fw-la non_fw-la indigentes_fw-la but_o to_o show_v you_o in_o what_o sense_n it_o be_v take_v and_o how_o far_o it_o extend_v sec_n xv._o a_o freehold_n be_v take_v in_o a_o double_a sense_n either_o it_o be_v name_v a_o freehold_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o land_n or_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o law_n sec_n xvi_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o land_n so_o copyholder_n may_v be_v freeholder_n for_o any_o that_o have_v any_o estate_n for_o his_o life_n or_o any_o great_a estate_n in_o any_o land_n whatsoever_o may_v in_o this_o sense_n be_v term_v a_o freeholder_n sec_n xvii_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o law_n and_o so_o it_o be_v oppose_v to_o copy_n holder_n that_o what_o land_n soever_o be_v not_o copyhold_n be_v freehold_a and_o in_o this_o sense_n i_o take_v throughout_o this_o discourse_n sec_n xviii_o the_o name_n of_o freeholder_n extend_v not_o only_o unto_o land_n hold_v per_fw-la servitium_fw-la militare_fw-la as_o it_o do_v by_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o scot_n milit_fw-la skens_n de_fw-fr verb._n sign_n do_fw-mi milit_fw-la and_o among_o who_o freeholder_n be_v know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o milites_fw-la but_o it_o reach_v likewise_o to_o land_n hold_v per_fw-la servitium_fw-la socae_fw-la whether_o in_o libero_fw-la socagio_fw-it or_o in_o villano_fw-la socagio_fw-it liberum_fw-la socagium_fw-la be_v where_o any_o tenant_n hold_v of_o any_o lord_n by_o pay_v yearly_a a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n in_o lieu_n of_o tillage_n and_o such_o like_a service_n and_o not_o by_o escuage_n and_o this_o be_v term_v sometime_o common_a socage_n socagium_fw-la villanum_fw-la be_v where_o the_o ancient_a service_n of_o carry_v the_o lord_n dung_n into_o the_o field_n call_v stat._n 37_o h._n 8._o cap._n 20._o it_o be_v so_o call_v of_o plough_v his_o ground_n at_o certain_a day_n of_o plash_v his_o hedge_n and_o such_o be_v not_o turn_v into_o money_n but_o remain_v still_o unaltered_a and_o if_o you_o doubt_v that_o such_o land_n as_o be_v hold_v per_fw-la villanum_fw-la socagium_fw-la can_v come_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o freehold_a land_n for_o your_o satisfaction_n read_v bracton_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 8._o num_fw-la 8._o hactenus_fw-la de_fw-la primo_fw-la defunctionis_fw-la membro_fw-la ad_fw-la secundum_fw-la properemus_fw-la &_o pauca_fw-la de_fw-la servitiis_fw-la domino_fw-la debitis_fw-la periractemus_fw-la service_n in_o individuo_fw-la be_v manifold_a in_o specie_fw-la threefold_a 1._o corporal_a service_n 2._o annual_a service_n 3._o accidental_a service_n corporal_a service_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n service_n of_o submission_n service_n of_o profit_n sec_n xix_o service_n of_o submission_n be_v homage_n and_o fealty_n which_o be_v certain_a ceremony_n use_v among_o tenant_n whereby_o they_o submit_v themselves_o unto_o their_o lord_n and_o bind_v themselves_o by_o solemn_a oath_n or_o by_o faithful_a promise_n from_o that_o day_n forward_o to_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n for_o life_n for_o member_n for_o terrene_a honour_n or_o adminimum_fw-la to_o owe_v unto_o he_o faith_n for_o the_o land_n which_o they_o hold_v of_o he_o both_o these_o ceremony_n be_v use_v at_o the_o first_o entrance_n or_o admittance_n of_o any_o tenant_n and_o both_o tend_v to_o one_o end_n viz._n to_o enforce_v every_o tenant_n to_o acknowledge_v and_o confess_v himself_o tenant_n unto_o his_o immediate_a lord_n yet_o they_o differ_v in_o many_o material_a point_n sec_n xx._n in_o regard_n of_o their_o several_a manner_n of_o performance_n for_o in_o do_v fealty_n the_o tenant_n take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n in_o do_v homage_n only_o give_v his_o faithful_a promise_n and_o thence_o it_o be_v that_o fealty_n be_v account_v the_o more_o sacred_a service_n though_o homage_n be_v the_o more_o humble_a service_n and_o perform_v with_o far_o great_a reverence_n than_o fealty_n in_o many_o respect_n for_o in_o do_v homage_n the_o tenant_n kneel_v in_o do_v fealty_n he_o stand_v in_o do_v homage_n the_o tenant_n must_v remain_v uncover_v in_o do_v fealty_n he_o may_v remain_v cover_v in_o do_v homage_n the_o lord_n kiss_v his_o tenant_n in_o do_v fealty_n he_o kiss_v he_o not_o last_o in_o do_v homage_n the_o tenant_n promise_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n for_o life_n for_o member_n and_o terrene_a honour_n in_o do_v fealty_n he_o only_o swear_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n faithful_a tenant_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o difference_n i_o learn_v to_o be_v this_o homage_n skens_n de_fw-fr verb._n signum_fw-la homage_n because_o homage_n especial_o concern_v service_n in_o war_n &_o proper_o appertain_v unto_o knight_n service_n but_o fealty_n chief_o concern_v service_n at_o home_n and_o proper_o appertain_v to_o socage_n tenure_n and_o though_o now_o it_o be_v hold_v that_o a_o tenant_n by_o socage_n may_v do_v homage_n and_o that_o homage_n ex_fw-la se_fw-la make_v socage_n tenure_n and_o not_o knight_n service_n yet_o original_o homage_n be_v invent_v for_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o such_o as_o be_v bind_v by_o their_o tenure_n to_o attend_v their_o lord_n in_o the_o war_n but_o fealty_n be_v primary_o devise_v for_o tenant_n in_o socage_n and_o such_o as_o be_v bind_v by_o their_o tenure_n to_o manure_v the_o lord_n ground_n and_o careful_o to_o discharge_v all_o rural_a affair_n and_o this_o agree_v with_o the_o ancient_a law_n in_o scotland_n for_o among_o they_o none_o be_v account_v freeholder_n but_o only_a tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o consequent_o none_o but_o they_o can_v do_v homage_n and_o therefore_o marvel_v not_o why_o in_o do_v homage_n the_o tenant_n promise_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n for_o life_n for_o member_n for_o terrene_a honour_n in_o do_v fealty_n he_o only_o swear_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n faithful_a tenant_n 2._o they_o differ_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o person_n to_o who_o they_o be_v perform_v and_o that_o two_o way_n in_o respect_n none_o be_v capable_a of_o receive_v homage_n but_o the_o lord_n in_o person_n but_o the_o lord_n steward_n or_o his_o bailiff_n be_v capable_a to_o receive_v fealty_n in_o the_o lord_n behalf_n 2._o in_o respect_n that_o a_o lord_n who_o have_v but_o a_o estate_n for_o his_o life_n in_o his_o seignory_n can_v receive_v homage_n but_o such_o a_o lord_n may_v receive_v fealty_n 3._o they_o differ_v in_o regard_n of_o the_o person_n to_o who_o they_o be_v perform_v and_o that_o two_o way_n 1._o in_o respect_v the_o to_o no_o copyholder_n be_v capable_a of_o do_v homage_n but_o he_o be_v of_o do_v fealty_n witness_v common_a experience_n 2._o in_o respect_n that_o a_o tenant_n for_o life_n or_o year_n be_v unable_a to_o do_v homage_n for_o it_o be_v a_o ground_n in_o law_n that_o none_o can_v do_v homage_n but_o tenant_n in_o fee-simple_n or_o ad_fw-la
manus_fw-la svas_fw-la capere_fw-la ita_fw-la tamen_fw-la moderate_a id_fw-la fleri_fw-la debet_fw-la ne_fw-la aliquam_fw-la disseisinam_fw-la haeredibus_fw-la faciant_fw-la possunt_fw-la enim_fw-la haeredes_fw-la si_fw-la opus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la violentiae_fw-la dominorum_fw-la resistere_fw-la dum_fw-la tamen_fw-la parati_fw-la sunt_fw-la relivium_n altaretro_fw-la servitia_fw-la eye_n inde_fw-la facere_fw-la with_o this_o agree_v the_o definition_n of_o hotoman_a relivium_n hotoman_a comment_n de_fw-fr verbo_fw-la seod_n &_o verbo_fw-la relivium_n relivium_n est_fw-la honorarium_fw-la quod_fw-la novus_fw-la vassallus_fw-la introitus_fw-la causâ_fw-la patrono_fw-la largitur_fw-la quasi_fw-la morte_fw-la usuali_fw-la altius_fw-la vel_fw-la alâ—o_fw-la quo_fw-la casu_fw-la feodum_fw-la ceciderit_fw-la quod_fw-la jam_fw-la a_o novo_fw-la sublevatur_fw-la this_o relief_n by_o the_o ancient_a civil_a law_n be_v term_v introitus_fw-la and_o vincentius_n term_v it_o praestantionem_fw-la seu_fw-la saluationem_fw-la factam_fw-la pro_fw-la confirmatione_fw-la seu_fw-la renovatione_fw-la possessionis_fw-la and_o that_o very_o apt_o for_o indeed_o relief_n be_v the_o key_n which_o open_v the_o gate_n to_o give_v the_o heir_n free_a passage_n to_o the_o possession_n of_o his_o inheritance_n bracton_n give_v this_o reason_n why_o it_o be_v call_v a_o relief_n 86._o bracton_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 86._o quia_fw-la haereditas_fw-la quae_fw-la jacens_fw-la fuit_fw-la per_fw-la antecessoris_fw-la decessum_fw-la releviatur_fw-la in_o manus_fw-la haeredis_fw-la &_o propter_fw-la factam_fw-la relevationem_fw-la faciend_n erit_fw-la ab_fw-la haerede_fw-la quaedam_fw-la praestatio_fw-la quae_fw-la dicitur_fw-la relevium_fw-la relief_n skene_n de_fw-fr verbo_fw-la signum_fw-la tit_n relief_n skene_n fond_o imagine_v that_o it_o take_v his_o name_n a_o relevando_fw-la in_o another_o sense_n for_o say_v he_o relief_n be_v give_v by_o the_o tenant_n or_o vassal_n be_v of_o perfect_a age_n after_o the_o expire_a of_o the_o wardship_n to_o the_o lord_n of_o who_o he_o hold_v his_o land_n by_o knight_n service_n it_o be_v by_o ward_n and_o relief_n and_o by_o payment_n thereof_o he_o relieve_v and_o as_o it_o be_v raise_v up_o again_o his_o land_n after_o they_o be_v fall_v down_o into_o his_o superior_n hand_n by_o reason_n of_o wardship_n 9_o glanvil_n lib_n 9_o cap._n 9_o but_o these_o word_n of_o glanvil_n will_v serve_v to_o convince_v he_o of_o error_n taâ—dam_fw-la vero_fw-la eodeâ—ad_n aetatem_fw-la pervenieâ—te_fw-la &_o facta_fw-la eâ—_n haereditutis_fw-la restitutione_n quietas_fw-la erit_fw-la a_o relivio_n ratione_fw-la custodiae_fw-la this_o relief_n be_v twofold_a 1._o relief_n service_n 2._o relief_n custom_n relief_n service_n be_v that_o which_o be_v pay_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o any_o freeholder_n relief_n custom_n be_v that_o which_o be_v pay_v upon_o the_o death_n change_n or_o alienation_n of_o any_o freehold_a according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o place_n in_o many_o place_n half_o a_o year_n profit_n in_o many_o place_n a_o whole_a year_n profit_n and_o therefore_o where_o bracton_n say_v quod_fw-la that_fw-mi domino_fw-la relevium_fw-la qui_fw-la succedit_fw-la jure_fw-la haereditatis_fw-la non_fw-la autem_fw-la be_v qui_fw-la acquirit_fw-la that_o be_v to_o be_v take_v with_o this_o caution_n nisi_fw-la illud_fw-la etiam_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la praestare_fw-la debet_fw-la qui_fw-la acquirit_fw-la these_o relief_n be_v pay_v as_o well_o for_o lands-holden_a in_o soccage_n as_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n for_o land_n hold_v in_o soccage_n in_o this_o manner_n if_o a_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n die_v his_o heir_n above_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o then_o shall_v the_o heir_n double_v the_o rent_n that_o his_o ancestor_n be_v woâ—â—_n to_o pay_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o if_o the_o tenant_n hold_v of_o his_o lord_n by_o fealty_n and_o five_o shilling_n then_o shall_v the_o heir_n double_v the_o rent_n and_o shall_v pay_v ten_o shilling_n viz._n five_o shilling_n in_o the_o name_n of_o a_o relief_n over_o and_o above_o the_o five_o shilling_n which_o he_o pay_v for_o his_o rent_n for_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n in_o this_o manner_n if_o a_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n die_v his_o heir_n of_o full_a 21._o if_o he_o hold_v by_o a_o entire_a knight_n fee_n he_o pay_v five_o pound_n if_o by_o half_a a_o knight_n fee_n than_o he_o pay_v fifty_o shilling_n if_o by_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n he_o pay_v 25._o shilling_n and_o so_o proportionable_o who_o so_o hold_v more_o pay_v more_o and_o who_o hold_v less_o pay_v less_o yet_o for_o the_o full_a apprehension_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o a_o relief_n let_v we_o examine_v what_o a_o knight_n fee_n signify_v a_o knight_n fee_n be_v so_o much_o land_n as_o in_o ancient_a time_n be_v account_v a_o sufficient_a live_n for_o a_o knight_n but_o whether_o this_o be_v rate_v according_a to_o the_o quantity_n or_o according_a to_o the_o value_n causidici_fw-la certant_fw-la &_o adhuc_fw-la sub_fw-la jâ—di_fw-la ce_fw-fr lis_fw-fr est_fw-fr some_o hold_n according_a to_o the_o quantity_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o several_a computation_n use_v in_o several_a place_n a_o knight_n fee_n be_v either_o more_o or_o less_o as_o in_o the_o duchy_n of_o lancaster_n a_o knight_n fee_n contain_v four_o hide_n of_o land_n every_o hyde_n four_o carnes_z of_o land_n every_o carne_fw-la four_o yard_n land_n every_o yard_n thirty_o acre_n and_o every_o knight_n fee_fw-mi 1920._o acre_n according_a to_o other_o computation_n a_o knight_n fee_n contain_v 680_o but_o according_a to_o most_o computation_n a_o knight_n fee_n contain_v five_o hide_n of_o land_n every_a hide_n four_o yard_n land_n every_o yard_n land_n 24._o acre_n according_a to_o which_o computation_n a_o knight_n fee_n contain_v 480._o acre_n so_o that_o according_a to_o several_a computation_n a_o knight_n fee_n be_v more_o or_o less_o other_o hold_v that_o a_o knight_n fee_n be_v measure_v according_a to_o the_o quality_n not_o according_a to_o the_o quantity_n according_a to_o the_o value_n not_o according_a to_o the_o content_a and_o among_o these_o some_o hold_v that_o land_n to_o the_o value_n of_o fifteen_o pound_n par_fw-fr annum_fw-la make_v a_o knight_n fee_n and_o therefore_o pag._n camden_n in_o sva_fw-la brâ—tan_n pag._n camden_n say_v that_o sub_fw-la enrich_v tertio_fw-la quodammodo_fw-la coacti_fw-la fuerunt_fw-la equites_fw-la fieri_fw-la quot_fw-la quot_fw-la libras_fw-la quindecen_n exannuis_fw-la terrarum_fw-la redditibus_fw-la colligarunt_fw-la and_o out_o of_o matthew_n paris_n he_o write_v that_o anno_fw-la 1256._o exit_fw-la edictum_fw-la regium_fw-la preceptumque_fw-la est_fw-la &_o acclamatum_fw-la per_fw-la totum_fw-la regnum_fw-la ut_fw-la qui_fw-la haberet_fw-la 16._o libratas_fw-la terrae_fw-la &_o supradict_v armis_fw-la redimitus_fw-la tirocinio_fw-la donaretur_fw-la ut_fw-la anglia_fw-it sicut_fw-la italia_n militia_n roboraretur_fw-la &_o qui_fw-la nollent_fw-la vel_fw-la qui_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la honorem_fw-la status_fw-la militaris_fw-la sustinere_fw-la pecunia_fw-la se_fw-la redimerent_fw-la other_o hold_v that_o census_fw-la â—questris_fw-la be_v fortâ—e_a pound_n revenue_n in_o freehold_a land_n and_o of_o this_o opinion_n be_v sir_n thomas_n smith_n 33._o smith_n de_fw-fr rep_n pag._n 31_o 32_o 33._o other_o hold_v that_o census_fw-la equestris_fw-la be_v twenty_o pound_n revenue_n and_o this_o opinion_n be_v confirm_v by_o many_o authority_n and_o reason_n cite_v in_o anth._n allows_v case_n by_o a_o ancient_a treatise_n de_fw-fr modo_fw-la tenendi_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la tempore_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la silij_fw-la etheldred_n where_o it_o appear_v quod_fw-la comitatus_fw-la constabat_fw-la ex_fw-la viginti_fw-la feodis_fw-la unius_fw-la militis_fw-la quolibet_fw-la feodo_fw-la computato_fw-la ad_fw-la viginti_fw-la libratas_fw-la baronia_fw-la constabat_fw-la ex_fw-la 13._o in_fw-la feodis_fw-la ac_fw-la tertia_fw-la parte_fw-la unius_fw-la feodi_fw-la militis_fw-la secundum_fw-la computationem_fw-la predicta_fw-la unum_fw-la feodum_fw-la militis_fw-la constabat_fw-la ex_fw-la terris_fw-la ad_fw-la valentiam_fw-la 20._o li._n and_o therefore_o where_o the_o statute_n of_o ed._n 2._o dâ—militibus_fw-la provide_v that_o a_o knight_n live_v shall_v be_v measure_v by_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la this_o be_v but_o a_o affirmance_n of_o the_o common_a law_n 2._o this_o be_v strengthen_v by_o the_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o w._n 1._o cap._n 36._o and_o by_o fitch_n 62._o fitch_n nat_n bâ—euâ—um_fw-la foe_n 62._o this_o seem_v something_o pregnant_a for_o in_o both_o these_o place_n soccage_n land_n to_o the_o value_n of_o twenty_o pound_n par_fw-fr annum_fw-la be_v put_v in_o equipage_n with_o a_o knight_n fee_n 3._o in_o a_o writ_n of_o mesne_fw-la bring_v per_fw-la ranulphum_fw-la de_fw-la normanvile_n petentem_fw-la versus_fw-la luciam_fw-la de_fw-la kyme_n tenentem_fw-la p._n 3._o e._n 1._o appear_v that_o twelve_o carnes_z of_o land_n make_v a_o knight_n fee_n every_o carne_fw-la be_v in_o ancient_a time_n of_o the_o value_n of_o five_o noble_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la according_o to_o which_o account_n a_o knight_n fee_n amount_v to_o twenty_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la these_o be_v the_o several_a opinion_n touch_v the_o quantity_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n embrace_v of_o these_o which_o shall_v seem_v most_o
aliquid_fw-la de_fw-fr svo_fw-la honorabili_fw-la contenen_fw-la amittat_fw-la and_o therefore_o by_o this_o appear_v that_o this_o stat._n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v but_o a_o affirmance_n of_o the_o common_a law_n in_o this_o point_n of_o afferance_n touch_v the_o second_o question_n know_v that_o it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o court_n to_o impose_v a_o fine_a or_o a_o amerciament_n at_o their_o election_n for_o any_o offence_n commit_v but_o still_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o punishment_n must_v necessary_o suit_v with_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o offence_n from_o the_o several_a nature_n of_o offence_n commit_v arise_v the_o several_a name_n of_o punishment_n inflict_v the_o offence_n in_o respect_n of_o the_o place_n be_v twofold_a and_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n twofold_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o place_n offence_n commit_v extra_fw-la curiam_fw-la of_o which_o the_o steward_n by_o no_o common_a possibility_n can_v have_v cognizance_n without_o the_o presentment_n of_o the_o homage_n and_o therefore_o the_o power_n of_o present_v they_o and_o impose_v punishment_n for_o they_o belong_v unto_o the_o juror_n of_o the_o leet_n and_o not_o unto_o the_o steward_n and_o these_o punishment_n thus_o impose_v be_v term_v amerciament_n 2._o offence_n commit_v in_o curia_n of_o which_o the_o steward_n can_v take_v sufficient_a notice_n without_o the_o help_a hand_n of_o the_o homage_n and_o therefore_o the_o punishment_n of_o these_o offence_n belong_v unto_o the_o steward_n not_o unto_o the_o juror_n and_o these_o punishment_n thus_o impose_v be_v term_v fines_n thus_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o place_n offence_n be_v twofold_a in_o respect_n of_o the_o person_n they_o be_v likewise_o twofold_a offence_n commit_v by_o private_a person_n 2._o offence_n commit_v by_o public_a officer_n and_o minister_n of_o the_o court_n in_o the_o administration_n of_o their_o office_n punishment_n impose_v for_o offence_n of_o the_o former_a rank_n be_v term_v amerciament_n of_o the_o latter_a rank_n fines_n the_o one_o afferable_a per_fw-la pares_fw-la the_o other_a not_o and_o the_o reason_n why_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la in_o this_o point_n of_o afferance_n extend_v not_o unto_o any_o offence_n commit_v in_o court_n by_o private_a person_n cafe_z co._n 8._o greislegt_fw-mi cafe_z or_o public_a officer_n neither_o unto_o any_o offence_n commit_v extra_fw-la curiam_fw-la by_o public_a officer_n in_o administration_n of_o their_o office_n be_v this_o because_o though_o the_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v general_o extend_v unto_o all_o offence_n whatsoever_o yet_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o statute_n maker_n be_v not_o to_o make_v the_o juror_n afferor_n in_o omnibus_fw-la delictis_fw-la mulctandis_fw-la sed_fw-la in_o iis_fw-la tantummodo_fw-la puniendis_fw-la quorum_fw-la certam_fw-la possint_fw-la habere_fw-la notitiam_fw-la 98._o fleta_n lib._n 1._o cap._n 98._o &_o intelligentiam_fw-la as_o fleâ—a_n speak_v and_o therefore_o since_o the_o steward_n have_v more_o certain_a notice_n of_o offence_n commit_v in_o curia_fw-la by_o what_o person_n soever_o then_o the_o juror_n have_v and_o can_v better_o judge_v and_o discern_v of_o the_o nature_n and_o quality_n of_o offence_n commit_v extra_n curiam_fw-la by_o public_a officer_n than_o juror_n can_v therefore_o sure_o the_o intent_n of_o this_o statute_n be_v to_o leave_v the_o punishment_n of_o these_o offence_n to_o the_o discretion_n of_o the_o steward_n and_o not_o the_o afferance_n of_o the_o homage_n thus_o much_o concern_v amerciament_n a_o word_n concern_v forfeiture_n sec_n xxvii_o forfeiture_n come_v of_o the_o french_a word_n forfaict_n scelus_fw-la quia_fw-la scelerum_fw-la &_o delictorum_fw-la perpetratio_fw-la est_fw-la forisfacturarum_fw-la causa_fw-la &_o origo_fw-la in_o our_o language_n it_o signify_v the_o effect_n of_o transgress_v rather_o than_o the_o transgression_n itself_o i_o mean_v it_o signify_v the_o penalty_n for_o the_o offence_n commit_v rather_o than_o the_o act_n itself_o whereby_o the_o offence_n itself_o be_v perpetrate_v and_o it_o extend_v both_o unto_o land_n and_o unto_o good_n unto_o land_n both_o copyhold_n and_o freehold_n touch_v the_o cause_n from_o whence_o spring_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o copyhold_n land_n i_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v more_o liberal_o in_o another_o place_n and_o therefore_o i_o will_v silent_o pass_v they_o over_o speak_v some_o few_o word_n touch_v the_o cause_n from_o whence_o forfeiture_n of_o freehold_a land_n arise_v the_o cause_n be_v many_o among_o the_o which_o i_o have_v observe_v 1._o that_o if_o any_o freeholder_n alien_v his_o land_n in_o mortmain_n he_o forfeit_v his_o freehold_n 2._o if_o a_o freeholder_n cease_v for_o the_o space_n of_o two_o whole_a year_n to_o perform_v such_o service_n or_o to_o pay_v such_o rent_n as_o he_o be_v tie_v unto_o by_o his_o tenure_n and_o have_v not_o upon_o his_o land_n sufficient_a good_n or_o chattel_n to_o be_v distrain_v he_o forfeit_v his_o freehold_n 3._o if_o any_o freeholder_n infringe_v any_o condition_n whereunto_o he_o be_v tie_v he_o forfeit_v his_o freehold_n touch_v the_o cause_n from_o whence_o grow_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o good_n they_o be_v likewise_o in_o number_n many_o and_o from_o the_o several_a cause_n of_o forfeit_v good_n arise_v several_a name_n of_o good_n forfeit_v 1._o if_o a_o felon_n steal_v good_n and_o upon_o pursuit_n make_v waive_v these_o good_n and_o leave_v they_o in_o any_o part_n of_o the_o manor_n and_o be_v not_o attach_v upon_o the_o fresh_a suit_n of_o the_o owner_n then_o be_v these_o good_n forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n and_o be_v term_v waive_n 2._o if_o any_o beast_n be_v find_v wander_v in_o any_o place_n and_o be_v proclaim_v in_o three_o market_n town_n adjoin_v and_o be_v not_o claim_v by_o the_o owner_n in_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n then_o be_v the_o beast_n forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n who_o have_v such_o a_o liberty_n and_o be_v term_v estray_v 3._o if_o any_o suffer_v shipwreck_n upon_o the_o sea_n and_o through_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o wave_n good_n be_v cast_v upon_o the_o shore_n and_o be_v seize_v by_o the_o bailiff_n be_v not_o claim_v within_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n after_o the_o seizure_n then_o be_v these_o good_n forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n who_o have_v that_o franchize_v and_o be_v term_v wreck_n 4._o if_o one_o come_v to_o a_o violent_a end_n without_o the_o fault_n of_o any_o reasonable_a creature_n than_o immediatley_n that_o thing_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o that_o untimely_a death_n become_v forfeit_v unto_o the_o lord_n and_o it_o be_v term_v a_o deodand_n as_o this_o old_a verse_n testify_v omnia_fw-la quae_fw-la movent_fw-la ad_fw-la mortem_fw-la sunt_fw-la deodanda_fw-la as_o if_o a_o horse_n strike_v his_o keeper_n and_o kill_v he_o or_o if_o a_o man_n drive_v his_o cart_n and_o seek_v to_o redress_v it_o fall_v and_o the_o cart_n wheel_n run_v over_o he_o press_v he_o to_o death_n or_o if_o one_o fell_v a_o tree_n giveth_z warning_n to_o comer_n by_o to_o look_v to_o themselves_o and_o notwithstanding_o warn_v give_v some_o body_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o fall_n of_o the_o tree_n the_o horse_n in_o the_o first_o case_n the_o cart_n and_o the_o horse_n in_o the_o second_o case_n &_o the_o tree_n in_o the_o three_o case_n be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o deodand_n many_o other_o sort_n of_o forfeit_a good_n i_o may_v add_v unto_o this_o but_o i_o will_v forbear_v to_o enumerate_v any_o more_o in_o this_o kind_n and_o to_o speak_v more_o large_o of_o these_o which_o i_o have_v already_o enumerate_v for_o three_o special_a reason_n 1._o because_o they_o be_v duty_n accrue_v unto_o the_o lord_n not_o mere_o from_o the_o tenant_n nor_o sole_o by_o the_o act_n of_o the_o tenant_n but_o most_o common_o from_o stranger_n and_o by_o the_o sole_a act_n of_o stranger_n and_o therefore_o i_o confess_v be_v not_o apt_o rank_v under_o the_o name_n of_o service_n 2._o because_o a_o perfect_a manor_n may_v well_o subsist_v without_o their_o assistance_n since_o they_o add_v nothing_o to_o the_o perfection_n of_o the_o essence_n of_o a_o manor_n 3._o because_o they_o be_v not_o incident_a unto_o every_o manor_n but_o into_o such_o manor_n only_o as_o can_v challenge_v they_o either_o by_o special_a prescription_n or_o by_o patent_n from_o the_o king_n for_o primary_o and_o original_o these_o forfeiture_n of_o good_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n for_o these_o reason_n especial_o because_o what_o good_n soever_o have_v no_o certain_a owner_n know_v to_o challenge_v interest_n in_o they_o as_o waive_n estray_v and_o wreck_n the_o property_n of_o such_o good_n belong_v unto_o the_o king_n virtute_fw-la praerogativae_fw-la and_o thus_o much_o bracton_n intimate_v when_o he_o say_v sunt_fw-la alia_fw-la quaedam_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o nullius_fw-la bonis_fw-la esse_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la sicut_fw-la wreccum_fw-la maris_fw-la etc._n etc._n &_o aliae_fw-la res_fw-la quae_fw-la dominum_fw-la non_fw
habent_fw-la sicut_fw-la animalia_fw-la vagantia_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la sunt_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la propter_fw-la privilegium_fw-la marium_fw-la the_o reason_n why_o deodand_n be_v forfeit_v to_o the_o king_n be_v this_o deodand_n be_v original_o invent_v for_o the_o pacify_v of_o god_n wrath_n and_o the_o appease_n of_o god_n anger_n and_o these_o thing_n thus_o forfeit_v be_v according_a to_o the_o true_a intendment_n of_o the_o law_n to_o be_v sell_v and_o money_n distribute_v among_o the_o poor_a and_o therefore_o upon_o who_o can_v the_o law_n have_v better_o confer_v this_o benefit_n or_o rather_o impose_v this_o charge_n then_o upon_o the_o king_n who_o represent_v god_n person_n upon_o the_o earth_n and_o who_o the_o law_n presume_v will_v deal_v more_o just_o and_o true_o nay_o more_o liberal_o and_o bountiful_o with_o the_o poor_a in_o this_o kind_n than_o any_o inferior_a lord_n who_o peradventure_o out_o of_o his_o uncharitableness_n peradventure_o out_o of_o want_n will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o add_v any_o thing_n to_o that_o which_o be_v due_a that_o he_o will_v rather_o unjust_o subtract_v part_n or_o unconscionable_o detain_v the_o whole_a since_o therefore_o these_o forfeiture_n of_o good_n neither_o add_v to_o the_o perfection_n of_o a_o manor_n neither_o be_v incident_a unto_o every_o manor_n to_o spend_v any_o further_a time_n about_o a_o subject_n so_o superfluous_a will_v ill_o beseem_v this_o small_a treatise_n wherein_o the_o scope_n and_o end_n i_o aim_v at_o be_v this_o only_o to_o present_v to_o your_o view_n what_o thing_n soever_o be_v necessary_o requisite_a to_o the_o essence_n of_o every_o manor_n and_o what_o service_n soever_o be_v incident_a unto_o every_o manor_n and_o thus_o much_o concern_v forfeiture_n a_o word_n concern_v escheat_n sec_n xxviii_o escheates_n come_v of_o the_o french_a word_n echear_n excidere_fw-la &_o be_v term_v excadentiae_fw-la which_o import_v land_n fall_v into_o the_o lord_n hand_n for_o want_n of_o heir_n general_a or_o special_a to_o inherit_v they_o but_o before_o the_o lord_n enter_v into_o a_o escheat_n in_o this_o kind_n the_o homage_n ought_v to_o present_v it_o and_o be_v present_v proclamation_n ought_v to_o be_v make_v to_o give_v notice_n to_o the_o world_n that_o if_o any_o man_n come_v in_o and_o just_o claim_v he_o shall_v be_v receive_v the_o homage_n then_o find_v it_o clear_o entitle_v the_o lord_n as_o to_z land_n escheat_v beside_o this_o ordinary_a sort_n of_o escheat_n there_o be_v another_o sort_n of_o escheat_n and_o that_o be_v where_o any_o freeholder_n commit_v felony_n and_o be_v attaint_v the_o king_n shall_v have_v animum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o vastum_fw-la and_o than_o it_o come_v unto_o the_o lord_n as_o a_o escheat_n thus_o much_o concern_v the_o nature_n of_o service_n in_o general_a and_o there_o be_v so_o many_o particular_a service_n in_o individuo_fw-la that_o i_o may_v insist_v in_o million_o more_o but_o fear_v of_o incur_v the_o censure_n of_o be_v over_o tedious_a restrain_v the_o forwardness_n of_o my_o hand_n yet_o sithence_o occasion_n be_v so_o favourable_a to_o i_o i_o will_v presume_v so_o much_o upon_o your_o patience_n as_o to_o lay_v open_a the_o several_a remedy_n which_o the_o law_n have_v provide_v for_o the_o obtain_n of_o those_o several_a service_n before_o mention_v if_o perchance_o they_o be_v wrongful_o deceive_v by_o the_o tenant_n and_o for_o method_n sake_n i_o will_v begin_v with_o corporal_a service_n sec_n xxix_o if_o any_o freeholder_n refuse_v to_o do_v homage_n or_o fealty_n which_o be_v corporal_a service_n of_o submission_n or_o to_o mend_v high_a way_n repair_v decay_a bridge_n or_o similia_fw-la which_o be_v corporal_a service_n tend_v to_o the_o public_a profit_n of_o the_o commonweal_n or_o to_o discharge_v the_o office_n of_o a_o carver_n a_o butler_n a_o brewer_n or_o such_o like_a or_o to_o pail_n the_o lord_n park_n to_o tile_n the_o lord_n house_n or_o to_o thatch_n his_o barn_n or_o similia_fw-la which_o be_v corporal_a service_n tend_v to_o the_o private_a profit_n of_o the_o lord_n if_o i_o say_v any_o freeholder_n refuse_v to_o do_v any_o of_o these_o service_n be_v bind_v unto_o they_o by_o his_o tenure_n then_o may_v the_o lord_n lawful_o distreine_v his_o cattle_n or_o his_o good_n and_o detain_v they_o until_o satisfaction_n be_v give_v by_o perform_v such_o service_n as_o the_o law_n do_v require_v and_o the_o same_o remedy_n which_o the_o law_n have_v provide_v for_o corporal_a service_n be_v likewise_o provide_v for_o annual_a service_n sec_n xxx_o for_o if_o any_o freeholder_n refuse_v to_o pay_v any_o annual_a rent_n or_o to_o discharge_v any_o annual_a payment_n according_a to_o his_o tenure_n then_o may_v the_o lord_n lawful_o distreine_v and_o in_o a_o replevin_n bring_v by_o the_o tenant_n may_v avow_v the_o distress_n and_o justify_v the_o take_n but_o no_o action_n of_o debt_n will_v lie_v for_o these_o annual_a service_n no_o more_o than_o for_o corporal_a service_n for_o it_o be_v a_o ground_n in_o law_n that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o rent_n continue_v of_o any_o estate_n or_o frank_n tenement_n no_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v for_o the_o arrearage_n of_o the_o rent_n nor_o for_o any_o other_o service_n whatsoever_o and_o therefore_o if_o a_o lease_n for_o life_n be_v make_v reserve_v rend_v the_o lessor_n can_v maintain_v a_o action_n of_o debt_n for_o the_o arrearage_n of_o this_o rent_n as_o long_o as_o the_o estate_n continue_v but_o present_o upon_o the_o determination_n of_o the_o estate_n a_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v for_o the_o arrearage_n of_o the_o rent_n incur_v before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o determination_n but_o what_o have_v the_o law_n provide_v no_o other_o remedy_n for_o those_o annual_a service_n than_o a_o distress_n sure_o no_o before_o seisein_fw-fr none_n but_o after_o seisein_fw-fr once_a gain_v it_o be_v at_o his_o election_n either_o to_o distreine_v or_o to_o bring_v a_o assize_n and_o thus_o much_o touch_v remedy_n for_o corporal_a and_o annual_a service_n sec_n xxxi_o accidental_a service_n be_v get_v by_o many_o differ_a mean_n by_o seizure_n only_o as_o the_o wardship_n of_o the_o heir_n body_n together_o with_o the_o waive_n estray_v wreck_n deodand_n and_o such_o like_a forfeiture_n of_o good_n 2._o by_o the_o entry_n only_a as_o the_o wardship_n of_o the_o heir_n land_n together_o with_o land_n forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n either_o upon_o the_o breach_n of_o some_o condition_n or_o upon_o a_o alienation_n in_o mortmain_n 3._o by_o seizure_n or_o distress_n as_o herriot_n service_n contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o some_o who_o hold_v they_o gaineable_a by_o distress_n only_o &_o not_o by_o seizure_n or_o action_n as_o herriot_n custom_n for_o upon_o the_o eloignement_n of_o the_o best_a beast_n the_o lord_n may_v maintain_v a_o action_n of_o detinue_n against_o the_o heir_n 5._o by_o entry_n or_o action_n as_o land_n forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n by_o the_o cessing_n of_o his_o tenant_n or_o escheat_n accrue_v unto_o the_o lord_n either_o upon_o the_o attaindeur_n or_o death_n of_o his_o tenant_n without_o heir_n in_o the_o first_o the_o lord_n may_v enter_v or_o maintâ—ine_v a_o writ_n of_o cessavit_fw-la in_o the_o secord_n the_o lord_n may_v enter_v or_o maintain_v a_o writ_n of_o escheat_n 6._o by_o distress_n or_o action_n as_o relief_n and_o amerciament_n for_o relief_n the_o lord_n may_v distreine_v or_o bring_v a_o action_n of_o debt_n neither_o do_v this_o any_o whit_n impugn_v the_o former_a ground_n that_o as_o long_o as_o the_o rent_n do_v continue_v etc._n etc._n because_o indeed_o relief_n be_v the_o fruit_n and_o approvement_n of_o service_n rather_o than_o any_o service_n and_o for_o amerciament_n the_o lord_n may_v either_o distreine_v or_o bring_v a_o account_n of_o debt_n other_o remedy_n the_o law_n have_v provide_v against_o stranger_n for_o detain_v of_o these_o duty_n from_o the_o lord_n as_o to_o insist_v in_o one_o if_o a_o stranger_n will_v deraine_a the_o ward_n body_n or_o the_o ward_n land_n from_o the_o right_a lord_n a_o writ_n de_fw-fr recto_fw-la de_fw-fr custodia_fw-la terrae_fw-la &_o heraedis_fw-la lie_v against_o the_o stranger_n but_o to_o meddle_v with_o stranger_n be_v to_o wander_v out_o of_o the_o little_a common_a weal_n and_o therefore_o to_o keep_v myself_o within_o my_o bound_n and_o limit_n i_o will_v here_o conclude_v touch_v the_o two_o material_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n viz._n demesne_n and_o service_n a_o word_n touch_v the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n and_o then_o i_o will_v end_v the_o definition_n of_o a_o manor_n the_o efficient_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n be_v express_v in_o these_o word_n of_o long_a continuance_n for_o indeed_o time_n be_v the_o mother_n or_o rather_o the_o nurse_n of_o manor_n time_n be_v the_o soul_n that_o give_v life_n unto_o every_o manor_n without_o which_o a_o
be_v deprive_v of_o that_o dignity_n which_o be_v inherent_a to_o their_o name_n yet_o their_o court_n retain_v still_o the_o name_n of_o court_n baron_n because_o they_o be_v original_o erect_v for_o such_o personage_n as_o be_v baron_n neither_o have_v time_n be_v so_o injurious_a as_o to_o eradicate_v the_o whole_a memory_n of_o their_o ancient_a dignity_n in_o their_o name_n there_o be_v stamp_v leave_v of_o their_o nobility_n for_o they_o be_v still_o entitle_v by_o the_o name_n of_o lord_n these_o court_n differ_v from_o court_n leet_n in_o diverse_a respect_n in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n by_o the_o law_n may_v be_v keep_v once_o every_o three_o week_n or_o as_o some_o think_v as_o often_o as_o it_o shall_v please_v the_o lord_n though_o for_o the_o better_a ease_n both_o of_o lord_n and_o tenant_n they_o be_v keep_v but_o very_o seldom_o but_o a_o court_n leete_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v to_o be_v keep_v but_o twice_o every_o year_n one_o time_n within_o the_o month_n after_o easter_n 15._o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la c._n 35._o 31._o e._n 3._o ca._n 15._o and_o another_o time_n within_o a_o month_n after_o michal_n 2._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n may_v be_v keep_v in_o any_o place_n within_o the_o manor_n contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o brian_n but_o a_o court_n leete_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v to_o be_v keep_v in_o certo_fw-la loco_fw-la ac_fw-la determinato_fw-la within_o the_o precinct_n 3._o in_o this_o that_o original_o court_n baron_n belong_v unto_o inferior_a lord_n of_o manor_n but_o court_n leet_n original_o belong_v unto_o the_o king_n 4._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n be_v incident_a unto_o eâ—â—â—y_a manor_n so_o that_o every_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n may_v keep_v a_o court_n baron_fw-fr but_o few_o have_v leet_n for_o inferior_a lord_n of_o manor_n can_v keep_v court_n leete_v without_o special_a prescription_n or_o some_o special_a patent_n from_o the_o king_n 5._o in_o this_o that_o in_o court_n baron_n the_o suitor_n be_v judge_n but_o in_o court_n leet_n the_o steward_n be_v judge_n 6._o in_o this_o that_o in_o court_n baron_n the_o jewrie_n consist_v oftentimes_o of_o less_o than_o twelve_o in_o court_n leet_n never_o the_o reason_n of_o that_o be_v because_o none_o be_v impanel_v upon_o the_o jewrie_n but_o freeholder_n in_o court_n baron_n of_o the_o same_o manor_n but_o in_o court_n leet_n stranger_n be_v oftentimes_o impanel_v 7._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n can_v subsist_v without_o two_o suitor_n adminimum_fw-la but_o court_n leet_n can_v well_o subsist_v without_o any_o suitor_n 8._o in_o this_o that_o court_n baron_n inquire_v of_o no_o offence_n commit_v against_o the_o king_n but_o court_n leete_v inquire_v of_o all_o offence_n under_o high_a treason_n commit_v against_o the_o crown_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o king_n in_o many_o other_o respect_v they_o differ_v as_o that_o a_o write_v of_o error_n lie_v upon_o a_o judgement_n give_v in_o a_o court_n leete_n but_o not_o in_o a_o court_n baron_fw-fr so_o in_o a_o court_n leete_n a_o capias_fw-la lie_v but_o in_o a_o court_n baron_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o capias_fw-la be_v use_v a_o attachment_n by_o good_n so_o in_o a_o court_n baron_fw-fr a_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v for_o the_o lord_n himself_o because_o the_o suitor_n be_v judge_n but_o in_o a_o court_n leete_n the_o lord_n can_v maintain_v any_o action_n for_o himself_o because_o the_o steward_n be_v judge_n but_o omit_v these_o with_o many_o more_o i_o come_v to_o the_o etymology_n of_o a_o manor_n some_o derive_v the_o word_n manor_n a_o manendo_fw-la and_o then_o it_o take_v his_o name_n either_o from_o the_o manor-house_n which_o the_o lord_n make_v his_o dwell_a place_n or_o else_o a_o manendo_fw-la quia_fw-la dominus_fw-la ac_fw-la tenentes_fw-la in_o manerii_fw-la svi_fw-la circuit_n cohabitant_fw-la ac_fw-la manent_fw-la some_o think_v it_o be_v term_v manor_n from_o manure_v the_o ground_n and_o then_o it_o take_v its_o name_n either_o from_o the_o lord_n demesne_n which_o the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v to_o manure_v or_o else_o from_o the_o land_n remain_v in_o the_o tenant_n hand_n which_o be_v likewise_o till_v and_o manure_v other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o it_o be_v derive_v of_o the_o french_a word_n mesner_n which_o signify_v to_o govern_v or_o guide_v because_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n have_v the_o guide_n and_o direct_v of_o all_o his_o tenant_n within_o the_o limit_n of_o his_o jurisdiction_n and_o this_o i_o hold_v the_o most_o probable_a etymology_n and_o most_o agree_v with_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o manor_n for_o a_o manor_n in_o these_o day_n signify_v the_o jurisdiction_n and_o royalty_n incorporate_v rather_o than_o the_o land_n or_o scite_fw-la thus_o much_o touch_v the_o etymology_n a_o word_n touch_v the_o division_n of_o a_o manor_n a_o manor_n be_v twofold_a re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la 2._o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la as_o where_o the_o two_o material_a cause_n of_o a_o manor_n the_o efficient_a cause_n &_o causa_fw-la sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la do_v meet_v and_o join_v together_o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la as_o where_o any_o of_o these_o cause_n be_v want_v as_o to_o insist_v in_o the_o two_o material_a cause_n if_o the_o lord_n will_v transfer_v over_o to_o some_o stranger_n the_o service_n of_o all_o his_o tenant_n and_o reserve_v unto_o himself_o the_o demesne_n or_o if_o he_o will_v pass_v away_o the_o demesne_n and_o reserve_v the_o service_n in_o both_o cause_v the_o lord_n peradventure_o have_v a_o manor_n nomine_fw-la but_o not_o otherwise_o because_o in_o the_o one_o cause_n he_o want_v demesne_n in_o the_o other_o service_n so_o if_o a_o manor_n descend_v to_o co-parteners_a and_o they_o make_v partition_n and_o the_o entire_a demesne_n be_v allot_v to_o the_o one_o and_o the_o entire_a service_n to_o the_o other_o the_o manor_n be_v now_o in_o suspense_n for_o neither_o of_o they_o have_v any_o manor_n but_o in_o name_n only_o but_o if_o part_n of_o the_o demesne_n and_o part_n of_o the_o service_n be_v allot_v to_o each_o one_o then_o have_v they_o each_o of_o they_o a_o manor_n not_o nomine_fw-la tantum_fw-la but_o re_fw-mi &_o nomine_fw-la to_o insist_v in_o the_o efficient_a cause_n if_o the_o king_n at_o this_o day_n will_v grant_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o land_n to_o any_o subject_a enjoin_v he_o certain_a duty_n and_o service_n and_o withal_o will_v that_o this_o shall_v bear_v the_o name_n of_o a_o manor_n howsoever_o this_o may_v chance_v to_o gain_v the_o name_n of_o a_o manor_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o be_v a_o manor_n in_o the_o estimation_n of_o the_o law_n to_o insist_v in_o this_o cause_n sine_fw-la qua_fw-la non_fw-la if_o the_o king_n grant_v away_o a_o manor_n to_o i._n s._n except_v the_o court_n and_o perquisites_n the_o grantee_n have_v a_o manor_n in_o name_n only_o so_o if_o all_o the_o freeholder_n die_v but_o one_o if_o the_o lord_n purchase_v all_o the_o freeholders_n land_n or_o pass_v away_o the_o service_n of_o the_o freeholder_n or_o release_v unto_o his_o freeholder_n all_o their_o service_n notwithstanding_o the_o demesne_n and_o the_o service_n of_o the_o copiholder_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v but_o a_o manor_n in_o name_n because_o the_o freeholder_n be_v want_v which_o be_v the_o maintainer_n and_o upholder_n of_o the_o court_n baron_fw-fr and_o consequent_o necessary_a help_n to_o the_o perfection_n of_o a_o manor_n so_o if_o the_o lord_n grant_v away_o the_o inheritance_n of_o all_o his_o copyholder_n or_o demise_v all_o his_o land_n grant_v by_o copy_n to_o another_o for_o 2000_o year_n the_o grantee_n in_o the_o one_o case_n and_o the_o lessee_n in_o the_o other_o have_v a_o kind_n of_o seigniority_n in_o gross_a and_o may_v keep_v a_o customary_a court_n where_o the_o steward_n shall_v be_v judge_n and_o shall_v take_v surrender_n and_o make_v admittance_n and_o this_o in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o world_n be_v a_o manor_n though_o in_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o law_n it_o come_v far_o short_a of_o one_o thus_o much_o touch_v the_o division_n of_o a_o manor_n i_o may_v here_o handle_v many_o collateral_a jurisdiction_n appropriate_v to_o lord_n of_o manor_n as_o that_o our_o erect_v dove-house_n of_o prove_v the_o will_n of_o their_o tenant_n decease_v within_o their_o precinct_n in_o many_o place_n of_o enclose_v common_a leave_v sufficient_a beside_o for_o the_o other_o commoner_n with_o many_o of_o the_o like_a sed_fw-la haec_fw-la lubens_fw-la libensque_fw-la omitio_fw-la and_o thus_o close_v up_o this_o part_n of_o my_o treatise_n touch_v manor_n i_o come_v to_o the_o other_o part_n touch_v copyhold_n sec_n xxxii_o ineede_v not_o stand_v to_o discourse_v at_o large_a th'antiquitie_n of_o the_o copyholder_n for_o if_o you_o cast_v your_o eye_n back_o to_o that_o be_v past_a
but_o a_o prescription_n may_v both_o by_o the_o comon-law_n and_o the_o civil_a and_o therefore_o where_o the_o statute_n 1._o h._n 8._o say_v that_o all_o action_n popular_a must_v be_v bring_v within_o three_o year_n after_o the_o offence_n commi_fw-la t_v whosoever_o offend_v against_o this_o statute_n and_o do_v escape_v uncalled_a for_o three_o year_n he_o may_v be_v just_o say_v to_o prescribe_v a_o immunity_n against_o any_o such_o action_n 2._o a_o custom_n touch_v many_o man_n in_o general_a prescription_n this_o or_o that_o man_n in_o particular_a and_o that_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o prescription_n be_v personal_a and_o be_v always_o make_v in_o the_o name_n of_o some_o person_n certain_a and_o his_o ancestor_n or_o those_o who_o estate_n he_o have_v but_o a_o custom_n have_v no_o person_n certain_a in_o who_o name_n to_o prescribe_v be_v therefore_o call_v and_o allege_v after_o this_o manner_n in_o such_o a_o borough_n in_o such_o a_o manor_n there_o be_v this_o or_o that_o custom_n and_o for_o usage_n that_o be_v the_o efficient_a cause_n or_o rather_o the_o life_n of_o both_o for_o custom_n and_o prescription_n lose_v their_o be_v if_o usage_n fail_v shall_v i_o go_v about_o to_o make_v a_o catalogue_n of_o several_a custom_n i_o shall_v with_o sisyphus_n saxum_fw-la voluere_fw-la undertake_v a_o endless_a piece_n of_o work_n therefore_o i_o will_v forbear_v since_o the_o relation_n will_v be_v a_o argument_n of_o great_a curiosity_n and_o a_o task_n of_o great_a difficulty_n i_o will_v only_o set_v down_o a_o brief_a distinction_n of_o custom_n and_o leave_v the_o particular_n to_o your_o own_o observation_n custom_n be_v either_o general_a or_o particular_a general_a which_o be_v part_n of_o the_o common_a law_n be_v currant_n through_o the_o whole_a commonwealth_n and_o use_v in_o every_o county_n every_o city_n every_o town_n and_o every_o manor_n particular_a which_o be_v confine_v to_o short_a bound_n and_o limit_n and_o have_v not_o such_o choice_n of_o field_n to_o walk_v in_o as_o general_a custom_n have_v these_o particular_a custom_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n either_o disallow_v what_o general_a custom_n do_v allow_v or_o allow_v what_o general_a custom_n do_v disallow_v as_o for_o example_n sake_n by_o the_o general_a custom_n of_o manor_n it_o be_v in_o the_o copiholders_n power_n to_o sell_v to_o who_o he_o please_v but_o by_o a_o particular_a custom_n use_v in_o some_o place_n the_o copyholder_n before_o he_o can_v enforce_v his_o lord_n to_o admit_v any_o one_o to_o his_o copyhold_n be_v to_o make_v a_o proffer_n to_o the_o next_o of_o the_o blood_n or_o to_o the_o next_o of_o his_o neighbour_n ab_fw-la oriente_fw-la solis_fw-la who_o give_v as_o much_o as_o the_o party_n to_o who_o the_o surrender_n be_v make_v shall_v have_v it_o so_o on_o the_o other_o side_n by_o the_o general_a custom_n of_o manor_n the_o pass_v away_o of_o copyhold_n land_n by_o deed_n for_o more_o than_o for_o one_o year_n without_o licence_n be_v not_o warrant_v yet_o some_o particular_a custom_n in_o some_o manor_n do_v it_o so_o by_o the_o general_a custom_n of_o manor_n presentment_n or_o any_o other_o act_n do_v in_o the_o leete_n after_o the_o month_n expire_v contrary_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la and_o 31._o e_o 3._o be_v void_a yet_o by_o some_o particular_a custom_n such_o act_n be_v good_a and_o so_o in_o million_o of_o the_o like_a as_o in_o the_o sequel_n of_o this_o discourse_n shall_v be_v make_v manifest_a and_o therefore_o not_o to_o insist_v any_o long_o in_o dilucidate_v this_o point_n let_v we_o in_o few_o word_n learn_v the_o way_n how_o to_o examine_v the_o validity_n of_o a_o custom_n for_o our_o direction_n in_o this_o business_n we_o shall_v do_v well_o to_o observe_v these_o six_o rule_n which_o will_v serve_v we_o for_o exact_a trial_n 1._o custom_n and_o prescription_n ought_v to_o be_v reasonable_a and_o therefore_o a_o custom_n that_o no_o tenant_n of_o the_o manor_n shall_v put_v in_o his_o chattel_n to_o use_v his_o common_a in_o campis_n seminatis_fw-la after_o the_o corn_n sever_v until_o the_o lord_n have_v put_v in_o his_o chattel_n be_v a_o void_a custom_n because_o unreasonable_a for_o peradventure_o the_o lord_n will_v never_o put_v in_o his_o chattel_n and_o then_o the_o tenant_n shall_v lose_v their_o profit_n so_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v that_o he_o have_v such_o a_o custom_n within_o his_o manor_n that_o if_o any_o man_n beast_n be_v take_v by_o he_o upon_o his_o demesne_n damage_n fesant_n that_o he_o may_v detain_v they_o until_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o beast_n give_v he_o such_o recompense_n for_o his_o harm_n as_o he_o himself_o shall_v request_v this_o be_v a_o unreasonable_a custom_n for_o no_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v his_o own_o judge_n 2._o custom_n and_o prescription_n ought_v to_o be_v according_a to_o common_a right_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v to_o have_v of_o every_o copyholder_n belong_v to_o his_o manor_n for_o every_o court_n he_o keep_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n this_o be_v a_o void_a prescription_n because_o it_o be_v not_o according_a to_o common_a right_n for_o he_o ought_v for_o justice_n sake_n to_o do_v it_o gratis_o but_o if_o the_o lord_n prescribe_v to_o have_v a_o certain_a fee_n of_o his_o tenant_n for_o keep_v a_o extraordinary_a court_n which_o be_v purchase_v only_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o some_o particular_a tenant_n to_o take_v up_o their_o copyhold_n and_o such_o like_a this_o be_v a_o good_a prescription_n and_o according_a to_o common_a right_n 3._o they_o ought_v to_o be_v upon_o good_a consideration_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v that_o whosoever_o pass_v through_o the_o king_n high_a way_n which_o lie_v through_o his_o manor_n shall_v pay_v he_o a_o penny_n for_o pass_v this_o prescription_n be_v void_a because_o it_o be_v not_o upon_o a_o good_a consideration_n but_o if_o he_o will_v prescribe_v to_o have_v a_o penny_n of_o every_o one_o that_o pass_v over_o such_o a_o bridge_n within_o his_o manor_n which_o bridge_n the_o lord_n do_v use_v to_o repair_v this_o be_v a_o good_a prescription_n and_o upon_o a_o good_a consideration_n so_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v to_o have_v a_o fine_a at_o the_o marriage_n of_o his_o copyholder_n in_o which_o manor_n the_o custom_n do_v admit_v the_o husband_n to_o be_v tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n or_o the_o feme_fw-fr tenant_n in_o dower_n of_o a_o copyhold_n this_o prescription_n be_v good_a and_o upon_o a_o good_a consideration_n but_o in_o such_o manor_n where_o these_o estate_n be_v not_o allow_v the_o law_n be_v otherwise_o 4._o they_o ought_v to_o be_v compulsary_a and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v that_o every_o copyholder_n ought_v to_o give_v he_o so_o much_o every_o month_n to_o bear_v his_o charge_n in_o time_n of_o war_n this_o prescription_n be_v void_a but_o to_o prescribe_v they_o ought_v to_o pay_v so_o much_o money_n for_o that_o purpose_n be_v a_o good_a prescription_n for_o a_o payment_n be_v compulsary_a but_o a_o gift_n be_v arbitrary_a at_o the_o voluntary_a liberty_n of_o the_o giver_n 5._o they_o ought_v to_o be_v certain_a and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v that_o whensoever_o any_o of_o his_o copy-holders_n dye_n without_o heir_n that_o then_o another_o of_o the_o copyholder_n shall_v hold_v the_o same_o land_n for_o the_o year_n follow_v this_o prescription_n be_v void_a for_o the_o incertainty_n but_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v prescribe_v to_o have_v of_o his_o copy-holders_n 2._o d._n a_o acre_n rent_n in_o time_n of_o war_n four_o penny_n a_o acre_n this_o prescription_n be_v certain_a enough_o 6._o they_o ought_v to_o be_v beneficial_a to_o they_o that_o allege_v the_o prescription_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o lord_n prescribe_v that_o the_o custom_n have_v always_o be_v within_o the_o manor_n that_o what_o distress_n soever_o be_v take_v within_o his_o manor_n for_o any_o common_a person_n cause_n be_v to_o be_v impound_v for_o a_o certain_a time_n within_o his_o pound_n this_o be_v no_o good_a prescription_n for_o the_o lord_n be_v hereby_o to_o receive_v a_o charge_n and_o no_o commodity_n but_o if_o the_o prescription_n go_v further_a that_o the_o lord_n shall_v have_v for_o every_o beast_n so_o impound_v a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n this_o be_v a_o good_a prescription_n if_o we_o desire_v to_o be_v more_o full_o satisfy_v in_o the_o general_a knowledge_n of_o prescription_n and_o custom_n we_o shall_v find_v many_o maxim_n which_o make_v very_o material_a for_o this_o purpose_n among_o which_o i_o have_v make_v choice_n of_o these_o three_o as_o most_o worthy_a of_o your_o observation_n 1._o thing_n gain_v by_o matter_n of_o record_n only_o can_v be_v challenge_v by_o prescription_n and_o
he_o use_v to_o hold_v a_o little_a rod_n in_o his_o hand_n which_o he_o deliver_v to_o the_o steward_n or_o bailiff_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n to_o deliver_v it_o over_o to_o the_o party_n to_o who_o use_n the_o surrender_n be_v make_v in_o the_o name_n of_o seisin_n and_o from_o thence_o they_o be_v call_v tenant_n by_o the_o verge_n in_o some_o manor_n in_o stead_n of_o a_o wand_n a_o straw_n be_v use_v and_o in_o other_o manor_n a_o glove_n be_v use_v et_fw-la consuetudo_fw-la loci_fw-la semper_fw-la est_fw-la observanda_fw-la a_o surrender_n where_o by_o a_o subsequent_a admittance_n the_o grant_n be_v to_o receive_v his_o perfection_n and_o confirmation_n be_v rather_o a_o manifest_v of_o the_o grantors_n intention_n than_o of_o pass_v away_o any_o interest_n in_o the_o possession_n for_o till_o admittance_n the_o lord_n take_v notice_n of_o the_o grantor_n as_o tenant_n and_o he_o shall_v receive_v the_o profit_n of_o the_o land_n to_o his_o own_o use_n and_o shall_v discharge_v all_o service_n due_a to_o the_o lord_n but_o yet_o the_o interest_n be_v in_o he_o but_o secundum_fw-la quid_fw-la and_o not_o absolute_o for_o he_o can_v pass_v away_o the_o land_n to_o any_o other_o or_o make_v it_o subject_a to_o any_o other_o encumbrance_n than_o it_o be_v subject_a to_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o surrender_n neither_o in_o the_o grantee_n be_v any_o manner_n of_o interest_n invest_v before_o admittance_n for_o if_o he_o enter_v he_o be_v a_o trespasser_n and_o punishable_a in_o trespass_n and_o if_o he_o surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o another_o this_o surrender_n be_v mere_o void_a and_o by_o no_o matter_n ex_fw-la post_fw-la facto_fw-la can_v be_v confirm_v for_o though_o the_o first_o surrender_n be_v execute_v before_o the_o second_o so_o that_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o admittance_n of_o he_o to_o who_o use_n the_o second_o surrender_n be_v make_v his_o surrenderer_n have_v a_o sufficient_a interest_n as_o absolute_a owner_n yet_o because_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o surrender_n he_o have_v but_o a_o possibility_n of_o a_o interest_n therefore_o the_o subsequent_a admittance_n can_v make_v this_o act_n good_a which_o be_v void_a ab_fw-la initio_fw-la but_o though_o the_o grantee_n have_v but_o a_o possibility_n upon_o the_o surrender_n yet_o this_o be_v such_o a_o possibility_n as_o be_v accompany_v with_o a_o certainty_n for_o the_o grantee_n can_v possible_o be_v delude_v or_o defraud_v of_o the_o effect_n of_o his_o surrender_n and_o the_o fruit_n of_o his_o grantee_n for_o if_o the_o lord_n refuse_v to_o admit_v he_o he_o be_v compelable_a to_o do_v it_o by_o a_o sub_fw-la paena_fw-la in_o the_o chancery_n and_o the_o grantor_n hand_n be_v ever_o bind_v from_o the_o dispose_n of_o the_o land_n any_o other_o way_n and_o his_o mouth_n ever_o stop_v from_o revoak_v or_o countermand_v his_o surrender_n but_o peradventure_o if_o a_o copyholder_n languish_v in_o extremity_n surrender_v out_o of_o court_n to_o the_o use_n of_o his_o cousin_n in_o consideration_n of_o consanguinity_n or_o to_o the_o use_n of_o his_o son_n in_o consideration_n of_o natural_a love_n and_o affection_n and_o after_o recover_v his_o health_n before_o presentment_n this_o surrender_n be_v revocable_a or_o countermandable_a but_o if_o it_o be_v grant_v upon_o valuable_a consideration_n as_o for_o the_o discharge_n of_o debt_n or_o for_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n pay_v though_o it_o be_v make_v out_o of_o court_n yet_o it_o be_v as_o bind_v as_o any_o surrender_n whatsoever_o make_v in_o court_n and_o thus_o much_o for_o a_o surrender_n a_o word_n of_o a_o presentment_n sec_n xl._n the_o presentment_n by_o the_o general_a custom_n of_o manor_n be_v to_o be_v make_v at_o the_o next_o court_n day_n immediate_o after_o the_o surrender_n but_o by_o special_a custom_n in_o some_o place_n it_o will_v serve_v at_o the_o second_o or_o three_o court_n and_o it_o be_v to_o be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o person_n that_o take_v the_o surrender_n and_o in_o all_o point_v material_a according_a to_o the_o true_a tenure_n of_o the_o surrender_n and_o therefore_o if_o the_o surrender_n be_v conditional_a and_o the_o presentment_n be_v absolute_a both_o the_o surrender_n presentment_n and_o admittance_n thereupon_o be_v whole_o void_a but_o if_o the_o conditional_a surrender_n be_v present_v and_o the_o steward_n in_o enter_v of_o it_o omit_v the_o condition_n yet_o upon_o sufficient_a proof_n make_v in_o court_n the_o surrender_n shall_v not_o be_v avoid_v but_o the_o roll_v amend_v and_o this_o shall_v be_v no_o conclusion_n to_o the_o party_n to_o plead_v or_o give_v in_o evidence_n the_o truth_n of_o the_o matter_n if_o i_o surrender_v out_o of_o court_n and_o die_v before_o presentment_n if_o presentment_n be_v make_v after_o my_o death_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n b._n co._n 4._o foe_n 39_o b._n this_o be_v sufficient_a so_o if_o he_o to_o who_o use_n the_o surrender_n be_v make_v die_v before_o presentment_n yet_o upon_o presentment_n make_v after_o his_o death_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n his_o heir_n shall_v be_v admit_v and_o so_o if_o i_o surrender_v out_o of_o court_n to_o the_o use_n of_o one_o for_o life_n the_o rendrour_n and_o the_o lessee_n for_o life_n die_v before_o presentment_n yet_o upon_o presentment_n make_v he_o in_o the_o remainder_n shall_v be_v admit_v and_o so_o if_o i_o surrender_v to_o two_o joint_o and_o one_o die_v before_o presentment_n the_o other_o shall_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o whole_a the_o same_o law_n be_v if_o those_o into_o who_o hand_n the_o surrender_n be_v make_v die_v before_o presentment_n upon_o sufficient_a proof_n in_o court_n that_o such_o a_o surrender_n be_v make_v the_o lord_n shall_v be_v compel_v to_o admit_v according_o and_o if_o the_o steward_n the_o bailiff_n or_o the_o tenant_n into_o who_o hand_n the_o surrender_n be_v make_v refuse_v to_o present_v upon_o a_o petition_n or_o a_o bill_n exhibit_v in_o the_o lord_n court_n the_o party_n grieve_v shall_v find_v remedy_n but_o if_o the_o lord_n will_v not_o do_v he_o right_o he_o may_v both_o sue_v the_o lord_n and_o they_o that_o take_v the_o surrender_n in_o the_o chancery_n and_o shall_v there_o find_v relief_n thus_o much_o of_o presentment_n a_o word_n of_o admittance_n sec_n xli_o admittance_n be_v threefold_a 1._o a_o admittance_n upon_o a_o voluntary_a grant_n 2._o a_o admittance_n upon_o surrender_n 3._o a_o admittance_n upon_o a_o descent_n involuntary_a admittance_n the_o lord_n be_v a_o instrument_n for_o though_o it_o be_v in_o his_o power_n to_o keep_v the_o land_n in_o his_o own_o hand_n or_o to_o dispose_v of_o it_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o to_o that_o intent_n may_v be_v repute_v as_o absolute_a owner_n yet_o because_o in_o dispose_v of_o it_o he_o be_v bind_v to_o observe_v the_o custom_n precise_o in_o every_o point_n and_o can_v neither_o in_o estate_n nor_o tenure_n bring_v in_o any_o alteration_n in_o this_o respect_n the_o law_n account_v he_o custom_n instrument_n if_o the_o custom_n do_v warrant_v a_o estate_n only_o durante_fw-la viduitate_fw-la and_o the_o lord_n admit_v for_o life_n this_o shall_v not_o bind_v his_o heir_n or_o successor_n because_o custom_n have_v not_o sufficient_o confirm_v it_o so_o if_o the_o lord_n fail_v in_o reserve_v verum_fw-la &_o antiquum_fw-la redditum_fw-la as_o if_o he_o reserve_v ten_o shilling_n where_o the_o usual_a rent_n customable_o reserve_v be_v twenty_o shilling_n this_o may_v be_v a_o mean_n to_o avoid_v the_o admittance_n and_o the_o law_n be_v very_o strict_a in_o this_o point_n of_o reservation_n for_o though_o the_o ancient_a accustomable_a rent_n be_v reserve_v according_a to_o the_o quantity_n yet_o if_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o rent_n be_v alter_v the_o heir_n may_v avoid_v this_o grant_n for_o if_o the_o ancient_a rent_n from_o time_n to_o time_n have_v be_v twenty_o shilling_n in_o gold_n and_o the_o lord_n reserve_v it_o in_o silver_n this_o variance_n of_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o rent_n be_v in_o force_n to_o destroy_v the_o grant_n so_o if_o the_o ancient_a rent_n have_v be_v accustomable_o pay_v at_o four_o feast_n in_o the_o year_n and_o the_o lord_n reserve_v it_o at_o two_o feast_n so_o if_o two_o copyhold_n escheat_n to_o the_o lord_n the_o one_o of_o which_o have_v be_v usual_o demise_v for_o twenty_o shilling_n rend_v the_o other_a for_o ten_o shilling_n rend_v and_o he_o grant_v they_o both_o by_o one_o copy_n for_o one_o rend_v of_o thirty_o shilling_n this_o be_v not_o good_a and_o so_o if_o a_o copyhold_n of_o three_o acre_n escheate_n which_o have_v be_v ever_o grant_v for_o three_o shilling_n rend_v and_o the_o lord_n grant_v one_o acre_n and_o reserve_v pro_fw-la rata_fw-la one_o shilling_n rend_v verus_fw-la &_o antiquus_fw-la reddit_fw-la be_v not_o reserve_v but_o if_o a_o copyhold_n of_o six_o
the_o bailiff_n of_o the_o manor_n be_v to_o have_v the_o wardship_n of_o the_o copyhold_n heir_n be_v under_o the_o age_n of_o fourteen_o such_o a_o guardian_n shall_v neither_o be_v admit_v nor_o pay_v a_o fine_a because_o he_o be_v but_o a_o partnor_n of_o the_o profit_n and_o that_o not_o in_o his_o own_o right_n but_o in_o the_o right_n of_o he_o to_o who_o he_o be_v guardian_n if_o the_o copyhold_n land_n of_o a_o bankrupt_a be_v sell_v according_a to_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 13._o eliz._n cap._n 7._o the_o vendee_fw-mi shall_v be_v admit_v and_o pay_v a_o fine_a if_o a_o villain_n purchase_v a_o copyhold_n the_o lord_n of_o the_o villain_n may_v enter_v and_o seize_v it_o and_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n shall_v admit_v he_o and_o have_v a_o fine_a if_o a_o copyhold_n be_v grant_v upon_o condition_n and_o the_o condition_n be_v break_v and_o the_o grant_a enter_v he_o shall_v not_o be_v admit_v neither_o pay_v a_o fine_a because_o upon_o the_o breach_n of_o the_o condition_n and_o the_o entry_n he_o be_v to_o all_o intent_n in_o statu_fw-la quo_fw-la prius_fw-la as_o if_o no_o grant_n at_o all_o have_v be_v make_v if_o a_o copyholder_n in_o fee_n surrender_v for_o life_n reserve_v the_o reversion_n and_o the_o lessee_n for_o life_n die_v the_o copyholder_n shall_v not_o be_v admit_v to_o his_o reversion_n neither_o shall_v he_o pay_v a_o fine_a because_o the_o reversion_n be_v never_o out_o of_o he_o if_o a_o copyholder_n be_v disseise_v and_o then_o enter_v upon_o the_o desseisor_n or_o recover_v by_o plaint_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o assize_n he_o shall_v not_o be_v admit_v neither_o shall_v he_o pay_v a_o fine_a for_o he_o continue_v still_o tenant_n by_o copy_n notwithstanding_o the_o disseisin_n but_o where_o by_o a_o plaint_n a_o copyhold_n be_v recover_v upon_o the_o accru_a of_o a_o new_a title_n where_o he_o that_o recover_v be_v never_o admit_v nor_o pay_v fine_a there_o upon_o his_o recovery_n a_o admittance_n be_v requisite_a and_o a_o fine_a be_v due_a as_o if_o a_o copyholder_n die_v seize_v a_o stranger_n abate_v and_o the_o heir_n recover_v by_o plaint_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o assize_n of_o mort_fw-fr d'auncester_fw-mi upon_o this_o recovery_n he_o shall_v be_v admit_v and_o pay_v a_o fine_a if_o i_o take_v a_o wife_n copyhold_n in_o fee_n though_o by_o this_o inter-marriage_n there_o accru_v a_o present_a interest_n to_o i_o yet_o because_o i_o be_o seize_v non_fw-la jure_fw-la proprio_fw-la but_o jure_fw-la alieno_fw-la therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o be_v admit_v neither_o shall_v i_o pay_v a_o fine_a the_o same_o law_n be_v b._n vid._n plowden_n come_v 4_o 18._o b._n if_o she_o be_v a_o termor_n of_o a_o copyhold_n for_o though_o the_o term_n by_o the_o inter-marriage_n be_v so_o vest_v in_o i_o that_o i_o may_v dispose_v of_o it_o without_o control_n yet_o because_o before_o disposer_n i_o be_o possess_v of_o it_o but_o in_o the_o right_n of_o my_o wife_n therefore_o i_o shall_v neither_o be_v admit_v nor_o pay_v a_o fine_a if_o a_o copyhold_n be_v surrender_v for_o life_n the_o remainder_n to_o a_o stranger_n though_o the_o admittance_n of_o tenant_n for_o life_n be_v sufficient_a to_o invest_v the_o estate_n in_o he_o in_o the_o remainder_n yet_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o tenant_n for_o life_n he_o in_o the_o remainder_n shall_v be_v admit_v and_o pay_v a_o fine_a so_o if_o a_o copyhold_n be_v grant_v to_o three_o habend_n success_n vie_v whereby_o custom_n successive_a be_v in_o force_n if_o any_o one_o die_v he_o that_o next_o succee_v shall_v be_v admit_v and_o pay_v a_o fine_a if_o two_o copartener_n or_o tenant_n in_o common_a of_o a_o copyhold_n be_v and_o the_o one_o die_v and_o the_o other_o have_v all_o by_o descent_n he_o shall_v be_v admit_v and_o shall_v pay_v a_o fine_a but_o if_o two_o joynt-tenant_n be_v of_o a_o copyhold_n one_o die_v the_o other_o shall_v have_v all_o by_o the_o survivorship_n without_o admittance_n or_o pay_v fine_a because_o joynt-tenant_n to_o all_o intent_n and_o purpose_n be_v seize_v per_n my_o &_o per_fw-la tout_fw-fr if_o two_o several_a copyholder_n join_v in_o a_o grant_n of_o their_o copyhold_n by_o one_o copy_n or_o if_o one_o copyholder_n have_v several_a copy-holds_a grant_v they_o by_o one_o copy_n yet_o the_o grantee_n shall_v pay_v several_a fine_n for_o they_o shall_v inure_v as_o several_a grant_n b._n co._n 4_o foe_n 27._o b._n but_o if_o two_o joynt-tenant_n two_o tenant_n in_o common_a or_o tenant_n for_o life_n and_o he_o in_o the_o remainder_n join_v in_o the_o grant_n of_o a_o copyhold_n one_o fine_a only_a be_v due_a and_o it_o shall_v inure_v as_o one_o grant_v only_o so_o if_o a_o surrender_n be_v make_v and_o after_o a_o common_a recovery_n be_v have_v by_o plaint_n in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o writ_n of_o entry_n in_o le_fw-fr post_n for_o the_o better_a assurance_n one_o fine_a only_a shall_v be_v pay_v and_o thus_o much_o of_o fines_n i_o come_v now_o in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o forfeiture_n wherein_o i_o will_v chief_o rely_v upon_o these_o four_o point_n 1._o what_o act_v amount_v to_o a_o forfeiture_n 2._o what_o person_n be_v able_a to_o forfeit_v 3._o what_o person_n be_v able_a to_o take_v benefit_n of_o a_o forfeiture_n 4._o what_o act_v amount_v to_o a_o confirmation_n of_o a_o estate_n forfeit_a sec_n lvii_o of_o act_n which_o amount_v to_o forfeiture_n some_o be_v forfeit_v eo_fw-la instant_n that_o they_o be_v commit_v some_o be_v not_o forfeit_v till_o presentment_n offence_n which_o be_v apparent_a and_o notorious_a by_o which_o the_o lord_n by_o common_a presumption_n can_v choose_v but_o have_v notice_n be_v forfeiture_n eo_fw-la instant_n that_o they_o be_v commit_v as_o if_o by_o special_a custom_n upon_o the_o descent_n of_o any_o copyhold_n of_o inheritance_n the_o heir_n be_v tie_v upon_o three_o solemn_a proclamation_n make_v at_o three_o several_a court_n to_o come_v in_o and_o be_v admit_v to_o his_o copyhold_n if_o he_o fail_v to_o come_v in_o this_o failer_z be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la so_o if_o a_o copyholder_n be_v sufficient_o warn_v to_o appear_v and_o he_o fail_v this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la but_o if_o he_o be_v hinder_v by_o sickness_n or_o by_o over_o flow_v of_o water_n or_o if_o he_o be_v much_o in_o debt_n and_o fear_v to_o be_v arrest_v or_o if_o he_o be_v a_o bankrupt_a and_o keep_v his_o house_n than_o his_o default_n be_v no_o forfeiture_n if_o a_o copyholder_n in_o the_o court_n be_v call_v and_o summon_v to_o be_v swear_v of_o the_o homage_n and_o refuse_v this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la so_o if_o a_o copyholder_n be_v swear_v of_o the_o homage_n and_o then_o refuse_v to_o present_v the_o article_n according_a to_o his_o oath_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la so_o if_o a_o copyholder_n will_v swear_v in_o court_n that_o he_o be_v none_o of_o the_o lord_n copyholder_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la but_o if_o a_o copyholder_n in_o presence_n of_o the_o court_n speak_v unreverent_a word_n of_o the_o lord_n as_o that_o the_o lord_n exact_v &_o extort_v unreasonable_a fine_n and_o undue-service_n this_o be_v fineable_a only_o but_o no_o forfeiture_n and_o if_o he_o say_v in_o court_n that_o he_o will_v devise_v a_o mean_n no_o long_o to_o be_v the_o lord_n copyholder_n this_o be_v neither_o cause_n of_o fine_a not_o forfeiture_n for_o peradventure_o the_o mean_n that_o he_o intend_v be_v lawful_a viz._n by_o pass_v away_o his_o copyhold_n et_fw-la ubi_fw-la sensus_fw-la verborum_fw-la est_fw-la multiplex_fw-la verba_fw-la semper_fw-la sunt_fw-la accipienda_fw-la in_o meliori_fw-la sensu_fw-la if_o the_o steward_n show_v a_o court_n roll_n to_o a_o copyholder_n to_o prove_v that_o his_o land_n be_v hold_v by_o copy_n and_o that_o the_o copyholder_n say_v he_o be_v a_o freeholder_n and_o show_v a_o deed_n pretend_v thereby_o to_o procure_v his_o land_n to_o be_v freehold_a and_o tear_v in_o piece_n the_o court-roll_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la so_o if_o the_o lord_n b._n co._n 4._o foe_n 27._o b._n upon_o the_o admittance_n of_o a_o copyholder_n the_o fine_a by_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n be_v certain_a demand_v his_o fine_a and_o the_o copyholder_n deni_v to_o pay_v it_o upon_o demand_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la so_o if_o a_o copyholder_n will_v sue_v a_o replevin_n against_o the_o lord_n upon_o the_o lord_n lawful_a distress_n for_o his_o rent_n or_o service_n this_o be_v a_o forfeiture_n ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la but_o if_o the_o copyholdder_n be_v in_o doubt_n whether_o it_o be_v due_a or_o not_o and_o therefore_o intreat_v the_o lord_n that_o the_o homage_n may_v inquire_v the_o truth_n this_o be_v no_o forfeiture_n
licence_n of_o the_o lord_n make_v a_o lease_n for_o year_n the_o lessee_n cut_v down_o tree_n the_o copyholder_n shall_v not_o have_v a_o writ_n of_o waste_n but_o shall_v sue_v at_o the_o lord_n court_n to_o punish_v this_o waste_n if_o a_o feme_fw-fr dowable_a by_o custom_n of_o a_o copyhold_n by_o plaint_n in_o the_o lord_n court_n recover_v dower_n and_o damage_n no_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v at_o the_o common_a law_n for_o these_o damage_n because_o the_o action_n though_o it_o be_v in_o itself_o personal_a yet_o it_o depend_v upon_o the_o realitiy_n if_o a_o copyholder_n make_v a_o lease_n by_o copy_n for_o year_n or_o by_o deed_n with_o licence_n a_o action_n of_o debt_n lie_v for_o the_o rent_n reserve_v upon_o either_o lease_n at_o the_o common_a law_n but_o i_o much_o doubt_v whether_o he_o can_v avow_v for_o the_o rent_n either_o in_o the_o one_o or_o in_o the_o other_o no_o more_o than_o cestuy_n que_fw-fr use_n before_o the_o statute_n 27._o h._n 8._o cap._n 10._o can_v avow_v for_o the_o rent_n reserve_v by_o he_o upon_o a_o lease_n for_o year_n and_o yet_o he_o can_v maintain_v a_o action_n of_o debt_n for_o such_o a_o rent_n because_o a_o action_n of_o debt_n be_v ground_v upon_o the_o contract_n if_o a_o stranger_n cut_v down_o tree_n grow_v in_o the_o copyhold_n ground_n a_o action_n of_o trespass_n lie_v at_o the_o common_a law_n against_o he_o so_o do_v it_o against_o the_o lord_n where_o he_o cut_v they_o down_o when_o by_o custom_n they_o belong_v to_o the_o tenant_n because_o this_o be_v a_o mere_a personal_a action_n and_o damage_n only_o be_v to_o be_v recover_v and_o if_o a_o copyholder_n without_o licence_n make_v a_o lease_n for_o one_o year_n or_o with_o licence_n make_v a_o lease_n for_o many_o year_n and_o the_o lessee_n be_v eject_v he_o shall_v not_o sue_v in_o the_o lord_n court_n by_o plaint_n but_o shall_v have_v a_o ejection_n firm_a at_o the_o common_a law_n because_o he_o have_v not_o a_o customary_a estate_n by_o copy_n but_o a_o warrantable_a estate_n by_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o common_a law_n thus_o much_o of_o the_o manner_n how_o copyholder_n be_v to_o implead_v and_o be_v implead_v sec_n lii_o i_o come_v now_o in_o the_o sixth_o place_n to_o show_v under_o what_o statute_n copyholder_n be_v comprehend_v copyholder_n be_v comprehend_v under_o statute_n either_o by_o express_a limitation_n in_o precise_a word_n or_o by_o a_o secret_a implication_n upon_o general_a word_n by_o express_a limitation_n in_o precise_a word_n as_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o first_o of_o r._n 3._o cap._n 4._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o a_o copyholder_n have_v copyhold_n land_n to_o the_o yearly_a value_n of_o twenty_o six_o shilling_n and_o six_o penny_n above_o all_o charge_n may_v be_v impanel_v upon_o a_o jury_n as_o well_o as_o he_o that_o have_v twenty_o shilling_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la of_o freehold-land_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 1._o e._n 6._o cap._n 14._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o abbey_n and_o monastery_n copyhold_n shall_v continue_v as_o they_o do_v before_o the_o statute_n and_o shall_v fall_v into_o the_o king_n hand_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 2._o e._n 6._o cap._n 8._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o the_o interest_n of_o a_o copyhold_n shall_v be_v preserve_v notwithstanding_o it_o be_v not_o find_v by_o office_n after_o the_o decease_n of_o the_o king_n tenant_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 1._o mar._n cap._n 12._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o if_o any_o copyholder_n be_v yeoman_n artificer_n husbandman_n or_o labourer_n and_o be_v of_o the_o age_n of_o eighteen_o or_o more_o under_o the_o age_n of_o sixty_o not_o sick_a impotent_a lame_a maim_a nor_o have_v any_o other_o just_a or_o reasonable_a cause_n of_o excuse_n upon_o request_n make_v by_o any_o man_n in_o authourity_n refuse_v to_o aid_v justice_n in_o suppress_v of_o riotous_a person_n that_o then_o immediate_o he_o shall_v forfeit_v his_o copyhold_n to_o the_o lord_n of_o who_o it_o be_v hold_v during_o the_o copyholder_n natural_a life_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 5._o eliz._n cap._n 14._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o the_o forge_n of_o a_o court_n roll_n to_o the_o intent_n to_o defraud_v a_o copyholder_n shall_v be_v as_o well_o punishable_a as_o the_o forge_v any_o other_o charter_n deed_n or_o write_v seal_v whereby_o to_o defeat_v a_o copyholder_n or_o freeholder_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 13._o eliz._n cap._n 7._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o the_o copyhold_n land_n as_o well_o as_o the_o freehold_a land_n of_o a_o bankrupt_a shall_v be_v sell_v for_o the_o satisfy_n of_o the_o creditor_n so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o 14._o eliz._n cap._n 6._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o if_o any_o of_o the_o queen_n subject_n go_v beyond_o the_o sea_n without_o licence_n that_o then_o the_o queen_n shall_v not_o only_o take_v the_o ordinary_a profit_n of_o the_o fugitive_n copyhold_n land_n as_o they_o arise_v but_o shall_v let_v set_v and_o make_v grant_n by_o copy_n and_o usual_a wood-sale_n and_o other_o thing_n to_o all_o intent_n and_o purpose_n as_o a_o tenant_n pro_fw-la term_n durante_fw-la vie_fw-fr may_v do_v so_o by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o 35._o eliz._n cap._n 2._o it_o be_v express_o provide_v that_o if_o any_o person_n or_o person_n be_v convict_v of_o recusancie_n repair_v not_o home_n to_o their_o usual_a place_n of_o abode_n not_o remove_v from_o thence_o above_o five_o mile_n distant_a that_o then_o any_o person_n or_o person_n thus_o offend_v shall_v not_o only_o forfeit_v their_o freehold_a land_n to_o the_o queen_n but_o withal_o their_o copyhold_n land_n to_o the_o lord_n or_o lord_n of_o who_o it_o be_v hold_v thus_o have_v i_o show_v in_o brief_a under_o what_o statute_n copyholder_n be_v comprehend_v by_o express_a limitation_n in_o precise_a word_n now_o i_o will_v show_v you_o as_o brief_o as_o i_o can_v under_o what_o statute_n they_o be_v comprehend_v by_o secret_a implication_n upon_o general_a word_n sec_n liii_o some_o hold_n that_o all_o statute_n that_o speak_v general_o of_o tenant_n extend_v to_o tenant_n by_o copy_n but_o it_o be_v much_o to_o be_v fear_v that_o we_o shall_v wander_v from_o the_o truth_n if_o we_o give_v credit_n to_o this_o conceit_n for_o if_o we_o peruse_v the_o statute_n we_o shall_v meet_v with_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o they_o that_o speak_v general_o of_o tenant_n and_o yet_o touch_v not_o tenant_n by_o copy_n wherefore_o not_o give_v way_n to_o this_o opinion_n as_o be_v erroneous_a i_o will_v set_v you_o down_o a_o infallible_a rule_n which_o will_v true_o direct_v you_o in_o the_o exposition_n of_o the_o general_a word_n in_o statute_n and_o that_o be_v thus_o when_o a_o act_n in_o parliament_n alter_v the_o service_n tenure_n interest_n of_o the_o land_n 8._o co._n 3._o foe_n 8._o or_o other_o thing_n in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o of_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n or_o in_o prejudice_n of_o the_o tenant_n there_o the_o general_a word_n of_o such_o a_o act_n in_o parliament_n extend_v not_o to_o the_o copyhold_n but_o when_o a_o act_n be_v general_o make_v for_o the_o good_a of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o no_o prejudice_n may_v accrue_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o alteration_n of_o any_o interest_n service_n tenure_n or_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n there_o usual_o copy-holds_a be_v within_o the_o general_a purveiw_n of_o such_o acts._n the_o statute_n of_o west_n 2._o ca._n 1._o of_o intail_v extend_v not_o to_o copyhold_n because_o it_o will_v be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o lord_n for_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o tenure_n be_v alter_v for_o the_o donee_n intayle_v without_o any_o special_a reservation_n ought_v to_o hold_v of_o the_o donor_n by_o the_o same_o service_n that_o the_o donor_n hold_v over_o beside_o the_o word_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v quod_fw-la voluntas_fw-la donator_n in_fw-la charta_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la manifesta_fw-la expressa_fw-la decetero_fw-la observit_fw-la which_o prove_v that_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v that_o no_o hereditament_n shall_v be_v entail_v within_o this_o statute_n but_o such_o a_o one_o as_o either_o be_v give_v or_o at_o least_o may_v be_v give_v by_o charter_n or_o deed_n but_o copyhold_n be_v no_o such_o hereditament_n and_o therefore_o not_o within_o the_o body_n of_o the_o act_n yet_o it_o be_v hold_v that_o custom_n with_o the_o cooperation_n of_o the_o statute_n will_v make_v a_o estate_n tail_n the_o statute_n of_o w._n 2._o ca._n 20._o which_o give_v the_o elegit_fw-la extend_v not_o to_o copyhold_n because_o it_o will_v be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o lord_n and_o a_o breach_n of_o the_o custom_n that_o any_o stranger_n shall_v have_v interest_n in_o the_o land_n hold_v by_o
copy_n without_o the_o admittance_n and_o ordinary_a allowance_n of_o the_o lord_n the_o statute_n of_o 16._o r._n 2._o cap._n 5._o which_o make_v it_o a_o forfeiture_n of_o land_n tenament_n and_o hereditament_n to_o the_o purchasor_n of_o excommunication_n bull_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n against_o the_o king_n etc._n etc._n extend_v not_o to_o copyhold_n because_o it_o will_v be_v prejudicial_a to_o the_o lord_n to_o have_v the_o king_n so_o far_o intereress_v in_o his_o copyhold_n without_o his_o consent_n the_o stature_n of_o 2._o h._n 5._o ca._n 7._o of_o heretic_n extend_v not_o to_o copyhold_n for_o though_o the_o lord_n of_o a_o manor_n be_v yearly_a to_o receive_v a_o benefit_n in_o have_v the_o land_n after_o the_o year_n and_o the_o day_n forfeit_v unto_o he_o yet_o because_o the_o king_n be_v a_o sharer_n in_o this_o for_o feiture_n therefore_o land_n by_o copy_n be_v not_o comprehend_v under_o the_o general_a word_n beside_o the_o statute_n speak_v of_o the_o king_n have_v annuum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o vastum_fw-la of_o these_o land_n forfeit_v for_o heresy_n as_o in_o land_n forfeit_v for_o felony_n whereby_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o meaning_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v that_o such_o land_n only_o shall_v be_v forfeit_v in_o which_o the_o king_n by_o the_o ordinary_a course_n of_o the_o law_n shall_v have_v a_o nuum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o vastum_fw-la if_o the_o tenant_n of_o they_o have_v commit_v felony_n but_o such_o land_n be_v not_o land_n by_o copy_n for_o if_o a_o copyholder_n commit_v felony_n his_o copyhold_n be_v present_o forfeit_v to_o the_o lord_n therefore_o copyhold_n be_v out_o of_o the_o general_a purview_n of_o this_o statute_n sec_n liv._o the_o statute_n of_o 27._o h._n 8._o ca._n 10._o of_o use_v touch_v not_o copyhold_n because_o the_o transmutation_n of_o possession_n by_o the_o sole_a operation_n of_o the_o statute_n without_o allowance_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o the_o agreement_n of_o the_o tenant_n will_v tend_v to_o the_o prejudice_n both_o of_o the_o lord_n and_o of_o the_o tenant_n and_o the_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o statute_n which_o speak_v of_o jointure_n touch_v not_o copy-holds_a because_o dower_n of_o copyhold_n be_v warrant_v by_o special_a custom_n only_o and_o not_o by_o the_o common_a law_n or_o by_o the_o general_a custom_n the_o statute_n of_o 31._o of_o h._n 8._o ca._n 1._o &_o 32._o h._n 8._o cap._n 32._o by_o which_o joynt-tenement_n and_o tenant_n in_o common_a be_v compellable_n to_o make_v partition_n by_o a_o writ_n de_fw-fr partitione_n faciend_n as_o copartener_n at_o the_o common_a law_n touch_v not_o copyhold_n because_o this_o alteration_n of_o the_o tenure_n without_o the_o lord_n consent_n may_v sound_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o lord_n the_o statute_n of_o 32._o h._n 8._o ca._n 28._o which_o confirm_v lease_n for_o 21._o year_n or_o three_o life_n make_v by_o tenant_n in_o tail_n or_o by_o the_o husband_n and_o wife_n of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o wife_n touch_v not_o copyhold_n for_o the_o statute_n speak_v of_o lease_n make_v by_o deed_n only_o so_o that_o the_o intent_n of_o the_o statute_n be_v to_o warrant_v the_o lease_n of_o such_o land_n only_o as_o be_v grantable_a by_o deed_n but_o such_o be_v not_o copyhold-land_n for_o though_o they_o may_v by_o licence_n of_o the_o lord_n be_v demise_v by_o indenture_n yet_o in_o their_o own_o name_n they_o be_v demiseable_a only_o by_o copy_n and_o therefore_o out_o of_o the_o general_a purview_n of_o the_o statute_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o same_o statute_n cap._n 34._o which_o give_v a_o entry_n to_o the_o grantee_n of_o a_o reversion_n upon_o the_o breach_n of_o a_o condition_n by_o the_o particular_a tenant_n touch_v not_o copyhold_n sec_n lv._o the_o stat._n of_o 17._o e._n 2._o cap._n 10._o which_o give_v the_o wardship_n of_o idiot_n land_n unto_o the_o king_n touch_v not_o the_o idiot_n copyhold_n for_o thereby_o great_a prejudice_n will_v accrue_v to_o the_o lord_n but_o the_o statute_n of_o marton_n cap._n 1._o which_o give_v damage_n to_o a_o feme_fw-fr upon_o a_o recovery_n in_o a_o writ_n of_o dower_n b._n co._n 4._o foe_n 30._o b._n where_o the_o baron_n die_v seize_v extend_v to_o copyhold_n so_o that_o the_o statute_n of_o westm_n 2._o cap._n 3_o and_o the_o three_o several_a branch_n of_o the_o same_o statute_n 1._o the_o one_o which_o give_v the_o cui_fw-la in_o vita_fw-la upon_o a_o discontinuance_n make_v by_o the_o baron_n 2._o the_o second_o which_o give_v the_o receipt_n unto_o the_o feme_fw-fr upon_o the_o baron_n refusal_n to_o defend_v the_o wife_n title_n 3._o and_o the_o three_o which_o give_v a_o quod_fw-la ei_fw-la deforceat_fw-la to_o particular_a tenant_n extend_v to_o copyhold_n so_o that_o the_o statute_n of_o 31._o h._n 8._o ca._n 13._o of_o monaster_n which_o provide_v for_o the_o avoidance_n of_o double_v of_o estate_n and_o the_o statute_n 32._o h._n 8._o cap._n 9_o against_o champerty_n and_o buy_v of_o litigious_a title_n and_o chap._n 28._o which_o give_v a_o entry_n in_o liew_n of_o a_o cui_fw-la in_o vita_fw-la 26._o co_n 4._o foe_n 26._o extend_v all_o to_o copyhold_n because_o these_o statute_n be_v beneficial_a to_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o not_o at_o all_o prejudicial_a to_o the_o lord_n in_o the_o alteration_n of_o tenure_n estate_n service_n etc._n etc._n so_o the_o statute_n of_o 4._o h._n 7._o cap._n 24._o of_o fines_n extend_v to_o copyhold_n for_o if_o a_o copyholder_n be_v disseise_v and_o the_o desseisor_n levi_v a_o fine_a with_o proclamation_n and_o five_o year_n pass_v without_o any_o claim_n make_v this_o be_v a_o bar_n both_o to_o the_o lord_n and_o to_o the_o copyholder_n so_o if_o a_o copyholder_n make_v a_o feoffment_n in_o fee_n and_o the_o feoffee_n levi_v a_o fine_a with_o proclamation_n and_o five_o year_n pass_v the_o lord_n be_v bar_v but_o if_o a_o copyholder_n levy_v a_o fine_a and_o five_o year_n pass_v the_o lord_n be_v not_o bar_v for_o the_o fine_a levy_v the_o copyhold_n have_v no_o francktenant_n be_v utter_o void_a and_o whereas_o it_o have_v be_v doubt_v that_o this_o statute_n shall_v not_o extend_v to_o copyhold_n but_o the_o lord_n shall_v hereby_o receive_v grand_a prejudice_n a._n co._n 9_o foe_n 105._o a._n for_o he_o shall_v not_o only_o lose_v the_o fine_n upon_o alienation_n or_o descent_n and_o the_o benefit_n of_o forfeiture_n but_o shall_v withal_o be_v in_o hazard_n to_o be_v bar_v of_o his_o francktenant_n and_o inheritance_n to_o that_o i_o answer_v if_o the_o lord_n receive_v any_o such_o prejudice_n it_o be_v through_o his_o own_o default_n for_o not_o make_v claim_n for_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o privity_n in_o estate_n that_o be_v between_o he_o and_o the_o copyholder_n he_o may_v make_v claim_n as_o well_o as_o the_o copyholder_n himself_o et_fw-la vigilantibus_fw-la non_fw-la dormientibus_fw-la jura_fw-la subveniunt_fw-la thus_o have_v i_o show_v under_o what_o statute_n copyhold_n be_v comprehend_v i_o come_v now_o in_o the_o seven_o place_n to_o speak_v of_o fines_n sec_n lvi_o a_o fine_a be_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n pay_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o manor_n for_o a_o income_n into_o any_o land_n or_o tenement_n in_o some_o manor_n fine_n be_v certain_a in_o some_o incertain_a copyhold_n fine_n of_o copyhold_n by_o special_a custom_n copyholder_n be_v to_o pay_v fine_n upon_o licence_n grant_v unto_o they_o to_o demise_n by_o indenture_n but_o by_o general_a custom_n they_o be_v to_o pay_v fine_n only_o upon_o admittance_n if_o the_o lord_n have_v a_o copyhold_n by_o escheat_n forfeiture_n or_o other_o mean_n make_v a_o voluntary_a admittance_n a_o fine_a be_v due_a unto_o the_o lord_n if_o a_o copyholder_n surrender_v to_o the_o use_n of_o a_o stranger_n and_o the_o lord_n admit_v a_o fine_a be_v due_a to_o the_o lord_n so_o if_o a_o copyhold_n descend_v and_o the_o lord_n admit_v the_o heir_n where_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n the_o wife_n be_v to_o have_v dower_n and_o the_o husband_n be_v to_o be_v tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n of_o a_o copyhold_n either_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v admit_v and_o shall_v pay_v a_o fine_a to_o the_o lord_n if_o a_o copyhold_n be_v grant_v du_fw-fr rante_fw-fr vie_fw-fr and_o the_o grantee_n die_v live_v cestuy_n que_fw-fr vie_fw-fr and_o a_o stranger_n enter_v as_o a_o general_a occupant_a he_o shall_v be_v admit_v and_o shall_v pay_v a_o fine_a and_o so_o if_o a_o copyhold_n be_v grant_v to_o one_o and_o his_o heir_n durante_fw-la vie_v and_o the_o grantee_n die_v and_o his_o heir_n enter_v as_o a_o special_a occupant_a where_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n a_o copyhold_n may_v be_v extend_v upon_o the_o extent_n the_o party_n shall_v be_v admit_v and_o shall_v pay_v a_o fine_a where_o by_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n