for abrogating the ancient lawes and customes of the land hee established others such as either he had brought out of Normandie or that he thought more fitte for the present gouerment of the English nation And further taking from the Englishmen their lands and possessions hee bestowed them on his followers and partakers in his conquest at his owne will and pleasure Herevpon as also by manie other extremities dayly offered more and more to all degrees and estates the great men especially who thorow the greatnesse of their mindes could worst indure so many indignities conuaied them-selues out of the realme some into one country some into another hoping to finde such fauour with forraigne Princes as with their helpe they might happily one day finde meanes to bee restored againe to their former estates and dignities in their natiue Countrie Amongst these Edgar Atheling whom this businesse concerned more then any of the rest purposing to haue sailed into Germanie to his friends and alliance there together with his mother and two sisters was by contrary windes as the Lord would haue it driuen into Scotland where they were curteously intertained of Malcolme surnamed Cammore the King of that Countrie the rather because they were of the bloud and linage of King Edward the Confessor by whose especiall meanes he had beene established in his Kingdome Shortly after in respect no doubt of the possibilitie wherein shee stood to come by the Crowne of England after her brother King Malcolme tooke to wife the Lady Marguerit the elder sister This marriage was solemnized about Easter next following in the yeare 1067. King William hearing what had passed in Scotland and fearing lest this alliance might worke him some displeasure for Edgar had many well-willers in England forth-with sent an Harold of Armes to King Malcolme for the deliuery of him which if it would not be granted then he should denounce open warre against him Answer was here-unto made that hee held it a very vniust thing yea a very wicked part for him to deliuer Edgar into his hands that onely for feare of the losse of his life was forced to flie out off England beeing of that innocent carriage and demeanor towards the King his Maister that euen his greatest aduersaries could no way touche him with the least suspition of disloyaltie Further that he was now bound besides the respect of ordinary humanitie in this case by more straight bands of neere alliance to tender his estate So as King Malcome was no whit terrified with these threats still intertaining Edgar his friends that dayly repaired into Scotland by whom King Malcome being incouraged tooke the oportunitie that was offered For whilest King William was occupied in pursuing the English Rebels he with his armie entred into England wasting and spoiling the countries of Theisdale and Cleueland and the lands of Saint Cutbert with diuers other in those parts For the suppressing of whom King William sent Gospatrike whom he had lately before made Earle of Northumberland in the place of Syward that tooke part against him with the Scottes and Englishmen their adherents Entring into those parts he made the like spoile as was before made by the Scottes so as those countries were grieuouslie afflicted on both sides But yet their miseries had no end for Gospatricke was no sooner returned but the Scots entring those countries againe exceeding their former cruelty vpon the poore inhabitance King William to giue end to these extremities hauing assembled a mighty armie in his owne person entred into Scotland about the middest of August pursuing the English rebels and their partakers into Galloway but they being not disposed to abide his approach fled vnto the Mountaines wherefore giuing them ouer hee turned his forces into Lothiane where he vnderstood that king Malcome was incamped with all his whole powre purposing to make a conquest of Scotland also But when these two puissant armies were euen ready to assaile one the other the Scottish king distrusting his strength and fearing the fortune of the Conqueror sent an Harrald of Armes to enter into treatie of a firme peace betweene the two Nations wherevnto king William was drawne at the length on these conditions First that king Malcome should doe homage vnto the king of England for the realme of Scotland On the other side that king William should pardon all those Englishmē which then tooke part with Malcome against him Further to auoide all occasion of quarrell that happily might afterwards arise about the limits bounds of the two kingdoms it was agreed vpon that a crosse of stone should be erected in Steenmore which tooke that name of the nature of the soile which was very stonie bearing the Armes and Image of the king of England on the South-side thereof and on the contrary-side the armes and Image likewise of the king of Scotland which while it stood for many yeares after was called the crosse of the kings Thus were they accorded and thence-forth continued in friendship while they liued together King William in his returne tooke the Earledome of Northumberland from Gospatricke on whom he had lately bestowed the same and gaue it to Waltheof the sonne of Siward deceased that held it in the right of Alfred his wife the daughter heire of Aldread some-time Earle of that Prouince Waltheof was in that fauour with the king that shortly after he gaue him to wife the lady Iudith his neece daughter to Lambert Earle of Leux with all the lands belonging to the honor of Huntington whereby he became Earle of Northumberland Huntington Notwithstanding these especial fauours Waltheof not long after entred into a conspiracy against the king which although he disclosed before it brake out into open warre king William was so highly offended thereat that he caused him to be beheaded not without some note of cruelty hauing reuealed the whole practise and submitted himselfe to the kings mercy Edgar Atheling returning out of Scotland obteined the kings fauour was highly aduanced but to auoid further danger in which case a Prince cannot be too circumspect he was not admitted without leaue to depart the Court while he liued King William the Conqueror being deceased in the 20. 1087. yeare of his raigne about 14. yeares after the former conclusion of peace whether it was to reuenge the death of Earle Waltheof his cousine germaine executed as before you haue heard or whether he was drawn on by an ambitious humor to inlarge his dominions or as some haue rather thought prouoked therevnto by some vnkindnes offred by K. Williā Rufus who succeeded his father here whatsoeuer the cause was King Malcolme taking the oportunitie while the King and his elder brother Robert Duke of Normandie were at some variance about the Crowne entred with his Armie into Northumberland preying vpon the inhabitants as farre as Chester in the street The King of England sent such forces against him as that entring into Scotland they tooke the Castell of Anwicke putting
was surrendred vpon the like condition The Castle of Striueling at the kings approach beeing left desolate and hauing the gates set wide open offered it selfe vnto his entrance King Edward following his good fortune passed from hence ouer the forth and about Midsomer came to the Towne S. Iohn While hee remained there king Iohn now dispayring to recouer by force his manifold losses sought by intreaty to be reconciled and receiued into grace which at length was granted so as king Iohn and his Nobilitie acknowledging their error resigned the kingdome of Scotland into the hands of king Edward in māner following Iehan per le grace de Dieu c. Iohn by the grace of God king of Scotland To all those that these present Letters shall see or heare sendeth greeting Because that wee through euill counsell and our owne simplicitie haue grieuously offended our Soueraigne Lord Edward by the Grace of God king of England Lord of Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine in many things that is to say In that whereas wee being and abiding vnder his faith and homage haue bound our selues vnto the king of France which then was his enemy yet is procuring a marriage with the Daughter of his Brother Charles de valois And that wee might vex our sayd Lord and aide the king of France withall our powre by warre and other meanes we haue at length by aduise of peruerse counsell defied our sayd Lord the King of England and haue put our selues out of his allegiance and homage and sent our people into England to burne houses to take spoiles to commit murther with many other damages and also in fortifying the kindome of Scotland which is of his fee putting armed men into townes Castells and other places to keepe the Land against him defraud him of his fee. For the which transgressions our sayd soueraigne Lord the king entring into the realme of Scotland with his powre hath conquered and taken the same notwithstanding all that we could do against him as by right hee might do and as appertained to a Lord ouer his fee because that wee did render vnto him our homage and yet neuerthelesse made the foresaid rebellion Wee therefore it being yet in our powre free-wil do surrēder vnto him the realme of Scotland and al the people of the same with the homages In witnesse whereof wee haue caused these our letters patentes to be drawne Giuen at Brechin the tenth day of Iuly in the fourth yeare of our raigne sealed with the cōmon seale of the kingdome of Scotland This done king Edward hauing receiued the Son of Balliol in pleadge of his fathers fidelity passed on further to see the moūtaine Countries the Bishop of Durham euer keeping a daies iornay before him after hee had passed thorowe the land of Murrey and was come to Elghin perceiuing al the Country quiet he returned to Berwicke whether he sommoned all the Noblemen of Scotland of whom he receiued their seuerall homages confirming the same vnder their hands and seales in forme following Atouz ceux qui cestes lettres verrent c. To all those that these present letters shall see or heare We Iohn Cumin of Badenaw c. Do hereby vowe and promise for vs and our heires vpon paine of body and goods and of all that we haue that wee shall serue the most Noble Prince and our dearest Lord Edward by the grace of God king of England c. well and truly against all men which may liue and die at all times when we shal be required or warned by our said Lord the king of England or his heires And that we shall not know of any hurt to be done vnto them but the same wee shall let and impeach with all our power and giue them warning thereof And these things to hold and keepe we bind vs our heires all our goods And further do receiue an oth thereof vpon the holie Euangelists And after all wee and euery one of vs haue done homage vnto our soueraigne Lord the king of England in these words I become your liedge man of life members earthly honour against all men which may liue and die And our sayd soueraigne Lord the king receiued this homage vnder this forme of words We receiue it for the land of the which you bee now seased the right of vs or others saued except the lands which Iohn Balliol sometime king of Scotland graunted vnto vs after that we did deliuer vnto him the kingdome of Scotland if happily he hath giuen vnto you any of those landes Moreouer al we and euery one of vs by himselfe haue done fealty to our sayd soueraigne Lord the king in these words I as a faithfull and leidge man shall keepe faith and loyaltie vnto Edward king of England and to his heires of life member and earthly honour against all men which may liue and die And shall neuer for any person beare armoure or shal be of counsell or aide any person against him or his heires in any case that may chaunce but shall faithfully acknowledge and do the seruice that belongeth to the tenements I clame to hold of him as God mee helpe In witnesse wherof these letters pattents are made and signed with our seales Giuen at Warke the 24. of March in the yeare of the raigne of our sayd Lord the king of England fiue and twentieth King Edward hauing appointed Iohn Warren Earle of Surrey warden of Scotland Hugh Cressingham Treasurer and William Drusbie chiefe Iustice and sent a conuenient companie to attend and safe conduct Iohn Balliol and some of the principall Lords of that realme into England he followed soone after him selfe Balliol had liberty to take recreation within the circuite of twenty miles about London the rest were charged on paine of death not to passe out of England till the king had made an end of his warre with France which now he was to vndertake and to that end after his returne home about the latter ende of summer hauing prepared all things fit for that iorney hee passed ouer into Flanders where hee remained vntill the next spring and then returned backe againe by reason of a rebellion allreadie begun in Scotland a little before his going ouer and now by his absence was growne more dangerous then it was at the first thought it could proue The chiefe Captaine hereof was one Wallais a Scotishman whose meane estate had well neere worne out the memorie of his ancestry yet neuerthelesse showed himselfe euen in his greatest penury of courage not incident to a vulgar and base spirit This gallant wearied with his obscure and abiect condition of life hauing nothing to loose besides it neither valewing the same at anie great price beganne to pluck vp his benummed spirites and to be-thinke him-self how to make way vnto the atchieuement of some famous and valorous exploite fortune was so fauorable vnto him that he was sodenly aduanced beyond al mens exspectation for the extraordinary
no reckning of the holie Fathers threates wherevpon the Bishoppes published his terrible execrations against them so as King Robert Iames Dowglasse and Thomas Randolfe with all their partakers were at euerie masse thorough out England solemlie accursed three times Neuerthelesse the next yeare the Scottes inuaded the land againe a fresh so that all this cost and coniuration little or nothing auailed One companie vnder the conduct of the Earle of Murry assailed the Bishopricke of Durham An other was leade by Iames Dowglasse and the Lord Steward of Scotland who also deuiding themselues the one companie wasted the Country towardes Hartlepoole and Cleueland the other intended as much to Richmonde where the townes-men to redeeme their peace departed with a good round some of mony payed vnto them as they had done also latelie before While the Scottes tooke their pleasure in this manner in the North partes for the space of fiueteene daies the gentlemen there about repayred to Pomfret to the Earle of Lancaster offring to ioyne with him against the enemie but the Earle was not disposed to aduenture his life in the quarell of him who as he tooke it had done him much wrong But howe true soeuer that was most certaine it is that he both wronged himselfe and highlie offended his Soueraigne in taking armes against him shortly after which cost him no lesse price then the losse of his life as it bee fell to diuerse others his partakers at the battaile at Borowgh-bridge the sixteene daie of March 1321. This Earle was the greatest in title and possessions that euer yet was in England for hee was together inuested with the Earldomes of Lancaster Lincolne Leicester Derbie and Salisburie So as if hee had continued faithfull to his Prince hee might haue beene a great ayde vnto him and the realme but contrarywise as it hath beene often since seene in this land his greatnesse made him an enemie both to King and country as appeared by diuerse letters out of Scotland intercepted in their carriage hither to the Lords of his confederacie which were openly read and published afterwards in London During these troubles the Scots and French-men ceased not to molest the realme on both sides for King Robert about Midsomer following entred by the West Marches as farre as Kendall and from thence thorow Lancashire to Prestone in Andernesse burning and wasting all that stood in their way foure-score miles within the land and hauing taken their pleasure for the space of three weekes returned home without battaile The King of England being thus molested by their continuall incursions hauing also sent his Brother Edmond Earle of Kent ouer into Gâ—yenne for the defence thereof against the French-men passed yet once againe into Scotland King Robert vnderstanding what great preparation was made and in readinesse for to come against him thought it not fitte to hazard his estate being now brought to the height of his desires vpon the tickle successe of a battaile or two and therefore hee caused all the Cattle and Sheepe in the countrie to bee driuen vp to the Mountaines and what-so-euer else might serue the Englishmen to any good vse was either bestowed in some place of strength or else made vnfitte for any purpose Hee with his horse-men with-drew them-selues further into the land then that it should stand with the safetie of his enimies to approach them Hereby it came to passe that when King Edward was come to Edenborough hee was forced for want of victuals and other necessaries which bred many diseases amongst his people within fifteene dayes after his entrie into Scotland to returne home-wardes hauing onely by assault taken Norham Castell King Robert vnderstanding how much the English Armie was weakned by the great mortalitie of the common souldiours ouer-passed not so fitte an opportunitie but with all speed pursued the Englishmen wasting and spoiling the land euen as farre as Yorke and hauing gotten knowledge that king Edward was then at the Abbey of Beighland hee so couertly conducted his Armie thither as that setting on his enimies at vnawares he put them all to flight the king himselfe hardly escaping their hands In this conflict for some small resistance was made such as their short warning would afford The Lord Iohn Britaine Earle of Richmonde was taken prisoner besides diuers other of the inferiour sort The kings treasure and furniture with all the prouision and preparation pertayning to the host was either spoyled or caried away This hapned about the twelft of October anno 1322. After this defeature the Scottes passed further into the land comming to Beuerley the towns-men gaue them a summe of money wherewith they bought their peace hauing now remained in England a month foure daies they returned from thence home-home-wards King Edward now despairing of any better successe in time to come and withall foreseeing what trouble was likely to arise within his owne realme as afterwards came to passe sought meanes to obtayne peace with Scotland which in the end was yeelded vnto and the same to endure for thirteene years about the tenth of Iuly in the yeare following it was proclamed in the chiefe citties townes of both Nations The Scottes were also now content to be reconciled to the Pope hauing first recouered obtayned in England whatsoeuer they well-nere desired At the same time the league was renewed with Charles the French King lately then come to his Crowne with an addition to the former articles viz that if at any time after controuersie should arise about the succession and right to the Crowne of Scotland the same should be heard and determined by the Nobility and peeres of those two Nations onely King Edward hauing obtained peace with Scotland the French King beganne to quarell with him for default of his personall apearance being summoned therevnto to acknowledge his homage for the duchie of Aquitaine and the country of Poytou vpon which occasion the Queene his wife and the Prince of Walles were sent into France to treate with the king her brother of an agreement betweene him her husband which she effected Neuerthelesse whether she was staied their against her will vpon some complaint made of her husband or that she could not happily indure the two Spencers who were then in greatest estimation with him it seemed she had no great desire to returne into England which being perceiued or rather plotted by diuers of the Nobility and others fauoring her part more then the kings they daylie passed ouer vnto her by whom beeing brought into England the greater number forsooke the King and ioyned themselues with the Queene and her Sonne into whose handes he was thereby forced in the ende to resigne his Crowne and Scepter and shortlie after to yeeld his bodie to the violence of his cruell tormentors who beereaued him of life as the others did of lybertie hauing raigned neere twentie yeares Such was the ende of this vnfortunate King by whose misgouernment the Realme was greatlie impouerished and weakned
Francis Hothome Sir Iohn Massie Sir Leonard Beckwith Sir Thomas Cokanie Sir Peter Freshwell Sir Richard Egerton Sir Anthonie Neuille Sir Iohn Neuille Sir William Radcliffe Sir George Bowes Sir Vrian Breretone Sir William Breretone Sir Roger Breretone Sir Edward Warren Sir Brian Leytone Sir Robert Worseley Sir Thomas Talbot Sir Hugh Caluerley Sir Iohn Clere. Sir Richard Holland Sir Thomas Venables Sir Iohn Connestable Sir Edmund Trafford Sir Iohn Athertone Sir Richard Cholmeley Sir Philip Egerton Sir Hugh Willobie Sir Thomas Connestable Sir William Woodhouse Sir Edmund Sauage Sir Thomas Gerard. 11. May. 1544. Mathew Earle of Lennox being now wrought out of fauour with the French king by the practise of the Queene Mother and the Cardinall thought Scotland no safe place for him therefore to make himselfe the more able to resist the malice of his enimies at home he made meanes to be entertained of the King of England Taking therfore the sea with some other Noblemen of his country he arriued at Westchester about Midsōmer folowing From thence hauing first made his way to the King he repaired to the Court where being well entertained he maried shortly after the Lady Margaret Dowglas daughter and heire to the Earle of Angus by Queene Margaret of Scotland king Henries sister who thervpon endowed his Neece with an estate of inheritāce of certaine lands to the yearly valewe of seauenteene hundred markes of rent of assisse which to this day are called Lennox Lands From this coople descended two sonnes Henry Steward Lord Dernley the eldest was Father to Iames the sixt that now reigneth Mathew the other Brother married Elizabeth Candish Daughter to the Countesse of Shrewsbury the most famous builder of a woman in the world by whom he had onely issue the Lady Arbella a beautifull plant trayned vp as I heare by the Countesse her grand-mother in all commendable qualities and exercises of vertue and piety King Iames in regard of his iust title and claime to these lands receiueth of the Queenes maiesty that now is an yearely pension The Earle of Lennox being desirous to show his good will to do the King some acceptable seruice obtayning certaine bands of Englishmen entred into Scotland but he found not that constancy in his Country-men that he expected and therefore was inforced to returne without atchieuing his principal purpose though his labour was not all-togither lost for he raised and tooke diuerse Castells as that in the I le of Arraine belonging to the Gouernor the Castell of Rossey in the I le of Bute from whence the royall family of the Stewards Kings of Scotland now for the space of two hūdred and thirty yeares tooke their beginning Though King Henry at this time also maintayned sharpe war with France neuerthelesse hee ceased not to take the oportunity offred him thorow the ciuill dissention amongst the Scotish Nobility making continual roads forreis into their Countries About the midst of February following Sir Ralph Eeuers Lord warden of the middle Marches entred Scotland with foure thousand English Irish assured Scots passing to Iedworth without any resistance He vnderstood there that the gouerner with the Earle of Angus were lately come to the Abbay Melrosse about 8. miles distant frō thence purposing therto attēd the repaire of their forces hastning thetherward Sir Ralph therefore about mid night marching from thence hoped vpon the sudden to take them at some great aduantage beeing as yet ouer fewe to make resistance But the Scottes hauing knowledge by their Espialls of his approach though some-what to late forsooke their lodgings before they had good wills to arise leauing bag baggage behind thē in all hast they withdrew thēselues to the next mountaines frō thence to obserue the behauior of the English who finding the place abandoned tooke the spoile of al they foūd in the towne Abbay vtterly defacing the Monumēts of th' Douglasses greatly to the displeasure of the Earle of Angus his linage and so returned back towards Iedworth by this time the nūber of the Scots was wel increased by the repaire of Norman Lisle Sonne to the Earle of Rothsey a young Gentleman of good expectation and of Walter Scot with such troopes as accompanied thē thither in so much as the Gouerner was encoraged to giue the Englishmen battaile before they should reach Iedworth but because they trusted not altogither to their strength it was deuised that the maine battaile of the Scottes should lie closely in a vallie to receiue the Englishmen at vnawares which tooke effect accordingly For the Scottes sending all their horses with their keepers and those that might best be spared to the top of the hil vnder which they were embattailed the Englishmen were trained within their danger which beeing perceiued by these Scots that came on their side who were some 7. or 8. hundred they presently fel of and ioyned with the enemy The Englishmen neuerthelesse stuck to it till a great number of thē were slaine the rest beeing ouerweried with that daies and the last nights trauell betooke themselues to flight The middle battaile seeing their fellowes thus discomfeited they also turned and brake into the reereward in such confused manner as thereby the whole army was put out of order no man knowing whom to follow for his Captaine The Scottes in the meane time taking the aduantage of the winde and the Sunne were vpon them before they could well discerne what they were In this confusion euery man sought to saue himselfe whereof insued a great slaughter with very small losse on the other side Besids Sir Rafe Euers the Lord of Ogle and Sir Brian Layton who were chiefe Commanders diuers other gentlemen were slaine in the whole number of two hundred a thousand were taken prisoners well nere of whom some foure score were men of qualitie and speciall note Though the benefit of this victory fell to the Gouernor the glory thereof redownded to the Dowglasses King Henry was much greeued for the gentleman Sir Rafe Euers whose seruice had bene such in these late warrs with the Scottes that he had brought the more part of all those that inhabited within twenty miles of the borders of Eng. vnto the obedience of King Henry who now were the chiefe cause of his destruction in maner as you haue heard This yeare the French King sent Mongomery into Scotland with foure thousand Frenchmen of whome fiue hundred were lances these ioyning with the Scottes to the number of fifteene thousand in the whole came to the borders encamping ouer against Warke Castle from whence passing ouer the riuer euery other day they entred into the English marches and returned backe againe at night with such booties as they got In this manner hauing praied vpon the inhabetants fiue or sixe miles compasse for the space of a weeke to gether vnderstanding that the Earle of Hertford lieutenant ouer the North parts had taken such order for the defence of those countries that it auailed not to
in sound from the former How commeth it then to passe that this Island hath beene some-times called Albion and more lately Britaine which names can by no meanes be etimologed either from Gomerie Kumerie or the Gaules the first inhabitance thereof as hath beene prooued The name Albion no doubt was first giuen it by the Gretians whose maner it was as Maister Camden well obserueth to bestow names on all nations of their owne inuention As for example they called the Chusians who tooke that name of Chus their first parent Aethiopians of their blacknesse So it may well be that they called this Iland Albion of the Greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth White whereof the Alpes take their name because vpon the Sea coasts many white Rocks appeare to such as passe by the same And the Welch-men doe at this day call this land in their language Iniswen Inis gwyn that is the White Iland Or else they called it Albion of Albion the sonne of Neptune in like maner as they vainely and vntruly call Italie Hesperia of Hesperus the sonne of Atlas as they called Gallia Gallatia of a daughter of Poliphemus of that name But vpon what occasion soeuer this name was first giuen most certaine it is that to distinguish this Iland from the rest lying about it the Graecians first called it Albion As for the other name Britania I preferre the opinion of Maister Camden who compoundeth the same of the word Brit or Brith which in the British tongue signifieth Painted and of Tania a Greeke word signifying Region or Country So as Britania is as much to say as the country of the painted men The Latines receiued the name Britaniae from the Graecians as they did these other Mauritenia that is the country of the Moores Lusitaniae the countrie of Lusus and Aquitania ad aquas regio that is a country bordering vpon the Sea in maner as the British name Armorica signifieth super mare that is vpon the Sea Of this word Brith a Briton is called in the British Histories Brithon And no doubt the Romaines afterwards called the Britons Picti of the custome they had to Painte themselues Nec falso nomine Pictos Edomuit saith Claudian the Poet He tamed the Pictes not vntruly so called of their custome to Painte their bodies And Isiodore Non abest genti Pictorum nomen à corpore c. The Pictes saith hee wanted not a denomination of a custome they had to paint them-selues For hauing with a Needle pricked some part of their bodies they infused there-into certaine colours of hearbes and flowers for an ornament to the better sort amongst them neither were these Picts any other then the naturall Britaines who refusing to become subiect to the Romaines abandoned themselues into the furthest parts of the land Northwards where liuing vnto them-selues they retained their ancient and barbarous customes from which the other Britaines were reclaimed by the ciuill behauiour of the Romaines who there-vpon for distinction sake gaue to those Northerne Britaines then become enimies to the other the name of Picts But by Dion Tacitus and Herodian they were neuer otherwise called then by the common name to the people of this nation viz. Britaines Ausonius calleth them the Caledian Britaines because they inhabited the more hard and barraine part of the Iland for Kaledon in the Brittish tongue signifieth as much Thus wee haue attained I take it the certaine knowledge what people first inhabited this our Iland and how it came by the former ancient names Now it followeth that I should declare what forraine nations haue from time to time come from other partes and sought habitation heere also It apeareth manifestlie by the search of all ancient recordes that vntill the comming of the Romaines this Iland was neuer attempted by inuasion neither is there any memory made of the Brittaines vntill that time But when Iulius Caesar that valiant and mightie Conqueror had subdewed the Gaules euen vnto the coast ouer against vs and there beholding a newe vnknowne worlde offring it selfe as it were a preie to his hautie minde hee had not the power to confine his Conquestes with the Ocean but to giue the more glorie vnto his name and his nation hee forth-with addressed him selfe for the conquest of the same and hauing prouided all things fit for so valerous an exploite with much difficultie and small aduantage hee ariued here in the foure and fiftith yeare before the incarnation of our Lord and Sauiour Iesus Christ with which intertainement being much discontented he departed but returning the next spring better furnished he preuailed so much against Cassibelan and his Britaines that the king beeing vnwilling to hazard the losse of the whole land perswaded his compeers to become tributarie to the Romaine Monarchie Caesar here-with satisfied at the approch of winter departed home-home-wards hauing as Tacitus saieth only shewed Britaine to his nation for during the space of twentie years after as Dion his words import the Britaine 's were gouerned by their owne Kings and accustomed lawes without any Romaine Lieutenant amongst them Neuerthelesse it apeareth by Strabo that certaine British Princes procuring by Ambassage and duetifull demenour the amitie of the Emperor Augustus who purposed in person to haue come hither offred in the Capitol to the Romaine Gods presents and gifts and withal submitted themselues vnto his Soueraignty protection as vassales to the Empire After this Claudius and Vespatian subdewing the Brittains reduced those partes that lie vpon the coast of France to the obedience of the Romaines who in processe of time ouerran the best part of the Iland gouerning the same by Lieutenants so as after an hundred years from their first arriuall Iulius Agricola Domitian being Emperor conquered the whole with his nauy first compassed the same being before vnknown whether it were an Iland or part of the continēt firme land The Romaines reseruing to themselues and their subiects the more fertile and commodious part of Land left vnto the barbarous Brittaines which would not yeeld to their subiection the Northerne cold and lesse frutefull soile The Britaines continewed in their due obedience vntill the declining estate of the Empire vnder Theodosius and Valentinian about fiue hundred yeares from their first compact with Iulius Caesar at what time the Romaine legions beeing drawne hence for the defence of France the Brittish nation was leaft a preie to there bordering enemies the Pictes and Scottes who togither assailed them so furiouslie that they were in the ende driuen for their defence to call the Saxons ouer to their aide as hereafter in place more fit shal be declared During the Romaine Soueraigntie the Brittaines sundrie times opposed themselues against the same Amongst whome Caraticus was first but after many sharpe encounters hee was at length discomfited by Ostorius Scapula and sent Captiue to Rome for which victorie the Senate had determined at his returne to haue receaued him home with triumph The
all to the sword that made resistance where leauing a garrison for the defence thereof the army returned home And for the better restraint of further molestation on that side the King caused the City and Castell of Carleil which had beene ruinated by the Danes about 200. yeares before to be reedified and peopled againe granting many priuiledges to the inhabitants which they enioy to this day King Malcolme being not a little discontented with the losse of Anwicke shortly after gathered a new powre laide siege to the towne wherat both he himselfe and Prince Edward his eldest sonne by one misfortune or other for the writers agree not on that point lost their liues the whole army put to flight This came to passe in the 36. yeare of King Malcolme his raigne and in the sixt of King William Rufus 1093. Anno. 1093. Though this Malcome had in his time much disturbed the English nation by sundrie harmefull inuasions neuerthelesse by the meanes of his foresaid mariage with the sister of Edgar Atheling the realme of England became of an open and professed enemie an assured friend yea euen a very sanctuarie to his poore Orphaine children for their vncle Edgar a man of great sanctimonie and fidelitie wisely foreseeing and warily preuenting the danger wherein those babes stood vnder the vsurped gouernment of Donald their fathers brother sent presently for them into England The three sonnes Edgar Alexander and Dauid succeeded one the other in their Fathers kingdome Mawde the eldest Daughter surnamed the Good was afterwards maried to the first Henry King of England Mary the other daughter to Eustace Earle of Bulloine the base whose daughter named after her Mother was maried to Stephen King of England This happy progenie the more happy for the vertues of their deceased Mother and liuing Vncle were not onely educated at his charge and instructed in all good nurture beseeming their birth and linage but also when the young Prince Edgar was come to ripe age Edgar his Vncle obtained of king William Rufus a competent powre wherewith now the second time for once before hee had with the like helpe expulsed Donald and crowned Duncam king Malcomes base Sonne in his place hee vtterly expelled Donald and set Prince Edgar in full and peaceable possession of the Crowne of Scotland which hee enioyed during his life King William shortly after deceasing without issue his brother Henry the Conquerors yongest sonne was admitted king of England by the generall consent of the whole nation Anno 1100. King Edgar not onely renewed the league with him which before was continued with Rufus but for the more strengthning of the same he gaue the Lady Mawde his eldest sister vnto him in marriage as is aforesaid by whom he had issue that liued Mawde the Empresse Mother to Henry the second afterwards king of England The mutuall amitie that by this mariage was nourished betweene these two nations during the life of this Henry and the Queenes brothers Edgar and Alexander was confirmed by the mariage also of Dauid her yongest brother with an other Mawde the Daughter and heire of Waltheoff late Earle of Northumberland Huntingtō as before you haue heard by which mariage that Earldome with a great part of Northumberland and Westmerland were annexed to the Crowne of Scotland as afterwards shall better appeare Henry the first departing out of this life in the sixe and thirtith yeare of his raigne leaft to succeed him onely a Daughter for his sonnes were both drowned in their passage hither out of Normandie This Lady was first maried to the Emperor Henry the 4. who dying without issue she was maried againe to Geffery Plantagenet Earle of Aniou by whom she had issue while her father liued Henry the 2. afterwards king of England Notwithstanding that Stephen Earle of Boloigne nephew to the last deceased king for Adela his mother was one of the daughters of William the Conqueror had together with the rest of the nobility sworne vnto King Henry to admit his daughter the Empresse to succeed him as lawfull heire to the Crowne of England hee nothing regarding his oath made no scruple to intrude himselfe into the royall throne Immediatly whervpon he sent an Ambassage vnto K. Dauid of Scotland demanding homage as wel for that realme as for all other the lands signories which he held of him within England where-vnto K. Dauid answered that both Stephen he himselfe with all the nobility of England were all seuerally bound by oath to the obedience of the Empresse his neece as the only lawfull and liniall heire to King Henry her father whereof he for his part made that conscience as that during her life he would neuer acknowledge any other true inheritor to the crowne of Englād King Stephen not a little displeased with this his resolute answer inuaded the territories of Scotland where-vpon much trouble arose to both nations But after the warre had continued 2. or 3. yeares with equall losse on both sides in the end thorough the mediatiō especially of the Queene of England who was also Neece to K. Dauid by his other Sister Mary Countesse of Boloigne as hath beene afore-said a peace was concluded on these conditions That the Counties of Northmuberland and Huntington should remaine in the possession of Prince Henrie of Scotland as heire vnto them in the right of his Mother but Cumberland should bee thence-forth held and reputed the lawefull inheritance of king Dauid that both Father and Sonne should acknowledge and yeelde to king Stephen and his successours for the time being for these signories the accustomed seruices due for the same King Stephen was the more willing to yeelde herevnto by reason of his infinite trobles which daylie more and more increased by the plottes and practises of the friends of the Empresse neuer ceasing to worke him all the displeasure that possibly they could deuise the victory falling sometimes on the one side and sometimes on the other Such was the estate of this Land during his whole raigne for the space of eightene years In the meane season though king Dauid preferred the iust title of the Empresse before the colourable pretext of Stephen yet hee so much regarded the worde of a king that although hee was no doubt greatly solicited by the Empresse to breake of with her aduersary yet would hee not bee drawne at any time therevnto although that troublesome season offred him fit oportunity for his owne aduantage which commendable and Christian resolution well appeared in him when as afterward hee intertayned Prince Henry Sonne to the Empresse at Carliele who being come thither accompained with the Earles of Chester and Hereford and diuerse other noblemen and gentlemen of good account both of England and Normandie of purpose as it seemed to draw the king to their part whose assistance only wanted to the expelling of the vsurper hee would by no means breake his faith with England but resting quiet at home nothing was at
the Earle of Hertford Sir Iohn Dudley Lord Lisle high Admirall of England and the Earle of Shrewsbury accompanied with the Lord Cobham Clinton Coniers Sturton the Lord William Howard with many valiant Knights and Gentlemen The whole Nauy consisted of two hundred shippes and in them some ten thousand men of warre Loasing from New-Castell and entring the Scottish Sea betweene the two Ilands the Basse and the Maye The next day they passed vp the Firthe being the fourth of Maye landing the whole Armie at New-hauen two miles aboue Leith The Lord Admirall lead the fore-ward the Lord Lieutenant the maine battaile the Earle of Shrewesburie the rere-ward The Lord Gouernor being then at Edenbrough accompaned with the Cardinal the Earle of Huntley Arguile Bothwel and others with some sixe thousand horsemen and footemen purposed to inpeach their passage At the first they made showe to set vpoÌ„ the vantgard but being assayled by fiue hundred harquebutters and shroudly galled after a light skirmish they made a sodaine retraite but with such speed as they leaft their artillary behind them The Scottes returned to Edenbrugh and the Englishmen kept their course to Lieth entring the towne without any great resistance they lodged therein that night to their best aduantage The next day they landed their victuals and great artillary Hither the Lord Gouerner sent Adam Otterburne prouost of Edenbrugh with two of the baylifes to know of the Earle of Hertford the cause of his coming offering that what wrong soeuer the Engleshmen had receaued of them should be satisfied to their full contentment and that vpon those tearmes he would gladly receaue him into the towne The Earle answered that he had no commission to treat of peace but he was sent thither to take reuenge on those that had falsified their faith vnto the King his maister and therefore purposed to visit there towne in such manner as happily they would nor like of and soche bad him tel the Gouerner Vpon the returne of this answere the Gouernour taking order for the defence of the Castell departed immediately to Sterling The sixt of May the army marched towards Edenbrugh at the approch whereof the Prouost accompanied with one or two Burgesses and some officers of armes desired to speake with the lieutenant being brought to his presence he offered vnto him the keies of the towne on condition that the inhabitants might safely passe out with bag and bagage the buildings preserued from fire Answere was made that he was sent thither to take reueng as before and therfore vnlesse they would yeeld vp the towne simply without conditioÌ„ cause Men Women ChildreÌ„ to issue forth into the fields submit themselues to his will pleasure he would proceed against them with all extremity The Prouost replied that they would rather stand to their defence so departed The Englishmen comming to the Cow-gate beat it open with their great ordinance entred and slewe diuerse that made resistance forth-with the great ordinance was drawn vp the high street within reach of the shot from the Castell so as a culluering was dismounted and the English forced to retire not with out some losse of men night drawing on they departed to there camp at Leith for three dayes following they continewed firing the towne and consumed a great part there-of In the meane season foure thousand light horse-men were brought by land as was appointed from the Borders by the Lord Eeuers who ioyning with the armie at Leith did such exploits that well neere they left neither pile village nor house vnburned within seuen miles of Edenbrough besides the spoile pillage and droues of Cattell that was euery daye brought to the Campe. Hauing thus wrought their wills there-about they shipped their Artillarie and booties carried away such ships as they found in the Hauen of which the principall were the Salamander giuen by the French King at the mariage of his Daughter and the other called the Vnicorne made by the last king These two were ballanced with Cannon shot which was found in the towne to the number of foure-score thousand peeces the rest as well Scottish as English for the more part were loden with the spoile and booties belonging to the common souldiers and mariners On the fifteenth day of this month both the army by land and the fleet departed from Lieth in one houre leauing the towne on fire which was burned to the ground The armie returning home-home-wards encamped that night at Seaton seauen miles from Lieth where they burned the Castell and for more dispight destroyed the gardens and Orchards because the Lord Seaton owner of the same had beene the Cardinals best friend when hee was in prison The next night they incamped besides Dunbar where they had an alarme giuen them In the morning they burned the towne and marching forwards they were somewhat staied in the way by reason of a grose foggie mist and a report that the Lord Seaton and the Lord Hume had assembled a powre where-with to empeach their passage at a strait called the Pease But when the day cleared about two of the clocke in the after-noone the armie setting forward passed the straite without shew of enemie that would not abide their comming That night the armie lodged at Rantton 8. miles from the borders from whence the next day being the 28. of May they came to Berwick hauing lost in all this iorney not aboue forty persons for which happy successe they rendred thanks to almighty God the giuer of all victorie The names of the chiefe townes castels buildings burned and ouer-throwne in this voyage are as followeth Edenbrough the Abbay and the Kings housc Cragmiller and Castell Preston and the Castell Sengclers Castell Lawresson the Grange Markley Wester-grange Enderliegh Broughton Chester-field Craton-end Dudistone Skam house The Ficket Beuerton Tranent Shenstone Saint Minees Petinwames part Lieth the Hauen Pile New Bottle Abbay Musselbrough some part Hadington Frieries Dumbar Drilawe Trapren Kirkland hill Hatherwike Belton East Barnes Bowcland Butlerden Quickwood Blackburne Ranton Bildie All Knikorne The Queenes Ferrie The brent Iland The fiue lowest were burned by the fleet at sea for while the armie lay at Leethe the ships were not idle but scouring the riuer vp and downe on both sides well neere as high as Sterling aboue fiftie miles from the maine sea they made what spoile they could of what-so-euer fell in their way while the Earle lay at Leethe he made these knights whose names follow The Lord Clinton The Lord Coniers Sir William Wroughton Sir Thomas Holcroft Sir Edward Dorrell Sir Iohn Luttrell Sir Iohn Ienins Sir Thomas Waterton Sir Charles Howard Sir George Blant Sir Peter Mewtas Sir Edward Warner Sir Ralfe â—ulmer Sir Hugh Cholmeley Sir Thomas Lee. Sir Richard Leigh Sir Iohn Leigh Sir Lawrence Smith Sir William Vauasour Sir Richard Shirburne Sir Robert Stapleton Sir Thomas Holt. Sir William Dauenport Sir Ralphe Leycester Sir Humfrey Bradborne Sir Thomas Maliuerie Sir
with â—igâ—t thoâ—sand Sâ—ottes layed siedge to Hadington and in â—â—ort time â—o battered the walles with their great ordâ—â—ance that in diuerse places it was assâ—â—table Neuertheles the towne was so wâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—ded by Sir Iames Wilforâ— the Captaine thereof his people that the enemy had smal hope to take iâ— by force wherfore they indeuored to cut of al accesse whereby to famish the defendants keepe from them other necessaries which they wanted neuertheles by the policy of certaine English Captaines that found a way in the night with 200. horse-men thorowe the Scottish watch the towne was releeued in good time wherevpon within 4. daies after the Scots leaft the siedge fiue or sixe hundred light hors-men only excepted went euery man to his owne dwelling This made the Frenchmen more vigilant wary afterwards so as they that made the like interprice next had not so good successe for of thirty hundred hors-men wherof 700. were lances coÌ„mitted to the charge of Sir Robert Bowes Sir Thomas Palmer fewe or none escaped but was either slaine or taken prisoner This ouerthrow was imputed to the rashnes of Sir Thomas because that after his lances had before repulsed the enemies two seueral charges he would not be there-with satisfied but presuming vpoÌ„ his former fortune adueÌ„tured againe so far within their danger that being incoÌ„passed by them the English could find no way out to escape The Lord Protector in the meane time hauing prouided an army of 15000. men of whoÌ„ 3000. were Almains coÌ„mitted the conduct therof to the Earle of Shrewsbury accompanied with the L. Gray lieutenaÌ„t of the North-parts More-ouer the lord Clinton high admiral of EnglaÌ„d after created Earle of Lincoln by Q. Elizabeth with a 〈◊〉 â—â—sed kept 〈◊〉 with the â—â—â—y by land 〈◊〉 â—hey were 〈◊〉 fâ—â— a sonder but the ships that had brought the Frenchâ—â—n into Scotland which they hoped to haue met withal were before thiâ— time sent home-home-wards back againe At thâ—â—pproach of the English Monsieur â—essie raised the field retiring his army towards Edenbrugh incaÌ„ped beyond Musskelbrough in a plaâ— of grouÌ„d chosen for his best aduantage the English horse-mâ—â— coasting them al the way as they passed for the space of 7. or 8. miles The towne of Hadingâ—on being victualed and furnished of al necessary prouision the Englishmen showed themselues to the enemy who there-vpon offred skirmish but they seeming as the vnprouided to accept therof drâ—w backe themselues vntill the other were â—ome forward within danger of an ambushment laied purposely to intrap them The Englishmen 〈◊〉 â—â—king the exspected aduantage wheeling about gaue the enemy a charge inforcing him to make his cariere back with more speed then appertained thereto so as hauing him in chase diuers were slaine take prisoners namely Pierre Longâ—â— Luciuâ—â— two French Captains By this time 14. or 15. thousand Scots Irish were come to the enemies câ—mpe These new forces were â—â—â—â—ly lodged whâ— sodenly the Englishmen presented themselues in good order of battaile exspecting some profer of skirmish for the space of an houre but perceauing they had no list to leaue their strength they returned back to their owne Campe. The Nauie being now entred into the Firth was not idle for comming to the brent Iland the Englishmen set fire on foure ships and passing thence by Leeth they saluted that Towne with Cannon shot Monsieur de Villegaignon not long before this was departed from thence with foure Gallies where-with compassing all the Northerne Ilands of Scotland he arriued at Dunbritton where by appointment hee receiued into his charge the young Queene betwixt fiue and sixe yeares of age attended by the Prior of Saint Andrewes her bastard brother Iohn Aesken and William Leuistone with whom at length with much difficultie hee landed at Brest the Queene from thence was conueyed to the French Court The Lord Admirall after this attempting to burne Saint Minets was there repulsed by the Laird of Dune where-vpon the Nauie returned to attend the Armie hauing sustained some losse at that their last bickering The Earle hauing proceeded as farre as his Commission extended dissolued his armie and returned into England But the Lord Gray staying some time in the Northe parts according to the charge giuen him entred againe into Scotland with the Almaigne footmen and certaine English horsemen burning and wasting the countries of Tiuidale and Lidsdale twenty miles within the land and then returned without incounter The reason hereof was as it seemeth 〈◊〉 quarrell at that tâ—me in Edenbrâ—â—â—â— â—hen betweene the Scots the Frenchmen whâ—â— in Sir Iames Hamilton Larde of Sâ—enâ—â—house Captaine of the Castell and Prouost of the towne togâ—â—â—er with his sonâ—â— and diuerse townesmen â—â—aâ— tooke his part were slaine by the French that with-out leaue would haue entered the towne This broile no doubt bred great vnkindnesse no small iealousie in the one nation ouer the other so as some inconuenience had followed there-vpon had not the matter in time beene taken vp betweene them Monsieur Dessie to bring himselfe into credit againe with the Scots aduentured with his companies of Frenchmen Almaignes to giue a Camisadoe to Hadington for comming thither in the night about the middest of October some pretty while before day hee dispatched the watch before they were aware of any enemy and was entred into the base court ready to breake downe the towne gate before â—he alarme was raised crying out victory victory The Englishmen with the suddennesse hereof were much amased not knowing which way to turne them In this perplexitie a soldier amongst them vsing a desperate remedie for a present cure gaue 〈◊〉 with his match to a double CanoÌ„ that by good chance lay ready charged against the gate â—he which with his thunder-bolts made such a passage thorow the Frenchmen that were â—ow thronging thereat aâ— the terrour thereof made the residue to giue back The Englishmen in the meane time issuing out at a posterne gate vpon their backs â—o bestirred their Halberts and black-bils that many of their enimies were knocked downe and the residue driuen away as fast as their legges could carry them Notwithstanding Desse gathering them againe together gaue three assaults that morning to the towne but was still repelled to his great losse for they caryed away with them sixteen Carts and wagons laden with maimed soldiers and dead carcases besides nere two hundred that were found in the base court whom they left behind them Shortly after this blowe the enimie had the like successe at Dundie Forte being already possessed of the towne for the Frenchmen hauing also recouered the pile there and purposing to finish a peece of worke which the Englishmen had begun to their hands the Riengraue with his Almaignes and Monsieur De Etanges were forth-with sent thither to that end while they were about this businesse the Englishmen and their Almaignes issuing out of Broughtie-Cragge two miles distant from it came so sodenly vpon them