to_o the_o degree_n of_o law_n if_o the_o parliament_n like_v they_o nevertheless_o national_a synod_n in_o england_n undertake_v the_o quarrel_n of_o general_a council_n synod_n for_o archbishop_n peckham_n in_o a_o synod_n 1280._o enjoin_v the_o constitution_n make_v in_o the_o council_n at_o lion_n to_o be_v observe_v under_o a_o curse_n without_o consultation_n first_o have_v with_o the_o parliament_n or_o before_o he_o know_v whether_o they_o will_v be_v right_a or_o wrong_n and_o before_o he_o boniface_n make_v constitution_n in_o opposition_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v now_o come_v to_o a_o kind_n of_o contest_v whether_o synod_n or_o parliament_n shall_v hold_v supremacy_n in_o doubtful_a case_n concern_v the_o limit_n of_o the_o ecclesiastical_a and_o temporal_a power_n for_o henceforth_o king_n must_v bid_v adieu_o to_o the_o synod_n and_o sit_v no_o more_o among_o they_o and_o synod_n now_o think_v themselves_o free_a to_o consult_v and_o determine_v what_o they_o please_v without_o speak_v under_o correction_n nor_o be_v there_o other_o remedy_n leave_v to_o king_n but_o threat_n 17._o by_o writ_n direct_v to_o the_o bishop_n firmiter_fw-la inhibendo_fw-la quod_fw-la sicut_fw-la baronias_fw-la quas_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenent_fw-la diligunt_fw-la nullo_n modo_fw-la praesumant_fw-la concilium_fw-la tenere_fw-la de_fw-la aliquibus_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la coronam_fw-la regis_fw-la attinent_fw-la vel_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la personam_fw-la regis_fw-la vel_fw-la statum_fw-la suum_fw-la vel_fw-la statum_fw-la concilii_fw-la svi_fw-la contingunt_fw-la quod_fw-la si_fw-la fecerint_fw-la rex_fw-la inde_fw-la se_fw-la capiat_fw-la ad_fw-la baronias_fw-la svas_fw-la and_o this_o prevail_v so_o effectual_o that_o the_o bishop_n dare_v not_o adventure_v too_o far_o lest_o they_o shall_v go_v beyond_o their_o guard_n and_o therefore_o they_o come_v and_o ask_v leave_n of_o the_o parliament_n in_o case_n that_o trench_v upon_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 9_o as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o case_n of_o bastardy_n wherein_o they_o will_v have_v have_v their_o consent_n that_o child_n bear_v before_o marriage_n may_v be_v make_v legitimate_a by_o the_o marriage_n subsequent_a and_o yet_o they_o can_v not_o prevail_v for_o they_o be_v answer_v nolumus_fw-la leges_fw-la angliae_fw-la mutari_fw-la notwithstanding_o that_o the_o canon-law_n and_o the_o law_n of_o the_o norman_n side_v with_o they_o and_o so_o they_o obtain_v not_o their_o desire_n although_o they_o still_o retain_v the_o trial_n of_o general_a bastardy_n unto_o themselves_o nevertheless_o the_o time_n be_v such_o as_o king_n be_v too_o weak_o assist_v by_o the_o people_n and_o the_o clergy_n strong_o second_v by_o the_o pope_n they_o take_v advantage_n of_o those_o time_n of_o distraction_n so_o as_o to_o hold_v themselves_o no_o far_o oblige_v to_o the_o king_n than_o the_o pope_n and_o their_o own_o covetousness_n will_v allow_v they_o and_o to_o make_v all_o sure_a they_o have_v settle_v it_o so_o far_o as_o they_o be_v able_a by_o a_o constitution_n that_o the_o clergy_n be_v not_o bind_v to_o aid_v the_o king_n papa_n inconsulto_fw-la brit._n and_o they_o put_v it_o in_o practice_n in_o a_o synod_n under_o archbishop_n winchelsie_n anno_fw-la 1295._o in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o although_o the_o king_n prevail_v in_o the_o conclusion_n at_o that_o time_n yet_o from_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o the_o clergy_n for_o future_a time_n grant_v their_o aid_n to_o the_o king_n by_o themselves_o and_o apart_o from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o hold_v themselves_o not_o bind_v by_o any_o aid_n grant_v by_o the_o parliament_n albeit_o that_o their_o own_o aid_n grant_v in_o their_o synod_n be_v not_o obligatory_a unto_o the_o body_n of_o the_o clergy_n in_o this_o kingdom_n unless_o first_o allow_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o parliament_n and_o thus_o be_v england_n become_v like_o a_o two-bodied_n monster_n support_v with_o one_o pair_n of_o leg_n chap._n lxvii_o charta_fw-la of_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o freeman_n of_o england_n of_o the_o grand_a charter_n and_o other_o statute_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o these_o king_n shatter_v asunder_o by_o broil_n of_o civil_a war_n the_o freeman_n have_v lay_v aside_o that_o regard_n of_o the_o ancient_a mutual_a covenant_n and_o bond_n of_o decenner_n be_v now_o become_v weak_a and_o almost_o enthrall_v to_o the_o lust_n of_o king_n lord_n pope_n and_o english_a clergy_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o tax_n and_o tribute_n be_v many_o and_o new_a although_o most_o of_o they_o deserve_v not_o to_o march_v under_o any_o banner_n but_o the_o colour_n of_o oppression_n nor_o do_v any_o thing_n save_o they_o from_o the_o worst_a tenure_n of_o all_o but_o the_o several_a interest_n of_o those_o superior_a power_n which_o oftentimes_o do_v justle_v with_o one_o another_o and_o thereby_o give_v the_o commons_o liberty_n to_o take_v breath_n so_o as_o though_o for_o the_o present_a they_o lose_v ground_n and_o hunt_v upon_o a_o cool_a scent_n yet_o they_o still_o retain_v the_o prey_n within_o their_o view_n sometime_o they_o be_v cast_v far_o behind_o other_o time_n they_o recover_v themselves_o a_o truce_n be_v cry_v and_o law_n be_v make_v to_o moderate_v all_o and_o determine_v the_o bound_n of_o every_o one_o and_o thus_o come_v the_o grand_a charter_n upon_o the_o public_a theatre_n the_o historian_n say_v it_o be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o king_n john_n frame_v and_o yet_o by_o compare_v they_o together_o we_o find_v they_o disagree_v both_o in_o word_n and_o sense_n and_o therefore_o shall_v sum_v the_o same_o up_o as_o short_o as_o i_o can_v observe_v the_o difference_n of_o the_o two_o charter_n as_o i_o pass_v along_o the_o first_o chapter_n concern_v the_o church_n of_o which_o sufficient_a have_v be_v speak_v the_o freeman_n shall_v enjoy_v these_o liberty_n to_o they_o and_o their_o heir_n for_o ever_o 2._o the_o heir_n in_o knight-service_n shall_v pay_v the_o ancient_a relief_n â—_o that_o relief_n be_v settle_v by_o the_o saxon_n have_v be_v already_o show_v and_o also_o that_o they_o be_v continue_v and_o confirm_v by_o henry_n the_o first_o only_o in_o those_o time_n they_o be_v pay_v in_o horse_n arm_n etc._n etc._n but_o in_o aftertime_n all_o be_v turn_v into_o money_n which_o be_v more_o beneficial_a for_o all_o lord_n shall_v have_v their_o ward_n body_n and_o land_n after_o homage_n receive_v until_o the_o full_a age_n though_o the_o ward_n be_v former_o knight_v 1._o the_o law_n of_o wardship_n may_v seem_v more_o ancient_o seat_v in_o this_o kingdom_n than_o the_o norman_n time_n 4._o for_o if_o the_o statute_n of_o scotland_n bear_v any_o credit_n that_o law_n be_v in_o scotland_n before_o those_o time_n the_o lord_n be_v not_o to_o have_v the_o wardship_n before_o they_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o tenure_n because_o it_o be_v they_o as_o a_o fruit_n of_o the_o tenure_n according_a to_o the_o saxon_a law_n concern_v distress_n that_o it_o can_v not_o be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o lord_n to_o distrain_v till_o he_o be_v possess_v of_o the_o service_n 7._o and_o if_o by_o fraudulent_a conveyance_n the_o heir_n do_v hold_v the_o lord_n out_o of_o possession_n a_o writ_n of_o ward_n do_v lie_v against_o he_o and_o if_o he_o do_v not_o appear_v the_o lord_n may_v seize_v the_o land_n unless_o in_o case_n of_o wardship_n per_fw-la cause_n de_fw-fr guard_n and_o in_o case_n the_o lord_n will_v hold_v the_o wardship_n long_o than_o the_o full_a age_n of_o the_o heir_n 3._o a_o assize_n do_v lie_v against_o the_o lord_n for_o the_o heir_n can_v not_o enter_v without_o livery_n but_o if_o the_o heir_n be_v of_o full_a age_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o ancestor_n death_n the_o lord_n can_v not_o enter_v the_o land_n and_o yet_o he_o shall_v have_v a_o relief_n and_o the_o primer_n seisin_n and_o if_o the_o heir_n enter_v the_o land_n before_o homage_n do_v he_o gain_v no_o free_a hold_n though_o he_o be_v knight_v before_o as_o this_o law_n provide_v for_o it_o may_v seem_v that_o these_o time_n of_o civil_a war_n 13._o bring_v forth_o a_o trick_n of_o knight_v betimes_o as_o a_o honourable_a encouragement_n for_o young_a spark_n to_o enter_v the_o field_n before_o they_o be_v complete_a man_n of_o discretion_n to_o know_v whether_o the_o cause_n of_o war_n be_v good_a or_o evil_n and_o yet_o reason_n may_v induce_v a_o conceit_n that_o he_o that_o be_v think_v meet_a to_o do_v knight-service_n in_o his_o own_o person_n may_v expect_v the_o maintenance_n fit_a for_o the_o ability_n of_o the_o person_n and_o honour_n of_o the_o service_n grantee_n or_o their_o assign_v or_o committee_n of_o wardship_n charta_fw-la shall_v preserve_v the_o land_n etc._n etc._n from_o waste_n and_o the_o tenant_n from_o extortion_n they_o shall_v yield_v up_o the_o same_o stock_v
legem_fw-la apparentem_fw-la se_fw-la purgare_fw-la nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la convictus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la vel_fw-la confessus_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la and_o therefore_o no_o man_n ought_v to_o be_v urge_v upon_o such_o difficulty_n unless_o by_o the_o express_a law_n of_o the_o land_n the_o old_a way_n of_o trial_n be_v first_o to_o bring_v in_o a_o complaint_n and_o witness_n ready_a to_o maintain_v the_o same_o and_o therefore_o both_o appeal_n and_o action_n then_o use_v to_o conclude_v their_o plea_n with_o the_o name_n of_o witness_n subjoin_v which_o at_o this_o day_n be_v imply_v in_o those_o general_a word_n in_o their_o conclusion_n et_fw-la inde_fw-la producit_fw-la sectam_fw-la svam_fw-la that_o be_v he_o bring_v his_o sect_n or_o suit_n hengham_n or_o such_o as_o do_v follow_v or_o affirm_v his_o complaint_n as_o another_o part_n also_o be_v imply_v in_o those_o word_n et_fw-la hoc_fw-la paratus_fw-la est_fw-la verificare_fw-la for_o if_o the_o plaintiff_n sect_n or_o suit_n of_o witness_n do_v not_o full_o prove_v the_o matter_n in_o fact_n the_o defendant_n averment_n be_v make_v good_a by_o his_o own_o oath_n and_o the_o oath_n of_o twelve_o man_n and_o so_o the_o trial_n be_v conclude_v no_o freeman_n shall_v be_v imprison_v or_o disseise_v of_o his_o freehold_a or_o liberties_n 31._o outlaw_v or_o banish_v or_o invade_v but_o by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n and_o judgement_n of_o his_o peer_n nor_o shall_v justice_n be_v sell_v delay_v or_o deny_v this_o be_v a_o comprehensive_a law_n and_o make_v up_o of_o many_o saxon_a law_n or_o rather_o a_o enforcement_n of_o all_o law_n and_o a_o remedy_n against_o oppression_n past_a present_a and_o to_o come_v and_o concern_v first_o the_o person_n than_o his_o livelihood_n as_o touch_v the_o person_n his_o life_n and_o his_o liberty_n his_o life_n shall_v be_v under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o law_n and_o his_o liberty_n likewise_o so_o as_o he_o shall_v be_v shut_v into_o no_o place_n by_o imprisonment_n nor_o out_o of_o any_o place_n by_o banishment_n but_o shall_v have_v liberty_n of_o ingress_n and_o egress_n his_o estate_n both_o real_a and_o personal_a shall_v also_o be_v under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o law_n and_o the_o law_n also_o shall_v be_v free_a neither_o deny_v nor_o delay_v i_o think_v it_o needless_a to_o show_v how_o this_o be_v no_o new_a law_n but_o a_o confirmation_n of_o the_o old_a and_o reparation_n add_v thereto_o be_v much_o impair_v by_o stormy_a time_n for_o the_o sum_n of_o all_o the_o forego_n discourse_n tend_v thereto_o merchant_n shall_v have_v free_a and_o safe_a passage_n 32._o and_o trade_n without_o unjust_a tax_n as_o by_o ancient_a custom_n they_o ought_v in_o time_n of_o war_n such_o as_o be_v of_o the_o enemy_n country_n shall_v be_v secure_v till_o it_o appear_v how_o the_o english_a merchant_n be_v use_v in_o their_o country_n that_o this_o be_v a_o ancient_a law_n the_o word_n thereof_o show_v beside_o what_o may_v be_v observe_v out_o of_o the_o law_n of_o aetheldred_n and_o other_o saxon_a law_n so_o as_o it_o appear_v that_o not_o only_o the_o english_a freeman_n and_o native_n have_v their_o liberty_n assert_v by_o the_o law_n but_o also_o foreigner_n if_o merchant_n have_v the_o like_a liberty_n for_o their_o person_n and_o good_n concern_v trade_n and_o maintenance_n of_o the_o same_o and_o be_v hereby_o enable_v to_o enjoy_v their_o own_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o law_n as_o the_o freeman_n have_v and_o unto_o this_o law_n the_o charter_n of_o king_n john_n add_v this_o ensue_a it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a for_o every_o freeman_n to_o pass_v free_o to_o and_o from_o this_o kingdom_n save_v fealty_n to_o the_o king_n unless_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o then_o also_o for_o a_o short_a space_n as_o may_v be_v for_o the_o common_a good_a except_v prisoner_n outlaws_z and_o those_o countryman_n that_o be_v in_o enmity_n and_o merchant_n who_o shall_v be_v deal_v with_o as_o aforesaid_a and_o it_o seem_v that_o this_o law_n of_o free_a passage_n out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v not_o ancient_o fundamental_a but_o only_o ground_v upon_o reason_n of_o state_n although_o the_o freeman_n have_v liberty_n of_o free_a passage_n within_o the_o kingdom_n according_a to_o that_o original_a law_n sit_fw-la pax_fw-la publica_fw-la per_fw-la commune_v vias_fw-la and_o for_o that_o cause_n as_o i_o suppose_v it_o be_v whole_o omit_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o as_o be_v also_o another_o law_n concern_v the_o jew_n which_o because_o it_o leave_v a_o influence_n behind_o it_o after_o the_o jew_n be_v extinct_a in_o this_o nation_n and_o which_o continue_v even_o unto_o this_o day_n i_o shall_v insert_v it_o in_o this_o short_a sum_n after_o death_n of_o the_o jew_n debtor_n no_o usury_n shall_v be_v pay_v during_o the_o minority_n of_o the_o heir_n though_o the_o debt_n shall_v come_v into_o the_o king_n hand_n and_o the_o debt_n shall_v be_v pay_v save_v to_o the_o wife_n her_o dower_n and_o maintenance_n for_o the_o child_n according_a to_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o debtor_n land_n and_o save_v the_o lord_n service_n and_o in_o like_a manner_n of_o debt_n to_o other_o the_o whole_a doctrine_n of_o usury_n fall_v under_o the_o title_n of_o jew_n for_o it_o seem_v it_o be_v their_o trade_n and_o their_o proper_a trade_n hitherto_o it_o be_v first_o that_o i_o meet_v with_o 299._o forbid_v at_o a_o legatine_n council_n nigh_o 300_o year_n before_o the_o norman_n time_n but_o by_o the_o confessor_n law_n it_o be_v make_v penal_a to_o christian_n to_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o estate_n and_o banishment_n and_o therefore_o the_o jew_n and_o all_o their_o substance_n be_v hold_v to_o be_v in_o nature_n of_o the_o king_n villain_n as_o touch_v their_o estate_n 16._o for_o they_o can_v get_v nothing_o but_o be_v at_o his_o mercy_n and_o king_n do_v suffer_v they_o to_o continue_v this_o trade_n for_o their_o own_o benefit_n yet_o they_o do_v regulate_v it_o as_o touch_v infant_n as_o by_o this_o law_n of_o king_n john_n 5._o and_o the_o statute_n at_o merton_n do_v appear_v but_o henry_n the_o three_o do_v not_o put_v it_o into_o his_o charter_n as_o i_o think_v because_o it_o be_v no_o liberty_n of_o the_o subject_n 1._o but_o rather_o a_o prejudice_n thereto_o and_o therefore_o edward_n the_o first_o whole_o take_v it_o away_o by_o a_o statute_n make_v in_o his_o time_n and_o thereby_o abolish_v the_o jew_n tenant_n land_n 33._o hold_v of_o land_n escheat_v to_o the_o king_n shall_v hold_v by_o the_o same_o service_n as_o former_o in_o all_o alienation_n of_o land_n 34._o sufficient_a shall_v be_v leave_v for_o the_o lord_n distress_n submit_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o learned_a 7._o i_o conceive_v that_o as_o well_o in_o the_o saxon_a time_n as_o until_o this_o law_n any_o tenant_n may_v alien_n only_a part_n of_o his_o land_n and_o reserve_v the_o service_n to_o the_o alienor_fw-la because_o he_o can_v not_o reserve_v service_n upon_o such_o alienation_n unto_o the_o lord_n paramount_n other_o than_o be_v former_o due_a to_o he_o without_o the_o lord_n consent_n and_o for_o the_o same_o reason_n can_v they_o not_o alien_a the_o whole_a tenancy_n to_o bind_v the_o lord_n without_o his_o express_a licence_n save_v the_o opinion_n in_o the_o book_n of_o assize_n because_o no_o tenant_n can_v be_v enforce_v upon_o any_o lord_n 17._o lest_o he_o may_v be_v his_o enemy_n nevertheless_o it_o seem_v that_o de_fw-fr facto_fw-la tenant_n do_v usual_o alien_a their_o whole_a tenancy_n and_o although_o they_o can_v not_o thereby_o bar_v the_o lord_n right_a yet_o because_o the_o lord_n can_v not_o in_o such_o case_n have_v the_o distress_n of_o his_o own_o tenant_n this_o law_n save_v so_o much_o from_o alienation_n as_o may_v serve_v for_o security_n of_o the_o lord_n distress_n but_o tenant_n be_v not_o thus_o satisfy_v the_o lord_n will_v not_o part_v with_o their_o tenant_n although_o the_o tenant_n necessity_n be_v never_o so_o urgent_a upon_o they_o to_o sell_v their_o land_n and_o therefore_o at_o length_n they_o prevail_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o quia_fw-la emptores_fw-la to_o have_v power_n to_o sell_v all_o 1._o save_v to_o the_o lord_n their_o service_n former_o due_a and_o thus_o the_o lord_n be_v necessitate_v to_o grant_v licenses_fw-la of_o alienation_n to_o such_o as_o the_o tenant_n can_v provide_v to_o buy_v their_o land_n nor_o be_v this_o so_o prejudicial_a to_o the_o lord_n in_o those_o day_n when_o the_o public_a quiet_n be_v settle_v as_o it_o will_v have_v be_v in_o former_a time_n of_o war_n whenas_o the_o lord_n right_a be_v maintain_v more_o by_o might_n and_o the_o aid_n of_o his_o tenant_n than_o by_o law_n which_o then_o be_v of_o little_a power_n the_o 35th_o chapter_n i_o have_v former_o mention_v in_o the_o chapter_n concern_v
be_v to_o be_v order_v by_o tutor_n than_o child_n and_o therefore_o this_o may_v be_v annex_v to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o liberty_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o nevertheless_o it_o seem_v that_o the_o law_n take_v they_o into_o their_o regard_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o estate_n which_o may_v be_v abuse_v to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o public_a rather_o than_o out_o of_o any_o respect_n have_v to_o their_o person_n now_o because_o there_o be_v a_o difference_n between_o the_o disability_n of_o these_o person_n the_o one_o be_v perpetual_a the_o other_o temporary_a therefore_o be_v there_o also_o by_o these_o law_n a_o difference_n in_o the_o disposal_n of_o their_o estate_n for_o the_o tutor_n have_v a_o right_a in_o the_o dispose_n of_o the_o one_o and_o but_o a_o bare_a authority_n or_o power_n in_o provide_v for_o the_o other_o second_o the_o person_n of_o the_o tutor_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v ancient_o it_o be_v the_o next_o kindred_n ground_v as_o i_o conceive_v upon_o the_o natural_a affection_n go_v along_o with_o the_o blood_n and_o this_o so_o continue_v in_o custom_n until_o these_o time_n for_o though_o the_o mirror_n of_o justice_n say_v that_o henry_n the_o first_o bring_v in_o that_o course_n of_o give_v the_o custody_n of_o these_o disable_v person_n to_o the_o king_n as_o have_v be_v former_o observe_v yet_o bracton_n that_o write_v long_o after_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o 20._o speak_v of_o these_o kind_n of_o person_n say_v talibus_fw-la de_fw-fr necessitate_v dandus_fw-la est_fw-la tutor_n vel_fw-la curator_n not_o so_o much_o as_o mention_v the_o king_n in_o the_o case_n 10._o and_o in_o another_o place_n speak_v of_o such_o as_o be_v alieni_fw-la juris_fw-la say_v that_o some_o be_v under_o the_o custody_n of_o their_o lord_n and_o other_o under_o their_o parent_n and_o friend_n but_o let_v the_o time_n of_o the_o entrance_n of_o this_o law_n be_v never_o so_o uncertain_a it_o be_v now_o a_o declare_a law_n that_o the_o king_n in_o such_o case_n be_v the_o common_a curator_n or_o tutor_n of_o all_o such_o person_n as_o he_o be_v a_o chief_a justice_n render_v to_o every_o one_o his_o right_n the_o king_n shall_v have_v the_o wreck_n of_o the_o sea._n 11._o what_o shall_v be_v call_v a_o wreck_n 4._o the_o statute_n at_o west_n 1._o declare_v viz._n where_o the_o ship_n so_o perish_v that_o nothing_o therein_o escape_v alive_a and_o these_o be_v rather_o in_o their_o original_n commit_v to_o the_o king_n as_o a_o curator_n than_o give_v he_o as_o a_o proprietor_n although_o that_o custom_n have_v since_o settle_v a_o kind_n of_o right_n which_o may_v perhaps_o be_v account_v rather_o a_o title_n by_o estoppel_n for_o the_o fundamental_a ground_n be_v that_o the_o right_a owner_n can_v be_v manifest_v and_o therefore_o the_o king_n shall_v hold_v it_o and_o if_o the_o right_a owner_n can_v be_v manifest_v the_o king_n shall_v hold_v it_o till_o the_o owner_n do_v appear_v the_o heir_n in_o socage-tenure_n shall_v have_v a_o action_n of_o waste_n 17._o and_o a_o account_n against_o his_o guardian_n for_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o land_n and_o marriage_n the_o heir_n in_o socage_n be_v under_o age_n 3â—_n shall_v also_o be_v under_o custody_n of_o such_o guardian_n of_o the_o next_o kindred_n who_o can_v challenge_v right_o of_o inheritance_n in_o such_o land_n so_o hold_v as_o if_o the_o land_n descend_v from_o the_o father_n side_n the_o mother_n or_o next_o of_o the_o kindred_n of_o the_o mother_n side_n shall_v have_v the_o custody_n and_o so_o if_o the_o land_n descend_v from_o the_o mother_n the_o father_n or_o next_o kindred_n of_o the_o father_n side_n shall_v have_v the_o custody_n and_o this_o custody_n bring_v with_o it_o a_o authority_n or_o power_n only_o and_o no_o right_n as_o in_o case_n of_o the_o heir_n in_o knight-service_n and_o therefore_o can_v be_v grant_v over_o as_o the_o wardship_n in_o knight-service_n may_v but_o the_o guardian_n in_o socage_n remain_v accountant_a to_o the_o heir_n for_o all_o profit_n both_o of_o land_n and_o marriage_n the_o full_a age_n of_o tenant_n in_o socage_n be_v such_o age_n wherein_o he_o be_v able_a to_o do_v that_o service_n which_o be_v fourteen_o year_n for_o at_o such_o age_n he_o may_v be_v able_a by_o common_a repute_n to_o aid_v in_o tillage_n of_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v his_o proper_a service_n but_o the_o son_n of_o a_o burgess_n have_v no_o set_a time_n of_o full_a age_n but_o at_o such_o time_n as_o he_o can_v tell_v money_n and_o measure_n cloth_n and_o such_o work_n as_o concern_v that_o call_n widow_n deforce_v of_o their_o dower_n of_o quarentine_n 1._o shall_v by_o action_n recover_v damage_n till_o they_o recover_v their_o dower_n they_o shall_v also_o have_v power_n to_o devise_v their_o crop_n arise_v from_o her_o dower_n 40._o it_o be_v use_v that_o the_o heir_n shall_v have_v the_o crop_n with_o the_o land_n but_o this_o statute_n alter_v that_o former_a usage_n and_o yet_o save_v the_o lord_n liberty_n to_o distrain_v if_o any_o service_n be_v due_a writ_n de_fw-la consimili_fw-la casu_fw-la grant_v in_o case_n that_o fall_v under_o the_o same_o law_n 24._o and_o need_v the_o same_o remedy_n and_o such_o writ_n shall_v be_v make_v by_o agreement_n of_o the_o clerk_n in_o the_o chancery_n and_o advice_n of_o such_o as_o be_v skilful_a in_o the_o law._n it_o be_v none_o of_o the_o mean_a liberty_n of_o the_o freeman_n of_o england_n that_o no_o writ_n do_v issue_n forth_o against_o they_o but_o such_o as_o be_v ancient_o in_o use_n and_o agree_v upon_o in_o parliament_n and_o it_o be_v no_o less_o a_o grievance_n and_o just_a cause_n of_o complaint_n that_o king_n use_v to_o send_v writ_n of_o new_a impression_n to_o execute_v the_o dictate_v of_o their_o own_o will_n and_o not_o of_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o the_o complaint_n of_o the_o clergy_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o do_v witness_n 44._o nevertheless_o because_o many_o man_n case_n befall_v not_o direct_o within_o the_o letter_n of_o any_o law_n for_o remedy_n and_o yet_o be_v very_o burdensome_a for_o want_v of_o remedy_n it_o be_v provide_v by_o this_o law_n that_o such_o emergent_a case_n that_o do_v fall_v within_o the_o inconvenience_n shall_v be_v comprehend_v within_o the_o remedy_n of_o that_o law._n aid_v to_o make_v the_o son_n of_o the_o lord_n a_o knight_n 36._o and_o to_o marry_v his_o elder_a daughter_n shall_v be_v assess_v after_o the_o rate_n of_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o a_o knight_n fee_n and_o twenty_o shilling_n for_o twenty_o pound_n in_o yearly_a value_n of_o socage-tenure_n the_o uncertainty_n of_o aid_n be_v by_o this_o law_n reduce_v and_o settle_v as_o touch_v the_o sum_n and_o thereby_o deliver_v the_o people_n from_o much_o oppression_n which_o they_o suffer_v former_o nor_o be_v only_o the_o particular_a sum_n hereby_o but_o also_o the_o age_n of_o the_o son_n when_o he_o be_v to_o be_v make_v a_o knight_n viz._n at_o the_o age_n of_o fifteen_o year_n too_o soon_o for_o he_o to_o perform_v knight-service_n but_o not_o too_o soon_o for_o the_o lord_n to_o get_v his_o money_n and_o the_o daughter_n likewise_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v fit_a for_o marriage_n at_o seven_o year_n of_o age_n or_o at_o least_o to_o give_v her_o consent_n thereto_o albeit_o that_o in_o truth_n she_o be_v neither_o fit_n for_o the_o one_o or_o other_o and_o therefore_o it_o must_v be_v the_o lord_n gain_v that_o make_v the_o law_n and_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o to_o have_v the_o aid_n beforehand_o though_o the_o marriage_n succeed_v not_o for_o many_o year_n after_o and_o if_o the_o lord_n die_v in_o the_o interim_n the_o executor_n have_v asset_n pay_v it_o or_o otherwise_o his_o heir_n chap._n lxviii_o of_o court_n and_o their_o proceed_n beside_o the_o court_n of_o justice_n itinerant_a which_o be_v ancient_a as_o have_v be_v say_v other_o court_n have_v be_v raise_v of_o late_a birth_n albeit_o even_o they_o also_o have_v be_v of_o ancient_a constitution_n and_o divers_a of_o they_o itinerant_a also_o and_o some_o of_o they_o settle_v in_o one_o place_n the_o work_n of_o the_o justice_n itinerant_a be_v universal_a comprehend_v both_o the_o matter_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o common-plea_n that_o of_o oyer_n and_o terminer_n be_v only_o of_o crown-plea_n original_o commence_v and_o inquire_v of_o by_o themselves_o and_o grant_v forth_o upon_o emergent_a crime_n of_o important_a consequence_n that_o require_v speedy_a regard_n and_o reformation_n justice_n of_o gaol-delivery_n have_v a_o more_o large_a work_n that_o be_v to_o deliver_v the_o gaol_n of_o all_o criminal_a offender_n former_o indict_v or_o before_o themselves_o justice_n of_o assize_n and_o nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la be_v to_o have_v cognizance_n of_o common-plea_n only_o and_o
6._o if_o they_o receive_v they_o stock_v the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v the_o law_n of_o common_a reason_n for_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o guardianship_n to_o destroy_v that_o which_o by_o their_o office_n they_o ought_v to_o preserve_v as_o touch_v the_o word_n of_o the_o law_n the_o grantee_n be_v omit_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n john_n and_o also_o their_o assignee_n albeit_o that_o doubtless_o they_o be_v within_o the_o intent_n and_o meaning_n of_o the_o law._n the_o matter_n declare_v plain_o not_o only_a the_o oppression_n of_o lord_n upon_o their_o ward_n but_o also_o the_o corruption_n even_o of_o the_o law_n itself_o that_o at_o the_o first_o aim_v at_o the_o good_a of_o the_o public_a and_o honour_n of_o knight-service_n but_o now_o be_v degenerate_v into_o the_o base_a desire_n of_o profit_n by_o make_v market_n of_o the_o ward_n estate_n and_o marriage_n that_o bring_v in_o strip_v and_o waste_v of_o estate_n and_o niggardly_a neglect_n of_o the_o education_n and_o train_n up_o of_o the_o person_n of_o the_o ward_n and_o a_o embase_v of_o the_o generation_n of_o mankind_n and_o spoil_v of_o time_n nor_o do_v these_o time_n ever_o espy_v or_o provide_v against_o the_o worst_a of_o these_o but_o only_o endeavour_v to_o save_v the_o estate_n by_o punish_v the_o waster_n in_o damage_n by_o this_o law_n 5._o and_o by_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o wardship_n by_o a_o law_n make_v in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o this_o as_o well_o for_o waste_v do_v during_o the_o time_n of_o the_o custody_n as_o in_o the_o life-time_n of_o his_o ancestor_n by_o another_o law_n in_o edward_n the_o first_o be_v time_o 1._o and_o because_o the_o escheator_n and_o their_o under-officer_n use_v to_o serve_v themselves_o out_o of_o the_o estate_n of_o minor_n before_o they_o certify_v to_o the_o king_n his_o right_n and_o those_o be_v not_o within_o the_o law_n of_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 18._o or_o at_o least_o not_o so_o repute_v it_o be_v therefore_o afterward_o provide_v that_o these_o also_o shall_v render_v damage_n in_o a_o writ_n of_o waste_a to_o be_v bring_v against_o they_o the_o marriage_n of_o ward_n shall_v be_v without_o disparagement_n 7._o it_o be_v a_o ancient_a law_n among_o the_o german_n germ._n and_o the_o saxon_n bring_v it_o hither_o and_o as_o a_o law_n settle_v it_o that_o marriage_n must_v be_v among_o equal_n charta_fw-la but_o this_o the_o dane_n and_o norman_n slight_v and_o yet_o it_o continue_v and_o be_v revive_v now_o as_o the_o lord_n have_v the_o tuition_n of_o the_o ward_n instead_o of_o the_o ancestor_n so_o have_v he_o the_o care_n of_o the_o marriage_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o the_o ancestor_n may_v have_v have_v if_o he_o have_v live_v for_o in_o case_n the_o ward_n be_v steal_v and_o marry_v the_o delinquent_n suffer_v fine_a and_o imprisonment_n or_o if_o the_o ward_n marry_v without_o the_o lord_n consent_n he_o shall_v have_v the_o double_a value_n and_o hold_v the_o land_n over_o till_o satisfaction_n 6._o but_o in_o case_n the_o lord_n marry_v the_o ward_n within_o fourteen_o year_n of_o age_n to_o its_o disparagement_n he_o shall_v lose_v his_o wardship_n thereby_o 7._o and_o if_o the_o ward_n refuse_v to_o accept_v of_o a_o marriage_n tender_v by_o the_o lord_n before_o her_o age_n of_o sixteen_o year_n 22._o the_o lord_n shall_v hold_v the_o land_n till_o he_o have_v receive_v the_o full_a value_n and_o in_o case_n where_o one_o tenant_n hold_v of_o divers_a lord_n the_o lord_n by_o priority_n shall_v have_v the_o marriage_n these_o law_n be_v in_o use_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o those_o king_n 16._o although_o it_o can_v be_v certain_o conclude_v hereby_o that_o the_o wife_n portion_n proper_o belong_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o for_o his_o own_o benefit_n partly_o because_o the_o female-ward_n shall_v have_v no_o advancement_n if_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o lord_n and_o partly_o because_o this_o forfeiture_n be_v give_v to_o the_o lord_n in_o nature_n of_o a_o penalty_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o frame_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o merton_n widow_n shall_v have_v their_o dower_n 8._o inheritance_n their_o inheritance_n which_o they_o have_v joint_o with_o their_o husband_n 2._o their_o marriage_n free_o and_o their_o quarentine_n 4._o with_o due_a regard_n of_o the_o opinion_n of_o other_o i_o shall_v propound_v my_o own_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o the_o king_n be_v within_o this_o law_n as_o well_o as_o within_o the_o former_a law_n of_o the_o norman_n and_o those_o of_o henry_n the_o second_o that_o be_v of_o this_o kind_n and_o as_o he_o be_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o every_o law_n of_o this_o charter_n and_o that_o it_o be_v call_v the_o grand_a charter_n as_o most_o immediate_o come_v from_o the_o king_n to_o the_o people_n and_o not_o from_o the_o lord_n nor_o be_v there_o any_o ground_n that_o the_o law_n shall_v intend_v to_o give_v liberty_n to_o widow_n of_o ward_n belong_v to_o inferior_a lord_n to_o marry_v who_o they_o will_v and_o that_o only_o the_o king_n widow_n shall_v be_v bind_v nor_o do_v this_o suit_n with_o the_o contest_v between_o the_o baron_n and_o the_o king_n that_o their_o widow_n shall_v be_v bind_v unto_o the_o king_n charta_fw-la and_o the_o widow_n of_o their_o tenant_n discharge_v from_o their_o tuition_n and_o therefore_o i_o conceive_v by_o the_o word_n maritagium_fw-la be_v not_o mean_v liberty_n of_o marriage_n but_o her_o marriage-portion_n or_o rationabilis_fw-la pars_fw-la according_a to_o the_o forego_n law_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o and_o henry_n the_o second_o and_o the_o saxon_a custom_n but_o as_o touch_v the_o liberty_n of_o marriage_n it_o be_v define_v and_o express_v 12._o that_o the_o widow_n shall_v not_o be_v compel_v to_o marry_v nevertheless_o if_o they_o shall_v marry_v they_o must_v marry_v with_o the_o lord_n like_n otherwise_o he_o may_v have_v a_o enemy_n to_o be_v his_o tenant_n that_o may_v instead_o of_o homage_n and_o service_n prove_v traitor_n and_o be_v his_o ruin_n last_o touch_v the_o widow_n dwelling_n the_o law_n think_v it_o unreasonable_a that_o she_o shall_v immediate_o after_o the_o death_n of_o her_o husband_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v harbourless_o and_o therefore_o ordain_v that_o she_o may_v continue_v in_o her_o husband_n house_n forty_o day_n if_o it_o be_v not_o a_o castle_n and_o then_o she_o be_v to_o have_v another_o dwelling_n assign_v to_o she_o because_o by_o common_a intendment_n she_o be_v not_o suppose_v to_o be_v a_o person_n meet_v to_o defend_v a_o castle_n and_o this_o be_v call_v her_o quarentine_n which_o i_o meet_v not_o with_o among_o the_o saxon_a law_n and_o therefore_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v of_o norman_a original_a no_o man_n land_n shall_v be_v seize_v for_o debt_n to_o the_o king_n so_o long_o as_o the_o personal_a estate_n will_v satisfy_v 10._o nor_o shall_v his_o pledge_n be_v trouble_v so_o long_o as_o the_o principal_a be_v sufficient_a unless_o he_o refuse_v to_o satisfy_v and_o then_o the_o pledge_n shall_v recover_v in_o value_n the_o first_o part_n hereof_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o the_o law_n concern_v elegit_fw-la former_o observe_v in_o the_o saxon_a time_n for_o the_o regard_n of_o law_n principal_o extend_v unto_o the_o person_n next_o unto_o the_o freehold_n and_o last_o unto_o the_o good_n the_o latter_a part_n of_o this_o law_n be_v the_o law_n of_o pledge_n or_o decenner_n in_o the_o same_o time_n unto_o which_o the_o reader_n may_v resort_v for_o further_a light_n herein_o the_o city_n of_o london_n 11._o and_o other_o city_n burrough_n and_o town_n and_o the_o cinque-port_n and_o other_o port_n shall_v enjoy_v their_o ancient_a liberty_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o the_o member_n thereof_o herein_o express_v have_v all_o their_o liberty_n save_v from_o the_o dint_n of_o conquest_n by_o the_o law_n of_o william_n the_o first_o char._n upon_o which_o although_o some_o of_o the_o succeed_a king_n do_v invade_v yet_o none_o of_o they_o make_v any_o absolute_a disseisin_n 192._o although_o disturbance_n in_o some_o particular_n but_o king_n john_n do_v not_o only_o confirm_v they_o by_o his_o grand_a charter_n but_o by_o particular_a charter_n to_o each_o corporation_n with_o some_o enlargement_n and_o in_o his_o grand_a charter_n insert_v one_o clause_n which_o in_o the_o grand_a charter_n of_o henry_n the_o three_o appear_v not_o which_o thus_o ensue_v et_fw-la ad_fw-la habendum_fw-la commune_v concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la de_fw-la auxiliis_fw-la assidendis_fw-la aliter_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o tribus_fw-la casibus_fw-la praedictis_fw-la which_o if_o the_o barbarism_n of_o the_o latin_a mislead_v i_o not_o be_v thus_o in_o english_a and_o to_o have_v right_a of_o common-council_n or_o to_o be_v of_o the_o common-council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o the_o assess_n of_o aid_n other_o than_o in_o three_o case_n aforesaid_a viz._n for_o
marry_v at_o their_o own_o will_n without_o pay_v fine_a or_o composition_n to_o the_o lord_n and_o yet_o must_v have_v the_o like_n of_o the_o lord_n so_o far_o as_o to_o declare_v whether_o the_o man_n intend_v be_v his_o enemy_n or_o not_o and_o fit_a to_o perform_v knight-service_n this_o law_n be_v therefore_o ground_v upon_o the_o present_a distress_n of_o affair_n wherein_o the_o nation_n be_v unsettle_a and_o common_a right_a have_v establish_v a_o mutual_a trust_n between_o lord_n and_o tenant_n find_v out_o this_o mean_n to_o preserve_v the_o same_o for_o if_o the_o marriage_n of_o those_o that_o be_v relate_v to_o the_o tenant_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v inherit_v part_n of_o all_o his_o land_n or_o have_v jointure_n therein_o shall_v be_v leave_v altogether_o at_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o tenant_n or_o his_o widow_n it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o the_o mutual_a trust_n between_o lord_n and_o tenant_n must_v fail_v and_o the_o public_a receive_v damage_n and_o therefore_o if_o this_o custom_n be_v of_o norman_a birth_n it_o be_v beget_v upon_o a_o saxon_a law_n and_o may_v the_o rather_o be_v own_v by_o the_o english._n the_o widow_n of_o the_o king_n tenant_n have_v child_n shall_v have_v her_o dower_n and_o portion_n so_o long_o as_o she_o keep_v unmarried_a dower_n the_o portion_n here_o be_v in_o the_o latin_a word_n maritagium_fw-la which_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o marriage_n portion_n give_v by_o the_o husband_n according_a to_o the_o saxon_a custom_n whenas_o the_o dower_n in_o land_n be_v not_o in_o use_n whereof_o be_v speak_v former_o in_o that_o chapter_n of_o dower_n and_o the_o norman_n be_v necessitate_v to_o introduce_v this_o custom_n of_o they_o with_o themselves_o partly_o because_o it_o be_v a_o privilege_n which_o be_v their_o own_o by_o birth_n and_o it_o can_v not_o be_v wave_v without_o a_o evident_a wrong_n do_v to_o the_o wife_n of_o these_o man_n who_o have_v venture_v their_o life_n in_o that_o service_n but_o principal_o because_o it_o will_v not_o consist_v with_o the_o work_n in_o hand_n to_o disclaim_v that_o custom_n which_o must_v needs_o be_v of_o infinite_a consequence_n in_o the_o effect_n of_o what_o be_v principal_o seek_v after_o viz._n the_o union_n of_o the_o two_o people_n norman_n and_o saxon_n into_o one_o i_o say_v it_o be_v principal_o seek_v after_o by_o the_o norman_a conqueror_n if_o not_o lead_v thereto_o by_o his_o own_o genius_n yet_o necessitate_v thereto_o by_o force_n of_o reason_n of_o state_n as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o and_o what_o can_v be_v imagine_v a_o more_o ready_a way_n to_o stay_v the_o effusion_n of_o blood_n and_o all_o other_o unhappy_a event_n of_o enmity_n than_o by_o take_v away_o enmity_n itself_o or_o a_o more_o speedy_a and_o certain_a course_n for_o union_n than_o to_o reduce_v the_o man_n and_o woman_n of_o each_o people_n to_o mutual_a society_n and_o to_o seal_v up_o all_o by_o a_o last_a bond_n of_o marriage_n or_o great_a encouragement_n for_o the_o comfortable_a proceed_n therein_o than_o the_o settle_n of_o the_o constant_a maintenance_n of_o the_o wife_n in_o case_n of_o survivorship_n by_o the_o law_n of_o dower_n of_o the_o land_n and_o tenement_n of_o the_o husband_n edm._n which_o be_v so_o full_a of_o contingency_n and_o uncertainty_n in_o the_o portion_n of_o good_n that_o be_v by_o the_o saxon_a law_n appoint_v to_o the_o wife_n in_o such_o case_n nor_o be_v this_o all_o for_o by_o marriage_n thus_o make_v to_o the_o norman_n they_o have_v a_o great_a hold_n not_o so_o much_o over_o the_o english_a as_o in_o the_o english_a and_o that_o not_o only_o during_o coverture_n but_o by_o reason_n of_o this_o title_n of_o dower_n the_o woman_n become_v tenant_n and_o under_o the_o lord_n wing_n so_o as_o they_o dare_v not_o willing_o and_o illegal_o offend_v their_o lord_n in_o their_o widowhood_n nor_o by_o law_n nor_o reason_n match_v themselves_o and_o their_o dowry_n to_o any_o other_o that_o be_v not_o first_o allow_v by_o the_o lord_n to_o be_v in_o friendship_n with_o he_o and_o thus_o become_v the_o tenant_n widow_n to_o be_v at_o the_o like_n of_o the_o lord_n for_o their_o marriage_n and_o the_o like_a hereto_o may_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o husband_n in_o case_n of_o tenant_n by_o the_o courtesy_n 20._o and_o however_o by_o the_o norman_a former_a practice_n it_o be_v much_o disturb_v yet_o by_o henry_n the_o first_o it_o be_v again_o reduce_v to_o its_o former_a right_n rather_o than_o original_n arise_v from_o his_o grant_n as_o some_o hold_n and_o prove_v advantageous_a for_o the_o end_n aforesaid_a now_o as_o touch_v their_o marriage-portion_n of_o good_n because_o the_o saxon_a law_n have_v already_o endow_v they_o thereof_o they_o can_v not_o be_v induce_v to_o lay_v down_o their_o know_a ancient_a right_n till_o they_o find_v the_o new_a law_n of_o dower_n to_o settle_v and_o so_o for_o some_o time_n both_o law_n be_v in_o force_n until_o the_o more_o ancient_a saxon_a law_n have_v a_o honourable_a burial_n nevertheless_o for_o the_o present_a the_o law_n abridge_v that_o right_a so_o far_o as_o to_o limit_v it_o to_o the_o widow_n during_o widowhood_n according_a to_o the_o former_a saxon-law_n upon_o consideration_n of_o all_o which_o it_o may_v well_o be_v conceive_v that_o the_o power_n of_o the_o lord_n in_o consent_v or_o dissent_v to_o the_o marriage_n of_o their_o tenant_n widow_n and_o ward_n be_v not_o so_o much_o a_o usurpation_n upon_o the_o common_a right_n of_o the_o english_a subject_n as_o a_o custom_n rational_o and_o with_o great_a wisdom_n as_o the_o course_n of_o affair_n than_o stand_v uphold_v and_o allow_v among_o they_o principal_o for_o the_o speedy_a settle_n of_o a_o peaceable_a government_n and_o consolidate_v of_o two_o nation_n into_o one_o and_o wherein_o england_n be_v then_o so_o happy_a as_o to_o come_v to_o a_o conclusion_n in_o seven_o year_n which_o cost_v their_o ancestor_n night_n two_o hundred_o year_n experience_n with_o the_o britain_n beside_o a_o world_n of_o bloodshed_n that_o may_v have_v be_v spare_v ere_o they_o can_v find_v out_o the_o right_a way_n to_o a_o desire_a peace_n by_o mutual_a marriage_n have_v between_o they_o such_o widow_n shall_v have_v the_o custody_n of_o the_o land_n of_o such_o child_n 4._o or_o otherwise_o such_o other_o person_n as_o by_o right_a aught_o to_o have_v the_o same_o this_o be_v the_o first_o news_n of_o wardship_n that_o pass_v abroad_o cum_fw-la privilegio_fw-la of_o a_o receive_a law_n wardship_n which_o together_o with_o the_o former_a declare_v the_o right_a custom_n of_o the_o norman_n and_o thereby_o the_o injustas_fw-la consuetudines_fw-la quibus_fw-la anglioe_fw-la regnum_fw-la opprimebatur_fw-la paris_n viz._n arbitrary_a relief_n take_v of_o the_o tenant_n estate_n arbitrary_a marriage_n make_v of_o their_o peerson_n and_o arbitrary_a grant_n of_o guardianship_n of_o their_o land_n for_o as_o yet_o oppression_n be_v not_o so_o high-flown_a as_o to_o cast_v the_o government_n of_o the_o person_n of_o their_o ward_n out_o of_o the_o view_n of_o the_o lord_n provisionary_a care_n upon_o adventure_n of_o the_o next_o in_o law_n whether_o man_n or_o woman_n wise_a or_o unwise_a under_o pretence_n to_o train_v he_o up_o in_o military_a service_n fit_a for_o the_o lord_n be_v own_o safety_n and_o the_o kingdom_n lifeguard_n but_o it_o be_v the_o proper_a ground_n of_o the_o lord_n be_v own_o seizure_n and_o right_n of_o wardship_n he_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o eye_n of_o common_a reason_n as_o the_o only_a meet_a man_n that_o both_o can_v and_o will_v effect_v that_o work_n so_o as_o may_v be_v most_o advantageous_a to_o the_o public_a which_o seem_v to_o be_v chief_o concern_v herein_o and_o upon_o the_o same_o general_a ground_n the_o survey_n of_o fool_n accompany_v the_o former_a albeit_o it_o be_v not_o in_o practice_n till_o henry_n the_o first_o bring_v it_o in_o 37._o as_o the_o mirror_n of_o justice_n say_v fol._n 258._o yet_o it_o come_v upon_o a_o ancient_a foundation_n lay_v in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o dane_n for_o my_o own_o part_n i_o will_v not_o dispute_v the_o point_n whether_o this_o custom_n of_o wardship_n be_v pure_o norman_n or_o whether_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o saxon_n ancient_o who_o possible_o may_v have_v some_o respect_n to_o orphan_n in_o such_o case_n to_o train_v they_o up_o for_o the_o public_a service_n in_o point_n of_o war_n especial_o be_v possessor_n of_o a_o know_a right_n of_o relief_n meneu._n as_o well_o as_o alfred_n the_o saxon_a king_n do_v undertake_v the_o work_n for_o the_o train_n of_o some_o such_o particular_a person_n in_o learning_n for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o public_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o civil_a government_n yet_o thus_o much_o appear_v that_o guardianship_n of_o land_n be_v a_o know_a custom_n
circuit_n have_v six_o justice_n 137._o which_o the_o king_n make_v justice_n of_o the_o common_a plea_n throughout_o the_o kingdom_n 445._o neither_o yet_o do_v the_o first_o commission_n continue_v so_o long_o as_o four_o year_n for_o within_o that_o time_n richard_n lucy_n one_o of_o the_o justice_n have_v renounce_v his_o office_n and_o betake_v himself_o to_o a_o cloister_n and_o yet_o be_v neither_o name_n in_o the_o first_o commission_n nor_o in_o the_o latter_a nor_o do_v the_o last_o commission_n continue_v five_o year_n 1184._o for_o within_o that_o time_n ralph_n glanvil_n remove_v from_o the_o northern_a circuit_n to_o that_o of_o worcester_n as_o by_o the_o story_n of_o sir_n gilbert_n plumpton_n may_v appear_v though_o little_a to_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o justice_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o of_o that_o judge_n however_o his_o book_n commend_v he_o to_o posterity_n i_o take_v it_o upon_o the_o credit_n of_o the_o reporter_n that_o this_o itinerary_a judicature_n be_v settle_v to_o hold_v every_o seven_o year_n 33_o but_o i_o find_v no_o monument_n thereof_o before_o these_o day_n as_o touch_v their_o power_n certain_o it_o be_v in_o point_n of_o judicature_n as_o large_a as_o that_o of_o the_o court_n of_o lord_n though_o not_o so_o high_a it_o be_v as_o large_a because_o they_o have_v cognizance_n of_o all_o cause_n both_o concern_v the_o crown_n and_o common-plea_n 7._o and_o among_o those_o of_o the_o crown_n this_o only_a i_o shall_v note_v that_o all_o manner_n of_o falsehood_n be_v inquirable_a by_o those_o judge_n which_o after_o come_v to_o be_v much_o invade_v by_o the_o clergy_n i_o shall_v say_v no_o more_o of_o this_o but_o that_o in_o their_o original_n these_o iter_n be_v little_a other_o than_o visitation_n of_o the_o country_n by_o the_o grand_a council_n of_o lord_n nor_o shall_v i_o add_v any_o thing_n concern_v the_o vicontiel_n court_v and_o other_o inferior_a but_o what_o i_o find_v in_o glanvil_n 2._o that_o though_o robbery_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n court_n yet_o theft_n belong_v to_o the_o sheriff_n court_n and_o if_o the_o lord_n court_n intercept_v not_o all_o battery_n and_o wound_n unless_o in_o the_o complaint_n they_o be_v charge_v to_o be_v do_v contra_fw-la pacem_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la 10._o the_o like_a also_o of_o inferior_a trespass_n beside_o common-plea_n whereof_o more_o shall_v follow_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n as_o occasion_n shall_v be_v chap._n lxii_o of_o certain_a law_n of_o judicature_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o and_o hereof_o i_o shall_v note_v only_o a_o few_o as_o well_o touch_v matter_n of_o the_o crown_n as_o of_o property_n be_v desirous_a to_o observe_v the_o change_n of_o law_n with_o the_o time_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o growth_n thereof_o to_o that_o pitch_n which_o in_o these_o time_n it_o have_v attain_v we_o can_v find_v in_o any_o story_n that_o the_o saxon_a church_n be_v infest_a with_o any_o heresy_n heresy_n from_o their_o first_o entrance_n till_o this_o present_a generation_n the_o first_o and_o last_o heresy_n that_o ever_o trouble_a this_o island_n be_v imbred_a by_o pelagius_n but_o that_o be_v among_o the_o britain_n and_o be_v first_o batter_v by_o the_o council_n or_o synod_n under_o germanus_n but_o afterward_o suppress_v by_o the_o zeal_n of_o the_o saxon_n who_o like_v nothing_o of_o the_o british_a breed_n and_o for_o who_o sake_n it_o suffer_v more_o happy_o than_o for_o the_o foulness_n of_o the_o opinion_n the_o saxon_a church_n 585._o leaven_v from_o rome_n for_o the_o space_n of_o above_o five_o hundred_o year_n hold_v on_o its_o course_n without_o any_o intermission_n by_o cross_a doctrine_n spring_v up_o till_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o then_o enter_v a_o sect_n who_o they_o call_v publican_n but_o be_v the_o albigence_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o decree_n of_o pope_n alexander_n who_o opinion_n i_o shall_v not_o trouble_v my_o course_n with_o but_o it_o seem_v they_o be_v such_o as_o cross_v their_o way_n and_o henry_n the_o second_o make_v the_o first_o precedent_n of_o punish_v heresy_n in_o the_o kingdom_n under_o the_o name_n of_o this_o sect_n 13._o who_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v bring_v before_o a_o council_n of_o bishop_n who_o endeavour_v to_o convince_v they_o of_o their_o error_n but_o fail_v therein_o they_o pronounce_v they_o heretic_n and_o deliver_v they_o over_o to_o the_o lay_v power_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o be_v brand_v in_o the_o forehead_n whip_v and_o expose_v to_o extremity_n of_o the_o cold_a according_a to_o the_o decree_n of_o the_o church_n die_v alexand._n this_o be_v the_o manner_n and_o punishment_n of_o heretic_n in_o this_o kingdom_n in_o those_o day_n 585._o albeit_o in_o seem_v they_o be_v then_o decree_v to_o be_v burn_v in_o other_o country_n if_o that_o relation_n of_o cog_n shall_v be_v true_a which_o picardus_n note_v upon_o the_o 13_o chapter_n of_o the_o history_n of_o william_n of_o newberry_n out_o of_o which_o i_o have_v insert_v this_o relation_n another_o case_n we_o meet_v with_o in_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v time_n concern_v apostasy_n which_o be_v a_o crime_n that_o as_o it_o seem_v die_v as_o soon_o as_o it_o be_v bear_v apostasy_n for_o beside_o that_o one_o 9_o we_o find_v no_o second_v thereto_o in_o all_o the_o file_n of_o english_a story_n the_o particular_a be_v that_o a_o clerk_n have_v renounce_v his_o baptism_n and_o turn_v jew_n and_o for_o this_o be_v convict_v by_o a_o council_n of_o bishop_n at_o oxford_n and_o be_v burn_v so_o as_o we_o have_v apostasy_n punish_v with_o death_n and_o heresy_n with_o a_o punishment_n that_o prove_v mortal_a and_o the_o manner_n of_o conviction_n of_o both_o by_o a_o council_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o deliver_v over_o to_o the_o lay-power_n who_o certain_o proceed_v according_a to_o the_o direction_n of_o the_o canon_n or_o advice_n of_o the_o council_n these_o if_o no_o more_o be_v sufficient_a to_o demonstrate_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o clergy_n however_o brave_a the_o king_n be_v against_o all_o his_o enemy_n in_o the_o field_n treason_n be_v ancient_o use_v only_a as_o a_o crime_n of_o breach_n of_o trust_n or_o fealty_n as_o have_v be_v already_o note_v treason_n now_o it_o grow_v into_o a_o sad_a temper_n and_o be_v make_v all_o one_o with_o that_o of_o laesa_fw-la majestas_fw-la and_o that_o majesty_n that_o nowadays_o be_v wrap_v up_o whole_o in_o the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n be_v in_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v time_n impart_v to_o the_o king_n and_o kingdom_n as_o in_o the_o first_o time_n it_o be_v more_o relate_v to_o the_o kingdom_n 2._o and_o therefore_o glanvil_n in_o his_o book_n of_o law_n speak_v of_o the_o wound_n of_o majesty_n exemplify_v sedition_n and_o destruction_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1._o to_o be_v in_o equal_a degree_n a_o wound_n of_o majesty_n with_o the_o destruction_n of_o the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n and_o then_o he_o name_v sedition_n in_o the_o army_n and_o fraudulent_a conversion_n of_o treasure-trove_a which_o proper_o belong_v to_o the_o king._n all_o which_o he_o say_v be_v punish_v with_o death_n and_o forfeiture_n of_o estate_n and_o corruption_n of_o blood_n for_o so_o i_o take_v the_o meaning_n of_o the_o word_n in_o relation_n to_o what_o ensue_v felony_n of_o manslaughter_n burn_v robbery_n ravishment_n and_o fausonry_n be_v to_o be_v punish_v with_o loss_n of_o member_n and_o estate_n felony_n this_o be_v the_o law_n derive_v from_o the_o norman_n and_o according_o be_v the_o direction_n in_o the_o charge_n give_v to_o the_o justice_n itinerant_a in_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v time_n as_o appear_v in_o hoveden_n but_o treason_n or_o treachery_n against_o the_o oath_n 25._o fealty_n or_o bond_n of_o allegiance_n as_o of_o the_o servant_n against_o the_o lord_n be_v punish_v with_o certain_a and_o with_o painful_a death_n and_o therefore_o though_o the_o murder_n of_o the_o king_n be_v treason_n yet_o the_o murder_n of_o his_o son_n be_v no_o other_o than_o as_o of_o another_o man_n unless_o it_o arise_v from_o those_o of_o his_o own_o servant_n 79._o the_o penalty_n of_o loss_n of_o estate_n be_v common_a both_o to_o treason_n and_o felony_n it_o reach_v even_o unto_o theft_n in_o which_o case_n the_o forfeiture_n as_o to_o the_o movable_n 17._o be_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o county_n unto_o who_o cognizance_n the_o case_n do_v belong_v and_o the_o land_n go_v to_o the_o lord_n immediate_o and_o not_o to_o the_o king._n but_o in_o all_o case_n of_o felony_n and_o of_o a_o high_a nature_n the_o party_n though_o not_o the_o king_n tenant_n lose_v his_o personal_a estate_n to_o the_o king_n for_o ever_o his_o freehold_n also_o for_o a_o year_n and_o a_o day_n after_o which_o they_o return_v to_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o soil_n by_o way_n of_o escheat_n
it_o seem_v also_o that_o the_o loss_n not_o only_o of_o chattel_n and_o good_n but_o also_o of_o land_n etc._n etc._n extend_v to_o outlawry_n i_o conceive_v in_o case_n of_o felony_n and_o the_o king_n pardon_n in_o such_o case_n can_v not_o bind_v the_o lord_n right_a of_o escheat_n although_o it_o may_v discharge_v the_o good_n and_o the_o year_n and_o day_n whereunto_o the_o king_n be_v entitle_v which_o case_n alone_o sufficient_o declare_v what_o power_n king_n have_v in_o the_o estate_n of_o their_o subject_n manslaughter_n make_v not_o bailable_a this_o be_v law_n in_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v time_n although_o it_o cross_v the_o norman_a law_n 3_o and_o questionless_a it_o be_v upon_o good_a ground_n for_o the_o time_n now_o be_v not_o as_o those_o in_o the_o conquerour_n time_n when_o shed_v of_o blood_n be_v account_v valour_n and_o in_o most_o case_n in_o order_n to_o the_o public_a service_n and_o now_o it_o seem_v it_o be_v a_o grow_a evil_n and_o that_o cry_v so_o loud_o as_o though_o in_o case_n of_o treason_n bail_n may_v be_v allow_v yet_o not_o in_o this_o case_n ubi_fw-la ad_fw-la terrorem_fw-la aliter_fw-la statutum_fw-la est_fw-la say_v the_o author_n robber_n shall_v be_v commit_v to_o the_o sheriff_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n to_o the_o next_o castelane_n robbery_n who_o shall_v deliver_v he_o to_o the_o sheriff_n and_o the_o justice_n shall_v do_v right_a to_o they_o and_o unto_o trespasser_n upon_o land_n by_o the_o conquerour_n law_n these_o offender_n be_v bailable_a 1._o and_o i_o conceive_v this_o be_v no_o repeal_n thereof_o and_o the_o rather_o because_o glanvil_n allow_v of_o pledge_n in_o all_o case_n except_o manslaughter_n yea_o in_o those_o crime_n that_o do_v wound_v majesty_n itself_o although_o they_o concern_v the_o destruction_n of_o the_o king_n person_n or_o sedition_n in_o the_o kingdom_n or_o army_n thereof_o the_o justice_n herein_o mention_v be_v intend_v to_o be_v the_o justice_n itinerant_a and_o the_o trespass_n upon_o land_n be_v mean_v such_o as_o be_v contra_fw-la pacem_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la as_o riotous_a and_o forcible_a entry_n for_o some_o trespass_n be_v against_o the_o peace_n of_o the_o sheriff_n as_o former_o have_v be_v observe_v fauxonry_n be_v of_o several_a degree_n or_o kind_n some_o against_o the_o king_n other_o against_o other_o man_n 7._o and_o of_o those_o against_o the_o king_n some_o be_v punish_v as_o wound_n of_o majesty_n as_o falsify_v the_o king_n charter_n and_o whether_o falsify_v of_o money_n be_v in_o that_o condition_n or_o not_o i_o leave_v or_o falsify_v of_o measure_n yet_o more_o inferior_a i_o can_v determine_v but_o it_o be_v clear_a by_o glanvil_n that_o falsify_v of_o the_o deed_n of_o a_o private_a person_n be_v of_o small_a consideration_n and_o at_o the_o utmost_a deserve_v but_o loss_n of_o member_n inheritance_n may_v not_o be_v alien_v inheritance_n be_v in_o those_o time_n of_o land_n or_o good_n for_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n then_o 5._o that_o the_o personal_a estate_n the_o debt_n deduct_v be_v divisible_a into_o three_o part_n one_o whereof_o belong_v in_o right_a to_o the_o wife_n as_o her_o reasonable_a part_n the_o other_o to_o the_o heir_n and_o a_o three_o to_o the_o testator_n to_o make_v his_o will_n of_o they_o and_o of_o the_o other_o two_o part_n he_o can_v not_o dispose_v by_o will._n concern_v land_n it_o be_v regular_o true_a that_o no_o man_n can_v alien_n his_o whole_a inheritance_n to_o the_o disherisin_n of_o his_o heir_n either_o by_o act_n in_o his_o life-time_n or_o any_o part_n thereof_o by_o his_o last_o will_n without_o the_o concurrence_n of_o the_o heir_n but_o of_o purchase_a land_n he_o may_v give_v part_n by_o act_n execute_v in_o his_o life-time_n though_o he_o have_v no_o land_n by_o inheritance_n and_o if_o he_o have_v no_o issue_n than_o he_o may_v alien_a all_o and_o where_o a_o man_n have_v land_n by_o inheritance_n and_o also_o by_o purchase_n he_o may_v alien_a all_o his_o purchase_a land_n as_o he_o please_v if_o the_o land_n be_v hold_v in_o gavel-kind_n no_o more_o of_o the_o inheritance_n can_v be_v convey_v to_o any_o of_o the_o child_n than_o their_o proportionable_a part_n will_v amount_v unto_o this_o law_n of_o inheritance_n be_v divers_a according_a to_o the_o tenure_n for_o the_o land_n in_o knights-service_n always_o descend_v to_o the_o heir_n but_o such_o as_o be_v hold_v in_o socage_n pass_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n either_o to_o the_o elder_a or_o to_o the_o young_a or_o to_o all_o equal_o and_o thus_o stand_v the_o general_a state_n of_o inheritance_n from_o the_o norman_n time_n hitherto_o 88_o seem_v somewhat_o too_o straight_o for_o the_o free_a man_n that_o by_o law_n of_o property_n may_v challenge_v a_o power_n to_o do_v with_o their_o own_o as_o they_o please_v but_o the_o norman_n see_v a_o double_a prejudice_n herein_o the_o first_o be_v the_o danger_n of_o ruin_n of_o many_o of_o their_o family_n who_o now_o ingraft_v into_o the_o english_a stock_n and_o yet_o not_o full_o one_o may_v expect_v a_o late_a check_n to_o their_o preferment_n from_o the_o saxon_a parent_n after_o a_o long_a and_o fair_a semblance_n make_v of_o their_o good_a will._n the_o second_o prejudice_n be_v the_o decay_n of_o their_o militia_n which_o be_v maintain_v by_o riches_n more_o than_o by_o multitude_n of_o man_n partly_o because_o that_o rich_a man_n be_v most_o fearful_a of_o offend_v and_o therefore_o ordinary_o be_v most_o serviceable_a both_o with_o their_o body_n and_o estate_n against_o public_a danger_n and_o partly_o because_o by_o their_o friend_n and_o ally_n they_o bring_v more_o aid_n unto_o the_o public_a by_o engage_v they_o in_o the_o common_a cause_n that_o otherwise_o may_v prove_v unsensible_a of_o the_o condition_n of_o their_o country_n the_o heir_n of_o a_o freeman_n shall_v by_o descent_n be_v in_o such_o seisin_n as_o his_o ancestor_n have_v at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o death_n 9_o do_v service_n and_o pay_v relief_n and_o shall_v have_v his_o chattel_n if_o the_o heir_n be_v under_o age_n the_o lord_n shall_v have_v the_o wardship_n for_o the_o due_a time_n and_o the_o wife_n her_o dower_n and_o part_n of_o the_o good_n if_o the_o lord_n withhold_v seisin_n the_o king_n justice_n shall_v try_v the_o matter_n by_o twelve_o man_n the_o first_o of_o these_o branch_n be_v declaratory_a of_o a_o ground_n of_o common_a law_n but_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o last_o be_v a_o introduction_n of_o a_o new_a law_n of_o trial_n of_o the_o heir_n be_v right_a by_o assize_n of_o mortdancester_n where_o former_o no_o remedy_n be_v leave_v to_o the_o heir_n but_o a_o writ_n of_o right_o if_o these_o three_o branch_n be_v particular_o observe_v they_o speak_v of_o three_o sort_n of_o heir_n of_o tenant_n by_o knight-service_n viz._n such_o as_o be_v major_n or_o of_o full_a age_n and_o such_o as_o be_v minor_n or_o under_o age_n and_o such_o as_o be_v of_o a_o doubtful_a age_n those_o 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glanvil_n or_o any_o other_o say_v that_o these_o be_v their_o full_a age_n to_o all_o purpose_n albeit_o that_o some_o burrough_n at_o this_o day_n hold_v the_o last_o in_o custom_n to_o all_o intent_n whatsoever_o the_o last_o branch_n provide_v the_o remedy_n to_o recover_v to_o the_o heir_n his_o possession_n in_o case_n it_o be_v detain_v either_o through_o doubtfulness_n of_o age_n of_o the_o heir_n or_o his_o title_n and_o it_o direct_v the_o issue_n to_o be_v try_v by_o twelve_o man_n this_o trial_n some_o have_v think_v to_o be_v of_o glanvil_n invention_n and_o it_o may_v well_o be_v that_o this_o trial_n of_o this_o matter_n as_o thus_o set_v down_o be_v direct_v by_o he_o yet_o he_o use_v often_o in_o his_o book_n the_o word_n solet_fw-la and_o in_o his_o preface_n
say_v that_o he_o will_v set_v down_o frequentius_fw-la usitata_fw-la and_o it_o be_v past_a question_n but_o that_o the_o trial_n by_o twelve_o man_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a as_o have_v be_v already_o note_v one_o thing_n more_o yet_o remain_v concern_v the_o widow_n of_o the_o tenant_n who_o dower_n be_v not_o only_o provide_v for_o but_o her_o reasonable_a part_n of_o her_o husband_n be_v personal_a estate_n the_o original_n hereof_o be_v from_o the_o norman_n and_o it_o be_v as_o popular_a as_o that_o of_o wardship_n be_v regal_a and_o so_o they_o make_v the_o english_a woman_n as_o sure_a to_o they_o as_o they_o be_v sure_a of_o their_o child_n the_o justice_n shall_v by_o assize_n try_v disseisin_n do_v since_o the_o king_n be_v come_v over_o sea_n next_o after_o the_o peace_n make_v between_o he_o and_o his_o son._n this_o be_v call_v the_o assize_n of_o novel_a disseisin_n or_o of_o disseisin_n late_o make_v it_o seem_v that_o the_o limitation_n be_v set_v for_o the_o justice_n sake_n who_o now_o be_v appoint_v to_o that_o work_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o the_o county-courts_a 33._o and_o to_o prevent_v intrenchment_n of_o court_n a_o limitation_n be_v determine_v although_o the_o copy_n seem_v to_o be_v mistake_v for_o the_o limitation_n in_o the_o writ_n be_v from_o the_o king_n be_v last_o voyage_n or_o go_v into_o normandy_n justice_n shall_v do_v right_a upon_o the_o king_n be_v write_v for_o half_a a_o knight_n fee_n and_o under_o unless_o in_o case_n of_o difficulty_n which_o be_v to_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o king._n the_o justice_n itinerant_a end_v the_o small_a matter_n in_o their_o circuit_n the_o other_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o king_n in_o his_o bench._n justice_n shall_v inquire_v of_o escheat_n land_n church_n and_o woman_n in_o the_o king_n gift_n and_o of_o castleguard_n who_o how_o much_o and_o where_o so_o as_o the_o judge_n itinerant_a have_v the_o work_n of_o escheator_n and_o make_v their_o circuit_n serve_v as_o well_o for_o the_o king_n profit_n as_o justice_n to_o the_o subject_n they_o use_v also_o to_o take_v fealty_n of_o the_o people_n to_o the_o king_n at_o one_o certain_a time_n of_o the_o year_n and_o to_o demand_v homage_n also_o these_o matter_n of_o the_o king_n exchequer_n make_v the_o presence_n of_o the_o judge_n less_o acceptable_a and_o it_o may_v be_v occasion_v some_o kind_n of_o oppression_n and_o as_o touch_v castleguard_n it_o be_v a_o tenure_n in_o great_a use_n in_o these_o bloody_a time_n and_o yet_o it_o seem_v they_o use_v to_o take_v rend_v instead_o of_o the_o personal_a service_n else_o have_v that_o enquiry_n how_o much_o be_v improper_a of_o a_o tenant_n hold_v and_o of_o several_a lord_n that_o one_o man_n may_v hold_v several_a land_n of_o several_a lord_n and_o so_o owe_v service_n to_o they_o all_o be_v so_o common_a as_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o nevertheless_o it_o will_v not_o be_v altogether_o out_o of_o the_o way_n to_o touch_v somewhat_o upon_o the_o nature_n of_o this_o mutual_a relation_n between_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o general_n that_o the_o true_a nature_n of_o the_o diversity_n may_v more_o full_o appear_v the_o foundation_n or_o subject_n of_o service_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o land_n or_o other_o tenement_n at_o the_o first_o give_v by_o the_o lord_n to_o the_o tenant_n in_o affirmance_n of_o a_o stipulation_n between_o they_o presuppose_v by_o the_o give_v and_o receive_v whereof_o the_o tenant_n undertake_v to_o peform_v service_n to_o the_o lord_n and_o the_o lord_n undertake_v protection_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o his_o right_n to_o that_o tenement_n 4._o the_o service_n be_v first_o by_o service_n solemn_o bind_v either_o by_o oath_n which_o the_o lord_n or_o his_o deputy_n by_o the_o common-law_n have_v power_n to_o administer_v as_o in_o the_o case_n of_o fealty_n in_o which_o the_o tenant_n bind_v himself_o to_o be_v true_a to_o the_o honour_n and_o safety_n of_o his_o lord_n person_n and_o to_o perform_v the_o service_n due_a to_o the_o lord_n for_o the_o tenement_n so_o give_v or_o otherwise_o by_o the_o tenant_n humble_a acknowledgement_n and_o promise_v not_o only_o to_o perform_v the_o service_n due_a but_o even_o to_o be_v devote_v to_o the_o lord_n service_n to_o honour_v he_o and_o to_o adventure_v limb_n and_o life_n and_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a to_o the_o lord_n this_o be_v call_v homage_n from_o those_o word_n i_o become_v your_o man_n sir_n and_o yet_o promise_v upon_o the_o matter_n no_o more_o but_o fealty_n in_o a_o deep_a compliment_n albeit_o there_o be_v difference_n in_o the_o adjunct_n belong_v to_o eách_v for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o by_o promise_n of_o be_v the_o lord_n man_n a_o general_a service_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v imply_v yet_o in_o regard_n that_o it_o be_v upon_o occasion_n only_o of_o that_o present_a tenure_n it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v restrain_v only_o to_o those_o particular_a service_n which_o belong_v to_o that_o tenement_n and_o therefore_o if_o that_o tenement_n be_v hold_v in_o socage_n although_o the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v to_o homage_n yet_o that_o homage_n tie_v not_o the_o tenant_n to_o the_o service_n of_o a_o knight_n 5._o nor_o contrary_o do_v the_o homage_n of_o a_o tenant_n in_o knight-service_n tie_v he_o to_o that_o of_o socage_n upon_o the_o command_n of_o his_o lord_n though_o he_o profess_v himself_o to_o be_v his_o man._n nor_o do_v the_o tenant_n homage_n bind_v he_o against_o all_o man_n nor_o ad_fw-la semper_fw-la for_o in_o case_n he_o hold_v of_o two_o or_o divers_a lord_n by_o homage_n for_o several_a tenement_n 10._o and_o these_o two_o lord_n be_v in_o war_n one_o against_o the_o other_o the_o tenant_n must_v serve_v his_o chief_a lord_n of_o who_o the_o capital_a house_n be_v hold_v or_o that_o lord_n which_o be_v he_o by_o priority_n who_o may_v be_v call_v the_o chief_a lord_n because_o have_v first_o receive_v homage_n he_o receive_v it_o absolute_o from_o his_o tenant_n with_o a_o save_n of_o the_o tenant_n faith_n make_v to_o other_o lord_n and_o to_o the_o king_n who_o in_o order_n to_o the_o public_a have_v power_n to_o command_v a_o tenant_n into_o war_n against_o his_o own_o lord_n if_o therefore_o he_o be_v command_v by_o the_o king_n in_o such_o case_n unto_o war_n 1._o he_o need_v not_o question_v the_o point_n of_o forfeiture_n but_o if_o he_o be_v command_v by_o a_o chief_a of_o his_o other_o lord_n into_o war_n against_o a_o party_n in_o which_o another_o of_o his_o lord_n be_v engage_v his_o safe_a way_n be_v to_o enter_v upon_o the_o work_n because_o of_o his_o allegiance_n to_o that_o lord_n yet_o with_o a_o salvo_fw-la of_o his_o fealty_n to_o that_o other_o lord._n 4._o but_o in_o all_o ordinary_a case_n tenant_n and_o lord_n must_v have_v regard_n to_o their_o stipulation_n for_o otherwise_o if_o either_o break_n the_o other_o be_v discharge_v for_o ever_o and_o if_o the_o fault_n be_v in_o the_o tenant_n his_o tenement_n escheat_n to_o his_o lord_n and_o if_o the_o lord_n fail_v he_o lose_v his_o tenure_n and_o the_o tenant_n may_v thenceforth_o disclaim_v and_o hold_v over_o for_o ever_o nevertheless_o the_o lord_n have_v two_o privilege_n by_o common_a custom_n belong_v to_o their_o tenor_n which_o although_o not_o mention_v in_o the_o stipulation_n be_v yet_o more_o valuable_a than_o all_o the_o rest_n the_o one_o concern_v matter_n of_o profit_n the_o other_o of_o power_n that_o of_o profit_n consist_v in_o aid_n and_o relief_n the_o aid_n be_v of_o three_o kind_n 8._o one_o to_o make_v the_o lord_n elder_a son_n knight_n the_o other_o to_o marry_v his_o elder_a daughter_n the_o three_o to_o help_v he_o to_o pay_v a_o relief_n to_o his_o lord_n paramount_n which_o in_o my_o opinion_n sound_v as_o much_o as_o if_o the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v by_o their_o tenor_n to_o aid_v their_o lord_n in_o all_o case_n of_o extraordinary_a charge_n save_v that_o the_o lord_n can_v not_o distrain_v his_o tenant_n 8._o for_o aid_n to_o his_o war_n and_o this_o according_a to_o the_o lord_n discretion_n ibid._n for_o glanvil_n say_v that_o the_o law_n determine_v nothing_o concern_v the_o quantity_n or_o value_n of_o these_o aid_n these_o be_v the_o norman_a way_n and_o savour_v so_o much_o of_o lordship_n that_o within_o that_o age_n they_o be_v regulate_v but_o that_o of_o relief_n be_v a_o ancient_a sacrifice_n as_o of_o first-fruit_n of_o the_o tenement_n to_o the_o lord_n in_o memorial_n of_o the_o first_o lord_n favour_n in_o confer_v that_o tenement_n and_o it_o be_v first_o settle_v in_o the_o saxon_n time_n the_o lord_n privilege_n of_o power_n extend_v so_o far_o as_o to_o distrain_v his_o tenant_n into_o his_o own_o court_n to_o answer_v to_o himself_o in_o all_o cause_n that_o concern_v his_o
right_n and_o so_o the_o lord_n become_v both_o judge_n and_o party_n which_o be_v soon_o feel_v and_o prevent_v as_o shall_v appear_v hereafter_o another_o privilege_n of_o the_o lord_n power_n be_v over_o the_o tenant_n heir_n after_o the_o tenant_n death_n in_o the_o dispose_n of_o the_o body_n during_o the_o minority_n and_o marriage_n of_o the_o same_o as_o touch_v the_o dispose_n of_o the_o body_n the_o lord_n either_o retain_v the_o same_o in_o his_o own_o power_n or_o commit_v the_o same_o to_o other_o 12._o and_o this_o be_v do_v either_o pleno_fw-la jure_fw-la or_o render_v a_o account_n as_o concern_v the_o marriage_n of_o the_o female_n that_o be_v heir_n or_o so_o apparent_a the_o parent_n in_o their_o life-time_n can_v marry_v they_o without_o the_o lord_n consent_n nor_o may_v they_o marry_v themselves_o after_o their_o parent_n death_n without_o the_o same_o and_o the_o lord_n be_v bind_v to_o give_v their_o consent_n unless_o they_o can_v show_v cause_n to_o the_o contrary_n the_o like_a also_o of_o the_o tenant_n widow_n that_o have_v any_o dowry_n in_o the_o land_n of_o such_o tenure_n and_o by_o suchlike_a mean_n as_o these_o the_o power_n of_o the_o baron_n grow_v to_o that_o height_n that_o in_o the_o lump_n it_o be_v too_o massy_a both_o for_o prince_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o last_o will._n it_o be_v a_o receive_a opinion_n that_o at_o the_o common-law_n no_o man_n can_v devise_v his_o land_n by_o his_o last_o will._n if_o thereby_o it_o be_v conceive_v to_o be_v against_o common_a reason_n i_o shall_v not_o touch_v that_o but_o if_o against_o custom_n of_o the_o ancient_a time_n i_o must_v suspend_v my_o concurrence_n therewith_o until_o those_o ancient_a time_n be_v define_v for_o as_o yet_o i_o find_v no_o testimony_n sufficient_a to_o assert_v that_o opinion_n but_o rather_o that_o the_o time_n hitherto_o have_v a_o sacred_a opinion_n of_o the_o last_o will_n as_o of_o the_o most_o serious_a sincere_a and_o advise_v declaration_n of_o the_o most_o inward_a desire_n of_o a_o man_n which_o be_v the_o main_a thing_n look_v unto_o in_o all_o conveyance_n voluntas_fw-la donatoris_fw-la de_fw-la caetero_fw-la observetur_fw-la and_o therefore_o nothing_o be_v more_o ordinary_a than_o for_o king_n in_o these_o time_n as_o much_o as_o in_o they_o do_v lie_v 1._o to_o dispose_v of_o their_o crown_n by_o their_o last_o will._n thus_o king_n john_n appoint_v henry_n the_o three_o his_o successor_n and_o richard_n the_o first_o devise_v the_o crown_n to_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n the_o first_o give_v all_o his_o land_n to_o his_o daughter_n and_o william_n the_o conqueror_n by_o his_o last_o will_n give_v normandy_n to_o robert_n england_n to_o william_n 3._o and_o to_z henry_n his_o mother_n land_n if_o then_o these_o thing_n of_o great_a moment_n under_o heaven_n be_v ordinary_o dispose_v by_o the_o last_o will_n be_v it_o then_o probable_a that_o the_o small_a freehold_n shall_v be_v of_o too_o high_a esteem_n to_o be_v credit_v to_o such_o conveyance_n i_o will_v not_o be_v mistake_v as_o if_o i_o think_v that_o crown_n and_o empire_n be_v at_o the_o disposal_n of_o the_o last_o will_n of_o the_o possessor_n nor_o do_v i_o think_v that_o either_o they_o be_v thus_o in_o this_o kingdom_n or_o that_o there_o be_v any_o reason_n that_o can_v patronize_v that_o opinion_n yet_o it_o will_v be_v apparent_a that_o king_n have_v no_o sleight_n conceit_n of_o the_o last_o will_n and_o know_v no_o such_o infirmity_n in_o that_o manner_n of_o conveyance_n as_o be_v pretend_v or_o else_o will_v they_o never_o have_v spend_v that_o little_a breath_n leave_v they_o in_o vain_a 5._o i_o have_v observe_v the_o word_n of_o glanvil_n concern_v this_o point_n and_o i_o can_v find_v that_o he_o positive_o deny_v all_o conveyance_n of_o land_n by_o will_n but_o only_o in_o case_n of_o disherison_n the_o ground_n whereof_o be_v because_o it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o conveyance_n of_o the_o law_n and_o yet_o in_o that_o case_n also_o allow_v of_o a_o dispose_n power_n by_o consent_n of_o the_o heir_n which_o can_v never_o make_v good_a conveyance_n if_o the_o will_n in_o that_o case_n be_v absolute_o void_a and_o therefore_o his_o authority_n lie_v not_o in_o the_o way_n nor_o do_v the_o particular_a custom_n of_o place_n discountenance_v but_o rather_o advance_v this_o opinion_n for_o if_o devise_v of_o land_n be_v incident_a to_o the_o tenure_n in_o gavel-kind_n and_o that_o so_o general_a in_o old_a time_n as_o also_o to_o the_o burgage_n tenor_n which_o be_v the_o rule_n of_o corporation_n and_o city_n 61._o vbi_fw-la leges_fw-la angliae_fw-la deperiri_fw-la non_fw-la possunt_fw-la nec_fw-la defraudari_fw-la nec_fw-la violari_fw-la how_o can_v it_o be_v say_v contrary_a to_o the_o common_a law_n and_o therefore_o those_o conveyance_n of_o land_n by_o last_o will_n that_o be_v in_o and_o after_o these_o time_n hold_v in_o use_n seem_v to_o i_o rather_o remnant_n of_o the_o more_o general_a custom_n waste_v by_o positive_a law_n than_o particular_a custom_n grow_v up_o against_o the_o common_a rule_n 1181._o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o clergy_n put_v a_o power_n into_o the_o pope_n to_o alter_v the_o law_n as_o touch_v themselves_o in_o some_o case_n for_o roger_n archbishop_n of_o york_n procure_v a_o faculty_n from_o the_o pope_n to_o ordain_v that_o no_o ecclesiastical_a person_n will_v shall_v be_v good_a unless_o make_v in_o health_n 16._o and_o not_o lie_v in_o extremity_n and_o that_o in_o such_o case_n the_o archbishop_n shall_v possess_v himself_o of_o all_o such_o party_n good_n but_o as_o it_o last_v not_o long_o so_o be_v himself_o make_v a_o precedent_n in_o the_o case_n for_o be_v overtake_v with_o death_n ere_o he_o be_v provide_v he_o make_v his_o will_n in_o his_o sickness_n and_o henry_n the_o second_o possess_v himself_o of_o his_o estate_n and_o it_o be_v as_o true_a that_o feme_fw-fr covert_n in_o these_o day_n can_v make_v no_o will_n of_o their_o reasonable_a part_n because_o by_o the_o saxon_a law_n it_o belong_v joint_o to_o the_o child_n nor_o can_v usurer_n continue_v in_o that_o course_n at_o the_o time_n of_o their_o death_n make_v their_o will_n because_o their_o personal_a estate_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n after_o their_o death_n and_o their_o land_n to_o their_o lord_n by_o escheat_n although_o before_o death_n they_o lie_v open_a to_o no_o censure_n of_o law_n but_o this_o be_v by_o a_o especial_a law_n make_v since_o the_o conquerour_n time_n for_o by_o the_o saxon-law_n they_o be_v repute_v as_o outlaw_n 37._o nevertheless_o all_o these_o do_v but_o strengthen_v the_o general_a rule_n viz._n that_o regular_o the_o last_o will_n be_v hold_v in_o the_o general_a a_o good_a conveyance_n in_o law._n if_o the_o will_n be_v only_o intend_v and_o not_o perfect_v or_o no_o will_n be_v make_v 8._o than_o the_o land_n pass_v by_o descent_n and_o the_o good_n hold_v course_n according_a to_o the_o saxon_a law_n viz._n the_o next_o kinsman_n and_o friend_n of_o the_o intestate_a do_v administer_v and_o as_o administrator_n they_o may_v sue_v by_o writ_n out_o of_o the_o king_n court_n although_o the_o clergy_n have_v now_o obtain_v so_o much_o power_n as_o for_o the_o recovery_n of_o a_o legacy_n or_o for_o the_o determine_n of_o the_o validity_n of_o the_o will_n in_o its_o general_a nature_n it_o be_v transmit_v to_o the_o ecclesiastical_a court._n chap._n lxiii_o of_o the_o militia_n of_o this_o kingdom_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o these_o king_n i_o undertake_v not_o the_o debate_n of_o right_n but_o as_o touch_v matter_n of_o fact_n short_o thus_o much_o that_o from_o the_o norman_a time_n the_o power_n of_o the_o militia_n rest_v upon_o two_o principle_n the_o one_o the_o allegiance_n for_o the_o common_a defence_n of_o the_o king_n person_n and_o honour_n and_o kingdom_n and_o in_o this_o case_n the_o king_n have_v the_o power_n to_o levy_v the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n nevertheless_o the_o cause_n be_v still_o under_o the_o cognizance_n of_o the_o great_a council_n so_o far_o as_o to_o agree_v or_o disavow_v the_o war_n if_o they_o see_v cause_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o defection_n of_o the_o baron_n in_o the_o quarrel_n between_o king_n steven_n and_o the_o empress_n and_o between_o king_n john_n and_o his_o baron_n the_o other_o principle_n be_v the_o service_n due_a to_o the_o lord_n from_o the_o tenant_n and_o by_o virtue_n hereof_o especial_o whenas_o the_o liberty_n of_o the_o commons_o be_v in_o question_n the_o militia_n be_v sway_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o they_o draw_v the_o people_n in_o arm_n either_o one_o way_n or_o the_o other_o as_o the_o case_n appear_v to_o they_o the_o experience_n whereof_o the_o king_n from_o time_n to_o time_n feel_v to_o their_o extreme_a prejudice_n and_o the_o kingdom_n
the_o church_n save_v to_o every_o one_o their_o proper_a debt_n and_o thus_o since_o the_o conquest_n the_o churchman_n encroach_v by_o degree_n unto_o a_o great_a power_n in_o matter_n testamentary_a i_o say_v by_o degree_n for_o as_o yet_o by_o this_o law_n it_o appear_v that_o they_o be_v but_o overseer_n or_o eye-witness_n for_o as_o yet_o right_a of_o order_v or_o dispose_v they_o have_v none_o as_o may_v appear_v in_o that_o case_n of_o a_o bastard_n die_v without_o issue_n and_o intestate_a 16._o the_o lord_n shall_v have_v his_o personal_a estate_n and_o in_o all_o case_n the_o executor_n have_v then_o nothing_o but_o bare_a asset_n and_o the_o overplus_n be_v assign_v between_o the_o wife_n and_o child_n according_a to_o their_o reasonable_a part_n or_o if_o the_o party_n die_v intestate_a the_o next_o friend_n do_v administer_v pay_v the_o debt_n and_o make_v dividend_n of_o the_o overplus_n into_o the_o reasonable_a part_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a custom_n still_o continue_v 33._o nor_o do_v the_o testimony_n cite_v out_o of_o bracton_n prove_v any_o other_o than_o that_o the_o ancestor_n have_v free_a power_n to_o order_v his_o estate_n as_o he_o please_v and_o that_o the_o child_n shall_v have_v no_o more_o than_o be_v leave_v unto_o they_o by_o their_o ancestor_n either_o in_o his_o will_n or_o in_o case_n of_o die_v intestate_a by_o the_o custom_n or_o law_n which_o be_v and_o ever_o be_v the_o rationabilis_fw-la pars_fw-la no_o purveyance_n for_o any_o castle_n out_o of_o the_o same_o town_n where_o the_o castle_n be_v 21._o but_o present_a satisfaction_n must_v be_v make_v and_o if_o in_o the_o same_o town_n satisfaction_n must_v be_v make_v within_o forty_o day_n purveyance_n be_v ancient_a provision_n for_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o public_a and_o so_o far_o be_v commendable_a see_v it_o be_v not_o the_o common_a case_n of_o all_o man_n to_o regard_v the_o public_a above_o their_o own_o private_a interest_n therefore_o the_o public_a must_v provide_v for_o itself_o by_o their_o mean_n in_o who_o the_o public_a be_v most_o concern_v and_o this_o be_v in_o those_o elder_a time_n but_o in_o two_o case_n viz._n of_o king_n and_o castle_n in_o the_o one_o of_o which_o the_o government_n be_v principal_o concern_v in_o the_o other_o the_o public_a defence_n for_o it_o may_v be_v well_o conjecture_v that_o castle_n be_v either_o first_o make_v in_o place_n commodious_a for_o habitation_n and_o great_a town_n gather_v to_o they_o for_o their_o better_a safety_n or_o that_o the_o town_n be_v first_o gather_v in_o place_n of_o commodious_a habitation_n and_o then_o castle_n be_v make_v for_o their_o better_a defence_n or_o if_o they_o be_v impose_v upon_o they_o by_o the_o victor_n to_o keep_v they_o in_o awe_n they_o be_v nevertheless_o by_o continuance_n together_o become_v tractable_a and_o conspire_v for_o the_o mutual_a defence_n of_o each_o other_o but_o as_o touch_v such_o citadel_n or_o castle_n that_o be_v set_v in_o solitary_a place_n they_o may_v seem_v rather_o first_o intend_v for_o the_o particular_a defence_n of_o some_o particular_a man_n and_o his_o family_n and_o neighbour_a tenant_n and_o therefore_o in_o the_o purveyance_n for_o castle_n it_o seem_v the_o proper_a town_n wherein_o it_o be_v principal_o liable_a to_o that_o duty_n because_o their_o safety_n be_v more_o principal_o interest_v and_o therefore_o prize_v there_o take_v may_v be_v pay_v at_o a_o day_n to_o come_v but_o in_o all_o other_o place_n immediate_o nevertheless_o this_o last_v not_o long_o for_o the_o soldier_n find_v out_o a_o trick_n of_o favour_v their_o own_o quarter_n and_o preserve_v they_o in_o heart_n against_o a_o back_n winter_n know_v that_o at_o such_o time_n it_o be_v better_a to_o seek_v for_o provision_n nigh_o than_o to_o be_v compel_v to_o seek_v far_o off_o but_o this_o stratagem_n be_v cut_v off_o by_o the_o next_o king_n who_o inhibit_v all_o manner_n of_o purveyance_n in_o any_o other_o town_n 7._o than_o in_o the_o same_o town_n wherein_o the_o castle_n be_v seat_v this_o be_v a_o charge_n that_o be_v but_o temporary_a and_o occasional_a that_o which_o be_v more_o last_a and_o burdensome_a upon_o the_o subject_n be_v purveyance_n for_o the_o king_n which_o nevertheless_o can_v be_v avoid_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o greatness_n of_o his_o retinue_n especial_o in_o those_o day_n and_o if_o they_o shall_v have_v their_o resort_n to_o the_o market_n the_o same_o can_v not_o be_v free_a to_o the_o people_n for_o that_o the_o first_o service_n must_v be_v for_o the_o king_n household_n and_o so_o what_o scrap_n will_v be_v leave_v for_o the_o commons_o 2._o no_o man_n can_v tell_v it_o be_v therefore_o necessary_a for_o the_o king_n family_n to_o be_v maintain_v by_o purveyance_n and_o to_o avoid_v the_o many_o inconvenience_n which_o may_v and_o do_v arise_v in_o those_o spoil_v time_n it_o be_v ordain_v 1._o that_o it_o shall_v be_v felony_n for_o any_o purveyor_n to_o purvey_v without_o warrant_n 2._o that_o none_o but_o the_o king_n purveyor_n must_v purvey_v for_o the_o king_n house_n and_o that_o he_o must_v purvey_v only_o for_o the_o king_n house_n and_o to_o purvey_v no_o more_o than_o be_v necessary_a and_o to_o pay_v for_o the_o thing_n they_o take_v and_o because_o king_n be_v oftentimes_o necessitate_v for_o removal_n from_o place_n to_o place_n purveyance_n of_o carriage_n be_v also_o allow_v 32._o and_o in_o case_n the_o subject_n be_v grieve_v either_o by_o more_o purveyance_n than_o be_v necessary_a or_o by_o nonpayment_n for_o the_o commodity_n so_o take_v or_o with_o composition_n for_o the_o king_n debt_n for_o such_o purveyance_n the_o offender_n be_v liable_a to_o fine_a and_o imprisonment_n 2._o or_o if_o they_o be_v grieve_v by_o purveyor_n without_o warrant_n the_o offender_n be_v to_o be_v proceed_v against_o as_o in_o case_n of_o felony_n he_o that_o serve_v in_o castleguard_n 22._o be_v not_o liable_a to_o payment_n of_o rent_n for_o that_o service_n nor_o be_v be_v compellable_n to_o either_o so_o long_o as_o be_v be_v in_o the_o service_n in_o the_o army_n by_o the_o ancient_a custom_n none_o but_o a_o knight_n may_v be_v charge_v with_o the_o guard_n of_o a_o castle_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n for_o the_o letter_n of_o this_o law_n mention_v only_o such_o and_o therefore_o to_o hold_v by_o castleguard_n be_v a_o tenure_n in_o knight-service_n and_o it_o seem_v that_o rent_n for_o castleguard_n original_o be_v consistent_a with_o knight-service_n and_o that_o it_o be_v not_o annual_a but_o promiscuous_o knight_n may_v either_o perform_v the_o service_n or_o pay_v rend_v in_o lieu_n thereof_o and_o upon_o occasion_n do_v neither_o if_o the_o king_n send_v they_o into_o the_o field_n and_o last_o that_o a_o knight_n may_v either_o do_v the_o service_n in_o his_o own_o person_n or_o by_o his_o esquire_n or_o another_o appoint_v by_o he_o thereto_o no_o knight_n nor_o lord_n nor_o churchmen_n carriage_n nor_o no_o man_n wood_n shall_v be_v take_v against_o the_o owner_n consent_n nor_o shall_v any_o man_n carriage_n be_v take_v 23._o if_o he_o will_v pay_v the_o hire_n limit_v by_o the_o law._n churchman_n be_v exempt_v from_o charge_n to_o the_o king_n carriage_n mere_o in_o favour_n to_o the_o canon_n which_o exempt_v the_o good_n of_o the_o clergy_n from_o such_o lay-service_n nevertheless_o the_o complaint_n of_o the_o clergy_n former_o mention_v show_v that_o this_o be_v not_o due_o observe_v knight_n and_o lord_n be_v discharge_v not_o only_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o port_n but_o more_o principal_o because_o they_o be_v public_a servant_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o the_o kingdom_n be_v then_o equal_o serve_v by_o themselves_o and_o their_o equipage_n and_o their_o carriage_n as_o a_o necessary_a assistant_n thereunto_o the_o king_n shall_v have_v no_o more_o profit_n of_o felon_n land_n than_o the_o year_n and_o a_o day_n 24._o and_o the_o lord_n be_v to_o have_v the_o remainder_n ancient_o the_o lord_n have_v all_o the_o estate_n of_o felon_n be_v their_o tenant_n and_o the_o king_n have_v only_o a_o prerogative_n to_o waste_v they_o 2._o as_o a_o penalty_n or_o part_v thereof_o but_o afterward_o the_o lord_n by_o agreement_n yield_v unto_o the_o king_n the_o year_n and_o a_o day_n profit_n to_o save_v the_o land_n from_o spoil_n and_o in_o continuance_n of_o time_n the_o king_n have_v both_o the_o year_n and_o day_n and_o waste_v 137._o fugitive_n also_o be_v in_o the_o same_o case_n viz._n 16._o such_o as_o desert_v their_o country_n either_o in_o time_n of_o need_n or_o such_o as_o flee_v from_o the_o trial_n of_o law_n in_o criminal_a case_n for_o in_o both_o case_n the_o saxon_n account_v they_o as_o common_a felon_n nevertheless_o the_o two_o custom_n of_o gloucester_n
espy_v the_o danger_n and_o how_o necessary_a it_o be_v for_o the_o people_n to_o be_v well_o arm_v in_o these_o time_n of_o general_a broil_n and_o upon_o that_o ground_n allow_v this_o law_n to_o pass_v that_o all_o such_o as_o have_v land_n worth_a 20_o l._n yearly_a beside_o reprizal_n shall_v be_v ready_a not_o to_o be_v knight_n nor_o under_o the_o favour_n of_o other_o be_v there_o any_o ancient_a precedent_n to_o warrant_v it_o but_o to_o find_v or_o to_o enter_v into_o the_o field_n with_o the_o arm_n of_o a_o knight_n or_o to_o provide_v some_o able_a person_n to_o serve_v in_o their_o stead_n unless_o they_o be_v under_o 21_o year_n of_o age_n and_o so_o not_o grow_v up_o to_o full_a strength_n of_o body_n nor_o their_o land_n in_o their_o own_o possession_n but_o in_o custody_n of_o their_o lord_n or_o guardian_n nevertheless_o of_o such_o as_o be_v grow_v to_o full_a age_n yet_o be_v maim_v impotent_a or_o of_o mean_a estate_n and_o tenant_n by_o service_n of_o a_o knight_n it_o be_v have_v into_o a_o way_n of_o moderation_n and_o order_v that_o such_o shall_v pay_v a_o reasonable_a fine_a for_o respite_n of_o such_o service_n nor_o further_o as_o concern_v 〈◊〉_d person_n be_v they_o bind_v but_o as_o touch_v such_o that_o be_v under_o present_a only_o and_o not_o perpetual_a disability_n of_o body_n upon_o they_o incumbent_n as_o often_o as_o occasion_v call_v they_o serve_v by_o their_o deputy_n or_o servant_n all_o which_o be_v ground_v not_o only_o upon_o the_o law_n of_o henry_n the_o second_o but_o also_o upon_o common_a right_n of_o tenure_n the_o arm_n that_o these_o man_n be_v to_o find_v be_v say_v to_o be_v those_o belong_v to_o a_o knight_n which_o be_v partly_o for_o defence_n and_o partly_o for_o offence_n of_o the_o first_o sort_n be_v the_o shield_n the_o helmet_n the_o hauberk_n or_o breastplate_n or_o coat_n of_o mail_n of_o the_o second_o sort_n be_v the_o sword_n and_o lance_n and_o unto_o all_o a_o horse_n must_v be_v provide_v these_o arm_n especial_o the_o defensive_a have_v be_v former_o under_o alteration_n for_o the_o breastplate_n can_v not_o be_v wear_v with_o the_o coat_n of_o mail_n and_o therefore_o must_v be_v use_v as_o occasion_n be_v provide_v of_o either_o and_o for_o this_o cause_n the_o service_n of_o a_o knight_n be_v call_v by_o several_a name_n sometime_o from_o the_o horse_n sometime_o from_o the_o lance_n sometime_o from_o the_o helmet_n and_o not_o seldom_o from_o the_o coat_n of_o mail._n the_o power_n of_o immediate_a command_n or_o call_v forth_o the_o knight_n to_o their_o service_n in_o its_o own_o nature_n be_v but_o ministerial_a and_o subservient_fw-fr to_o that_o power_n that_o order_a war_n to_o be_v levy_v and_o therefore_o as_o in_o the_o first_o saxon_n government_n under_o their_o prince_n in_o germany_n so_o after_o tacitus_n under_o their_o king_n war_n be_v never_o resolve_v upon_o but_o if_o it_o be_v defensive_a it_o be_v by_o the_o council_n of_o lord_n if_o offensive_a by_o the_o general_a vote_n of_o the_o grand_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o by_o virtue_n of_o such_o order_n either_o from_o the_o council_n of_o lord_n or_o grand_a council_n the_o knight_n be_v call_v forth_o to_o war_n and_o other_o as_o the_o case_n require_v summon_v to_o a_o rendezvous_n and_o this_o instrumental_a power_n regular_o rest_v in_o the_o lord_n to_o who_o such_o service_n be_v due_a and_o the_o lord_n be_v summon_v by_o the_o lord_n paramount_n as_o chief_a of_o the_o fee_n of_o which_o their_o tenant_n be_v hold_v and_o not_o as_o king_n or_o chief_a captain_n in_o the_o field_n for_o they_o be_v not_o raise_v by_o proclamation_n but_o by_o summons_n 〈◊〉_d forth_o to_o the_o sheriff_n with_o distress_n and_o this_o only_a against_o such_o as_o be_v within_o his_o own_o fee_n and_o hold_v of_o the_o crown_n the_o king_n therefore_o may_v have_v many_o knight_n at_o his_o command_n but_o the_o lord_n more_o and_o if_o those_o lord_n fail_v in_o their_o due_a correspondency_n with_o the_o king_n all_o those_o of_o the_o inferior_a orb_n be_v carry_v away_o after_o they_o so_o the_o king_n be_v leave_v to_o shift_v for_o himself_o as_o well_o as_o he_o can_v and_o this_o may_v be_v occasion_v not_o only_o from_o their_o tenor_n by_o which_o they_o stand_v oblige_v to_o the_o inferior_a lord_n but_o probable_o much_o more_o by_o their_o popularity_n which_o be_v more_o prevalent_a by_o how_o much_o king_n look_v upon_o the_o commons_o at_o a_o further_a distance_n in_o those_o day_n than_o in_o aftertime_n when_o the_o commons_o interpose_v intentive_o in_o the_o public_a government_n and_o thus_o the_o horseman_n of_o england_n become_v less_o constant_a in_o adhere_v to_o their_o sovereign_n in_o the_o field_n occasion_v king_n to_o betake_v themselves_o to_o their_o foot_n and_o to_o form_v the_o strength_n of_o their_o battle_n whole_o in_o they_o and_o themselves_o on_o foot_n to_o engage_v with_o they_o one_o point_n of_o liberty_n these_o soldier_n by_o tenure_n have_v which_o make_v their_o service_n not_o altogether_o servile_a and_o that_o be_v that_o their_o service_n in_o the_o field_n be_v neither_o indefinite_a nor_o infinite_a but_o circumscribe_v by_o place_n time_n and_o end_n the_o time_n of_o their_o service_n for_o the_o continuance_n of_o it_o be_v for_o a_o set_a time_n if_o it_o be_v at_o their_o own_o charge_n and_o although_o some_o have_v a_o short_a time_n yet_o the_o general_a sort_n be_v restained_a to_o forty_o day_n for_o the_o courage_n of_o those_o time_n consist_v not_o in_o weary_v and_o waste_v the_o soldier_n in_o the_o field_n by_o delay_n and_o long_o work_v in_o wheel_v about_o and_o retire_v but_o in_o play_v their_o prize_n like_o two_o combatant_n of_o resolution_n to_o get_v victory_n by_o valour_n or_o to_o die_v if_o upon_o extraordinary_a occasion_n the_o war_n continue_v long_o than_o the_o tenant_n serve_v upon_o the_o pay_n of_o the_o common_a purse_n the_o end_n of_o the_o service_n of_o the_o tenant_n viz._n their_o lord_n defence_n in_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n stint_v their_o work_n within_o certain_a bound_n of_o place_n beyond_o which_o they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v draw_v unless_o of_o their_o own_o accord_n and_o these_o be_v the_o border_n of_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n which_o in_o those_o day_n extend_v into_o scotland_n on_o the_o north_n and_o into_o a_o great_a part_n of_o france_n on_o the_o south_n and_o therefore_o the_o earl-marshal_n of_o england_n be_v by_o edward_n the_o first_o command_v by_o virtue_n of_o his_o tenure_n to_o attend_v in_o person_n upon_o the_o standart_n under_o his_o lieutenant_n that_o then_o be_v to_o be_v send_v into_o flanders_n which_o be_v no_o part_n of_o the_o dominion_n of_o england_n refuse_v and_o notwithstanding_o the_o king_n threat_n to_o hang_v he_o yet_o he_o persist_v say_v he_o will_v neither_o go_v nor_o hang._n not_o only_o because_o the_o tenant_n by_o knight-service_n be_v bind_v to_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o lord_n person_n and_o not_o of_o their_o lieutenant_n but_o principal_o because_o they_o be_v to_o serve_v for_o the_o safety_n and_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o ought_v not_o to_o be_v draw_v into_o foreign_a country_n nor_o do_v the_o earl-marshal_n only_o this_o but_o many_o other_o also_o both_o knight_n and_o knight_n fellow_n have_v twenty_o pound_n per_fw-la annum_fw-la for_o all_o these_o with_o their_o arm_n be_v summon_v to_o serve_v under_o the_o king_n pay_n in_o flanders_n 71._o i_o say_v multitude_n of_o they_o refuse_v to_o serve_v and_o afterward_o join_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o commons_o in_o a_o petition_n to_o the_o king_n and_o complain_v of_o that_o summon_v as_o of_o a_o common_a grievance_n because_o that_o neither_o they_o nor_o their_o ancestor_n be_v bind_v to_o serve_v the_o king_n in_o that_o country_n and_o they_o obtain_v the_o king_n discharge_n under_o his_o broad_a seal_n according_o the_o like_a whereunto_o may_v be_v warrant_v out_o of_o the_o very_a word_n of_o the_o statute_n of_o mortmain_n which_o be_v make_v within_o the_o compass_n of_o these_o time_n 1._o by_o which_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o in_o case_n land_n be_v alien_v contrary_a to_o that_o statute_n and_o the_o immediate_a lord_n do_v not_o seize_v the_o same_o 〈◊〉_d king_n shall_v seize_v they_o and_o dispose_v they_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n viz._n upon_o such_o service_n reserve_v as_o shall_v suit_v therewith_o as_o if_o all_o the_o service_n of_o a_o knight_n must_v conduce_v thereto_o and_o that_o he_o be_v no_o further_o bind_v to_o any_o service_n of_o his_o lord_n than_o will_v consist_v with_o the_o safety_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o be_v the_o doctrine_n that_o the_o
any_o man_n he_o must_v go_v whither_o the_o king_n shall_v please_v to_o send_v he_o which_o be_v not_o only_o destructive_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o thirn_a concern_v the_o plea_n but_o also_o though_o grant_v be_v destructive_a to_o the_o reporter_n judgement_n in_o the_o main_a point_n for_o if_o a_o english_a man_n may_v refuse_v to_o go_v without_o wage_n then_o be_v he_o not_o bind_v to_o go_v by_o any_o natural_a absolute_a legiance_n as_o the_o reporter_n will_v have_v it_o and_o as_o touch_v the_o second_o case_n which_o be_v bigot_n and_o bohun_n case_n it_o clear_v the_o same_o thing_n for_o it_o be_v resolve_v that_o they_o ought_v to_o go_v but_o in_o manner_n and_o form_n according_a to_o the_o statute_n then_o be_v not_o the_o ground_n in_o the_o absolute_a legiance_n for_o that_o be_v not_o qualify_v but_o in_o the_o positive_a statute-law_n which_o tie_v only_o in_o manner_n and_o form_n and_o that_o by_o voluntary_a consent_n in_o parliament_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o case_n do_v neither_o conclude_v the_o main_a point_n nor_o the_o particular_a thing_n that_o the_o reporter_n intend_v for_o he_o will_v imply_v to_o the_o reader_n that_o english_a man_n be_v ancient_o use_v to_o be_v impre_v for_o the_o war_n in_o france_n and_o hereunto_o he_o vouch_v one_o authority_n out_o of_o ancient_a report_n of_o law_n in_o edward_n the_o three_o time_n 12._o one_o authority_n in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o four_o protect_v and_o three_o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n the_o six_o none_o of_o all_o which_o do_v speak_v one_o word_n concern_v impresting_a and_o that_o in_o edward_n the_o three_o do_v imply_v the_o contrary_a 35._o for_o the_o case_n be_v that_o in_o a_o praecipe_fw-la quod_fw-la reddat_fw-la a_o protection_n be_v offer_v by_o the_o defendant_n as_o appoint_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o sea_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o lancaster_n and_o the_o plaintiff_n counsel_v allege_v that_o the_o defendant_n have_v be_v beyond_o sea_n with_o the_o duke_n and_o be_v return_v to_o this_o the_o defendant_n counset_n answer_v that_o the_o duke_n be_v ready_a to_o return_v again_o and_o for_o this_o cause_n the_o protection_n be_v not_o allow_v yet_o a_o quere_z be_v make_v upon_o this_o ground_n that_o it_o may_v be_v that_o the_o defendant_n will_v not_o go_v over_o with_o he_o nor_o be_v it_o prove_v that_o he_o will_v which_o show_v plain_o the_o party_n be_v not_o impre_v for_o then_o the_o thing_n have_v not_o be_v in_o his_o power_n to_o will_n or_o will_v the_o last_o instance_n that_o the_o reporter_n produce_v be_v that_o of_o forinsecum_fw-la servitium_n or_o foreign_a service_n and_o that_o seem_v to_o be_v knight-service_n to_o be_v perform_v abroad_o but_o this_o fall_v short_a of_o the_o reporter_n intention_n in_o three_o respect_n first_o though_o it_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n yet_o not_o to_o he_o only_o but_o to_o other_o chief_a lord_n 37._o so_o say_v bracton_n second_o it_o be_v not_o due_a from_o every_o english_a man._n and_o last_o it_o be_v a_o service_n due_a by_o virtue_n of_o tenure_n and_o then_o the_o conclusion_n will_v be_v that_o which_o be_v due_a by_o tenure_n of_o land_n be_v not_o due_a by_o natural_a and_o absolute_a legiance_n and_o so_o this_o foreign_a service_n arise_v mere_o by_o compact_n and_o agreement_n between_o lord_n and_o tenant_n and_o not_o by_o the_o natural_a duty_n of_o a_o english-born_a subject_n which_o be_v the_o thing_n that_o the_o reporter_n drive_v at_o in_o all_o his_o discourse_n will_v be_v so_o far_o from_o maintain_v the_o reporter_n opinion_n as_o it_o will_v evident_o destroy_v the_o same_o and_o thus_o the_o posture_n of_o this_o nation_n in_o the_o field_n remain_v regular_a in_o the_o rule_n whatever_o have_v be_v say_v against_o it_o notwithstanding_o that_o in_o the_o very_a instant_n of_o action_n there_o may_v be_v some_o irregularity_n which_o no_o doubt_n both_o be_v and_o ever_o will_v be_v in_o stormy_a time_n nor_o do_v it_o conquer_v the_o law_n for_o though_o war_n may_v seem_v to_o be_v but_o a_o sickness_n of_o the_o state_n yet_o be_v in_o truth_n as_o the_o ultimum_fw-la refugium_fw-la and_o only_o reserve_v unto_o law_n beat_v to_o a_o retreat_n by_o opression_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o this_o motion_n or_o rather_o commotion_n that_o bring_v on_o the_o law_n of_o peace_n in_o the_o rear_n be_v still_o and_o ever_o subject_a to_o rule_v of_o law_n how_o unruly_a soever_o itself_o seem_v to_o be_v now_o because_o law_n import_v execution_n and_o that_o presuppose_v a_o trial_n and_o it_o a_o court_n therefore_o do_v our_o ancestor_n among_o other_o court_n not_o regulate_v by_o the_o common_a law_n form_n a_o court_n for_o the_o service_n of_o war_n call_v the_o court-marshal_n or_o the_o constable_n court_n according_a as_o the_o office_n of_o one_o or_o the_o other_o have_v the_o pre-eminence_n the_o proceed_n herein_o be_v order_v as_o i_o say_v not_o accordiag_n to_o the_o common_a law_n 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