the side thereof and withal stretching out it selfe ouerthwart crosse from the Iberian sea to the Gauls Ocean is separated from Boetica Lusitania by the mountaine Salarius and the cliffes of the Oretanes Carpetanes and Asturians Boetica so called of the riuer Boetis that cutteth in the mids out-goeth all other prouinces for rich furniture and a certaine plentifull trimnesse and peculiar beautie by it selfe Therein are held foure solemne Iudiciall great assizes and Parliaments according to foure Counties or shires to wit the Gaditane Cordubian Astigitane and Hispalensis Townes in it are all in number 175 whereof there are colonies eight free Boroughes eight townes indued with the antient franchises of Latium 29 with freedome six Confederate foure Tributarie paying custome 120. Of which those that be worth the naming and are more currant in the Latine tongue be these vnder written to wit on the riuer Ana side and the Ocean coast the citie Ossonoba surnamed also Lusturia There run between Luxia and Vrium two riuers The hils Ariani the riuer Boetis the shore Corense with a winding creek Ouer against which lyeth Gades to be spoken of among the Ilands The cape or head of Iuno the hauen Besippo Townes Belon and Mellaria The Streights or Firth out of the Atlanticke sea Carteia called Tertessos by the Greekes and the mountaine Calpe Then within the firm land the towne Barbesula with the riuer Item the towne Salbula Suel-Malacha vpon the riuer of our Confederates Next to these Menoba with a riuer Sexi-firmum surnamed Iulium Solaubina Abdera and Murgis the frontier towne of Boetica All that whole coast M. Agrippa thought to haue had their beginning and discent from the Carthaginians From Ana there lyeth against the Atlanticke Ocean the region of the Bastuli and the Turduli M. Varro saith that there entered into all parts of Spain the Herians Persians Phaenicians Celtes and Carthaginians or Africans for Lusus the companion of Father Liber or Liba which signifieth the frantick furie of those that raged with him gaue the name to Lusitania and Pan was the gouernour of it all But those things which are reported of Hercules and Pyrene or of Saturne I thinke to be as vaine and fabulous tales as any other As for Boetis in the Tarraonensian prouince rising not as some haue said at the towne Mentesa but in the chase or forrest Tugrensis which the riuer Tader watereth as it doth the Carthaginian pale also at Ilorcum shunneth the funerall fire and sepulchre of Scipio and turning into the West maketh toward the Atlantick Ocean adopting the prouince and giuing it his owne name is at first but small howbe it receiueth many other riuers into it from which it taketh away both their name and their waters And first being entred from Ossigitania into Boetica running gently with a pleasant channel hath many townes both on the left hand the right seated vpon it The most famous and populous between it the sea coast in the Mediterranean part thereof are Segeda surnamed Augurina Iulia which is also called Findentia Virgao otherwise Alba Ebura otherwise Cereolis Illiberi which is also Liberini Ilipua named likewise Laus Artigi or Iulienses Vesci the same that Faventia Singilia Hegua Arialdunū Agla the lesse Baebro Castra Vinaria Episibrum Hipponoua Illurco Osca Escua Succubo Nuditanum Tucci the old all which belong to Bastitania lying toward the sea But with in the countie or iurisdiction of Corduba about the very riuer standeth the towne Ossigi which is surnamed Laconicum Illiturgi called also Forum Iulium Ipasturgi the same that Triumphale Sitia 14 miles within the country Obulco which is named Pontificense And anon you shall see Ripepora a town of the confederats Sacili Martialum Onoba And on the right hand Corduba surnamed Colonia Patritia and then beginneth Boetis to be nauigable not before As you go lower you shal find towns Carbulo Decuma the riuer Singulis falling into the same side of Boetis The townes of the county Hispalensis be these Celtica Axatiara Arruci Menoba Ilipa surnamed Italica And on the left hand Hispalis a colony surnamed likewise Romulensis But right forward opposit to it the town Osset which hath a name besides Iulia Constantia Vergentum which also is the same that Iulij Genitor Hippo Caurasiarum the riuer Menoba which also entreth into Boetis on the right side But within the washes downs of Boetis there is the town Nebrissa surnamed Veneria Colobona also colonies viz. Asta which is called Regia in the mid-land part Asido which is the same that Caesariana The riuer Singulus breaking into Boetis in that order as I haue said runneth hard by the Colony Astigitania surnamed also Augusta Firma so forward it is nauigable The rest of the Colonies belonging to this Countie are free enioy immunitie of tribute namely Tucci which is surnamed Augusta Gemella Itucci the same that Virtus Iulia At tubi all one with Claretas Iulia i. exce Ilencie of Iulius Vrso which is Genua Vrbanorum among these Munda which together with Pompeies son was taken Free towns Astigi the old Ostippo tributarie Callet Calucula Castra Gemina Ilipula the lesse Merucra Sacrana Obulcula Oningis As a man commeth from the coast neere to the riuer Menoba which also will beare a ship there dwel not far off the Alontigicili Alostigi But all that region which without the forenamed reacheth from Boetis to the riuer Ana is called Beturia diuided into two parts as many sorts of people to wit the Celtici who meet with Lusitania and are within the diuision or county Hispalensis and the Turduli who inhabit fast vpon Lusitania and Tarraconensis and they owe seruice to the County-court of Corduba as for the Celtici manifest it is That they came from the Celtiberians out of Lusitania as appeareth by their religion tongue names of towns which in Baetica are distinguished by their additions or surnames to wit Seria which is called Fama Iulia Vcultuniacum which now is Curiga Laconimurgi Constantia Iulia Terresibus is now Fortunales Callensibus Emanici Besides all these in Celtica Acinippo Arunda Arunci Turobrica Lastigi Alpesa Saepona Serippo The other Beturia which we said contained the Turduli belonged to the countie of Corduba hath towns of no base account Arsa Mellaria and Mirobrica and regions or quarters Ofrutigi and Sisapone Within the Countie of Gades there is of Romane citizens a town called Regina of Latines there are Laepia Vlia Carisa surnamed Aurelia Vrgia which is likewise named Castrum Iulium also Caesaris Salutariensis But tributaries there be these Besaro Besippo Berbesula Lacippo Besippo Callet Cappagum Oleastro Itucci Brana Lacibi Saguntia Andorisippo The whole length of it M. Agrippa hath set down 463 miles the bredth 257. But for that the bounds reached forward as far as to Carthage which cause breedeth oftentimes errors in the taking of the measures whiles in one place the limits of the prouinces
should be spoken of which is the nource of all lands She also is the mother chosen by the powerfull grace of the gods to make euen heauen it selfe more glorious to gather into one the scattered empires to soften and make ciuill the rude fashions of other countries and whereas the languages of so many nations were repugnant wilde sauage to draw them together by commerce of speech conference and parley to indue man with humanitie and briefely that of all nations in the world there should be one onely countrey But here what should I do so noble are all the places that a man shal come vnto so excellent is euery thing and each state so famous and renowned that I am fully possessed with them all and to seeke what to say Rome citie the only faire face therein worthy to stand vpon so stately a necke and pair of shoulders what worke would it aske thinke you to bee set out as it ought the very tract of Campaine by it selfe so pleasant and goodly so rich and happie in what sort should it be described So as it is plaine and manifest that in this one place there is the workmanship of Nature wherein she ioieth and taketh delight Now besides all this the whole temperature of the aire is euermore so vitall healthy and wholesome the fields so fertile the hills so open to the Sun the forrests so harmlesse the groues so coole and shadie the woods of all sorts so bounteous and fruitfull the mountaines yeelding so many breathing blasts of winde the corne the vines the oliues so plentifull the sheep so inriched with fleeces of the best wooll the bulls and oxen so fat and well fed in the necke so many lakes and pooles such store of riuers and springs watering it throughout so many seas and hauens that it is the very bosom lying open and ready to receiue the commerce of all lands from all parts and yet it selfe full willingly desireth to lie far into the sea to helpe all mankinde Neither do I speake now of the natures wits and fashions of the men ne yet of the nations abroad subdued with their eloquent tongue and strong hand Euen the Greekes a nation of all other most giuen to praise themselues beyond measure haue giuen their iudgement of her in that they called some small part thereof Great Greece But in good faith that which we did in the mention of the heauen namely to touch some knowne planets and a few stars the same must we likewise do in this one part only I would pray the Readers to remember and carry this away That I hasten to rehearse euery particular thing through the whole round globe of the earth Well then to begin Italy is fashioned like for all the world to an Oke leafe and much larger in length than breadth to the left side bending with the top and ending in the figure and fashion of an Amazonian shield and where that tract of Calabria lyeth which is called Cocinthos it putteth forth into those two promontories or capes like the moones two hornes the one Leucopetra on the right hand the other Lacinium on the left In length it reacheth from the foot of the Alps through Ostia or Praetoria Augusta directly to the citie of Rome and so forward to Capua with a direct course leading to Rhegium a towne scituate vpon the shoulder thereof from which beginneth the bending as it were of the necke and beareth 1000 and 20 miles And this measure would grow to be far more if it went as farre as Lacinium but that such an obliquitie and winding might seem to decline and beare out too much vnto one side The breadth thereof is diuersly taken namely 410 miles between the two seas the higher and the lower and the riuers Varus and Arsia The mids of which breadth and that is much about the citie of Rome from the mouth of the riuer Aternus running into the Adriaticke sea vnto the mouthes of Tiberis 136 miles and somewhat lesse from Novum Castrum by the Adriaticke sea to Alsium and so to the Tuscane sea and in no place exceedeth it in breadth 300 miles But the full compasse of the whole from Varus to Arsia is 20049 miles Distant it is by sea from the lands round about to wit from Istria and Liburnia in some places 100 miles from Epirus and Illyricum 50 miles from Africk lesse than 200 as Varro affirmeth from Sardinia an hundred and 20 miles from Sicilie a mile and a halfe from Corcyra lesse than 70 from Issa 50. It goeth along the seas to the Meridionall line verily of the heauen but if a man examine it exactly indeed it lyeth betweene the Sun rising in mid-winter and the point of the Noone-stead Now will we describe the compasse and circuit thereof and reck on the cities wherin I must needs protest by way of Preface that I will follow for mine Authour Augustus the Emperour of famous memorie and the description by him made of all Italy which be diuided into 11 Regionsor Cantons As for the maritime townes I will set them downe in that order as they stand according to their vicinity one to another But forasmuch as in so running a speech and hastie pen the rest cannot possibly be so orderly described therfore in the inland part thereof I will follow him as he hath digested them by the letters of the Alphabet but mentioning withall the colonies or chiefe cities by name which he hath deliuered in that number Neither is it an easie matter to know throughly their positions and foundations considering the Ingaune Ligurians to say nothing of all the rest were indowed with lands thirtie times and changed their seats To begin with the riuer Varus therfore there offereth to our eie first the towne Nicaea built by the Massilians the riuer Po the Alpes the people within the Alpes of many names but of most marke Capillati with long haire the towne Vediantiorum the Citie Cemelion or a towne belonging to the State of the Vediantians called Cemelion the port of Hercules and Monoechus and so the Ligurian coast Of the Ligurians the most renowned beyond the Alpes are the Sallij Deceates and Oxubij on this side the Veneni and descended from the Caturiges the Vagienni Statyelli Vibelli Magelli Euburiates Casmonates Veliates and those whose townes we will declare in the next coast The riuer Rutuba the towne Albium Intemelium the riuer Merula the towne Albium Ingaunum the port or hauen towne Vadum Sabatium the riuer Porcifera the towne Genua the riuer â—…eritor the Port Delphini Tigulia within Segesta Tiguliorum the riuer Macra which limiteth Liguria Now on the back side behind all these townes aboue named is Apenine the highest mountain of all Italy reaching from the Alpes with a continuall ridge of hils to the streights of Cicilie From the other side thereof to Padus the richest riuer in all Italy all the countrey shining with goodly faire townes to wit Liberna Dertona a Colonie Iria
bordering vpon Pontus Faire riuers out of the Dardanians countrey Margis Pingus and Timachis Out of Rhodope Oessus out of Haemus Vtus Essamus and Ieterus Illyricum where it is broadest taketh vp 325 miles it lieth out in length from the riuer Arsia to the riuer Drinius 800 miles From Drinium to the cape Acroceraunium 182 miles M. Agrippa hath set downe all the whole sea comprehending Italy and Illyricum in the compasse of 1300 miles In it are two smaller seas or gulfs bounded as I haue said namely The lower otherwise called the Ionian in the fore-part the inner called Adriaticum which also they name the vpper in the Ausonian sea there be no islands worth the speaking but those aboue-named in the Ionian sea there are but few to wit vpon the Calabrian coast before Brundusium by the obiect site whereof the hauen is made and against the Apulian coast Diomede famous for the tombe and monument of Diomedes another also of that name called by some Teutria As for the coast of Illyricum it is pestered with more than a thousand such is the nature of the sea full of shelues and washes with narrow chanels running between But before the mouthes of Timavus there be Islands famous for hot waters which ebbe and flow with the sea and neere vnto the territorie of the Istrians Cissa Pullariae and those which the Greekes name Absyrtides of Medeas brother Absyrtes there slaine Neere vnto them they called the Islands Electrides wherin is ingendred Ambre which they cal Electrum a most assured argument to proue the vanity of the Greeks for that which of them they meant was neuer known against lader there is Lissa and certain other ouer against the Liburnians called Creteae and as many of the Liburnians Celadusae against Surium there is Brattia commended for neat and goats Issa inhabited by Roman citizens and Pharia with the towne Next to these Corcyra surnamed Melaena with the towne of the Guidians distant 22 miles asunder between which and Illyricum is Melita wherof as Callimachus testifieth the little dogs Melitaei tooke their name and 12 miles from thence the three Elaphites In the Ionian sea from Oricum 1000 miles is Sasonis well knowne for the Pirats harbor there THE FOVRTH BOOKE OF THE HISTORIE OF NATVRE WRITTEN BY C. PLINIVS SECVNDVS From whence first arose all the fabulous lyes and the excellent Learning of the Greekes THe third Sea of Europe beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia and endeth in Hellespont it containeth besides nineteene smaller gulfes or creekes 25 thousand miles Within it are Epirus Acarnania Aetolia Phocis Locris Achaia Messania Laconia Argolis Megaris Attica Boeotia And againe from another sea the same Phocis and Locris Doris Phthiotis Thessalia Magnesia Macedonia Thracia All the fabulous veine and learning of Greece proceeded out of this quarter And therefore we will therein stay somewhat the longer The countrey Epirus generally so called beginneth at the mountaines Acroceraunia In it are first the Chaones of whom Chaonia taketh the name then the Thesprotians and Antigonenses the place Aornus and the aire arising out of it so noisom and pestiferous for birds The Cestines and Perrhoebians with their mountaine Pindus the Cassiopaei the Dryopes Selli Hellopes and Molossi among whom is the tâ—…mple of Iupiter Dodonaeus so famous for the Oracle there the mountaine Tomarus renowned by Theopompus for the hundred fountaines about the foot thereof CHAP. I. ¶ Epirus EPirus it selfe reaching to Magnesia and Macedonia hath behinde it the Dassaretians aboue named a free nation but anon the sauage people of the Dardanians On the left side of the Dardanians the Trebellians and nations of Moesia lye ranged afront there ioine vnto them the Medi and Denthelates vpon whom the Thracians border who reach as farre as to Pontus Thus enuironed it is and defenced round partly with the high hill Rhodope and anon also with Haemus In the vtmost coast of Epirus among the Acroceraunia is the castle Chimaera vnder which is the spring of the kings water The townes are Maeandria and Cestria the riuer of Thesprotia Thyamis the colonie Buthrotium and the gulfe of Ambracia aboue all others most famous receiuing at his mouth the wide sea 39 miles in length and 15 in breadth Into it runneth the riuer Acheron flowing out of Acherusia a lake of Thesprotia 36 miles from thence and for the bridge ouer it 1000 foot long admirable to those that admire and wonder at all things of their owne In the very gulfe is the towne Ambracia The riuers of the Molossians Aphas and Arachtus The citie Anactoria and the lake Pandosia The townes of Acarnania called before time Curetus be Heraclea and Echinus and in the very entrance and mouth thereof Artium a Colonie of Augustus with the goodly temple of Apollo and the free citie Nicopolis When ye are gone out of the Ambrecian gulfe into the Ionian sea yee meet with the Leucadian sea coast and the promontorie of Leucate Then the creeke and Leucadia it selfe a demie Island sometime called Neritis but by the labour of the inhabitants thereby cut quite from the Continent but annexed to it again by meanes of the winds blowing together heapes of sand which place is called Dioryctus and is in length almost halfe a mile A town in it there is called Leucas sometime Neritum Then the cities of the Acarnanians Halyzea Stratos Argos surnamed Amphilochicum The riuer Achelous running out of Pindus diuiding Acarnania from Aetolia and by continuall bringing in of earth annexing the island Artemita to the firme and maine land CHAP. II ¶ Aetolia THe Aetolian nations be the Athamanes Tymphei Ephiri Aenienses Perrhoebi Dolopes Maraces and Atraces from whom the riuer Atrax falleth into the Ionian sea The Towne Calydon in Aetolia is seuen miles and an halfe from the sea neere to the riuer Euenus then followeth Macynia and Molychria behinde which Chalcis standeth and the mountaine Taphiassus But in the very edge and borders thereof the Promontorie Antirrhium where is the mouth of the Corinthian gulfe not a mile broad where it runneth in diuideth the Aetolians from Peloponnesus The promontorie that shooteth out against it is named Rhion but vpon that Corinthian gulfe are the townes of Aetolia Naupactum and Pylene but in the mid-land parts Pleucon Halysarna The mountaines of name in Dodone Tomarus in Ambracia Grania in Acarnania Aracynthus in Aetolia Acanthon Panaetolium and Macinium CHAP. III. ¶ Locri. NExt to the Aetolians are the Locri surnamed Ozolae free States and exempt the towne Oeanthe the hauen of Apollo Phaestius the creeke Crissaeus Within-forth are these towns Argyna Eupalia Phaestum and Calamissus Beyond them are Citrhaei the plaines of Phocis the towne Cirrha the hauen Chalaeon from which seuen miles within the land is the free citie Delphi vnder the hill Pernassus the most famous place vpon earth for the Oracle of Apollo The fountaine Castalius the riuer Cephissus running before Delphos which ariseth in a citie sometime
the sea at the beginning it was named Drymodis but soone after Pelasgis The towns in it be Psophis Mantinea Stymphalum Tegea Antegonea Orchomenum Pheneum Palatium from whence the mount Palatium at Rome tooke the name Megalepolis Catina Bocalium Carmon Parrhasiae Thelphusa Melanaea Heraea Pile Pellana Agrae Epium Cynaetha Lepreon of Arcadia Parthenium Alea Methydrium Enespe Macistum Lampe Clitorium Cleone betweene which townes is the tract Nemea vsually called Berubinadia Mountains in Arcadia Pholoe with a towne so named Item Hyllene Lyceus wherein was the chappell of Iupiter Lycenus Maenalus Artemisius Parthenians Lampeus and Nonacris eight besides of base account Riuers Ladon issuing out of the meeres and fens of Pheneus Erymanthus out of a mountaine of the same name running both downe into Alpheus The rest of the cities to be named in Achaea Aliphiraei Abeatae Pyrgenses Pareatae Paragenitiae Tortuni Typanaei Thryasij Trittenses All Achaaea generally throughout Domitius Nero endowed with freedom Peloponnesus from the promontorie of Malea to the towne Lechaeum vpon the Corinthian gulfe lyeth in bredth 160 miles but ouer crosse from Elis to Epidaurum 125 miles from Olympia to Argos through Arcadia 63 miles From the same place to Phlius is the said measure And all throughout as if Nature made recompence for the irruptions of the seas it riseth vp in 76 hills CHAP. VII ¶ Greece and Attica AT the streights of Isthmus beginneth Hellas of our countrymen called Graecia the first tract thereof is Attica in old time named Acte It reacheth vnto Isthmus on that part thereof which is called Megaris of the colony Megara or against Pagae These 2 townes as Peloponnesus lieth out in length are seated on either hand as it were vpon the shoulders of Hellas The Pageans and more than so the Aegosthenienses lie annexed to the Magarensians and owe seruice to them In the coast thereof is the hauen Schoenus Townes Sidus Cremyon Scironia rocks for three miles long Geranea Megara and Eleusin There were besides Oenoa and Probalinthus which now are not to be seen 52 myles from Isthmus Pyraeeus and Phalera two hauens ioined to Athens by a wall with in the land fiue miles A free citie this is and needeth no more any mans praise so noble and famous it is otherwise beyond all measure In Attica be these fountains Cephissia Larine Callirrhoe and Enneacreunos Mountains Brilessus Megialcus Icarius Hymettus Lyrabetus also the riuer Ilissos From Pyraeeum 42 miles off is the promontorie Sunium likewise the promontorie Doriscum Also Potamos and Brauron townes in times past The village Rhamnus and the place Marathon the plain Thriastius the town Melita and Oropus in the confines or marches of Boeotia Vnto which belong Anthedon Onchestos Thespre a free town Lebadea and Thebes surnamed Boeotia not inferior in fame and renown to Athens as being the natiue country as men would haue it of two gods Liber and Hercules Also they attribute the birth of the Muses in the wood Helicon To this Thebes is assigned the forest Cithaeron and the riuer Ismenus Moreouer fountains in Boeotia Oedipodium Psammate Dirce Epigranea Arethusa Hippocrene Aganippe and Gargaphiae Mountains ouer and besides the forenamed Mycalessus Adylisus Acontius The rest of the towns betweene Megara Thebes Eleutherae Haliartus Plateae Pherae Aspledon Hyle Thisbe Erythrae Glissas and Copae Neere to the riuer Cephissus Lamia and Anichia Medeon Phligone Grephis Coronaea Chaeronia But in the outward borders beneath Thebes Ocale Elaeon Scolos Scoenos Peteon Hyrie Mycalessus Hyreseon Pteleon Olyros Tanagia a free State and in the very mouth of Euripus which the Island Euboea maketh by the opposite site thereof Aulis so renowned for the large hauen that it hath The Boeotians in old time were named Hyantes The Locrians also are named withall Epicnemidij in times past Letegetes through whom the riuer Cephissus runneth into the sea Townes Opus whereof commeth the gulfe Opuntinus and Cynus Vpon the sea coast of Phocis one no more to wit Daphnus Within-forth among the Locrians Elatea and vpon the bank of Cephissus as we haue said Lilea toward Delphos Cnenius and Hiampolis again the marches of Locri wherein stand Larymna and Thronium neere vnto which the riuer Boagrius falleth into the sea Townes Narycion Alope Scarphia after this the vale called of the people there dwelling Maliacus Sinus wherein bee these townes Halcyone Econia and Phalara Then Doris wherin are Sperchios Erineon Boion Pindus Cytinum On the back-side of Doris is the mountain Oeta Then followeth Aemonia that so often hath changed name For one and the same hath bin called Pelasgicum Argos and Hellas Thessalia also and Dryopis and euermore tooke name of the kings In it was borne a king called Graecus of whom Greece bare the name there also was Hellen borne from whence came the Hellenes These being but one people Homer hath giuen three names vnto that is to say Myrmidones Hellenes and Achaei Of these they be called Phthiotae who inhabit Doris Their towns be Echinus in the very gullet entrance of the riuer Sperchius and the streights of Thermopylae so named by reason of the waters and foure miles from thence Heraclea was called Trachin There is the hill Callidromus and the famous townes Hellas Halos Lamia Phthia and Arne CHAP. VIII ¶ Thessalie MOreouer in Thessalie Orchomenus called before-time Minyeus and the towne Almon or after some Elmon Atrax Pelinna and the fountaine Hyperia Townes Pherae behind which Pierius stretcheth forth to Macedonie Larissa Gomphi Thebes of Thessalie the wood Pteleon and the creeke Pagasicus The towne Pagasa the same named afterwards Demetrias Tricca the Pharsalian plains with a free city Cranon and Iletia Mountains of Phthiotis Nymphaeus most faire and sightly for the naturall arbors and garden workes there Buzigaeus Donacesa Bermius Daphissa Chimerion Athamas Stephane In Thessaly there be 34 whereof the most famous are Cerceti Olympus Pierus Ossa iust against which is Pyndus and Othrys the seat and habitation of the Lapithae and those lie toward the West but Eastward Pelios all of them bending in manner of a theatre and before them stand raunged wedge-wise 72 cities Riuers of Thessalie Apidanus Phoenix Enipeus Onochomus Pamisus the fountain Messeis the people Boebeis and aboue all the rest the most famous riuer Peneus which arising neere Gomphi runneth for 500 stadia in a wooddie dale between Ossa and Olympus and halfe that way is nauigable In this course of his are the places called Tempe 5 miles in length and almost an acre and a halfe broad where on both hands the hils arise by a gentle ascent aboue the reach of mans sight Within-forth glideth Peneus by in a fresh green groue cleare as chrystall glasse ouer the grauelly stones pleasant to behold for the grasse vpon the banks and resounding again with the melodious consent of the birds It taketh in the riuer Eurotus but entertaineth him not but as he floweth ouer the top of him like oile as
Comagene The countrey beyond Armenia is Adiabenae named before-time Assyria but the marches of Syria which confront Cilicia is knowne by the name of Antiochia The whole length of Syria from the frontiers of Cilicia to Arabia containeth 470 miles the bredth between Seleucia Pieria to Zeugina a towne seated vpon Euphrates taketh 175 miles They that make a more subtill and particular diuision would haue Phoenice to be enuironed with Syria And first as you come from Arabia is the sea-coast of Syria which compriseth in it Idumaea Iudaea then you enter into Phoenicia and so into Syria again when you are past Phoenicia And within-forth farther into the country Phoenice is inclosed with Syria Damascena All that sea yet which beateth vpon that coast beareth the name of the Phoenician sea As for the nation it selfe of the Phoenicians haue been highly reputed for their Science and learning and namely for the first inuention of letters for their knowledge in Astrologie nauigation and martial skill Being past Pelusium you come to a city called Chabriae Castra to the mountain Casius and the temple of Iupiter Casius also the tombe of Pompeius Magnus and last of all to the city Ostracium To conclude from Pelusium to the frontiers of Arabia the Desart alongst the coast of Syria are 65 miles CHAP. XIII ¶ Idumaea Syria Palestina Samaria SOon after beginneth Idumaea Palestina euen from the rising vp of the lake Sirbon which some haue reported to carry a circuit of 150 miles Herodotus saith it is hard vnder the foot of the hill Casius but at this day it is but a small lake As for the towns there they be Rhinocolura and more within the land Rhaphaea also Gaza a port towne and farther within Anthedon and the mountain Angoris From thence you descend to the coast of Samaria the free citie Ascalon and Azotus the two Iamnes whereof the one is well within the land and so forward to Ioppe a towne in Phoenicia which by report is more antient than the deluge Scituate it is vpon an hill with a rocke before it wherein are to be seen the tokens and reliques of Lady Andromedaes prison where she was bound Within a chappell there the Siren Decreto whereof the Poets tell such tales is worshipped Being past Ioppe you meet with Apollonia the towne of Strato called also Caesarea founded by K. Herod it beareth now the name of Prima Flauia a colony there planted and endowed with priuiledges by Vespasian the Emperor The bounds of Palestina be 180 miles from the confines of Arabia and there entreth Phoenice Within-forth in the countrey are the townes of Samaria and Neapolis which before-time was named Mamortha or Maxbota Also Sabaste vpon the mountain and Gamala which yet standeth higher than it CHAP. XIIII ¶ Iurie and Galilaea ABoue Idumaea and Samaria Iudaea spreadeth out far in length and breadth That part of it which ioineth to Syria is called Galilae but that which is next to Syria and Egypt is named Peraea i. beyond Ioâ—…dan Full of rough mountaines dispersed here and there and seuered it is from other parts of Iury by the riuer Iordan As for the rest of Iudaea it is diuided into ten gouernments or territories called Toparchies in this order following to wit that of Hiericho a vaile richly planted with Date trees Emmaus well watered with fountaines Lydda Ioppica Accrabatena Gophnitica Thamnitica Betholene Tephenae and Orine wherein stood Ierusalem the goodliest citie of all the East parts and not of Iury onely In it also is the principalitie Herodium with a famous towne of that name CHAP. XV. ¶ Iordane the Riuer THe riuer Iordan springeth from the fountaine Paneades which gaue the Syrname to the citie Caesarea whereof we will speake more A pleasant riuer it is and as the site of the countrey will permit and giue leaue winding and turning in and out seeking as it were for loue and fauour and applying it selfe to please the neighbor inhabitants Full against his will as it were he passeth to the lake of Sodom Asphaltites that ill-fauored and cursed lake and in the end falleth into it and is swallowed vp of it where amongst those pestilent and deadly waters he loseth his owne that are so good and wholesome And therefore to keep himselfe out of it as long as he possibly could vpon the first opportunity of any vallies hee maketh a lake which many call Genesara which is 16 miles long and 6 broad The same lake is enuironed with diuers faire and beautifull townes to wit on the East side with Iulias and Hippo on the South with Tarichea of which name the lake by some is called Tarichion and on the West with Tiberias an healthfull place for the baines there of hot waters CHAP. XVI ¶ Asphaltites ASphaltites or the lake of Sodom breedeth and bringeth forth nothing but Bitumen and thereupon it tooke the name No liuing body of any creature doth it receiue into it buls and camels swim and flote aloft vpon it And hereupon ariseth that opinion which goeth of it That nothing there wil go downe and sink to the bottome This lake in length exceedeth 100 miles 25 miles ouer it is at the broadest place and six at the narrowest On the East the Arabian Nomades confront it and on the South side Machaerus regardeth it in time past the second fortresse of Iudaea and principall next to Ierusalem On rhe same coast there is a fountain of hot waters wholesome and medicinable named Callirhoe and good against many diseases The very name that it carrieth importeth no lesse praise and commendation CHAP. XVII ¶ The people Esseni ALong the West coast inhabit the Esseni A nation this is liuing alone and solitarie and of all others throughout the world most admirable and wonderfull Women they see none carnal lust they know not they handle no mony they lead their life by themselues and keepe company onely with Date trees Yet neuerthelesse the countrey is euermore well peopled for that daily numbers of strangers resort thither in great frequencie from other parts and namely such as be weary of this miserable life are by the surging waues of frowning fortune driuen hither to sort with them in their manner of liuing Thus for many thousand yeares a thing incredible and yet most true a people hath continued without any supply of new breed and generation So mightily increase they euermore by the wearisome estate repentance of other men Beneath them stood sometime Engadda for fertilitie of soile and plenty of Date-tree groues accounted the next city in all Iudaea to Ierusalem Now they say it serueth for a place only to inter their dead beyond it there is a castle or fortresse scituat on a rock and the same not far from the lake of Sodom Asphaltites And thus much as touching Iudaea CHAP. XVIII ¶ Decapolis i. Coele-Syria THere ioyneth to it on Syria side the region Decapolis so called of the number of towns and cities in it
kings seat another besides of good importance called Sabe But for them that would make a voiage to the Indians the most commodious place to set forward is Ocelis for from thence and with the West wind called Hypalus they haue a passage of forty daies sailing to the first towne of merchandise in India called Muziris Howbeit a port this is not greatly in request for the daunger of pirates and rouers which keep ordinarily about a place called Hydrae and besides that it is not richly stored and furnished with merchandise And more than so the harborough is farre from the town so as they must charge and dischrge their wares to and fro in little boats At the time when I wrot this story the king that reigned there was named Celebothras But another hauen there is more commodious belonging to the Necanidians which they cal Becare the kings name at this present is Pandion not far off is another town of merchandise within the firme land called Madusa As for that region from whence they transport pepper in small punts or troughes made of one peece of wood it is named Corona And yet of all these nations hauens and towns there is not a name found in any of the former writers By which it appeareth that there hath been great change and alteration in these places But to come again to India our merchants returne from thence back in the beginning of our month December which the Aegiptians cal Tybis or at farthest before the sixt day of the Aegyptians month Machiris and that is before the Ides of Ianuary and by this reckoning they may passe to and fro and make return within the compasse of one yere Now when they saile from India they haue the Northeast wind Vulturnus with them and when they be entered once into the red sea the South or Southwest Now wil we return to our purposed discourse as touching Carmania The coast wherof after the reckoning of Niccarchus may take in circuit 12050 miles From the first marches thereof to the riuer Sabis is counted 100 miles From whence all the way as far as to the riuer Andaius the country is rich and plenteous for in it are vineyards and corne fields wel husbanded This whole tract is called Amuzia The chiefe townes of Carmania be Zetis and Alexandria Vpon the marches of this realme the sea breaks into the land in two armes which our countrymen call the red sea and the Greekes Erythraeum of a king named Erythras or as some thinke because the sea by reason of the reflection and beating of the Sun beams seemes of a reddish colour There be that suppose this rednesse is occasioned of the sand and ground which is red and others againe that the very water is of the own nature so coloured CHAP. XXIV ¶ The Persian and Arabian gulfes THis red sea is diuided into two armes that from the East is named the Persian gulfe being in compasse 2500 miles by the computation of Eratosthenes Ouer against this gulfe in Arabia which lieth in length 1200 miles on the other side another arme there is of it called the Arabian gulfe which runs into the Ocean Azanius The mouth of the Persian gulfe where it maketh entrance is 5 miles ouer and some haue made it but 4 from which to the farthest point thereof take a direct and straight measure by a line and for certaine it is that it containeth 1225 miles and is fashioned directly like a mans head One sichritus and Nearchus write That from the riuer Indus to the Persian gulfe and so from thence to Babylon by the meeres and fens of the riuer Euphrates it is 2500 miles In an angle of Carmania inhabit the Chelonophagi i. such as feed vpon the flesh of Tortoises and the shells of them serue for roofes to couer their cottages They inhabit all that coast along the riuer Arbis euen to the very cape rough they are hairy all their body ouer but their heads and weare no garment but fish skins CHAP. XXV ¶ The Island Cassandrus and the kingdomes vnder the Parthians WHen you are past this tract of the Chelonophagi directly toward India there lieth fifty miles within the sea the Island Cassandrus by report all desart and not inhabited and neere to it with a little arme of the sea between another Island called Stois wherein pearles are good chaffer and yeeld gainfull trafficke But to returne againe to Carmania when you are beyond the vtmost cape thereof you enter presently vpon the Armozei who ioyn vpon the Carmanians But some say that the Arbij are between both and that their coast may containe in the whole 402 miles There are to be seen the port or hauen of the Macedonians and the altars or columnes which Alexander erected vpon the very promontorie and vtmost cape Where also be the riuers Saganos Daras and Salsos Beyond which is the cape Themisceas and the Isle Aphrodisias well peopled Then beginneth the realme of Persis which extendeth to the riuer Oroatus that diuides it from Elymais Ouer-against the coasts of Persis these Islands be discouered Philos Cassandra and Aratia with an exceeding high mountaine in it and this Isle is held consecrated to Neptune The very kingdome of Persis Westward hath the coasts lying out in length 450 miles The people are rich and giuen to royall and superfluous expence in all things and long since are become subiect to the Parthians carying their name And seeing we are come to speake of them we will briefly now mention their dominion and empire the Parthians haue in all 18 realmes vnder them for so they termed all their prouinces as they lie diuided about the two seas as wee haue before said namely the red sea Southward and the Hircane sea toward the North. Of which eleuen that lie aboue in the countrey and are called the higher Prouinces they take their beginning at the confines and marches of Armenia and the coasts of the Caspians on the one side and reach to the Scythians whom they confront of the other side with whom they conuerse and keepe company together as Equalls The other seuen are called the base or lower Realmes As for the Parthians their land was alwaies counted to ly at the foot and descent of those mountains wherof we haue so often spoken which do enuirone and enclose all those nations It confineth Eastward vpon the Arij and Southward vpon Carmania and the Arians on the West side it butteth vpon the Pratites â—…nd Modes and on the North boundeth vpon the realm of Hircania compassed round about with deserts and mountaines The vtmost nations of the Parthians before yee come to those desarts be called Nomades and their cheife townes seated toward the West are Islaris and Calliope whereof we haue written before but toward the Northeast Europum and Southeast Mania In the heart and midland standeth the citie Hecatompylos as also Arsacia And there likewise the noble region of Nysaea in Parthyerum together with the
Island Gagandus where they began first to haue a sight of the birds called Parats beyond another Isle in the same way which is called Artigula they might see monkies marmosets but being once beyond Tergedum they met with the beasts Cynocephali From thence to Napata 80 miles this is the only little town among all the rest before named From which to the Island Meroe is 360 miles They reported moreouer that about Meroe not before the grasse and herbs appeared fresh and green yea and the woods shewed somwhat in comparison of all the way besides and that they espied the tracts of Elephants Rhinocerotes where they had gone As for the town it selfe Meroe they said it was within the Isle from the very entrie therof 70 miles that iust by there was another Island called Tatu which yeelded a bay or hauen to land at for them that took the arme channell of Nilus on the tight hand As for the building within Meroe there were but few houses in it that the isle was subject to a lady or queen named Candace a name that for many yeres already went from one queen to another successiuely Within this town there is the temple of great holinesse and deuotion in the honor of Iupiter Hammon and in all that tract many other chappels Finally so long as the Ethyopians swaied the scepter and raigned this Island was much renowned very famous For by report they were wont to furnish the Ethyopian king with armed men 250000 to maintain of Artisans 400000. Last of all there haue bin counted 45 kings of the Ethyopians and so it is reported at this day CHAP. XXX ¶ The manifold strange and wonder full formes and shapes of men ALl Ethyopia in generall was in old time called Aetheria afterwards Atlantia and finally of Vulcans son Aethiops it took the name Ethyopia No wonder it is that about the coasts thereof there be found both men and beasts of strange and monstrous shapes considering the agilitie of the suns fierie heat so strong and powerfull in those countries which is able to frame bodies artificially of sundry proportions and to imprint and graue in them diuers forms Certes reported it is that far within the country Eastward there are a kinde of people without any nose at all on their face hauing their visage all plain and flat Others again without any vpper lip and some tonguelesse Moreouer there is a kind of them that want a mouth framed apart from their nose-thrils and at one and the same hole and no more taketh in breath receiueth drinke by drawing it in with an oaten straw yea and after the same maner feed themselues with the grains of oats growing on the own accord without mans labour and tillage for their only food And others there be who in stead of speech and words make signes as well with nodding their heads as mouing their other members There are also among them that before the time of Ptolomaeus Lathyrus king of Egypt knew no vse at all of fire Furthermore writers there be who haue reported that in the countrey neere vnto the meeres and marishes from whence Nilus issueth there inhabit those little dwarfes called Pygmei But to return againe to the vtmost coasts of Ethyopia where we left there is a continuall raunge and course of mountains all red like fire as if they were euer burning Moreouer beyond Meroe there is a countrey lying aboue the Troglodites and the red sea where after you be three daies journy from Napata toward the coast of the said red sea you shall find that in most places they saue raine water for their ordinarie vse to drinke and otherwise all the countrey betweene is very plenteous and full of gold mines All beyond this region is inhabited by the Atabuli a people also of Ethiopia As for the Megabares whom some haue named Adiabares they lie against Meroe and haue a towne bearing the name of Apollo Among them are certain Nomades encamping vnder tents and tabernacles who liue of Elephants flesh Iust against them in a part of Africke are the long liuing Macrobians Again being past the Megabarenes you come vnto the Memnones Daveli 20 daies iourny from them to the Critenses Beyond whom you meet with the Dochi and the Gymnetes who are euer naked Soon after you shall find the Anderae Mathitae Mesagebes Hipporeae who be all ouer blacke and therfore they colour and paint their bodies with a kind of red chalk or rudle called Rubrica But vpon the coast of Africk are the Medimni Beyond whom you shal come to another sort of Nomades liuing vnder tents who feed of no other thing but the milk of certain creatures headed like dogs called Cynocephali also to the Olabi and Syrbotae who are reported to be 8 cubits high Moreouer Aristocreon saith that on Libya side fiue daies iourny from Meroe there is a town called Tole 12 daies iourny from thence there standeth Esar a town built by the Egyptians who fled thither to auoid the cruelty and tyrannie of K. Psammeticus And reported it is that the Egyptians held it for 300 yeres Also that the same fugitiues founded the towne Daron on the contrary side in the coast of Arabia But that which Aristocreon nameth Esar Bion called Sapa and saith withall that the very word Sapa signifieth in the Ethyopian language strangers or aliens come from other parts Hee affirmeth besides that their capitall city is within an Island Sembobitis and that Sai within Arabia is the third city of that nation Now between the mountains and the riuer Nilus are the Symbarians and the Phalanges but vpon the very hils liue the Asachae who haue many other nations vnder them and they are by report seuen daies iourney from the sea They liue vpon the venison of Elephants flesh which they vse commonly to hunt and chase As for the Island within Nilus of the Semberrites it is subiect to a queen And eight daies iourney from thence lieth the country of the Ethiopians named Nubaei Their chiefe town Tenupsis is seated vpon the riuer Nilus Beyond the Nubians you enter vpon the countrie of the Sambri where all the foure-footed beasts yea euen the very Elephants are without ears Vpon the coast of Africk inhabit the Ptoeambati and Ptoemphanae who haue a dog for their king and him they obey according to the signes which he maketh by mouing the parts of his bodie which they take to be his commandements and religiously they do obserue them Their head citie is Aurispi far distant from Nilus Beyond them are the Achisarmi Phaliges Marigeri and Casamarri Bion affirmeth That beyond Psembobitis there be other townes in the Islands of that coast toward Meroe all the way as you passe for 20 daies iourny The towne of the next Island is Semberritarum vnder the queen likewise another called Asar Also there is a second Island hauing in it the towne Daron a third which
before but only sing plain song and keep them to one tune And more than so they change their colour in processe of time and last of all when winter comes be no more seene Tongued they are not like other birds with a thin tip before They begin to breed with the first in the prime of the Spring and commonly lay six egs The Gnatsnapper Ficedula a bird somwhat like vnto the Nightingale doth otherwise for at one time it changeth both colour form and song They haue not that name Ficedulae properly but in the Autumne as one would say fig-feeders for when that season is once past they be called Melancoryphi i. Black-heads In like sort the bird which is named Erithacus i. Robin or Redbrest in winter the same is Phoenicurus i. Red-taile all summer long The Houpe or Vpupa as Aeschilus the Poet saith changeth also her hew voice and shape This is a nasty and filthy bird otherwise both in the manner of feeding and also in nestling but a goodly faire crest or comb it hath that will easily fold and be plaited for one while shee will draw it in another while set it stiffe vpright along the head As for the bird Oenanthe it also for certain daies lieth close and vnseen namely when the Dog-star ariseth it is hidden but after the occultation therof commeth abroad sheweth her selfe a strange thing that in those daies it should do both Last of all the Witwall or Lariot which is all ouer yellow being not seen all winter time appeareth about the Sun-steads CHAP. XXX ¶ Of the Merles ABout Cyllene in Arcadia and no where els ye shall find white Merles or Ousles And Ibis about Pelusium only in Egypt is blacke in all places else of Aegypt white CHAP. XXXI ¶ The kind of birds breeding and hatching ALl singing birds saue only those that are excepted before lightly breed not nor lay their egs before the spring Aequinoctiall in mid-March or after the Autumnall in mid-September And those that they hatch before the Summer Sunstead i. Mid-Iune hardly come to any perfection but after that time they do well enough and liue CHAP. XXXII ¶ Of the Halcyones or Kings-fishers and the daies good for nauigation which they shew Of the Sea-guls and Cormorants ANd in this regard especially namely for breeding after the summer Sunstead the Halcy ones are of great name and much marked The very seas and they that saile thereupon know well when they sit and breed This very bird so notable is little bigger than a sparrow for the more part of her pennage blew intermingled yet among with white and purple feathers hauing a thin smal neck and long withall There is a second kind of them breeding about the sea side differing both in quantitie and also in voice for it singeth not as the former doe which are lesser for they haunt riuers sing among the flags reeds It is a very great chance to see one of these Halcyones neuer are they seen but about the setting of the star Virgiliae i. the Brood-hen or els neere Mid-summer or Mid-winter for otherwhiles they will flie about a ship but soone are they gone againe and hidden They lay and sit about Mid-winter when daies be shortest the time whiles they are broody is called the Halcyon daies for during that season the sea is calme and nauigable especially in the coast of Sicilie In other ports also the sea is not so boisterous but more quiet than at other times but surely the Sicilian sea is very gentle both in the Streights and also in the open Ocean Now about seuen daies before Mid-winter that is to say in the beginning of December they build and within as many after they haue hatched Their nests are wonderously made in fashion of a round ball the mouth or entrie thereof standeth somwhat out and is very narrow much like vnto great spunges A man cannot cut and pierce their nest with sword or hatchet but breake they wil with some strong knock like as the dry some of the sea and no man could euer find of what they be made Some thinke they are framed of the sharpe pointed prickes of some fishes for of fish these birds liue They come vp also into fresh riuers within-within-land and there do lay ordinarily fiue egges As touching the Guls or Sea-cobs they build in rocks and the Cormorants both in them and also in trees They vsually lay foure egs apiece The Guls in summer time but the Cormorants in the beginning of the spring CHAP. XXXIII ¶ The industrie and wit of birds in building their nests Of the Swallow the Argatilis Cinnamologi and Partridges THe Architecture and building of the Halcyones nest hath put me in mind of other birds dexteritie in that behalfe and surely in no one thing is the wit of silly birds more admirable The swallows frame their nests of clay earth but they strengthen and make them fast with straw In case at any time they cannot meet with soft and tough clay for want thereof they drench and wet their feathers with good store of water and then bestrew them ouer with dust Now when they haue made and trimmed their bare nest they floore it in the bottom within and dresse it all ouer with downe feathers or fine flox as well to keep their egs warm as also that their yong birds should lie soft In feeding of their little ones they keepe a very good order and euen hand giuing them their pittance and allowance by course one after another Notable is their care in keeping them neat and cleane for euer as they meut they turne the excrements out of the nest but be they once growne to any strength and bignesse they teach them to turne about and lay their tailes without Another kinde there is of Swallowes that keep in the country villages and the fields which seldom nestle vnder mens houses and they likewise build of the same matter as the former do namely of clay and straw but after another fashion for their nests are made turning all vpward with the hole or mouth that leadeth vnto it stretched out in length streight and narrow but the capacitie within is very large in such sort as it is a wonder to see how prouident skilful they should be to frame them in this manner so handsome conuenient to couer their yong ones so soft again for their couch and bed In the mouth of Nilus neere Heraclea in Aegypt there is a mightie banke or causey raised only of a continuall ranke and course of Swallows nests piled one vpon and by another thicke for the length almost of halfe a quarter of a mile which is so firme and strong that being opposed against the inundations of Nilus it is able to breake the force of that riuer when it swelleth and is it selfe inexpugnable a piece of work that no man is able to turne his hand vnto In the same Egypt neere vnto the
such colourable excuses for their handling of poisons and so impudent and shamelesse are some besides that they bash not to auow the vse of them bearing vs in hand that Physick canot stand without poison The Thapsia in Affricke is the strongest of all others Some vse to slit or cut the stem about haruest and in the very root make an hollow trough to receiue the juice that runs downe and when it is dried they take it away Others againe do bruise and stamp in a mortar both leafe stalke and root and when the juice that is pressed there-from is thoroughly dried in the Sun they reduce the same into certain Trochisques Nero Caesar the Emperor in the beginning of his Empire gaue great credit to Thapsia for vsing as he did to be a night-walker and to make many ryots and much misrule in the darke he met otherwhiles with those that would so beat him as that he carried away the marks black and blew in his face but as he was subtil desirous to auoid the speech of the people an ointment he had made of Thapsia Frankincense and Waxe wherewith hee would anoint his face and by the next morning come abroad with a cleare skin and no such marks to be seene to the great astonishment of all that saw him To conclude the Ferula maketh the best matches to keep fire by all mens confession and those in Aegypt excell the rest for that purpose CHAP. XXIII ¶ Of Capparis or Cynosbatos or Opheostaphyle and of Sari LIkewise in Aegypt growes Capparis a shrub of a harder and more wooddy substance well knowne for the seed and fruit that it carries commonly eaten with meats and for the most part the Capres and the stalke are plucked and gathered together The outlandish Capres not growing in Aegypt we must take good heed of and beware for those of Arabia be pestilentiall and venomous they of Affricke be hurtfull to the gumbs and principally the Marmarike are enemies to the matrice and breed ventosities The Apulian Capres cause vomit and make lubricitie both of stomack and belly Some call the shrub Cynosbatos others Opheostaphyle Moreouer there is a plant of shrubs kind called Sari it growes along Nilus almost two cubits high it beareth an inch in thicknesse and hath leaues like to Papyr-reed and men do chew and eat it after the same manner As touching the root it is singular good for Smiths cole to burne in their forges so hard it is and durable CHAP. XXIIII ¶ Of the Royall thorn of Babylon and of Cytisus I May not ouer-passe that plant which about Babylon is sowed vpon Thornes only for otherwise it knowes not how to liue no more than Misselto but on trees howbeit this plant that I speake of is sowed vpon that Thorne alone called the Royall Thorne And a strange thing it is of this plant That it springs and grows the very same day that it is set or sowed Now the seasonable time of sowing it is at the very rising of the Dog-star and notwithstanding the Suns heat right quickly ouerspreads it the tree or shrub on which it is cast The Babylonians vse to aromatize their wine therwith and for that purpose are they so carefull to sow it But the foresaid Thorne tree groweth also about the long walls of Athens reaching from the tower to the hauen Pyraeeum Noreouer a shrub there is called Cytisus highly commended and wondrous much praised by Aristomachus the Athenian for feeding of sheep as also for fatting of swine when it is drie and he promiseth and assureth That an acre of land sowed therwith although it be none of the best soile but of a meane and ordinarie rent will yeeld yearely communibus annis 2000 Sesterces to the master As great profit commeth therby as of the pulse like Vetches called Ervum but sooner will a beast be satisfied therewith and a very little therof will serue to fat the same insomuch as if horses or any such labouring cattell may meet with that prouender they will not care for barley neither is there any other grasse or fodders that yeeldeth more or better milk than it but that which passeth all the pasturage of Cytisus preserueth sheep goats and such like cattell sound and safe from all diseases whatsoeuer Ouer and besides if a nourse want milke Aristomachus prescribes her to take Cytisus dry and seeth it in water and so to drink it in wine whereby not onely her milke will come againe in great plenty but the babe that sucketh thereof will be the stronger and taller He giueth it also to hens and pullein whiles it is green or steeped and wet if it chance to be dry Democritus and Aristomachus both do promise and assure vs that Bees will neuer miscarry nor faile if they may meet with Cytisus to seed vpon And yet there is not a thing of lesse charge to maintaine than it Sowne it is commonly in the spring with barley I mean the seed thereof as they mean to sow Leekes or Porret seed or els they set plants and slips thereof from the stalke in Autumne before mid-winter If the seed be sowne it ought to be steeped and moistned before yea and if there fall no store of raine after it is in the ground it had need to be watered As for the plants when they be a cubit long are replanted in a trench a foot deepe Otherwhiles the tender quicke-sets are planted about the Equinoxes to wit in mid-March and mid-September In three yeares they come to their full growth They vse to cut it downe in the Spring-Equinox when it hath done flouring a worke that a very lad or old woman may do euen such as can skill of nothing besides This Cytisus is in outward hew white and in one word if a man would pourtray the likenes thereof it resembleth for all the world a shrub of Trifolie or Clauer-grasse with narrower leaues Being thus gathered it is euer giuen to beasts once in three daies And in Winter that which is dried ought to be wet before they haue it Ten pound of it is a sufficient foddering for an horse and for other small cattell according to the proportion But by the way this is not to be omitted that it is good to set garlicke and sow onions seed betweene the rewes and rankes of Cytisus where it groweth and they will thriue more plenteously This shrub was first discouered and known in the Island Cythnus and from thence translated into all the other Cyclades and soon after brought to all the cities of Greece whereupon followed great increase of milke plentie of cheese I maruel therefore very much that it is so geason and rare in Italy and a plant it is that feareth neither heate nor cold no iniury of haile nor offence by snow and as Hyginus saith it is not afraid so much as of the enemie the reason is because the wood thereof is nothing beautifull to the eye CHAP. XXV ¶ Of shrubs and trees
know the nature of liuing creatures 200. l. how he honoured Homers books 108. l. 171. c. he spared the family of Pindarus the Poet. 171. d. his commandement for his statue 175. b Alburnum in wood what it is 486. i All-heale what it is 497. c Alica of three sorts 568. g Alica Exceptitia Secundaria Crebraria ib. k. where and how it is maaâ—… ibid. g Almonds described 446. h Almond trees hauing no greene leaues 473. f. when to be planted 522. k. how sweet Almonds are made bitter 〈◊〉 c 〈◊〉 Amâ—… 〈◊〉 259. f Amphisbaena a serpent 208. g. Amalchium what it is 85. c Ambre where ingendred 86. l. Ambracia the hauen left dry land 39. e Amia a kinde of fish 243. d Ammoniacum a gum why so called 375. c. the kinds thereof 375. d. the best and the price ibid. how it is sophisticated ibid. Amomis 365. d. Amomum 395. c. the price ibid. d. sophisticated ibid. Amomum why it entreth into aromatical ointments 382. l. Amomum why it will not liue in Arabia 478. l. Amurca what it is 430. l Amylum how it is made 562. g. why so called ibid. sundry sorts thereof ibid. h A N Anataria See Morphnos Andrachne an herbe 399. e Androcides his sage counsell to Alexand. the Great 413. b Androgini who they be 154. m where ladie Andromeda was exposed to a monster 110. l Angeroha a goddesse 59. c Anthus a bird neighing like an horse 293. a Antigenes a famous minstrell 484. g Antichtâ—…ones 129. b Anniball his falshood 195. e Antei transformed into wolues 207. c Anthiae fishes how they be caught 268. m. 269. c C. Antonius nicknamed Hybrida 231. c Ants their common weale 338. k. their forecast ibid. how they liue ibid. their passage weareth pibble stones 328. l they onely burie their dead 328. a. they flie not in Sicilie ibid. they cast vp gold in India 329. a. where as big as wolues ibid. they deuoure men 329. b. loue gold wâ—…ll ibid. they will not touch some kind of liuer 342. g. hurtfull to trees 547. d. gather about fishes ibid. Anthropophagi what they are 154. h Antipodes whether there be any such 31. b A P Apathâ—…s who they be 166. h Apes most like to mankinde 231. e. differ from monkies ib. craftie to beguile themselues ibid. play at chesse or tables ibid. shee-apes fond ouer their little ones 231. f Apes store vp victuals within their cheekes 207. c Aphaerema what it is 568. g Apicius a famous glutton 296. g Apis the Aegiptian boeufe 226. g. honoured among them ibid. serueth as an oracle ibid. h Apharce a tree 399. d Aplusiae the worst spunges 263. a Apogaei what winds 21. c Apolecti what they be 243. b Apothecaries craft who first practised 188. k Apuae a kinde of fish 265. d Apparition of fixed starres at set times 587. d Appluda what it is 556. f Apples beare names of countries 438. k. Camerina Graecula ibid. Gemella 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ib. Serica why so called 〈◊〉 why so called ibid. hastie Apples Mustea 438. l. Melimela Orbiculata Epirotica Orthomastica Spadonia Melofolia Pannucia Pulmonea ibid. all Apples red on the Sun side 438. m Apples Dacian 439. a. winter apples ibid. f Apples de guard 440. l. how to be kept ib. g. h what Apples will last and what will not ibid. Apple trees bearing fruit twice a yeare 474. m quince Apples 438. i. Apples Appian Matian Sectian Manlian Claudian Scantian Sceptian Quirian Petisian ibid. Apples what fruit properly 437. f Apples haue eternized the name of their first inuentors graffers 438. i. Apple trees dearely rented at Rome 499. d. tendrest of all other trees 540. k. diseased ib. how they be made fruitfull 545. d. apples how kept from rotting 574. d. apple trees when to be graffed 518. l Apyrinon a hind of Pomegranat 398. b A Q Aquiceti pine nuts confected 436. g Aquifoliae 458. l Aquitania described 87. d A R Arabia why called Happy 365. f. 371. d Araneus an imperfection in wines and oliues 540. a Aratrare what point in husbandry 580. h Araxi or Oraxi springs medicinable 568. i Arbute tree described and the fruit 447. d Archers arrowes haue conquered halfe the world 482. k Candiots excellent archers ibid. Arcturus the star cause of tempests 19. e Arethusa a strange lake 137. b Argatilis a bird 288. l Argo a ship of what wood it was made 399. b Architecture who excelled therein 175. b Arimaspians with one eie in their fore-head 154. h Arinca a graine all one with Olyra 568. k. it makes sweet bread ib. hard to be clensed ib. what kind of corn 559. c Aristaeus mingled hony with wine 412. h Arion mounted vpon a dolphins backe 239. f Aristomenes the Messenian had a hary hart 340. k. slew three hundred Lacedemonians alone ibid. Aristotle employed by K. Alexander the Great about the liuing creatures 200. m Armes of men not all of a iust measure 549. d Arnupheae people their life and strange manners 121. a Armeniaca See Abricocts Armor heard rustling in heauen 28. g Artabitae men wandring like foure-footed beasts 147. 〈◊〉 Artenon a man like to Antiochus K. of Syria 161. d Arteries from the heart minister vitall bloud to all parts 340. h. how to obserued in their pulse or beating 345. b Articulatio a disease proper to vines 540. h Artisans excellent 175. b Artolaganus 566. l Artopta what it is 567. b Artoptitius panis 566. m Aruncus what it is 229. e A S Asarum or Asara-bacca described 365. b Ascia places where no shadowes be yeelded 36. h Ascitae Arabians why so called 144. m Asclepiades recouéred one that was carried forth as dead 175. a Ash-tree where it is alwaies greene 48. g. ash tree described 465. e. commended by Homer ibid. the wood of the ash in Ida like to Citron ibid. ash of two kindes 465. f. the leanes hurtfull to what beasts 466. g. the iuice of the leaues medicinable ib. the shadow skareth serpents ibid. the leaues driue away serpents 466. h Asia a kinde of Rie 572. l Asia the description thereof 96. a great part thereof vnhabitable by reason of cold 120 m Asiae See Otys Aspalathus a shrub 376. g. the price ibid. h Asphaltites lake of Sodome 101. e. no liuing creature therein ibid. Aspe trees turne to be Poplar 543. c Aspis the serpent hath her affection and is a iust reuenger 309. a. dischargeth her poison by the teeth 337. c. the nature of Aspis 208. h Assabinus the god of Cinamon plants 372. l Ashes of fuell burnt much set by beyond the Po. 507. a. serue to enrich ground ibid. of â—…he same nature that salt 546. l. Ashes of lime-kils encrease oliue trees 507. e Asses cannot away with cold 223. b. when they shed teeth 338. h their iealousie and leachery 212. l. of great price 223. a. their manner and time of generation ib. b. the gaine that they bring by breeding ibid. c. their foles good meat ibid. e.
they be accepted 450. i. k Plants of peares and apple trees how to be nourished ibid. Platanistae fishes in the riuer Ganges 143. b Plato how he was honoured of Denis the tyrant 171. f Platter of Aesope 297. d Platycerotes a sort of stags why so called 331. c Plagues accounted gods 53. d Plaines of Rosea the very fat of Italy 504 g Plenty of corne among oliue trees in Boetica 515. c Plinic confesseth himselfe beholden to former writers 10. k Plotia a reed 483. c Plough who first deuised 189. a L. Plotius found by the smell of a pretious ointment 384. l Plumgeons what birds 296. h Aegyptian Plumtree 391. a Plums of sundry sorts 436. m asse Plums 437. a purple Plums ibid. wheat Plums or wax Plums ibid. nut Plums ibid. apple Plums 437. b almond Plums ibid. damascen Plums 437. b P O Poetry who inuented 189. f Polenta how it was made 561. c Pogoniae a kinde of Comets 15. 〈◊〉 Poisons food to serue creatures 307. a Poisoning deuised by man onely 548. k Polâ—…s two where supposed to be 84. i Polydorus his tombe 78. h Polypes or Pourcuttles 250. h 251. a Polypi how they liue 251. a. one of them robbed the fishers ibid. b. of a theeuing Polype a wonderfull example 251. d Pollen fine floure 564. h Polybius his search into Africke and opinion concerning the description thereof 91. c Polymita what kinde of cloaths 228. i Pomecitrons why called Medica 437. f Pomegranats how to be kept 440. i. k Pomegranats approppiat to the territory of Carthage 398. h diuerse kindes ibid. Pomegranate rindes 398 i Pomegranate floures ibid. Cn. Pompeius praised 168. l. 169. a Cn. Pompeius no purchaser of his neighbours lana 555. a hated for his crueltie to Elephants 196. i Pompeius magnus why so called 169. a. compared to Alexander and Hercules ibid. b Pompey subdued 876 townes of Spaine 169. b how he came to be called Magnus ibâ—…d Pompey dis inscription on the temple of Minerua ibiâ—… d his deeds ibâ—…d Pompili certaine fishes 244. h Pome-poires or Peare-apples See apples Melapia Ponticke nuts See Filberds Pontus the Islands thereof 85. b Poplars their diuerse kindes 470 h Poplar wood good timber but for often lopping 490. 〈◊〉 white Poplar mosse 379. d Poppie-worke cloth 228. h Poppies both wilde and tame when to be sowne 589 c. d their medicinable vertues ibid. Poppaea wife to Nero how shee bathed her body 348. i Popular gouernement who first erected 189. a Popularia a kinde of Abricocts 436. l Porkepines their description and nature 215. e Porphyrio what manner of bird and how hee drinketh 295. d. another Porphyrio 296. k Porpuisses fishes 241. a K. Porsena raised vp lightning by coniuration 26. k Porcius Cato his commendable parts 169. f. deinceps Posidonius the Mathematician 14. l Posidonius honoured of Pompeius 172. h Pottery whose deuise 188. l a Poulter cunning in egs 299. e Pourcuttle a fish 247. e Poyson of Scorpions is white 325. a Poyson of serpents proceedeth from the gall 341. e P R Praecordia the vpmost inwards of man 342. i they be a defence to the heart ibid. Praesages of fortune by the teeth 164. l Praesage by fishes 244. l Praesages by the setling of Bees 519. d Praesages by weaning of spiders 324. i Praesages by slight of Herons 334. g. hy lightenings sneesings stumbling with the foot 4. l Praestar the name of a blast and the nature thereof 25. a Praetextae garments when deuised 228. h Praeuarication what it is in Husbandry 379 c a word borrowed by lawyers ibid. Prason 401. d Praxitales his grauen image 175. d Price of Isocrates his oration 151. f Priests of Cybele their manner 352. h Principles about Husbandry 555. a. b Priests fishes two hundred cubits long 235. c Procella a storme 25. b Procyon what starre 597. b Prochyta Island 61. c in Prodigies who were first skilfull 189. d Prodromi what figs. 474. k Prodromi so called are the Northeast winds and why 23. d. Prognostications of weather and wind 610. l Prognostications by the eyebrowes 354. l Prognostication by the eyes ibid. Prognostication of weather and other future things by dumbo beasts 211. e Prohibitory what bird 277. c Promontory Nymphaeum 48. g Promontory Saturnes cape 53. d Promontory Taurus 268. l Propagation of trees two waies helped 516. g Propolis the third foundation of the worke of Bees 313. b 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 what it is 585. d Protropum what it is 487. d Prusias K. of Bithynians his son was borne hauing a bone 〈◊〉 in stead of a gum in the vpper iaw 164. i Prose writing and speaking who inuented first 189. f P S Pseudonardus 364. k Psyllians named of king Psyllus 154. k Psyllians venomous by nature ibid. Psyllians how they make triall of their wiues chastitie ib. their bodies kill serpents ibid. P T Ptaeambati people which haue a dog to their king 147. c Ptisana how it is made 561. 〈◊〉 highly commended ibid. Phthongus Mercurie his tune 14 l P V Publius Catienus Philotimus burned himselfe for loue of his master 174. k Publius Rutilius died suddenly 134. i Puffe apples 438. l Pulmentaria 563. b Pulpa in trees what it is 486. k Pulse what it is 557. c. 558. i. how it is rooted 557. e Pulse of all sorts how it groweth 558. l Pulse called in Latine Legumina and why 576. m Pulse of the arteries bewraieth hidden diseases 345. d Pulse what kinde of leafe they haue 558. m. long in blowing and not at once 559. a Purple fishes 258. g Purple colour from whence it commeth ibid. h Puteal Libonis 443. d Puttockes See Kites Purple fishes of two sorts Purpura and Buccinum 258. l their difference ibid. Purples Pelagiae Taeniense a kinde 259. a P Y Pyannets what kinde of birds 285. d they remooue their nests 289. g Pygargi a kinde of goats 231. d Pygargos a kinde of Aegle 271. c Pygmaei Spythamei a people in India three handfuls high 156. i. their warre with cranes ibid. k Pyraeum an Athenian hauen by the retiring of the sea left drie land 39. 〈◊〉 Pyromantie whose deuise 189. d Pyrosachne a plant 398. k Pyrrhaeum the forrest burnt and reuiued 463. b King Pyrrhus his great toe and other parts medicinable 155. d. Pyrrhus bearing twice a yeare 474. m Pyrrhus K. of Epirus intended to ioyne by a bridge Greece vnto Italy 64. g Pyrrocorax what bird 296. h Pythagoras first found out the nature of Uenus planet and when 6. 〈◊〉 Pythagoras found out the distance betweene the earth and the Moone 14. 〈◊〉 Pythius of Massiles a writer 43. c Pyxacanthus Chironius 36. Q V QVadrant for an husbandman 609. c Quailes flie by troups 282. l Quailes how they helpe themselues by flying 283. a. 〈◊〉 they â—…eed vpon white Ellebore seed ibid. they be subiect to the falling sickenesse ibid. foure Quarters principall in Rome 551. a Quickenesse of spirit examples thereof 168. i Quicke creatures come