Sacramentales à Sacramento id est juramento diceb antur ii qui quamvis rei de qua ambigebatur testes non fuissent tamen ex ejus cujus res agebatur animi sententia in eadem quae ille verba jurabant illius videlicet probitate innocentia confisi Nam tuum demum adhibebantur cum testes nulli extarent See the rest The formal words used by him that maketh his Law are commonly these Hear O ye Justices that I do not owe this sum of mony demanded neither all nor any part thereof in manner and form declared so help me God and the contents of this Book To make services or custom is nothing else but to perform them Old nat brev folio 14. To make Oath is to take Oath Maletent in the Statute called the confirmation of the liberties of c. anno 29 E. 1. cap. 7. is interpreted to be a toll of forty shillings for every sack of Wool Srow in his Annals calleth it a Maletot pag. 461. See also the Statute de Tallagio non concedendo an 35 ejusdem stat Malin see Marle Manbote signifieth a pecuniary compensation for killing of a man Lambert in his Exposition of Saxon words verbo Aestimatis Of which read Roger Hoveden also in parte poster suorum annal f. 344. a b. Mandamus is a writ that lyeth after the year and day whereas in the mean time the writ called Diem clausit extremum hath not been sent out to the Escheatour for the same purpose for the which it should formerly have been sent forth Fitzh nat brev fol. 253. B. See Diem clausit extremum Mandamus is also a charge to the Sheriff to take into the Kings hands all the lands and tenements of the Kings widow that against her oath formerly given marieth without the Kings consent Register fol. 295. b. See widow Mandatum is a commandment judicial of the King or his Justices to have any thing done for the dispatch of Justice where of you shall see diversity in the Table of the Register judicial verbo Mandatum Manor Manerium see meth to come of the French manoir i. domicilium habitatio M. Skene de verb. signif verb. Manerium saith it is called mane ium quasi manurium because it is laboured with handy work by the Lord himself It signifieth in our Common law a rule or government which a man hath over such as hold Land within his fee. Touching the original of these Manors it seemeth that in the beginning there was a certain compasse or circuit of ground granted by the King unto some man of worth as a Baron or such like for him and his Heirs to dwell upon and to exercise some Jurisdiction more or lesse within that compass as he thought good to grant Performing him such services and paying such yearly rent for the same as he by his grant required and that afterward this great man parcelled his Land to other meaner men injoining them again such services and rents as he thought good and by that means as he became Tenent to the King so the inferiours became Tenents unto him See Perkins Reservations 670. and Andrew Horns Book intituled the Mirrour of Justices l. 1. cap. du Roy Alfred See the definition of a Manor Fulb. fol. 18. And this course of benefiting or rewarding their Nobles for good service have our Kings borrowed from the Emperors of Rome or the Lombard Kings after they had setled themselves in Italy as may well appear by Antonius Contius in methodo feudorum c. 1. de origin libris Feudorum And I find that according to this our custom all lands holden in fee throughout France are divided into Fiefz and arrierifiefz where of the former are such as are imediatly granted by the K. the second such as the Kings feudataries do again grant to others Gregorti Syntagm lib. 6. ca. 5. nu 3. But the inconstancie of mans estate and the mutability of time hath brought to passe that those great men or their posterity have alienated these Mansions and lands so given them by their Prince and others that had none have by their wealth purchased many of them And again that many for capital offences have forfeited them to the King and that thereby they still remain in the Crown or are bestowed again upon others so that at these dayes many be in the hands of mean men such as by their skill in Law or Physick by Merchandize Grazing or such other good husbandry have gathered wealth and inabled themselves to purchase them of those that by descent received them from their ancestors in greater abundance than wit to keep them But whosoever possesseth these Maners the liberty belonging unto them is real and predial and therefore remaineth still though the owners be changed In these dayes a Maner rather signifieth the Jurisdiction and royaltie incorporeal than the land or site For a man may have a Maner in grosse as the law termeth it that is the right and interest of a Court Baron with the perquisites thereunto belonging and another or others have every foot of the land thereunto belonging Kitchin fol. 4. Broke hoc titulo per totum Bracton lib. 4. ca. 31. num 3. divideth manerium in capitale non capitale See Bracton lib. 5. tractat 5. ca. 28. nu pri See Fee The new exâ— ositor of Law terms faith that Maner is a thing compounded of divers things as of a house land earable pasture meadow wood rent advonzen Court Baron and such like And this ought to be by long continuance of time to the contrary whereof mans memory cannot discern c. Mansio Mansio as Bracton defineth it lib. 5. cap. 28. nu pri is a dwelling consisting of one or more houses without any neighbour And yet he granteth forthwith that Mansio Mansioni pessit esse vicinata I find it most commonly used for the Lords chief dwelling house within his fee whether it have neighbours adjoyning or not otherwise called the capital mesuage Bracton lib. 2. ca. 26. or the chief Maner place Mansio amongst the antient Romans was a place appointed for the lodging of the Prince or Souldiers in their journey furnished with convenient entertainment by the neighbours adjoyning And in this sense we read primam mansionem for the first nights lodging and so in order It is probable that this word Mansion doth in some construction signifie so much land as Beda calleth Familiam in his Ecclesiastial History For Master Lamberd in his explication of Saxon words verb. Hida terrae saith that that which he calleth familiam others â—ince call Manentem vel mansam Mansus and Mansum I read of in the Feudists which as Hotoman saith in verbis feudalibus est neque domus neque area neque hortus sed ager certi modi ac mensurae And again in Commentariis Feudorum lib. p. tit 4. vers de Manso Agri deserti et inculti certa mensura dabantur cultoribus quasi in
duty in mony to be paid by the Sheriff upon his account in the Exchequer anno secundo tertio Ed. 6. cap. 4. Prest mony is so called of the French word Prest i. explicatus tromptus expeditus for that it bindeth those that have received it to be ready at all times appointed Primage is a duty due to the Mariners and Saylers for the loading of any ship at the setting forth from any Haven anno tricesimo secundo Henrici octavi capitulo decimo quarto Primier seisin prima seisina ad verbum signifieth the first possession It is used in the Common law for a branch of the Kings Prerogative whereby he hath the first possession of all lands and tenements through the Realm holding of him in chief whereof his tenant dyed seised in his demeasn as of fee and so consequently the rents and profits of them untill the heir if he be of age do his homage if he be under years untill he come to years See Stawnf praerog capite tertio Bracton libro quarto tract 3. cap. prim Primo beneficio See Beneficio Prince Princeps is a French word and taken with us diversly sometime for the King himself but more properly for the Kings eldest son who is Prince of Wales as the eldest Son to the French King is called Dolphire both being Princes by their nativity Master Fern in the glory of generosity page 138. For Edward the first to appease the tumultuous spirits of the Welch-men who being the antient Indigene of this Land could not in long time bear the yoak of us whom they call Strangers sent his wife being with child into Wales VVhere at Carnarvan she was delivered of a Son thereupon called Eaward of Carnarvan and afterward asked the VVelsh-men seeing they chought much to be governed by strangers if they would be quietly ruled by one of their own nation who answering him Yea Then quoth he I will appoint you one of your own Country-men that cannot speak one word of English and against whose life you can take no just exception and so named unto them his son born in Carnarvan not long before From which time it hath continued that the Kings eldest Son who was before called Lord Prince St ronf praerog cap. 22. fol. 75. hath been called Prince of Wales Stowes Annals pag. 303. See anno vicesimo septimo Henrici octavi cap. 26. et anno 28 ejusdem cap. 3. Principality of Chester anno 21 Rich. 2. cap. 9. See County palatinâ— and Cromptons divers jurisdictions fol. 137. Prior perpetual or dative et removeable an 9 R. 2. cap. 4. and anno 1 Ed. 4. cap. 1. paulo ante finem Lord prior of Saint Johns of Jerusalem anno 26 H. 8. cap. 2. Priors aliens Priores alieni were certain religious men born in France and governours of religious houses erected for outlandish men here in England which were by Henry the fifth thought no good members for this land after such conquest obtained by him in France and therefore suppressed Whose livings afterwards by Henry the sixth were given to other Monasteries and houses of learning Stowes Annals pag. 582. See anno 1 H. 5. cap. 7. but especially to the erecting of those two most famous colleges called the Kings Colleges of Cambridge and Faton Priority prioritas signifieth in our common law an antiquity of tenure in comparison of another not so antient As to hold by priority is to hold of a Lord more antiently than of another Old nat br fol. 94. So to hold in posteriority is used by Stawnf praerog cap. 2. fol. 11. And Crompton in his jurisdiction fol. 117. useth this word in the same signification The Lord of the priority shall have the custody of the body c. fol. 120. If the tenent hold by priority of one and by posteriority of another c. To which effect see also Fitzh nat br fol. 142. Bartolus in his Tractate de insigniis et armis useth these very words prioritas et posterioritas concerning two that beat one coat armour Prisage seemeth to be that custome or share that belongeth to the King out of such merchandize as are taken at sea by way of lawfull prize anno 31 Eliz. cap. 5. Prisage of Wines anno 1 H. 8. cap. 5. is a word almost out of use now called Butlerage it is a custome whereby the Prince challengeth out of every bark loaden with wine containing less than forty tun two tun of wine at his price Prise prisa commeth of the French prenare i. capere It signifieth in our Statutes the things taken by purveyours of the Kings subjects As anno 3 Edw. 1. cap. 7. et anno 28 ejusdem stat 3. cap. 2. It signifieth also a custome due to the King anno 25 ejusdem cap. 5. Register origin folio 117. b. Prisoner priso commeth of the French prisonnâ—er and signifieth a man restrained of his liberty upon any action civil or criminal or upon commandement And a man may be prisoner upon matter of Record or matter of fact prisoner upon matter of record is he which being present in Court is by the Court committed to prison only upon an arest be it of the Shyreeve Constable or other Stawnf pi cor li. pri ca. 32. fo 34 et 35. Privie commeth of the French privè i. familiaeris and signifieth in our Common law him that is partaker or hath an interest in any action or thing as privies of bloud Old nat br fol. 117. be those that be linked in consanguinity Every heir in tayl is privy to recover the land intayled eodem fol. 137. No privity was between me and the tenent Littleton fol. 106. If I deliver goods to a man to be carried to such a place and he after he hath brought them thither doth steal them it is felony because the privity of delivery is determined as soon as they are brought thither Stawn pl. co lib. prim cap. 15. fol. 25. Merchants privy be opposite to Merchants strangers anno 2 Edw. tertii cap. 9. cap. 14. anno ejusdem stat 2. cap. 3. The new Expositour of law-terms maketh divers sorts of privies as privies in estate privies in deed privies in law privies in right and privies in blood And see the examples he giveth of every of them See Perkins Conditions 831 832 833. and Sir Edward Cook lib. 3. Walkers case fol. 23. a. lib. 4. fol. 123. b. 124. a. where he maketh four kinds of privies viz. privies in bloud as the heir to his Father c. privies in representation as executors or administratours to the deceased privies in estate as he in the reversion and he in the remainder when land is given to one for life and to another in fee the reason is given by the Expositour of law-terms for that their estates are created both at one time The fourth sort of privies are privies in tenure as the Lord by escheat that is when the land escheateth to the Lord for
Remembrancers of the Exchequer Rememoratores be three Officers or Clerks one called the Kings Remembrancer anno 35 El. cap. 5. The other the Lord Treasurers Remembrancer upon whose charge it seemeth to lye that they put all Justices of that Court as the Lord Treasurer and the rest in remembrance of such things as are to be called on and dealt in for the Princes behoof The third is called the Remembrancer of the first-fruits Of these you may read something anno quinto Rich. 2. stat pri cap. 14. 15. to the effect above specified These anno 37 Ed. 3. cap. 4. be called Clerks of the Remembrance It seemeth that the name of this Officer is borrowed from the Civilians who have their Memorales qui sunt notarii Cancellâ—riae in regnò subjecti officio Quaestoris Lucas de penna C. lib. 10. tit 12. nu 7. The Kings Remembrancer entreth in his Office all recognisances taken before the Barons for any the Kings Debts for apparences or for observing of Orders He takes all bonds for any of the Kings debts or for appearance or for observing of Orders and maketh Proces upon them for the breach of them He writeth Proces against the Collectors of customs and subsidies and fifteenths for their accounts All informations upon penal Statutes are entred in his Office And all matters upon English-Bills in the Exchequer-chamber are remaining in his Office He maketh the Bills of compositions upon penal Laws taketh the stallments of debts maketh a Record of a Certificate delivered unto him by the Clerk of the Star-chamber of the fines there set and sendeth them to the Pipe He hath delivered unto his Office all manner of indentures fines and other evidences whatsoever that concern the assuring of any lands to the Crown He yearly in crastino animarum readeth in open Court the Statute for the election of Shyreeves and giveth those that chuse them their oath he readeth in open Court the Oath of all the Officers of the Court when they are admitted The Treasurers remembrancer maketh process against all Shyreeves Escheators Receivers and Bayliffs for their accompts He maketh process of Fierifacias and Extent for any debts due to the King either in the Pipe or with the Auditors He maketh process for all such Revenew as is due to the King by reason of his Tenures He maketh Record whereby it appeareth whether Shyreeves and other accountants pay their profers due at Easter and Michaelmas He maketh another Record whereby it appeareth whether Shyreeves and other Accountants keep their daies of prefixion All Extreats of Fines Issues and Amerciaments set in any Courts of Westminster or at the Assises or Sessions are certified into his Office and are by him delivered to the Clerk of Extreats to write Proces upon them He hath also brought into his Office all the accompts of Customers Controllers and other accomptants to make thereof an entry of Record The Remembrancer of the first fruits taketh all compositions for first Fruits and Tenths and maketh Process against such as pay not the same Remitter commeth of the French remettre i. restituere reponere and signifieth in our Common law a restitution of one that hath two Titles to Lands or Tenements and is seised of them by his latter Title unto his Title that is more antient in case where the latter is defective Fitzherberâ— natura brev fol. 149. F. Dyer folio 68. num 22. This in what Case it may be granted to any man see in Brook titulo Remitter and the Terms of Law The Doctor and Student of this matter hath these words If land descend to him that hath right to that Land before he shall be remitted to his better Title if he will Ca. nono fo 19. b. See the new Book of Entries verbo Remitter Render commeth of the French Rendre i. reddere retribuere restituere and signifieth in our Common law the self-same thing For example this word is used in levying of a fine For a Fine is either single by which nothing is granted or rendred back again by the Cognizee to the Cognizour or double which containeth a grant or render back again of some Rent common or other thing out of the Land it self to the Cognisor c. West parte 2. Symbol titulo Fines Sect. 21 30. F. Also there be certain things in a Manor that lie in Prender that is which may be taken by the Lord or his Officer when they chance without any offer made by the Tenant as the Ward of the body of the Heir and of the Land Escheats c. and certain that lye in Render that is must be delivered or answered by the Tenant as Rents Reliefs Heriots and other services Idem codem Sect. 126. C. Also some service consisteth in seisance some in Render Perkins Reservations 696. Rent reditus commeth of the French Rent i. vectigal pensitatio annua and signifieth with us a sum of mony or other consideration issuing yearly out of Land or Tenements Plowden casu Browning fol. 132. b. fol. 138. a. 141. b. There be three sorts of Rents observed by our Common Lawyers that is Rent service Rent charge and Rent seck Rent service is where a man holdeth his Land of his Lord by Fealty and certain Rent or by Fealty Service and certain Rents Littleton lib. 2. cap. 12. fol. 44. or that which a man making a Lease to another for term of years reserveth yearly to be paid him for the same Terms of Law verbo Rents who giveth this Reason thereof because it is in his liberty whether he will distrein or bring an action of Debt A Rent charge is that which a man making over an estate of his Land or Tenements to another by deed indented either in fee or fee tail or lease for term of life reserveth to himself by the said Indenture a sum of Mony yearly to be paid unto him with clause of distress or to him and his heirs See Littleton ubi supra A Rent seck otherwise a dry Rent is that which a man making over an Estate of his Land or Tenement by Deed indented reserveth yearly to be paid him without clause of Distresse mentioned in the Indenture Littleton ubi supra And Terms of the Law verbo Rents See the new Expositor of Law Terms See Plowden casu Browning fol. 132. b. See the differences between a Rent and an Annuity Doctor and Student cap. 30. Dialog primo Reparatione facienda is a writ which lyeth in divers cases whereof one is where three be Tenants in Common or Joynt tenents or pro indiviso of a Mill or house which is fallen into decay and the one being willing to repair it the other two will not In this Case the party willing shall have this writ against the other two Fitz. nat br fol. 127. where read at large the form and many uses of this writ as also in the Regi orig fol. 153. b. Repeal commeth of the French Rappel i. Revocatio and
himself or his Deputie in places convenient looketh to the Assise of wollen cloth made through the land and to seales for that purpose ordained unto them anno 25. Ed. 3. Stat. 4. cap. 1. anno 3. R. 2. cap. 2. who is accomptable to the king for every cloth so sealed in a fee or custom therunto belonging an 17 R. 2. c. 2. Read of this more an 27. Ed. 3. c. 4. an 17. R. 2. c. 2. 5. an 1. H. 4. c. 13. an 7. ejusd c. 10. an 11. ejusd cap. 6. an 13. ejusd ca. 4. an 11. H. 6. ca. 9. an 31. ejusdem cap. 5. anno 4. Ed. 4. ca. 1. anno 8. ejusdem ca. 1. an 1. R. 3. cap. 8. AM Ambidexter is that jurour or embraceour that taketh of both parties for the giving of his verdict He forfeiteth ten times so much as he taketh anno 38. Edw. 3. cap. 12. Cromptons Juflice of Peace fol. 156. b. Amendment amendatio commeth of the French amendment and signifieth in our common Law a correction of an errour committed in a Processe and espyed before judgement Terms of the law Brook titulo Amendment per totum But if the fault be found after judgement given then is the party that will redresse it driven to his writ of errour Terms of the Law Brok titulo Error Amerciament amerciamentum signifieth the pecuniarie punishment of an offendor against the king or other Lord in his court that is found to be in misericordia i. to have offended and to stand at the mercy of the King or Lord. There seemeth to be a difference between amerciament and fines Kitthin fol. 214. And I have heard common Lawyers say that fines as they are taken for punishments be punishments certain which grow expresly from some Statute and that amerciaments be such as be arbitrably opposed by affeerors This is in some sort confirmed by Kitch f. 78. in these words l'amerciament est affire per pares M. Manwood in his first part of Forest Lawes pag. 166. seemeth to make another difference as if he would inferre an amerciament to be a more easie or more mercifull penaltie and a fine more sharp and grievous Take his words If the pledges for such a trespasse saith he do appear by common summons but not the defendant himself then the pledges shall be imprisoned for that default of the defendant but otherwise it is if the defendant himself doe appear and be ready in Court before the Lord Justice in eyr to receive his judgement and to pay his fine But if such pledges do make default in that case the pledges shall be amerced but not fined c. The Author of the new terms of law saith that amerciament is most properly a penaltie assessed by the peers or equals of the partie amercied for an offence done for the which he putteth himself upon the mercy of the Lord. Who also maketh mention of an amerciament royal and defineth it to be a pecuniary punishment laid upon a Sheriff Coroner or such like Officer of the Kings amercied by Justices for his offence See Misericordia Amoveas maium Look ouster le maine AN An tour waste annus dies vastum Look year day and waste Anealing of tile anno 17. Ed. 4. ca. 4. Annats Annaies seemeth to be all one with first fruits anno 25. H. 8. ca. 20. Look First fruits The reason is because the rate of first fruits payed of spiritual livings is after one years profit Of which Polydore Virgil de inventione rerum lib. 8. cap. 2. saith thus Nullum inventum majores Romano Pontifici cumulavit opes quam annatum qua vocant usus qui omnino multò antiquior est quam recentiores quidam scriptores suspicantur Et annates more suo appellant primos fractus unius anni sacer dotii vacantis aut dimidiam eorum partem Sanè hoc vectigal jam pridem cùm Romanus Pontifex non habuerit tot possessiones quot nunc habet cum oportuerit pro dignitate pro officio multos magnosque facere sumptus paulatim impositum fuit sacerdotiis vacantibus quae ille conferret de qua quidem re ut gravi saepe reclamatum fuisse testatur Henricus Hostiensis qui cum Alexandro 4. Pontifice vixit sic ut Franciscus Zabarellus tradat posthac in concilio Viennensi quod Clemens quintus indixit qui factus est Pontifex anno salutis humanae 135. agitatum fuisse ut eo deposito annatum onere vigesima pars vectigalium sacerdotalium penderetur quotannis Romano Pontifici id quidem frustrà Quare Pontifex annatas in sua massa retinuit ut ne indidem exire possent lege caetera Anniented commeth of the French anneantir i. se abjicere atque prosternere It signifieth with our Lawyers as much as frustrated or brought to nothing Littleton lib. 3. cap. warrantie Annua pensione is a writ whereby the King having due unto him an annual pension from an Abbot or Prior for any of his Chaplaines whom he shall think good to name unto him being as yet unprovided of sufficient living doth demand the same of the said Abbot or Prior for one whose name is comprised in the same writ untill c. and also willeth him for his Chaplaines better assurance to give him his Letters patents for the same Register orig fol. 265 307. Fitz. nat br fol. 231. where you may see the names of all the Abbeys and Priories bound unto this in respect of their Foundation or creation as also the form of the Letters Patents usually granted upon this writ Annuitie annuus reditus signifieth a yearly rent to be paid for term of life or years or in fee and is also used for the Writ that lyeth against a man for the recovery of such a rent either out of his Land or out of his Coffers or to be received of his person at a day certain every year not satisfying it according to the Grant Register Origin fol. 158. Fitzh nat br fol. 152. The Author of the new terms of Law defineth annuitie to be a certain sum of mony granted to another in fee-simple fee-tail for term of life or of years to receive of the Granter or his Heirs so that no Free-hold be charged therewith whereof a man shall never have assise or other action but a Writ of Annuity Saintgerman in his Book intituled The Doctor and Student dialogo primo cap. 3. sheweth divers differences between a Rent and an Annuity wherof the first is That every rent be it rent-charge rent-service or rent-seck is going out of Land but an Annuity goeth not out of any Land but chargeth only the person that is to say the Granter or his Heirs that have Assets by descent or the House if it be granted by a House of Religion to perceive of their Coffers The second difference is that for the recovery of an Annuity no Action lyeth but only the Writ of Annuity against the Granter his Heirs or Successors
heed thereof by which bow one passing by is slain In which case he offendeth because he gave no warning that the party might have taken heed to himself See Skene de verbo signifi verbo Melletum Chaungeour is an Officer belonging to the Kings mint whose function seemeth especially to consist in exchanging coin for gold or silver in the Masse brought in by Merchants or others anno 2 H. 6. cap. 12. Chauntery cantaria is a Church or Chapel endowed with lands or other yearly revenue for the maintenance of one or moe Priests daily to sing Masse for the souls of the Donours and such others as they do appoint anno 37 H. 8. cap. 4. anno 1 Ed. 6. cap. 14. Check-rolle seemeth to be a rolle or book that containeth the names of such as are attendants and in pay to great personages as their houshold servants It is otherwise called the chequer roll anno 24 H. 8. cap. 13. anno 3 H. 7. cap. 13. and seemeth to have one etymologie with eschequer Which see Chevage chevaginâ— cometh of the French chef i. caput It signifieth with us a summe of money paid by villeins to their Lords in acknowledgement of their slavery Whereof Bracton lib. 1. cap. 10 saith thus chevagium dicitur recognitio in signum subjectionis dominti de capite suo It seemeth also to be used for a sum of money yearly given to a man by another of might and power for his avowement and maintenance protection as to their head or leader M. Lamberds li. 2. cap. 5. Eirenarch writeh it chivagt or rather chiefage Chevisance cometh of the French chevir i. venir a chief de quelque chose to come to the head or end of a business to perfect a matter This word is used for bargaining anno 37 H. 8. cap. 9. t anno 13 Eliz. cap. 5. et 8. anno 10 R. 2. cap. 1. et anno 3 H. 7. cap. 5. Chief See Capite Chief pledge plegius vel vas capitalis anno 20 H. 6. cap. 8. For the understanding of this word See Boâ—owhead Childwit cometh of the Saxon word child and wit which some say in that tongue is a termination of some words without signification as dom in Christendom or hood in childhood with us But for the signification of wit see Bloudwit Childwit signifieth a power to take a fine of your bondwoman begotten with child without your consent Rastall exposit of words Chimin chiminus cometh from the French chemin i. aditus via and signifieth in our Common law a way It is divided into two sorts the Kings high way and a private way Kitchin fol. 35. The Kings high way chiminus regius is that by which the Kings subjects and all others under his protection have free libertie to passe though the propertie of the soyl of each side where the way lieth may perhaps belong to some private man A way private i that by which one man or more have liberty to passe either by prescription or by Charter through another mans ground And this is divided into chimin in grosse and chimin appendant Kitchin fol. 117. Chymin in grosse is that way which a man holdeth principally and solely in it self Chimin appendant is that which a man hath adjoyneâ— to some other thing as appertinent thereunto For example if a man hire a close or pasture and covenant for ingresse and egresse to and from the said close through some other ground by which otherwise he cannot passe Or Chimin in grosse may be that which the Civilians call personall as when one covenanteth for a way through another mans ground for himself and his heirs Chimin appendant on the other side may be that which they call real as when a man purchaseth a way through another mans ground for such as do or shall dwell in this or that house for ever or be owners of such a mannor Chiminage chiminagium signifieth a toll for wayfarage thorow the Forest Cromptons jurisd fol. 189. and Manwood parte 1. of his Forest lawes pag. 86. See Chimin The Feudists call it Pedagium See Chimin Chirographer of Fines chirographus finium concordâ—arum cometh of the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which signifieth a writing of a mans own hand whereby he acknowledgeth a debt to another It signifieth in our Common Low him in the Common Bench office that ingrosseth Fines in that Court acknowledged into a perpetual record after they be acknowledged and fully passed by those Officers by whom they are formerly examined and that writeth and delivereth the Indentures of them unto the party anno 2 H. 3. cap. 8. and West Symbol parte 2. titulo fines sect 114. 129. Fitzh nat br fol. 147. A. This Officer also maketh two Indentures one for the Buyer another for the Seller and maketh one other intended piece containing also the effect of the Fine which he delivereth over to the Custosbrevium that is called the foot of the Fine The Chirographer also or his Deputy doth proclaim all the Fines in the Court every Term according to the Statute and then repairing to the office of the Custos brevium there indorseth the Proclamations upon the backside of the foot thereof and alway keepeth the Writ of Covenant as also the note of the Fine Chivage See Chevage Chivalrie servitium militare commeth o the French chevalier i. eques and signifieth in our Common law a tenure of land by Knights service For the better understanding whereof it is to be known that there is no land but is holden mediately or immediately of the Crown by some service or other and therefore are all our Free-holds that are to us and our heirs called Feuda feese as proceeding from the benefit of the King for some small yearly Renâ— and the performance of such services as originally were laid upon the Land at the donation thereof For as the King gave to the great Nobles his immediate Tenents large possessions for ever to hold of him for this or that Rent and service so they again in time parcelled out to such as they liked their lands so received of the kings bounty for Rents and services as they thought good And these services are all by Litleton divided into two sorts Chivalrie and Socage The one is martiall and military the other clownish and rusticall Chivalrie therefore is a tenure of service whereby the Tenent is bound to perform some noble or military office unto his Lord and is of two sorrs either regall that is such as may hold only of the king or such as may also hold of a Common person as well as of the king That which may hold only of the king is properly called Servitium or Sergeantiâ— and is again divided into grand or petit i. great or small Great commonly called Grand Sergeantie is that where one holdeth lands of the King by service which he ought to doe in his own person unto him as to bear the kings Banner or his Spear or to lead
writing against Marsin Luther in the behalf of the Church of Rome then accounted Domicilium fidei Catholicae Stows annals pag. 863. Deforsour deforciator cometh of the French Forceur i. expugnator It is used in our Common law for one that overcometh and casteth out by force and differeth from disseisour first in this because a man may disseise another without force which act is called simple disseisin Britton cap. 53. next because a man may deforce another that never was in possession as for example if more have right to lands as Common heirs and one entring keepeth out the rest the Law saith that he deforceth them though he do not disseise them Old nat br fol. 118. and Litleton in his Chapter Disconti nuance fol. 117. saith that he which is enfeoffed by the Tenant in Tail and put in possession by keeping out the Heir of him in reversion being dead doth deforce him though he did not disseise him because he entred when the Tenant in tail was living and the Heir had no present right And a Deforsor differeth from an intrudour because a man is made an Intrudour by a wrongful entry onely into Land or Tenement void of a possessour Bracton lib. 4. cap. pri and a Deforsour is also by holding out the right He iras is above said Deliverances See Repligiare Demand demanda vel demandum cometh of the French Demande i. postulatio postulatus and signifieth a calling upon a man for any thing due It hath likewise a proper significatioÌ„ with the Common Lawyers opposite to plaint For the pursute of all civil actions are either demands or plaints and the persuer is called Demandant or Plaintiff viz. Demandant in actions real and Plaintiff in personal And where the party perfuing is called Demandant there the party persued is called Tenant where Plaintiff there Defendant See Terms of Law verbo Demandant Demy haque See Haque and Haquebut Demain Dominicum is a French word otherwise written Domaine and signifieth Patrimonium Domini as Hotoman saith in verbis feudalibus verbo Dominicum where by divers authorities he proveth those Lands to be dominicum which a man holdeth originally of himself and those to be feodum which he holdeth by the benefit of a superiour Lord. And I find in the Civil Law Rem dominicam for that which is proper to the Emperor Cod. Ne rei dominicae vel templorum vindicatio temporis praescriptione submoveatur being the 38 title of the 7 book And Res dominici juris i. reipub in the same place And by the word Domanium or Demanium are properly signified the Kings Lands in France appertaining to him in property Quia Domanium definitur illud quod nominatim consecratum est unitum incorporatum Regiae coronae ut scripsit Chopinus de domanâ—o Franciae tit 2. per legem Si quando 3. Cod. de bon vacan lib. 10. Mathaeut de Afflictis in consti Siciliae lib. 1. tit De locatione Demanii 82. which may be called Bona incorporata in corpus fisci redacta Skene de verborum signif verb. Terrae Dominicales In like manner co we use it in England howbeit we here have no land the Crown-land onely excepted which holdeth not of a Superior For all dependeth either mediatly or immediately of the Crown that is of some honour or other belonging to the Crown and not graunted in fee to any inferiour person Wherefore no common person hath any Demaines simply understood For when a man in pleading would signifie his land to be his own he saith that he is or was seised therof in his demain as of Fee Litleton l. 1. c. 1. Whereby he signifieth that though his land be to him and his Heirs for ever yet it is not true Demain but depending upon a superior Lord and holding by service or rent in lieu of service or by both service and rent Yet I find these words used in the Kings right anno 37 H. 8. cap. 16. and 39 Eliz. cap. 22. But the application of this speech to the King and crown land is crept in by errour and ignorance of the word Fee or at least by understanding it otherwise than of the Feudists it is taken But Britton cap. 78. sheweth that this word demeyn is diversly taken sometime more largely as of Lands or Tenements held for life c. and sometime more strictly as for such onely as are generally held in see This word sometime is used for a distinction between those lands that the Lord of a Mannor hath in his own hands or in the hands of his Leassee dimised upon a rent for tearm of years or life and such other land appertaining to the said Mannor which belongeth to free or copy-holders Howbeit the copy-hold belonging to any Manor is also in the opinion of many good Law yers accounted Demeines Bracton in his fourth Book tract 3. cap. 9. num 5. hath these words Item dominicum accipitur multipliciter Est autem dominicum quod quis habet ad mensam suam propriè sicut sunt Bordlands anglicè Itèm dicitur dominicum villenagium quod traditur villanis quod quis teÌ„pestivè intempestive sumere possit pro voluntare sua revocare Of this Fleta likewise thus writeth DominicuÌ„ est multiplex Est auteÌ„ DominicuÌ„ propriè terra ad mensaÌ„ assignata villenagium quod traditur villanis ad excolendum terra precariò dimissa quae tempestiviè pro voluntate domini poterit revocari sicut est de terra commissa tenenda quà m diu commissori placuerit poterit dici Dominicum de quo quis babet liberuÌ„ tenementuÌ„ alius usufructum etiaÌ„ ubi quis habet liberuÌ„ tenementuÌ„ alius curaÌ„ sicut de custode dici poterit curatore unde urus dicitur à jure alius quoque ab homine Dominicum etiam dicitur ad differentiam ejus quod tenetur in servitio Dominicum est omne illud tenementum de quo antecessor oblit seâ—situs ut de feudo nec refert cum usufructu vel sine de quo sie ectus esset si viveret recuperare posset per assisam nomine disseisinae licet alius haberet usum fructum sicut dici poterit de illis qui tenent in villenagio qui utuntur fruuntur non nomine proprio sed omine Dominâ— sui Flet. lib. 5. cap. 5. sect Dominicum autem And the reason why Copy-hold is accounted Demeans is because they that be Tenents unto it are judged in law to have no other right but at the will of the Lord. So that it is reputed still after a sort to be in the Lords hands And yet in common speech that is called ordinarily Demeans which is neither free nor copy It is farther to be noted that Demain is sometime used in a more special signification and is opposite to frank-Frank-fee For example those lands which were in the possession of King Edward the Confessour
are called Ancient Demain and all others be called frank-Frank-fee Kitchin fol. 98. And the Tenents which hold any of those Lands be called Tenents in Ancient Demain the others Tenents in Frank-fee Kitchin ubi supra And also Tenents of the Common law West parte 2. Symbol titulo Fines Sect. 25. The reason is because Tenents in ancient Demain cannot be sued out of the Lords Court Terms of the Law Verbo ancient Demain And the Tenents in Ancient Demain though they hold all by the verge and have none other evidence but copy of Court rol yet they are said to have Free-hold Kitchin fol. 81. See Ancient Demain Demain cart of an Abbot seemeth to be that Cart which the Abbot useth upon his own Demain Anno 6 H. 3. cap. 21. Demurrer demorare cometh of the French demeurer i. manere in aliquo loco vel morari It signifieth in our Common law a kind of pawse upon a point of difficulty in any action and is used substantively For in every action the controversie consisteth either in the fact or in the law If in the fact that is tried by the Jury if in law then is the case plain to the Judge or so hard and rare as it breedeth just doubt I call that plain to the Judge wherein he is assured of the law though perhaps the party and his councel yeeld not unto it And in such the Judge with his Associats proceedeth to Judgement without farther work but when it is doubtful to him and his Associates then is there stay made and a time taken either for the Court to think farther upon it and to agree if they can or else for all the Justices to meet together in the Chequer chamber and upon hearing of that which the Sergeants shall say of both parts to advise and set down what is law And whatsoever they conclude standeth firm without farther remedie Smith de Repub. Anglo lib. 2. cap. 13. West calleth it a Demurrer in Chancery likewise when there is question made whether a parties answer to a Bill of Complaint c. be defective or not and thereof reference made to any of the Bench for the examination thereof and report to be made to the Court parte 2. symb tit Chancery Sect. 29. Denariataterrae See Farding-deal of land Denizen cometh of the French donaison i. donatio And signifieth in our Common law an Alien that is infranchised here in England by the Princes Charter and inabled almost in all respects to do as the Kings native subjects do namely to purchase and to possesse lands to be capable of any office or dignity Yet it is said to be short of naturalization because a stranger naturalized may inherit lands by descent which a man made onely a Denizen cannot And again in the Charter whereby a man is made Denizen there is commonly conteined some one clause or other that abridgeth him of all that full benefit which natural subjects do enjoy And when a man is thus infranchised he is said to be under the Kings protection or Esse ad fidem Regis Angliae before which time he can injoy nothing in Englād Bracton l. 5. tract 5. c. 25. nu 3. Nay he his goods might be seised to the Kings use Horn in his mirrour of Justices lib. 1. c. de la Venue de frane plege Deodand deodandum is a thing given or forfeited as it were to God for the pacification of his wrath in a case of misadventure whereby any Christian soul cometh to a violent end without the fault of any reasonable Creature For example if a Horse should strike his Keeper and so kill him If a man in driving a Cart and seeking to redresse any thing about it should so fall as the Cart wheel runing over him should presse him to death If one should be felling of a Tree and giving warning to company by when the Tree were neer falling to look to themselves and any of them should be slain neverthelesse by the fall of the Tree In the first of these cases the Horse in the second the Cart-wheel Cart and Horses and in the third the Tree is to be given to God that is to be sold distributed to the poor for an expiation of this dreadful event though effected by unreasonable yea senlesse and dead creatures Stawnf pl. cor lib. 1. cap. 2. whereof also read Bracton lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 5. and Britton cap. 7. and West parte 2. symbolaeog titulo Indictments Sect. 49. And though this be given to God yet is it forfeited to the King by law as sustaining Gods person and an executioner in this case to see the price of these distributed to the Poor for the appeasing of God stirred up even against the earth and place by the shedding of innocent blood thereupon Fleta saith that this is sold and the price distributed to the Poor for the soul of the King his Ancestors and all faithful people departed this life l. 1. c. 25. verbo De submersis And it seemeth that this Law hath an imitation of that in Exo dus cap. 21. Si cornu petierit bos virum vel mulierem ita ut moriatur lapidabitur bos neque comedetur caro ejus ac dominus ejus erit innocens De Deoner anda pro rata portionis is a Writ that lieth where one is distrained for a rent that ought to be paid by others proportionally with him For example a man holdeth ten Oxegangs of land by fealty and ten shillings rent of the King and alienateth one Oxegang thereof to one another to another in fee. Afterward the Sheriff or other officer cometh and distraineth onely one of them for the rent he that is distrained may have this writ for his help Fitzh nat br fol. 234. Departer is a word properly used of him that first pleading one thing in barre of an action and being replyed thereunto doth in his rejoynder shew another matter contrary to his first Plea Plowden in Reniger and Fogassa fol. 7. 8. And of this see divers examples in Broke titulo Departer de son plee c. Departers of Gold and Silver See Finours De quibus sur disseisin is a Writ of entry See Fitzh nat br fol. 191. C. Dereyn disrationare vel dirationare may seem to come of the French disarroyer i. confundere turbare to confound or turn out of order or desranger i. to set out of order of lastly of the Norman word desrene for with the Normans desrene is nothing else but a proof of the denial of mans own fact For Rubigineus in his grand custumarie cap. 122 123. maketh mention of lex probabilis and lex deraisnia legem probabilem or probationem he defineth to be a proof of a mans own fact which he saith he hath done and his adversary denieth His example in this A. sueth R. for a Hog saying thou shouldest deliver me a Hog for two shillings six pence which money F. paid thee wherefore I demand my
each journey Escuage certain is that which yearly payeth a certain rent in lieu of all services being no further bound than to pay his rent called a knights-Knights-fee or the fourth part of a knights-Knights-fee according to his land and this leeseth the nature of Knights service though it hold the name of Escuage being in effect Soccage Fitzh na br fol. 84. C. Esnecy Aesnecia is a prerogative given to the eldest Comparcener to chuse first after the inheritance is divided Fleta lib. 5. cap. 10. § in divisionem Esples Expletia seem to be the full profits that the ground or land yeeldeth as the Hay of the Meadowes the Feed of the Pasture the corn of the Earable the Rents Services and and such like issues Ingham It seemeth to proceed from the Latine Expleo The profits comprised under this word the Romans call properly accessiones Nam accessionem nomine intelliguntur ea gener aliter omnia quae ex re de qua agitur orta sunt veluti fructus partus omnis causa rei quaecunque ex re procedunt lib. 2. Ï€. De in diem adjectio lib. 50. Ï€. Ad Trebel lib. 61. § hiis etiam Ï€. de furt See the new Terms of Law Esquier Armiger is in letters little altered from the French Esouier i. scutiger It signifieth with us a Gentleman or one that beareth arms as a testimony of his nobility and gentry S. Thomas Smith is of opinion that at the first these were Bearers of arms to Lords and Knights and by that had their name and dignity Indeed the French word is sometime translated Agaso that is a Boy to attend or keep a Horse and in old English Writers it is used for a Lackey or one that carrieth the Shield or Spear of a Knight Mast Cambden in his Britannia pag. 111. hath these words of them having spoken of Knights Hiis proximi fuere Armigeri qui scutiferi hominesque ad arma dicti qui vel à clypeis gentilitiis quae in nobilitatis insignia gestant vel quia principibus ma oribus illis nobilibus ab armis erant nomen traxerunt Olim enim ex hiis duo unicuique militi serviebant galeam clypeumque gestabant c. Hotoman in the sixth Chapter of his Disputations upon the Feodssaith that these which the French men cal Escuiers were 1 Military kind of vassal having jus scuti which is as much to say he there interpreteth himself as that they bare a Shield and in it the ensignes of their family in token of their Gentility or dignity Essendt quietum de telonio is a Writ that lyeth for Citizens and Burgesses of any City or Town that have a Charter or prescription to exempt them from tolle through the whole Realm if it chance they be any where exacted â—he same Fitz. nat br fol. 226. Reg. fol. 258. Essoin essonium cometh of the French essomè or exonniè i. causarius miles he that hath his presence forborn or excused upon any just cause as sicknesse or other incumbrance It signifieth in our Common Law and allegement of an excuse for him that is summoned or sought for to appear and answer to an Action real or to perform sute to a Court Baron upon just cause of absence It is as much as excusatio with the Civilians The causes that serve to essoin any man summoned be divers and infinite yet drawn to five heads whereof the first is ulira mare the second de terra sancta the third de malo veniendi which is also called the common Essoin the fourth is de malo lecti the fifth de servitio Regis For further knowledge of these I refer you to Glanvile in his whole first book and Bracton lib. 5. tract 2. per totum and Britton c. 122 123 124 125. and to Horns Mirrour of Justices lib. 1. cap. des Essoins who maketh mention of some more essoins touching the service of the King celestial then the rest do and of some other points not unworthy to be known Of these Essoins you may read further in Flet. l. 6. c. 8. seq and that these came to us from the Normans is well shewed by the Grand Custumary where you may find in a manner all said that our Lawyers have of this matter cap. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45. Essoins and profers anno 32 H. 8 cap. 21. See Profer Essonio de malo lecti is a Writ directed to the Sheriff for the sending of four lawful Knights to view one that hath essoined himself de malo lecti Regist. orig fol. 8. b. Establishment of dower seemeth to be the assurance of dower made to the Wife by the Husband or his friends before or at marriage And assignement is the setting it out by the Heir afterward according to the Establishment Britton cap. 102. 103. Estandard or Standard cometh of the French estandart or estandart i. signum vexillum It signifieth an Ensigne in war as well with us as with them But it is also used for the principal or standing measure of the King to the scantling whereof all the measures thorowout the Land are or ought to be framed by the Clerk of the Market Anlneger or orher Officer according to their functions For it was established by the Statute of Magna Charta an 6 H. 3. cap. 9. That there should be but one scantling of Weights and Measures through the whole Realm which is sithence confirmed by Aâ—co 14 Ed. 3. cap. 12. and many other Statutes as also that all should be fitted to the Standard sealed with the Kings Seal It is not called a Standard without great reason because it standeth constant and immoveable and hath all other Measures coming toward it for their conformity even as Souldiers in field have their Standard or Colours for their direction in their march or skirmish Of these Standards and Measures read Britton cap. 30. Estate cometh of the French estat i. conditio and signifieth especially in our Common law that Title or Interest which a man hath in Lands or Tenements as estate simple otherwise called Fee-simple and estate conditional or upon condition which is as Litleson saith libro 3. caput 5. either upon condition in Deed or upon condion in Law Estate upon condition in Deed is where a man by Deed indented infeoffeth another in Fee referving to him and to his Heirs yeerly a certain Rent payable at one Feast or at divers upon condition that if the Rent be behind c. that it shall be lawful to the Feoffor and to his Heires to enter in the Lands or Tenements c. Estate upon condition in Law is such as hath a consideration in the Law annexed to it though it be not specified in writing For example if a man grant to another by his Deed the Office of a Parkership for Term of his life this estate is upon condition in the Law or imployed by Law viz. if the Parker so long shall well and
Gustwit seemeth to be compounded of Gult i. noxa and wit which is sayd by some skilful men to be an ancient termination of the words in the Saxon tongue fignifying nothing in it self but as dom or hood and such like be in these English words Christendom and Manhood or such others Others say and it is true that wit signifieth blame or reprehension Gultwit as Saxon in his Description of England cap. 11. doth interpretet it is an amends for trespasse Gust Hospes is used by Bracton for a stranger or guest that lodgeth with us the second night lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 10. In the laws of Saint Edward set forth by Master Lambert num 27. it is written Gest Of this see more in Uncothe Gumme gummi is a certain clammy or tough liquor that in manner of a sweaty excrement issueth out of trees and is hardned by the Sun Of these there be divers sorts brought over Seas that be drugs to be garbled as appeareth by the statute Anno 1 Jacob. cap. 19. Gutter-tile aliâs Corner-tyle is a tyle made three-corner-wise especially to be layd in Gutters or at the corners of the tyled houses which you shall often see upon Dove-houses at the four corners of their roofs anno 17 Ed. 4. cap. 4. HA HAbeas corpus is a Writ the which a man indited of some trespasse before Justices of peace or in a Court of any franchise and upon his apprehension being layd in prison for the same may have out of the Kings bench thereby to remove himself thither at his own costs and to answer the cause there c. Fitzh nat br fol. 250. h. And the order is in this case first to procure a Certiorari out of the Chancery directed to the said Justices for the removing of the Inditement into the Kings Bench and upon that to procure this Writ to the Sheriff for the causing of his body to be brought at a day Reg. jud fol. 81. where you shall find divers cases wherein this Writ is used Habeas corpora is a Writ that lieth for the bringing in of a Jurie or so many of them as refuse to come upon the venire facias for the trial of a cause brought to issue Old nat br fol. 157. See great diversity of this Writ in the table of the Register Judicial verbo habeas corpora and the new book of Entries verbo codem Habendum is a word of form in a deed of conveyance to the true understanding whereof you must know that in every deed of conveyance there be two principal parts the Premises and the Habendum The office of the Premisses is to expresse the name of the Grantor the Grantee and the thing granted or to be granted The office of the habendum is to limit the estate so that the general implication of the estate which by construction of law passeth in the Premisses is by the habendum controlled and qualified As in a Lease to two persons the habendum to one for life the remainder to the other for life altereth the general implication of the joynt tenancie in the Free-hold which should passe by the Premisses if the habendum were not Coke vol. 2. Bucklers case fo 55. See Use Habere facias seisinam is a Writ Judicial which lieth where a man hath recovered lands in the Kings Court directed to the Sheriff and commanding him to give him seisin of the land recovered Old nat br fol. 154. Terms of the Law wherof see great diversity also in the table of the Register Judicial verbo Habere facias seisinam This Writ is issuing sometime out of the Records of a fine executory directed to the Sheriff of the County where the land lieth and commanding him to give to the Cognizee or his heirs seisin of the land whereof the Fine is levied which Writ lyeth within the year after the Fine or Judgement upon a Scire facias and may be made in divers forms West parte 2. symb titulo Fines Sect. 136. There is also a Writ called Habere facias seisinam ubi Rex habuit annum diem vastum which is for the delivery of lands to the Lord of the Fee after the King hath taken his due of his lands that was convicted of Felony Register origin fol. 165. Habere facias visum is a Writ that lieth in divers cases where view is to be taken of the lands or tenements in question See Fitzh nat br in Indice verbo View See Bracton lib. 5. tract 3. cap. 8. lib. 5. parte 2. cap. 11. See view See the Register Judicial fol. 1 26 28 45 49 52. Haberâ—ects Hauberiteus pannus magn chart cap. 25. Pupilla oculi parte 5. cap. 22. Hables is the plural of the French hable signifying as much as a Porte or Haven of the Sea whence Ships do set forth into other Countries and whither they do arrive when they return from their voyage This word is used anno 27 Hen. 6. cap. 3. Haerede deliberando alii qui habet custodiam terrae is a Writ directed to the Sheriff willing him to command one having the body of him that is ward to another to deliver him to him whose ward he is by reason of his land Regist. orig fol. 161. b. Haerede abducto is a Writ that lyeth for the Lord who having the wardship of his tenent under age by right cannot come by his body for that he is conveyed away by another Old nat br fol. 93. See Ravishment de Gard and Haerede rapto in Regist orig fol. 163. Haeretico comburendo is a Writ that lyeth against him that is an heretick viz. that having been once convinced of heresie by his Bishop and having abjured it afterward falleth into it again or into some other and is thereupon committed to the secular power Fitz. nat br fol. 269. Haga is used as a kind of Latine word for a house I find in an ancient book sometime belonging to the Abbey of Saint Augustines in Canterbury that King Stephen sent his Writ to the Sheriff and Justices of Kent in this manner Stephanus Rex Anglorum Vicecomiti et Iusticiariis de Kentsalutem Praecipio quòd faciatis habere Ecclesiae sancti Augustini monachis hagam suam quam Gosceoldus eis dedit ita bene in pace justae quietè liberè sicut eam eis dedit in morte sua coram legalibus testibus c. Hagbut See Haque and Haquebut Haye boote seemeth to be compounded of Haye i. Sepes and Bote i. compensatio The former is French and the second is Saxon. And although it do fall out sometime that our words be so compounded yet it is rare Wherefore it may be thought peradventure to come as well from Hag and Boote which be both Saxon words It is used in our Common law for a permission to take thorns and freeth to make or repair hedges Half haque See Haeque Half merk dimidia merka seemeth to signifie a noble Fitzh nat br fol.
peril toward the sea side as Porchmouth c. Of these you shall read anno 18. Edward 3. stat 2. ca. 7. anno 25. ejusd stat 5. ca. 8. Hoghenhine is he that commeth guestwise to an house and lieth there the third night After which time he is accounted of his family in whose house he lieth and if he offend the kings peace his host must be answerable for him Bracton lib. 3. tract 2. ca. 10. In the Laws of king Edward set forth by Master Lambert he is called Agenhine where you may read more of this matter Hithe hitha is a petty haven to land wares out of vessels or boats New book of Entries fol. 3. colum 3. HO Hogshead is a measure of wine or oyle containing the fourth part of a tun that is 63 gallons an 1. R. 3. ca. 13. Holstings see Hustings Homage Homagium is a French word signifying Fidem clientularem For in the original grants of land and tenements by way of fee the Lord did not only tye his tenents or feed men to certain services but also took a submission with Promise and oath to be true and loyal to him as their Lord and Benefactor This submission was and is called homage the form whereof you have in the second Statute anno 17. Edw. 2 in these words when a free man shall doe homage to his Lord of whom he holdeth in chief he shall hold his hands together between the hands of his Lord and shall say thus I become your man from this day forth for life for member and for worldly honour and shall owe you my faith for the land I hold of you saving the faith that I do owe unto our Soveraign Lord the King and to mine other Lords And in this manner the Lord of the fee for which homage is due taketh homage of every tenent as he cometh to the land or fee. Glanvile lib. 9. cap. 1. except they be women who perform not homage but by their husbands yet see Fitzherbert that saith the contrary in his nat br fol. 157. F. Read Glanvile more at large in the said first Chapter with the second third and fourth The reason of this M. Skene giveth de verbo significatione verbo Homagium viz. because Homage especially concerneth service in warre He saith also that consecrated Bishops do no homage but only fidelity the reason may bee all one And yet I find in the Register orig fol. 296. a. that a woman taking livery of lands holden by Knights service must doe homage but not being jointly infeossed for then she doth only fealtie And see Glanvile in the end of the first chapter of his ninth book touching Bishops consecrated whom he denieth to perform homage to the King for their Baronie but only fealty Fulbeck reconcileth this fol. 2C a. in these words By our law a religious man may doe homage but may not say to his Lord Ego devenio home vester because he hath professed himself to be only Gods man but he may say I do unto you homage and to you shall be faithfull and loyall See of this Britten cap. 68. Homage is eithes new with the fee or ancestrel that is where a man and his Ancestors time out of mind have held their lands by homage to their Lord whereby the Lord is tied to warrant the land unto his tenent Newterms of the Law This homage is used in other Countries as well as ours and was wont to be called Hominium See Hotom de verbis feudalibus verbo Homo Skene divideth it into liegium non liegium de verb. signif v. Homage for the which see Leige and Hotoman disputatione de feudis tertia Homage is sometime used for the jury in the Court Baron Smith de Repub Anglo lib. 2. cap. 27. the reason is because it consisteth most commonly of such as owe homage unto the Lord of the fee. And these of the Feudists are called pares curiae sive curiis sive domus sic dicuntur enim convassalli sive compares qui ab eodem patrono feudum receperunt vel qui in eodem territorio feudum habeut Hotoman Of this Homage you may read in the nine and twentieth chapter of the grand Custumary of Normandy where you shall understand of other sorts of homage used by them and strange unto us Whereunto join Hotoman disputat de feudis in divers places and namely Columna 860. c. hiis verbis Deinceps de nota lâ—ommii feudal tiae subjectionis videamus Omnium quidem video esse commune ut dexter as tanquam in soedei ibus jungerent plerumqne etiam ut dexteris aversis osculum praebereut interdum ut ambas manus junctas patrono contrectandas praeberent supplicum et deditiorum nomine qui velatas manus porrigebant And pag. 861. hiis verbis Multis Galliae atque etiam Angliae moribus constisutum est Quod ex Anglico Littletoneo intelleximus ut hominium servili et suppliciveneratione ac planè tanquam à dedititiis praestetur Nam vasallus discinctus nudo capite ad pedes sedentis patroni pro ectus ambas manus junctas porrigit quas dum Dominus suis manibus amplectitur haec verba pronunciat Here veâ—io in tuum hominium et sidem et homo tuus fio ore et manibus tibique juro ac spondeo sidelem me tibi fâ—lis um eorum fendorum nomine quae tuo beneficio accepi c. Whereunto you may adde him colum 819. g. 822. s et 857. b et d. et f. of homage in Scotland read M. Skene de verb. signtf verbo Homaegium To whom you may also joyn a plentiful discourse in speculo Durandt commonly called speculator among the Civilians tit De feudis Homagio respectuando is a writ to the escheator commanding him to deliver seisin of lands to the heir that is at full age notwithstanding his homage not done which ought to be performed before the heir have livery of his lands except there fall out some reasonable cause to hinder it Fitzher nat br fol. 269. Homine eligendo ad custodiendam peciam figilli pro mercatoribus aediti is a writ directed to a Corporation for the choice of a new man to keep the one part of the Seal appointed for Statutes Merchant when the order is dead according to the Statute of Acton Burnel Regist original fol. 178. a. Homine replegiando is a writ for the bayl of a man out of prison which in what cases it lieth and what not see Fitz. natura brev fo 66. See also the Register origin fo 77. See the new book of Entries verto Homine replegiando Homine capto in Withernamium is a writ to take him that hath taken any bondman or woman and led him or her out of the County so that he or she cannot be replevied according to Law Reg. orig fo 79. a. See Withernam Fomicide homicidium is the slaying of a man and it is divided into voluntary and
Christian hath this means to remoove it to the Kings Court Reg. orig f. 35. b. See Old nat br fol. 31. the Regist fol. 35. and Britton cap. 109. fol. A. Indictments Indictamentum See Indightment Indivisium is used in the common Law for that which two hold in common without partition Kitchin fol. 241. in these words He holdeth pro indiviso c. Indorsementum indorsamentum signifieth in the Common law a condition written upon the other side of an obligation West part 2. symb Sect. 157. Infang aliâs infeng significat quietantiam prioris prisae ratione convivii Flet. lib. 1. cap. 47. Infangthef Hingfangthefe or Infangtheof is compounded of three Saxon words the preposition In fang or fong to take or catch and theft it signifieth a privilege or liberty granted unto Lords of certain Manors to judge any thief taken within their fee. Bract. lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 8. In the laws of King Edward set out by M. Lamberd nu 26. you have it thus described Infangthefe Iustitia cognoscentis latronis sua est de homine suo si captus fuerit super terram suam Illi verò qui non habent has consuetudines coram justicia regia rectum faciant in Hundredis vel in Wapentachiis vel in Scyris The definition of this see also in Britton fol. 90. b. and Roger Hoveden parte poster saorum annalium fol. 345. b. M. Skene de verborum significat verbo Infangthefe who writeth of it at large reciting diversity of opinions touching this and outfangthief Fleta saith that in fangtheef for so he writeth it dicitur latro captus in terra alicujus seisitus aliquo latrocinio de suis propriis hominibus lib. 1. ca. 47. § Infangtheef Information See Enditement See new Terms of Law Informer informator in French informature is an officer belonging to the Exchequer or Kings Bench that denounceth or complaineth of those that offend against any pennal Statute They are otherwise called promotors but the men being bashfull of nature doe blush at this name these among the Civilians are called delatores Informatus nonsum is a formal answer of course made by an Atturney that is commanded by the Court to say what he thinketh good in the defence of his Client by the which he is deemed to leave his Client undefended and so judgement passeth for the adverse partie See the new book of Entries titulo Nonsum informaus And Judgement 12. Ingressu is a Writ of Entrie that is whereby a man seeketh entrie into Lands or Tenements it lyeth in many divers cases wherein it hath as many diversities of formes See Entrie This Writ is also called in the particular praecipe quod reddat because those be formall words in all Writs of entry The Writs as they lye in divers cases are these described in the Old nat br Ingressu ad terminum qui praeteriit fol. 121. Origin Regist. fol. 227. which lieth where the Lands or Tenements are let to a man for term of years and the Tenant holdeth over his term Ingressu dum non fuit compos mentis fol. 223. original Regist fol. 218. which lieth were a man selleth Land or Tenement when he is out of his wits c. Ingressu dum fuit infra atatem fol. 123. Register original fol. 228. which lieth where one under age selleth his Lands c. Ingressu super disseisina in le quibus fol. 125. Register origin fol. 229. which lieth where a man is disseised and dieth for his heir against the disseisour Ingressu in per fol. 126. origin Regist fol. 229. Ingressu sur cui in vita fol. 128. original Register fol. 239. both which see in Entry Ingressu causa matrimonii praelocuti fol. 130. original Register fol. 233. which see Causa matrimonii praelocuti Ingressu in casu proviso fol. 132. Regist origin fol. 235. which see Casu proviso Ingressu cui ante divorâ—ium fol. 130. original Register fol. 233. for which see Cui ante divortium Ingressu in consimili casu fol. 233. original Register fol. 236. for which see Consimili casu Ingressu sine consensu capituli fol. 128. original register fol. 230. for which see Sine assensu capituli Ingressu ad communem legem fol. 132. original Register fol. 234. which lieth where the Tenent for term of life or of anothers life Tenant by courtesie or Tenant in Dower maketh a feofment in fee and dyeth he in reversion shall have the foresaid writ against whomsoever that is in the land after such feofment made Ingrossing of a fine is making the Indentures by the Chirographer and the delivery of them to the party unto whom the cognisance is made Fi zh eb nat br fol. 147. A. Ingrosser ingrossator cometh of the French Grosseur i. crassitudo or Grosier i. Solidarius venditor It signifieth in the Common law one that buyeth corn growing or dead victual to sell again except Barly for mault Oats for Oatmeal or victuals to retail badging by licence and buying of oyles spices and victuals other than fiish ot salt anno 5. Edw. 6. cap. 14. anno 5. Elizab. cap. 14. anno 13. Elizab. cap. 25. these be M. Wests words parte 2. symbol titulo Inditements Sect. 64. Howbeit this definition rather doth belong to unlawful ingrossing than to the word in general See Forstaller Inheritance haereditas is a perpetuity in ands or tenements to a man and his heirs For Littleton ca. 1. li. 1. hath these words And it is to be understood that this word inheritance is not only understood where a man hath inheritance of Lands and Tenements by descent of heritage but also every fee simple or fee tail that a man hath by his purchase may be said inheritance for that that his heirs may inherit him Several inheritance is that which two or more hold severally as if two men have land given them to them the heirs of their two bodies these have joint estate during their lives but their heirs have several inheritance Kitchin fol. 155. See the new Terms of law verbo Enheritance Inhibition Inhibitio is a writ to inhibit or forbid a Judge from farther proceeding in the cause depending before him See Fitz. nat br fo 39. where he putteth prohibition inhibition together inhibition is most commonly a writ issuing out of a higher Court Christian to a lower and inferiour upon an appeal anno 24 H. 8. cap. 12. and prohibition out of the Kings Court to a Court Christian or to an inferiour Temporal Court Injunction injunctio is an interlocutory decree out of the Chancerie sometimes to give possession unto the Plaintiff for want of apparence in the Defendant sometime to the Kings ordinary Court and sometime to the Court Christian to stay proceeding in a cause upon suggestion made that the rigour of the law if it take place is against equity and conscience in that case See West parte 2. symb titulo Proceeding in Chancery Sect. 25. Inlawgh Inlagatus vel homo
him King John granted them a Maior for their yearly Magistrate Porter of the door of the Parliament house is a necessary Officer belonging to that high Court and enjoyeth the privileges accordingly Cromptons jurisd fo 11. Perter in the Circuit of Justices is an Officer that carrieth a verge or white rod before the Iustices in Eyre so called a portando virgam an 13 Ed. 1. ca. 24. Porter bearing verge virgator before the Iustices of either bench anno 13 Edv. 1. cap. 41. See Vergers Portomote is a word compounded of port i. portus and the Saxon Gemertan i. convenire or of the French mot i. dictio verbum It signifieth a Court kept in Haven towns as Swainmot in the forest Manwood parte prim of his forest laws pag. 111. It is sometimes called the Portmoot Court an 43 Eli. cap. 15. Portsale anno 35 H. 8. cap. 7. i. sale of fish presently upon return in the haven Possession possessio is used two waies in our Common law First for lands and inheritance as he is a man of large possessions In which signification it is also used among the Civilians sc for the thing possessed l. possessionum Cod. commun utriusque Judic Next for the actual enjoying of that which either in truth or pretence is ours And in this signification there is possession indeed and possession in law pl. cor fol. 198. The example there is this before or untill an office be found the King hath only possession in law and not in deed speaking of the lands escheated by the attainder of the owner See Praerog fol. 54. 55. In this signification also there is an unity of possession which the Civilians call Consolidationem Take an example out of Kitchin fol. 134. If the Lord purchase the tenancy held by Heriot service then the Heriot is extinct by unity of possession that is because the seigneury and the tenancy be now in one mans possession Many divisions of possession you may read in Braclon lib. 2. cap. 17. per totum Post. See Per. Post diem is a return of a writ after the day assigned for the return for the which the Custos brevium hath four pence whereas he hath nothing if it be returned at the day or it may be the fee taken for the same Post fine is a duty belonging to the King for a fine formerly acknowledged before him in his Court which is paid by the Cognizee after the fine is fully passed and all things touching the same wholly accomplished The rate thereof is so much and half so much as was paid to the King for the fine and is gathered by the Shyreeve of the County where the land c. lyeth whereof the fine was levied to be answered by him into the Exchequer Post terme is a return of a writ not only after the day assigned for the return thereof but after the term also which may not be received by the Custos brevium but by the consent of one of the Iudges it may be also the see which the Custos brevium taketh for return thereof which is twenty pence Postea is a word used for a matter tryed by Nisi prius and returned into the Court of common pleas for Judgement and there afterwards recorded See Plowden casu Saunders fol. 211. a. See an example of this in Sir Edw. Cokes Reports volum 6. Rowlands Case fol. 41. b. 42. a. See Custos brevium Post disseisen post disseisina is a writ given by the Statute of We. 2. cap. 26. and lyeth for him that having recovered lands or tenements by praecipe quod reddat upon default or reddition is again disseised by the former disseisour Fitzherb nat br fol. 190. see the writ that lyeth for this in the Register original fol. 208. a. Posteriority posterioritas is a word of comparison and relation in tenure the correlative whereof is prioritie For a man holding lands or tenements of two Lords holdeth of his auncienter Lord by priority and of his later Lord by posteriority Stawn praerog fol. 10 11. when one Tenent holdeth of two Lords of the one by priority of the other by posteriority c. Old nat br fol. 94. Pourchas perquisitum commeth of the French pourchasser i. sollicitare ambire it signifyeth the buying of lands or tenements with mony or other agreement and not the obtaining of it by title or descent Conjunctum perquisitum Joynt purchase Regist original fol. 143. b. Pour faire proclaimer que nul enject fimes ou ordures en fosses ou rivers pres cities c. is a writ directed to the Maior Shyreeve or Bayliff of a City or Town commanding them to proclaim that none cast filth into the ditches or places near adjoyning and if any be cast already to remove it This is founded upon the Statute an 12 Rich. 2. ca. 13. Fitz. nat br fol. 176. Pourparty propars propartis vel propartia is contrary to pro indiviso For to make pourparty is to divide and sever the lands that fall to Parceners which before partition they hold jointly and pro indiviso Old nat br fol. 11. Pourpresture pourprestura vel porprestura vel paraprestura seemeth to come from the French pourpris i. conseptum It is thus defined by Glanvile lib. 9. cap. 11. Pourprestura est proprie quando aliquid super Dominum Regem injustè occupatnr Ut in Dominicis Regis vel in viis publicis obstructis vel in aquis publicis transversis à recto cursu vel quando aliquis in civitate super regiam plateam aliquid aedificando occupaverit generaliter quoties aliquid fit ad nocumentum Regii tenementi vel Regiae viae vel civitatis Cromp. in his Jurisd fol. 152. defineth it thus Pour presture is properly when a man taketh unto himself or incroacheth any thing that he ought not whether it be in any jurisdiction land or fraunchis and generally when any thing is done to the Nusance of the Kings tenents Et idem eodem fol. 203 saith to the same effect but more at large See Kitchin fol. 10. and Manwood parte prim of his forest laws pag. 269. parte 2. cap. 10. per totum See Skene de verbo signif verb. Purpesture Where he maketh three sorts of this offence one against the King the second against the Lord of the fee the third against a Neighbour by a Neighbour lying near unto him Pour seisir terres la femme que tient en Dower c. is a writ whereby the King feiseth upon the land which the wife of his Tenent that held in Capite deceased hath for her dowry if she mary without his leave and is grounded upon the Statute of the Kings prerogative cap. 3. see Fitzh fol. 174. Poursuyvant commeth of the French poursuivere i. agere agitare persequi It signifieth the messenger of the King attending upon him in wars or at the Councel table the Star chamber Exchequer or Commission court to be sent upon any occasion or
abate rents or prices of victuals anno pri Mar. 12. anno 1 Eliz. cap. 17. See West parte 2. symb titulo Inditem Sect. 65. And Cromptons Justice of peace fol. 41. b. Rebutter commeth of the French Bouter i. pellere impellert propellere intrudere and signifyeth in our Common law the same thing For example a man giveth land to him and the issue of his body to another in fee with warranty And the Donee leaseth out his Land to a third for years The heir of the Donour impleadeth the Tenant alleging that the Land was in tayl to him The Donee commeth in and by vertue of the warranty made by the Donor repelleth the Heir because though the land were intailed to him yet he is beiâ— to the warrantee likewise and this is called a Rehutter See Brook titulo barre num 23. And again if I grant to my Tenent to hold sine impetitione vasti and afterward I implead him for waste made he may debar me of this action by shewing my grant And this is likewise a Rebutter idem eodem num 25. See the new book of Entries verbo Rebutter Renant an 32 H. 8. ca. 2. Recaption recaptio signifieth a second distresse of one formerly distreined for the self same cause and also during the plea grounded upon the former distresse It likewise signifieth a writ lying for the party thus distreâ—ned the form and further use whereof you may see in Fitz. nat br fol. 71. and the Regist. orig fo 86. and the Register Judicial fo 69. and the new book of Entries verb. Recaption Receyver receptor or receptator generally and indefinitely used is as with the Civilians so also with us used commonly in the evil part for â—uch as receive stollen goods from theeves and conceal them li. 1. Ï€ de receptatoribus But annexed to other words as the receiver of rents c. it signifieth many times an officer of great account belonging to the King or other great personage Cromptons Jurisdict fol. 18. There is also an officer called the Receiver of Fines who receiveth the mony of all such as compound with the King in the office of the Finances for the buying of any lands or tenements holden in Capite West parte 2. symb titulo Fines sect 106. Receiver of all offices accountable an 1 Ed. 4. cap. 1. Receiver general of the Dutchy of Lancaster is an office belonging to the Dutchy Court that gathereth in all the revenues and fines of the lands of the said Dutchy and of all forfeitures and assessements or what else is thence to be received Receiver general of the Court of Wardt and liveries is an officer belonging to that Court that is to receive all rents revenues fines of the lands belonging to his Majesties Wards as also the fines for licences to the Kings widows to mary of custer le maine sued out and for ideots and lunaticks land and finally all other profits whatsoever in mony arising to his Majesty out of or by reason of the Court of Wards and liveries Receiver general of the Muster Rolls anno 35 Eliz. ca. 4. Receiver general of the Dutchy of Lancaster of the Wards and liveries anno 39 Elizab. cap. 7. Receyt See Resceit Recluse Reclusus is he that by reason of his order in religion may not stir out of his house or cloyster Littleton fol. 92. Recognisance Recoguitio commeth of the French Recogneisance i. agnitio recognitio and in our Common law is thus defined A Recognisance is a bond of Record testifyng the recognizour to owe unto the recognizee a certain sum of mony and is knowledged in some court of Record or before some Iudge or other officer of such Court having authority to take the same as the Masters of the Chancery the Judges of either Bench Barons of the Exchequer Justices of peace c. And those that be meer Recognisances are not sealed but inrolled And execution by force thereof is of all the recognisors goods and chatells except the draught beasts and implements of husbandry and of the moyety of his Lands West parte pri symb li. 2. titulo Recognisances sect 149. And of these you may see there great diversity of Presidents Note farther that a Recognisance though in the special signification it do but acknowledge a certain debt and is executed upon all the goods and half the lands of the recognisour yet by extention it is drawn also to the Bonds commonly called Statute Merchant and Statute of the Staple as appeareth by the Register orginal fol. 146 151 252. and by West ubi supra and others See Statute Merchant and Statute Staple Recognisance hath yet another signification as appeareth by these words in the Statute West 1. cap. 36. anno 3 Ed. 1. It is provided also and agreed that if any man be attainted of disseisin done in the time of our King that now is with robbery of any manner of goods or moveables by recognisance of Assise of novel disseisin the judgement shall c. In which place it is used for the verdict of the twelve men impaneled upon an Assise which twelve are also called recognitors of the Assise Littleion fol. 72. So also Bracton called them lib. 5. tractat 2. cap. 9. nu 2. in these words In essonio verâ— reddendo exigentur omnes illi quos causa tetigerit sicut particeâ—â— Warrantus alii ut supra Recognitores in assisis Juratores in Juratis Inquisitores inquisitionibus c. And again lib. 3 tract 1. cap. 11. num 16. See the Statute anno 20 Ed. prim stat 4. See the new book of Entries ver Recognisance Recognitione adnullanda per vim duritiem facta is a writ to the Iustices of the Common Bench for the sending of a Record touching a recognisance which the recognisour suggesteth to be acknowledged by force and hard dealing that if it so appear it may be disannulled Register original folio 183. a. b. Recognitors recognitores is a word used for the Iury empaneled upon an assise The reason why they be so called may be because they acknowledge a disseisin by their verdict See Bracton lib. 5. tract 2. cap. 9. nu 2. lib. 3. tract prim cap. 11. num 16. Record recordum commeth of the Latine recordari The word is both French and English and in both tongues signifieth an authentical or uncontroulable testimony in writing Briton cap. 27. and Lamb. Eirenarch lib. 1. cap. 13. In the grand Custumary of Normandy there are several Chapters of divers Records expressing whose presence in each of the Courts is sufficient to make that which is enacted to be a record viz. the 102. Chapter where you have words to this effect The record of the Kings Court is a record of things done before the King All things done before the King so he have one other witness This record may he and other make if he himself will not make it it may be made by three others And his person may not
the custome of London This writ also is called Breve magnum de Recto Register original fol. 9. A. B. and Fleta lib. 5. cap. 32. sect 1. A writ of right close is a writ directed to a Lord of antient Demesn and lyeth for those which hold their lands and tenements by charter in fee simple or in fee tayl or for term of life or in dower if they be ejected out of such lands c. or disseised In this case a man or his heir may sue out this writ of right close directed to the Lord of the antient Demesn commanding him to do him right c. in this Court This is also called a small writ of right Breve parvum Register original fol. 9. a. b. and Briton cap. 120. in fine Of this see Fitzh likewise at large nat br fol. 11. et seq Yet note that the writ of right patent seemeth farther to be extended in use than the original invention served for a writ of Right of Dower which lyeth for the tenent in Dower and only for term of life is patent as appeareth by Fitzh nat brev fol. 7. E. The like may be said of divers others that do hereafter follow Of these see also the Table of the Original Register verbo Recto This writ is properly tryed in the Lords Court between kinsmen that claim by one title from their Ancestor But how it may be thence removed and brought either to the County or to the Kings Court see Fleta lib. 6. cap. 3 4 et 5. Glanvile seemeth to make every writ whereby a man sueth for any thing due unto him a writ of right lib. 10. cap. 1. lib. 11. cap. 1. lib. 12. c. 1. Recto de dote is a writ of Right of Dower which lyeth for a woman that hath received part of her Dower and purposeth to demand the Remanent in the same Town against the heir or his Guardian if he be ward Of this see more in the Old nat br fo 5. and Fitzh fol. 7. E. and the Register original folio 3. and the new book of Entriet verbo Droyt Recto de dote unde nihil habet is a writ of right which lyeth in case where the husband having divers Lands or Tenements hath assured no dower to his wife and she thereby is driven to sue for her thirds against the heir or his Guardian Old nat br fol. 6. Regist origin fol. 170. Recto de rationabili parte is a writ that lyeth alway between privies of bloud as brothers in Gavel-kind or sisters or other Coparceners as Nephews or Neeces and for land in Fee simple For exampse if a man lease his Land for term of life and afterward dyeth leaving issue two Daughters and after that the tenent for term of life likewise dyeth the one sister entering upon all the land and so deforcing the other the sister so deforced shall have this writ to recover part Fitz. nat br fol. 9. Regist. orig fol. 3. Recto quando dominus remisit is a writ of right which lyeth in case where lands or tenements that be in the Seigneury of any Lord are in demand by a writ of right For if the Lord hold no Court or otherwise at the prayer of the Demandant or Tenent shall send to the Court of the King his writ to put the cause thither for that time saving to him another time the right of his Seigneury then this writ issueth out for the other party and hath his name from the words therein comprised being the true occasion thereof This writ is close and must be returned before the Iustices of the common Banck Old nat br fol. 16. Regist original fol. 4. Recto de Advocatia Ecclesiae is a writ of right lying where a man hath right of Advowsen and the Parson of the Church dying a stranger presenteth his Clerk to the Church and he not having moved his action of Quare impedit nor darrein presentment within six months but suffered the stranger to usurp upon him And this writ he only may have that claimeth the Advowsen to himself and to his heirs in Fee And as it lyeth for the whole advowsen so it lyeth also for the half the third the fourth part Old nat br fol. 24. Register original fol. 29. Recto de custodia terra et haredis is a writ that lyeth or him whose Tenent holding of him in Chivalry dyeth in his nonage against a stranger that entreth upon the land and taketh the body of the heir The form and farther use whereof see in Fitz. nat br fol. 139. and the Register original fol. 161. Recto sur disclaimer is a writ that lyeth where the Lord in the Kings Court sc in the common plees doth avow upon his Tenent and the Tenent disclaimeth to hold of him upon the disclaimes he shall have this writ and if the Lord aver and prove that the Land is holden of him he shall recover the land for ever Old nat br fol. 150. which is grounded upon the statute Westm 2. cap. 2. anno 13 Ed. pri which statute beginneth Quia domini feudorum c. Rector is both Latine and English signifying a Governour In the Common law rector ecclesiae parochialis is he that hath the charge or cure of a Parish church qui tantum jus in ecclesiae parochiali habet quantum praelatus in ecclesiae collegiatâ— cap. ult De Locat Conduct in glos verbo expelli potuissent In our common law I hear that it is lately over-ruled that rector ecclesiae parochialis is he that hath a personage where there is a vicaridge endowed and he that hath a personage without a vicaridge is called persona But this distinction seemeth to be new and subtile praeter rationem I am sure Bracton useth it otherwise lib. 4. tract 5. ca. pri in these words Et sciendum quod rectoribus ecclesiarum parochialium competit Assisa qui instituti sunt per Episcopos Ordinarios ut personae Where it is plain that rector and persona be confounded Mark also these words there following Item dici possunt rectores Canonici de ecclestis praebendatis Item dici possunt rectores vel quasi Abbates Prieres alii qui habent ecclesias ad proprios usus Rectus in curia is he that standeth at the bar and hath no man to object any offence against him Smith de repub Angl. li. 2. cap. 3. sec a. 6. R. 2. stat 1. cap 11. Reddendum is used many times substantively for the clause in a lease c. whereby the rent is reserved to the Leassour Coke lib. 2. Lord Cromwells case fol. 72. b. Redisseisin redisseisina is a disseisin made by him that once before was found and adjudged to have disseised the same man of his Lands or Tenements For the which there lyeth a special writ called a writ of redisseisin Old nat br fol. 106. Fitz. nat br fo 188. See the new book of Entries verb. Redisseisin Redisseisina is a writ lying for a redisseisin
longa servitutis possessio ad libertatem extingnendam quamvis ad merchetum sanguinis su◠compulsus fuorit quis pro tenemento reddendo Nulla enim servitus ratione praescriptionis temporis potest liberum sanguinem in servit ntem reducere non magis quà m liberum tenementum potest servum in liber tatem c. By whose words it appeareth that Soca is nothing else but the meeting or assembly of these kind of Tenents in any place within the Mannor or Liberty wherefore he that hath Soc may seem to have such a Manor such Tenents and such a liberty belonging to his Manor and Tenents as is here described Here you see diversities of opinions touching this word one saying that it is a power or liberty to seek after Theeves and stollen goods within a Manor or Fee and to do Iustice upon such inquisition others that it is a liberty only to have suters to his Court others as Fleta that it containeth both the former significations and further that it is taken for the company of Tenents which live within such a Liberty and are exempted from those common services of the Prince and Country whereunto subjects are ordinarily tyed This kind of liberty is in divers places at this day in England and commonly known by the name of soke or sok n. See Soke and Sockmans Soccage soccagium commeth of the French Soc i. vomer a Plowshare or coulter It signifieth in our Common law a tenure of Lands by or for certain inferior or hubandry services to be performed to the Lord of the Fee See Institutes of Common law 31. As I have shewed in Chivalry all services due for land is either Knights-service or soccage So then whatsoever is not Knights service is soccage Bracton in his second book ca. 35. nu pri describeth it thus Dici poterit soccagium a Soeco inde tenentes qui tenent in Sockagio Sockmanni dici poterunt eo quod deputati sunt ut videtur tamtummodo ad culturam et quorum custodia maritagia ad propinquiores parentes jure sanguinis pertinebit Et si aliquando inde de facto capiatur homagium quòd plures contingit non tamen habebit propter hoc dominus capitalis custodiam maritag Quia non semper sequitur homagium licet aliquande sequatur M. Skene deverb signif verb. Socmannia saith that Soccage is a kind of holding of Lands when a man is infeoffed freely without any service ward relief or Mariage and payeth to his Lord such duty as is called petit sergeantie or when one holdeth land in the name of burgage or in libera elemozina or otherwise in blenshe ferme five nomine alba firmae opponitur militi qui tenet per servitium militare Out of the place above named in Bracton you may find a division of Soccage whereby it is termed either Soccagium liberum or villanum frank or free Soccage and base otherwise called villenage The former is there thus defined Soccagium liberum est ubi fit servitium in denariis Dominis capitalibus et nihil inde omnino datur ad scutum et servitium Regis Where I gather that to be free soccage which payeth a certain sum of money to the chief Lord in regard of some tillage or such like and not of any Sergeantie or eschuage And to this effect he writeth also lib. 2. cap. 16. nn 9. c. unde si tantum in denariis et sine scutagio vel seriantiis vel si ad duo teneatur sub disjunctione sc adcertam rem dandam pro omni servitio vel aliquam summam in denariis id tenementum potest dici Soccagium si autem superaddas Scutagium aut servitium regale licet ad unum obulum vel seriantiam illud poterit dici foudum militare This free Socage is also called common Socage anno 37 H. 8. cap. 20. Socage in base tenure or villanum Soccagium is divided again in villanum Soccagium et purum villenagium Villanum Soccagium est illud de quo fit certum servitium idque ratione sui tenementi non personae suae Puruno vilenagium est illud in quo praestatur servitium inceatum et inde terminatum abi scirt non poterit vospere quale servitium fieri debet mane viz. ubi quis facere tenet us quicqui ei praceptum fuerit Bracton lib. 2. cap. 8. num 3. The oldna br fol. 94. maketh three parts of this division viz. Socage of free tenure Soccage of antient tenure and Soccage of base tenure Soccage of free tenure is as the book saith where a man holdeth by free service of 12. pence by year for all manner of services or by other services yeerly Soccage of antient tenure is of land of antient Demesn where no writ originall shall be sued but the Writ of Right that is called secundum consuetudinem manerii Soccage of base tenure is of those that hold in Socage and may have none other writ but the Monstraverunt and such Sock-men hold not by certain Service And for that are they not free Sockmen Then again Soccage is divided into soccage in chief and common soccage Socage in chief or in capite is that which holdeth of the king as of his Crown Fraerog fol. 41. Common Soccage is that which holdeth of any other capitall Lord or of the King by reason of some honour or manner Ibidem Burgage is also a kind of Socage see Burgage Sockmins Sockmanni are such tenents as hold their lands and tenements by Soccage tenure And accordingly as you have 3. kinds of Soccage so be there 3. sorts of Sockmans as Sockmans of frank tenure Kitchin fol. 8◠Sockmans of antient Demesn old nat br fol. 11. and Sockmans of base tenure Kitchin ubi supra But the tenents in antient Demesn seem most properly to be called Sockmans Fitzh nat br fol. 14. B. Brit. c. 66. n. 2. Soke anno 32 H. 8. cap. 15. cap. 20. Of this Fleta saith thus Soke significat libertatem curiae tenentium quam socam appellamus l. 1. cap. 47. § Soke See Roger Hoveden parte poster suorum annalium fol. 345. b. and See Soc. Soken Soca see Soc. and Hamsoken Soken is latined Soca Regiorig fol. 1. a. Sokereve seemeth to be the Lords rent-gatherer in the Soke or Soken Fleta lib. 2. ca. 55. in principio Sole tenens Solus tenens is hee or shee which holdeth only in his or her own right without any other joyned For example if a man and his wife hold land for their lives the remainder to their son here the man dying the Lord shall not have Heriot because he dyeth not sole tenent Kitch fol. 134. Solicitur Solicitator commeth of the French Soliciteur It signifieth in our Common law a man imployed to follow sutes depending in Law for the better remembrance and more case of Atturnies who commonly are so full of Clients and businesse that they cannot so often attend the Serjeants and
travers Stawnf praerog fo 96. to tend an averment Brit. cap. 76. Tender seemeth to come of the French Tendre i. tener delicatus and being used adjectively signifieth in English speech as much as it doth in French But in our Common law it is used as a verb and betokeneth as much as carefully to offer or circumspectly to endeavour the performance of any thing belongingunto us to tender As rent is to offer it at the time and place where and when it ought to be paid To tender his law of non summons Kitchin fo 197. is to offer himself ready to make his Law whereby to prove that he was not summoned See law See make Tenementis legatis is a Writ that lyeth to London or other corporation where the custome is that men may demise tenements by their last will as well as their goods and chatels to whom they list for the hearing of any controversie touching this matter and for the rectifying of the wrong Reg. orig f. 244. b. Tenant alias tenent tenens commeth either of the Latine tenere or of the French tenir and signifieth in our Common law him that possesseth Lands or tenements by any kind of right be it in fee for life or for years This word is used with great diversity of Epithits in the Law sometime signifying or importing the efficient cause of possession as Tenent in Dower which is she that possesseth land c. by vertue of her Dower Kitchin fol. 160. Tenent per statute Merchant Idem fol. 172. that is he that holdeth land by vertue of a Statute forfeited unto him Tenent in frank mariage Kitchin fol. 158. viz. he that holdeth land or tenement by reason of a gift thereof made unto him upon mariage between him and his wife Tenent by the courtesie Idem fol. 159. i. he that holdeth for his life by reason of a child begotten by him of his wife being an Inheritrix and born alive Tenent per elegit Idem fol. 172. i. he that holdeth by vertue of the writ termed Elegit Tenent in Mortgage Idem fol. 38. is he that holdeth by vertue of a mortgage or upon condition that if the lessor pay so much mony at such a day that he may enter and if not that the seassee shall have a fee simple fee tayl or freehold Sometime these Epithites import the manner of admittance as Tenent by the Verge in antient demeâ—n Idem fol. 81. is he that is admitted by the Rod in a Court of antient demesn Sometime the evidence that he hath to shew for his estate as Tenent by copy of Court roll which is one admitted Tenant of any Lands c. within a Manor that time out of the memory of man by the use and custome of the said Manour have been demisable and demised to such as will take the same in fee fee tayl for life years or at will according to the custome of the said manor West parte prim symb li. 2 sect 646 whom read more at large Again Tenent by charter is he that holdeth by feoffment in writing or other deed Kitchin fol. 57. Sometime these Epithites signifie that duty which the Tenent is to perform by reason of his tenure As Tenent by Knight service Tenents in burgage Tenent in soccage Tenent in frank fee tenent in villenage Sometime they import the estate of the Tenent or his continuance in the Land as Tenent in fee simple Kitchin fol. 150. Tenent in fee tayl Idem fol. 153. Tenent at the will of the Lord according to the custome of the manner Idem fo 132 165. Tenent at will by the Common law Idem eodem Tenent upon sufferance Idem fol. 165. Tenent of state of Inheritance Stawnford praeroge fol. 6. Sometime they contain a relation toward the Lord of whom he holdeth as tenent in chief i. he that holdeth of the King in the right of his Crown Fitzher nat br fol. 5. F. Tenent of the King as of the person of the King Idem eodem or as of some honor eodem Very tenent i. he that holdeth immediately of his Lord Kitchin fol. 99. For if there be Lord Mesn and tenent the tenent is very tenent to the Mesn but not to the Lord above Tenent paravailes pl. cor 197. Fitzh nat br fo 136. D. is the lowest Tenent and farthest distant from the Lord Paramount It seemeth to be Tenent Per availe See Dyers Commentaries fol. 25. nu 156. No tenent in right to the Lord but Tenent for the avowry to be made Littleton fol. 96. Sometime they have a relation between Tenents and Tenents in several kinds as Joynt tenents i. they that have equal right in lands and tenements and all by vertue of one title Litleton lib. 3. cap. 3. Tenents in Common be they that have equal right but hold by divers titles as one or more by gift or descent and others by purchase Idem eodem cap. 4. Particular tenent Stawnf Praerog fol. 13 that is he which holdeth only for his term as tenent in dower tenent by the courtesie or otherwise for life West parte 2. Symbol titulo Fines Sect. 13. G. See anno 32 H. 8. cap. 31. and Coke in Sir William Pellams case lib. 1. fo 15. a. they be termors for years or life See Plowden casu Colthirst fol. 22. b. Sole tenent Kitchin 134. i. he that hath none other joyned with him If a man and his wife hold for both their lives and the man dyeth he dyeth not sole tenent Idem eodem Several tenent is opposite to joynt tenents or tenents in common See Several tenenoy Tenent al praecip is he against whom the writ Praecipe is to be brought Cokes Reports lib. 3. The case of Fines fo 88. a. Tenent in demesn anno 13 Ed. 1. cap. 9. anno 32 H. 8. ca. 37. is he that holdeth the demeans of a manor for a rent without fervice Tenent in service anno 20 Ed. 1. stat 1 is he that holdeth by service v. Britton cap. 79. in principio cap. 96 Car fealtic c. â—â—el quaere whether he may be termed tenent in Demein that holdeth some of the demeans howsoever and he tenent in service which is a Free-holder to a Manor holding by service for the Free-holds of a Manor are not accounted of the demesn but only that which the Lord keepeth in his own hand or letteth out by copy according to the custome of the Manor Tenent by execution anno 32 Henry 8. cap. 5. is he that holdeth Land by vertue of an execution upon any Statute Recogn zance c. Tendeheved decanus vedcaput decem familiarum of this see Rogen Hovedon parte poster suorum annalium fol. 346 a. See Frank pledge Tenement tenementum is diversly used in the Common law most properly it signieth a house or home Stall but in a larger sig nfication it is taken either for house or land that a man holdeth of another And joyned with the Adjective Frank in our Lawyers French it
may without absurdity be said to proceed from the French bouter i. ponere apponere impellere propellere It signifieth in our common Law as much as to encourage or set on The substantive abetment abettum is used for an incouraging or setting on Stawnf pl. cor fol. 105. And also abettour for him that encourageth or setteth on Old nat br fol. 21. But both verb and noun is alwaies used in the evill part Abishersing according to Rastall in his Abridgement titulo Exposition of law words is to be quit of amerciaments before whomsoever of transgression The Author of the new tearms calleth it otherwise Mishersing and saith it is to be quit of amerciaments before whomsoever of transgression prooved I am of opinion that the word original signifieth a forfeiture or an amerciament and that it is much transformed in the writing by misprision and ignorance of Clarks thinking it very probable that it proceedeth from the German verb Beschetzen which is as much as fisco addicere vel confiscere It seemeth by the former Authors to be tearmed a freedome or liberty because he that hath his word in any Charter or Grant hath not only the forfeitures and amerciaments of all others within his fee or transgressions but also is himself free from all such controll of any within that compass Abjuration abjuratio signifieth in our common law a sworn banishment or an oath taken to forsake the Realm for ever For as Stawnf pl. Cor. lib. 2. ca. 40. saith out of Polydore Virgils 11 book of Chronicles the devotion toward the Church first in Saint Edward a Saxon King and so consequently in all the rest untill anno 22 Hen. 8. was so earnest that if a man having committed felony could recover a Church or Church-yard before he were apprehended he might not be thence drawn to the usual tryal of Law but confessing his fault to the Justices at their comming or to their Coroner before them or him give his oath finally to forsake the Realm Of this you may read a touch an 7 Hen. 7. cap. 7. But the form and effect of this you may have in the old Abridgement of Statutes titulo Abjuration nu 3. taken out of the antient Tractate intituled De officiis Coronatorum as also in Cromptons Tractate of the Office of the Coroner fo 260. b. and in the new Book of Entries verbo Abjuration and in Andrew Horus Mirrour of Justices lib. 1. cap. del Office del Coroner This part of our Law was in some sort practised by the Saxons as appeareth by the Laws of King Edward set out by Master Lambert num 10. but more directlie by the Normans as is evident by the grand Custumary ca. 24. where you have these words in effect He that flieth to a Church or holy place may stay there for eight daies and at the ninth day he must be demanded whether he will yeeld himself to secular justice or hold him to the Church for if he will he may yeeld himself to the lay Court If he cleave to the Church he shall foreswear the Countrie before the Knights and other people of credit which may witness the act if need require The form of the Oath is likewise there set down with the rest of the proceeding in this matter very agreeable with ours This mercy as well of the Saxons as Normans derived unto us something resembleth that of the Roman Emperors towards such as fled to the Church lib. 1. Co. titulo 12. or to the images of themselves eodem titulo 25. And also that of Moses touching the Cities of refuge Exod. cap. 21. vers 13. Num. ca. 15. vers 6 11 12. Deut. 19. vers 2. Josh 20. vers 2. But as it was in our Ancestors daies larger by great oddes in this Realm so had it less reason as may appear to all that will compare them Of all circumstances belonging to this abjuration you may futher read the new Tearms of law Stawnford ubi supra and such others But this grew at the last upon good reason to be but a perpetual confining of the offender to some Sanctuary wherein upon abjurarion of his liberty and free habitations he would choose to spend his life as appeareth an 22 Hen. 8. cap. 14. And this benefit also by other Statutes is at the last wholly taken away So that abjurati on at this day hath place but in few places And if it be inflicted upon any it is not a confining to a Sanctuary for there be no Sanctuaries remaining amongst us but a sworn banishment of the Kings Dominions This the Civilians call exilium or deportatinem li. 28. Digest tit 22. de interdictis relegatis deportatis Abridge abbreviare commeth of the French abreger and in one generall language signifieth as much as to make shorter in words holding still the whole substance But in the Common law it seemeth at the least for the most part to be more particularly used for making a declaration or count shorter by subtracting or severing some of the substance therein comprised As for example a man is said to abridge his plaint in an Assise or a woman her demaund in an action of Dower that hath put into the plee or demand any land not in the tenure of the tenant or defendant and finding that by his answer raseth those parcels out of the plee praying answer to the rest So that here Abridger is not contrahere but rather subtrahere Tearms of the Law Brook titulo Abridgement and an 21 Hen. 8. ca. 3. Of this the Civilians have no use by reason of certain cautelous clauses they ordinarily have at the end of every position or article of their libel or declaration to this effect ponit conjunctim divisim et de quolibet et de tali et tanta quantitate vel summa qualis quanta per confessionem partis adversae vel per probationes legitimas in fine litis apparebit And again in the conclusion of all Non astringens se ad singula probanda sed petens ut quatenus probaverit in praemissis aut eorum aliquo eatenus obtineat by vertue of which clauses the Plaintiff faileth not in the end by any over or under demand neither is driven to begin his Action again but obtaineth for so much as he proveth to be due though not to the height of his demand Abridgement abbreviamentum see Abridge AC ACcedas ad curiam is a Writ that lyeth for him who hath received false judgement in a Court Baron being directed to the Sheriff as appeareth by Dyer f. 169. nu 20. Like as the writ De falso judicio lyeth for him that hath received false judgement in the County Court the form whereof you may see in Fitz. nat br fol. 18. d. in the Register fol. 9. b. where it is said that this writ lyeth for Justice delayed as well as falsly given It is a species of the writ called Recordare Register original fol. 5. b. and Fitz.
Wesenbecius in their Paratitles π. finium regund And though Justinian in his first division omitteth the third member yet afterward in the same title § 20. he saith as these men do viz. that there be certain actions naming these and other of like nature that seem to have a mixture c. Of this you may also read Britton at large in his Chapter 71. And this division of action springeth from the object or matter whereabout it consisteth Wesenb parat π. de actio obliga The Author of the new Tearms of Law defineth a mixt action to be a sute given by the Law to recover the thing demanded and also the damages for wrong done as in Assise of novel disseisin the which writ if the disseisour make a feoffment to another the disseiseur shall have a remedie against the disseisour and the feoffer or other land tenant to recover not only the land but the dammages also See the test These words occasion me to shew that actio is by the Civil law called mixta in two respects Nam quadam mistae sunt quòd in se actionis in rem actionis personalis naturam habeant in üs actor reus uterque sit l. actionis verbo § fina w. de obliga actio Tales sunt actio familiae excisc communi dividun finium regun quaedam verò mistae sunt quòd rem simul poenam persequantur ut in actione vi bonorum rapt legis Aquiliae ea quae datur contra eos qui legata vel fidei commissa sacrosanctis Ecclesiis relicta solvere distulerunt And of this latter sort is the example that the said Author bringeth of a mixt action Action is also by the Civilians divided of the efficient cause in civilem praetoriam Whereof one riseth out of the common civil law the other from some Edict of the Pretour Who being Chief Justicer had authority for his year to supply the defects of the general law by his especial edicts And a division not unlike this may be made in the Common law of England one growing from the antient customary law the other from some Statute Brook tit Action sur le statut Action of the final cause is divided into civill poenal mixt Cook vol. 6. fol. 61. a. Action civil is that which tendeth only to the reeovery of that which by reason of any contract or other like cause is due unto us as if a man by action seek to recover a sum of mony formerly lent c. Action penal is that aimeth at some penalty or punishment in the party sued be it corporal or pecuniary As in the Action legis Aquiliae in the Civil law wherby in our Common law the next Friends of a man feloniously slain or wounded shall pursue the law against the murtherer or him that wounded him to condign punishment Bract. li. 3. ca. 4. Action mixt is that which seeketh both the thing whereof we are deprived and a penalty also for the unjust deteining of the same as in an Action of Tithe upon the Statute anno 2 3 Ed. 6. cap. 13. Action is also according to the form of Petition divided into such as are conceived to recover either the simple value of the thing chalenged or the double the triple or quadruple Bract. li. 3. ca. 3. nu 6. So doth Decies tantum lye against Embracers Fitz. not br fol. 171. and against Jurours that take mony for their verdict of one part or the other or both And to be short any other action upon a Statute that punisheth any offence by restitution or fine proportionable to the transgression Action is prejudicial otherwise called preparatorie or else principal prejudicial is that which groweth from some question or doubt in the principal as if a man sue his younger Brother for Land descended from his Father and it be objected unto him he is a Bastard Bract. lib. 3 ca. 4. nu 6. For this point of bastardy must be tryed before the cause can further proceed and therefore is termed praejudicialis quia prius judicanda Action is either awncestrel or personal Stawnf pl. cor 59. Auncestrel seemeth to be that which we have by some right descending from our Ancestor upon us and that personall which hath the beginning in and from our selves Action upon the Case actio super casu is a general Action given for redress of wrongs done without force against any man and by Law not especially provided for For where you have any occasion of sute that neither hath a fit name nor certain form already prescribed there the Clerks of the Chancery in antient time conceived a fit form of Action for the fact in question which the Civilians call actionem in factum and our common Lawyers action upon the case In factum actiones dicuntur ideo quia quod nomine non possunt exprimere negotium id rei gesta enarratione declarant citra formulam ac solennitatem ullam Cuiacius Gothofredus ad Rubricam de praescriptis verbis And whereas in the Civill Law there are two sorts actionis in factum one termed actio in factum ex praescriptis verbis the other actio in factum praetoria Wesenb parat de praescrip verb. the former growing upon words passed in contract the other more generally upon any fact touching either contract or offence formerly not provided against this Action upon the Case seemeth in use to be more like to the Pretours Action in factum than to the other because in the perusal of the new book of Entries and Brooks his Abridgement hereupon I perceive that an Action upon the Case lyeth as well against offences as breach of contract Of this see more in the word Trespass Action upon the Statute actio super Statuto is an Action brought against a man upon breach of a Statute to be resembled in mine opinion to any Action given in the law Imperial either upon edictum praetoris ple biscitum or senatusconsultum For as the Pretour so the common People in comitiis tributis and the Senators or Nobility in curia vel senatu had power to make laws whereupon the Pretour or other Judges permitted Action And even so our high Court of Parliament maketh Statutes against such offences as are either newly grown or more and more increased and our Judges entertain their Plees that commence their actions against the breakers of them Action is perpetual or temporal perpetua vel temporalis and that is called perpetual the force whereof is by no time determined Of which sort were all civil Actions among the antient Romans viz. such as grew from Laws decrees of the Senate or constitutions of the Emperors whereas actions granted by the Pretor died within the year de perpet tempor actio in Instit So we have in England perpetual and temporary actions and I think all may be called perpetual that are not expresly limited As divers Statutes give actions so
classis as appeareth by Tully in Verrem 7. but his Authority was not continual as the Admirals in these day but only in time of War Neither do I find any such Officer belonging to the Emperors in our Code And M. Gwin in the Preface to his reading is of opinion that this Office in England was not created untill the daies of Edward the third His reason is probable Britton that wrote in Edw. the firsts time and in the beginning of his Book taking upon him to name all the Courts of Justice maketh no mention of this Court or Magistrate And again Richard the second finding the Admiral to extend his Jurisdictions over far ordained by Statute made the 10 year of his Reign that the limits of the Admirals jurisdiction should be restrained to the power he had in his Grandfather Edward the thirds daies whereby the said Master Gwin conjectureth that he did nought else but reduce him to his original But contrarily to this it appeareth by antient Records the Copies wherof I have seen that not only in the daies of Edward the first but also of King John all causes of Merchants and Mariners and things happening within the Flood-mark were ever tryed before the Lord Admiral Ad jura Regis is a Writ for the Kings Clark against him that seeketh to eject him to the prejudice of the Kings Title in the right of his Crown Of this you may see divers forms upon divers Cases Register orig fo 61. a. Admittendo clerico is a Writ granted to him that hath recovered his right of presentation against the Bishop in the Common-bank the form whereof read in Fitzh nat br fol. 38. and the Register orig fol. 33. a. Admittendo in socium is a Writ for the association of certain Persons to Justices of Assises formerly appointed Register orig fol 206. a. Ad quod damnum is a Writ that lyeth to the Escheater to inquire what hurt it will be to the King or other Person to grant a Fair or Market or a Mortmain for any Lands intended to be given in Fee-simple to any House of Religion or other body politick For in that Case the Land so given is said to fall into a dead hand that is Such an estate and condition that the chief Lords do leese all hope of Heriots service of Court and escheats upon any traiterous or felonious Offence committed by the Tenant For a body politick dieth not neither can perform personal service or commit Treason or Felony as a single Person may And therefore it is reasonable that before any such Grant be made it should be known what prejudice it is like to work to the Granter Of this read more in Fitzh nat brev folio 221. and look Mortmain Ad terminum qui praeteriit is a Writ of Entry that lyeth in case where a man having leased Lands or Tenements for term of life or years and after the term expired is held from them by the Tenent or other Stranger that occupieth the same and deforceth the Leasour Which Writ belongeth to the Leasour and his Heir also Fitzh nat br fol. 201. Advent adventus is a certain space of time comprising a Month or thereabouts next before the Feast of Christs Nativity Wherein it seemeth that our Ancestors reposed a kind of Reverence for the neerness of that solemn Feast so that all contentions in Law were then remitted for a season Whereupon there was a Statute ordained Westm 1. cap. 48. anno 3. Ed. 1. that notwithstanding the said usual solemnity and time of rest it might be lawfull in respect Justice and Charity which ought at all times to be regarded to take Assises of novel disseisin mort d'auncester and darrein presentment in the time of Advent Septuagesima and Lent This is also one of the times from the beginning whereof unto the end of the Octaves of the Epiphany the solemnizing of Mariages were forbidden by reason of a certain spiritual joy that the Church and so consequently every Member thereof for that time doth or ought to conceive in the remembrance of her Spouse Christ Jesus and so abandon all affections of the flesh See Rogation week and Septuagesima Advocatione decimarum is a Writ that lyeth for the claim of the fourth part or upward of the Tithes that belong to any Church Register orig fol. 29. b. Advow aliâs avowe advocare commeth of the French advoüer aliâs avoüer and signifieth as much as to justifie or maintain an Act formerly done For example one taketh a distress for rent or other thing and he that is distreined sueth a Replevin Now he that took the Distress or to whose use the Distress was taken by another justifying or maintaining the Act is said to avow Terms of the Law Hereof commeth advowant Old nat br fol. 43. and advowrie eodem folio Bracton useth the Latine word in the same signification as advocatio disseifinae li. 4. cap. 26. And I find in Cassanaeus de consuet Burg. pag. 1210. advohare in the same signification and pag. 1213. the Substantive desavohamentum for a disavowing or refusal to avow Advowzen advocatio signifieth in our Common-law a right to present a benefice as much as jus patronatus in the Canon-law The reason why it is so termed proceedeth from this Because they that originally obtained the right of presenting to any Church were Maintainers and Upholders or great Benefactors to that Church either by building or increasing it and are thereupon termed sometime Patroni sometime Advocati cap. 4. cap. 23. de jure Patronatus in Decretal And advowzen being a bastardly French word is used for the right of presenting as appeareth by the Statute of Westm the second anno 13 Edw. 1. ca. 5. Advowzen is of twosorts advowzen in grosse that is sole or principal not adhering or belonging to any Manor as parcel of the right thereof advowzen dependant which dependeth upon a Manor as appertinent unto it termed of Kitchin an incident that may be separated from the Subject Of this M. John Skene de verbo sig hath these words dicitur advocatio Ecclesiae vel quia Patronus alicujus Ecclesiae ratione sui juris advocat se ad eandem Ecclesiam asserit se in eadem habere jus Patronatus eamque esse sui quasi clientis loco vel potiùs cùm aliquis nempe patronus advocat alium jure suo ad Ecclesiam vacantem cumque loco alterius veluti defuncti praesentat quasi exhibet See Advowè next following Advowè alias avowè advocatus is used for him that hath right to present to a benefice Anno 25 Ed. 3. stat 5. ca. unico There have you also Advowe paramount which is as much as the highest Patron and is spoken of the King Advocatus est ad quem pertinet jus advocationis alicujus Ecclesiae ut ad Ecclesiam nomine proprio non alieno possit praesentare Fleta l. 5. ca. 14. § 1. Fitzh in his nat br fol. 39. useth it in
prayeth in ayd of him and also to avoid a prejudice growing toward his own right except it be prevented For example when a tenent for term of life by courtesie tenent in tail after possibility of issue extinct for term of years at will by Elegit or tenent by Statute-merchant being impleaded touching his estate may petere auxtlium that is pray in ayd of him in the reversion that is desire or intreat the Court that he may be called in by writ to allege what he thinketh good for the maintenance both of his right and his own Terms of the Law Fitzherbet mentioneth both prier in ayde and prier ayde de patron c. auxilium petere à patrono Nat. Brev. fo 50. d. And the new book of Entries Verbo Ayde de parcener auxilium de parcionaria fo 411 Columna 4. This the later practitioners in the Civil Law call authoris laudationem vel nominationem Emericus in practition titulo 48. This ayde prier is also used sometime in the Kings behoof that there be no proceeding against him untill the Kings Councell be called and heard to say what they think good for the avoyding of the Kings prejudice or losse touching the cause in hand For example if the kings tenent holding in chief be demanded a rent of a common person he may pray in ayd of the king Also a City or Borough that hath a fee ferm of the king any thing being demanded against them which belongeth thereunto may pray in ayd of the king c. Terms of the law Of this thing you may read the Statute de bigamis a. 4. Ed. 1. ca. 1. 2. 3. an 14. Ed. 3. stat 1. ca. 14. The Civill law in sutes begun between two alloweth a third to come in pro interesse and he that commeth in for his interest commeth either assistendo or opponendo c. The former is like to this ayde prier the other to that which our common Lawiers cal Receite Look Receito Aile avo commeth of the French aieul i. avus signifieth a writ that lieth where the grandfather or great grandfather called of our common lawyers besacle but in true French bisaicul was seised in his demaines as of fee of any land or tenement in fee simple the day that he died and a stranger abateth or entreth the same day and disâ—possesseth the heir Fitz. nat br fo 222. AL Alderman aldermannus is borrowed from the Saxon Ealderman signifying as much as Senator in Latine Lamb. in his explication of Saxon words verbo senator See Roger Hoveden par poster suorum annal fo 346. b. Aler sans jour is verbatim to goe without day the meaning whereof is to be finally dismissed the Court because there is no day of farther appearance assigned Kitchin fol. 140. Ale-taster is an officer appointed in every Court leet and sworn to look to the assise and the goodnesse of bread and ale or beer within the precincts of that Lordship Kitchin f. 46. where you may see the form of his oath Alias v. Capias alias Alien alienare commeth of the French aliener and signifieth as much as to transferre the property of any thing unto another man To alien in mortmain is to make over lands or tenements to a Religious company or other body politique Stawnf praerog fo 40. Look Mortmain To alien in fee is to sel the fee simple of any land or tenement or of any incorpore all right West 2. ca. 25. an 13 Ed. 1. Alien alias alion allenigena commeth of the Latine alienus and signifieth one born in a strange Country It is ordinarily taken for the contrary to Denizen or a natural subject that is one born in a strange country and never here infranchised Brook Denizen 4. c. And in this case a man born out of the land so it be within the limits of the kings obedience beyond the Seas or of English parents out of the Kings obedience so the parents at the time of the birth be of the kings obedience is no alien in account but a subject to the King Statute 2. a. 25. Edw. 3. c. unico commonly called the Statute de natis ultra mare Also if one born out of the Kings allegiance come and dwell in England his children if he beget any here be not aliens but denizens Terms of the Law See Denizen Allaye Allaia is used for the temper mixture of silver and gold an 9. H. 5. Stat. 2. c. 4. Stat. 1. ejusdem anni cap. 11. The reason of which allay is with a baser metal to augment the weight of the silver or gold so much as may counter vail the Princes charge in the coining Antonius Faber de nummariorum debitorum solutionibus cap. 1. Allocatione facienda is a writ directed to the Lord Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer upon a complaint of some accountant commanding them to allow the accountant such summes as he hath by vertue of his office lawfully and reasonably expended Regist orig fol. 206. b. Alluminor seemeth to be made of the French allumer i. accendere incendere inflammare it is used for one that by his trade coloureth or painteth upon paper or parchment And the reason is because he giveth grace light and ornament by his colours to the letters or other figures coloured You shall find the word an 1. R. 3. ca. 9. Almaine rivets be a certain light kind of armor for the body of a man with sleevs of male or plates of iron for the defence of his arms The former of which words seemeth to shew the country where it was first invented the other whether it may come from the French verb revestir i. superinduere to put on upon another garment I leave to farther consideration Almner eleemosynarius is an officer of the Kings house whose function is fragmenta diligenter colligere ea distribuerre singulis diebut egenis agrotos leprosos incarceratos pauperesque viduas et alios egenos vagosque in patria commorantes charitative visitare item equos relictos robas pecuniam et alia ad elecmosynam largita recipere fideliter distribuere Debet etiam regem super eleemosyne largitione crebris summonitionibus stimulare praecipne diebus Sanstorum rogare ne robas suas quae magni sunt pretii histrionibus blanditoribus adulatoribus accusatoribus vel ministrallis sed ad eleemosynae suae incrementum jubeat largiri Fleta lib. 2. cap. 22. Almoine eleemosyna See Frank almoyne Almond amygdalum is well known to every mans sight it is the kernel of a nut or stone which the tree in Latine called amygdalus doth bear within a husk in manner of a walnut of whose nature and diversities you may read Gerards Herball lib. 3. cap. 87. This is noted among Merchandize that are to be garbled anno 1. Jaco cap. 19. Alnegeor aliâs aulnegeor ulniger vel ulnator commeth from the French aulne an elle or elwand and signifieth an Officer of the Kings who by
himself never quiet but at brawl with one or other To this effect you may read M. Lamb. Eirenarcha pa. 342. who saith likewise that barettor for so he writeth it may seem to come from the Latine baratro or balatro that is a vile knave or unthrift and by a metaphor a spot in a Common wealth See the statute of Champerty anno 33 Ed. 1. stat 2. cap. unico and West 1. ca. 32. an 3 Ed. 1. M. Skene de verè signif verbo barracrie saith that Barrators be Symonists called of the Italian word barrataria signifying corruption or bribery in a Judge giving a false sentence for money whom you may read more at large as also Hortensius Cavalcanus in his tractat de brachio rigio parte 5. nu 66. whose words are Barataria verò dicitur quando Judex aliquid petit indebitum ut justituam faciat Who also nu 195. part 5. saith thus barraterii appellantur qui praetorium nimis frequentant And in another place of the same work Barratria dicitur quia fit quoddam barratrum i. commutatio pecuniae cum justitia c. See also Aegidius Bossius in practica criminali titulo de officialibus corrupt c. nu 2. 6. Baratariam committunt Judices qui justitiam auro vendunt Paris Pateola de syndicatu verbo Barataria pa. 217. Barre fee is a fee of twenty pence that every prisoner acquitted of felony paieth to the Gaoler Crompt Justece of peace fo 158. b. Barrel is a measure of wine oyl c. containing the eighth part of a tunne the fourth of a Pipe and the second of a hogshead that is 31. gallons and a half anno 1 R. 3. cap. 13. But this vessel seemeth not to contain any certain quantity but differeth according to the liquor for a barrel of beer containeth 36. gallons the Kilderkin 18. and the Firkin 9. a barrel of ale 32. gallons the Kilderkin 16. and the firkin 8. gallons an 23 H. 8. c. 4. Barriers commeth of the French barres and signifieth with us that which the Frenchmen call jeu de barres i. palaestraâ—â— a martial sport or exercise of men armed and fighting together with short swords within certain limits or lists whereby they are severed from the beholders Barter may seem to come of the French barater i. circumvenire It signifieth in our Statutes exchange of wares with wares anno 1 R. 3. ca. 9. and so bartry the substantive anno 13 Eliz. cap. 7. The reason may be because they that chop and change in this manner doe what they can for the most part one to over-reach the other See barratour Base estate is in true French bas estat It signifieth in our Common law that estate which base Tenents have in their lands Base Tenents be they as M. Lamberd saith in his explica of Saxon words verb. Paganus which do to their Lords villanous service The Author of the Terms of law in his Tractat of old Terms saith that to hold in fee base is to hold at the will of the Lord. Kitchin fol. 41. seemeth to make base tenure and franck to be contraries where it appeareth that he putteth Copy-holders in the number of base Tenents And out of these I think that it may be probably conjectured that every base Tenent holdeth at the wil of the Lord but yet that ther is a difference between a base estate and villenage which Fitzh in his nat br f. 12. B. C. seemeth co confound For the above-named Author of the Terms of law saith in the place before ciced that to hold in pure villenage is to doe all that the Lord will command him So that if a Copy-holder have but base estate he not holding by the performance of every commandement of his Lord cannot be said to hold in villenage Whether it may be said that Copy-holders be by custome and continuance of time grown out of that extreme servitude wherein they were first created I leave to others of better judgement but Fitz. loco citato saith tenure by Copie is a Term but lately invented Base Court is any Court that is not of record as the Court Baron Of this read Kitchin f. 95 96 c. Base fee See Base estate Baselard baslardus in the Statute an 12 R. 2. ca. 6. signifieth a weapon which M. Speight in his exposition upon Chawcer calleth pugionem vel sicam Bastard bastardus See Bastardy And See Skene de verbo signif verbo Bastardus Bastardy bastardia commech of the French bastard i. nothus Cassanaeus de consuetu Burg. pag. 1116 saith bastard and filius naturalis be all one Bastardy in our Common law signifieth a defect of birth objected to one begotout of wedlock Bract. l. 5. cap. 19 per totum How bastardy is to be proved or to be inquired into if it be pleaded see Rastals book of Entries tit Bastardy 104. f. Kitchin f. 64 maketh mention of Bastardy special and Barstardy general The difference of which is that Bastardy general is a Certificate from the Bishop of the Diocess to the Kings Justices after just inquity made that the party inquired of is a Bastard or not a Bastard upon some question of inheritance Bastatdy special is a sute commenced in the Kings Court against him that calleth another Bastard so termed as it seemeth because Bastardy is the principall and especiall case in trial and no inheritance contended for And by this it appeareth that in both these fignifications Bastardy is rather taken for an examination or triall whether a mans birth be defective or illegitimate than for Bastardy it self See Broke titulo Bastardy n. 29. and Doctor Ridlies book pa. 203 204. Baston is in French a staff club or coulstaff It signifieth in the Statutes of our Realm one of the Warden of the Fleet his servants or officers that attendeth the Kings Court with a red staff for the taking of such to ward as be committed by the Court. So it is used anno 1 R. 2. cap. 12. anno 5 Eliz. cap. 23. Batable ground seemeth to be the ground in question heretofore whether it belonged to England or Scotland lying between both the Kingdomes anno 23 H. 8. cap. 16. as if we should say debatable ground For by that name M. Skene de verbo sign verbo Plegius calleth ground that is in controversie between two Battel duellum commeth of the French battaile i. bellum praelium and signifieth in our Common law a tryal by combat The manner whereof because it is long and full of ceremonies I do for the better and more full understanding of it referre you to Glanvile lib. 2. cap. 3 4 5. to Bracton lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 21. fol. 140. to Britton cap. 22. and to S. Thomas Smith de repub Anglorum lib. 2. cap. 7. lib. 3. cap. 3. See Combat Battery commeth of the French batre i. verberare cudere percutere and signifieth in our Common law a violent striking of any man which the Civilians call injuriam
personalem quia personae infertur per verbera cruciatum c. Wesemb parat Ï€. de injur fam libel Baubels baubella is an old word signifying Jewels Ro. Hoveden parte poster suorum annal fol. 449. b. BE Bearding aliâs Barding of wool See Clack Bearers signify all one with Maintainers anno 20 Edvar 3. cap. 5. Beconage Beconagium signifieth money paid for the maintenance of Becons Bewpleder pulchrè placitando is made of 2. French words beau i. decorus formosus pulcher and pleder i. disputare causam agere It signifieth in our Common law a writ upon the statute of Marlbridge or Malborow made the 52. year of H. 3. cap. 11. whereby it is provided that neither in the circuit of Justices nor in Counties Hundreds or Courts-baron any fines shall be taken of any man for fair pleading that is for not pleading fairly or aptly to the purpose Upon which Statute this Writ was ordained against those that violate the law herein See Fitzh nat br fol. 270. A.B.C. whose definition is to this effect the Writ upon the statute of Marlebridge for not fair pleading lyeth where the Shyreeve or other Bailiff in his Court will take fine of the party Plaintiff or Defendant for that he pleâ—deth not fairely c. Bedell Bedellus cometh of the French be deau i. apparitor and it signifieth with us nothing else but a messenger or servitour belonging to a Court as a Court-baron or Leet Kitchin fol 46. where you may see his oath or to the Court of the Forest Manwood parte pri of his forest lawes pag. 221. in these words A Bedel is an officer or servant of the Forest that doth make all manner of garnishments of the Courts of the Forest also all manner of Proclamations as well within the Courts of the Forest as without and also doth execute all the processes of the Forest He is like to a Bailiff errant of a Shyreeve in a County c. Benefice Beneficium is generally taken for all ecclesiastical livings be they dignities or other as anno 13 R. 2. stat 2. cap. 2. where benefices are divided into elective and benefices of gift So is it used in the Canon law also Duarenus de beneficiis lib. 2. cap. 3. Beneficio primo ecclesiastico habendo is a writ directed from the King to the Chancellor to bestow the benefice that first shall fall in the Kings gift above or under such a value upon this or that man Regist orig fol. 307. b. Benevolence Benevolentia is used both in the Chronicles and Statutes of this Realm for a voluntary gratuity given by the subjects to the King Look Stowes annals pag. 701. That it hath been something antiently accustomed it appeareth by him and by the Statute anno 1 Rich. 3. cap. 2. where it is called a new imposition and in that respect reprehended by that Tyrant in his predecessors whether justly or not I cannot say nor mind to dispute But Stow pag. 791. saith that the invention grew from Edward the fourths dayes You may find it also anno 11 H. 7. cap. 10. to have been yeelded to that worthy Prince in regard of his great expences in warres and otherwise This is also mentioned and excepted out of the pardon anno 1 Ed. 6. cap. 15. It is in other Nations called subsidium charitativum given sometime to Lords of the Fee by their Tenents sometime to Bishops by their Clergie Matthaeus de Afflictis descis 136. Gassan de consuet Burg. pag. 134 136. Baldus consitio 120. vol. 6. pag. 230. Of this Maenochius maketh mention lib. 2. cent 2. cap. 178 179. shewing when it is lawful for a Prelate charitativum subsidium à sibi subditis exigere quanta debeat esse ejus summa setting down eight just causes of this exaction Besaile proavus is borrowed of the French bisayeul i. le pere de mon pere grand the father of my grandfather In the Common law it fignifieth a Writ that lieth where the great grandfather was seised in his demesne as of Fee of any Lands or Tenements in Fee-simple the day that he dyed and after his death a stranger abateth or entreth the same day upon him and keepeth out his heir c. The form and farther use of this Writ read in Fitz. nat br fol. 221. D. E. F. c. Beasts of chase Ferae campestres be five of the Forest chase or park that is the Buck the Do the Fox the Martron and the Roe Manwood part prim of his Forest laws pag. 342. part 2. cap. 4. num 2. Beasts of the Forest ferae sylvestres are the Hart the Hind the Hare the Boar and the Wolf Manwood parte 2. of his Forest laws cap. 4. num 1. Beasts and Fowles of Waren are the Hare Conie Fesant and the Patridge Manwood parte 2. cap. 4. num 3. Bestaâ—l cometh of the French bestial i. pecus it seemeth with us to signifie all kind of cattel taken for the Kings provision anno 4 Ed. 3. cap. 3. And bestial is generally used for all kind of cattel anno 1 Jacobi cap. 33. BI Bidding of the Beades was a charge or warning that the Parish Priest gave to his Parishioners at certain especial times to say so many Pater nosters c. upon their beads anno 27 H. S. cap. 26. Bigamie bigamia signifieth a double marriage It is used in the Common law for an impediment that hindreth a man to be a Clerk by reason that he hath been twice married For upon those words of S. Paul to Timothie the first cap. 5. vers 2. Oportet ergo Episcopum irreprehensibilem esse unius uxoris virum the Canonists have founded their doctrine that he that hath been twice married may not be a Clerk And also him that hath married a widow they by interpretation take to have been twice matried And both these they do not onely exclude from holy orders but also deny them all privileges that belong unto Clerks But the author of the new terms of Law well saith that this Law is abolished by anno 1 Ed. 6. cap. 12. And to that may be added the stature anno 18 Elizab. cap. 7. which alloweth to all men that can read as Clerks though not within orders the benefit of Clergie in case of selonie not especially excepted by some other statute Bilanciis deferendis is a Writ directed to a corporation for the carrying of weights to such or such a haven there to weigh the wools that such a man is licenced to transport Reg. orig fol. 270. a. Bilawes are orders made in Court Leets or Court Barons by common assent for the good of those that make them farther than the Publike law doth bind Coke vol. 6. fol. 63. a. Kitchin fo 45. 79. These in Scotland are called burlaw or birlaw Skene de verbo sign verbo Burlaw where he saith thus Lawes of burlaw are made and determined by consent of neighbours elected and chosen by
mans dwelling-house wherein some person is or into a Church in the night time to the end to commit some felonie therein as to kill some man or to steal somewhat thence or to do some other felonious act there albeit he execute not the same If the intent or fact of this offendour be to steal this is like robberie if to murther it differeth not much from murther and so of other felonies West parte 2. symbol titulo Indictments Sect. 56. Burglarie in the natural signification of the word is nothing but the robbing of a house but as it is vox artis our Common Lawyers restrain it to robbing a house by night or breaking in with an intent to rob or to do some other felonie The like offence committed by day they call house-robbing by a peculiar name How many wayes burglarie may be committed see Cromptons Justice of Peace fol. 28. b. and fol. 29 30. Butlerage of wines signifieth that imposition of sale wine brought into the land which the Kings Butler by vertue of his office may take of every ship anno 1 H. 8. cap. 5. For the which see more in Botyler C. CA CAblish cablicia among the Writers of the Forest laws signifieth brush wood Manwood parte pag. 84. Cromptons Jurisd fol. 165. Calamus is a cane reed or quill the divers kinds whereof you have set down in Gerards Herbal lib. 1. cap. 24. This is comprized among merchandize and drugs to be garbled in the statute anno 1 Jacobi cap. 19. Calendrin of Worsseds anno 5 H. 8. cap. 4. an 35 ejusdem cap. 5. Cantred is as much in Wales as an Hundred in England For Cantre in the Brittish tongue signifieth centum This word is used anno 28 H. 8. cap. 3. Cape is a writ judicial touching plee of land or tenements so termed as most writs be of that word in it self which carrieth the especiallest intention or end thereof And this writ is divided in Cape magnum cape parvum both which as is before said in Attachment take hold of things immoveable and seem to differ between themselves in these points First because cape magnum or the grand Cape lyeth before appearance and Cape parvum afterward Secondly the Cape magnum summoneth the Tenent to answer to the default and over to the demandant Cape parvum summoneth the Tenent to answer to the default onely and therefore is called Cape parvum or in French English petit Cape Old nat br fol. 161 162. Yet Ingham saith that it is called petit Cape not because it is of smal force but that it consisteth of few words Cape magnum in the old nat br is thus defined This writ is a judicial and lyeth where a man hath brought a Principe quod reddat of a thing that toucheth plee of land and the Tenant make default at the day to him given in the Writ original then this writ shall go for the King to take the land in o the Kings hands and if he come not at the day given him by the grand Cape he hath lost his land c. A President and form of this writ you may see in the Register judicial fol. 1. b. It seemeth after a sort to contain in it the effect missionis in possessionem ex primo secundo decreto among the Civilians For as the first decree seiseth the thing and the second giveth it from him that the second time defaulteth in his appearance so this Cape both seiseth the land and also assigneth to the party a farther day of appearance at which if he come not in the land is forfeited Yet is there difference between these two courses of the Civil and Common law first for that missio in possessionem toucheth both mooveable and immooveable goods whereas the Cape is extended onely to immoveable secondly that the party being satisfied of his demand the remanet is restored to him that defaulted but by the Cape all is seised without restitution thirdly missio in possess is to the use of the party agent the Cape is to the use of the King Of this writ and the explication of the true force and effect thereof read Bracton lib. 5. tract 3. cap. 1. num 4 5 6. See Cape ad valentiam Cape parvum in the Old nat br fol. 162. is thus defined This writ lyeth in case where the Tenant is summoned in plee of land and cometh at the summons and his appearance is of record and after he maketh default at the day that is given to him then shall go this writ for the king c. Of this likewise you have the form in the Register judicial fol. 2. a. Why it is called Cape parvum see in Cape magnum Of both these writs read Fleta lib. 6. cap. 44. § Magnum seq Cape ad valentiam is a species of Cape magnum so called of the end whereunto it tendeth In the Old nat br fol. 161 162. it is thus defined or described This writ lyeth where any impleaded of certain lands and I vouch to warrant another against whom the summons ad warantizandum hath been awarded and the Shyreeve cometh not at the day given then if the Demandant recover against me I shall have this Writ against the vouchee and shal recover so much in value of the land of the vouchee if he have so much and if he have not so much then I shal have executiō of such lands tenements as descend unto him in fee-simple or if he purchase afterward I shal have against him a resummons if he can nothing say I shall recover the value And note ye that this writ lyeth before apparence Thus farre goeth the book Of these and the divers uses of them see the Table of the Register judiciall verbo Cape Capias is a writ of two sorts one before judgment called capias ad respondendum in an action personal if the Shyreeve upon the first writ of distresse return nihil habet in baliva nostra and the other is a writ of execution after judgment being also of divers kinds viz. Capias ad satisfaciendum Capias pro fine Capias utlagatum Capias utlagatum inquiras de lönis catallis Capias ad satisfacieudum is a writ of execution after judgment lying where a man recovereth in an action personal as debt or dammages or detinue in the Kings Court and he against whom the debt is recovered and hath no lands nor tenements nor sufficient goods whereof the debt may be levied For in this case he that recovereth shall have this writ to the Sheriff commanding him that he take the body of him against whom the debt is recovered and he shall be put in prison until satisfaction be made unto him that recovered Capias pro fine is where one being by judgement fined unto the King upon some offence committed against a statute doth not discharge it according to the judgement For by this is his body taken and committed to prison
until he content the King for his fine Coke lib. 3. fol. 12. a. Capias utlagatum is a word of execution or after judgement which lyeth against him that is outlawed upon any sure by the which the Sheriff upon the receipt thereof apprehendeth the party outlawed for not appearing upon the exigend and keepeth him in safe custodie until the day of return assigned in the writ and then presenteth him unto the Court there farther to be ordered for his contempt Capias utlagatum inquir as de bonis catallis is a writ all one with the former but that it it giveth a farther power to the Shyreeve over and beside the apprehension of the body to inquire of his goods and cattels The form of all these writs see in the Old nat br fol. 154. and see the Terms of law verbo Proces Lastly you may find great variety of this kind in the table of the Register judiciall verbo Capias Capias in Wiâ—hernamium de averiis is a Writ lying for Cattel in Withernam Register orig f. 82. 83. see Withernam Capias in Withernamium de bemine is a writ that lieth for a servant in Withernam Register onig f. 79. 80. see Withernam Capias conductos ad proficiscendum is a writ that lieth for the taking up of such as having received prest money to serve the King slink away and come not in at their time assigned Register orig fo 191. Captain aliâs capitayne capitaneus commeth of the French capitaine and signifieth with us him that leadeth or hath charge of a company of Souldiers and is either generall as he that hath the governance of the whole host or speciall as he that leadeth one only band The word capitanei in other nations signifieth more generally those that are in Latine called principes or proceres because as Hotteman saith in verbis feudalibus tanquam caput reliquo corpori sic hii reliquis civibus praesunt He divideth them into two sorts and to use his words alii sunt capitanei regni quo verbo Duces Comites Marchiones intelliguntur l. 1. feud tit 1. § 1. ti 7. Alii impropriè qui urbium praefecti sunt quibus plebs ab liquo superiorum gubernanda committitur qui vallasoâ—es rigit majores appellantur l. feud tit 1. § 1. tit 7. et tit 17. So we have captaines of Castles here in England and other places as of the Isles of Gersay and Gernsey of the Isle of Wight c. Capite is a tenute which holdeth imâ— ediately of the King as of his crown be it by Knights service or socage Broke tet tenures 46. 94. Dyer fo 123. nu 38. et fo 363. nu 18. and not as of any Honour Castle or Mannor therefore it is otherwise called a tenure that holdeth meerely of the King because as the crown is a corporation and seigneurie in grosse as the Common lawyers term it so the King that possesseth the crown is in account of law perpetually King and never in his minority nor never dieth no more than populus doth whose authoritie he beareth See Fitzh nat br f. 5. F. Note by the way that a man may hold of the King and not in Capite that is not immediately of the crown in grosse but by means of some Honour Castle or Mannor belonging to the Crown whereof I hold my land Wherof Kitchin saith wel that a man may hold of the King by Knights service and yet not in capite because he holdeth happily of some honour by Knights service which is in the Kings hands as by descent from his ancestors not immediatly of the King as of his crown f. 129. with whom agreeth Fitzh nat or f. 5. K. whose words are to this effect So that it plainly appeareth that lands which be held of the King as of an Honour Castle or Mannor are not held in capite of the King because that a writ of right in that case shall be directed to the Bailiff of the Honour Castle or manor c. but when the lands be held of the King as of his Crown then they be not held of Honour Castle or Mannor but meerly of the King as King and of the Kings Crown as of a seigneury of it self in gross the chief above all other seigneuries c. And this tenure in capite is otherwise called tenure holding of the person of the King Dyer fo 44. nu 37. Author of the new Terms ver Tenure in capite Broke titulo Tenures nu 65. 99. And yet M. Kitchin fo 208. saith that a man may hold of the person of the King and not in capite His example is this If the King purchase a mannor that I. S. holdeth the Tenent shall hold as he held before and shall not render livery or primeiâ— seisin nor hold in capite And if the King grant that mannor to W. N. in fee excepting the services of I. S. then I. S. holdeth of the King as of the person of the King and yet holdeth not in capite but as he held before So that by this Book tenure holding of the person of the King and tenure in capite are two divers tenures To take away this difficulty I think M. Kitchin is in that place to be taken as if he said not in capite by Knights service but by socage following 〈◊〉 usuall speech because most commonly where wee talk of tenure in capite wee mean tenure by knights service Carno Cromptons jurisd fol. 191. is an immunitie Carke seemeth to be a quantity of Wool whereof thirty make a Sarpler anno 27 H. 6. ca. 2. See Sarpler Carrack alià s Carrick seemeth to be a ship of burthen so called of this Italian carrico or carco a burthen or charge or the Spanish cargo you have this word anno 2 R. 2. ca. 4. anno 1 Ja. ca. 33. Carroway seeds alià s Carruway seeds semen cari vel carei is a Seed springing of the herb so called of whose operation you may read in Gerards Herball li. 2. cap. 396. It is reckoned among the Merchandise that ought to be garbled anno 1 Jaco ca. 19. Carue of land carrucata terrae commeth of the French charue i. aratrum and with us is a certain quantity of land by the which the Subjects have sometime been taxed whereupon the tribute so levied is called Caruago Caruagium Bracton li. 2. cap. 16. nu 8. It is all one with that which the same Author lib. 2. cap. 17. calleth carucatam terrae For Littleton ca. Teuure in socage saith that haec soca socae idem est quod caruca sc one soke or one plow land Yet one place I find in Stowes annals that maketh me doubt pag. 271. where he hath these words The same time King Henry took caruage that is to say two marks of silver of every Knights fee toward the marriage of his sister Izabell to the Emperour where caruage cannot be taken for a Plow land
except there were some other farther division whereby to raise of every plow land so much and so consequently of every Knights fee that is of every 680. acres two marks of silver Rastal in his Exposition of words saith that caruage is to be quit if the Lord the King shall tax all the land by carues that is a priviledge whereby a man is exempted from caruage Skene de verb. signif ver Carucata terrae deriveth it from the French charon i. a plough and saith that it containes as great a portion of land as may be tilled and laboured in a year and day with one plough which also is called hilda or hida terrae a word used in the old Britain lawes Master Lamberd among his precedents in the end of his Eirenarcha translateth carucatum terrae a plough land Caruage caruagium see Carue Cassia Fistula is a tree that beareth certain black round and long cods wherein is contained a pulpe soft and pleasant sweet serving for many uses in Physick This tree with her vertues you may find described in Gerards Herball lib. 3. cap. 77. The fruit is mentioned in the Statute anno 1 Jacob. cap. 19. among drugges and spices that bee to be garbled Cassia Lignea is a sweet wood not unlike to Cynamon and sometime used in stead of Cynamon Whereof you may read in Gerards Herball lib. 1. cap. 141. this is called Cassia lignum in the Statute anno 1. Jacob. c. 19. and is comprised among merchandize that are to be garbled Castellain castellanus is a keeper or a Captain sometime called a Constable of a Castle Bracton lib. 5. tractat 2. cap. 16. lib. 2. cap. 32. num 2. In like maner is it used anno 3 Ed. 1. cap. 7. In the books de feudis you shall find guastaldus to be almost of the same signification but something more large because it is also extended to those that have the custody of the Kings mansion houses called of the Lomberds curtes in England Courts though they be not places of defence or strength M. Manwood part 1. of his Forest laws pag. 113. saith that there is an Officer of the Forest called Castellanus Castelward castelgardum vel wardum castri is an imposition laid upon such of the Kings subjects as â—â—en within a certain compasse of any Castle toward the maintenance of such is doe watch and ward the Castle Magna charta cap. 20. anno 32 H. 8. cap. 48. It is used sometime for the very circuit it self which is inhabited by such as are subject to this service is in Stowes annals pag. 632. Casu consimâ—li is a writ of entrie granted where the Tenent by courtesie or Tenent for Term of life or for the life of another doth alien in fee or in tail or for term of anothers life And it hath the name of this for that the Clerks of the Chauncery did by their common consent frame it to the likenesse of the writ called In casu proviso according to their authority given them by the Starute Westm 2. cap. 24. which as often as there chanceth any new case in Chancery something like to a former case and yet not especially fitted by any writ licenceth them to lay their heads toge 〈…〉 and to frame a new form answerable to the new case and as like some former case as they may And this writ is granted to him in the reversion against the party to whom the said Tenent so alienateth to his prejudice and in the life time of the said Tenent The form and effect whereof read more at large in Fitzh na br fol. 206. Casu proviso is a writ of entry given by the Statute of Glocester cap. 7. in case where a Tenent in dower alieneth in fee or for Term of life or in tail and lyeth for him in reversion against the alienee Whereof read Fitz. nat br more at large fol. 205. Catalls Catalla al. âs chatels cometh of the Normans For in the eighty-seventh Chapter of the grand customary you shall find that all moveable goods with them are called charels the contrary whereof is fief ibid. which we do call fee. But as it is used in our Common Law it comprehendeth all goods moveable and immoveable but such as are in the nature of freehold or parcel thereof as may be gathered out of Stawnf praero cap. 16. and anno Eliz. 1. cap. 2. Howbeit Kitchin in the chapter catalla fol. 32. saith that ready money is not accounted any goods or chatels nor hawkes nor hounds The reason why hawkes and hounds be not he giveth because they be ferae naturae why money is not though he set not down the cause yet it may be gathered to be for that money of it self is not of worth but as by consent of men for their easier traffick or permutation of things necessary for Common life it is reckoned a thing rather consisting in imagination than in deed Catals be either personal or real Personal may be so called in two respects one because they belong immediately to the person of a man as a bow horse c. the other for that being any way with-held injuriously from us we have no means to recover them but by personal action Chatels real be such as either appertain not immediatly to the person but to some other thing by way of dependency as a boxe with charters of land the body of a ward apples upon a tree or a tree it self growing on the ground Cromptons Justice of peace fol. 33. B. or else such as are necessary issuing out of some immoveable thing to a person as a lease or rent for tearm of yeares Also to hold at will is a chatel real New tearms verbo Chatel The Civilians comprehend these things as also lands of what kind or hold soever under bona bona autem dividuntur in mobilia immobilia mobilia verò in ea quae se movent vel ab aliis moventur v. legem 49. l. 208. Ï€. de verb. significa interpretes ibidem Bracton also c. 3. l. 3. num 3. 4. seemeth to be of the same judgement Catallis captis nomine dictrictionis it is a Writ that lyeth within a Borow or within a honse for rent going out of the same and warranteth a man to take the dores windowes or gates by way of distresse for the rent Old nat br Fol. 66. Catallis reddendis is a Writ which lyeth where goods being delivered to any man to keep until a certain day and be not upon demand delivered at the day And it may be otherwise called a Writ of detinew See more of it in the Register orig f. 139. and in the Old nat br fol. 63. This is answerable to actio dispositi in the Civil law Catchepâ—lle though it now be used as a word of contempt yet in ancient times it seemeth to have been used without reproach for such as we now call Sergeants of the Mace or any other that use to arrest
his Hoast or to be his Marshall or to blow a Horn when he seeth his enemies invade the Land or to find a man at Armes to fight within the four Seas or else to do it himself or to bear the Kings Sword before him at his Coronation or at that day to be his Sewer Carver Butler or Chamberlain Litleton tit Sergeantie Petit Sergeantie is where a man holdeth land of the King to yeeld him yearly some small thing toward his warres as a Sword Dagger Bow Knife Spear pair of Gloves of mail a pair of Spurs or such like Litleton titulo petit Sergeantie Chivalrie that may hold of a Common person as well as of the King is called scutagium escuage that is service of the shield And this is either uncertain or certain Escuage is uncertain is likewise twofold first where the Tenent by his tenure is bound to follow his Lord going in person to the Kings wars against his enemies either himself or to send a sufficient man in his place there to be maintained at his cost so many dayes as were agreed upon between the Lord and his first Tenent at the granting of the fee. And the dayes of such service seem to have been rated by the quantity of the land so holden as if it extend to a whole Knights fee then the Tenent was bound thus to follow his Lord fortie dayes And a Knights see was so much land as in those dayes was accounted a sufficient living for a Knight and that was 680 acres as some opinion is or 800. as others think or 15 pounds per annum Camdens Britan. pag. 110. in meo S. Thomas Smith sayeth Census equestris is fortie pounds revenue in free lands If the law extend but to half a knights fee then the Tenent is bound to follow his Lord as above is said but twentie dayes If to a fourth part then ten dayes Fitz. nat br fo 83. C. 84. C. E. The other kind of this Escuage uncertain is called Castleward where the Tenent by his land is bound either by himself or by some other to defend a Castle as often as it shall come to his course Escuage certain is where the Tenent is set at a certain summe of money to be paid in lien of such uncertain service as that a man shall yearly pay for a Knights fee twenty shillings Stow. annal pag. 238. for half a Knights fee ten shillings or some like rate And this service because is it drawn to a certain rent groweth to be of a mixt nature not meerly Socage for that it smelleth not of the Plough and yet Socage in effect being now neither personal service nor uncertain Litleton titulo Socage This tenure called Chivalrie hath other conditions annexed unto it as Homage Fealtie Wardship Relief and Mariage Bracton lib. 2 cap. 35. which what they signify look in their places Chivalrie is either generall or especiall Dyer fo 161. num 47. Generall seemeth to be where only it is said in the Feosment that the Tenent holdeth per servitium militare without any specification of Sergeantie Escuage c. Speciall that which is declared particularly what kind of Knights service he holdeth by Chorall choralts seemeth to be any that by vertue of any of the orders of Clergy was in antient time admitted to fit and serve God in the Quire which in Latine is tearmed Chorus Chose res is the French word as generall as thyng is with us It is in the Common law used with divers Epithites worthy the interpretation as Chose locall is such a thing as is â—nnexed to a place Fo example a mill is Chose locall Kitchin fol. 18. Chose transitorie in the same place seemeth to be that thing which is moveable and may be taken away or carried from place to place Chose in action is a thing incorporeall and only a right as an Annuitie an obligation of debt a Covenant or Voucher by warrantie Broke titulo Chose in action And it seemeth that Chose in action may be also called Chose in suspence because it hath no reall existence or being neither can be properly said to be in our possession Broke ibidem Church wardens Ecclesiarum gardiani be Officers yearly chosen by the consent of the Minister and Parishioners according to the Cnstome of everie severall place to look to the Church Church-yard and such things as belong â—o both and to observe the behaviours of â—heir Parishioners for such faults as appertain â—o the Jurisdiction or censure of the Court Ecclesiastical These be a kind of Corporation enabled by law to sue for any thing belonging to their Church or poor of their Parish See Lamberd in his Pamphlet of the duty of church-wardens Churchesset is a word that I find in Fleta l.b. 1. cap. 47. in fine whereof he thus writeth Certam mensuram bladi tritici significat quam quilibet olim sanctae Ecclesiae die Sancti Martini empore tam Britonum quà m Anglorum contribuerunt Plures tamen magnates post Romanorum adventum illam contributionem secundum veterem legem Moysi nomine primitiarum dabant prout in brevi regis Knuti ad summum Pontificem traxsmisso continetur in quo illam contributionem chirchsed appellant quasi semen Ecclesiae CI Cinamon cinamomum is a tree whereof the bark is known to be a pleasant comfortable and medicinall spice which you have described in Gerards Herball li. 3. cap. 142. This is reckoned among garbleable spices anno 1 Jac. 19. Cinqne portes quinque portus be those special Havens that ly toward France therfore have been thought by out Kings from time to time to be such as ought most vigilantly to be observed against Invasion In which respect the places where they be have an especial governour or keeper called by his office Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and divers pri vileges granted unto them as a particular ju risdiction their Warden having the authority of an Admirall among them and sending out writs in his own name Crompton in his jurisdictions fol. 28. nameth the Cinque por s Dover Sandwich Rye Hastings Winchelsea Rumney Hithe whereof some because the number exceedeth five must either be added to the first institution by some latter graunt or be accompted as appendents to some of the rest See Gardein of the Cinque ports and the Statute anno 32 H. 8. cap. 48. Circuit of action circuitus actionis is a longer course of proceeding to recover the thing sued for than is needfull See the new Terms of law Circumstantibus is a word of art signifying the supply or making up of the number of Jurors if any impaneled appear not or appearing be challenged by either party by adding unto them so many other of those that are present or standing by as will serve the turn v. an 35 H. 8. cap. 6. and anno 5 Elizab. cap. 25. Citie civitas commeth of the French cite and signifyeth with us as it doth in other Regions such a Town
writs Clerk of the Treasury Clerk of the Kings Silver Clerk of the Essoins Clerk of the Outlawries Whose distinct functions look in their places See Common Bench. Common day in plee of land anno 13 R. 2. stat 1. cap. 17. signifieth an ordinary day in the Court as Octavis Michaelis quindena Pascae c. as you may see in the statute made an 51 H. 3. concerning general dayes in the Bench. Common house of Parliament is used for the nether house because the Commons of the Realm that is the Knights of the Shires and Burgesses possesse that house Crompton jurisd 9. Commotes seemeth to be compounded of the Preposition con and mot i. dictio verbum and signifieth in Wales a part of a Shire as an Hundred anno 28 H. 8. cap. 3. It is written Commoiâ—hes anno 4 H. 4. cap. 17. and is used for a gathering made upon the people as it seemeth of this or that Hundred by Welsh Minstrels Common law communis lex hath three divers significations which see in the Author of new terms of law verb. Common law Communi custodia is a writ that lyeth for that Lord whose Tenant holding by Knights service dyeth and leaveth his eldest Son under age against a stranger that entreth the land and obtaineth the ward of the body It may seem to take the name from the Common custome or right in this case which is that the Lord have the wardship of this Tenant until his full age or because it is common for the recovery both of Land and Tenant as appeareth by the form thereof Old nat br fol. 89. See also the Register orig fol. 161. a. Communi placito non tenendo in scaccario is a a Writ directed to the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer forbidding them to hold Pleâ— between two common persons in that Court ther of them belonging toward the said Court Register orig fol. 187. b. Companion of the Garter is one of the Knights of that most noble and honourable order anno 24 H. 8. cap. 13. See Garter Compromis compromissum is a mutual promise of two or more parties at difference to referre the ending of their Controversies to the arbitriment and equity of one or more arbitratours West defineth it thus parte 2. symbol titulo Compromise sect pri A compromise or submission arbitrium compromissum submissio is the faculty or power of pronouncing sentence between persons at controversie given to arbitratours by the parties mutual private consent without publike authority Computo is a writ so called of the effect because it compelleth a Bailiff Chamberlain or Receiver to yeeld his account Old nat br fol. 58. It is founded upon the statute of West 2. c. 2. an 13 E. 1. which for your hetterunderstanding you may read And it lyeth also for executours of executours anno 15 Ed. 3. statut de provis victual cap. 5. Thirdly against the gardian in Socage for waste made in the minority of the heir Marbl cap. 17. And see farther in what other cases it lyeth Register orig fol. 135. Old nat br ubi supra Fitzh nat br fol. 116. Concealers be such as find out concealed lands that is such lands as are privily kept from the King by common persons having nothing to shew for them anno 39 Eliz. cap. 22. They be so called à concelando as mons à movendo per antiphrasin Concord concordia is in the Common law by a peculiar signification defined to be the very agreement between parties that intend the levying of a Fine of lands one to the other who and in what manner the land shall passe For in the form thereof many things are to be considered West parte 2. Symbol titulo fines and concords sect 30. whom read at large Concord is also an agreement made upon any trespasse committed between two or more and is divided into a Concord executory and a Concord executed See Plowden casu Renigâ—r Fogassa fol. 5. 6. where it appeareth by some opinion that the one bindeth not as being imperpect the other absolute and tyeth the partieâ— and yet by some other opinion in the same case it is affirmed that agreements executory be perfect and do no lesse bind than agreements executed fol. 8. b. Concubinage concubinatus is an exception against her that sueth for her Dower whereby it is alleged that she was not a wife lawfully married to the partie in whose lands she seeketh to be endowed but his Concubine Britton cap. 107. Bract. l. 4. tract 6. cap. 8. Condition conditio is a rate manner or law annexed to mens acts staying or suspending the same and making them uncertain whether they shall take effect or no West part 1. symb li. 2. Sect. 156. In a Lease there may be two sorts of conditions condition collateral or condition annexed to the rent Sir Edward Coke lib. 3. Pennants case fol. 64. Collateral condition is that which is annexed to any collateral act as that the Leassee shall not go to Rome ib. fol. 65. Condition is also divided into condition in deed or fact and condition in Law which otherwise may be termed condition expressed and condition implyed Perkins Conditions 722. These and other like divisions of conditions you may read in the Author of the new Termes of Law verbo condition And in Litleton lib. 3. cap. 5. Conders may seem to proceed from the French Conduire 1. deducere gubernare they be such is stand upon high places near the Sea-coast at the time of Herring-fishing to make signes with Boughes c. in their hand unto the Fishers which way the shole of Herrings passeth For that may better appear to such as stand upon some high cliff on the shore by a kind of blew colour that the said Fish causeth in the water than to those that be in the Ships These be otherwise calleth Huers by likelihood of the French huyer i. exclamare and balkers as appeareth by the statute anno 1 Jacob. cap. 23. Cone key Bracton lib. 2. cap. 37. nu 3. Look Cover and Key Confirmation confirmatio is a strengthening of an estate formerly had and yet voidable though not presently void For example a Bishop granteth his Chancelership by Patent for the term of the Patentee his life this is no void grant but voidable by the Bishops death except it be strengthened by the confirmation of the Dean and Chapter See more of this in West parte prim symb lib. 2. sect 500. and Fitzh nat br fol. 169. B. 226 H. 271 D. 163. G. and Littleton lib. 3. cap. 9. Confiscate confiscatus may be said to come either from the Latine confiscare or the French confisquer i. in publicum addicere All these words are drawn from fiscus which originally signifieth a Hamper Pannier Basket or Freil but Metonymically the Emperours Treasure because it was antiently kept in such Hampers c. And though our King keep not his Treasure in such things yet as the Romans said that such goods
the suggestion of the party they do find the suggestion false or not proved and therefore the cause to be wrongfully called from the Court Christian then upon this consultation or deliberation they decree it to be returned again whereupon the Writ in this case obtained is called a consultation Of this you may read the Register orig fol. 44 45. c. usque fol. 58. Old nat br fol. 32. Fitz. eodem fol. 50. Contenement contenementum seemeth to be the free-hold Land which lyeth to a mans Tenement or dwelling house that is in his own occupation For in Magna charta chap. 14. you have these words A free man shall not be amerced for a small fault but after the quantity of the fault and for a great fault after the manner thereof saving to him his contenement or free-hold And a Merchant likewise shall be amerced saving to him his merchandies and any other villain then owers shall be amerced saving his waynage if he take him to our mercy And Bracton lib. 3. tractat 2. cap. 1. num 3. hath these words sciendum quòd miles liber homo non amerciabitur nisi secundùm modum delicti secundùm quod delictum fuit magnum velparvum salvo contenemento suo mercator verò non nisi salva merchandiz sua villanus nisi salvo Waniagio suo which mercy seemeth to have been learned from the Civil law whereby executio non potest fieri in boves aratra aliave instrumenta rusticorum l. executores Authen Agricultores Co. quae res pign obliga nec in stipendia arma equos militum l. stipendia Co. de executio rei judica ibi doctores nec in libros scholarium glos in l. Nepos Proculo verbo dignitate π. de verbo significa Quae tamen rusticorum militum scholarium privilegia circa executionem vera esse eatenus obtinere intelligenda sunt quatenus alia bona habent Johan Eimericus in processu judiciario cap. de Executione senten 79. num 11. Continuance seemeth to be used in the Common law as prorogatio is in the Civil law For example Continuance until the next Assise Fitz. nat br fol. 154. F. and 244. D. in both which places it is said that if a record in the Treasurie be alleged by the one party and denyed by the other a certiorari shall be sued to the Treasurer and the Chamberlain of the Exchequer who if they certifie not in the Chauncerie that such a record is there or that it is likely to be in th◠Tower the King shall send to the Justices repeating the certificate and will them to continue the Assise In this signification it is likewise used by Kitchin fol. 202. 199. and also anno 11 H. 6. cap. 4. Continual claim continuum clameum is a claim made from time to time Within every year and day to Land or other thing which in some respect we cannot attain without danger For example if I be disseised of land into which though I have right unto it I dare not enter for fear of beating it behooveth me to hold on my right of entry to the best opportunity of me and minetheir by approaching as neer it I can once every year as long as I live and so I save the right of entry to mine heir Terms of Law Again if I have a slave or villein broken from me and remaining any where within the ancient demeasne of the King being in the hands of the King I cannot maintain the writ de nativo habendo as long as he contuinueth there but if I claim him within the year and the day and so continue my claim until I can find him within that compass I may lawfully lay hold of him as mine own Fitz. nat br fol. 79. See more in Litleton verbo Continual claim And the new book of Entries Ibid. and Fleta lib. 6. cap. 53. Contract contractus is a Covenant or agreement with a lawful consideration or cause West parte prim symbol l. 1. Sect. 10. and lib. 19. π. de verbo Significa with other places it is thus defined Contractus est negotium inter duos pluresve data opera gestum ut vel uterque invicē vel alteruter obligetur Who so will throughly examine the difference between this pactum and such otherwords something like in signification let himsearch the Civilians and he shall find workboth pleasant and profitable and well fitting the Common law also Contra formam collation is is a Writ that lieth against an Abbot or his successor for him or his heir that hath given land toan Abbey to certain good uses and findeth that the Abbot or his Successour hath made a Feofment thereof with the assent of the Tenents to the disherison of the House and Church This is founded upon the statute of West 2. cap. 41. And of this see the Regist orig fol. 238. and Fitzh nat br fol. 210. And note that the Author of the Terms of Law saith that this is not brought against the Tenent or alienee Contra formam feoffamenti is a Writ that lyeth for the heir of a Tenent infeoffed of certain Lands or Tenements by charter of Feofment of a Lord to make certain services and sutes to his Court and is afterward distreined for more than is contained in the said charter Register orig fol. 176. Old nat br fol. 162. and the Terms of the Law Contributione facienda is a Writ that lieth in case where more are bound to one thing and one is put to the whole burthen Fitz. nat br fol. 162. bringeth these examples If Tenents in common or joynt hold a Mill pro indiviso and equally take the profits thereof the Mill falling to decay and one or more of them refusing to contribute toward the reparation thereof the rest shall have this Writ to compel them And if there be three Coparceners of Land that owe sute to the Lords Court and the eldest perform the whole then may she have this Writ to compel the other two to a contribution of the charge or to one of them if one onely refuse The Old nat br frameth this Writ to a case where one onely sute is required for Land and that Land being sold to divers sute is required of them all or some of them by distresse as intirely as if all were still in one fol. 103. See the Register orig fol. 176. Controller contrarotulator commeth of the French contrerouleur i. antigraphus graecè 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which in Rome was used for him cui ia muneris iujunctum erat ut observares pecúniam quam in usum Principis vel civitatis collegerunt exactores Budaeus in annota prio in pand tit De officio quaestoris In England we have divers officers of this name as Controller of the Kings house pl. cor fol. 52. anno 6 H. 4. cap. 3. Controller of the Navie anno 35 Elizabeth cap. 4. Controller of the Custome Cromptons
Jurisd fol. 105. Controller of Calis anno 21 Rich. 2. cap. 18. Controller of the Mint anno 2 H. 6. cap. 12. Controller of the Hamper Contrarotulator Hamperii which is an officer in the Chancerie attending on the Lord Chancellor or Keeper daily in the Term time and dayes appointed for sealing His office is to take all things sealed from the Clerk of the Hanaper inclosed in bags of Lether as is mentioned in the laid Clerks office and opening the bags to note the just number and especial effect of all things so received and to enter the same into a special book with all the duties appertaining to his Majestie and other officers for the same and so chargeth the Clerk of the Hanaper with the same Controller of the Pipe contrarotulator Pipae who is an officer of the Exchequer that writeth out summons twice every year to the Sheriffs to levie the ferms and debts of the Pipe and also keepeth a contrarolment of the Pipe Controller of the Pell is also an officer of the Exchequer of which sort there be two vtz the two Chamberlains Clerks that do or should keep a controlment of the Pell of receipts and goings out And in one word this officer was originally one that took notes of any other officers accounts or receipts to the intent to discover him if he dealt amisse and was ordained for the Princes better security howsoever the name sithence may be in somethings otherwise applyed To the proof whereof you may take these few words out of Fleta lib. 1. cap. 18. in prim Qui cùm fuerint ad hoc vocati Electi speaking of the Coroners attachiari praecipiant appella qui capitula coronae in comitatu praesentent contra quos vicecomes loci habeat contrarotulum tam de appellis inquisitionibus quà m aliis officium illudtangentibus c. Which contrarollum is nothing else but a parallel of the same quality and contents with the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or original This also appeareth by anno 12 Ed. 3. cap. 3. And this signification it seemeth to have also in France For there the King hath his Receivers of Tailes in every Province Controllers qui ad majorem fidem susceptoribus accedunt describuâ—tque in tabulis quae colliguntur Gregorii syntag lib. 3. cap. 6. num 6. Conventione is a Writ that lyeth for the breach of any covenant in writing Register orig fol. 185. Old nat br fol. 101. Fitzh calleth a Writ of Covenant nat br fol. 145. who divideth covenants into personal and real making a sufficient discourse of them both as also how this Wtit lyeth for both Convict convictus is he that is found guilty of an offence by the verdict of the Jurie Stawnf pl. cor fol. 186. Jet Master Crompton out of Judge Dyers Commentaries 275 saith that conviction is either when a man is out-lawed oâ— appeareth and confesseth or else is found guilty by the Inquest Crompt Just of Peace fol. 9. a. Conviction and attainder are often confound ed lib. 4. fol. 46. a. b. See Attaint Coparceners participes be otherwise called Parceners and in Common Law are such as have equal portion in the Inheritance of their Ancestour and as Litleton in the beginning of his third Book saith Parceners be either bâ— Law or by custome Parceners by Law are the issue Female which no heir Male being come in equality to the Lands of their Ancestours Bract. lib. 2. cap. 30. Parceners by custom are those that by Custome of the Countrey challenge equal part in such Lands as in Kent by the Custome called Gavel Kind This is called Adaequatio among the Feudists Hot. in verbis feuda verbo Adaequatio And among the Civilians it is termed familiae erciscundae judicium quod inter cohaeredes ideo redditur ut haereditas dividatur quod alterum alteri dare facere oportâ—bit praestetur Hotoman Of these two you may see Litleton at large in the first and second Chapters of his third Book and Britton cap. 27. intituled De heritage divisable The Crown of England is not subject to Coparcinory anno 25 H. 8. cap. 22. Copie copia cometh from the French copia i. le double de quelque escripture latinè descriptio graecè 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and signifieth in our common language the example of an original writing as the copie of a Charter the copie of a Court-roll Copia libelli deliberanda is a Writ that lyeth in case where a man cannot get the copie of a Libel at the hands of the Judge Ecclesiastical Reg. orig fol. 51. Copie-hold tenura per copiam rotuli curiae is a tenure for the which the Tenent hath nothing to shew but the copie of the Rolls made by the Steward of his Lords Court For the Steward as he inrolleth and maketh remembrances of all other things done in the Lords Court so he doth also of such Tenents as be admitted in the Court to any parcel of Land or Tenement belonging to the Mannor and the transcript of this is called the Court-roll the copie whereof the Tenent taketh from him and keepeth as his only Evidence Coke lib. 4. fol. 25. b. This Tenure is called a Base-tenure because it holdeth at the will of the Lord. Kitchin fol. 80. cap. Copy-holds Fitzh nat br fol. 12. B. C. who there saith that it was wont to be called Tenure in villenage and that this Copie-hold is but a new name Yet it is not simply at the will of the Lord but according to the custome of the Manor So that if a Cople-holder break not the custome of the Manor and thereby forfeit his Tenure he seemeth not so much to stand at the Lords courtesie for his right that he may be displaced hand over head at his pleasure These customes of Manor be infinite varying in one point or other almost in every several Manor First some Copy-hold is fineable and some certain that which is fineable the Lord rateth at what fine or income he pleaseth when the Tenent is admitted unto it that which is certain is a kind of inheritance and called in many places Custumarie because the Tenent dying and the hold being void the next of the blood paying the custumarie fine as two shillings for an Acre or such like may not be denyed his admission Secondly some Copy-holders have by custome the wood growing upon their own land which by Law they could not have Kitchin ubi supra Thirdly Copy-holders some be such as hold by the verge in ancient Demesn and although they hold by Copy yet are they in account a kind of Free-holder For if such a one commit Felonie the King hath annum diem vastum as in case of Freehold Some other hold by common Tenure called meer Copy-hold and they committing Felony their land escheateth to the Lord of the Manor forthwith Kitchin fol. 81. chap. Tenents per verge in ancient Demesn What ancient Demesn is see in the right place See Tenent by Copie
fol. 102. calleth the Coroner of the Kings house of whose authority see S. Edw. Cokes reports lib. 4. fol. 46. a. b. And I know certain Charters belonging to Colleges and other corporations whereby they are licensed to appoint their Coroner within their own precincts Farther of this office see also Fitzh nat br fol. 76. A. B. Sir Thomas Smith lib. 2. cap. 21. de repub Anglo and Lamb. Eirenarcha lib. 4. cap. 3. pag. 380. And the office of the Coroner in Scot land what it is read M. John Skene de verbo signif verbo Iter. Corporation Corporatio is that which the Civil law calleth Vniversitatem or Collegium A bodie Politick authorised by the Kings Charter to have a common Seal a head Officer one or more and members able by their common consent to grant or to receive in law any thing within the compasse of their Charter even as one man may do by Law all things that by law is not forbidden and bindeth the Successours as a single man bindeth his Executor or Heir See Brokes his abridgement titulo Corporation and the new Terms of Law Eodem Corpus cum causa is a Writ issuing out of the Chancerie to remove both the body and the record touching the cause of any man lying in execution uâ—on a judgment for debt into the Kings Bench c. there to lye until he have satisfied the judgement Fitzh nat br fol. 251. E. Corrector of the staple is an officer or Clerk belonging to the Staple that writeth and recordeth the bargains of Merchants there made anno 27 Ed. 3. stat 2. cap. 22 23. The Romans called them Meâ—sarios Corruption of blood is an infection growing to the state of a man attainted of Felony or Treason and to his issue For as he leeseth all to the Prince or other Lord of the Fee accordingly as his case is so his issue cannot be heirs to him or to any other Ancestor of whom they might have claimed by him And farther if he were noble or a Gentleman before he and his children are made unnoble and ungentle in respect of the father New Terms of the Law Corse present are words borrowed from the French signifiing a Mortuarie anno 21 H. 8. c. 6. The true French is corps praesenté i. the body presented or tendered The reason why the Mortuarie is thus also termed seemeth to be for that where a Mortuarie was wont to be due the body of the best Beast was according to the law or custome offered or presented to the Priest Corselet is a French word signifying a little Body in Latine corpusculum It is used with us for an armour to cover the whole body or trunk of a man anno 4 5. Ph. Mar. cap. 2. where with the Pikemen commonly set in the front and flanks of the battel are armed for the better resistance of the enemies assaults and the surer guard of the Gunners placed behind or within them being more sleightly armed for their speedier issuing in and out to discharge their Pieces See Barrets discourse of War lib. 3. dialog 2. Cosenage cognatione is a Writ that lyeth where the Tresail that is Tritavus the father of the Befail or of the great Grand-father is seised in his Demesn as of Fee at the day of his death of certain lands or tenements and dyeth and then a Stranger entreth and abateth For then shall his Heir have this Writ of Cosenage the form whereof see in Fitzh nat br fol. 221. Of this also read Britton at large cap. 89. Cosening is an offence unnamed whereby any thing is done guilefully in or out of contracts which cannot be fitly termed by any especial name West parte 2. Symbolaeogr titulo Indictments sect 68. It is called Stellionatus in the Civil law of Stellio the beast which is lacertae genus versutissimum as Cujacius in his paratitles calleth it and quo nullum an mal homini invidet fraudulentius Plinie lib. 3. cap. 10. Cotage cotagium is a house without land belonging unto it anno 4. Ed. pri statut prima And the inhabitant of such a house is called a Cotager But by a later statute no man may build a Cotage but he must lay 4. Acres of ground unto it 31 Eliz. cap. 7. Cote is a kind of reffuse wool clung or clotted together that it cannot be pulled asunder anno 13. R. 2. stat 1. cap. 9. It lignineth also as much as Cotage in many places as also it did among the Saxons Verstegan in his Restitut of decayed intelligence in entiquities Covenable rationabilis is a French word signifying fit or convenient or suitable convenably endowed anno 4. H. 8. ca. 12. it is antiently written convenable as in the statute an 27. Ed. 3. stat 2. cap. 17. Covenant conventio is the consent of two or more in one self thing to doe or give somewhat West parte 2. symbol lib. 1. sect 4. It seemeth to be as much as pactum conventum with the Civilians which you read oftentimes in Tullie Pactum conventum quod et vulgo vesticum vocant opponitur nudo pacto vetue ab omni juris solennitate destatuto Hujus exempla ponere difficile esse Jason existimavit Conventum aiunt quod vestitur autre aut verbis aut literis aut contractus cohaerentiâ aut rei interventu Oldendorpius And covenant in this signification is either a covenant in law or a covenant in fact Coke li. 4. Nokes case fol. 80. or covenant expresse and covenant in law idem li. 6. fo 17. a. Covenant in law is that which the law intendeth to be made though in words it be not expressed as if the lessour doe demise and grant c. to the Leassee for a certain term the Law intendeth a covenant of the Leassers part that the Leassee shall during his whole term quietly enjoy his Lease against all lawfull encumbrance Covenant in fact is that which is expresly agreed between the parties There is also a covenant meerly personall and a covenant reall Fitzh nat br fo 145. And he seemeth to say that a covenant reall is whereby a man tyeth himself to passe a thing reall as land or tenements as a covenant to levy a Fine of land c. A covenant meerly personal of the other side is where a man covenanteth with another by deed to build him a house or any other thing or to serve him or to in feoff him c. Covenant is also the name of a writ for the which see Conventione Instruments of covenant you may see good store in West parte 1. Symbolaeog lib. 2. sectio 100. See also the new book of Entries verbo Covenant Covent conventus signifieth the sooiety or fraternity of an abby or priorie as societas signifieth the number of fellowes in a College Bracton lib. 2. cap. 35. It commeth of the French convent i. coenobium Coverture is a French word signifying any thing that covereth as apparell a coverlet c. and deduced
more remote Seisin whereunto the other three degrees do not extend The Writ in the second degree is called a VVrit of entry in le per and a VVrit in the third degree is called a VVrit of entry in le per cui and the fourth form without these degrees is called a VVrit of entry in le postâ—â— that is to say after the disseisin which such a one made to such a one And if any Writ of entry be conceived out of the right case so that one form be brought for another it is abateable The form of the first degree is such Praecipe Willielmo quod reddat Petro manerium de B. cum pertinentiis quod ille definet pro termino qui est elapsus The second is such Praecipe Petro quod reddat Willielmo manerium c. in quod ille non habuit ingressum nisi per patrem aut matrem avunculum vel amitam vel cognatum avum vel proavum dicts Petri qui dictum manerium dimisit pro termino qui est elapsus The third form is such Praecipe Johanni quod reddat Petro manerium de S. in quod ille non habuit ingressum nisi per T. cui talâ—s pater vel mater vel alius antecessor aut cognatus idem dimisit cujus haeres est ipse Petrus pro termino qui est elapsus And the form without the degrees is such In quod non habuit ingressum nisi post lessam quam talis pater aut mater sic ut supra cujus haeres ille est inde fecit pro termino qui est elapsus And in those four degrees be comprehended all manner Writs of entry which be without certainty and number Thus farre Britton by whom you may perceive that those words solet debet and also those other words in le per in le per cui and in le post which we meet with many times in books shortly and obscurely mentioned do signifie nothing else but divers forms of this Writ applyed to the case whereupon it is brought and each form taking his name from the said words contained in the Writ And of this read Fitzh in his nat br fol. 193. 194. This VVrit of entry differeth from an Assise because it lyeth for the most part against him who entred lawfully but holdeth against Law whereas an Assise lyeth against him that unlawfully disseised yet sometime a VVrit of entry lyeth upon an entrusion Regist orig fol. 233. b. See the new book of Entries verbo Entre brevis fol. 254. colum 3. I read of a VVrit of entry in the nature of an Assise Of this VVrit in all his degrees read Fleta lib. 5. cap. 34. sâ—q Entrusion Intrusio in our Common law signifieth a violent or unlawfull entrance into Lands or Tenements being utterly void of a possessor by him that hath no right nor spark of right unto them Bracton lib. 4. cap. 2. For example if a man step in upon any Lands the owner whereof lately dyed and the right Heir neither by himself or others as yet hath taken possession of them VVhat the difference is between Abator and Intrudor I do not well perceive except an Abatour he be that step peth into land void by the death of a Tenent in Fee and an Entrudor that doth the like into lands c. void by the death of the Tenent for Terms of life or yeers See Fitzh nat br fol. 203. F. The author of the new Terms of Law would have abatement Latined Interpositionem aut intro tionem per interpositionem and to be restrained to him that entreth before the Heir after the decease of a Tenent for life though the new book of Entries fol. 63. C. 205. D. 519. C. by his confession doth Latine Abatement by this word Intrusionem See Abatement See Disseisin See Britton cap. 65. Entrusion is also taken for the Writ brought against an Intrudor which see in Fitzhâ—nat br fol. 203. Entrusion de gard is a Writ that lyeth where the Infant within age entred into his his lands and holdeth his Lord on t for in this case the Lord shall not have the VVrit De communi custodia But this Old nat br fol. 90. Enure signifieth to take place or effect to be availeable Example A Release shall enure by way of extinguishment Litleton cap. Release And a Release made to a Tenent for Term of life shal inure to him in the Reversion ER Erius alias Iris is the Flower de lyce whose divers kinds you have expressed in Gerards Herbal lib. 1. cap. 34. The root of this is mentioned among Merchandize or Drugs to be garbled anno 1 Jacob. cap. 19. Ermins seemeth to come of the French Ermine i. mus araneus It signifieth a Furre of great price Erminstreat see Watlingstreat Errant Itinerans cometh of the French Error i. errare or the old word Erre i. Iter. It is attributed to Justices of circuit p. cor fol. 15. and Baylifes at large See Justices in Eyr and Baylife See also Eyr Errour Error cometh of the French Erreur and signifieth more specially in our Common law an error in pleading or in the Proces Brook titulo Errour And thereupon the VVrit which is brought for remedy of this oversight is called a VVrit of error in Latine De errore corrigendo thus definedâ— by Fitzh nat br fol. 20. A VVrit of Error is that properly which lyeth to redresse false judgement given in any Court of Record as in the Common bench London or other City having power by the Kings Charter or prescription to hold Plee of debt See the new book of Entries verbo Error or trespasse above the sum of twenty shillings This is borrowed from the French practice which they call proposition d'erreur VVhereof you may read in Gregorius De appellation pag. 36. In what diversity of cases this VVrit lyeth see the Register original in the Table verb. Errore corrigendo and Register judicial fol. 34. There is likewise a VVrit of Errour to reverse a Fine West parte 2. sect symbol titulo Fines 151. Errore corrigendo See Error ES Escawbio is a license granted to one for the making over of a Bill of Echange to a man over Sea Register Original fol. 194. a. Escape escapium cometh of the French eschapper i. aufugere effugere and signifieth in the Law a violent or prive evasion out of some lawful restraint For example if the Sheriff upon a Capias directed unto him take one and indeavour to carry him to the Gaol and he in the way either by violence or by slight break from him this is called an escape pl. cor fol. 70. Many examples might be brought out of him and others but the thing is plain Stawnf lib. 1. cap. 26. pl. cor nameth two kinds of Escapes voluntarie and negligent Voluntarie is when one arresteth another for Felonie or some other crime and afterwards letteth him go whither he listeth In which escape the party that
Terms of the Law verbo Account Expectant is used in the Common law with this word fee and thus used it is opposite to Fee simple For example Lands are given to a Man and his Wife in Frank-marriage to have and to hold to them and their Heirs In this case they have Fee-simple But if it be given to them and the Heirs of their body c. they have Tail and Fee expectant Kitchin fol. 153. Matthaeus de afflict is useth the Ad ective expectativa substantively in the same signification Descis 292. num 2. p. 412. Explees see Espleese Expeditate expeditare is a word usual in the Forest signifying to cut out the balls of the great dogs feet for the preservation of the Kings game Every one that keepeth any great Dogs not expeditated forfeiteth to the King three shillings four pence Cromptons Jurisdict fol. 152. M. Manwood useth the same word parte prim of his Forest Laws pag. 205 and pag. 212. he setteth down the manner of expeditating Dogges heretofore viz. Quòdtres ortell abscindantur sive pellota de pede anteriori that is that the three clawes of the fore-foot on the right side shall be cut off by the skin whereunto he also addeth out of the same ordinance called the Assise of the Forest that the same manner of expeditating of Dogs shall be still used and kept and none other Quaere whence it groweth that Master Crompton and he differ the one saying that the ball of the foot is cut out the other that the three fore-clawes are pared off by the skin Expensis militum levandis is a Writ directed to the Sheriff for levying allowance for the Knights for the Parliament Regist orig fol. 191. b. Expensis militü non levandis ab hominibus de antiquo dominico nec à nativis is a Writ wherby to prohibit the Sheriff from levying any allowance for the Knights of the Shire upon those that hold in ancient Demesn c. Reg. orig fol. 261. b. Extend extendere cometh of the French estendre i. dilatare dispandere distendere and signifieth in our Common law to value the Lands or Tenements of one bound by Statute c. that hath forfeited his bond to such an indifferent rate as by the yearly rent the Obligor may in time be payd his debt The course and circumstances of this see in Fitz. h. nat br fol. 131. Brief d'execution sur statut Merchant Extendi facias is a Writ ordinarily called a Writ of Extent whereby the value of Lands c. is commanded to be made and levied in divers cases which see in the Table of the Register original Extent extenta hath two significations sometimes signifying a Writ or commission to the Sheriff for the valuing of Lands or Tenements Register judicial in the Table of the Book Sometime the Act of the Sheriff or other Commissioner upon this Writ Brook titulo Extent fol. 313. Extinguishment in our Common law signifieth an effect of consolidation For example if a man have due unto him a yearly rent out of any Lands and afterward purchase the same Lands now both the property and rent are consolidated or united in one Possessor and therefore the rent is said to be extinguished In like manner it is where a man hath a Lease for years and afterward buyeth the property this is a consolidation of the property and the fruits and is an extinguishment of the Lease See the Terms of Law Extirpatione is a Writ judicial that lieth against him who after a verdict found against him for Land c. doth maliciously overthrow any house upon it c. and it is two-fold one ante judicium the other post judicium Register judicial fol. 13.56.58 Extortion Extortio signifieth in our Common law an unlawful or violent wringing of money or money-worth from any man For example if any Officer by terrifying any the Kings subjects in his office take more than his ordinary duties he committeth and is inditeable of Extortion To this by M. Wests judgement may be referred the exaction of unlawful Usury winning by unlawful Games and in one word all taking of more than is due by colour or pretence of right as excessive toll in Milners excessive prizes of Ale Bread Victuals Wares c. West parte 2. Symbol titulo Indictments Sect. 65. M. Manwood saith that Extortion is Colore officii and not virtute officii parte 1. of his Forest laws pag. 216. M. Crompton in his Justice of Peace fol. 8. hath these words in effect Wrong done by any man is properly a Trespasse but excessive wrong done by any is called Extortion and this is most properly in officers as Sheriffes Maiors Bailiffes Escheatours and other Officers whatsoever that by colour of their Office work great oppression and excessive wrong unto the Kings subjects in taking excessive reward or fees for the execution of their office Great diversity of cases touching Extortion you may see in Cromptons Justice of Peace fol. 48. b. 49. 50. See the difference between colore officii virtute vel ratione officii Plow casu Dives fol. 64. a. This word is used in the same signification in Italy also For Cavalcanus de brachio regio parte 5. num 21. thus describeth it Extortio dicitur fieri quando Judex cogit aliquid sibi dari quod non est debitum vel quod est ultra debitum vel ante tempus petit id quod post administratam justitiam debetur Extreats See Estreats Eyre See Eire FA. FAculty Facultas as it is restrained from the original and active signification to a particular understanding in Law is used for a privilege or especiall power granted unto a man by favour indulgence and dispensation to do that which by the Common law he cannot do as to eat flesh upon dayes prohibited to marry without Banes first asked to hold two or more Ecclesiastical Livings the Son to succeed the Father in a Benefice and such like And for the granting of these there is an especial Officer under the Arch-bishop of Canterbury called Magister ad Facultates the Master of the Faculties Fag anno 4 Ed. 4. cap. 1. Faint and false action seem to be Synonyma in Litleton fol. 144. for faint in the French tongue signifieth as much as feigned in English Faint pleader falsa placitatio cometh of the French feint a Participle of the Verb feindre i. simulare fingere and pledoir i. placitare It signifieth with us a false covenous or collusory manner of pleading to the deceit of a third party anno 34. 35. H. 8. cap. 24. Faire aliàs Feire feria cometh of the French feire and signifieth with us as much as Nundinae with the Civilians that is a solemn or greater sort of Market granted to any Town by privilege for the more speedie and commodious provision of such things as the subject needeth or the utterance of such things as we abound in above our own uses and occasions both our
his right hand upon a book and shall say thus Hear you my Lord R. that I. P. shall be to you both faithful and true and shall owe my fealty to you for the Land that I hold of you at the Terms assigned So help me God and all his Saints When a Villain shall do fealty unto his Lord he shall hold his right hand over the book and shall say thus Hear you my Lord A. that I. B. from this day forth unto you shall be true and faithful and shall owe you fealty for the Land that I hold of you in Vilienage and shall be justified by you in body and goods So help me God and all his Saints See the Regist. orig fol. 302. a. Fee Feodum aliàs Feudum cometh of the French fief i. praedium beneficiarum vel res cliextelaris and is used in our Common law for all those lands which we hold by perpetual right as Hotoman well noteth verb. Feodum de verbis feudalibus Our ancient Lawyers either not observing whence the word grew or at least not sufficiently expressing their knowledge what it signified among them from whom they took it Feudum whence the word Fief or Fee cometh signifieth in the German language beneficium cujus nomine opera quaedam gratiae testificandae causa debentur Hot. disput cap. 1. And by this name go all Lands and Tenements that are held by any acknowledgement of any superiority to a higher Lord. They that write of this subject do divide all Lands and Tenements wherein a man hath a perpetual estate to him and his Heirs c. into Allodium Feudum Allodium is defined to be every mans own land c. which he possesseth meerly in his own right without acknowledgement of any service or payment of any rent unto any other and this is a property in the highest degree and of some it is called Allaudium ab à privativa particula laudum vel laudatio ut sit praedium cujus nullus author est nifi deus Est enim laudare vel Novio teste nominare Quod Budaeus docuit ad Modestinum 1. Herennius 63. π. de haere institut Prataeus verbo Allaudium Hotoman in verb. feud Feudum is that which we hold by the benefit of another and in the name whereof we owe service or pay rent or both to a superior Lord. And all our land here in England the Crown-land which is in the Kings own hands in the right of his Crown excepted is in the nature of Feudum or Fee for though many a man hath land by descent from the Ancestors and many another hath dearly bought land for his money yet is the land of such nature that it cannot come to any either by descent or purchase but with the burthen that was laid upon him who had novel Fee or first of all received it as a benefit from his Lord to him and to all such to whom it might descend or any way be conveyed from him So that if we will reckon with our Host as the proverb is there is no man here that hath directum dominium i. the very property or demain in any Land but the Prince in the right of his Crown Cambd. Britan. pag. 93. for though he that hath Fee hath jus perpetuum utile domixium yet he oweth a duty for it and therefore is it not simply his own Which thing I take those words that we use for the expressing of our deepest rights in any Lands or Tenements to import for he that can say most for his estate saith thus I am seised of this or that land or tenement in my demain as of Fee Seisitus inde in dominico meo ut de feudo and that is as much as if he said it is my demain or proper land after a sort because it is to me and mine Heirs for ever yet not simply mine because I hold it in the nature of a benefit from another yet the statut an 37 H. 8. c. 16. useth these words of lands invested in the Crown but it proceedeth from the ignorance of the nature of this word Fee for see cannot be without fealty sworn to a superiour as you may read partly in the word Fealtie but more at large in those that write de feudis and namely Hotoman both in his Commentaries and Disputations And no man may grant that our King or Crown oweth fealty to any superior but God onely Yet it may be said that land c. with us is termed fee in two respects one as it belongeth to us and our Heirs for ever and so may the crown-Crown-lands be called Fee the other as it holdeth of another which is and must be far from our Crown Britton c. 32. defineth fee to this effect Fee is a right consisting in the person of the true Heir or of some other that by just title hath purchased it Fletz saith that Feudum est quod quis tenet ex quacunque causa sibi haeredibus suis sive sit tenementum sive reditus qui non proveniunt ex camera alio modo dicitur feudum sicut ejus qui feoff at quod quis tenet ab alio sicut dicitur talis tenet de tali tot seuda per servitium militare lib. 5. cap. 5. § Feudum autem And all that write de feudis do hold that Feudataerius hath not an entire property in his fee Nay it is held by right learned men that these Fees were at the first invention or creation of them either all or some of them temporary and not perpetual and hereditary Jacobutius de Franchis in praeludio feud cap. 2. num 133. The divisions of fee in divers respects are many and those though little known to us in England yet better worthy to be known than we commonly think But for our present purpose it is sufficient to divide Fee into two sorts Fee-absolute otherwise called Fee-simple and Fee-conditional other-wise termed Fee-tail Fee simple Feudum simplex is that whereof we are seiled in these general words To us and our Heirs for ever Fee-tail Feudum taliatum is that whereof we are seised to us and our Heirs with limitation that is the Heirs of our body c. And Fee-tail is either general or special General is where land is given to a man and the Heirs of his body The reason whereof is given by Litleton cap. 2. lib. 1. because a man seised of land by such a gift if he marry one or more wives and have no issue by them and at length marry another by whom he hath issue this issue shall inherit the land Fee-tail special is that where a man and his wife be seised of lands to them and the Heirs of their two bodies The reason is likewise given by Litleton in the same place because in this case the Wife dying without issue and he marrying another by whom he hath issue this issue cannot inherit the land being specially given to
such heirs c. This Fee-tail hath the original from the statute of Westminster 2. cap. pri which was made anno 13 Edw. 1. Yet see Bracton lib. 2. cap. 5. num 3. in his verbis Item quaedam absoluta larga quaedam stricta coarctata sicut certis haeredibus To whom adde Plowden casu Willion fol. 235 a b seq for before that statute all land given to a man and his Heirs either general or special was accounted in the nature of Fee and therefore held to be so firmly in him to whom it was given that any limitation notwihstanding he might alienate and fell it at his pleasure much like that which the Civilians call Nudum praeceptum binding rather by counsel and advice than compulsion or restraint And this thing seeming unreasonable to the wisdome of our Realm because so a man meaning well to this or that posterity of himself or his friends might be forthwith deceived of his intention the said statute was made for redresse of this inconvenience whereby it is ordained that if a man give lands in fee limiting the Heirs to whom it shall descend with a reversion to himself or his Heirs for default c. that the form and true meaning of his gift shall be observed Wherefore in what conscience our Lawyers have invented means so easily to cut off this form of gift it is to be considered He that hath Fee then holdeth of another by some duty or other which is called service and of this service and the diversity thereof See Chivalrieâ— and Service He that will learn from what fountain these Feuds or Fees did first spring let him read Antonius Contius his first chapter de methodo feudorum where he shall receive great light for his guide into so obscure a dungeon See Leige This word Fee is sometimes used with us for the compasse or circuit of a Lordship or Manner Bracton lib. 2. cap. 5. in these words In eadem villa de eodem feodo Thirdly it is used for a perpetual right incorporeal as to have the keeping of Prisons in Fee eod fol. 6. Old nat brev 41. Foster in Fee eod fol. 6. Rent granted in fee eod fol. 8. Sheriff in fee anno 28 Ed. 1. stat 3. cap. 8. Lastly Fee signifieth reward or ordinary duty that a man hath given him for the execution of his office or the performance of his industrie in his art or science as the Lawyer or the Physician is said to have his Fee when he hath the consideration of his pains taken the one with his Client the other with his Patient Fee expectant is by the Feudists termed feudum expectativum or expectativa substantively used Mathaeus de Afflictis decis 292. num 2. pag. 417. See expectant Fee-ferm fendi firma is acompound of Fee whereof see Fee and ferme i. colonia villa praedium rusticum of Ferme cometh Fermier du Prince i. manceps redemptor publicorum vectigalium Publicanus Fee-ferm signifieth in our Common law land held of another in Fee that is in perpetuity to himself and his Heir for so much yeerly rent as it is reasonably worth more or lesse so it be the fourth part of the worth old tenures See exposition of the Statute of Glocester anno 6 Edw. 1. without homage fealty or other services other than be especially comprised in the Feofment but by Fitzh it seemeth that the third part of the value may be appointed for the rent or the finding of a Chaplain to sing divine Service c. nat br fol. 210. C. And the nature of it is this that if the rent be behind and unpaid for the space of two years then the Feoffor or his Heirs have action to recover the lands as their demesnes Britton cap. 66. num 4. but observe out of West symbol parte 1. lib. 2. sect 463. that the Feofment may contain services and sute of Court as well as rent And the Author of the new Terms of law saith That Fee-ferm oweth Fealty though not expressed in the Feofment for that fealty belongeth to all kind of Tenures This is neer the nature of that which among the Civilians is called ager vectigalis qui in perpetuum licetur i. hac lege ut quam diu pro eo vectigal pendatur tam diunique ipsis qui conduxerunt ueque iis qui in locum eorum successerunt auferri cum liceat li. 1. Ï€. si ager vectigalis c. Feed feida alias faida signifieth in the German tongue Guerram i. capitales in micitias vel bellum Hotoman disputat de feudis cap. 2 b. Foemina dicâ—tur faidam non facere Gloss in § ult de lege Conradi lib. 2. de feudis by reason that Women by the law are not subject to warfare to battel or proclamation made for that cause Skene de verbo significa verbo Affidatio Master Lambert in his exposition of Saxon words writeth it Feeth and saith likewise that it signifieth Capitales inimicitias And also that Feud used now in Scotland and the North pates of England is the same that is a combination of kindred to revenge the death of any of their blood against the killer and all his race Felony felonia seemeth to come of the French Felonnie i. impetuositas atrocitas immisericordia Felonia saith Hotoman de verbis feudalibus non praescisè contumaciam vasalli in dominum hujusve in vasallum perfidiaâ—â— significat ver in quodvis capitale facinus And again Felonia Gothis Longobardis dicitur quod Germanis bodie Schelmarey Litinis Scelus Sir Edward Coke saith thus Ideo dicta est felonia qua fieri debet felleo animo li. 4. fol. 124. b. Hostiensis in sua summa titulo De Feudis And others speak of this to this effect Felonia aliâs falonia est culpa vel injuria propter quam vassallus amittit feudum Sed haec respicit Dominum fendi Est alia fallonia quae non respicit Dominum sc quando vassallus interficit fratrem vel filium suum vel filium fratris vel aliud crimen commi sit quod pa ric dii appellatione continetur plures aliae fallonlae tam resp cientes Dominum quà m alios propter quas feudum amittitur â—bi notantur We account any offence Felony that is in degree next unto petit treason and compriseth divers particulars under it as murther theft killing of a mans self Sodometry Rape wilfull burning of houses and divers such like which are to be gathered especially out of statutes whereby many offences are daily made felony that before were not Felony is discerned from lighter offences by this that the punishment thereof is death Howbeit this is not perpetual For petit larcenie which is the stealing of any thing under the value of twelve pence is felony as appeareth by Broke titulo Coren num 2. his reason is because the Inditement against such a one must run with these words felonicè cepit and yet is this
not punished by death though it be losse of goods Any other exception I know not but that a man may call that felony which is under petit treason and punished by death And of this there be two sorts one lighter that for the first time may be releeved by Clergie another that may not And these you must also learn to know by the Statutes for Cleargy is allowed where it is not expressely taken away Of these matters read Stawnfords first book of his pl. cor from the end of the second Chapter to the 39. and the Statutes whereby many offences be made felony since he writ that learned Book See also Lamberds Justice of peace lib. 2. cap. 7. in a Table drawn for the purpose As also lib. 4. cap. 4. pag. 404 and Cromptons in hi-Justice of Peace fol. 32. c. Felony is also punished by losse of Lands not entailed and goods or chattels as well real as personal and yet the Statutes make difference in some cases touching Lands as appeareth by the Statute anno 37 H. 8. cap. 6. Felony ordinarily worketh corruption of blood though not whâ—re a Statute ordaineth an offence to be Felony and yet withal saith that it shal not work corruption of blood As anno 39 Elizab. cap. 17. How many wayes Felony is committed See Cromptons Justice of peace pag. 32 c. Feyr See Fayr Felo de se is he that committeth felony by murthering himself See Cromptons Justice of Peace fol. 28. and Lamberds Eirenarcha lib. 2. cap. 7. pag. 243. Fencemoneth is a moneth wherein it is unlawful to hunt in the Forest because in that moneth the Female Deer do faun and this moneth beginneth 15. dayes before Midsomer and endeth 15 dayes after So that to this moneth there be 31 dayes See Manwood parte prim of his Forest laws pag. 80. but more at large parte secunda cap. 13. per totum It is also called the defence moneth that is the forbidden moneth and the word defence is used in like sort West 2. cap. 47. anno 13 Ed. 1. in these words All waters where Salmons be taken shall be in defence for taking of Salmons from the Nativity c. Fennycric or rather Fene-greek Foenum Graecum is a medicinal plant or herb so called because it groweth like Hey and cometh out of Greece Of this you may read more in Gerards Herbal lib. 2. cap. 48 The feed thereof is reckoned among drugs that are to be garbled anno 1. Jacob. cap. 19. Feofment feoffamentum by the opinion of S. Tho. Smith de Repub. Anglor lib. 3. cap. 8. and M. West parte prim symbol lib. 2. Sect. 280. is descended from the Gottish word Feudum which you have interpreted in Fee and signifieth donationem feudi But as M. West also addeth it signifieth in our Common law any gift or grant of any Honors Castles Manors Mesuages Lands or other corporeal and immovenble things of like nature unto another in Fee-simple that is to him and his Heirs for ever by the delivery of seisin and possession of the thing given whether the gift be made by word or writing And when it is in writing it is called a deed of feofment and in every feofment the giver is called the Feoffour feoffator and he that receiveth by vertue thereof the Feoffee feoffatus and Litleton saith that the proper difference between a Feoffour and a Donour is that the Feoffour giveth in Fee-simple the Donour in Fee-tail lib. 1. cap. 6. Feodarie aliás Feudarie aliâs feudatarie feudatarius is an officer authorized and made by the Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries by Letters patents under the Seal of that office His function is to be present with the Escheatour at the finding of any office and to give evidence for the King as well concerning the value as the tenure and also to survey the land of the Ward after the office found and to rate it He is also to assign the Kings Widows their Dowers and to receive all the rents of the Wards lands within his circuit and to answer them to the Receiver of the Court of Wards and Liveries This officer is mentioned anno 32 H. 8. cap. 46. Ferdfare significat quietantiam eundi in exercitum Fleta libr. pri cap. 47. Ferdwit significat quiâ—tantiam murdri in exercitu Fleta libr. pri cap. 47. Ferm firma cometh of the French Ferme i. colonia villa praedium and signifieth with us house or land or both taken by indenture of lease or lease parol It may likewise not unaptly be conjectured that both the French and English word came from the Latine firmus for locare ad firmum I find sometime to signifie with others as much as to set or let to farm with us The reason whereof may be in respect of the sure hold they have above tenents at will v. vocabul utriusque juris verbo afflictus The Author of the new Terms of law deriveth this word from the Saxon feormian which signifieth to feed or yeeld victual For in ancient time the reservations were as well in victuals as money which I leave to the judgement of the Reader How many wayes ferm is taken See Plowden casu Wrothesley fol. 195. a. b. Feudarie See Feodarie FI Fieri facias is a Writ judicial that lyeth at all times within the year and day for him that hath recovered in an Action of Debt or Dammages to the Sheriff to command him to levie the Debt or the Dammages of his goods against whom the recovery was had This Writ hath beginning from West 2. c. 18. anno 13 Ed. 1. See Old nat br fol. 152. See great diversity thereof in the Table of the Register Judicial verbo Fieri faciâ—â—s Fifteenth Decimaquinta is a tribute or imposition of money laid upon a City Borough and other Town through the Realm not by the polle or upon this or that man but in general upon the whole City or Town so called because it amounteth to one fifteenth part of that which the City or Town hath been valued at all of old This is now a dayes imposed by Parliament and every Town through the Realm great or lesse knoweth what a fifteenth for themselves doth amount unto because it is perpetual whereas the subsidie which is raised of every particular mans lands or goods nust needs be uncertain because the estate of every several man is so ticklish and uncertain And in that regard am I driven to think that this fifteenth is a rate anciently laid upon every Town according to the land or circuit belonging unto it whereof M. Cambden hath many mentions in his Britannia In stead of the rest take a few pag. 168. of Wels in Somersetshire he writeth thus Quo tempore ut testatur censualis Angliae liber Episcopus ipsum oppidum tenuit quod pro quinquaginta hidis geldavit And pag. 171. of Bathe Geldabat pro viginti hidis quando Schira geldabat Thirdly pag. 181. of old Sarisbury thus Pro
Huckstow idem pag. 456. of Hay Manwood parte 1. pa. 144. of Cantsâ—lly eadem pag. of Ashdowne in the County of Sussex an 37. H. 8. ca. 16. Forests of Whittilwood and Swasie in the County of Northampton an 33. H. 8. cap. 38. Of Fronselwood in the County of Somerset Coke li. 2. Cromwels case fo 71. b. I hear also of the forest of Exmore in Devonshire There may be more which he that listeth may look for Forester forestarius is a sworn officer of the forest appointed by the Kings letters patents to walk the forest both early and late-watching both the vert and the venison attaching and presenting all trespassers against them within their own bayliwick or walk whose oath you may see in Crompton fo 201. And though these letters parents bee ordinatily granted but quam diu bene se gesserint yet some have this grant to them and their heirs and thereby are called Foresters or fosters in fee Idem fol. 157. 159. and Manwood parte 1. pag. 220. whom in Latine Crompton calleth Foresta rium feudi fo 175. Fore-judger forisjudicatio signifieth in the Common law a Judgement whereby a man is deprived or put by the thing in question It seemeth to be compounded of fo rs i. praeter and juger i. â—udicare Bracton lib. 4. tract 3. cap. 5. hath these words Et non permittas quòd A. capitalis dominus feudi illius habeat custodiam haeredis c. quia in Curia nostra forisjudicatur de custodia c. So doth Kitchin use it fol. 29. and Old nat brev fol. 44 and 81. and the Stat. An. 5. E. 3. c. 9. an 21 R. 2. c. 12. Forjudicatus with Authors of other nations signifieth as much as Banished or as Deportatus in the antient Roman law as appeareth by Vincentius de Franchis descis 102. Mathaeus de Afflictis l. 3 feud Rub. 31. p. 625. Foregoers be Purveyors going before the King or Queen being in progresse to provide for them anno 36. Ed. 3. c. 5. Forfeiture forisfactura commeth of the French word Forfaict i. scelus but signifieth in our language rather the effect of transgressing a penall Law than the transgression it self as forfeiture of Eschears anno 25 E. 3. ca. 2. statut de Proditionibus Goods confiscate and goods forfeited differ Staw pl. Co. f. 186. where those seem to be forfeited that have a known owner having committed any thing whereby he hath lost his goods and those confiscate that are disavowed by an offendor as not his own nor claimed by any other I think rather that forfeitute is more general and confiscation particular to such as forfeit onely to the Princes Exchequer Read the whole chapter li. 3. ca 24. Full forfeiture plena forisfactura otherwise called plena vita is forfeiture of life and member and all else that a man hath Manwood parte 1. p. 341. The Canon Lawyers use also this word For forisfactura sunt pecuniariae pocnae delinquentium Glos in c. Presbyteri extrade poenis Forfeiture of mariage forisfactura maritagii is a writ lying against him who holding by Knights service and being under age and unmarried refuses her whom the Lord offereth him without his disparagement and marrieth another Fitz. nat br fo 141. H. I. K. L. Register original fol. 163. b. Forseng quietantiam prioris prisae designat in hoc enim delinquunt Furgenses Londonenses cum prisas suas ante prisas regis faciunt Fleta lib. 1. ca. 47. Forgery see here next following Forger of false deeds Forger of false deeds cometh of the French Forger i. accudere fabricare conflare to beat on an anvile to fashion to bring into shape and signifieth in our Common law either him that frandulently maketh and publisheth false writings to the prejudice of any mans right or else the writ that lieth against him that committeth this offence Fitz. nat br fo 96. b c calleth it a writ of Deceit See Terms of Law verbo Forger and Wests Symb. parte 2. Indictments Sectio 66. See the new book of Entries verbo Forger de faits This is a branch of that which the Civilians call Cremen falsi Nam falsarius est qui decipiendi causa scâ—ipta publica falsificat Speculator de crimine falsi Falsicrimen propriè dicitur quod utilitatis privatae causa factum est Connanus li. 5. ca. 7. nu 4. Ad esse falsitatis tria requir untur mutatio veritatis dolus quod alteri sit nocivum Quorum si alterum desit falsitas non est pu ibilis Hostiensis et Azo in suis summis Forister See Forester Formdon Breve formatum donationis is a writ that lyeth for him that hath right to any ands or tenements by vertue of any entail growing from the Statute of Westm 2. cap. 1. It lyeth in three sorts and accordingly is caled forma donations or formdon in the descender formdon in the reverter or formdon in the remainder Formdon in the descender lyeth for the recovery of lands c. given to the one and the heirs of his body or to a man and his wife and the heirs of their two bodies or to a man and his wife being Cosin to the Donour in franck mariage and afterward alienated by the Donee For after his decease his heire shall have this writ against the renent or alienee Fitz. nat br fol. 211. He maketh three sorts or this formdon in the descender The first is in the manner now expressed The second is for the heir of a Coparcener that alienateth and dyeth fo 214. the third is called by him In simul tenuit fol. 216. which lieth for a Coparcener or heir in Gavelkind before partition against him to whom the other Goparcener or heir hath alienated and is dead Formdon in the Reverter lyeth for the Donour or his heirs where land entailed to certain and there issue with condition for want of such issue to revert to the Donour and his heirs against him to whom the Donee alienateth after the issue extinct to which it was entailed Fitz. nat br fol. 219. Formedon in the remainder lyeth where a man giveth lands in tail the remainder to another in tayl and afterward the former tenent in tail dyeth without issue of his body and a stranger abateth then he in the remainder shall have this writ Fitz. nat br f. 217. See the Register original fol. 238 242 243. Of this see the new book of Entries verb. Formdon Forsechoke seems to signifie originally as much as forsaken in our modern language or derelictum with the Romans It is especially used in one of our Statutes for land or tenements seised by the Lord for want of services due from the tenent and so quietly held and possessed beyond the year and day As if wee should say that the tenent which seeing his land or tenements taken into the Lords hand and possessed so long taketh not the course appointed by law to recover them doth in due presumption of Law
disavow or forsake whatsoever right he hath unto them See the Statute anno 10. Edward 1. cap. unico Forstall is to be quit of amerciaments and cattels arrested within your land and the amerciaments thereof comming New terms of law Forstalling forstallatio is partly French for estaller is in that tongue as much as merces exponere expedice explicare or to shew wares in a Market or Fair. It signifieth in our Common law the buying or bargaining for any victuals or wates comming to be sold toward any Fair or Market or from beyond the Seas toward any City Port Haven Creek or road of this Realm and before the same be there anno 51. H. 3. stat 6. West parte 2. Symbol titulo indictments sect 64. Forstaller in Cromptonâ— Jurisdiction fol. 153. is used for stopping of a Deer broker out of the Forest from returning home again or laying between him and the Forest in the way that he is to return See Regratours and Engrossers See Cromptons Justice of peace fol. 69. a. The Author of the new terms of Law defineth it thus Forstalling Forstallamentum is the buying of Corn Cattell or other Merchandise by the way as it cometh toward the Fair or Market to be sold to the intent to sell the same again at a more high and deer price Fleta saith thus of it significat obtrusionem viae vel impedimentum transitus fugae averiorum lib. 1. cap. 47. Fortescue was a learned Lawyer and Lord Chanceller in Henry the 6. daies who writ a book in the commendation of our Common Laws Fortlet forte letum cometh neer the French fortlet i. valenticulus forticulus and signifieth in our Common law a place of some strength Old nat br fol. 45. This in other Countries is written fortalitium and signifieth castrum Scraderus select practabil quaest sect 12. num 7 8. Fother is a weight of twenty hundred which is a wain or cart load Speight in his Annot upon Chawcer Fourche Afforciare seemeth to come of the French Fourchir i. tiâ—ubare lingua and signifieth in our Common law a putting off prolonging or delay of an action and it appeareth no unpleasant Metaphor for as by stammering we draw out our speech not delivering that wee have to say in ordinary time so by fourching wee prolong a sute that might be ended in a shorter space To fourch by essoin Westm 1. cap. 24. anno 3. Edw. pri where you have words to this effect Coparceners Jointenants and Tenents in common may not fourch by essoin to essoin severally but have only one essoin as one sole tenent may have And anno 6. Edw. 1. ca. 10. You have it used in like sort Foutgeld is a word compounded of these two German words fous i. pes and gyldan i. solvere and it signifieth an amercement for not cutting out the balls of great dogs feet in the Forest See Expeditate And to be quit of footgeld is a privilege to keep dogs within the Forest unlawed without punishment or controlement Cromptons Jurisd fol. 197 Manwood parte pri of his Forest Laws pag. 86. Fowles of warren See Warren Founder is he that melteth metal and maketh any thing of it by casting it into a mould c. anno 17. Rich. 2. cap. 1. derived of the verb fundere to powre FR Franthise libertas franchesia cometh of the French franchise so signifying it is taken with us for a privilege or an exemption from ordinary jurisdiction and sometime an immunity from tribute It is either personall or reall Crompt Jurisd fol. 141. that is belonging to a person immediately or else by means of this or that place or Court of immunity whereof he is either chief or a member In what particularly things franchises commonly consist See Britian cap. 19. Franchise royall anno 15. R. 2. ca. 4. et anno 2. H. 5. cap. 7. in fine seemeth to be that where the Kings writs run not as Chester and Durham they are called Seignories royal anno 28. H. 6. cap. 4. The author of the new Terms of law saith that franches royal is where the King granteth to one and his heirs that they shall be quit of tolle or such like See franchise in the new book of Entries See Bracton lib. 2. cap. 5. See Sac. Frank almoin libera Eleemozyna in french frank Ausmone signifieth in our Common law a tenure or title of lands Britton cap. 66. num 5. saith thus of it Frank almoyne is lands or tenements bestowed upon God that is given to such people as bestow themselves in the service of God for pure and perpetual almes whence the Feoffours or givers cannot demand any terrestiall service so long as the lands c. remain in the hands of the Feoffees With this agreeth the grand Costumary of Normandie cap. 32. Of this you may read Bracton at large lib. 2. cap. 5. 10. See Fitzh nat br fol 211. See the new book of Entries verbo Frank almoin But Britton maketh another kind of this land c. which is given in almes but not free almes because the tenents in this are tyed in certain services to the Feoffour Britton ubi supra Frank bank francus bancus in true french franc bank signifieth word for word a free bench or seat and among our Law-writers it seemeth to be used for Copyhold lands that the wife being espoused a virgin hath after the decease of her husband for her dower Kitchin fol 102. Bracton lib. 4. tract 6. cap. 13. nu 2. hath these words Consuetudo est in partibus illis quod uxores maritorum defunctorum habeant francum bancum suum de terris sockmaxnorum et tenent nomine dotis Fitz. calleth it a custome whereby in certain Cities the wife shall have her husbands whole lands c. for her dower Nat. br fol. 150. P. See Plowden casu Newis fol. 411. Frank chase Libera chasea is a liberty of feee chase whereby all men having ground within that compasse are prohibited to cut down wood or discover c. without the view of the Forester though it be his own Demesn Cromptons Jurisdictions fol. 187. Frank fee feudum francum seis liberum is by Broke tit Demesn num 32. thus expressed That which is in the hand of the King or Lord of any Mannor being antient demesn of the Crown viz. the Demesns is called frank fee and that which is in the hands of the tenents is ancient demeasn only see the Register orign fol. 12. a. Whereby it seemeth that that is frank fee which a man holdeth at the Common law to himself and his heirs and not by such service as is required in antient demesn according to the custome of the mannor And again I find in the same book fol. 14. b. a note to this effect that the lands which were in the hands of King Edward the Saint at the making of the book called Doomesday is antient demesn and that all the rest in the Realm is called frank
fee with the which note Fitzherb agreeth nat br fol. 161. E. So that all the land in the Realm by this reason is either antient demesn or frank fee. The new expounder of the Law terms defineth frank fee to be a tenure in fee simple of lands pleadable at the Common law and not in antient demesn See Fachineus li. 7. c. 39. who defineth it feudum francum esse pro quo nullum servitium praestatur Domino with whom agreeth Zasius de feudis parte 12. saying that therefore it is fedum improprium quia ab omni fervitio liberum Frank ferme firma libera is land or tenement wherein the nature of fee is changed by feofment out of Knights service for certain yearly services and whence neither homage wardship mariage nor relief may be demanded nor any other service not contained in the feo ment Britton ca. 66. num 3. see Fee ferme Frank law libera lex See Cromptons Justice of peace fol. 156. b. where you shall find what it is by the contrary For he that for an offence as conspiracie c. leeseth his frank law is said to fall into these mischiefs first that he may never be impaneled upon any jury or assise or otherwise used in testifying any truth Next if he have any thing to doe in the Kings Court he must not approach thither in person but must appoint his Atturney Thirdly his lands goods and chattels must be seised into the Kings hands and his lands must be estreaped his trees rooted up and his body committed to prison For this the said Author citeth the book of Assises 2 fol. 59. Conspiracy F. 11.24 Edw. 3. fol. 34. See Conspiracy Frank marriage liberum maritagium is a tenure in tail speciall growing from these words in the gift comprised Sciant c. me M. H. de W. dedisse concessisse et praesenti charta mea confirmasse I. A. filio meo Margeriae uxori ejus filiae verae T. N. in liberum maritagium unum messuagium c. West parte 1. Symb. li. 2. sect 303. The effect of which words is that they shall have the land to them and the heirs of their bodies and shall doe fealty to the donour untill the fourth degree Se new terms of law Glanvile li. 7. ca. 18. Bracton li. 2. ca. 7. num 4. where he divideth maritagium in liberum servitio obligatum See Marriage Fleta giveth this reason why the heirs doe no service untill the fourth descent ne donatores vel eorum haeredes per homagum receptionem à reversione repellantur And why in the fourth descent and downward they shall do service to the donour quia in quarto gradu vehementer praesumiter quod terra non est pro defectu haeredum donatariorum reversura libro tertio ca. 11. in princ Frank pledge franciplegium is compounded of frank i. liber and pleige i. fidejussor and signifieth in our Common law a pledge or surety for free-men For the antient custome of England for the preservation of the publike peace was that every free born man at fourteen yeeres of age after Bracton religious persons Clerks Knights and their eldest sonnes excepted should find surety for his truth toward the King and his subjects or else be kept in prison whereupon a certain number of neighbors became customably bound one for another to see each man of their pledge forth comming at all times or to answere the transgression committed by any broken away So that whosoever offended it was forthwith inquired in what pledge he was and then they of that pledge either brought him forth within 31. daies to his answer or satisfied for his offence This was called Frank pledge causa qua supra and the circuit thereof was called Decenna because it commonly consisted of 10. housholds And every particular person thus mutually bound for himself and his neighbours was called Decennier because he was of one Decenna or another This custom was so kept that the Sheriffs at every county court did from time to time take the oaths of young ones as they grow to the age of 14 years and see that he were combined in one dozen or another whereupon this branch of the Sheriffs authoritie was called visus Franciplegii view of Frank pledge See the stat for view of Frank pledge made an 18. E. 2. See Decennier Leetview of Frank pledge Freoborghe That this discipline is borrowed by us of the Roman Emperours or rather Lombards appeareth most manifestly in the second book of Feuds ca. 53. upon which if you read Hotoman with those Authors that hee there recordeth you will think your labour well bestowed Read more of this viz. what articles were wont to be inquired of in this Court in Horns mirrour of Justices lib. 1. ca. de la veneu des francs pleges and what these articles were in antient times see in Fleta lib. 2. cap. 52. Fredwit See Fletwit Free chapel libera Capella by some opinion is a Chapel founded within a Parish for the service of God by the devotion and liberality of some good man over and above the mother Church unto the which it was free for the parishioner◠to com or not to come endowed with maintenance by the founder thereupon called free I have heard others say and more probably that those only be free Chapels that are of the Kings foundation and by him exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Ordinarie but the King may license a subject to found such a Chapel and by his Charter exempt it from the Ordinaries visitation also That it is called free in respect it is exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Diocesan appeareth by the Register original fol. 40. 41. These Chapells were all given to the King with chaunteries anno 1. Edw. 6. ca. 14. Free chapell of Saint Martin le grand an 3. Ed. 4. capite quarto et an 4. E. quarti c. 7. Free hold liberum tenementum is that land or tenement which a man holdeth in fee fee tail or at the least for term of life Bract. lib. 2. ca. 9. The new expounder of the Law terms saith that freehold is of two sorts Freehold in deed and freehold in law Freehold in deed is the real possession of land or tenements in fee fee tai◠or for life Freehold in law is the right that a man hath to such land or tenements before his entry or seisure I have heard it likewise extended to those offices which a man holdeth either in fee or for term of life Britton defineth it to this effect Franck tenement is a possession of the soil or services issuing out of the soil which a free man holdeth in fee to him and his heirs or at the least for term of his life though the soil be charged with free services or other cap. 32. Freehold is sometime taken in opposition to villenage Bract. lib. 4.37 38. M. Lamberd in his explication of Saxon words verbo
Terra scripto saith that land in the Saxons time was called either Bockland that is holden by book or writing or Folcland that is holden without writing The former he reporteth was held with farre better conditions and by the better sort of tenents as Noble-men and Gentlemen being such as we now call free hold the later was commonly in the possession of clowns being that which wee now call at the will of the Lord I find in the Register judiciall fol. 68. a. and in divers other places that hee which holdeth land upon an execution of a Statute Merchant untill he be satisfied the debt tenet ut libe um tenementum sibi assignatis suis and fol. 73. b. I read the same of a tenent per elegit where I think the meaning is not that such tenents be free-holders but as free-holders for their time that is untill they have gathered profits to the value of their debt Freeholders in the antient Laws of Scotland were called Milites Skene de verb. signif verb. Milites The D. and Student saith that the possession of land after the law of England is called frank tenement or freehold fol. 97. a. Frenchman Francigenia was wont to be used for every outlandish man Bracton li. 3. tract 2. cap. 15. See Englerecy Frendwite vel Infeng significat quietantiam prioris prisae ratione convivii Fleta lib. 1. cap. 47. Frendles man was wont to be the Saxon word for him whom wee call an out-law And the reason thereof I take to be because hee was upon his exclusion from the Kings peace and protection denied all help of frien as after certain dayes Nam forisfecit amicos Bract. lib. 3. tract 2. ca. 12. nu 1. whose words are these Talem vocant Angli utlaugh alio nomine antiquitus solet nominari sc Frendles man sic viaetur quod foris fecit amicos unde si quis talem post utlagariam expulsionem scienter paverit receptaverit vel scienter communicaverit aliquo modo vel receptaverit vel occultaverit eâdem paenâ puniri debet quà puniretur utlagatus ita quòd careat omnibus bonis suis vita nisi Rex ei parcat de sua gratia Fresh disseisin Frisca disseisina cometh of the french Fraiz i. recens disseisir i. possessione eâ—cere It seemeth to signifie in our Comon law that disseisin that a man may seek to defeat of himself by his own power without the help of the king or Judges Britton c. 5. and that such desseisin as is not above 15. dayes old Bract. lib. 4. cap. 5. whom you may read at large of this matter concluding that it is arbitrarie and so doth Britton ca. 65. but ca. 43. he seemeth to say that in one case it is a year See him also ca. 44. Fresh fine is that which was levied within a year past West 2. ca. 45. an 13. Ed. 1. Fresh force frisca fortia is a force done within forty dayes as it seemeth by Fitzh nat br fol. 7. C. For if a man be disseised of any lands or tenements within any City or Borough or deforced from them after the death of his Ancestor to whom hee is heir or after the death of his tenent for life or in tail he may within forty dayes after his title accrued have a Bill out of the Chancerie to the Maior c. See the rest Fresh sute recens insecutio is such a present and earnest following of an offendour as never ceaseth from the time of the offence commited or espied untill he be apprehended And the effect of this in the pursure of a Felon is that the partie pursuing shall have his goods restored him again whereas otherwise they are the kings Of this see Stawnf pl. cor li. 3. ca. 10. 12. where you shall find handled at large what sure is to be accounted fresh and what not And the same Author in his first book cap. 27. saith that fresh sute may continue for seven years See Cokes reports lib. 3. Rigew iâ—s case Fresh sute seemeth to be either within the view or without for M. Manwood saith that upon fesh suit within the view Trespassers in the Forest may be attached by the officers pursuing them though without the limits and bounds of the Forest parte 2. cap. 19. num 4. fol. 121. Froborgh alias Fridburgh alias Frithborg Frideburgum cometh of two Saxon words Freo i. liber ingenuns and borgh i. fidejussor or of Frid i. pax and Borgha 1. sponsor this is otherwise called after the french Frank pledge the one being in use in the Saxons time the other sithence the Conquest wherefore for the understanding of this read Franck pledge That it is all one thing it appeareth by M. Lamberd in his explication of Saxon words verbo Centuria And again in the laws of king Edward set out by him fol. 132. in these words Praeterea est quaedam summa et maxima securitas per quam omnes statu firmissimo sustinentur viz. ut unusquisque stabiliat se sub fidejussionis securitate quam Angli vocant Freeborghes soli tamen Eboracenses dicunt eandem Tienmannatale quod sonat latine decem hominum numerum Haec securitas hoc modo fiebat quod deomnibus villis totius regni sub decennals fidejussione debebant esse universi ita quod si unus ex decem forisfecerit novem ad rectum eum haberent quod si aufugeret daretur lege terminus ei 31. dierum ut quaesitus interim inventus ad justitiam Regis adduceretur de suo illico restauraret damnum quod fecerat Etsi ad hoc forisfaceret de corpore suo justitia fieret Sed si infra praedictum terminum invenire non posset c. as in the book Bracton maketh mention of Fridburgum lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 10. in these words Archiepiscopi Episcopi Comites Barones omnes qui habent Soc Sak Tol Team hujusmodi libertates milites suos proprios servientes armigeres sc dapiferos pincernas camerarios coquos pistores sub suo Fridburgo habere debent Item isti suos Armigeros alios sibi servientes Quod si cui forisfecerint ipsi domini sui habeant cos ad rectum si non habucrint solvant pro cis forisfacturam Et sic observandum erit de omnibus aliis qui sunt de alicujus manupastu Out of these words I learn the reason why great men were not combined in any ordinary Dozeine and that is because they were a sufficient assutance for themselves and for their menial servants no lesse than the ten were one for another in ordinary Dozeins See Frank pledge See Skene de verborum significatione verb. Freiborgh Fleta writeth this word Fruhborgh and useth it for the principal man or at the least for a man of every Dozein Frithborgh saith he est laudabilis homo testimonit liber vel servus per quem omnes juxta
may appoint one to order his moveables and chattels until the age of fourteen years at which time he may chuse his Gardian accordingly as by the Civil Law he may his Curator For we hold all one rule with the Civilians in this case and that is Invito curator non datur And for his Lands if he hold any by Copy or Court-rol commonly the Lord of the Fee appointeth him a Guardian until he come to the age of fourteen years and that is one next of kind to the Minor of that side that can hope for least profit by his death If he hold by charter in socage then the next of kind on that side by which the land cometh not is the Guardian and hereupon called guardian in socage And that which is said here of socage seemeth to be true likewise in petit sergeantie anno vicesimo octavo Ed. vardi primi statuto primo And the reason of this Fortescue giveth in his book intituled A commendation of the politique laws of England cap. 44. viz. because there might be suspition if the next kinsman on that side by which the land descendeth should have the custody and education of the Child that for desire of his land he might be entised to work him some mischief Lastly if a man die seised of lands holding by Knights service leaving his heir in minority that is under 21 years the Lord of the Fee hath by Law the custody both of the heir anâ— his land until he come to age See the statute anno 28 Ed. prim statut prim And the reason of this Fortescue likewise giveth for that he to whom by his Tenure he oweth Knights service when he can perform it is likeliest to train him up in martial and ingenious discipline until he be of ability But Polidore Virgil in his Chronicle lib. 16. saith that this was Novum vectigalis genus excogitatum to help Henry the third being oppressed much with poverty by reason he received the Kingdome much wasted by the Wars of his Ancestors and therefore needing extraordinary help to uphold his estate yet the 33 Chapter of the Grand Custumary maketh mention of this to have been used by the Normans and I think this the truer opinion Here it is to be observed whether land in Knights service hold in capite or of another Lord or some of the King and some of another If of the King whether of the King alone or not all is one For the King in this case is Guardian to the heirs both person and land by his prerogative Stawnford praerogat cap. 1. If he hold of a common Lord it is either of one alone or more if of one onely then is he Guardian of both person and Lands if of more then the Lord of whom he holdeth by the elder Tenure is Guardian of the person and every one of the rest hath the custody of the land holden of himself If the priority of the Tenure cannot be discerned then is he Guardian of the person that first happeth him Terms of the law Stawnf ubi supra whom you may read more at large which Author fol. 19. maketh mention of Gardeyn in feit and Gardeyn in droit that is in deed and in law I take the first to be him that hath purchased or otherwise obtained the ward of the Lord of whom the Land holdeth The second him that hath the right by his inheritance and seignorie Old nat br fol. 94. Then is there Gardeyn per cause de gard which is he that hath the wardship of a Minor because he is Guardian of his Lord being likewise in minority Stawnford ubi supra fol. 15. Of this you may read Skene de verb. signif verbo Varda by whom you may learn great affinity and yet some difference between the Law of Scotland and ours in this point Guardia is a word used among the Feudists for the Latine Custodia and Guardianus seu guardio dicitur ille cui custodia commissa est lib. Feudo 1. titulo 2. titulo 11. Gardeyn of the Spiritualities Custos spiritualium vel spiritualitatis is he to whom the spiritual jurisdiction of any Diocesse is committed during the vacancie of the See an 25 H. 8. c. 21. And I take that the Guardeyn of the Spiritualties may be either Guardein in law or Jure Magistratus as the Arch-bishop is of any Dioces within his Province or Guardian by delegation as he whom the Arch-bishop or Vicar general doth for the time depute Gardeyn of the peace Custos pacis See Conservatour of the peace Gardeyn of the Cinque ports Gardianus quinque portuum is a Magistrate that hath the jurisdiction of those Havens in the East part of England which are commonly called the Cinque ports that is the five Havens who there hath all that jurisdiction that the Admiral of England hath in places not exempt The reason why one Magistrate should be assigned to these few Havens seemeth to be because they in respect of their situation anciently required a more vigilant care than other Havens being in greater danger of invasion by our enemies by reason that the Sea is narrower there than in any other place M. Cambden in his Britannia pag. 238. saith That the Romans after they had setled themselves and their Empire here in England appointed a Magistrate or Governour over those East parts whom they rearmed Comitem littoris Saxonici per Britanniam having another that did bear the same title on the opposite part of the Sea whose office was to strengthen the Sea Coasts with Munition against the outrages and robberies of the Barbarians And farther signifieth his opinion that this Warden of the Cinque ports was first erected amongst us in imitation of that Roman policie See Cinque ports Gare anno 31 Ed. 3. cap. 8. is a coarse wool full of staring hairs as such as groweth about the pesil or shanks of the Sheep Garnishment cometh of the French Garnir i. instruere It signifieth in our Common law a warning given to one for his appearance and that for the better furnishing of the cause and Court. For example one is sued for the detinue of certain Evidences or Charters and saith that the Evidences were delivered unto him not onely by the Plaintiff but by another also and therefore prayeth that that other may be warned to plead with the Plaintiff whether the said conditions be performed yea or no. And in this petition he is said to pray Garnishment New book of Entries fol. 211. colum 3. Terms of the Law Cromptons Jurisd fol. 211. which may be interpreted either warning of that other or else furnishing of the Court with parties sufficient throughly to determine the cause because untill he appear and joyn the Defendant as Fitzherb saith is as it were out of the Court nat br fol. 106. G. and the Court is not provided of all parties to the action I am the bolder thus to interpret it because I find Britton in the same
sub lege signifieth him that is in some franck pledge of whom take Bractons words li. 3. tract 2. ca. H. nu 5. Minor vero qui infra aetatem duodecim annorum fuerit utlagari non potest nec extra legem pont quiae ante talem aetatem non est sub lege aliqua nec in decenna non magis quam foemina quae utlagari non potest quiae ipsa non est sub lege i. Inlowghe anglice sc in franco plegio sive decenna sicut masculus duodecim annorum ulterius c. Inlaughe significat hominem subjectum lege Fleta lib. 1. cap. 47. Inlagary Inlagatio is a restitution of one outlawed to the Kings protection and to the benefit or estate of a subject Bracton lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 14. nu 6 7 8. Britton cap. 13. Inmates are those that be admitted to dwell for their money jointly with an other man though in several rooms of his Mansion house passing in and out by one door and not being able to maintain themselves which are inquiral in a Leet Kitchin fol. 45. where you may read him at large who be properly Inmates in intendment of law and who not Imprison anno 18. Ed. 3. statu 4. cap. unico seemeth to signifie so much as an attempt comming of the French Empris which is all one with Enterpris an enterprite Inquirendo is an authority given to a person or persons to inquire into something for the Kings advantage which in what cases it lyeth see the Register original fol. 72.85.124.265.266.179.267 Inquisition Inquisitio is a maner of proceeding in matters criminal by the office of the Judge which Hostiensis defineth thus Inquisitio nihil aliud est quam alicujus criminis manifesti ex bono aequo Judicis competentis canonice facta investigatio ca. qualiter de accusatio in the Decretales this course we take here in England by the great inquest before Iustices in Eyre See Eyre and the places in Bracton and Britton there noted Inquisition is also with us used for the King in temporal causes and profits in which kind it is confounded with Office Stawnford praerogativ fol. 51. See office Inrolement Irrotulatio is the Registring recording or entring of any lawful act in the Rolles of the Chancerie as recognisance acknowledged or a Statute or a Fine levied See West parte 2. symbol titulo Fines Sect. 133. Insimul tenuit is one species of the writ called a Formdon See Formdon Intakers be a kind of Thieves in Ridesdall anno 9. H. 5. ca. 8. so called as it seemeth because they dwelling within that liberty did receive in such booties of cattel or other things as the out parters brought in unto them See Out parters Interdiction Interdictio is used in the Common law in the same signification that it hath in the Canon law where it is thus defined Interdictio est censura ecclesiastica prohibens administrationem divinorum c. quod in te de poenitent remiss in the Decretals and thus is it used an 24. H. 8. ca. 12. Interpleder See Enterpleder Intrusion intrusio by Bracton lib. 4. cap. 2. is thus defined Intrusio est ubi quis cui nullum jus competit in re nec scintilla Iuris possessionem vacuam ingreditur quae nec corpore nec animo possidetur sicut haereditatem jacentem antequam adita fuerit ab haerede vel saltem à domino capitali ratione custodiae vel ratione eschaetae si forte haeredes non existant vel si post mortem alicujus per finem factum â—â—l per modum donationis ubi successio sibi locum vendicare nonpossit vel si post mortem alicujus qui tenuit ad vitam debeat tenemen um reverti ad proprietarium ponat quis se in seisinam antequam tenementum illud veniat ab illis ad quem pertinere deberet ex praedictis causis with whom agreeth Fleta lib. 4. cap. 30. sect 1. 2. See Britton cap. 65. to the same effect See the new book of Entries verb. Entrusion See Entrusion See Disseisin the Author of new Terms of law would have intrusion especially after the tenant for life is deceased Verbo Abatement and abatement in all other cases But I find not any Latine word for Abatement but intrusio so that 1 rather think these two English words to be Synonyma and Fleta cap. supra citato seemeth direct against this his opinion Intrusione is a Writ that lyeth against the Intruder Regist fol. 233. Inventarie inventarium is a description or repertory orderly made of all dead mens goods and Cattels prized by four credible men or more which every Executor or Administrator ought to exhibite to the Ordinary at such times as he shall appoint the same West parte prim Symb. lib. 2. sect 696. where likewise you may see the form This Inventary proceedeth from the Civil Law for whereas by the antient Law of the Romans the Heir was tyed to answer all the Testators debts by which means heritages were prejudicial to many men and not profitable Justinian to encourage men the better to take upon them this charitable office ordained that if the Heir would first make and exhibite a true Inventary of all the Testators substance comming to his hand he should be no further charged than to the value of the Inventary l. ult Cod. de Jure deliberando Invest investire commeth of the French word Invester and signifieth to give possession Hear Hotoman de verbis feudalibus verbo Investitura Investitura barbarum nomen barbaricam quoque rationem habet Nam ut ait Feudista lib. 2. tit 2. Investitura propriè dicitur quando hasta vel aliquod corporeum traditur à domino with us we use likewise to admit the Tenant by delivering them a verge or rodd into their hands and ministring them an oath which is called Investing Others define it thus Investitura est alicujus in suum jus introductio Inure signifieth to take effect as the pardon inureth Stawnf praerog fol. 40. See Enure JO Joynder is the coupling of two in a sute or action against another Fitzh nat br fol. 118. H. 201. H. 221. H. in many other places as appeareth in the Index verbo Joynder Joynt tenants fimul tenentes liber intrationum titulo Formdon in vieu 3. be those that come to and hold Lands or Tenements by one title pro indiviso or without partition Littleton lib. 3. cap. 3. and Terms of Law See Tenants in common Joyning of issue Junctio exitus See Issue Joynture Junctura is a covenant whereby the husband or some other friend in his behalf assureâ—h unto his wife in respect of mariage lands or tenements for term of her life or otherwise See West part 2. Symbol lib. 2. titulo Covenants sect 128. and the new exposition of the law Terms It seemeth to be caled a Joynture either because it is granted ratione juncturae in matrimonio or because the land in Frank mariage is given
Chief Justice of England with three or four Justices assistants four or five as Fortescue saith cap. 51. and Officers thereunto belonging the Clerk of the crown a Praenatory or Protonotary and other six inferior Ministers or Atturneys Camb. Britan. pag. 112. See Latitat How long this Court was moveable I find not in any Writer But in Brittons time who wrot in K. Ed. the 1. his dayes it appeareth it followed the Court as M. Gwin in his said preface well observeth out of him See Justice of the Kings Bench. Kings silver is properly that money which is due to the King in the court of Common Plees in respect of a licence there granted to any man for passing a fine Coke vol. 6. fol. 39. a. 43. b. Kintall of woad iron c. is a certain waight of Merchandize to the value of an hundred or somthing under or over acording to the divers uses of sundry nations This word is mentioned by Plowden in the case of Reniger Fogassa KN Knave is used for a man-servant anno 14 Edward 3. stat 1. ca. 3. and by M. Verstigans judgement in his restitution of decayed intelligence ca. 10. is borrowed of the Dutch enapa cnave or knave which signifie all one thing And that is some kind of officer or servant as scild-knapa was he that bore the weaon or shield of his superiour whom the Latins call Armigerum and the Frenchmen Escuyer Knight miles is almost one with the Saxon Cnight i. administer and by M. Camdens judgement pag. 110. derived from the same With us it signifieth a Gentleman or one that beareth arms that for his vertue and especially martiall prowesse is by the King or one having the Kings authority singled as it were from the ordinary sort of Gentlemen and raised to a higher account or step of dignity This among all other Nations hath his name from the horse because they were wont in antient time to serve in warres on horseback The Romans called them Equites The Italians at these dayes term them Cavallieri The Frenchmen Chevalliers The German Reiters The Spaniard Gavellaros or Varones à Cavallo It appeareth by the Statute anno 1 Ed. 2. cap. 1. that in antient times Gentlemen having a full Knights fee and holding their land by Knights service of the King or other great person might be urged by distress to procure himself to be made knight when he came to mans estate for the answerable service of his Lord in the kings wars To which point you may also read M. Camden in his Britann pag. 111. But these customs be not now much urged this dignity in these dayes being rather of favour bestowed by the Prince upon the worthier sort of Gentlemen than urged by constraint The manner of making knights for the dignitie is not hereditarie M. Camden in his Britan. pag. 111. shortly expresseth in these words Nostris verò temporibus qui Equestrem dignitatem suscipit flexis genibus educto g'adio leviter in humero percutitur Princeps his verbis Gallicè affatur Sus vel sois Chevalier au nom de Dieu id est Surge aut Sis eques in nomine Dei The Solemnity of making knights among the Saxons M. Stow mentioneth in his Annals pag. 159. See the privileges belonging to a Rnight in Ferns Glorie of Generosity pag. 116. Of these Knights there be two sorts one Spiritual another Temporal Cassanaus in gloria mundi parte 9. Considerat 2. of both these sorts and of many subdivisions read him in that whole part The Temporal or second sort of Knights M. Fern in his Glory of generosity pag. 103. maketh threefold here with us Knights of the Sword Knights of the Bath and Knights of the Soverain Order that is of the Garter of all which you may read what he saith I must remember that mine intent is but to explain the terms especially of our common Law Wherefore such as I find mentioned in Statutes I will define as I can M. Skene de verbor significat verbo Milites saith that in the antient Laws of Scotland Freeholders were called Milities which may seem to have been a custom with us also by divers places in Bracton who saith that Knights must be in Juries which turn Freeholders do serve Knights of the Garter Equites Garterii are an Order of Knights created by Edward the third after hee had obtained many notable victories King John of France and King James of Scotland being both his prisoners together and Henry of Castile the Bastard expulsed out of his Realm and Don pedro being restored unto it by the Prince of Wales and Duke of Aquitane called the Black Prince who for furnishing of this Honourable Order made a choice out of his own Realm and all Christendome of the best and most excellent renowned Knights in Vertues and Honour bestowing this dignity upon them and giving them a Blew Garter decked with Gold Pearl and precious Stones and a Buckle of Gold to wear daily on the left legge only a Kirtle Crown Cloak Chaperon a Coller and other stately and magnifical apparel both of stuff and fashion exquisite and heroical to wear at high Feasts as to so high and Princely an Order was meer Of which order he and his successours Kings of England were ordained to be the Soveraigns and the rest fellows and brethren to the number of twentie six Smith de Repub. Anglo lib. prim cap. 20. I have seen an antient monument whereby I am taught that this Honorable Company is a College or a Corporation having a Common Seal belonging unto it and consisting of a Soveraign Gardian which is the King of England that alwayes governs this order by himself or his Deputy of twenty five Companions called Knights of the Garter of fourteen secular Chanons that be Priests or must be within one year after their admission 13. Vicars also Priests and 26. poor Knights that have no other sustenance or means of living but the allowance of this house which is given them in respect of their daily Prayer to the Honour of God and according to the course of those times of Saint George There be also certain officers belonging to this order as namely the Prelate of the Garter which office is inherent to the Bishop of Winchester for the time being the Chancellor of the Garter the Register who is alwaies Dean of Windsor The principal King at Armes called Garter whose chief function is to mannage and marshal their Solemnities at their yearly Feasts and installations Lastly the Usher of the Garter which as I have heard belongeth to an Usher of the Princes Chamber called Blacke rod. There are also certain ordinances or Constitutions belonging unto this Society with certain forfeitures and sometime penances for the breakers of them which constitutions concern either the Solemnities of making these Knights or their duties after their creation or the Privileges belonging to so high an order but are too large for the nature of this poor Vocabularie
The site of this College is the Castle of Windsour with the chapel of Saint George erected by Edward the Third and the Chapter house in the said Castle Howbeit the yearly Solemnity or Prfoession may be and is by the Soveraigns direction performed at the Court wheresoever it lyeth upon Saint Georges day Master Camden saith that this order received great ornament from Edward the fourth See M. Ferns glory of Generosity pag. 120. See Garter Hospinian in his book de origine progressu Monachatiu maketh mention of this honourable order terming it by ignorance of our tongue ordinem Carteriorum equitum and Charteriorum equitum which you may read cap. 307. as also Bernardus Girardus in his historie lib. 15. cap. 185. Knights of the Bath milites balnei vel de balneo are an order of Knights made within the Lists of the Bath girded with a Sword in the ceremony of his creation Ferns glorie of generositie pag. 105. These are spoken of anno 8 Edw. 4. cap. 2. But I had an old Monument lent me by a friend whereby it appeareth that these knights were so called of a Bath into the which after they had been shaven and trimmed by a Barber they entered and thence the night before they were Knighted being well bathed were taken again by two Esquiers commanded to attend them dried with fine linnen cloathes and so apparelled and led through many solemn ceremonies viz. confessing their sins watching and praying all night in a Church or Chapel with many other to the order of knighthood the next day So that by the same reason these seemed to be tearmed knights of the Bath by which knights made out of the field in these dayes are called knights of the Carpet because in receiving their Order they commonly kneel upon a carpet Knights of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem Milites Sancti Johannis Hierosolumitani were otherwise called knights of the Rhodes beeing an Order of knighthood that had beginning about the year of the Lord 1120. Honorius then Pope of Rome Cassanaeus de Gloria Mundi parte 9. Consideratione 4. And Master Fern in his Glory of Generosity pag. 127. They had their primary foundation and chief aboad first in Hierusalem and then in Rhodes where many of them lived under their Principal called the Master of Rhodes untill they were expelled thence by the Turk Anno 1523. Siâ—hence which time their chief Seat is at Malta where they have done great exploits against the Infidels but especially in the year 1595. These though they had their beginning and especiallest aboad first at Hieruâ—alem and next in Rhodes yet they encreased both in number and Revenues living after the Order of Friers under the rule of Saint Augustine and were dispersed into France Spain Alverne Campany England and Ireland Of these mention is made in the Statute Anno 25 Her 8. cap. 2. and anno 26 ejusdem cap. secundo And it appeareth that they in England had one general Prior that had the government of the whole Order within England and Scotland Regist. orig fol. 20. b. But towards the end of Henry the eighths daies they in England and Ireland being found overmuch to adhere to the Bishop of Rome against the King were suppressed and their Lands and Goods referred by Parliament to the Kings disposition anno 32 Hen. 8. cap. 24. The occasion and the propagation of this order more especially described you may read in the Treatise intituled the Book of Honor and Arms lib. 5. cap. 18. written by Master Richard Johnes Knights of the Rhodes anno 32 H. 8. cap. 24. See Knights of the Order of S. John Knights of the Temple otherwise called Templers Templarii was an Order of Knighthood created by Gelasius the Pope about the year of our Lord 1117. and so called because they dwelt in a part of the buildings belonging to Temple These in the beginning dwelling not far from the Sepulchre of the Lord entertained Christian Strangers and Pilgrims charitably and in their Armor led them through the Holy Land to view such things as there were to be seen without fear of Infidells adjoining This Order continuing and increasing by the space of 200 years was far spread in Christendom and namely here in England But at the last the chief of them at Hierusalem being as some men say found to fall away to the Sarazens from Christianity and to abound in many vices the whole Order was suppressed by Clemens quintus which was about King Edward the 1. daies and their substance given partly to the Knights of the Rhodes and partly to other Religious Cassan de gloria mundi parte 9. Consid 5. And see anno prim Edw. 1. cap. 24. Others write that in truth their destruction grew from leaning to the Emperour against the Pope of Rome whatsoever was pretended Joach Stephanus de jurisdictione lib. 4. cap. 10. nu 18. See Templers Knights of the Shire Milites Comitatus otherwise be called Knights of the Parliament and be two Knights or other Gentlemen of worth that are chosen in pleno Comitaâ—u by the Freeholders of every County that can dispend 40 shillings per annum and be resident in the Shire anno 10 H. 6. cap. 2. anno 1 H. 5. cap. 1. upon the Kings Writ to be sent to the Parliament and there by their Counsel to assist the common proceedings of the whole Realm These when every man that had a Knights fee were custumarily constrained to be a Knight were of necessity to be mlietes gladio cincti for so runneth the tenure of the writ at this day Crompton Jurisdict fo pri But now there being but few Knights in comparison of former times and many men of great livings in every County Custom beareth that Esquires may be chosen to this Office anno 23 H. 6. cap. 6. so that they be resident within the County anno H. 6. cap. 7. anno 1 H. 5. cap. prim For the observations in choise of these Knights see the Statutes anno 7 H. 4. cap. 15. anno 11 ejusdem cap. 1. anno 6 Hen. 6. cap. 4. anno 23 H. 6. ca. 15. and the new Book of Entries verbo Parliament nu 1. Their expences during the Parliament are born by the County anno 35 Hen. 8. cap. 11. Knight Marshal Marescallus hospitii regâ—i is an Officer in the King House having jurisdiction and cognisance of any transgression within the Kings House and Verge as also of Contracts made within the same House whereunto one of the House is a party Regist orig fo 185. a b. et fo 191. b. whereof you may there read more at large Knights fee feudum militare is so much inheritance as is sufficient yearly to maintain a Knight with convenient Revenue which in Henry thirds daies was 15 pounds Cambdeni Britan. pag. 111. Or 180 acres of Land or 800 acres eodem But Sir Thomas Smith in his Repub Ang. li. prim cap. 18. rateth it at forty pound And
I find in the Statute for Knights anno prim Ed. 2. cap. prim that such as had twenty pounds in fee or for term of life per annum night be compelled to be Knights Master Stowe in his Annals pag. 285 saith there were found in England at the time of the Conqueror sixty thousand two hundreds and eleven Knights fees others say 60215. whereof the religious Houses before their suppression were possessed of 28015. Knights fee is sometime used for the Rent that a Knight payeâ—h for his fee to his Lord of whom he holdeth And this is an uncertain sum some holding by forty shillings the shield some by twenty shillings as appeareth by Bracton lib. 5. tract prim ca. 2. Knighton gylde was a Gylde in London consisting of ninteen Knights which King Edgar founded giving unto them a portion of void ground lying without the walls of the City now called Portsokenward Stowe in his Annals pag. 151. LA LAborariis is a Writ that lyeth against such as having not whereof to live do refute to serve or for him that refuseth to serve in Summer where he served in Winter Orig. Regist fol. 189 b. Laches commeth of the French Lascher i. laxare or lasche i. frigidus ignavus flaccidus It signifieth in our Common law negligence as no Laches shall be adjudged in the Heir within age Litleton fo 136. and Old nat br fol. 110. where a man ought to make a thing and makes it not I of his laches cannot have an Assise but I must take mine Action upon the Case Lagon see Flotzon Laisedlists an 1 R. 3. ca. 8. Land tenent anno 14 Edw. 3. stat 1. ca. 3. anno 23 ejusdem cap. 1. 26. ejusdem stat 5. cap. 2. See Terre-tenent anno 12 R. 2. ca. 4. an 4 H. 4. c. 8. It is joyned with this word Possessor as Synonymon v. anno 1 H. 6. ca. 5. See Terretenant Lants de crescentia Walliae traducexdis absque custuma c. is a Writ that lyeth to the Customer of a Port for the permitting one to passe over Woolls without Custome because he hath paid Custome in Wales before Register fol. 279. Lapse Lapsus is a slip or departure of a right of Presenting to a void Benefice from the original Patron neglecting to present within six months unto the Ordinary For we say that Benefice is in lapse or lapsed whereunto he that ought to present hath omitted or slipped his opportunity anno 13 Elizab cap. 12. This lapse groweth as well the Patron being ignorant of the avoidance as privy except only upon the Resignation of the former Incumbent or the Deprivation upon my cause comprehended in the Statute anno 13 Eliz. cap. 12. Panor in ca. quia diversitatem num 7. de concess praebend Rebuffus de devolut in praxi benesiciorum Lancelotus de collation lib. 1. Institut Canon § Tempus autem In which Cases the Bishop ought to give notice â—o the Patron Larceny Laricinium commeth of the French Larcen i. furtum detractio alicui It is defined by West parte 2. Sym. titulo Inditements to be theft of personal goods or chattells in the Owners absence and in respect of the thing stolne it is either great or small Great Larcenny is wherein the things stoln though severally exceed the value of 12 d. and Petit Larceny is when the goods stoln exceed not the value of 12 d. hitherto M. West But he differeth from Bracton lib. 3. tract 2. cap. 32. nu 1. Of this see more in Stawnf pl. cor li. 1. cap. 15 16 17 18 19. Laghslâ—te is compounded of lah i. lex and slite i. ruptum and signifieth mulctam ruptae vel violatae legis Lamb. explication of Saxon words verbo Mulcta Last is a Saxon word signifying a burden in general as also particularly a certain weight for as we say a last of Hering so they say Ein last cornes last wines c. chence commeth Lastage which see in Lestage A Last of Hering containeth ten thousand anno 31. Ed. 3. stat 2. cap. 2. A Last of â—itch and tar or of ashes containeth 14 parrells anno 32 H. 8. cap. 14. A Last of hides anno 1 Jac. ca. 33. containeth 12 dozen of hides or skins Latitat is the name of a Writ whereby all men in personal actions are called originally to the Kings Bench Fitz. natura brevium fol. 78. M. And it hath the name from this because in respect of their better expedition a man is supposed to lurk and therefore being served with this writ he must put in security for his appearance at the â—ay for latitare est se malitiosè occultaere a nimo fraudandi creditores suos agere volentes l. Eulcinius § Quid sit latitare Ï€. Quibus ex eausis in possessionem eatur But to understand the true original of this Writ it is to be known â—hat in ancient time whilest the Kings Bench was moveable and followed the Court of the King the Custom was when any man was to â—e sued to send forth a Writ to the Sheriff of â—â—e County where the Court lay for the calling â—im in and if the Sheriff returned Non est inventus in Baliva nostra c. then was there a second Writ procured forth that had these words Testatum est â—um latitare c. and thereby the Sheriff willeth to attach him in any other place where he might be found Now when the tribunal of the Kings Bench came to be setled at Westminster the former course of Writ was kept for a long time first sending to the Sheriff of Middlesex to summon the party and if he could not be found there then next to apprehend him wheresoever But this seeming too troublesome for the Subject it was at last devised to put both these wits into one and so originally to attach the party complained of upon a supposall or fiction that he was not within the County of Middlesex but lurking elsewhere and that therefore he was to be apprehended in any place else where he was presumed to lye hidden by a Writ directed the Sheriff of the County where he is suspected to be And by this Writ a man being brought in is committed to the Marshall of that Court in whose custody when he is then by reason he is in the same County where the Kings Bench is he may be sued upon an Action in that Court whereas the original cause of apprehending him must be a pretence of some deceit or contempt committed which most properly of old belonged to the cognizance of that Court I have been informed that the bringing of these Actions of Trespass so ordinarily to the Kings Bench was an invention of Councellors that because only Sergeants may come to the Common Pleas Bar found a means to set themselves on work in that Court The form of this Writ is such Jacobus Dei gratia Angliae Franciae Scotiae Hibernia Rex fidei defonsor c. Vicecomisi Cantabridgiae salutem
Marque See Marque and law of Marque See Reprisals See an 14. Hen. 6. cap. 7. Letters patents of summons for debt anno 9. H. 3. cap. 18. Levy Levare cometh of the French Lever i. allevare attollere It is used in our Common law for to set up any thing as to levie a mill Kitchin fol. 180. or to cast up as to levie a ditch Old nat br fol. 110. or to gather and exact as to levie money See Levarifacias LI Libell Libellus literally signifieth a litle book but by use it is the originall declaration of any action in the civill law an 2 H. 5. cap. 3. anno 2 Ed. 6. ca. 13. It signifieth also a criminous report of any man cast abroad or otherwise unlawfully published in writing but then for difference sake it is called an infamous libel famosus libellus Libello habendo See Copia libelli deliberanda Libera Chasea habenda is a writ Judicial granted to a man for a free chace belonging to his Manor after he hath by a Jury proved it to belong unto him Register Judicial fol. 36. 37. Liberate is a warrant issuing out of the Chancery to the Treasurer Chamberlanes and Barons of the Exchequer or Clerk of the Hamper c. for the payments of any annuall pension or other sums granted under the broad Seal v. Brooke titulo Taile d'Exchequer nu 4. Reg. orig fol. 193. a. b. or somtime to the Sheriff c. nat br fol. 132. for the delivery of any lands or goods taken upon forfeits of Recognisance Fitz. nat br fol. 131 132 v. Coke lib. 4. Fulwoods case fo 64 66. 67. It is also to a Jayler from the Justices for the delivery of a Prisoner that hath put in bail for his appearance Lamb. Eiren. lib. 3. ca. 2. Libertate probanda is a writ that lieth for such as be challenged for Slaves and offer to prove themselves free to the Sheriff that he take security of them for the proving of their freedome before the Justices of Assise and provide that in the mean time they be quiet from their vexations that challenge them for Slaves Fitzh nat brev fol. 77. See Nativo habendo Libertatibus allocandis is a writ that lieth for a Citizen or Burgesse of any City that contrarily to the liberties of the Citie or Town whereof he is is impleaded before the Kings Justices or Justices errants or Justice of the Forest c. that refuseth or deferreth to allow his privilege Origi Regist fol. 262. Fitz. nat br fol. 229. Libertatibus exigendis in itinerè is a writ whereby the King willeth the Justices in Eyre to admit of an Atturney for the defence of another mans liberty c. before them Regist orig fol. 19. b. Libertas lbertas is a privilege held by grant or prescription whereby men enjoy some benefit or favor beyond the ordinarie subject Liberties royal what they be see in Bracton lib. 2. cap. 5. Broke hoc titulo See Franchise Librata terrae containeth four Oxegans and every Oxegange 13. Aâ—â—s Skene de verb. signif verbo Bovata terra See Farding deal of land Licence to goe to election Licentia eligendi Regist fol. 294. See Conge d'eslire Licence to arise licentia surgendi is a liberty given by the Court to a tenent that is essoined de malo lecti in a real action For the law is that in this case he may not arise out of his bed or at least go out of his chamber untill he have been viewed by Knights thereunto appointed and so upon view of his sicknesse have a day assigned him to appear or else lie until he be licensed by the Court to arise And the reason of this is as I take it because it may appear whether he caused himself to be essoined deceitfully yea or not and therefore if the Demandant can prove that he be seen out of his chamber walking up and down his grounds or else going abroad unto any other place before he be viewed or have license of the Court he shall be adjudged to be deceitfully essoined and to have made default Of this see Bracton lib. 5. tract 2. ca. 7 10 and 12. and Fleta li. 6. ca. 10. Horn in the second book of his Mirrour ca. des Essoynes saith that the adverse party may grant licentiam surgendi to his adversary thus essoyned And if he will not the king upon just cause may Licentia surgendi is the writ whereby the Tenent essoined de malo lecti obtaineth liberty to rise See License to arise See the Register fo â— Licentia transfretandi is a writ or warrant directed to the keepers of the port at Dover c. willing them to let some passe quietly over sea that hath formerly obtained the kings license thereunto Register original fol. 193. b. Lieutenent locum tenens is a French word signifying as much as Legatus It is compounded of lieu id est locus and tenir id est tenere It signifieth with us him that occupieth the Kings place or representeth his person as the Lieutenent of the kings of Ireland anno 4. H. 4. cap. 6. So it is used an 2 3 Edward 6. cap. 2. whence that officer seemeth to take his beginning But I read also in Master Manâ— woods first part of Forest laws pag. 113. that the Lord chief Justice in Eyre of the Forest and the chief warden also have their lieutenents in the forest So that though a Lieutenant be most ordâ—nary and most properly used for the deputy of a king yet is it somtime extended to their deputies that be but lieutenants to the King Lieutenent of the ordinance anno 39 Eliza. cap. 7. Liege ligius is a word borrowed from the Feudists and hath two several significations in our common Law sometime being used for Liege Lord an 34 35 H. 8. cap. 1. and an 25 ejusdem cap. 3. and somtime for Liege man an 10 R. 2. ca. 1. and an 11 ejusdem cap. 1. Liege-lord is he that acknowledgeth no superiour Duarenus in commentar de Consuctud n. Feudorum cap. 4. nu 3. Liegeman is he that oweth legeancie to his Liege lord Master Skene de verbo signif verbo Ligeantia saith that it is derived from the Italian word Liga i. a Band league or obligation In whom read more of this matter Ligeancie is such a duty or fealty as no man may owe or bear to more than one Lord. Jdem eodem num 4. I find also this definition of ligeancie in the graund Custumary of Normandie ca. 13. Ligeantia est ex qua domixo tenentur vasalli sui contra omnes homines qui mori possunt vivere proprii corporis praeberi consilsi auxilii juvamentum ci se in omnibus innocuos exhibere nec ei adversantinm partem in aliquo confovere Dominus etiam eosdem tenetur regere protegere defensare eosque secundum ura consuetudines leges patriae pertractare This is otherwise called legietas
Cassand de Consustud Burgund pag. 420 421. This word is used in the Statutes of our realm as the Kings liege people anno 14 Hen. 8. ca. 2. Of the oath of legeancy Jacobutius de Franchis in praeludio Feudorum ca. 2. num 138 hath these words Praestatur hoc ligeum homagium in manibus regis vel Imperatoris genibus flexis positis manibus junct is in manibus Domini dicendo Ego juro homagium tibi Domin ut ae modo sim homo ligeus vester contra omnem hominem qui potest vivere verba sunt pulchra Andr. de Isern in cap. 1. in verbo Omnem Colum. prima de novo forma fidelita hoc ligenm homagium videmus praestari domino Regi tantum quiacùm per id efficiatur homo solius illius cui juratur ut dixit Hostiensis in ca. ex diligenti de Symon alunon potest praestari i. quia illius solius esse similiter non potest non n. esse potest duorum in solidum l. si ut certo § si duobus vehiculum Ï€. commodati secundùm And. in dicto ca. 1. § omnem et Bald. hic in 7 divis Alvar. in 13. divisione Non ligeum verò dicitur quando quis jurat fidelitatom Domino excepta aliqua persona viz Domino superiori vel antiquiore Hactenus Jacobutius where you may read more touching this point As also in Hotomans Disputations De Feudis pag. 816 fol. 829. c. Ligeance Ligeantia see Liege It somtime signitieth the dominions or territoritie of the liege Lord as anno 25 Ed. 3. stat 2. Children born out of the liegeance of the King Lierwâ—test mulcta adulteriorum Fleta li. 1. ca. 47. It is used for a liberty whereby a Lord challengeth the penaltie of one that lieth unlawfully with his bondwoman see Lotherwit Limitation of assise limitatio assisae is a certain time set down by Statute wherein a man must allege himself or his auncestourto have been seised of lands sued for by a writ of Assise See the Statute of Merton cap. 8. an 20 Hen. 3. and Westm. 1. ca. 38. and anno 32. H. 8. ca. 2. an 1. M. 1. pag. ca. 5. See also Theloals Digest of writs li. 10. ca. 2. So it is used in Old Nat. Br. fol. 77. in these words The writ de consuetudinibus et servitiis lyeth where I or mine auncestours after the limication of Assise were not seised of the Customes c. But before the Limitation of Assise we were seised c. Lindwood was a Doctor of both Civil and Canon Laws and Dean of the Arches he was Embassadour for Henry the fifth into Portugal anno 1422. as appeareth by the preface to his Commentary upon the Provincials Litleton was a Lawyer of great account living in the dayes of King Edward the fourth as appeareth by Stawnf praerogat ca. 21. fo 72. He wrote a book of great account called Litletons Tenure which Hotoman in his Commentary de verbis Feudalibus verb. Foedum thus commmendeth Stephanus Pasquerius excellentivir ingenio inter Parisienses causidicos dicendi facultate praestans libellum mihi Anglicanum Litletonum dedit quo Feudorum Anglicorum jura exponuntur ita inconditè absurte et inconcinnè scriptum ut facilè appareat verum esse quod Polydor. Virgilius in Anglica Historia scribit stulsitiam in eo libro cum malisia et caluminiandi studio certare Literae ad faciendum attornatum pro secta facienda See in the Register original fol. 172. Literae de annua pensione eodem 266 307. Litera patens ad faciendum generalem atturnatum quia infirmus eodem fo 21. Litera per quam Dominus remittit curiam suam Regi cod fol. 4. Literae de requestu eodem fol. 129. Literaet Canonici ad exercendam jurisdictionem loco suo fo 305. Literae patentes ad conferendum Beneficia domino in remotis agente fol. 305. Literae adinnotescendum recuperationem Regis de ecclesia omnibus quorum interest fol. 305. Literae patentes Regis quod Abbas ad totam vitam suam possit facere Attornatos generales fol. 21. Literae procuratoriae fol. 205 306. Literae Regiae deprecatoriae pro annua pensione fol. 307. All these you may see in their places and understand the meaning of them as occasion shall require Livery Liberatur is drawn from the French livre i. insigne gestamen Centuriale discrimen nota Centurialis turmalis Or else from livrer id est tradere and accordingly hath three significations in one it is used for a suit of Cloath or other stuff that a Gentleman giveth in Coats Cloaks Hats or Gowns with Cognisance or without to his Servants or followers Anno 1 Rich. 2. cap. 7. et anno 20. ejusdem cap. 1 et 2. and anno 7 Hen. 4. cap. 14. and anno 8 Edw. 4. cap. 2. et anno 7 ejusdem cap. 14. and anno 13 ejusdem cap. 3. and anno 8 H. 6. ca. 4. and anno 8 Ed. 4. cap. 3. and anno 3 H. 7. cap. 1. 12. and anno 11 e usdena cap. 3. and anno 19 ejusdem cap. 14. In the other signification it betokeneth a delivery of possession unto those Tenents which hold of the King in Capite or in Knights service for the King by his prerogative hath primier seysini or the first possession of all lands and tenements so holden of him anno 52 Henry 3. cap. 16. and an 17 Ed. 2. cap. 3. that is when any such Tenant dyeth the King forthwith entreth and holdeth it untill the Heir do his homage and so pray this land to be delivered unto him Which act in the King is called Livery and Livery in this signification is either general or special Stawnf praerogat fol. 12. et cap. 3. Livery general seemeth to be that which is made in general words and therefore may easily be missued Livery special is that which containeth in it a pardon of oversights committed by the Tenent in suing out his Livery by which pardon the missuing is dispenced with Stawnf pag. 67. ca. Travers 20. See the Institutes and grounds of the Common law Chapter the thirtieth of general and special Liveries Liverie in the third signification is the writ which lyeth for the Heir to obtain the possession or seisin of his Land at the Kings hands Which see in Fitz. nat brev fol. 155. Livery of seisin deliberatio seisinae is a delivery of possession of Land or Tenement or other things corporeal for of things incorporeal no Livery of seisin may be unto one that hath right or a probality of right unto them For as Bracton saith Traditio debet esse vestita et non nuda sc quod traditione praeced at vera causae vel idputativa qua transeat Dominicum Lib. 2. cap. 18. nu 3. West parte 1. symbol li. 2. sect 169. calleth this a Ceremouy in the Common law used in the Conveyance of Lands or Tenements c. where you may
three morsells of barley bread without drink and the second day he shall have drink three times and as much at each time as he can drink of the water next unto the prison door except it be running water without any bread And this shall be his dyet untill he die Palatin See County Palatin See Cassan de consuctud Burg. pag. 14. Palingman anno 11. Henr. 7. cap. 22. Panell panellum cometh of the French panne i. pellis or paneau a piece or pain as wee call it in English It signifieth in our common law a shedule or rolle containing the names of such Iurors as the Shyreeve provideth to passe upon any triall Register orig fol. 223. a. Kitchin fol. 266. See Broke hoc titulo And thereupon the empannelling of a Iury is nothing but the entering of them into the Shyreeves rolle or book Paunage pannagium is a tolle or contribution Fitz. nat br fol. 227. D. See Pawnage Parramounte aliâs peremounte cometh of these two French words par i. per and Monter i. ascendere It signifieth in our law the highest Lord of the fee for there may be a Tenant to a Lord that holdeth over of another Lord and the former of those is called Lord mesn the second Lord paramount And a Lord paramount as it seemeth by Kitchin fol. 289 consisteth only in comparison as one man may be great being compared with a lesser and little being compared with a greater and as Genus among Logicians may be in divers respects both genus species Fitzh nat br fol. 135. M. So that none seemeth simply to be Lord paramount but only the King as Genus summum is simply Genus For the King is Patron paramount to all the benefices in England Doctor and student ca. 36. See Paravaile Maner and Fee Paravail alias Peravaile is compounded of two French words par i. per and aveller i. dimitteree demittere It signifieth in our common Law the lowest Tenant or him that is tenant to one who holdeth his fee over of another So is it used pl. cor fol. 197. Fitzh nat br fol. 135 M. See Paramounte See Mesn Parcellmakers are two officers in the eschequer that make the parcells of the escheators accompts wherein they charge them with every thing they have levyed for the Kings use within the time of their office and deliver the same to one of the Auditors of the court to make an accompt of the escheator thereof Parceners See Coparceners Parcinarie participatio cometh of the French partir i. dividuum facere It signifieth in our common Law a holding or occupying of land by more pro indiviso or by joynt tenants otherwise called Coparceners of the French parsonier i. parciarius particeps For if they refuse to divide their common inheritance and chuse rather to hold it joyntly they are said to hold in parcinarie Litl fol. 56. 57. This by the Feudists and Lombards is termed adaequatio vel paragium And among the ancient Romans particulones sic enim anthore Nonio à veteribus cohaeredes inter se dicebantur quod paries invicem facerent Spigelius Pardon pardonatio is a French word signifying as much as pax venia gratia It is used most notoriously in our common Law for the remitting or forgiving of a felonious or other offence committed against the King This pardon is two-fold one ex gratia Regis the other per cours de ley by course of law Stawnf pl. cor fol. 47. Pardon ex gratia Regis is that which the King in some speciall regard of the person or other circumstance sheweth or affordeth upon his absolute prerogative or power Pardon by course of Law is that which the law in equity affordeth for a light offence as homicide casuall when one killeth a man having no such meaning Westm parte 2. symbel titulo Inditements sect 46. Of this see the new book of Entries verba Pardon Pardoners anno 22 H. 8. c. 12. were certain fellowes that carryed about the Popes Indulgences and sold them to such as would buy them against whom Luther by Sleydans report incensed the people of Germany in his time exhorting them ne merees tam viles tantiemerent Park parcus cometh of the French parquer i vallo vel fossa cicundare It signifieth with us a piece of ground inclosed and stored with wild beasts of chase Which a man may have by prescription or the Kings grant Cromptons Jurisd fol. 148. M. Manwood parte pri of his Forest laws pag. 148. defineth it thus A park is a place for privilege for wild beasts of venery and also for other wild beasts that are beasts of the Forest and of the chase tam sylvestres quam campestres And all those wild beasts are to have a firm peace and protection there So that no man may hurt or chase them within the park without license of the owner of the same Who also fol. 149. saith thus A park is of another nature than either a chase or a warren is For a park must be inclosed and may not lie open for if it doe that is a good cause of seisure of the same into the hands of the King as a thing forfeited as a free chase is if it be inclosed And moreover the owner cannot have an action against such as hunt in his park if it lie open See Forest See Chase See Warren This word Park Baldwinus deriveth à paradiso enmque locum esse dicit in quo varia animalia ad usum voluptatis aut venationis includuntur possidentur adempta naturali libertate Adtis de rerum divis in Institutionib Parco fracto is a writ which lyeth against him that violently breaketh a Pound and taketh out beasts thence which for some trespasse done upon another mans ground are lawfully impounded Register original fol. 166. Fitzh nat br fol. 100. Parish parochia cometh of the greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i Accolarnm conventus accolaius sacra vicinia it is used in the Canon law sometime for a Bishoprick But in our common Law it signifieth the particular charge of a secular Priest For every Church is either Cathedrall Coven nal or parochiall Cathedrall is that where there is a Bishop seated so called à Cathedra Coventual consisteth of Regular Clerks professing some order of religion or of Deane chapter or other college of spiritual men Parochial is that which is instituted for the sayingof divine Service ministring the holy Sacraments to the people dwelling within a certain compass of ground neer unto it Our Realm was first divided into Parishes by Honorius Archb. of Canterbury in the year of our Lord 636. Cambd. Britan. pag. 104. Of these Parish Churches I find there were in England in the dayes of H. 8. the number of 45000 Hotoman in his disputations de feudis cap. 2. maketh mention of this word parochia out of Pomponius Letus in these words Nam sic quoque Pomponins Letus veâ—eâ—em consuetudinem fuisse scribit
right For I read in the Register judicial personam impersonatam for the Rector of a benefice presentative and not appropriated fol. 34. b. and see Dyer fol. 40. num 72. where he saith that a Dean Chapter be persons impersonees of a benefice appropriated unto them who also fol. 221. num 19. plainly sheweth that persena impersonata is he that is inducted and in possession of a Benefice So that persona seemeth to be termed impersonata only in respect of the possession that he hath of the benefice of Rectory be it appropriated or otherwise by the act of another And yet I have talked with men of good opinion in the common Law that hold only the proprietary of a benefice to be the person personee But if that were true he should rather be called person parsonnier i. partiarius vel particeps fructuum because the Vicar hath some part toward his paines in serving the cure For parsonnier in the French tongue is partiarius or particeps Partes finis nihil habuerunt c. is an exception taken against a fine levied Cooks reports lib. 3. the case of fines fol. 88. a. b. Parters of gold and silver See Finours Partitione facienda is a writ that lieth for those which hold lands or tenements pro indiviso and would sever to every one his part against him or them that refuse to joyn in partition as Coparceners and Tenents in Gavell kind Old nat br fol. 142. Fitzh nat br fol. 61. Register orig fol. 76.316 and Register judiciall fol. 80. and the new book of Entries verbo partition Partlet seemeth to be some part of a mans attire as namely some loose collar of a dublet to be set on or taken off by it self without the bodies as mens bands or womens neckerchiefs be which are in some places or at least have been within memory called partlets This word is read in the Statute anno 24 H. 8. ca. 13. and seemeth to be a dimunitive of the word part Parvo nocumento is a writ See Nusance Passage passagium is a french word signifying transitum tranfitionem meatum It signifyeth in our common Law the hire that a man payeth for being transported over sea anno 4. Ed. 3. cap. 7. or over any river West 2. cap. 25. anno 13 Ed. pri Passagio is a writ to the keepers of ports to let a man passe over that hath license of the King Register original fol. 193. b. 194. a. Passeport is compounded of two French words Passer i perambulare transire and port i. portus It signifyeth with us a licence made by any that hath authority for the lafe passage of any man from one place to another anno 2. Ed. 6. ca. 2. Pasuage pasuagium See Paunage Patent literae patentes is different from a writ Cromptons Jurisd fol. 126. The Coroner is made by writ and not by patent See Letters patents See also Literae patentes in the table of the Register where you shall find the form of divers patents Patron Patronus is used in the Civil Law for him that hath manumitted a servant and thereby is both justly accompted his great benefactor and challengeth certain reverence and duty of him during his life see the title De jure patronatus in the Digist with the Feudists it is used pro authore feudi Hotom verbo Patronus in his commentary de verbis feudal In the canon Law as also in the feuds and our common Law It fignifyeth him that hath the gift of a benefice And the reason is because the gift of Churches and benefices originally belonged unto such good men as either builded them or else endowed them with some great pâ—rt of the revenew belonging unto them De jure patronatus in the Decretals Such might well be called Patrons as builded the Church or inriched it but these that now have the gift of a benefice are more coramonly patronized by the Church though against her will alwayes selling their presentations as deerly as they can and therefore may be called Patroni a patrocinando as Mons à movendo Patronum faciunt dos aedificatio fundus saith the old verse Of lay patrons one writeth thus Quod autem a supremis pontificibus proditum est ca. cùm dilectus extra de jure patronatus laicos babere praesentandi clericos Ordinariis hoc singulari favore sustinetur ut allectentur laici invitentur inducantur ad constructionem ecclesiarum c. quoniam codem Nec omni ex parte jâ—s patronatns spitituale censert debes sed temporale potius spirituali annexum glos in c. piae mentis 16. qu. 7. These be Corasius words in his paraphrase ad sacerdotiorum materiam parte pri cap. 2. parte 4. cap. 6. in principio hee thus writeth of the same matter Patroni in jure Pontificio dicuntur qui alicujus ecclesiae extruendae an t alterius cujuscunque fundationis ecclesiasticae authores fuerunt ideoque praesentandi offerendi clericum jus habent quem ecclesiae vacanti praeesse in ea collatis teditibus frui velint Acquirunt autem hic jus qui de Episcopi consensu vel fundant ecclesiam hoc est locum in quo templum extruitur assignant vel ecclesiam aedificant vel etiam constructas ecclesias ante consecrationem dotant ut non valde sit obscuruw jus patronatus quo de agimus finire jus esse praesentandi clericum ad ecclesiam vacantem ex gratia ei concessum qui consentiente Episcopo vel construxit vel dot avit ecelesiam Pannage Pannagium alias pasnagium or pennagium as it is latined in pupilla oculi may be probablythought to come of the French panez or panets which is a root somthing like a parsnep but somewhat lesse and ranker in taste which hogs in France feed upon though it be eaten by men also and the French may seem to come of the Latine panicium i. that which men use in the stead of bread Isidorus or panicium of the French It signifieth in our common Law the money taken by the Agistors for the feed of hoggs with the mast of the Kings forest Cromp. Jurisd fol. 165. West 2. cap. 25. anno 13. Ed. prl with whom M. Manwood parte pri of his forest lawes agteeth in these words Agistment is properly the common of herbage of any kind of ground or land or woods or the money due for the same and pawnage is most properly the mast of the woods or lands or hedge-rowes or the money due to the owner of the same for it But this learned man in his second part cap. 12. where hee writeth at large of this deriveth the word from the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 at the which I think he smiled himself when he set it down Linwood defineth it thus Pannagium est pastus pecorum in nemoribus et in sylvis utpote de glandibus aliis fructibus arborum sylvestrium quarum fructus aliter non solent colligi titulo
Mines fol. 322. a. to be received in a sute before issue joyned upon an ayde prier Idem casu Dutchy of Lancaster fol 221. b. to be never in nonage codem f. 218. b. that a man indicted may not wage battel with him Idem casu nimes fol. 335. b. that no man upon any right may enter upon him being in possession but must be put to sute Dyer f. 139. nu 33 to seise the lands of his tenents that alienate without license Plowd casu Mines fol. 322. a. that no subject may wage his law against him Broke chose in action 9 Coke lib. 4. fol. 93. to present in the right of the youngest coparcener being his ward before the elder Plowd casu Mines fol. 332. b. fol. 333. a. that a benefice by institution is not full against him Coke Digbies c. f. 79. a. not to find pledges for the persecuting of any action For he cannot be amerced Fitzh na br f. 31. F. fo 47. C. To sue in what Court he will Fitz. na b. f. 7. B. 32. E. To sue the writ Ne adm ttas after 6 months Reg. or f. 31. a. That a mans villain having remained in his ancient demesn by the space of a year may not be recovered by the writ de nativo habendo Fitzh nat br fol. 79. A. To grant an office with the habendam post mortem alterius Dyer fol. 295. nu 1. to shorten the ordinary time of summons being 15 daies in writ of right Brit. ca. 121. To give what honour or place he listeth to his subjects anno 31 H. 8. cap. 10. To be owner of a forest See Forest To have free warren See Warren Not to be owted of his freehold Cromptons justice of peace fol. 59. b. et 16. a. To araign a man being both a Traitor and a Felon rather upon the Treason than upon the Felony because he may have the whole Escheats idem eodem fol. 99. a. To warrant the day of appearance to his subject being in his service and summoned to appear at a day certain Fitzh nat br fol. 17. a. Divers of these and many others did belong fisco imperatorum which you may find in the Digest de jure fisci et Co. lib. 10. tit 1. Besides these also many moe may be observed to belong unto our King out of the laws which I leave to their collection which are of longer reading and more painfull industry Prerogative of the Archbishop of Canterbury or York prerogativa Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis seu Eboracensis is an especial preeminence that these Sees have in certain cases above ordinary Bishops within their Provinces And that of the Archbishop of Canterbury principally consisteth of these points First in the confirmation of all elections made of Bishops by the Dean and Chapter of all Cathedral Churches as also the consecration of them Next in a power of visiting his whole Province of assembling Synods of supplying the defects and negligences of inferiour Bishops of receiving appeals from their Courts of assigning coadjutors to those Bishops that grow weak and insufficient to discharge their function of appointing Vicars general to those that have either none or an insufficient man employed in that office and of dispensing in all Ecclesiastical cases wherein the laws bear dispensation of taking oath of every Bishop at his confirmation to perform canonical obedience unto the See of Canterbury But these seem to belong unto him by an ordinary Archiepiscopal authority Certain other things there be that appertain unto him more than ordinarily to other Archbishops as the original calling of any person in any cause belonging to spiritual jurisdiction out of any part of his Province though not appealed But this point is now limited by the Statute made anno 23 H. 8. cap. 9. The receiving of an appeal from the lowest Judge Ecclesiastical within his Province immediately The appointing of a Keeper or Guardian of the spiritualties during the vacancy of any Bishoprick By which means all Episcopal rites of the Diocess for that time do belong unto him as Visitation Institution to benefices and such like The visitation of every Dioces within his province when and in what order it pleaseth him As also of all other privileged Churches The probat of Testaments and granting of Administrations in case where the party deceased hath goods of any considerable value out of the Diocess wherein he dyeth And that value is ordinarily five pounds except it be otherwise by composition between the said Archbishop and some other Bishop as in the Diocess of London it is ten pounds The probat of every Bishops Testament or the administration of his goods dying intestate though not having any goods chattels or debts without the compass of his own jurisdiction The bestowing of any one dignity or Prebend in any Cathedral church upon the creation of a new Bishop that himself thinketh good to make choice of There may be more particulars of this prerogative that I know not but these may be sufficient to express the thing that I desire to declare Who so desireth to read these more more at large and other privileges of this Church in temporal matters may resort to the book intituled De antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesia nominatim de privilegiis Ecclesiae Cantuariensis historia and especially to the eighth chapter of the said book pa. 25. Prerogative Court curia Praerogativa Archiepiscopi Cantuariensis is the Court wherein all Wills be proved and all Administrations taken that belong to the Archbishop by his prerogative which see in Prerogative And if any contention do grow between two or more touching any such Will or Administration the cause is properly debated and determined in this Court The Judge of this court is called Judex Curia praerogativâ— Cantuariensis The Archbishop of York hath also the like power and court which is termed his Exchequer but far inferiour to this in countenance and profit Prescription praescriptio is a course or use of any thing for a time beyond the memory of man as the exposition of the Law terms doth define it Kitchin fol. 104. saith thus Prescription is when for continuance of time whereof there groweth no memory a particular person hath particular right against another particular person And custom is where by continuance of time beyond memomory divers persons have gotten a right with whom agreeth Sir Edward Coke lib. 4. fol. 32. a. And usage is by continuance of time the efficient cause of them both and the life of both prescription and custome Thus saith Kitchin But as in the Civil law so I think likewise in the common Prescription may be in a shorter time As for example where the Statute anno 1 H. 8. cap. 9. saith that all actions popular must be sued within three years after the offence committed and the Statute anno 7 ejusdem cap. 3. That four years being past after the offence committed in one case and one year in another no sute can be commenced
right of this prohibition you may read Bracton also lib. 5. tract 5. cap. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. who saith that it lyeth not after sentence given in any cause however the case is altered and again the statute made anno 50 Ed. 3. which ordaineth that above one Prohibition should not lye in one cause See the diversity of prohibitions in the table of the original Regist See the new book of Entries verbo Prohibition and Fitz. na br fol. 39. Prohibtio de vasto directa parti is a writ judicial directed to the tenent and prohibiting him from making waste upon the land in controversie during the sute Register judicial fol. 21. It is sometime made to the Shyreeve the example whereof you have there next following Pro indiviso is a possession and occupation of lands or tenements belonging unto two or more persons whereof none knoweth his several portion as coparceners before partition Bracton lib. 5. tracta 2. cap. pri nu 7. Prolocutour of the Convocation house prolocutor domus convocationis is an officer chosen by persons Ecclesiastical publikely assembled by the Kings writ at every Parliament And as there be two houses of Convocations so be there two prolocutors one of the higher house the other of the lower house who presently upon the first Assembly is by the motion of the Bishops chosen by the lower house and presented to the Bishops for their prolocutour that is the man by whom they mean to deliver their resolutions to the higher house and to have their own house especially ordered and governed His office is to cause the Clerk to call the names of such as are of that house when he sees cause to cause all things propounded to be read by him to gather the suffrages and such like Promoters promotores be those which in popular and penall actions do defer the names or complain of offenders having part of the profit for their reward These were called among the Romans Quadruplatores or Delatores They belong especially to the Exchequer and the Kings bench Smith de repub Angl. li. 2. ca. 14. Pro patribus liberandis is a writ for the partition of lands between co-heirs Register original fol. 316. Prophecies prophetiae be in our common law taken for wisardly foretellings of matters to come in certain hidden and enigmatical speeches Whereby it falleth out many times that great troubles are stirred in our Common-wealth and great attempts made by those to whom the speech framed either by the description of his cognisance arms or some other quality promiseth good successe anno 3 Ed. 6. cap. 15. anno 7 ejusdem cap. 11. anno 5 Elizab. ca. 15. But these for distinctions sake are called false or phantastical prophecies Property proprietas signifieth the highest right that a man hath or can have to any thing which is no way depending upon any other mans courtesie And this none in our Kingdome can be said to have in any lands or tenements but only the King in the right of his Crown Because all the Lands through the Realm are in the nature of fee and do hold either mediately or immediately of the Crown See Fee This word neverthelesse is in our Common law used for that right in lands and tenements that common persons have because it importeth as much as utile dominium though not directum Proprietate probaenda is a writ See the original Regist fol. 83. a. 85. b. It lyeth for him that will prove a property before the Shyreeve Brooks Property 1. For where a property is alleged a replegiare lyeth not Idem ibidem Proprietarie proprietarius is he that hath a property in any thing but is most nototiously used for him that hath the fruits of a benefice to himself and his heirs or succescessors as in time past Abbots and Priors had to them and their Successors See Appropriation Pro rata portionis See Onerando prorata portionis Proection protectio hath a general and special signification In the general it is used for that benefit and safety that every subject or Denizen or alien specially secured hath by the Kings laws And thus it is used an 25 Edw. tertii capite 22. Protection in the special signification is used for an exemption or an immunity given by the King to a person against sutes in law or other vexations upon reasonable causes him thereunto moving which I take to be a branch of this prerogative And of this protection Fitzh maketh two sorts in his nat br fol. 28. The first form or sort he calleth a protection cum clausula Volumus whereof he mentioneth four particulars A protection quia profecturus for him that is to passe over sea in the Kings service A protection quia moratur for him that is abroad in the Kings service upon the sea or in the marches anno 7 H. 7. cap. 2. A protection for the Kings debter that he be not sued or attached untill the King be payed his debt See anno 15 Ed. 3. This some Civilians call moratoriam which see In singularibus Marantae verb. Princeps p. 79. col 2. And a protection in the Kings service beyond the seas or on the marches of Scotland whereof you may read something anno 1 R. 2. cap. 8. See the Regist orig fol. 23. and Britton cap. 123. The second form of protection istermed cum clâ—usula Nolumuâ— which is granted most comonly to a spiritual company for their immunity from taking of their cattel by the Kings ministers But it may be granted also to one man spiritual or temporal Of these things read the same Author and the forms of these writs See also in the Register Original fol. 22. 23. And see the new expositour of law terms to what action the Kings protection doth not extend See also the new book of Entries verbo protection Protonotarie protonotarius See Preignetary Protestation protestatio is as Justice Walsh defineth it a defence of safegard to the party which maketh it from being concluded by the act he is about to do that issue cannot be joyned upon it Plowden fol. 276. b. whereof see the Regist orginal fol. 306. b. And see Protest Protest protestari hath two divers applications one is by way of cautell to call witnesse as it were or openly to affirm that he doth either not at all or but after a sort yeeld his consent to any act as unto proceeding of a Iudge in a Court wherein his jurisdiction is doubtfull or to answer upon his oath farther than he by law is bound See Plowden casu Gâ—esbroke fol. 276. b. and the Register original fol. 306. b. Another is by way of complaint to protest a mans bill For example if I give mony to a merchant in France taking his Bill of Exchange to be repayed in England by one whom he assigneth me if at my comming I find not my self satisfied to my contentment but either delayed or denyed then I go into the burse or some
but what observations he must use in his hunting see him pag. 180 181 186. See him likewise parte 2. ca. 20. num 5 8 9 c. See Purlieu Purpresture See Pourpresture Pursey anno 43 Eliz. cap. 10. Purswivant See Poursuivant Purveyours See Pourveyours Pyker aliàs Pycar a kind of ship anno 31 Edw. 3. stat 2. cap. 2. Q QUadragesima is the first Sunday in Lent so called as I take it because it is the fourtieth day before Easter The sunday before that is Quinquagesima the second before Sexagesima the third septuagesima Quae plura is a writ that lyeth where an inquisition hath been made by an Escheator in any county of such Lands or Tenements as any man dyed seised of and all that was in his possession be not thought to be found by the office The form whereof see in the Register original fol. 293. and in Fitz. nat br fol. 255. It differeth from the writ called melius inquirendo as Fitzh there sayth because this is granted where the Escheator formerly proceeded by vertue of his office and the other where he found the first office by vertue of the writ called Diem clausit extremum See the new Book of Entries verbo Quae plura Querens non invenit plegium is a return made by the Sheriff upon a writ directed unto him with this condition inserted Si A. fecsrit B. securum de loquela sua prosequenda c. Fitzherbert Nat. brev fol. 38. o. Quae servitia is a Writ See per quae servitia Quale jus is a writ judicial that lyeth where a man of religion hath judgement to recover Land before execution be made of the judgement for this writ must between Iudgement and execution go forth to the Escheator to enquire whether the religious person hath right to recover or the judgement is obtained by collusion between the Demandant and the Tenant to the intent that the true Lord be not defrauded See Westm 2. Cam. 32. Cum Viri religiosi c. The form of this writ you may have in the Register judicial fol. 8 16 17 et 46. And in the Old nat br fol. 161. See the new book of Entries verbo Quale jus Quare ejecit infra terminum is a writ that lyeth for a Leassee in case where he is cast out of his Ferm before his term be expired against the Feoffee or leassour that ejecteth him And it differeth from the Ejectione firma because this lyeth where the leassor after the lease made infeoffeth another which ejecteth the leassee And the Ejectione firma lyeth against any other stranger that ejecteth him The effect of both is all one and that is to recover the residue of the term See Fitzh nat brev fo 197. See the Register original fol. 227. And the new book of Entries verbo Quare ejecit infra terminum Quare impedit is a writ that lyeth for him who hath purchased a mannor with an advowsen thereunto belonging against him that disturbeth him in the right of his advowsen by presenting a Clerk thereunto when the Church is void And it differeth from the writ called Assisa ultimae praesentationis because that lyeth where a man or his Ancestors formerly presented and this for him that is the purchasor himself See the Expositour of the terms of the Law and Old nat brev fol. 27. Bracton lib. 4. tractat 2. cap. 6. Britton ca. 92. and Fitzh nat br fol. 32. and the Register original fol. 30. where it is said That a Quare impedit is of a higher nature than Assisa ultimae praesentationis because it supposeth both a possession and a right See at large the new Book of Entries verbo Quare impedit Quare incumbravit is a writ that lyeth against the Bishop which within six months after the vacation of a Benefice conferreth it upon his Clerk whilest two others be contending in law for the right of presenting Exposition of the Terms of Law Old nat br fol. 30. and Fitzh nat br fol. 48. Regist origin fo 32. Quare intrusit matrimonio non satisfacto is a writ that lyeth for the Lord against his Tenant being his Ward that after covenable mariage offered him marieth another and entreth neverthelesse upon his Land without agreement first made with his Lord and Gardian Terms of the Law Quare non permittie is a writ that lyeth for one that hath right to present for a turn against the Proprietary Fleta lib. 5. cap. 16. Quarentine quarentina is a benefit allowed by the Law of England to the widow of a landed man deceased whereby she may challenge to continue in his capital messuage or chief Mansion house by the space of forty daies after his decease Of this see Bracton lib. 2. ca. 40. And if the heir or any other attempt to eject her she may have the writ De Quarentina habenda Fitzh nat brev fo 161. See anno 9 H. 3. cap. 7. and anno 20. cap. 1. and Britton cap. 103. M. Skene de verborum significatione verbo Quarentina viduarum deriveth this word from the French quaresme Who also have this custome called lo quaeresme des refues granted to widows after the decease of their husband as he proveth out of Papon in his Arests lib. 15 titulo des dots cap. 7. and li. 10. tit Substitutiones cap. 30. Of this read Fleta also lib. 5. cap. 23. Quarentina habenda is a writ that lyeth for a widow to enjoy her Quarentine Register original fo 175. Quare non admisit is a writ that lyeth against the Bishop refusing to admit his Clark that hath recovered in a plee of advowsen The further use whereof see in Fitz. nat br fo 47. and Register origin fo 32. See the new book of Entries verbo quare non admisit Quare obstruxit is a writ that lyeth for him who having a servitude to passe through his Neighbours ground cannot enjoy his right for that the owner hath so strengthned it Fleta li. 4. cap. 26 sect Item si minus Quarter Sessions is a Court held by the Iustices of Peace in every County once every quarter The jurisdiction whereof how far it exceedeth is to be learned out of M. Lamberts Eirenarcha Sir Thomas Smith de republ Angl. li. 2. cap. 19. But to these you may adde the late Statutes of the Realm for their power daily encreaseth Originally it seemeth to have been erected only for matters touching the peace But in these days it extendeth much further That these Sessions should be held quarterly was first of all ordained so far as I can learn by the statute anno 25 E. 3. statut 1. cap. 8. Of this read Lamberts Eirenarcha the fourth book throughout where he setteth them out both learnedly and at large Quash quassare commeth of the French quasser i. quassare conquassare It signifieth in our Common Law to overthrow Bracton lib. 5 tractat 2. cap. 3. nu 4. Quecbord anno 17 Ed. 4. ca. 2. Que est mesme
46. B. or other courts of record idem fol. 71. C. 119. K. Howbeit if you will learn more exactly where and in what cases this writ lyeth read Brook in his Abridgement titulo Recordare et pone It seemeth to be called a recordare because the form is such that it commandeth the Shyreeve to whom it is directed to make a record of the proceedings by himself and others and then to send up the cause See the Register verbo Recordare in the table of the original Writs See Certiorari See Accedas ad Curiam Recorder recordator commeth of the French recordeur i. talis persona quae in Ducis curia à judicio faciendo non debet amoveri Grand Custumary of Norm cap. 107. 121. Whereby it appeareth that those which were necessary ludges to the Duke of Normandies courts were called Recorders and who they were is shewed in the ninth chapter of the said book And that they or the greater part of them had power to make a record it is evident in the chapter 107. Here in England a Recorder is he whom the Maior or other Magistrate of any City or Town corporate having jurisdiction or a Court of record within their precincts by the Kings grant doth associate unto him for his better direction in matters of Iustice and proceedings according unto law And he is for the most part a man well seen in the common law Recordo et processu mittendis is a writ to call a Record to gether with the whole proceeding in the cause out of one court into the Kings court Which see in the Table of the Register original how diversly it is used Recorde Utlagariae mittendo is a writ Iudicial which see in the Register judicial fol. 32. Recovery Recuperatio comes of the French Reconvrer i. Recuperare It signifieth in our common law an obtaining of any thing by Iudgement or tryal of Law as evictio doth among the Civilians But you must understand that there is a true recovery and a figned A true recovery is an actual or real recovery of any thing or the value thereof by Iudgement as if a man sued for any land or other thing moveable or immoveable and have a verdict and Iudgement for him A feigned recovery is as the Civilians call it quaedam fictio juris a certain form or course set down by Law to be observed for the better assuring of Lands or tenements unto us And for the better understanding of this read West parte 2. symbol titulo Recoveries sect pri who saith that the end and effect of a recovery is to discontinue and destroy Estates tayls Remainders and Reversions and to bar the former owners thereof And in this formality there be required three parties viz. the Demandant the Tenent and the Vouchee The Demandant is he that bringeth the Writ of Entry and may be termed the Recoverer The Tenent is he against whom the writ is brought and may be termed the Recoveree The Vouchee is he whom the Tenent voucheth or calleth to warranty for the Land in demand West ubi supra In whom you may read more touching this matter But for example to explain this point a man that is desirous to cut off an Estate tayl in lands or tenements to the end to sell give or bequeath it as himself seeth good useth his friend to bring a writ upon him for this Land He appearing to the writ saith for himself that the Land in question came to him or his ancestors from such a man or his ancestor who in the conveyance thereof bound himself and his heirs to make good the title unto him or them to whom it was conveyed And so hers allowed by the court to call in this third man to say what he can for the justifying of his right to this land before he so conveyed it The third man commeth not whereupon the land is recovered by him that brought the writ and the Tenent of the land is left for his remedy to the third man that was called and came not in to defend the Tenent And by this means the entayl which was made by the Tenent or his Ancestor is cut off by judgement hereupon given for that he is pretended to have no power to entayl that land whereunto be had no just title as now it appeared because it is evicted or recovered from him This kind of recovery is by good opinion but a snare to deceive the people Doctor and Stud. cap. 32. diai pri fol. 56. a. This feigned recovery is also called a common recovery And the reason of that Epitheton is because it is a beaten and common path to that end for which it is ordained viz. to cut off the estates above specified See the new book of Entries verbo Recovery I said before that a true recovery is as well of the value as of the thing for the better understanding whereof know that in value signifies as much as Illud quod interest with the Civilians For example if a man buy land of another with warranty which land a third person afterward by sute of Law recovereth against me I have my remedy against him that sold it me to recover in value that is to recover so much in mony as the land is worth or so much other land by way of exchange Fitzh nat brev fol. 134. K. To recover a warranty Old nat brev fol. 146. is to prove by judgement that a man was his warrant against all men for such a thing Recto is a writ called in English a writ of right which is a writ of so high a nature that whereas other writs in real actions be only to recover the possession of the land or tenements in question which have been lost by our ancestor or our selves this aimeth to recover both the seisin which some of our Ancestors or we had and also the property of the thing whereof our Ancestor died not seised as of fee and whereby are pleaded and tryed both their rights together viz. as well of possession as property In so much as if a man once lose his cause upon this writ either by judgement by assise or battell be is without all remedy and shall be excluded per exceptionem Rei judicatae Bracton lib. 5. tract 1. cap. 1. et seq where you may read your fill of this writ It is divided into two species Rectum patens a writ of right patent and Rectum clausum a writ of right close This the Civilians call Judicium petitorum The writ of right patent is so called because it is sent open and is in nature the highest writ of all other lying alwaies for him that hath fee simple in the lands or tenements sued for and not for any other And when it lyeth for him that challengeth fee simple or in what cases See Fitzh nat br fol. pri C. whom see also fol. 6. of a special writ of right in London otherwis◠called a writ of right according to
judic fol. 13.51 There is another writ of this name and nature eodem fol. 54. Rejoynder rejunctio signifieth in our Common law as much as Duplicatio with the Civilians that is an exception to a replication For the first answer of the Defendant to the Plaintiffs Bill is called an exception the Plaintiffs answer to that is called a Replication and the Defendants to that Duplicacation in the Civil law and a Rejoynder with us especially in Chancery West parte 2. symbol titulo Chancery sect 56. where he citeth these words out of Spigelius Est autem rejunctio seu duplicatio vel allegatio quae datur reo ad infirmandum replicationem actoris et confirmandum exceptionem Rei Relation relatio idem quod fictio juris to make a nullity of a thing from the beginning for a certain intent which had essence Cook lib. 3. Butler and Baker fol. 28. b. which in plainer terms may be thus expounded Relation is a fiction of the Law whereby something is for a special purpose imagined never to have been which in truth was Read the rest Release relaxtio commeth of the French Relasche i. cessatio relâ—xatio laxamentum in our Common law is thus defined A release is an Instrument whereby estates rights titles entries actions and other things be sometime extinquish'd sometime transferred sometime abridged and sometime enlarged Westm parte prim symb lib. 2. sect 509. And there is a Release in fact and a Release in law Perkins Graunts 71. A release in fact seemeth to be that which the very words expresly declare A release in law is that which doth acquite by way of conseqnent or intendment of Law An example whereof you have in Perkins ubi supra Of these how they be available and how not see Littleton at large lib. 3. cap. 8. fol. 94. of divers sorts of these Releases see the new book of Entries verbo Release Release relevium commeth of the French relever i. relevare and sign fieth in our Common law a certain sum of mony that the Tenent holding by Knights service grand sergeanty or other tenure for the which homage or regal service is due or by socage for the which no homage is due and being at full age at the death of his Ancestor doth pay unto his Lord at his entrance Bracton lib. 2. cap. 36. giveth a reason why it is called a relief viz. quia baereditas quae jacens fuit per Antecessoris decessum relevatur in manus haeredum propter factam relevationem facienda erit ab haerede quaedam praestatio quae dicitur Relevinm Of this you may read Briton cap. 69. in a manner to the same effect Of this also speaks the Grand Cnstomary of Normandy cap. 34. to this effect It is to be known that the Lord of the fee ought to have relief of the Lands which he held of him by homage when those dye of whom he had homage And that this is not only proper to us in England or Normandy appeareth by Hotoman in his Commentaries de verbis feud verbo Relevium who there defineth it thus Relevium est honorarium quod novus vasallus patrono introitus causa largitur quasi morte vasalli alterius vel alio quo casu feudum ceciderit quod jam à novo sublevetur and farther speaketh of it that which is worth the reading and contains great knowledge of antiquity See the like definition in Marantae singularibus verbo Relevium For the quantity of this relief see the Great Charter cap. 2. in these words If any of our Earls or Barons or any other our tenents which hold of us in chief by Knights service dye and at the time of his death his heir is of full age and oweth to us relief he shall have inheritance by the old relief that is to say the heir or heirs of an Earl for one whole Earldome one hundred pound the heir or heirs of a Baron for one whole Barony one hundred marks the heir or heirs of a Knight for one whole Knights fee one hundred shillings at the most And he that hath lesse shall give lesse according to the old custome of the fees Read also Glanvile lib. 9. cap 4. fol. 68. who saith that in his daies the relief of a Barony was not certain The heir in franck socage when he commeth to his full age after the death of his Ancestor shall double the rent that he was wont to pay to the Lord and that shall be in place of relief Old nat br fol. 94. Somewhat more hereof you may read in anno 28 Ed. prim statut prim and Kitchin fo 145. ca. Relief and Glanvile lib. 7. cap. 9. The Feudists also write of this at large Among others Vincentius de Franchis descis 121. saith that Relevii solutio est quaedam extrinsâ—ca praestatio à consuetudiue introducta quae non inest fendo quodq solvitur pro confirmatione seu renovatione investiturae possessionis See Heriot This Leo the Emperor Novella 13. calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 By the antienter Civil law it is termed introitus l. penult sect Alumno Ï€. de legatis Skene de verb. signif saith that relief is a French word from the Latine relevare which is to relieve or take up that which is fallen For it is given by the tenent or vassal being of perfect age after the expiring of the wardship to his Lord of whom he holds his Land by Knight service that is by ward and relief and by payment thereof he relieves and as it were raiseth up again his lands after they were fallen down into his superiours hands by reason of wardship c. Remainder remanentia signifieth in our Common law a power or hope to enjoy lands tenements or rents after the estate of another expired For example a man may let land to one for term of his life and the remainder to another for term of his life Littleton cap. Atturnment fo 113. And this Remainder may be either for a certain term or in fee simpse or fee tayl as might be proved by many places in the law writers But in stead of the rest take Brook titulo Done Remainder fo 245. Glanvile lib. 7. cap. pri in fine hath these words Notandum quod nec Episcopus nec Abbas quia eorum Baroniae sunt de eleemozina Dom. Regis antecessornm ejus non possunt de Dominicis suis alâ—quam partem dare ad remanentiam sine assensu confirmatione Domini Regis Where it appears that Dare adremanentiam is to give away for ever To the same effect doth he use it cap. 9. ejusdem libri in these words speaking of the Lords of Manors during the minority of their wards Nihil tamen de haereditate de jure alienare possunt ad remanentiam In the like sort doth Bracton use it lib. 2. cap. 23. in fine and also lib. 4. tract 2. c. 4. nu 4. See the New book of Entries verbo Remainder
proferre est testimonium legalium hominum qui contractui inter eos habito interfuerint praesentes producere Fleta lib. 2. cap. 63. § Nullus And secta is used for a witnesse Idem lib. 4. cap. 16. § final Habes tamen sectam unam vel plures c. Secta ad justiciam faciendam is a service due for a mans fee to be persormed being by his fee bound thereunto Bracton lib. 2. cap. 16. num 6. Secta unica tantum facienda propluribus haereditatibus is a Writ that lyeth for that Heir that is distreined by the Lord to more sutes than one in respect of the Land of divers Heirs descended unto him Register original folio 177. a. Sectis non faciendis is a VVrit that lyeth for one in wardship to be delivered of all sutes of Court during his wardship Register origin fol. 173. b. See other use of this writ eodem fol. 174. touching women that for their Dower ought not to perform sure of Court Secunda superoneratione pasturae is a writ that lyeth where measurement of pasture hath been made and he that first surcharged the common doth again furcharge it the measurement notwithstanding Register original fo 157. Old nat br fol. 73. Secundarie secundarius is the name of an Officer next unto the chief Officer as the Secundary of the fine Office the Secundary of the Counter which is as I take it next to the Shyreeve in London in each of the two Counters Secundary of the Office of the privy seal anno 1 Ed. 4. cap. 1. Secundaries of the Pipe two Secundary to the remembrancers two which be Officers in the Exchequer Camden pag. 113. Securitatem inveniendi quòd se non divertat ad partes exteras sine licentia Regis is a writ that lyeth for the King against any of his subjects to stay them from going out of his Kingdom The ground whereof is this that every man is bound to serve and defend the Common-wealth as the King shall think meet Fitz. nat br fol. 85. Securitate pacis is a writ that lyeth for one who is threatened death or danger against him that threateneth taken out of the Chancery to the Shyreeve whereof the form and farder use you may see in the Register orig fo 88. b. and Fitz. nat brev fo 79. Se defendendo is a plee for him that is charged with the death of another saying that he was driven unto that which he did in his own defence the other so assaulting him that if he had not done as he did he must have been in peril of his own life Which danger ought to be so great as that it appear inevitable As Stawnford saith in his plees of the Crown lib. 1. cap. 7. And if he do justifie it to be done in his own defence yet is he driven to procure his pardon of course from the Lord Chanceller and forfeiteth his goods to the King As the said Author saith in the same place Seignior Dominus is borrowed of the French seigneur It signifieth in the general signification as much as Lord but particularly it is used for the Lord of the see or of a Mannor even as Dominus or senior among the Feudists is he who granteth a fee or benefit out of the Land to another And the reason is as Hotoman saith because having granted the use and profit of the land to another yet the property i. Dominium he still reteineth in himself See Hotoman in verbis Feudal verbo Dominus Senior Seignior in grosse seemeth to be he that is Lord but of no mannor and therefore can keep no Court. Fitz. nat br fol. 3. b. See Signorie Seignourage anno 9 H. 5. stat 2. cap. 1. seemeth to be a regality or Prerogative of the King whereby he challengeth allowance of gold and silver brought in the Masse to his Exchange for coyn Seignorie Dominium is borrowed of the French seigneury i. ditio dominatus Imperium principatus potentatus It signifieth peculiarly with us a Manor or Lordship Seignorie de soke mans Kitchin fol. 80. Seignorie in grosse seemeth to be the Title of him that is not Lord by means of any Manor but immediately in his own person as Tenure in capite whereby one holdeth of the King as of his Crown is seignorie in grosse because it is held of the King for the time being and not of the King as of any honour manor c. Kitchtn fol. 206. See Seignior Seisin seisina is borrowed of the French seisine i. possessio and so it signifieth in our Common law and to seise is to take possession Primier seisin prima seisina is the first possession See Primier seisin Of the French word seisir is made a Latine seisire used by the Canonists cap. Clericis § Nos igitur non semel de immunitate Ecclesiae num 6. as also the Civilians Guido Pap. singulo 865. Seisire est etiam possessionem tradere Tiraquellas in Tractatu Le mort saisit le vif pag. 53. num 3. Seisin with our Common Lawyers is two fold seisin in fact and seisin in Law Perkins Dower 369.370 Seisin in fact is when a corporal possession is taken seisin in Law is when something is done which the Law accounteth a seisin as an Inrollment Seisin in Law is as much as a right to Lands and Tenements though the Owner be by wrong disseised of them Perkins Tenent per le courtesie 457.478 And it seemeth by Ingham that he who hath had an hours possession quietly taken hath seisin de droit de claim whereof no man may disseise him by his own force or subtilty but must be driven to his action § Bref de novel disseisin Sir Edward Cook lib. 4. calleth it seisin in Law or seisin actual fol. 9. a. The Civilians call the one civilem possessionem the other naturalem Seisiua habenda quia Rex habuit annum diem vastum is a Writ that lyeth for delivety of seisin to the Lord of his Land or Tenements that formerly was couvicted of felony after the King in the right of his Prerogative hath had the year day and waste Reg. orig fol. 165. a. Selion selio is borowed of the French sello i. terra elata inter duos sulcos in Latine Porca in English a Ridge or land It signifieth even so with us also and is of no certain quantity but sometime containeth half an Acre sometime more and sometime less West parte 2. symbol titulo Recovery sect 3. Therefore Crompton in his jurisdictions fol. 221. saith that a selion of Land cannot be in demand because it is a thing uncertain Seneshall senescallus is a French word but borrowed from Germany being as Tilius saith compounded of Scal i. servus aut officialis and Gesnid i. familia we English it a Steward As the high Seneshall or Steward of England pl. cor fo 152. High Seneshall or steward and South Seneshall or Understeward Kitchin fol. 83. is understood for a steward or understeward
Officers the staples had belonging to them you may see anno 27 Edw. 3. stat 2. cap. 21. Star-Chamber Camera stellata is a Chamber at Westminster so called as Sir Thomas Smith conjectureth lib. 2. cap. 4. either because it is full of windows or cause at the first all the roof thereof was decked with Images of guilded Stars And the latter reason I take to be the truer because anno 25 Henry 8. capit prim It is written the Sterred Chamber In this Chamber every week twice during the term and the very next day after Term is there a Court held by the Lord Chancellor or Keeper and other honourable personages of the Realm This Court seemeth to have taken beginning from the Statute anno 3. Hen 7. ca. or Whereby it is ordained that the Lord Chancellor and Treasurer of England for the time being and the Keeper of the Kings Privy Seal or two of them calling to them a Bishop and a temporal Lord the Kings most Honourable Councel and the two chief lustices of the Kings Bench and Common place for the time being or other two lustices in their absence should have power to call before them and punish such misdoers as there be mentioned The saults that they punish be Routs Riots Forgerits Maintenances Embraceries Perjuries and such other Mislemeanours as are not sufficiently provided for by the Common law It appeareth both by Sir Thomas Smith li. 2. de Repub. Anglor ca. 4. and by experience also that at this day the whole number of the Princes most honourable Privy Councel and such other Barons spiritual or temporal as be called thither by the Prince have place in this Court with those above named Of this Court thus speaketh Master Gwin in the Preface to his readings It appeareth in our books of the Terms of King Edward 4. And of the Report of Cases hapning under the usurpation of Richard the third that sometime the King and his Councel and sometime the Lord Chancellor and other great personages did use to sit judicially in the place then and yet called the Star-Chamber But for as much as belike that Assembly was not ordinary therefore the next Kings Henry the seventh and his Son Henry 8. took order by two several laws viz. 3 Hen. 7. cap. pri 21 H. 8. ca. 2. That the Chancellor assisted with others there named should have power to hear complaints against Retainours Embraceours Misdemeanours of Officers and such other offences which through the power and countenance of such as do commit them do lift up the head above other faults and for the which inferiour Iudges are not so meet to give correction And because that place was before dedicated to the like service it hath been ever since accordingly used Touching the Officers belonging to this Court see Camden pag. 112. et 113. Statute statutum hath divers significations in our Common law First it signifieth a Decree or Act of Parliament made by the Prince and three Estates which is the body of the whole Realm And though it borrow the name from that kind of Decree which those Cities that were under the Roman Empire made for the particular Government of themselves over and above the universal or common law of the Empire yet in nature it commeth nearest to that which the Romans called Legem for that as that was made by the whole People Noble and Ignoble so this is ordained by those that represent the whole number both of Prince and subjects one and other through the whole Kingdome The difference neverthelesse was this that Lex was offered to the consideration of the People by the Magistrate of the Senate or Consull but the Bills or suggestions whence our Statutes spring are offered by any of either house and so either passed or rejected In this signification a Statute is either general or special Coke lib. 4. Hollands case fol. 76. a. Statute in another signification is a short speech taken for a bond as statute Merchant or statute staple anno 5 H. 4. cap. 12. The reason of which name is because these Bonds are made according to the form statutes expresly and particularly provided for the same which direct both before what Persons and in what manner they ought to be made west parte prim symbol lib. 2. Sect. 151. where he defineth a statute Merchant thus A Statute Merchant is a bond acknowledged before one of the Clarks of the statutes Merchant and Maior or chief Warden of the City of London or two Merchants of the said City for that purpose assigned or before the Maior chief Warden or Master of other Cities or good Towns or other sufficient men for that purpose appointed sealed with the seal of the Debtor and of the King which is of two pieces the grater is kept by the said Maior chief Warden c. and the lesser peece thereof by the said Clarks The form of which bond you may see in Fleta lib. 2. cap. 64. § 2. to be such Noverint universi me N. de tali commitatu teneri N. in 10 Marcis solvendis cidem ad festum Pent. Anno Regni Regis c. et nisi fecers concedo quod currant super me et Haeredes meos districtio et poena provis in statuta Domini Regis edito apud Westm Datum London tali die anno supra dicto The fee for the same Seal is for statutes knowledged in Fairs for every pound an half-penny and out of Fairs a fording The execution upon statute Merchant is first to take the body of the Debtor if he be lay and can be found if otherwise then upon his Lands and goods The bond is founded upon the Statute anno 13 Ed. prim stat 4. Of this also as of the Statute staple see the new book of Entries verbo statute Merchant and read in Fleta ubi supra more touching this matter worth the reading Statute staple to use the very words of Master West is either properly so called or improperly A Statute staple properly so called is a Bond of Record knowledged before the Maior of the Staple in the presence of one of the two Constables of the same staple for which seal the fee is of every pound if the sum exceed not 100 pound and half peny and if it excced an 100 pound of every pound a farthing And by vertue of such Statute staple the Creditor may forthwith have execution of the body lands and goods of the Debtor and this is founded upon the Statute anno 27 Ed. 3. cap. 9. A Statute staple improper is a bond of Record founded upon the Statute anno 23 H. 8. cap. 6. of the nature of a proper Statute staple as touching the force execution thereof and knowledged before one of the chief Justices and in their absence before the Maior of the Staple and Recorder of London The forms of all these bonds or statutes see in West parte pri symb lib. 2. sect 152 153 154 155. Statutes is also
fol 173. Super praerogativa Regis cap. 3. is a writ lying against the Kings widow for marying without his license Fitzherbert nat brev fol. 174. Supplicavit is a writ issuing out of the Chancery for taking the surety of peace against a man It is directed to the Iustices of peace of the County and the Sheriff and is grounded upon the Statue anno pri Edw. 3. cap. 16. which ordaineth that certain persons in Chancery shall be assigned to take care of the peace See Fitzh nat bre fol. 80. This writ was of old called Breve de minis as Master Lamberd in his Eirenarcha noteth out of the Regist orig fol. 88. Sur cui in vita is a writ that lyeth for the heir of that woman whose fiusband having alienated her Land in fee she bringeth not the writ Cui in vita for the recovery of her own Land for in this case her heir may take this writ against the Tenent after her decease Fitzherbert natura brev folio 193. B. Surgeon commeth of the French Chirurgeon i. Chirurgus vulnerarius signifying him that dealeth in the mechanical part of Physick and the outward cures performed with the hand The French word is compounded of two Greek words 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. manus and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. opus And therefore are they not allowed to minister inward medicine See Statute 32 Hen. 8. cap. 4. and Master Powltons new Abridgement titulo Surgeons Surcharger of the Forest is he that doth common with more Beasts in the Forest than he hath right to common withall Manwood parte 2. of his Forest Laws cap. 14. nu 7. Surplusage surplusagium commeth of the French surplus i. corollarium additamentum It signifieth in the Common law a superfluity or addition more than needeth which sometime is a cause that a Writ abateth Brook titulo Nugation and Supersluity fol. 100 Plowdens casu Dives contra Maningham fol. 63. b. It is sometime also applyed to matter of account and signifieth a greater disbursement than the charge of the Accomptant amounteth unto Surrcjoynder is thus defined by West parte 2. symb titulo Supplications sect 57. A Surrejoynder is a second defence of the Plaintiff action opposite to the Defendants Rejoynder And therefore as he saith Hotoman calleth it Triplicationem quae est secunda actoris defensio contra Rei duplicationem opposita Not Hotoman only calleth this triplicationem but the Emperor himsel De Replicationibus libro 4. Institut titulo 14. Surrender sursum redditio is an Instrument testifying with apt words that the particular Tenent of Lands or Tenements for life or years doth sufficiently consent and agree that he which hath the next or immediate Remainder or Reversion thereof shall also have the particular estate of the same in possession and that he yeeldeth and giveth up the same unto him For every surrender ought forhwith to give a possession of the things surrendred West parte 1. lib. 2. Sect. 503. where you may see divers presidents But there may be a surrender without writing And therefore there is said to be a surrender in deed and a suâ—render in Law A surrender in deed is that which is really and sensibly performed Surrender in Law is in intendment of Law by way of consequent and not actual Perkins Surrender fol. 606. seq as if a man have a lease of a farm and during the term he accept of a new lease this act is in Law a surrender of the former Coke vol. 6. fol. 11. b. Sursise supersisae anno 32 H. 8. cap. 48. seemeth to be an especial name used in the Castle of Daver for such penalties and forfeitures as are laid upon those that pay not their duties or rent for Castleward at their dayes an 32 H. 8. cap. 48. Bracton hath it in a general signification lib. 5. tract 3. cap. 1. nu 8. and Fleta lib. 6. c. 3. in prin Surveiour supervisor is compounded of two French words sur i. super and veior i. cernere intueri despicere prospicere videre It signifieth in our Common law one that hath the overseeing or care of some great personages lands or works As the Surveiour general of the Kings mannors Cromptons Jurisd fol. 106. And in this signification it is taken anno 33 H. 8. cap. 39. where there is a Court of Surveyours crected And the Surveyour of the Wards and Liveries West parte 2. symbologr titulo Chancerie Sect. 136. which Officer is erected anno 33 H. 8. cap. 22. who is the second Officer by his place in the Court of Wards and Liveries assigned and appointed by the King His Office seemeth especially to consist in the true examination of the Lands belonging to the Kings wards that the King be not deceived At the entrance into his Office he taketh an Oath ministred unto him by the Master of that Court which see anno 33 H. 8. ca. 39. Surveior of the Kings Exchange anno 9 H. 5. stat 2. cap. 4. was an Officer whose name seemeth in these daies to be changed into some other For I cannot learn that there is any such now Survivour is compounded of two French words sur i. super and viure i. aetatem agere vivere whence also commeth the compound surviure i. superesse It signifieth in our Common law the longer liver of two joynt Tenents See Brook titulo Joynt-tenents fol. 33. or of any two joyned in the right of any thing Suspension suspensio is used for a temporal stop of a mans right and differeth from extinguishment in this that a right of estate suspended reviveth again but extinguished it dyeth for ever Boook titulo Extinguishment and Suspension fol. 314. Suspension is also used in our Common law sometimes as it is used in the Canon law pro minori Excommunicatione As anno 24 H. 8. ca. 12. See Excommunication Suspirall seemeth to be a Spring of water passing under the ground toward a Conduit or Cestern anno 35 H. 8. cap. 10. and to be derived from the Latin suspirare or the French souspirer i. ducere suspiria And indeed the word it self is French for suspiral in that Tongue signifieth spiramentum cavernae the mouth of a Cave or Den or the tunnel of a Chimney Swainmot aliâs Swainmote Swainmotum signifieth a Court touching matters of the Forest kept by the Charter of the Forest thrice in the year anno 3 Hen. octav cap. 18. it is called also a Swainmote what things be inquirable in the same you may read in Cromptons Iurisdict fol. 180. who saith that this Court of Swainmote is as incident to a Forest as the Court of a Pie-powder to a Fair with whom agreeeth M. Manwood parte pri of his Forest-laws pag. 144. The word seemeth to be compounded of Swain and mot or Gemot For Swain as M. Manwood saith ubisupra pag. 111. in the Saxons tongue signifieth a Bookland man which at this day is taken for a Charterer or Freeholder and Gemot as Mr. Lamberd
sayth in his explication of Saxon words verbo Coventus is Conventus whereupon it is to be noted as he saith in the same place that the Swainmote is a Court of Freeholders within the Forest Of the which you may read him at large pag. 110. c. usque 122. TA. TAbling of Fines is the making of a Table for every County where his Majesties writ runneth contaning the contents of every Fine that shall passe in any one Term as the name of the County Towns and places wherein the Lands or Tenements mentioned in any Fine do lye the name of the Plaintiff and Deforceant and of every manner named in the Fine This is to be done properly by the Chirographer of Fines of the Common plees who the first day of the next Term after the ingrossing of any such Fine shall fix every of the said Tables in some open place of the Court of the Common Plees and so every day of the said Term during the sitting of the said Court. And the said Chirographer shall deliver to the Sheriff of every County his Undersheriff or Deputy fair written in Parchment a perfect content of the Table so to be made for that Shire in the Term that shall be next before the Assises to be holden in the same County or else in the mean time between the Term and the said Assises to be set up the first day and every day of the next Assices in some open place of the Court where the Justices of Assises then shall sit to contiuue there so long as they shall sit in the said Court If either the Chirographer or Sheriff fail herein he forfeiteth five pounds And the Chirographers fee for every such Table is four pence anno 23 Elizab. cap. 3. This saith West parte 2 Symbol titulo Fines Sect. 130. Tail tallium commeth of the French Tail i. Sectura or the verb taillor i. scindere signifying in our Common law two several things both grounded upon one reason Plowden casu Willion fol. 251. a. b. First it is used for the fee which is opposite to fee simple by reason that it is so as it were minced or pared that it is not in his free power to be disposed of him which owneth it but it is by the first giver cut or divided from all other and tyed to the issue of the Donee Coke lib. 4. in prooemio And this limitation or tayl is either general or special Tail general is that whereby lands or tenements are limited to a man and to the heirs of his body begotten And the reason of this term is because how many soever women the tenent holding by his Title shall take to his wives one after another in lawfull matrimony his issue by them all have a possibility to inherit one after the other Tail special is that whereby Lands or tenements be limited unto a man and his Wife and the Heirs of their two bodies begotten because if the man bury his wife before issue and take another the issue by his second wife cannot inherit the Land c. Also if Land should be given to a man and his wife and to their Son and Heir Iohn for ever this is tail especial See more of this in fee And Liitleton lib. pri cap. 2. and the new book of Entries verbo Tail Tail in the other signification is that which we vul garly call a Tallie For it is une taille de bois a cloven peice of wood to nick up an account upon for in the Statute anno 10. Ed. pri cap. 11. and anno 27. ejusdem stat pri cap. 2. it is termed a Tail and anno 38 Edw. 3. cap. 5. And so in Broke his Abridgement titulo Taild ' Exchequer fol. 247. See Tails Tailes talliae are in these dayes called Talleyes well known what they be Of these read in our statutes two sorts to have been usuall in the Exchequer for a long continuance The one is termed tayles of debt anno 1 Rich. 2. cap. 5. which are a kind of acquittance for debt paid in to the King For example the University of Cambridge payeth yeerly ten pounds for such things as are by their Charter granted them in see ferm five pounds at the Annunciation and five at Michaelmas Hee that payeth the first five pounds receiveth for his discharge a tail or talley and he that payeth the other five receiveth the like With both which or notes of them he repaireth to the Clerk of the Pipes office and there in stead of them receiveth an acquittance in parchment for his whole discharge Then be there also mentioned Tayles of reward anno 27 H. 8. cap. 11. anno 33. et 34. ejusdem cap. 16. and anno 2 et 3 Ed. 6. ca. 4. And these seem to be tailes or talies of allowances or recompence made to Sheriffs for such matters as to their charge they have performed in their office or for such monies as they by course have cast upon them in their accounts but could not levie them where they were due And these as it seemeth by the said statute anno 27 H. 8. cap. 11. were of old granted in the Exchequer unto them upon warrant made to the Treasurer and Chamberlains there by the Clerks of the Signet upon Bill assigned by the King But sithence the statute anno 2 et 3 Edw. 6. cap. 4. What the course in this case is I am not so well informed Only I hear that for some Counties these tailes be still in use and that the warrant commeth now from the Auditour of the Receites unto those that make these talies And that the Sheriff with them proceedeth to those who take his finall account and there hath his allowance accordingly Taylage tallagium aliâs Tallage commeth of the French taille which originally signifieth a piece cut out of the whole and metaphorically is used for a share of a mans substance payed by way of tribute It signifieth with us a rolle or taxe as anno prim Ed. 2. cap. unico And Stowes Annals pag. 445. Thence cometh Tailaigiers in Chawcer for tax or tollegatherers Taint Attinctus commeth of the French teinct i. infectus tinctus and signifieth either Substantively a conviction or Adjectively a person convicted of felonie or treason c. See Attaint Tales is a Latin word of known signification It is used in our Common law for a supply of men empaneled upon a Jury or Enquest and not appearing or at their apparence challenged by the party or either party if there be two as not indifferent for in this case the Iudge upon petition granteth a supply to be made by the Sheriff o◠some men there present equal in reputation to those that were empanelled And hereupon the very act of supplying is called a Tales de Circumstantibus This supply may be one or more and of as many as shall either make default or else be challenged by each partie Stawnford pl. cor lib. 3. cap. 5. Howbeit he that hath had
contained generally lands or houses yea or offices wherein we have estate for term of life or in fee. And in this signification Kitchin so 41. maketh frank tenement and base estate opposite the one to the other In the same sort doth Britton use it through his whole 27 Chapter as also Bracton doth the Latin libernm tenementum li. pri ca. 5. 6. and many other places Tenentibus in assist non onerandis c. is is a writ that lyeth for him to whom a disseisor hath alienated the Land whereof he disseised another that he be not molested for the dammages awarded if the Disseisour have wherewith to satisfie them himself Reg. orig fol. 214. b. Tenths Decimae it that yearly portion or tribute which all Livings Ecclesiastical do yeeld to the King For though the Bishop of Rome do originally pretend right unto this revenue by example of the High Priest among the lews who had tenths from the Levites Numb cap. 8. Hieronimus in Ezechielem Yet I read in our Chronicles that these were of en granted to the King by the Pope upon divers occasions sometime for one year som time for more until by the Statute an 26 Hen. 8. ca. 3. they were annexed perpetually to the Crown See Disms It signifieth also a task levyed of the temporalty Holinshed H. 2. fol. 111. Tenore indictamenti mittendo is a writ wherehy the Record of an indictment and the processe thereupon is called out of another Court into the Chancery Regist orig fol. 169. a. Tenure Tenura commeth of the Norman Tendure as appeareth by the Grand Custumary cap. 28. where it is defined to this effect Tenure is the manner whereby Tenements are holden of their Lords What may make a Tenure and what not see Perkins Reservations 70. And in that Chapter shall you find the most of those Tenures recited that be now usually â—o England In Scotland I find that there be four manner of Tennres which they call holding of land the first is ura eleemoâ—yna which is proper to spiritual men paying nothing for it but devota animarnm suffragia the second they call Few or Few ferm which holdeth of the King Church Barons or others paying a certain duty called Feuda firma The chird is a hold in Blench as they term it by payment of a peny rose pair of guilt Spurs or some such like thing if it be asked in name of Blench id est nomine albae firmae The fourth is by service of ward and releeve where the Heir being minor is in regad or custody of his Lord together with his lands c. And land holden in this fourth maner is called there feudum de Hauberk or Haubert or seudum militare or feudum Hauberticum or fendum loricatum because it is given upon condition that the vassal possessor thereof shall come to the Host with a Jack or Haubert which is a coat of Mail. M. Skene de verb. signif verbo Haubert Tenure in grosse is the Tenure in Capite For the Crown is called a Seignory in grosse because it consisteth of a corporation of and by it self not tyed to any honor or manor See Cromptons Iurisdict f. 206. See the new book of Entries verbo Tenure Term Termiuus fignifieth with us commonly the bounds and limitation of time as a lease for term of life or term of years Bracton lib. 2. cap. 6. nu 4. But most notoriously it is used for that time wherein the Tribunals or places of Iudgement are open to all that list to complain of wrong or to seek their right by course of Law or action The rest of the year is called vacation Of these Terms there be 4 in every year during which matters of Iustice for the most part are dispatched And this Sir Thomas Smith lib. 3. de Rep. Ang. cap. 2. reckoneth as miraculous that in lesse time than the third part of the year three Tribunals all in one City should rectifie the wrongs of so large and populous a Nation as England is Of these Terms one is called Hilarie Term which beginneth the 23 of Ianuary or if that be Sunday the next day following and endeth the 21 of February Another is called Easter term which beginneth 18 dayes after Easter and endeth the Monday next after Ascension day The third is Trinity Term beginning the Friday next after Trinity Sunday and ending the Wednesday fort night after The fourth is Michaelmas Term beginning the 9th of October or if that be Sunday the next day after and ending the 18 of November Termor Tenens ex termino is he that holdeth for term of years or life Kitchin fol. 151. Littleton fol. 100. Tenra extendendae is a writ directed to the Escheator c willing him to inquire and find the true yearly value of any land c. by the oath of twelve men and to certifie the extent into the Chancery c. Register orig fol 293. b. Terris bonts caiallis rehabendis post purgationem is a writ that lye th for a Clerk to recover his lands goods or chatels formerly soised on after he hath cleared himself of that seiony upon suspition whereof he was formerly convicted and delivered to his Ordinary to be purged Register orig fol. 68. b. Terris liberandis is a writ that lyeth for a man convicted by attaint to bring the Record and Processe before the King and to take a fine for his imprisonment and to deliver him his lands and tenements again and to release him of the Scrip and Waste Regist. orig fol. 232. a. It is also a writ for delivery of lands to the heir after homage and relief performed eodem fol. 293. b. or upon security taken that he shall perform them eodem fol. 313. b. Terris catallis tentis ulera debitum levatum is a writ Iudicial for the restoring of lands or goods to a debtour that is distreined above the quantity of the debt Register Iudicial fol. 38. b. Terretenent terratenens is he which hath the natural and actual possesssion of the land which we otherwise call the occupation anno 39 Eliz. ca. 7. For example a Lord of a manour hath a Free-holder who letteth out his free land to another to be occupied this Occupier is called the Terretenent Wist parte 2. symb tit Fines Sect. 137. Cromptons Inrisd fol. 194. Britton cap. 29. Porkins feoffments 231. And Petrus Belluga in sprenlo Principum Repub. 46. versic Restut vidert nu 9. useth this word Terrae tenentee in the same signification See Land tenents Yet I have heard some learâ—ed in the Law say that the Terienent is the tenent in free or copyhold according to the custom of the Manor and opposite to tenent for term of years Quaere Ters is a certain measure of liquid things as wine oyl c. containing the 6th part of a tun an 32. H. 8. c. 14. or the 3d. part of a Pipe Testament Testamentum See Will. Testatum is a writ that seemeth especially to lye
est in aliis libris guarentisare i. causam alterius suscâ—pere se defensorem profiteri The Feudists also use this word guarentus quo significatur is qui Latinis author dieitur evictionem praestat lib. 2. Feud titulo 34. § 2. The Civilians have a stipulation habere licere whereby is signified a power of perpetual and quiet possession to be given lib. 11. § final Ï€. de action empt vend But this reacheth not so far as our warranty For the Seller hereby is bound but to a kind of diligence and care to maintain the Buyer in his possession For if he be evicted the Buyer is not tyed to recompence Dectores in l. stipulatio ista Habere licere Ï€ de verb. obliga VVarranty signifieth in our Common law a promise made in a deed by one man unto another for himself and his heirs to secure him and his Heirs against all men for the enjoying of any thing agreed of between them And he that maketh this warranty is called Warrantus by Bracton lib. 2. cap. 19 37. The Romans called him Auctorem as Hotoman testifieth in his Commentarie upon Tullies oration pro Aulo Caecinna verbo Cesennius author fundi whom you may read more at large And that which we term vocationem warranti the Civilians call authoris laudationem vel nominationem Eimer pract cap. 48. This warranty passeth from the seller to the buyer from the feoffor to the feoffee from him that releaseth to him that is released from an action real and such like And for the form it passeth in a clause toward the end of a deed in these words Et ego verò praefatus 1 haeredes mei praedictas decem acras terrae cum pertinentiis suis praefato H. haeredibus assignatis suis contra omnes gentes warrantizabimus in perperuum per praesentes West parte pri symbol li. 2. titulo Feofments sect 28â— et 288. So a release may be with clause of warranty Idem eodem titulo Releases sect 410. There is also a warrant of Attorney whereby a man appointeth another to do something in his name and warranteth his action West eod sect 181. And these VVarrants of Attorney seem to differ from letters of Attorney because that whereas Letters pass ordinarily under the hand and seal of him that maketh an Attorney by them before any credible witnesses warrants of Attorney be acknowledged before such persons by such means and in such manner as Fines West parte 2. symbol titulo Recoveries sect prim F. See Attorney But these warranties in passing land from one to another be of greatest consequent and of more intricate understanding And therefore of these divers have written at large as Glanvile lib. 3. per totum Bracton lib. 5. tractat 4. per totum Briton cap. 105. Littleton in the last Chapter of his tenures the form and effect whereof Bracton in his second book cap. 16. num 10. declareth thus Et ego haeredes mei warrantizabimus tali haeredibus suis tantùm vel tali haeredibus assignatis haeredibus assignatorum vel assignatis assignatorum et eorum haeredibus et acquietabimus et defendemus eis totam terram illam cum pertinentiis secundum quod praedictum est contra omnes gentes in perpetuum per praedictum servitium Per hoc autem quod dicit Ego et haeredes mei obligat se et haeredes suos ad warrantiam propinquos et remotos praesentes et futuros ei succedentes in infinitum Per hoc autem quòd dicit warrantizabimus sucipit in se obligationem ad defendendum suum Tenementum in possessione rei datae et assignatos suos et eorum haeredes et omnes alios secundum quod supradictum est si fortè tenementùm datum petatur ab antiquo in Dominico Per hoc autem quòd dicit acquietabimus obligat se et haeredes suos ad acquietabimus obligat se et haeredes suos ad acquietandum si quis plus petierit servitii vel aliud servitium quam in charta donationis continetur Per hoc autem quòd dicit Defendemus obligat se et haeredes ad Defendendum si quis velit servitutem ponere reidatae contra formam suae donationiâ— c. But the new Expounder of law terms saith That this warranty beginneth two wayes one by deed of Law as if one and his Ancestors have held land of another and his Ancestors time out of mind by homage which is called Homage auncestrel for in this case the homage continually performed by the tenent is sufficient to bind the Lord to warrant his estate The other is by deed of the party which by deed or fine tâ—y eth himself to warrant the land or tenement to the tenent And Sir Edward Cook in the fourth book of his Reports mentioneth the same distinction Nokes case fol. 81. a. calling the one a warranty in law the other an expresse warranty Civilians would call these species tacitam et expressam Warranty as the said Author of the terms of law saith is in 2 manners warranty lineal warranty collateral But Litleton saith ubi supra it is threefold warranty lineal warranty collateral and warranty that beginneth by disseisin Warranty by disseisin what it is is partly declared in Sir Edw. Cooks Reports li. 3. Fermors case fol. 78. a. VVhether of them divideth more aptly let the learned Judge For my part I think that lineal and collateral be no essential differences of warranty as it is originally considered in the first warranter For he bindeth himself and his heirs in general And such be bound be they lineal or collateral unto him Therefore this division riseth rather from the event of the original warranty videlicet because it so falleth out that the tenent to whom the warranty was made or his heirs when he or they be called into question for the land warranted formerly by the first feoffour is driven by the means of the first warranters death to call or vouch him to warranty that is his heir and now presently living be he descending or collateral as it falleth out For example A. enfeoff th B. in twenty acres of land with clause of warranty against all men So long as A. himself liveth he is lyable to this Covenant and none else after his decease his heir is subject unto it be he his Son Brother Uncle or what else And whether of these or neither of these it will be none knoweth untill he be dead Wherefore I conclude that this didistinction of lineal or collateral hath no use originally in this contract For as the Author of the terms of Law saith the burthen of this warranty after the death of the first warranter falleth upon him upon whom the land should have descended if the warranty had not been made And that is the next of blood to the warranter be he in the descending or collateral line And therefore I resolve that this
distinction groweth from an event after the death of him that covenanteth to warrant But to make this plain I find warranty to be used equivocally signifying one sort the contract or covenant of warranty first made as appeareth by Bracton in the place formerly noted and in another sort the very effect and performance of this contract either by the Warrenter or his heirs when he or they be by the tenent thereunto vouched or called As also I shew out of Bracton lib. 5. tract 4. cap. pri nu 2. in these words Inprimis videndum est quid sit warrantizatio Et sciendum quòd warrantizare nihil aliud est quà m defendere acquietare tenentem qui warrantum vocabit in seisina sua c. VVith whom agreeth Fleta saying that Warrantizare nihil aliud est quam possidentem defendere lib. 5. ca. 15. § 1. lib. 6. cap. 23. quod lege per totum And the former division of lineal and collateral warranty rather belonging to warranty in the second signification than the former And that this way it is imperfect or at the least obscure I think it not hard to declare First to shew this I note out of Bracton who may be called to warranty And he lib. 5 tract 4. cap. pri num 5. saith thus Videndum est quis vocari possit ad warrantum sciendum quod tam maseulus quam foemina tam minor quà m major dism tamen si minor vocetur remane at platitum de warrantia in suspenso usque ad aetutem uisicausa fuerit ita favorabilis quòd aetas expectari non debeat sicut ex causa Dotis Item non solum vocandus est ad warrantum ille qui dedit vel vendidit verum etiam vocandi sunt eorum haeredes-descendentes in infinitum propter verba in Chartis contenta Ego haeredes mei warrantizabimus tali haeredibus suis c. Et in quo casu tenentur haeredes warrantizare sive sini propinqui sive remoti remotiores vel remotissimi Et quod de haeredibus dititur idem dici poterit de assignatis et de illis qui sunt locoallorum haeredum sicut sunt capitales Domini qui tenentibus suis quasi succedunt vel propter aliquem defectum vel propter aliqund delictum sicut de eschaetis Dominorum By which words we perceive that the burthen of this warranty is not tyed to heirs only be they in the descending or collateral line but that under this word Haeredes are comprised all such as the first warranters Lands afterwards come unto either by descent or otherwise ex causa lueraâ—iva So that if a man have twenty children yet if he will and may give his land to a Stranger leaving his children no land that Stranger in this case is his assign and is contained under this word Heir So if he commit felony after such warranty covenanted and forfeited his lands to his Lord by escheat the Lord is quesihares in this case and lyable to the warranty sormerly passed And in these two later cases warranty in the second signification seemeth to be neither lineal nor collateral and at the least as Littleton and the other Author have defined or by example expressed them But let us define these two species as they be wherefore lineal warranty is that which he is called unto by the Tenent upon whom the land warranted had descended if the warrantee had not been covenanted For example A. selleth to B. twenty acres land with clause of warranty and afterward dyeth leaving issue C. soon after B. is impleaded for this Land by D. and voucheth C. This is called a lineal warranty because but for it the land had descended from A. to C. Warranty collateral is that whereunto he is called by the Tenent upon the covenant of him from whom the Land could not descend to the party called For example B. the Son purchaseth Tenements in fee whereof A. his Father disseiseth him and selleth them to C. with a clause of warranty A. being dead C. is impleaded for the Tenements and calleth B. to warranty This warranty whereunto B. is called ia collateral because the Tenements if the warranty had not been covenanted by A. could not have descended from him to his Father A. for they were his own by purchase Many other examples there be of this in Littleton And this very case he maketh his example of warranty by disseisin as also of warranty collateral which plainly argueth that warranty by disseisin and warranty collateral are not distinct members of warrantee but may be confounded though one warranty may carry both names in divers respects For there is some warranty collateral that beginneth not by disseisin For example A. Tenent in tayl alienated to B. in fee and dyeth leaving issue C. afterward D. Brother to A. and Uncle to C. releaseth to B. with warranty and dying leaveth B. his heir being next of blood unto him This warraaty is collateral because it descendeth upon C. from his Vncle D. and yet it beginneth not by disseisin of his said Uncle Warranty hath a double effect one to debar him upon whom it descendeth from the first warranter as his next of blood from claiming the land warranted and another to make it good to the Tenent if by him he be vouched thereunto or else to give him as much other land by exchange But as the former of these effects taketh place with all heirs except those to whom the Land warranted was entailed and that reap no equivalent benefit by the first warranter anno 6 Ed. prim cap. 3. so the later prejudiceth none that receiveth not sufficient Land from the first warranter to make it good Bracton lib. 5. tractat 4. cap. 8. num prim cap. 13. num 2. In the Customary of Normandy cap. 5. you have vouchment de garant which the Interpreter translateth Vocamentum Garanti a voucher or calling of the warranter into the Court to make good his sale or gift Warrantia diei is a writ lying in case where a man having a day assigned personally to appear in Court to any action wherin he is sued is in the mean time by commandment imployed in the Kings service so that he cannot come at the day assigned This writ is directed to the Justices to this end that they neither take nor record him in default for that day Register original fol. 18. Of this you may read more in Fitzherb nat brev fol. 17. and fee Glanvile lib. prius cap. 8. Warrantia chartae is a writ that lyeth properly for him who is infeoffed in land or tenements with clause of warranty and is impleaded in an Assise or Writ of Entry wherein he cannot vouch or call to warranty for in this case his remedy is to take out this writ against the seoffor of his heir Regist. origin fol. 157. Fitzh nat brev fol. 134. Of this yon may likewise read Fleta lib. 6. cap. 35. and West parte 2. symb
joyntly to the Husband and the Wife and after to the Heirs of their bodies whereby the Husband and Wife be made joynt tenants during the coverture Coke lib. 3. Butler and Bakers case f. 27. b. See Frank mariage Joynture is also used as the abstract of Joynt tenants Coke lib. 3. the Marquess of Winchesters Case fol. 3. a. b. Junctura is also by Bracton and Fleta used for joyning of one bargain to another Fleta lib. 2. cap. 60. touching the self-same thing and therefore joynture in the first signification may be so called in respect that it is a bargain of livelihood for the wife adjoyned to the contract of mariage Journ Choppers anno 8 Hen. 6. cap. 5. be regraters of yarn Whether that we now call yarn were in those daies called journ I cannot say but Choppers in these dayes are well known to be changers as choppers of Churches c. Journeyman commeth of the French Journee that is a day or dayes work which argueth that they were called Journeymen that wrought with others by the day though now by Statute it be extended to those likewise that covenant to work in their occupation with another by the year anno quinto Elizabeth cap. quarto IS Issue Exitus commeth of the French Issir i. emanare or the Substantive Issue i. exitus eventus It hath divers applications in the common Law sometime being used for the children begotten between a man and his wife sometime for profits growing from an amercement or fine or expences of sute sometime for profits of lands or tenements West 2. anno 13. Edw. prim cap. 39. sometime for that point of matter depending in sute whereupon the parties joyn and put their cause to the trial of the Jury and in all these it hath but one signification which is an effect of a cause proceeding as the children be the effect of the mariage between the Parents the profits growing to the King or Lord from the punishment of any mans offence is the effect of his transgression the point referred to the trial of twelve men is the effect of pleading or processe Issue in this last signification is either general or special General issue seemeth to be that whereby it is referred to the Jury to bring in their verdict whether the Defendant have done any such thing as the Plaintiff layeth to his charge For example if it be an offence against any Statute and the Defendant plead not culpable this being put to the Jury is called the General issue and if a man complain of a private wrong which the Defendant denieth and pleads no wrong nor disseisin and this be referred to the 12. it is likewise the General issue Kitchin fol. 225. See the Doctor and Student fol. 158. b. The Special issue then must be that where special matter being alleged by the Defendant for his defence both the parties joyn thereupon and so grow rather to a Demurrer if it be quaestio Juris or to tryal by the Jury if it be quaestio facti See the new Book of Entries verbo Issue JU Juncture See Joynture Jure patronatus See the new Book of Entries verbo Jure patronatus in quare impedit fol. 465. col 3. Jurie Jurata commeth of the French Jurer i. jurare it signifieth in our Common law a company of men as 24. or 12. sworn to deliver a truth upon such evidence as shall be delivered them touching the matter in question Of which trial who may and who may not be empanelled see Fitzh nat brev fol. 165. D. And for better understanding of this point it is to be known that there be three manner of trials in England one by Parliament another by Battel and the third by Assize or Jury Smith de Repub. Anglorum lib. 2. cap. 5 6 7. touching the two former read him and see Battel and Combat and Parliament the trial by Assise be the action civil or criminal publike or private personal or real is referred for the fact to a Jury and as they find it so passeth the Judgement and the great favour that by this the King sheweth to his Subjects more than the Princes of other Nations you may read in Glanvil lib. 2. cap. 7. where he called it Regale beneficium clement is principis de consilio procerum populis indultum quo vitae hominum Status integritats tam salubriter consulitur ut in jure quod quis in libero soli tenemento possidet retinendo duelli casum declinare possint homines ambiguum c. see the rest This Iury is not used only in Circuits of Justices Errant but also in other Courts and matters of Office as if the Escheatour make inquisition in any thing touching his Office he doth it by Jury or Inquest if the Coroner inquire how a subject found dead came to his end he useth an Inquest the Justices of Peace in their Quarter Sessions the Sheriff in his County and Turn the Bayliff of a Hundred the Steward of a Court Leet or Court Baron if they inquire of any offence or decide any cause between party and party they doe it by the same manner So that where it is said that all things be triable by Parliament Battel or Assise Assise in this place is taken for a Jury or Enquest empanelled upon any cause in a Court where this kind of trial is used and though it be commonly deemed that this custom of ending and deciding causes proceed from the Saxons and Britons and was of favour permitted unto us by the Conquerour yet I find by the grand Customarie of Normandy cap. 24. that this course was used likewise in that Country For Assise is in that Chapter defined to be an assembly of wise men with the Bayliff in a place certain at a time assigned forty dayes before whereby Justice may be done in causes heard in the Court. Of this custom also and those Knights of Normandie Johannes Faber maketh mention in the Rubrique of the Title de militari testamento in Institut this Jury though it appertain to most Courts of the Common law yet is it most notorious in the half-year Courts of the Justices errants commonly called the great Assises and in the quarter Sessions and in them it is most ordinarily called a Jury And that in civil causes whereas in other Courts it is oftener termed an Enquest and in the Court Baron the Homage In the general Assise there are usually many Juries because there be store of causes both civil and criminal comonly to be tried whereof one is called the Grand Jury and the rest Petit Juries whereof it seemeth there should be one for every Hundred Lamb. Eirenar lib. 4. cap. 3. pag. 384. The Grand Jury consisteth ordinarily of 24. grave and substantial Gentlemen or some of them Yeomen chosen indifferently out of the whole Shire by the Sheriff to consider of all Bils of Inditement preferred to the Court which they doe either approve by writing upon them these
do it And therefore whereas the Rhetoricians comprise all the substance of their discourses under three Questions An sit quid sit quale sit this Answer falleth under the first of the three all other Answers are under one of the other two And as this is the general Answer in an Action of Trespass that is an Action criminal civilly prosecuted so is it also in all Actions criminally followed either at the sute of the King or other wherein the Defendant denyeth the crime objected unto him See the New Book of Entries titulo Non culpabilis and Stawnf pl. cor lib. 2. cap. 62. Non est factum is an Answer to a Declaration wherby a man denyeth that to be his Deed whereupon he is impleaded Broke hoc titulo Non implacitando aliquem de libero tenemento sine brevi is a Writ to inhibit Bailiffs c. from distreining any man without the Kings Writ touching his Freehold Register fol. 171. b. Non intromittendo quando breve praecipe in capite subdolè impetratur is a Writ directed to Iustices of the Bench or in Eyr willing them not to give one hearing that hath under the colour of intitling the King to Land c. as holding of him in Capite deceitfully obtained the Writ called Praecipe in capite but to put him to this Writ of Right if he think good to use it Register original fol. 4. b. Non Mercandizando victualia in a Writ directed to the Justices of Assise commanding them to inquire whether the Officers of such a Town do sell Victuals in gross or by retayl during their Office contrary to the Statute and to punish them if they find it true Regist fol. 184. Non molestando is a Writ that lyeth for him which is molested contrary to the Kings Protection granted him Register fol. 24. Non omittas is a Writ lying where the Sheriff delivereth a former Writ to a Bayliff of a Franchise within the which the party on whom it is to be served dwelleth and the Bayliff neglecteth to serve it for in this Case the Sheriff returning that he delivered it to the Bayliff this shall be directed to the Sheriff charging him himself to execute the Kings commandement Old nat brev fol. 44. of this the Regist. orig hath three sorts fol. 82. b. 151. and the Register judic one folio 5 56. Non penendo in Assisis Juratis is a Writ founded upon the Stat. Westm 2. ca. 38. and the stat Articuli super Chartas cap. 9. which is granted upon divers causes to men for the freeing them from Assises and Juries See Fitz. nat brev fol. 165. See the Regist fol. 179 100 181 183. Non precedendo ad Assisam Rege inconsulto is a writ to stop the Tryal of a Cause appertaining unto one that is in the Kings service â— c. untill the Kings pleasure be farther known Register fol. 220. a. Non residentia pro clericis regis is a Writ directed to the Ordinary sharging him not to molest a Clerk imployed in the Kings service by reason of his non residence Regist orig folio 58. b. Non sute is a renunciation of the sute by the Plaintiff or demandant when the matter is so far proceeded in as the Jury is ready at the Bar to deliver their verdict anno 2 H. 4. cap. 7. See the New Book of Entries verbo Non-sute The Civilians term it Litis renunciationein Non solvendo pecuniam ad quam Clericus muâ—ctatur pro non residentia is a Writ prohibiting an Ordinary to take a pecuniary mulct imposed upon a Clerk of the King for Non-residence Reg. orig fol. 59. Non-tenure is an exception to a count by saying that he holdeth not the Land specified in the count or at the least some part of it anno 25 Edw. 3. statut 4. cap. 16 West parte 2. Symbol titulo Fines Sect. 138. maketh mention of Non tenure general and Non tenure special See the New Book of Entries Verbo Non tenure where it is said that especial Non tenure is an exception alleging that he was not Tenent the day whereon the writ was purchased Non tenure general is then by Likelyhood where one denyeth himself ever to have been Tenent to the Land in question Non sum informatus See Informatus non sum Non sane memorie Non sanae memoriae is on exception taken to any Act declared by the Plaintiff or Demandant to be done by another whereupon he groundeth his Plaint or Demand And the Contents of this Exception be that the party that did that Act being himself or any other was not well in his wits or mad when he did it See the New Book of Entries titulo nonsane memorie and Dum non fuit compos mentis See also supra Non compos mentis Non term non terminus is the time of Vacation between Term and Term. It was wont to be called the times or days of the Kings peace Lamb. Archaiono fol. 126. and what these were in the time of King Edward the Confessour see there This time was called Justicium or Feriae among the Romans or dies nefasti Ferias appellari notum est tempus illud quod forensibus negotiis jure dicendo vacabat Earum autem aliae solennes erant alia repentinae Brisson de verb. signif lib. 6. vide Wesenbec paratit De Feriis num 6. Note of â— Fine nota finis is a brief of a fine made by the Chirographer before it be ingrossed The form whereof see in West parte 2. Symbol titulo Fines Section 117. Novel assignment nova assignatio is an assignment of time or place or such like otherwise than as it was before assigned In Brook you may find these words in effect titulo Deputy num 12. See novel assignment of Trespass in a new place after Bar pleaded Brock tit Trespass 122. and novel assignment in a Writ de ejectione custodiae titulo Ejectione custodiae num 7. See Assignment NU Nuae mater See Mater Nunne Nonna is the French word nonnain or nonne something altered which signifieth a holy or confecrated Virgin or a woman that hath by vow bound her self to a single and chaste life in some place and Company of other women seperated from the world and addicted to an especial service of God by Prayer Fasting and such like holy exercises If we would know whence this word came into France Saint Hierome maketh it an Aegyptian word as Hospinian recordeth of him in this Book De origine progressu monachatus fol. 2. Nuper obiit is a Writ that lyeth for a Co-heir being deforced by her Co-heir of Lands or Tenements whereof the Grandfather Father Uncle or Brother to them both or any other their Common Ancesters died seised of an Estate in Fee-simple See the form of the Writ Origin Regist fol. 226 c. Fitzh nat brev fol. 197. If the Ancestor died sessed in Fee tail then the Co-heir deforced shall have a Formedon Idem
ibid. Nusance nocumentum commeth of the French nuire i. nocere It signifieth in our Common law not only a thing done whereby another man is annoyed in his free Lands or Tenements but especially the Assise or Writ lying for the same Fitzh nat brev fol. 183. And this Writ de Nocumento or of Nusance is either simply De nocumento or de parvo nocumento and then it is Vicountiel Old nat brev fol. 108 109. Fitz. natur brev ubi supra fol. 184. Britton calleth it Nosance whom also read cap. 61 62. M. Manwood parte 2. of his Forest laws cap. 17. maketh three sorts of Nusance in the Forest The first is Nocumentum commune the second Nocumentum speciale the third Nocumentum generale which read with the rest of that whole Chapter See the Register orig fol. 197 199. Nutmegs nux myristica vel nux muscata is a spice well known to all It groweth of a Tree like a Peach-tree and is inclosed in two Husks whereof the inner Husk is that spice which we call Mace Of this who will may read more in Gerards Herbal lib. 3. cap. 145. It is mentioned among spices that are to be garbled anno 1 Jacob. cap. 19. O OB OBedientiae was a Rent as appeareth by Roger Hoveden parte poster suorum annalium fol. 430. in these words Ut ergo eis sc regularibus adimatur opportunitas evagandi prohibemus ne reditus quos obedientias vocant ad firmam teneant c. Obedidientia in the Common law is used for an Office or the administration of an Office ca. cùm admonasterium 6. extra de statu monacho cano regula And thereupon the word obedientiales is used in the provincial constitutions for those which have the execution of any Office under their Superiors cap. prim de statu regula For thus saith Lyndwood in his gloss upon that word Hâ—i sunt qui sub obedientia suorum Praelatorum sunt habent certa officia administranda inte riùs vel exteriùs It may be that some of these Offices called obedientiae consisted in the collection of rents or pensions and that therefore those Rents were by a Metonymie called obedientia quia colligebantur ab obedientialibus Oblitions oblationes are thus defined in the Canon law Oblationes dicuntur quaecunque à piis fidelibúsque Christianis offeruntur Deo Ecclesiae sive res soli sive mobiles sint Nec refert an legentur testamento an aliter donentur cap. clerici 13. quaest 2. Read more of these in Duarenus de sacr eccl minister ac benefi cap. tertio Oblagation obligatio and Bill be all one saving that when it is in English it is commonly called a Bill and when it is in Latine an Obligation West parte 1. Symbol lib. 2. sect 146. True it is that a Bill is obligatory but we commonly call that an Obligation which hath a Condition annexed The former Author in the same place saith thus farther An Obligation is a Deed whereby the Obligor doth acknowledge himself to owe unto the Obligee a certain sum of money or other thing In which besides the parties names are to be considered the thing due and the time place and manner of payment or delivery Obligations be either by matter in Deed or of Record An Obligation by matter in Deed is every Obligation not acknowledged and made in some Court of Record Hithetto Master West OC Occupavit is a Writ that lyeth for him which is ejected out of his Land or Tenement in time of war as a Writ of Novel disseisin lieth for one ejected in time of peace Ingham § Brief de novel disseisin Octo tales See Tales See Brook tit Octo tales OD Odio atia anno 3 Ed. 1. cap. 11. is a Writ sent to the Under-Sheriff to inquire whether a man being committed to Prison upon suspition of murther be committed upon malice or evill will or upon just suspition Register orig fol. 133. b. See Bracton lib. 3. parte 2. cap. 20. OF Office Officinm doth signifie not only that function by vertu whereof a man hath some imployment in the affairs of another as of the King or other Common person but also an Inquisition made to the Kings use of any thing by vertue of his Office who inquireth And therefore we oftentimes read of an Office found which is nothing but such a thing found by Inquisition made ex officio In this signification it is used anno 33 H. 8. cap. 20. and in Stawnfords praerog fol. 60 61. where to traverse an Office is to traverse the Inquisition taken of Office And in Kitchin fol. 177. to return an Office is to return that which is found by vertue of the office See also the new Book of Entries verbo office pur le Roy. And this is by a Metonymy of the effect And there be two sorts of Offices in this signification issuing out of the Exchequer by Commission viz. an Office to intitle the King in the thing inquired of and an Office of instruction which read in Sir Edward Cokes Reports vol. 6. Pages Case fol. 52. a b. Office in fee is that which a man hath to himself and his heirs anno 13 Edward 1. cap. 25. Kitchin folio 152. See Clerk Official Officialis is a word very diversly used For by sundry Civilians of other Countries that write in these daies it appeareth to be applyed in many places to such as have the sway of temporall Justice Aegidius Bossius in pract crim tit De officialibus corruptis c. But by the ancienter Civil law it signifieth him that is the Minister or Apparit or of a Magistrate or Judge lib. 1. § si quis ultro Ï€. de quaestio Co. de filiis officialium c. lib. 12. In the Canon law it is especially taken for him to whom any Bishop doth generally commit the charge of his spiritual Jurisdiction And in this sunse one in every Dioces is officialis principalis whom the Statutes and Laws of this Kingdom call Chanceller anno 32 H. 8. cap. 15. The rest if there be more are by the Canon law called officiales foranei glos in Clem. 2. de Rescriptis but with us termed Commissaries Commissarii as in the Statute of H. 8. or sometimes Commissiarii foranei The difference of these two powers you may read in Lyndwood titulo de sequestra posses ca. 1. verbo Officialis But this word official in our Statutes and Common law signifieth him whom the Archdeacon substituteth in the executing of his Jurisdiction as appear eth by the Statute above mentioned and many other places Officiariis non faciendis vel amovendis is a Writ directed to the Magistrates of a Corporation willing them not to make such a man an Officer and to put him out of the Office he hath untill enquiry be made of his manners according to an Inquisition formerly ordained Register original fol. 126. b. ON Oner ando pro rata