of_o a_o fine_a as_o be_v common_a in_o all_o case_n of_o feodal_n tenor_n empire_n this_o have_v some_o show_n of_o our_o escuage_z and_o may_v well_o have_v take_v that_o name_n from_o the_o manner_n of_o summons_n use_v in_o the_o empire_n which_o be_v by_o erect_v a_o post_n or_o pillar_n and_o hang_v a_o shield_n at_o the_o top_n thereof_o a_o herald_n proclaim_v that_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o this_o manner_n shall_v at_o such_o a_o day_n attend_v the_o emperor_n in_o his_o voyage_n to_o rome_n for_o take_v the_o crown_n of_o italy_n or_o king_n of_o roman_n which_o the_o ligurine_a poet_n thus_o express_v 301._o ligno_fw-la suspenditur_fw-la alte_fw-la erecto_fw-la clypeus_fw-la tunc_fw-la praeco_fw-la regius_fw-la omnes_fw-la convocat_n a_o dominis_fw-la feudalia_fw-la jura_fw-la tenentes_fw-la etc._n etc._n as_o we_o have_v show_v in_o our_o glossary_a verbo_fw-la feudum_fw-la he_o use_v clypeus_fw-la for_o a_o shield_n instead_o of_o scutum_fw-la and_o from_o this_o shield_n i_o say_v it_o may_v well_o be_v call_v scutagium_fw-la as_o also_o from_o the_o service_n perform_v in_o it_o cum_fw-la hasta_fw-la &_o scuto_fw-la yet_o this_o summons_n be_v not_o call_v schiltbannum_n but_o heribannum_fw-la that_o be_v indictio_fw-la exercitus_fw-la not_o indictio_fw-la sâ—uti_fw-la but_o to_o keep_v near_o the_o matter_n first_o our_o saxon_n neither_o use_v the_o name_n nor_o the_o rule_n of_o the_o norman_a escuage_z for_o they_o call_v their_o go_v to_o war_n upon_o legal_a summons_n firdfare_n and_o utfare_n in_o latin_a expeditionem_fw-la and_o profectionem_fw-la second_o they_o be_v not_o tie_v to_o any_o definite_a time_n of_o abode_n as_o for_o forty_o day_n or_o more_o or_o less_o but_o as_o the_o law_n say_v 10._o sÆ¿a_o a_o ðon_n ðearf_n sy_n for_o gemeneâ—â—â—re_a neode_n so_o as_o need_v shall_v require_v for_o common_a necessity_n three_o the_o mulct_n or_o forfeiture_n that_o the_o tenant_n in_o escuage_z incur_v for_o not_o go_v forth_o upon_o that_o summons_n be_v uncertain_a among_o the_o norman_n and_o we_o till_o the_o parliament_n assign_v it_o but_o among_o the_o saxon_n he_o that_o offend_v in_o ferdwite_n that_o be_v in_o not_o go_v forth_o in_o the_o expedition_n be_v certain_o fine_v at_o 120_o 13._o four_o whereas_o every_o lord_n among_o we_o have_v the_o fine_a assess_v by_o parliament_n of_o his_o own_o tenant_n for_o the_o land_n hold_v of_o himself_o the_o king_n among_o the_o saxon_n have_v the_o fine_a aforesaid_a of_o every_o delinquent_n who_o tenant_n or_o follower_n soever_o he_o be_v by_o all_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o be_v to_o say_v by_o the_o west-saxon_a law_n by_o the_o mercian_n and_o by_o the_o dane_n law_n though_o otherwise_o they_o differ_v 69._o in_o their_o heriot_n and_o many_o particular_a custom_n so_o that_o to_o talk_v of_o escuage_z among_o the_o saxon_n be_v without_o all_o colour_n or_o probability_n as_o i_o take_v it_o chap._n xxiii_o no_o feodal_n escheat_n of_o hereditary_a land_n among_o the_o saxon_n escheat_n escheat_n of_o eschoeir_n in_o french_a signify_v thing_n come_v accidental_o as_o on_o the_o by_o or_o by_o chance_n the_o fâ—odists_n therefore_o call_v they_o caduca_fw-la a_fw-la cadendo_fw-la and_o excadentias_fw-la the_o black_a book_n of_o the_o exchequer_n escaetas_n excidentia_fw-la and_o excadentia_fw-la but_o among_o our_o saxon_n i_o find_v no_o word_n to_o express_v they_o either_o proper_o or_o paraphrastical_o in_o our_o law_n they_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n regal_a escheat_n and_o feodal_n regal_a be_v those_o obvention_n and_o forfeiture_n which_o belong_v general_o to_o king_n by_o the_o ancient_a right_n of_o their_o crown_n and_o supreme_a dignity_n thus_o king_n david_n give_v the_o land_n of_o mephibosheth_n accuse_v of_o treason_n unto_o ziba_n though_o too_o hasty_o feodal_n be_v those_o which_o accrue_v to_o every_o feodal_n lord_n as_o well_o as_o to_o the_o king_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o seignory_n and_o of_o all_o the_o fruit_n of_o tenure_n none_o so_o great_a as_o this_o if_o we_o may_v call_v it_o a_o fruit_n where_o the_o feud_n or_o tree_n itself_o result_v back_o unto_o the_o lord_n let_v we_o see_v therefore_o if_o we_o find_v any_o of_o these_o feodal_n escheat_n among_o the_o saxon_n examine_v there_o be_v a_o shrewd_a text_n i_o confess_v in_o canutus_n his_o law_n qui_fw-la fugiet_fw-la à _fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la vel_fw-la socio_fw-la pro_fw-la timiditate_fw-la in_o expeditione_n navali_fw-la vel_fw-la terrestri_fw-la perdat_fw-la omne_fw-la quod_fw-la suum_fw-la est_fw-la &_o svam_fw-la ipsius_fw-la vitam_fw-la &_o manus_fw-la mittat_fw-la dominus_fw-la ad_fw-la terram_fw-la quam_fw-la ei_fw-la dederat_fw-la &_o si_fw-la terram_fw-la haereditariam_fw-la habeat_fw-la ipsa_fw-la in_o manum_fw-la regis_fw-la transeat_fw-la here_o be_v the_o appearance_n of_o a_o tenure_n of_o a_o feud_n of_o a_o forfeiture_n and_o of_o a_o escheat_n the_o tenure_n lie_v between_o the_o lord_n and_o his_o fugitive_a vassal_n who_o the_o saxon_n and_o german_n call_v his_o man_n we_o his_o tenant_n the_o feud_n in_o the_o land_n quam_fw-la dâ—mâ—nus_fw-la â—i_fw-la dederat_fw-la the_o forfeiture_n in_o fugiendo_fw-la in_o the_o vassal_n run_v away_o and_o the_o escheat_n in_o the_o lord_n be_v seize_v of_o the_o land_n manus_fw-la mittat_fw-la dominus_fw-la in_o terram_fw-la quam_fw-la ei_fw-la dederat_fw-la let_v the_o lord_n take_v back_o the_o estate_n which_o he_o give_v in_o the_o temporary_a feud_n but_o for_o the_o hereditary_a land_n he_o say_v transeat_fw-la non_fw-la redeat_fw-la in_fw-la manum_fw-la regis_fw-la all_o this_o be_v nothing_o in_o our_o case_n for_o i_o declare_v in_o the_o beginning_n that_o our_o question_n be_v fix_v upon_o such_o feud_n as_o the_o law_n of_o england_n take_v notice_n of_o at_o this_o day_n that_o be_v of_o feud_n after_o they_o be_v become_v hereditary_a and_o perpetual_a not_o of_o those_o mention_v by_o gerardus_n niger_n which_o be_v temporary_a as_o at_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n or_o for_o year_n or_o for_o life_n like_v they_o here_o intend_v by_o canutus_n this_o very_a law_n observe_v the_o difference_n and_o discover_v also_o that_o feud_n be_v not_o hereditary_a in_o his_o time_n and_o therefore_o give_v the_o feodal_a land_n be_v but_o a_o temporary_a estate_n back_o unto_o the_o lord_n in_o who_o the_o reversion_n be_v by_o inheritance_n as_o a_o feodal_n right_n but_o give_v the_o hereditary_a land_n unto_o the_o king_n as_o a_o regal_a escheat_n for_o that_o there_o be_v no_o mean_a or_o intervenient_a lord_n to_o claim_v they_o by_o any_o feodal_a tenure_n for_o that_o the_o hereditary_a land_n among_o the_o saxon_n otherwise_o call_v bocland_n be_v hold_v of_o no_o body_n nor_o subject_n to_o any_o feodal_a service_n as_o we_o have_v often_o declare_v and_o can_v not_o therefore_o escheat_n unto_o any_o feodal_a lord_n the_o kentish_a custom_n of_o the_o father_n to_o the_o bough_n and_o the_o son_n to_o the_o plough_n suggest_v as_o much_o and_o show_v also_o to_o have_v be_v the_o general_a use_n of_o england_n till_o the_o conqueror_n introduce_v hereditary_a feud_n put_v upon_o we_o therewith_o these_o great_a feodal_n servitude_n of_o wardship_n marriage_n escheat_n etc._n etc._n so_o that_o the_o hereditary_a land_n not_o be_v feodal_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n nor_o the_o feodal_a land_n hereditary_a there_o can_v then_o be_v no_o feodal_a escheat_n among_o they_o and_o i_o take_v it_o to_o be_v considerable_a whether_o the_o land_n resume_v by_o the_o lord_n upon_o his_o vassal's_n running_n away_o be_v proper_o a_o escheat_n by_o the_o law_n of_o canutus_n or_o rather_o a_o penalty_n only_o impose_v in_o this_o particular_a case_n chap._n xxiv_o thaneland_n and_o reveland_n what_o no_o mark_n of_o tenure_n but_o distinction_n of_o land-holders_n thaneland_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o assertion_n rather_o show_v than_o prove_v 34._o that_o the_o thani_fw-la majores_fw-la or_o king_n thanes_z hold_v by_o personal_a service_n of_o the_o king_n person_n by_o grand_a serjanty_n or_o knights-service_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o the_o reason_n follow_v be_v that_o the_o land_n so_o hold_v be_v in_o those_o time_n call_v thaneland_n as_o land_v reveland_n hold_v in_o socage_n be_v call_v reveland_n so_o frequent_o in_o doomsday_n 〈…〉_z haec_fw-la terra_fw-la fuit_fw-la terra_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la thainland_n sed_fw-la postea_fw-la conversa_fw-la est_fw-la in_o reveland_n coke_n instit_n §_n 117._o thus_o the_o report_n discharge_v itself_o upon_o my_o lord_n coke_n who_o word_n be_v these_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o in_o the_o book_n of_o doomsday_n land_n hold_v by_o knights-service_n be_v call_v thainland_n and_o land_n hold_v by_o socage_n be_v call_v reveland_n i_o reverence_v the_o opinion_n of_o that_o famous_a lawyer_n with_o admiration_n but_o i_o suppose_v he_o speak_v not_o this_o ex_fw-la tripod_n juridico_fw-la for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o it_o and_o that_o which_o be_v before_o deliver_v out_o of_o the_o
of_o any_o other_o for_o at_o ebsa_n in_o suthry_n under_o the_o title_n of_o ric._n fill_v comitis_fw-la gisleberti_fw-la it_o say_v hanc_fw-la terram_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la novem_fw-la teigni_fw-la &_o cum_fw-la ea_fw-la poterant_fw-la vtere_fw-la quo_fw-la volebant_fw-la plain_a latin_a but_o the_o sense_n be_v that_o nine_o thanes_z hold_v this_o land_n of_o ebsam_n in_o the_o time_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o may_v do_v with_o it_o what_o they_o will_v so_o at_o est-burnham_n in_o buckinghamshire_n under_o the_o title_n of_o milo_n crispin_n duo_o teigni_fw-la homines_fw-la brictrici_fw-la hanc_fw-la terram_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la &_o vendere_fw-la potuere_fw-la and_o here_o it_o seem_v that_o these_o thanes_z be_v not_o the_o king_n thanes_z but_o of_o the_o lesser_a sort_n for_o that_o he_o call_v they_o homines_fw-la brictrici_fw-la so_o in_o the_o same_o shire_n under_o the_o title_n of_o s._n petr._n westmon_n it_o be_v say_v of_o the_o same_o town_n of_o est-burnham_n hoc_fw-la manerium_fw-la tres_fw-la treigni_fw-la tempore_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la &_o vendere_fw-la potuerunt_fw-la rent_n it_o there_o also_o appear_v that_o the_o thaneland_n may_v be_v charge_v with_o a_o rent_n issue_v out_o of_o it_o for_o it_o immediate_o follow_v &_o tamen_fw-la ipsi_fw-la tres_fw-la reddiderunt_fw-la quinque_fw-la oras_fw-la de_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la and_o it_o may_v be_v restrain_v from_o alienation_n as_o where_o it_o be_v say_v in_o doomsday_n de_fw-fr ea_fw-la viz._n lega_fw-la pelton_n sunt_fw-la in_fw-la dominio_fw-la dvae_fw-la hidae_fw-la una_fw-la ex_fw-la hiis_fw-la fuit_fw-la tainland_n non_fw-la tamen_fw-la poterat_fw-la ab_fw-la ecclesia_fw-la separari_fw-la where_o the_o word_n tamen_fw-la imply_v that_o although_o thaneland_n may_v otherwise_o be_v alienate_v yet_o this_o particular_o can_v not_o so_o likewise_o may_v it_o be_v entail_v upon_o a_o family_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o law_n of_o alured_n cap._n 37._o but_o thus_o doomsday_n after_o the_o conquest_n affirm_v the_o same_o that_o the_o charter_n do_v before_o the_o conquest_n and_o the_o word_n both_o in_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o which_o show_v that_o the_o thane_n may_v sell_v or_o use_v this_o land_n as_o he_o will_v do_v imply_v a_o estate_n of_o inheritance_n independent_a of_o any_o lord_n either_o feodal_n or_o superior_a and_o be_v as_o even_o the_o alodium_n mention_v in_o the_o chapter_n of_o thanes_z but_o whether_o it_o be_v descendable_a only_o upon_o the_o elder_a son_n or_o dividable_a between_o all_o the_o son_n as_o in_o gavelkind_n i_o can_v say_v but_o the_o formula_fw-la of_o alodium_fw-la join_v with_o marculfus_n do_v divide_v it_o between_o they_o all_o chap._n xii_o the_o fruit_n of_o feodal_n tenor_n and_o that_o they_o be_v not_o sound_v among_o the_o saxon_n or_o not_o after_o our_o manner_n hitherto_o we_o have_v seek_v our_o tenor_n among_o the_o saxon_n and_o have_v not_o find_v they_o though_o the_o report_n 35._o tell_v we_o it_o be_v most_o manifest_a that_o they_o be_v frequent_a and_o 36._o common_a in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o saxon_n we_o will_v now_o follow_v the_o direction_n of_o our_o saviour_n 33._o and_o see_v if_o by_o the_o fruit_n we_o can_v find_v the_o tree_n the_o report_n say_v 33._o by_o question_n and_o answer_v the_o fruit_n of_o the_o tenure_n viz._n in_o capite_fw-la and_o knights-service_n what_o be_v they_o but_o the_o 1_o profit_v of_o the_o land_n 2_o wardship_n 3_o livery_n 4_o premier_n seisin_n 5_o relief_n mistake_v to_o be_v a_o heriot_n 6_o fine_a for_o alienation_n and_o the_o rest_n which_o rest_v it_o 37._o supply_v short_o after_o to_o be_v 7_o homage_n 8_o fealty_n 9_o escuage_z add_v again_o relief_n and_o wardship_n instead_o whereof_o i_o out_o of_o a_o three_o passage_n 33._o do_v place_n 10_o escheat_n and_o it_o conclude_v 37._o that_o as_o all_o these_o tenor_n be_v common_a in_o those_o time_n so_o be_v all_o the_o fruit_n of_o they_o etc._n etc._n which_o if_o it_o be_v true_a the_o question_n be_v determine_v nay_o i_o yield_v it_o if_o any_o one_o of_o they_o agree_v direct_o with_o our_o tenor_n be_v find_v among_o they_o some_o show_n of_o fealty_n and_o licence_n to_o alien_a land_n grant_v for_o a_o certain_a time_n only_o except_v for_o avoid_v captious_a disputation_n their_o very_a name_n pretend_v no_o saxon_a antiquity_n but_o as_o the_o ephramite_n bewray_v their_o tribe_n by_o their_o language_n so_o by_o their_o name_n these_o fruit_n discover_v themselves_o to_o be_v of_o norman_a progeny_n and_o the_o report_n do_v not_o give_v we_o one_o instance_n or_o example_n of_o any_o of_o they_o in_o all_o the_o saxon_a time_n if_o it_o do_v the_o word_n before_o mention_v in_o the_o charter_n to_o the_o thanes_z declare_v that_o their_o land_n must_v be_v libera_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la seculari_fw-la gravedine_fw-la etc._n etc._n sweep_v all_o away_o at_o once_o as_o the_o west-wind_n do_v the_o grasshopper_n in_o egypt_n and_o do_v make_v the_o thaneland_n to_o have_v the_o privilege_n of_o alodium_n here_o before_o mention_v to_o belong_v unto_o they_o that_o be_v to_o be_v free_a from_o all_o tenure_n and_o service_n it_o be_v true_a notwithstanding_o that_o both_o the_o great_a and_o lesser-thanes_a may_v have_v and_o have_v other_o land_n beside_o these_o that_o be_v hereditary_a of_o feudal_a nature_n and_o hold_v by_o military_a service_n as_o in_o the_o charter_n of_o oswald_n the_o bishop_n shall_v after_o appear_v but_o they_o hold_v they_o like_o folcland_n only_o at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n whether_o king_n or_o other_o or_o for_o certain_a year_n or_o at_o most_o for_o life_n or_o life_n their_o tenure_n and_o feud_n determine_v with_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n the_o term_n of_o year_n or_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o then_o can_v not_o any_o of_o the_o fruit_n before_o speak_v of_o accrue_v unto_o the_o lord_n that_o grant_v the_o land_n for_o that_o it_o forthwith_o revert_v entire_o into_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o be_v to_o be_v keep_v and_o dispose_v anew_o as_o please_v he_o it_o be_v apparent_a therefore_o by_o this_o general_a demonstration_n that_o the_o fruit_n we_o speak_v of_o can_v not_o arise_v out_o of_o either_o of_o the_o thaneland_n be_v they_o temporary_a or_o hereditary_a if_o not_o haply_o fealty_n or_o some_o gratuity_n to_o the_o lord_n for_o licence_n that_o the_o temporary_a tenant_n may_v assign_v his_o interest_n or_o have_v it_o enlarge_v thing_n proper_a as_o well_o to_o socage_n and_o folcland_n as_o to_o feudal_n but_o let_v we_o examine_v all_o these_o fruit_n particular_o and_o see_v whether_o and_o how_o we_o find_v any_o of_o they_o among_o the_o saxon_n and_o give_v i_o leave_v herein_o to_o produce_v they_o in_o such_o order_n though_o not_o logical_a as_o the_o report_n present_v they_o to_o the_o reader_n in_o their_o several_a place_n chap._n xiii_o no_o profit_n of_o land_n by_o wardship_n in_o the_o saxon_n time_n wardship_n as_o for_o the_o profit_n of_o the_o land_n which_o the_o king_n have_v now_o during_o the_o minority_n of_o a_o ward_n it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o king_n than_o have_v no_o such_o of_o the_o thaneland_n for_o that_o the_o thane_n have_v this_o particular_a privilege_n that_o when_o he_o die_v he_o may_v make_v his_o will_n of_o his_o own_o land_n as_o it_o former_o appear_v and_o 8._o give_v they_o unto_o who_o he_o will_v which_o be_v never_o lawful_a after_o the_o come_n of_o the_o norman_n for_o any_o baron_n or_o tenant_n by_o knight-service_n to_o do_v till_o the_o statute_n 32._o hen._n viii_o cap._n 1._o give_v free_a liberty_n to_o all_o man_n to_o devise_v all_o socage-land_n by_o their_o last_o will_n in_o writing_n and_o no_o more_o than_o two_o part_n only_o of_o land_n hold_v in_o capite_fw-la or_o by_o knight-service_n lest_o it_o shall_v hinder_v the_o lord_n too_o much_o of_o their_o feodal_n profit_n and_o socage-land_n be_v therefore_o long_o before_o devisable_v in_o many_o burrough_n for_o that_o thereby_o the_o lord_n sustain_v no_o such_o prejudice_n but_o to_o conclude_v this_o point_n in_o one_o word_n it_o shall_v i_o hope_v be_v make_v manifest_a in_o the_o next_o chapter_n that_o there_o be_v no_o wardship_n among_o the_o saxon_n and_o thereupon_o it_o will_v follow_v invincible_o there_o can_v be_v then_o no_o profit_n of_o land_n arise_v to_o the_o king_n or_o lord_n by_o title_n of_o wardship_n chap._n fourteen_o no_o wardship_n in_o england_n among_o the_o saxon_n objection_n answer_v in_o follow_v the_o report_n i_o must_v now_o speak_v de_fw-la causa_fw-la post_fw-la causatum_fw-la of_o wardship_n after_o the_o profit_n of_o land_n grow_v by_o it_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a fruit_n of_o all_o feodal_a servitude_n and_o the_o root_n from_o whence_o many_o branch_n of_o like_a grievance_n take_v their_o original_n the_o report_n labour_v more_o to_o prove_v it_o to_o
land_n and_o portion_n of_o the_o levite_n be_v give_v to_o do_v the_o service_n of_o the_o tabernacle_n 17._o the_o land_n of_o the_o other_o tribe_n to_o fight_v the_o battle_n of_o the_o lord_n against_o his_o idolatrous_a enemy_n and_o to_o root_v they_o out_o thus_o may_v fancy_n couple_v the_o remote_a thing_n to_o come_v low_o down_o and_o near_a home_n 118._o pausanias_n tell_v we_o we_o that_o when_o brennus_n who_o they_o say_v be_v a_o britain_n invade_v greece_n with_o a_o army_n of_o gaul_n every_o horseman_n of_o the_o better_a sort_n have_v two_o other_o gaul_n horseman_n to_o attend_v and_o second_v he_o as_o his_o vassal_n and_o they_o three_o together_o be_v call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d trimarcesiam_n i._n e._n a_o society_n of_o three_o horseman_n 118._o but_o caesar_n say_v that_o the_o noble_a gaul_n in_o his_o time_n have_v according_a to_o their_o ability_n many_o horseman_n attend_v they_o in_o war_n who_o by_o a_o german_a word_n he_o call_v ambactos_fw-la which_o proper_o signify_v servant_n vassal_n workman_n ambactâ—_n and_o labourer_n yet_o he_o by_o a_o fair_a name_n expound_v it_o there_o 184._o in_o latin_a clientes_fw-la and_o in_o another_o place_n 124._o call_v they_o among_o the_o german_n comites_fw-la &_o familiares_fw-la as_o account_v they_o like_o abraham_n 14._o 318._o soldier_n to_o be_v all_o their_o lord_n follower_n and_o of_o his_o family_n tacitus_n 129._o likewise_o name_v they_o comites_fw-la as_o companion_n and_o follower_n quod_fw-la bello_fw-la sequi_fw-la dominum_fw-la coguntur_fw-la say_v 284._o cujacius_n but_o tacitus_n further_o say_v gradus_fw-la quinetiam_fw-la ipse_fw-la comitatus_fw-la habet_fw-la judicio_fw-la ejus_fw-la quem_fw-la sectantur_fw-la that_o there_o be_v degree_n in_o those_o company_n as_o he_o who_o they_o follow_v do_v appoint_v like_o they_o perhaps_o in_o after-age_n of_o earl_n baron_n knight_n etc._n etc._n but_o how_o the_o comites_fw-la or_o ambacti_fw-la be_v maintain_v neither_o caesar_n nor_o yet_o tacitus_n have_v relate_v as_o for_o such_o portion_n of_o land_n as_o we_o call_v knights-fee_n they_o can_v not_o then_o have_v any_o for_o caesar_n 120._o speak_v of_o the_o german_n say_v and_o so_o it_o appear_v by_o tacitus_n mor._n neque_fw-la cuique_fw-la agri_fw-la modum_fw-la certum_fw-la aut_fw-la fine_n proprios_fw-la habet_fw-la etc._n etc._n that_o no_o man_n have_v any_o certain_a estate_n or_o peculiar_a bound_n of_o land_n but_o the_o magistrate_n and_o lord_n of_o the_o place_n assign_v from_o year_n to_o year_n to_o kindred_n and_o such_o as_o live_v together_o what_o quantity_n of_o land_n and_o in_o what_o place_n they_o think_v good_a and_o the_o next_o year_n force_v they_o to_o remove_v the_o reason_n you_o may_v see_v in_o caesar_n who_o 121._o also_o show_v that_o they_o have_v no_o common_a magistrate_n but_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o town_n or_o territory_n set_v what_o law_n he_o will_v among_o his_o follower_n or_o ambactos_fw-la these_o law_n the_o goth_n the_o swede_n the_o dane_n and_o saxon_n call_v bilagines_n of_o by_o which_o in_o all_o these_o language_n signify_v a_o town_n and_o lagh_o or_o laghen_fw-mi which_o signify_v law_n as_o gravius_n nostro_fw-la suecus_n and_o our_o saxon_a author_n testify_v and_o though_o jornandes_n a_o spanish_a goth_n write_v it_o after_o the_o spanish_a corruption_n bellagineâ—_n yet_o we_o in_o england_n keep_v the_o very_a radix_fw-la and_o word_n itself_o by-law_n even_a unto_o this_o day_n though_o divert_v somewhat_o from_o the_o sense_n that_o caesar_n speak_v of_o for_o we_o call_v they_o town-law_n or_o by-law_n which_o the_o townsman_n make_v among_o themselves_o but_o caesar_n show_v that_o the_o lord_n impose_v they_o herewith_o agree_v that_o of_o tacitus_n or_o some_o other_o ancient_n who_o speak_v of_o the_o german_n say_v agricolis_fw-la suis_fw-la jus_o dicunt_fw-la they_o give_v law_n to_o they_o which_o dwell_v upon_o their_o land_n for_o i_o take_v agricolis_fw-la here_o in_o the_o large_a sense_n to_o extend_v to_o all_o that_o dwell_v upon_o the_o lord_n land_n as_o well_o his_o military_a follower_n as_o his_o husbandman_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o solicolae_fw-la contain_v all_o that_o live_v upon_o the_o soil_n ruricolae_fw-la all_o that_o live_v in_o the_o country_n and_o coelicolae_fw-la all_o that_o live_v in_o heaven_n these_o lordship_n of_o town_n which_o caesar_n speak_v of_o be_v after_o by_o the_o norman_n call_v maneria_fw-la the_o ambacti_fw-la or_o comites_fw-la and_o these_o which_o he_o say_v sectabantur_fw-la dominos_fw-la suos_fw-la be_v call_v vassalli_n and_o sectatores_fw-la manerii_fw-la sive_fw-la curiae_fw-la domini_fw-la vassal_n and_o suitor_n of_o court_n the_o bilagines_n or_o town-law_n be_v call_v consuetudines_fw-la and_o custom_n of_o the_o manor_n the_o jurisdiction_n which_o the_o lord_n have_v over_o his_o follower_n and_o suitor_n be_v call_v the_o court_n baron_fw-fr and_o the_o portion_n of_o land_n etc._n etc._n assign_v to_o his_o follower_n for_o their_o stipend_n or_o maintenance_n be_v at_o first_o call_v munera_fw-la after_o beneficia_fw-la and_o last_o feuda_n or_o tenant-land_n which_o be_v of_o two_o sort_n one_o for_o military_a man_n call_v feudum_fw-la militare_fw-la and_o feudum_fw-la nobile_fw-la tenure_n by_o knights-service_n the_o other_o for_o husbandman_n call_v therefore_o feudum_fw-la rusticum_fw-la &_o ignobile_fw-la tenure_n in_o socage_n or_o by_o the_o plough_n thus_o it_o appear_v that_o feud_n and_o tenor_n and_o the_o feudal_n law_n itself_o take_v their_o original_n from_o the_o german_n and_o northern_a nation_n in_o such_o condition_n therefore_o how_o obscure_a soever_o as_o caesar_n and_o tacitus_n leave_v they_o to_o we_o 1._o gerardus_n niger_n the_o consul_n of_o milan_n who_o flourish_v about_o a._n d._n 1176._o and_o first_o compose_v they_o into_o a_o book_n take_v they_o up_o as_o he_o there_o find_v they_o and_o speak_v of_o the_o time_n of_o caesar_n and_o tacitus_n as_o have_v the_o forementioned_a passage_n under_o his_o eye_n say_v antiquissimo_fw-la tempore_fw-la sic_fw-la erat_fw-la in_o dominorum_fw-la potestate_fw-la connexum_fw-la ut_fw-la quando_fw-la vellent_fw-la possent_fw-la auferre_fw-la rem_fw-la in_o feudum_fw-la à _fw-la se_fw-la datam_fw-la and_o this_o agree_v with_o caesar_n by_o who_o it_o seem_v in_o the_o place_n before_o mention_v that_o the_o ambacti_fw-la or_o follower_n of_o the_o german_n have_v in_o those_o time_n either_o no_o land_n at_o all_o or_o no_o estate_n at_o all_o in_o their_o land_n or_o first_o but_o at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o then_o but_o for_o one_o single_a year_n which_o gerardus_n also_o confess_v to_o have_v be_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o elder_a sort_n of_o feudatary_n for_o he_o say_v present_o after_o his_o former_a word_n postea_fw-la vero_fw-la eo_fw-la ventum_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la per_fw-la annum_fw-la tantum_fw-la stabilitatem_fw-la haberent_fw-la res_fw-la in_fw-la feudum_fw-la datae_fw-la thus_o for_o another_o while_n their_o feudal_n vassal_n who_o here_o he_o call_v fideles_fw-la and_o we_o now_o tenant_n by_o knights-service_n enjoy_v their_o feud_n no_o otherwise_o than_o from_o year_n to_o year_n at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o their_o lord_n either_o by_o grant_n or_o sufferance_n 21._o till_o further_a grace_n confirm_v they_o to_o they_o for_o divers_a year_n and_o at_o length_n for_o term_n of_o life_n which_o gerardus_n also_o present_o there_o declare_v say_v deinde_fw-la statutum_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la usque_fw-la ad_fw-la vitam_fw-la fidelis_fw-la producerentur_fw-la feuda_fw-la in_o this_o manner_n stand_v the_o principal_a feud_n themselves_o even_o those_o of_o earldom_n and_o dukedom_n which_o they_o call_v feuda_fw-la majora_fw-la and_o feuda_fw-la regalia_z in_o the_o latter_a time_n of_o the_o saxon_n till_o the_o come_n of_o the_o conqueror_n but_o as_o touch_v the_o lesser_a feud_n which_o we_o call_v knights-fee_n i_o find_v nothing_o in_o abby-book_n otherwise_o than_o a_o numerous_a multitude_n of_o lease_n and_o grant_n make_v by_o bishop_n and_o abbat_n to_o their_o follower_n for_o term_n of_o life_n without_o mention_n of_o tenure_n or_o feudal_n service_n yet_o i_o must_v confess_v that_o there_o be_v a_o notable_a precedent_n â—6_n leave_v we_o by_o oswald_z bishop_n of_o worcester_z in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n edgar_n who_o in_o grant_v out_o the_o land_n of_o his_o bishopric_n unto_o his_o follower_n for_o life_n or_o three_o life_n impose_v upon_o they_o by_o a_o solemn_a instrument_n ratify_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o a_o multitude_n of_o service_n and_o charge_n as_o well_o military_a as_o civil_a which_o after_o you_o shall_v here_o see_v and_o then_o consider_v how_o and_o whither_o they_o conduce_v to_o our_o feud_n or_o not_o liâ—e_z if_o we_o understand_v they_o to_o be_v feud_n among_o the_o saxon_n or_o of_o that_o nature_n then_o be_v we_o sure_a they_o be_v no_o more_o than_o for_o life_n and_o not_o inheritable_a nor_o stretch_v further_o without_o further_a grace_n obtain_v from_o the_o lord_n
every_o 9_o eight_o hide_n or_o ploughland_n through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n shall_v find_v a_o man_n with_o a_o crosset_n and_o helmet_n to_o the_o naval_a expedition_n and_o every_o three_o hundred_o and_o ten_o plough-land_n a_o ordinary_a ship_n for_o these_o purpose_n triremem_fw-la be_v the_o whole_a land_n former_o divide_v either_o by_o alfred_n the_o great_a or_o some_o other_o precedent_a king_n into_o 243600._o hide_n or_o plough-land_n and_o according_a to_o this_o division_n be_v the_o military_a and_o other_o charge_n of_o the_o kingdom_n impose_v and_o proportion_v without_o ever_o any_o mention_n of_o tenor_n in_o â—â—â—ite_n or_o by_o knight-service_n hence_o it_o rise_v that_o the_o saxon_a king_n in_o grant_v oâ—_n land_n liberty_n and_o privilege_n unto_o ecclesiastical_a person_n and_o other_o be_v usual_o so_o careful_a in_o reserve_v expedition_n burghbote_n and_o brigbote_n as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o king_n wither_a ..._o ina_n 227._o aethelbald_n 256._o aethelwulph_n 349._o edgar_n 433._o etc._n etc._n in_o the_o britain_n council_n as_o also_o in_o the_o charter_n here_o follow_v and_o in_o a_o multitude_n of_o other_o elsewhere_o beside_o neither_o do_v this_o military_a expedition_n otherwise_o at_o that_o time_n bind_v the_o saxon_n to_o a_o tenure_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o knight-service_n than_o it_o do_v we_o at_o this_o day_n in_o the_o naval_a expedition_n late_o now_o revive_v 〈…〉_z for_o better_a manifestation_n that_o thanelands_n be_v subject_a to_o no_o feudal_a service_n consider_v i_o pray_v you_o the_o word_n of_o the_o saxon_a passage_n before_o mention_v where_o it_o be_v say_v that_o a_o thane_n must_v have_v three_o hide_n at_o least_o of_o his_o agenes_n land_n i._n e._n of_o his_o own_o land_n not_o terrae_fw-la emphiteuticariae_fw-la or_o precariae_fw-la not_o usu-fructuariae_a or_o feodatariae_fw-la but_o as_o a_o latin_a copy_n have_v it_o terrae_fw-la suae_fw-la propriae_fw-la where_o the_o word_n propriae_fw-la carry_v another_o sense_n than_o be_v ordinary_o conceive_v as_o to_o signify_v in_o this_o place_n land_z wherein_o no_o other_o man_n have_v any_o interest_n by_o feodal_a superiority_n or_o dominion_n but_o whereof_o himself_o have_v meram_fw-la proprietatem_fw-la the_o sole_a and_o absolute_a propriety_n even_o the_o same_o alodium_n that_o be_v speak_v of_o in_o the_o report_n 29._o and_o which_o no_o man_n have_v or_o can_v have_v now_o at_o this_o day_n but_o the_o king_n land_n hold_v of_o no_o man_n in_o the_o feodal_a sense_n for_o the_o phrase_n of_o tenure_n be_v not_o then_o in_o use_n among_o the_o saxon_n nor_o tie_v any_o man_n to_o do_v any_o feodal_a service_n another_o old_a latin_n ms._n therefore_o recite_v the_o same_o saxon_a passage_n in_o these_o word_n si_fw-la villanus_fw-la so_o they_o at_o that_o time_n call_v a_o husbandman_n ita_fw-la crevisset_fw-la sua_fw-la probitate_fw-la quod_fw-la pleniter_fw-la haberet_fw-la quinque_fw-la hidas_fw-la de_fw-la svo_fw-la proprio_fw-la alodio_fw-la etc._n etc._n dignus_fw-la erat_fw-la honore_fw-la liberalitatis_fw-la quod_fw-la angli_fw-la dicunt_fw-la ðanescipes_fw-la surðe_fw-la si_fw-la autem_fw-la liberalis_fw-la homo_fw-la 1._o ðegen_fw-mi thanus_n ita_fw-la profecisset_fw-la ut_fw-la regi_fw-la servisset_fw-la &_o vice_fw-la sua_fw-la equitaret_fw-la in_o missatico_n regis_fw-la hic_fw-la talis_fw-la si_fw-la haberet_fw-la alium_fw-la thanum_n sub_fw-la se_fw-la qui_fw-la ad_fw-la expeditionem_fw-la regis_fw-la quinque_fw-la hidas_fw-la teneret_fw-la &_o in_o aula_n regis_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la servisset_fw-la etc._n etc._n here_o i_o must_v say_v with_o cujacius_n 166._o speak_v of_o the_o author_n of_o the_o second_o book_n of_o feud_n proprietatem_fw-la alias_o vocat_fw-la quod_fw-la hic_fw-la alodium_fw-la note_v thereby_o that_o proprietaâ—_n and_o alodium_n be_v synonima_n signify_v land_n free_a from_o all_o feodal_a service_n and_o hold_v of_o no_o body_n yet_o in_o that_o sense_n alodium_n be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v terra_fw-la ad_fw-la expeditionem_fw-la regis_fw-la land_n oblige_v to_o the_o warfare_n of_o the_o king_n i_o must_v note_v also_o by_o the_o way_n that_o he_o that_o thus_o translate_v the_o saxon_a passage_n by_o the_o word_n qui_fw-la ad_fw-la expeditionem_fw-la regis_fw-la quinque_fw-la hidas_fw-la teneret_fw-la follow_v the_o manner_n which_o before_o we_o speak_v of_o in_o render_v saxon_a custom_n by_o norman_a phrase_n the_o reader_n perhaps_o will_v here_o understand_v teneret_fw-la in_o the_o feodal_a sense_n for_o to_o hold_v of_o his_o lord_n whereas_o in_o the_o saxon_a book_n the_o word_n be_v no_o otherwise_o than_o give_v he_o heâ—de_v i._n e._n if_o he_o have_v five_o hide_n of_o land_n so_o that_o teneret_fw-la here_o be_v no_o otherwise_o to_o be_v take_v than_o for_o possideret_fw-la to_o return_v to_o our_o purpose_n thaneland_n may_v no_o doubt_n be_v tie_v to_o do_v military_a service_n or_o knight-service_n and_o yet_o not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la or_o by_o knight-service_n for_o it_o be_v one_o thing_n to_o hold_v by_o knight-service_n and_o another_o to_o be_v tie_v to_o do_v it_o no_o man_n hold_v that_o have_v not_o tenementum_fw-la or_o tenementale_fw-la quiddam_fw-la but_o a_o man_n may_v be_v tie_v to_o do_v this_o military_a expedition_n for_o his_o personal_a estate_n though_o he_o have_v no_o land_n or_o for_o his_o very_a person_n itself_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o law_n of_o king_n ina_n cap._n 52._o where_o it_o be_v say_v give_v se_fw-la siðcundman_n etc._n etc._n if_o the_o sithcundman_n have_v land_n forbear_v to_o go_v the_o expedition_n he_o shall_v forfeit_v his_o land_n and_o 120s._o and_o if_o he_o have_v no_o land_n yet_o he_o shall_v forfeit_v 60s._o and_o a_o husbandman_n who_o if_o he_o have_v land_n be_v but_o tenant_n in_o socage_n according_a to_o our_o law_n 30s._o it_o appear_v also_o by_o many_o charter_n of_o the_o saxon_a king_n that_o thane_n land_n be_v not_o feodal_n and_o that_o the_o military_a expedition_n mde_v no_o tenure_n by_o knight-service_n give_v i_o leave_v therefore_o to_o produce_v some_o of_o they_o that_o you_o may_v see_v thereby_o the_o use_n of_o those_o time_n and_o what_o the_o king_n themselves_o conceive_v therein_o chap._n ix_o charter_n of_o thaneland_n grant_v by_o saxon_a king_n not_o only_o without_o mention_n of_o tenure_n or_o feodal_n service_n but_o with_o all_o immunity_n except_o expedition_n etc._n etc._n eadwigus_n ego_fw-la eadwigh_n monarchiam_fw-la totius_fw-la britanniae_fw-la insulae_fw-la cum_fw-la superno_fw-la juvamine_fw-la obtinens_fw-la cuidam_fw-la meo_fw-la fideli_fw-la ministro_fw-la vocitato_n nomine_fw-la aelfwine_n dvas_fw-la mansas_fw-la &_o dimidiam_fw-la tribuo_fw-la perenniter_fw-la illic_fw-la ubi_fw-la antiquorum_fw-la hominum_fw-la relatu_fw-la nominatur_fw-la at_o schylfhinghatune_n habeat_fw-la quam_fw-la diu_fw-la vivat_fw-la &_o post_fw-la cui_fw-la voluerit_fw-la impertiat_fw-la cum_fw-la his_fw-la rebus_fw-la quae_fw-la sibi_fw-la rite_n pertinent_a tamburlaine_n in_o magnis_fw-la quam_fw-la in_o minimis_fw-la sit_fw-la haec_fw-la donatio_fw-la immunis_fw-la a_o servitute_fw-la mundana_fw-la excepto_fw-la illo_fw-la labour_v qui_fw-la communis_fw-la omni_fw-la populo_fw-la videtur_fw-la esse_fw-la not_o name_v expeditione_n etc._n etc._n but_o conclude_v si_fw-la quis_fw-la augeat_fw-la augeatur_fw-la si_fw-mi quis_fw-la minuat_fw-la careat_fw-la praemio_fw-la aeterno_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o that_o here_o he_o be_v free_v a_o servitute_fw-la mundana_fw-la both_o great_a and_o small_a that_o be_v incident_a or_o inherent_a to_o the_o land_n by_o way_n of_o tenure_n and_o yet_o he_o be_v chargeable_a to_o military_a expedition_n and_o to_o the_o repair_n of_o bridge_n castle_n burrough_n and_o fortification_n but_o that_o not_o otherwise_o than_o as_o all_o the_o land_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v charge_v as_o before_o we_o have_v show_v edgarus_n regnante_fw-la in_o perpetuum_fw-la domino_fw-la nostro_fw-la etc._n etc._n ego_fw-la eadgarus_fw-la rex_fw-la anglorum_fw-la caeterarumque_fw-la gentium_fw-la in_o circuitu_fw-la persistentium_fw-la gubernator_fw-la &_o rector_n cuidam_fw-la fideli_fw-la meo_fw-la ministro_fw-la vocato_fw-la nomine_fw-la alur_n modicam_fw-la muniminis_fw-la mei_fw-la partem_fw-la terrae_fw-la i._n e._n in_o dorset_n &_o tres_fw-la perticas_fw-la in_o illo_fw-la loco_fw-la ubi_fw-la anglica_n appellatione_fw-la dicitur_fw-la at_o lonk_n ut_fw-la habeat_fw-la ac_fw-la possideat_fw-la quamdiu_fw-la vivat_fw-la &_o post_fw-la se_fw-la unum_fw-la haeredem_fw-la quicunque_fw-la sibi_fw-la placuerit_fw-la derelinquat_fw-la sit_fw-la hoc_fw-la praedictum_fw-la rus_fw-la liberum_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la malorum_fw-la obstaculo_fw-la cum_fw-la omnibus_fw-la ad_fw-la rus_fw-la rite_n pertinentibus_fw-la campis_fw-la pascuis_fw-la pratis_fw-la sylvis_fw-la excepto_fw-la communi_fw-la labour_v expeditione_n pontis_fw-la &_o arcis_fw-la constructione_n si_fw-mi quis_fw-la vero_fw-la hominum_fw-la hanc_fw-la meam_fw-la donationem_fw-la cum_fw-la stultitiae_fw-la temeritate_fw-la jactando_fw-la infringere_fw-la tentaverit_fw-la sit_fw-la ipse_fw-la gravibus_fw-la per_fw-la colla_fw-la depressis_fw-la catenis_fw-la inter_fw-la flamivomes_fw-la tetrorum_fw-la doemonum_fw-la catervas_fw-la nisi_fw-la prius_fw-la ad_fw-la satisfactionem_fw-la emendare_fw-la voluerit_fw-la istis_fw-la terminis_fw-la haec_fw-la tellus_fw-la ambita_fw-la videtur_fw-la ðis_fw-la be_v þe_a landgemark_n at_o lonk_n etc._n etc._n haec_fw-la
under_o these_o name_v all_o the_o land_n that_o belong_v thereunto_o and_o those_o that_o dwell_v upon_o those_o mansas_fw-la etc._n etc._n they_o call_v not_o tenentes_fw-la holder_n as_o we_o do_v but_o manentes_fw-la as_o person_n abide_v there_o all_o the_o foresay_a word_n be_v of_o the_o middle-age-dialect_n not_o appropriate_v to_o the_o feodal_a language_n thaneland_n four_o in_o grant_v of_o feud_n and_o feud_n land_n the_o consideration_n be_v always_o for_o matter_n de_fw-fr futuro_fw-la as_o pro_fw-la homagio_fw-la &_o servitio_fw-la habendo_fw-la but_o here_o in_o grant_v these_o thaneland_n the_o consideration_n be_v for_o service_n past_a or_o present_a signify_v by_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o thane_n as_o fideli_fw-la ministro_fw-la meo_fw-la or_o pro_fw-la placabili_fw-la obsequio_fw-la not_o only_o without_o reservation_n of_o any_o future_a service_n but_o with_o express_a immunity_n from_o all_o service_n as_o to_o use_v the_o word_n of_o the_o charter_n themselves_o 1._o ut_fw-la sint_fw-la libera_fw-la vel_fw-la immunia_fw-la à _fw-la servitute_fw-la mundana_fw-la 2._o ab_fw-la omni_fw-la malorum_fw-la obstaculo_fw-la 3._o liberrima_n ab_fw-la omni_fw-la munduali_fw-la obstaculo_fw-la 4._o liberrimum_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la munduali_fw-la obstaculo_fw-la in_o magnis_fw-la &_o modicis_fw-la 5._o aeterna_fw-la libertate_fw-la jocundum_fw-la 6._o liberum_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la seculari_fw-la gravedine_fw-la such_o be_v the_o freedom_n of_o these_o thaneland_n equal_a and_o no_o less_o than_o that_o of_o the_o land_n give_v in_o franck-almoigne_a by_o king_n edgar_n in_o the_o last_o cite_v charter_n which_o be_v there_o say_v to_o be_v omni_fw-la terrenae_fw-la servitutis_fw-la jugo_fw-la liberae_fw-la imperpetuum_fw-la alienate_v five_o the_o feodal_n land_n may_v not_o be_v alien_v without_o licence_n but_o the_o thane_n by_o the_o very_a word_n of_o his_o original_a charter_n may_v grant_v they_o cuicunque_fw-la voluerit_fw-la will._n six_o a_o feodal_n tenant_n or_o tenant_n by_o knights-service_n as_o we_o call_v he_o can_v not_o devise_v his_o land_n by_o will_n before_o the_o statute_n of_o 32._o hen._n viii_o though_o it_o be_v with_o licence_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o of_o the_o king_n himself_o which_o law_n the_o german_n themselves_o do_v hold_v even_o unto_o this_o day_n and_o the_o dane_n can_v yet_o devise_v no_o land_n by_o will_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v but_o the_o thane_n may_v devise_v his_o thaneland_n to_o who_o he_o will_v as_o appear_v bâ—_n the_o word_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n in_o a_o charter_n to_o thola_n where_o he_o say_v possideat_fw-la hanc_fw-la meam_fw-la regiam_fw-la donaâ—â—onem_fw-la quamdiu_fw-la vivat_fw-la &_o post_fw-la obitum_fw-la suum_fw-la cuicunque_fw-la voluerit_fw-la haeredi_fw-la relinquat_fw-la exclude_v hereby_o all_o title_n of_o wardship_n and_o feodal_n duty_n to_o the_o same_o effect_n be_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o charter_n and_o therewith_o agree_v the_o privilege_n of_o a_o thane_n before_o mention_v thani_fw-la lex_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la sit_fw-la dignus_fw-la rectitudine_fw-la testamenti_fw-la svi_fw-la as_o for_o that_o passage_n in_o the_o will_n of_o brictrick_n the_o saxon_a where_o he_o seek_v his_o lord_n be_v consent_v that_o his_o will_n may_v stand_v i_o conceive_v it_o to_o be_v in_o respect_n of_o some_o â—oâ—â—land_n or_o custumary_a land_n which_o according_a to_o the_o use_n of_o that_o time_n he_o hold_v at_o the_o will_n of_o his_o lord_n and_o not_o in_o respect_n of_o any_o thaneland_n for_o though_o this_o brictrick_n be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a possession_n yet_o be_v he_o none_o of_o the_o chief_a sort_n of_o thanâ—s_n call_v the_o king_n thanes_z but_z as_o appear_z by_o his_o will_n a_o under-thane_n belong_v to_o aelfric_n who_o be_v earl_n of_o mercia_n and_o how_o far_o the_o privilege_n of_o these_o under_o or_o lesser-thanes_a extend_v i_o can_v yet_o determine_v woman_n seven_o if_o thaneland_n be_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o land_n hold_v by_o knight-service_n then_o by_o the_o feodal_n law_n of_o that_o time_n it_o can_v not_o transire_fw-la a_o lancea_fw-la ad_fw-la fusum_fw-la that_o be_v it_o may_v not_o be_v grant_v to_o woman_n for_o woman_n be_v not_o then_o nor_o long_o after_o capable_a of_o feodal_n land_n but_o the_o land_n here_o grant_v to_o thola_n be_v thaneland_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o very_a word_n of_o her_o charter_n for_o that_o it_o be_v grant_v in_o aeternam_fw-la haereditatem_fw-la perpetualiter_fw-la possidendam_fw-la which_o word_n make_v a_o estate_n of_o inheritance_n be_v only_o proper_a to_o thaneland_n otherwise_o call_v bocland_n not_o to_o folcland_n or_o popular_a land_n which_o be_v but_o at_o will_n of_o the_o lord_n for_o year_n or_o for_o life_n express_v eight_o there_o can_v no_o tenure_n nor_o service_n lie_v upon_o the_o thaneland_n other_o than_o what_o be_v express_v in_o the_o charter_n for_o in_o the_o end_n of_o every_o of_o they_o there_o be_v a_o horrible_a curse_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v fearful_o respect_v lay_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o upon_o all_o those_o that_o shall_v violate_v the_o charter_n either_o by_o add_v other_o encumbrance_n or_o by_o diminish_v the_o grant_v immunity_n so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v suppose_v that_o there_o be_v any_o lurk_a tenure_n or_o matter_n of_o plus_fw-fr ultra_fw-la to_o impeach_v they_o the_o curse_n begin_v in_o every_o of_o the_o charter_n with_o these_o word_n si_fw-la quis_fw-la autem_fw-la etc._n etc._n 〈…〉_z nine_o and_o last_o touch_v expedition_n and_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n which_o the_o saxon_n call_v burghbote_n and_o brugbote_n though_o the_o two_o first_o of_o they_o be_v whole_o military_a and_o the_o last_o serve_v as_o well_o for_o the_o passage_n of_o the_o king_n army_n as_o for_o the_o trade_n and_o commerce_n of_o his_o people_n yet_o be_v none_o of_o they_o either_o mark_n of_o tenure_n or_o of_o feodal_n service_n as_o appear_z by_o that_o we_o have_v former_o show_v and_o by_o the_o testimony_n of_o these_o charter_n where_o to_o use_v the_o word_n of_o edw_n the_o confessor_n in_o that_o to_o thola_n it_o be_v say_v that_o they_o be_v omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la communia_fw-la a_o common_a burden_n to_o all_o man_n as_o belong_v to_o the_o safety_n and_o sacred_a anchor_n both_o of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o commonwealth_n the_o saxon_n therefore_o do_v not_o call_v they_o service_n or_o feodal_n duty_n as_o thing_n that_o lay_v upon_o the_o person_n of_o the_o owner_n but_o landirecta_fw-la right_n that_o charge_v the_o very_a land_n whosoever_o do_v possess_v it_o church_n or_o lay_n man_n and_o these_o duty_n be_v ordinary_o except_v in_o every_o charter_n not_o for_o that_o they_o shall_v otherwise_o be_v extinguish_v but_o per_fw-la superabundantem_fw-la cautelam_fw-la lest_o the_o general_a word_n precedent_n shall_v be_v mistake_v to_o involve_v they_o and_o to_o release_v that_o which_o the_o king_n can_v not_o release_v for_o though_o ethelbald_a by_o his_o charter_n to_o the_o monk_n of_o croyland_n 852._o do_v give_v the_o site_n of_o that_o monastery_n with_o the_o appendancy_n etc._n etc._n libera_fw-la &_o soluta_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la onere_fw-la seculari_fw-la in_o perpetuam_fw-la elâ—emosynam_fw-la yet_o in_o his_o charter_n of_o privilege_n grant_v to_o all_o church_n and_o monastery_n of_o his_o kingdom_n speak_v of_o the_o repair_n of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n he_o confess_v and_o say_v that_o nulli_fw-la unquam_fw-la relaxari_fw-la possunt_fw-la and_o i_o suppose_v that_o the_o word_n expedition_n be_v here_o omit_v by_o the_o negligence_n of_o the_o scribe_n for_o i_o never_o find_v it_o sever_v from_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n in_o any_o other_o charter_n and_o also_o though_o king_n ethelwulf_n by_o his_o memorable_a charter_n of_o privilege_n ratify_v by_o the_o great_a council_n of_o winchester_n in_o the_o year_n 855._o do_v by_o express_a word_n free_a sanctam_fw-la ecclesiam_fw-la that_o be_v all_o the_o church_n and_o monastery_n of_o his_o kingdom_n ab_fw-la expeditione_n &_o pontis_fw-la extructione_fw-la &_o arcis_fw-la munitione_n al._n yet_o the_o whole_a clergy_n about_o the_o year_n 868._o do_v notwithstanding_o voluntary_o assist_v his_o son_n beorredus_n against_o the_o dane_n with_o all_o the_o power_n they_o can_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o charter_n of_o the_o same_o beorredus_n chap._n xi_o more_o touch_v the_o freedom_n of_o thaneland_n out_o of_o doomsday_n owner_n though_o that_o which_o be_v deliver_v in_o these_o charter_n be_v authentical_a and_o need_v no_o far_o proof_n yet_o to_o convince_v broad_a spread_a error_n the_o more_o manifest_o it_o will_v not_o be_v unnecessary_a to_o show_v what_o doomsday_n itself_o relate_v to_o confirm_v it_o for_o whereas_o land_n hold_v in_o capite_fw-la and_o by_o knights-service_n can_v not_o otherwise_o be_v dispose_v than_o by_o licence_n of_o the_o king_n or_o superior_a lord_n doomsday_n show_v that_o the_o thaneland_n may_v be_v use_v and_o dispose_v at_o the_o pleasure_n of_o the_o owner_n without_o impeachment_n
heir_n upon_o every_o gift_n grant_v and_o alienation_n though_o no_o word_n be_v speak_v of_o they_o it_o appear_v by_o the_o feodal-law_n from_o whence_o all_o that_o part_n of_o our_o common-law_n that_o concern_v tee_fw-mi and_o tenor_n have_v original_a and_o which_o our_o common-law_n also_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v always_o due_a ....._o 〈…〉_z those_o that_o thus_o receive_v their_o territory_n from_o the_o king_n be_v say_v to_o hold_v they_o in_o capite_fw-la for_o that_o the_o king_n be_v caput_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o be_v thereupon_o call_v capitanei_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o capitanei_fw-la regni_fw-la otherwise_o barones_n regis_n the_o king_n man_n tenant_n or_o vassal_n who_o have_v all_o the_o land_n divide_v among_o they_o save_v that_o which_o the_o king_n reserve_v to_o himself_o as_o sacrum_n patrimonium_fw-la be_v also_o call_v pares_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o be_v always_o upon_o commandment_n about_o the_o person_n of_o the_o king_n to_o defend_v he_o and_o his_o territory_n in_o war_n and_o to_o counsel_n and_o advise_v he_o in_o peace_n either_o judicial_o in_o matter_n of_o law_n bring_v before_o the_o king_n in_o his_o palace_n which_o in_o those_o day_n be_v the_o only_a place_n of_o royal_a justice_n or_o political_o in_o the_o great_a affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n hereupon_o they_o be_v not_o only_o 216._o call_v praetorianum_fw-la consilium_fw-la as_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n palace_n but_o magnum_fw-la concilium_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o magnum_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la for_o that_o in_o those_o time_n it_o belong_v only_o to_o they_o to_o consult_v with_o the_o king_n on_o state-matter_n and_o matter_n of_o the_o kingdom_n insomuch_o as_o no_o other_o in_o the_o kingdom_n possess_v any_o thing_n but_o under_o they_o and_o therefore_o as_o in_o despotical_a government_n the_o agreement_n or_o disagreement_n of_o the_o master_n of_o the_o family_n conclude_v the_o menial_a and_o the_o whole_a family_n so_o the_o agreement_n and_o disagreement_n of_o the_o chief_a lord_n or_o he_o that_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la conclude_v all_o that_o depend_v on_o he_o or_o claim_v under_o he_o in_o any_o matter_n touch_v his_o fee_n or_o tenure_n to_o this_o purpose_n seem_v that_o in_o the_o 17._o law_n of_o edward_n the_o confessor_n ratify_v by_o the_o conqueror_n debet_fw-la etiam_fw-la rex_fw-la omne_fw-la ritè_fw-la facere_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la &_o per_fw-la judicium_fw-la procâ—rum_fw-la regni_fw-la these_o great_a lord_n according_a to_o this_o archetype_n of_o government_n set_v they_o by_o the_o king_n divide_v their_o land_n in_o like_a manner_n among_o their_o tenant_n and_o follower_n first_o they_o assign_v a_o portion_n ad_fw-la victum_fw-la &_o vestitum_fw-la suum_fw-la which_o they_o commit_v over_o to_o their_o socman_n and_o husbandman_n to_o furnish_v they_o with_o corn_n victual_n and_o provision_n for_o hospitality_n and_o brief_o all_o thing_n necessary_a to_o their_o domestical_a and_o civil_a part_n of_o life_n the_o residue_n they_o divide_v into_o as_o many_o share_n or_o portion_n as_o may_v well_o maintain_v so_o many_o military_a man_n who_o then_o they_o call_v their_o knight_n and_o thereupon_o the_o share_n themselves_o knights-fee_n i._n e._n stipendia_fw-la militaria_fw-la and_o these_o fee_n they_o grant_v over_o to_o each_o of_o their_o principal_a follower_n furnish_v they_o with_o so_o many_o knight_n for_o the_o war_n these_o grantee_n that_o receive_v their_o estate_n from_o the_o baron_n or_o capitanei_fw-la and_o not_o from_o the_o king_n be_v call_v valvasore_n a_o degree_n above_o knight_n and_o be_v unto_o their_o lord_n the_o capitanei_fw-la or_o barones_n regis_fw-la as_o they_o the_o capitanei_fw-la be_v unto_o the_o king_n and_o do_v in_o like_a manner_n subdivide_v their_o land_n among_o their_o socman_n and_o military_a follower_n who_o in_o old_a time_n be_v call_v valvasini_n who_o i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o at_o this_o day_n that_o be_v the_o lord_n of_o every_o manor_n if_o not_o those_o themselves_o that_o we_o call_v knight_n as_o owner_n of_o a_o knights-fee_n for_o in_o this_o the_o feodal-law_n itself_o be_v doubtful_a and_o various_a as_o of_o a_o thing_n lose_v by_o antiquity_n or_o make_v uncertain_a by_o the_o differ_a manner_n of_o several_a nation_n insomuch_o that_o valvasore_n and_o valvasini_n grow_v to_o be_v confound_v and_o both_o of_o they_o at_o last_o to_o be_v out_o of_o use_n and_o no_o other_o military_a tenor_n to_o be_v know_v among_o we_o than_o tenere_fw-la pâ—r_fw-la baroniam_fw-la and_o tenere_fw-la per_fw-la feodum_fw-la militare_fw-la but_o in_o a_o comitatib_n charter_n of_o henr._n i._n it_o be_v say_v si_fw-la exurgat_fw-la placitum_fw-la de_fw-la divisione_n terrarum_fw-la si_fw-la interest_n barones_n meos_fw-la dominicos_fw-la tractetur_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la mea_fw-la &_o si_fw-la inter_fw-la vavassores_fw-la duorum_fw-la dominorum_fw-la tractetur_fw-la in_o comitatu_fw-la etc._n etc._n where_o the_o valvasore_n be_v also_o and_o the_o baron_n themselves_o 8._o suitor_n and_o attendant_n bracton_n mention_v they_o in_o henry_n iii_n time_n to_o be_v 4._o viri_fw-la magnae_fw-la dignitatis_fw-la nor_o be_v their_o memory_n clean_o go_v in_o richard_n ii_n day_n as_o appear_v by_o chaucer_n yet_o do_v i_o not_o find_v in_o any_o of_o our_o ancient_a law_n or_o monument_n that_o they_o stand_v in_o any_o classic_n kind_a of_o tenure_n other_o than_o that_o we_o may_v account_v the_o baron_n vavasor_n and_o knight_n to_o be_v as_o our_o lawyer_n at_o this_o day_n term_v they_o the_o chief_a lord_n mesne_n and_o tenant_n but_o herein_o the_o feodal-law_n of_o our_o country_n differ_v from_o that_o of_o milan_n and_o other_o part_n for_o there_o the_o valvasini_n can_v invest_v which_o we_o call_v infeosse_v none_o under_o they_o in_o fee_n that_o be_v to_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knights-service_n and_o with_o we_o every_o tenant_n par_fw-fr aval_a might_n in_o infinitum_fw-la till_o the_o statute_n of_o quia_fw-la emptores_fw-la terrarum_fw-la enfeoffe_v another_o by_o knight-service_n and_o to_o do_v all_o the_o service_n unto_o he_o that_o he_o do_v to_o his_o mesne_n lord_n so_o that_o by_o this_o mean_n a_o line_n of_o knights-service_n may_v be_v create_v of_o a_o dozen_o yea_o twenty_o mean-lord_n and_o tenant_n wherein_o every_o of_o they_o may_v have_v his_o prochine_n tenant_n oblige_v unto_o he_o in_o the_o duty_n and_o service_n that_o his_o lord_n paramont_n which_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n be_v to_o do_v and_o yield_v unto_o the_o king_n himself_o for_o the_o same_o land_n viz._n honour_n ward_n sustenance_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr safety_n marriage_n  _fw-fr give_v keep_v  _fw-fr attendance_n relief_n counsel_n to_o aid_n defence_n of_o his_o person_n tribute_n fidelity_n  _fw-fr defence_n of_o his_o patrimony_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr all_o which_o in_o ancient_a time_n while_o the_o feodal-law_n flourish_v be_v well_o understand_v to_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o profession_n of_o homage_n and_o the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n which_o every_o feodal_n tenant_n or_o as_o other_o call_v he_o vassal_n usual_o do_v unto_o his_o lord_n honour_n 1._o promise_v by_o the_o tenant_n upon_o his_o knee_n in_o do_v homage_n which_o though_o it_o be_v the_o great_a and_o most_o submiss_a service_n that_o a_o freeman_n can_v do_v unto_o his_o lord_n yet_o the_o profession_n of_o it_o to_o the_o mean_a subject_n be_v as_o ample_a and_o submiss_a yea_o in_o the_o very_a same_o word_n that_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o attendance_n 284._o to_o follow_v and_o attend_v he_o in_o the_o war_n at_o his_o own_o charge_n and_o in_o peace_n with_o suit_n of_o court_n therefore_o tacitus_n call_v they_o comites_fw-la defence_n of_o his_o person_n for_o if_o he_o forsake_v his_o lord_n be_v in_o danger_n it_o be_v forfeiture_n of_o life_n land_n and_o all_o he_o have_v defence_n of_o his_o signiory_n that_o nothing_o of_o his_o land_n rent_n or_o service_n be_v withhold_v or_o withdraw_v profit_n by_o ward_n marriage_n and_o relief_n as_o they_o fall_v tribute_n by_o way_n of_o aid_n to_o make_v his_o elder_a son_n a_o knight_n to_o marry_v his_o elder_a daughter_n 133._o ransom_n himself_o be_v take_v prisoner_n yea_o in_o some_o place_n to_o be_v a_o hostage_n for_o his_o lord_n sustenance_n ibid._n that_o be_v fall_v into_o poverty_n according_a to_o that_o in_o the_o canon_n law_n speak_v of_o a_o patron_n alatur_fw-la egenus_fw-la counsel_n and_o advice_n in_o which_o respect_n the_o tenant_n be_v bind_v ordinary_o once_o in_o every_o three_o week_n to_o come_v to_o his_o lord_n court_n and_o there_o as_o a_o judge_n with_o other_o of_o his_o peer_n to_o censure_v the_o cause_n of_o his_o signiory_n and_o to_o direct_v his_o lord_n as_o the_o cause_n occurrent_a do_v require_v and_o always_o to_o keep_v his_o counsel_n this_o to_o the_o mean_a lord_n be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o king_n be_v great_a court_n or_o counsel_n call_v afterward_o a_o parlyment_n fidelity_n for_o