North Latitude in the Sea seventy miles from Guinea a South-East wiad predominateth from the 20th of April to the 5th of May but not on the Shoar or in Guinea it self after the 5th of May the same wind is also discovered at the 3 deg and 3 ½ of Latitude 12. At the Isle of Madagascar from the 15th of April unto the last of May the North and North-West wind bloweth but in February and March the winds blow from the East and South 13. In April or May in the tract of Land and Sea from Madagascar to the Promontory of Good-hope the North wind and the wind Collateral to the North blow continually to the East so that it is esteemed a Miracle if that the Southo South-East wind blew for two daies 14. After the 20 of April in the Sea of Bengala the South wind is violent before that day the South-West and North-West and those being very impetuous do predominate 15. There is a Motion for Navigation from Malacca to Maccou in July October November December viz. the South winds and South-West winds and oftentimes the South-East winds but in June and July at the begining the West winds rage about Malacca and in the Sea of China 16. The Motion by which they Sail from Java to China from the West to the East begineth with the Month of May. 17. The Motion by which they Sail from China to Japan from the West to the East is in force in June and July viz. the South-West wind but the North and Collateral wind to the North at the East oftentimes interpose and that especially at the day time but in the night season the South-East and the first Collateral wind at the East do interpose and let 18. A contrary Motion viz. from Japan to Maccou from the East to the West is in February and March viz. the East and north-North-East winds but these predominate not in the Sea but on the Coasts of China which those that Sail in that Voyage from Japan observe they term them the Winds over the Land 19. The motion by which they Sail from the Phillippine Isles or China to Aquaepulco in America viz. the Western winds are observed in June July and August but they are very weak except in the Full Moon now they are the South-West winds but they avoid the Torrid Zone and choose the Coasts of America Septentrional is to shun the wind that is general from the East which yet then is less vehement This therefore must be known in general that the Occidental Motions or West winds are more weak than the Oriental because that these are helped by a general wind but these are diminished by it 20. In the Sea of China a South and South-West Motion reigneth in July August and October But if that these winds be changed into an Oriental Motion they never presently return to the South but first to the North hence when they have blowed some daies they return to the East and lastly to the South sometimes the North-East is immediately changed into the South-West sometimes presently from the North to the South and that here is sufficiently frequent So in the Sea anniversary winds are more constant unto which I add those that are less constant and those which on the Coasts and also on Maritimate places are observed to be Anniversary Proposition IV. The Etesian winds so termed that are Anniversary in Grece proceed from Rain and Snow dissolved on the Mountains Of Etesian winds and from what they proceed The Grecians observed a twofold kind of Winds on every Year which were Stated and termed Etesian winds Viz. 1. Those in the Summer or Canicular winds which they called by the General term Etesiae because that they were more strong and sensible 2. The Winter winds which they called the Chelidonii or Ornithiae The Canicular Etesian winds are Northern in the placing of the begining of which to a certain Writers do much differ When that Aristotle had added that they blow after the Summer Solstice he mentioneth nothing of the true time which certainly is a very great negligence which at length he augmenteth where making mention of the Ornithiae he omitteth both the time and the quarter of these winds but those that have noted the time of the Etesian winds they have observed that the forerunners of them begin to blow either on the 6 of July or on the 15 of July at the rising of the Canicular or Dog Star Now those winds blow 40 daies the whole space of the Dog dates and therefore end with the Month of August but others extend them to September they only blow in the day and cease in the night therefore Mariners formerly called them the sleepy and delicate winds The cause of these winds questionless is the dissolving of the Snow caused by the heat of the Sun on the Northern Mountains which at that time is very great by reason that now for divers Months together almost he hath continually shined on those Mountains without any setting and with this cause it aptly agrees that the Etesian winds cease on the night because that then the resolution of the Snow ceaseth or at least is lesser than the generation of the wind requireth because that the Sun then is over or near the Horizon or else setteth wholly The same Northern Canicular wind is not only in Greece but also in Thrace Macedonia the Aegean Sea and the Isles of the same all which Regions are sometimes comprehended under the general term of Greece yea in Aegypt also and it is probable that the wind which we have said in the former Proposition bloweth in Congo scituate beyond the Aequator that that wind that bloweth from the North between March and September is the same with these Etesian winds of the Grecians or at least proceed from the same cause as also that North wind which we have said bloweth in the same Months in the Kingdom of Guzurat from March to September these I say we ought to Determine to proceed from the dissolved Snows of the Mountains of Asia termed the Sarmatian Mountains and the Girdle of the World and therefore we reckon it amongst the Motions The second Anniversary wind of the Grecians is the Chelidonian which they relate to begin after Winter but have not noted the day of the beginning Now these are South winds contrary to the Canicular or Etesian winds and very weak without violence Moreover inconstant and not so continual whence they render the Sea calm Aristotle relateth that they blow by Course even unto the middle of Summer until the Northern Canicular Etesian winds begin but that they are not so much discerned The Cause also of these winds is the dissolving of the Snow on the Mountains of Monomotapa which Snow the Sun rarifyeth because that in the time of Winter and that of Greece they have Summer the Sun passing through the Southern parts of the Zodiack and this wind is also found in Congo Aegypt and the Aegean
five miles distance Fourthly some Gulphs or Whirlpools are found in the Sea Fifthly Earthquakes do also prove the being of Cavities under the Earth Sixthly some Rivers bury themselves under the Earth as Niger Tigris c. Seventhly Salt-springs which without doubt for the greatest part spring and flow from the Sea are found in many places Eightly so in many places the grounds at the entrance of men walking tremble and shake as about the Abby of St. Omer in Flanders in the Province of Brabant die Peel Proposition IV. The Superficies or surface of the Lands is continual but that of the Waters is not so Indeed the Superficies of the Earth or Land appearing out above the Waters is continued or always the same to the superficies of the Channels of the Sea and this of the Sea again is continued to the other parts of the Land appearing above One continual superficies of the Ocean Bays and Rivers So there is one continual superficies of the Ocean the Baies and Rivers but not of all Waters because there are some Lakes which are not joyned with the Ocean in the superficies as the Lake Parime and the Caspian Sea Proposition V. It is certain how or in what manner the parts of the Earth which are removed from the surface that is from our habitation towards the Center Some men think that the Water is in the bottom about the Center of the Earth The body of the Earth within according to Gilbert an English man is a hard Loadstone but it is most likely true that the Earth occupies that place Gilbert an English man is of opinion that the body of the Earth within is nothing else but a most hard Loadstone but that those parts to which men have admittance by digging and in which Herbs grow and we also live are as it were the shell or crust of the Earth wherein continual generations and corruptions are made * See Fig. But Cartesius is of a different opinion See Scheme Cartesius his Opinion is not much different from this who thinketh that there are three Regions or Parts of divers substance in the body of the Earth The most inward Region of the Earth he deemeth to be about the Center thereof the second he judgeth to be thick and dusky of very small parts the third he thinketh wherein Men are employed to be made up of little parcels not well cleaving together But indeed touching this thing there can scarcely any certainty be affirmed It is manifest by the hot-Baths that in very many places under the Earth fire and fumes are lifted up from Sulphur Proposition VI. The consistency or standing and fast cleaving together of the Earth is from Salt In all kinds of Earths may be found a certain kind of Salt The Artificial resolving of the Parts of the Earth sheweth that in all Earths may be found a certain kind of Salt and so much the more as the harder the body is a few Oily ones being excepted as in Mettals Stones c. and that the concretion or hard growing together of all things is by reason of salt is manifest by stones which we may by Art make very hard with salt bur if you separate the salt from the earth she will no longer cleave or stick together but will be a powder neither can it be reduced to hardness without the admixtion of salt thereto Proposition VII The kinds of Earths are divers ways mixed together in the Earth Of Metals found in Mines Thus in Mines are found small pieces of Gold Silver Lead c. not heaped together and joyned apart from others but both mixed among themselves and also with unprofitable earth according to the least parts that Artificers not at the first sight but by divers signs do find out what may be contained in any Metalline earth In the same manner in the Fields sand is mixed with clay or loam lime salt c. Of the different sorts of Earths as did appear by the Well digged at Amsterdam When as on a certain time at Amsterdam for making a Well the earth was digged out even to the depth of 232 foot these sorts of earth were shewed to the beholders viz. of Garden-earth 7 foot of Black-earth fitting for fire which is called Peat 9 foot of Soft-clay 9 foot of Sand 8 foot of Earth 4 foot of Clay 10 foot of Earth 4 foot of Sand upon which the Houses of Amsterdam are wont to be rammed and paved 10 foot of Clay 2 foot of White-loam 4 foot of Dry-earth 5 foot of muddy 1 foot of Sand 14 foot of Sandy-clay 3 foot of Sand mixt with Clay 5 foot of Sand mixt with Sea-fish shells 4 foot then a bottom of Clay to the depth of 102 foot and lastly of loam 31 foot where the digging ceased and they came to Water The Figure of which see among the Schemes Proposition VIII The Cavities of the Earth and as well the outward disposition thereof and the position of its parts are not perpetually the same but are at divers times divers The water of the Seamaketh divers changes and ruins in the earth where likewise lye hid Spirits and Sulphureous Substances Indeed not only the Water of the Sea maketh divers changes and ruins in the parts of the earth whilst certain holes are stopt up some are made more broad but also Spirits and Sulphury Substances lying hid here and there in the earth when they begin to encrease and to be resolved into Vapours do impetuously shake and thrust forwards the parts of the earth as it is manifest by Earthquakes And it is likely that such like motions are made in the interiour parts and bowels of the earth the greatest part of which we feel not neither perceive But we will speak of the mutual changing of the water and earth in the Superficies of the earth in the eighteenth Chapter The Earth is divided into Land and Waters The Superficies of the Earth extant out of the Water by the Interflux of the Sea is distinguished into these four parts 1. Into great Continents or great Islands of which four are reckoned by us 1. The Old World whose parts are Asia Africa and Europe The bounds of this Continent are On the North the Frozen and Tartarian Ocean On the East the Pacifick and Indian Ocean On the South the Southern Ocean On the West the Atlantick Ocean 2. The New World or America whose parts are Meridionalis Septentrionalis The bounds of it are On the North Davis Streights On the East the Atlantick Ocean On the South the Pacifick Ocean On the West the Streights of Magellan 3. The Polary north-North-land or Greenland is every where encompassed by the Sea and Streights 4. The South-land and Land of Magellan yet undiscovered 2. Into Peninsulas or Chersonesus which are parts of those Continents Round whose Latitude and Longitude are equal about Africa it self Peloponesus the Chersonesus of Grecia Chersonesus Taurica or Tartaria
Southern Ocean 2. The Pacifick Ocean lieth between the Occidental Coast of America and Asia in a long tract even to the Isles of India and to China 3. The Hyperboreal Ocean about the North Polary Land 4. The Southern Ocean about the South Continent part of which Ocean is the Indian Ocean Other Geographers make the four parts of the Ocean by another difference or division one of which they make the Atlantick but extend it not beyond the Equator for here they begin the second which they call the Ethiopick For the third they reckon the Pacifick with us the fourth they make to be the Indian Ocean But we in our division have regard unto the four great Continents of the Earth or to the greatest Isles We may make three parts viz. the Atlantick the Pacifick and the Indian Ocean but then we extend the Atlantick further The matter is of no great moment so that either may be chosen for this division rather dependeth on our Invention than on Nature Proposition IV. The parts of the Ocean receive denominations from the names of the Lands they pass by So we say the Cantabrian the British German Indian Chinesan Ocean and the like Proposition V. The Bays of the Ocean are twofold long and broad The Bays in the Ocean they are also twofold in another respect to wit primarily and secondarily they begin from the Ocean these from another Bay or they are a part of the primary Bay The long primary are these Mediterranean Sea 1. The Mediterranean Sea it breaketh in from the Ocean between Spain and Barbary and for a long space runneth between Europe and Africa even to Syria Asia Minor and Thrace It is called the Internal Sea It maketh many secundary Bays viz. the Adriatick Gulph of Venice the Bay of Thessalonia the Aegean Sea and the like Euxine Sea As for the Euxine Sea we may doubt whether it may be said to be a part of this primary Sinus of which see Chapter Fifteen The Mediterranean Sea is distinguished by divers Names taken from various Regions that it watereth for towards the North it hath Spain France Italy Sicilie Illyricum Greece Creet Thrace and Asia minor towards the South Morocco Fess Tunis Algier Tripoli and Egypt Thence are the Names of the Iberian Gallick Ligustick Sicilian Baledrian and Cretian Sea It is extended from the West to the East Baltick Sea 2. The Baltick Sea or Sinus Codanus breaketh in from the Ocean between the Lands betwixt Zeland and Jutland first it floweth by a long way from the North to the South and then reflecting by a long space it runneth forth to the North between the Provinces of Germany Megapolis Pomerania Cassubia Borussia Livonia c. from one side viz. the Oriental quarter On the Occidental quarter it hath Sweden and Lapland It maketh three secondary Bays whereof two are long viz. the Botnick and Finnick the third is broad viz. the Livonick It receiveth Rivers of great Magnitude The Red Sea 5. The Red Sea Arabian Gulph or Sea of Mecca floweth from the Indian Ocean between the Promontory of Arabia to the City Aden and between the Promontory of Africa and runneth between Africa towards the West and Arabia towards the East it stoppeth at the Isthmus of Africa at the City Suez where is the station or harbour of the Turkish Navy it receiveth very few Rivers and those of small Magnitude but none from Africa as some observe It extendeth from the South quarter of the East to the collateral quarter of the North quarter towards the West The Persian Gulph 4. The Persian Gulph runneth between Arabia and Persia from the Indian Ocean about the Isle of Ormus It hath Persia on the East and Arabia on the West it stoppeth at Chaldaea It extendeth from East and by South to the West and by North quarter and receiveth very few Rivers except Euphrates and Tigris long before conjoyned The Bay of California 5. The Sinus or Bay of California Mer Vermejo runneth between California and the Occidental Coast of Mexico from the South towards the North it is terminated at the unknown Province of America Tatonteac It receiveth few Rivers The Modern Mariners affirm California to be an Isle and if so this tract of Water cannot be a Sinus Gulph or Bay but a Streight The Bay of Nanquin 6. The Bay of Nanquin runneth between Corea and the Coast of China and Tartary unto the Northern parts of Tartary where Tenduc the Kingdom of Cathay is placed yet falsly as those suppose who will have Corea to be an Isle It receiveth few Rivers it extendeth from West to North. These are the long Gulphs unto which lesser may be added as the Gulph of Cambaia and others The four last rehearsed do not afford secondary Gulphs viz. Arabia Persia California and Nanquin but only the Mediterranean and Baltick Proposition VI. Broad Gulphs are in number Seven viz. Gulph of Mexico 1. The Gulph of Mexico floweth from the Atlantick Ocean between the North and South parts of America which it separateth from the Oriental quarter to the Occidental It stoppeth at a long Isthmus between those Lands which impedeth the conjunction of the Pacifick and Atlantick Ocean on this quarter It receiveth many Rivers and for multitude of Isles may compare with the Aegean Sea Gulph of Ganges 2. The Gulph of Ganges Gulph of Bengala floweth between India and the Chersonesus of Malacca from the Indian Ocean it stoppeth at the Kingdoms of India Bengala Pegu and others It receiveth noted Rivers besides the Ganges 3. The Gulph between Malacca and Camboja not far from the Gulph of Bengala and likewise floweth from the South towards the North it stoppeth at the Kingdom of Siam The Gulph Lantchidolinum 4. The Russian Gulph or White Sea floweth from the North Ocean between Lapland and the utmost Coasts of Russia towards the South it is terminated partly at Finland and partly at the Kingdom of Moscovia it maketh a certain small long Gulph which is extended to Lapland where is that noted and well frequented Mart Archangelo It receiveth eminent Rivers The Gulph Lantchidolinum 5 6. The Gulph Lantchidolinum floweth from the Indian Ocean between the Provinces of the South Country Beach and New Guiney it stretcheth from the North to the South and terminateth at the unknown parts of the South Continent Another Gulph is near unto it towards the West between Beach and the other procurrent Land of the South where is the Land called Anthonij à Diemen which is the Name of a Dutch Master of a Ship by whom it was discovered Hudson's Sea 7. Hudson's Sea is a Gulph between New France and Canada and other parts of the Northern America it is terminated at Estotiland Proposition VII Fretum or Streights are threefold For either they conjoyn the Ocean with the Ocean or the Ocean with a Gulph Of Streights or a Gulph with a Gulph We will
then followeth the Coast of Arabia here the Coasts of the Persian Gulph and towards the East the Coast of Persia Cambaja Indostan India Malacca Bengala Camboja China Tartary at Corea or the Streight of Anian whence by or through the Northern Coast of Tartary and Samojedia you return to Waigats Streights The Circumscription or Periplus of America is thus The Periplus of America We begin from the Shore of Davies Streights whence in a Gulph being made the Sea named from Hudson is received Here by a reflexion are the Coasts of Estotiland New-England New-France Virginia Florida Mexico the American Isthmus Castelle del Oro Guiana Caribana Brazilia Here the Coasts of the Streights of Magellan looking towards the South but extended from the East to the West hence from the South to the North runneth the Shore of Chili Peru the American Isthmus Mexico where at California the Sea of Vermejo is received in a Gulph hence the Coast of California New-England Quivira Anian where are the Coasts of the Streights of Anian which now they deny and follow unknown Shores which are extended to the Streights of Davies The Circumscription of the North Polary Land is thus From Davies Streights the Coasts of Groenland do begin which run a little towards the South and then return to the North and are termed the Coasts of Spitzbergh Then the Shore runneth from the Region of Nova Zembla and is opposite to the Tartarian Ocean where the other Coasts even to Davies Streights are unknown The Periplus of the Land of Magellan The Periplus of the Land of Magellan is thus The Coast beginneth from the Streights of Magellan or Le Maire and making divers wâ—ndings to the Region Beach where the Lantchilonium Sea is received in a Streight hence the Coasts of New-Guiney run forward to the North and then return to the South then they go strait on to the Streights of Magellan Thus the Periplus of the Land is finished Now let us take a prospect of the Circumscription of the Ocean We will make entrance between Davies Streights and Nova Zembla and here is the Hyperborean Sea the Frozen Sea the Caledonian or Sea of Groenland then it runneth between the Coast of Europe and America and is called the British Sea the Danish Sea where it maketh a Gulph the German French Spanish where it maketh the Mediterranean and Sea of Mexico the Atlantick in part here viz. where it runneth between the Coasts of Brasil and Africa by and by it is called Aethiopia and the Streights of Magellan on one side enter in from the other Eastern quarter is the Indian and South-sea where it is extended between Africa and the Land of Magellan then between Asia and the same Land of Magellan and cometh into the Pacifick Sea which is extended to the Streights of Waigats and Anian and to the South Streight of Magellan by the middle of which it is joyned to the Atlantick it directly tendeth to the Oriental Coast of America Chili Peru Mexico California New-England To these I should subjoyn two Tables whereof one containeth the division of the Parts of the Earth the other the division of the Parts of the Ocean but having made use of the former in the eighth Chapter I omit it here and only make use of the latter viz. the Parts of the Ocean The Earth is divided into Land and Waters The Water is divided into Rivers Lakes Marshes and the continued Ocean or Sea is distinguish'd through the Lands by these differences 1. The OCEAN whose chief parts are four 1. The Atlantick Mer del Nort following with the Ethiopick Sea between Europe and Africa on the one part and America on the other obtaineth divers Names according to the parts as the Ethiopick British French Ocean 2. The Pacifick Ocean Mer del Zur between the extream parts of Asia the Indian Isles and the Occidental Coast of America 3. The North Ocean about the North Continent the Tartarian Hyperborean Frozen Ocean 4. The South Ocean about the Land of Magellan part of which is the Indian Sea 2. BAYS or GULPHS Long whereof there are six to wit 1. The Mediterranean running between Africa and the Regions of Europe whose parts are The Iberian Sicilian Cretan Sea c. The secondary Gulphs which are many The Adriatick Gulph of Venice Euxine Sea The Bay of Corinth c. 2. The Baltick Ocean ' whence are these secondary Gulphs as that of Livonia Botnia Finmarke 3. The Gulph of Arabia between Africa and Arabia 4. The Persian Gulph between Arabia and Persia 5. The Gulph of California between California and New Granada 6. The Gulph of Corea between Corea and the utmost bounds of Tartaria and China Broad or Wide as 1. The Gulph of Mexico between the North and South America 2. The Gulph of Bengala between the Coasts of Indostan and Malacca 3. The Gulph between Malacca and Camboja 4. The White Sea from the North Ocean between Lapland and the utmost Coasts of Moscovia 5. The Lantchidol Sea between the Beach and New Guiny of the Land of Magellan 6. Hudsons Sea between New France and Canada arising from the Northern Ocean These want Streights 3. Streights as the Streights of 1. Magellan by which you come from the Atlantick or Ethiopick into the Pacifick and this is the longest Streight of all others 2. Le Maire near to that of Magellan and of the same use 3. Waigats by which you sail from the North Ocean into the Tartarian 4. Anian by which you sail from the Tartarian into the Pacifick Ocean which is now denied 5. Davis and Forbischers by which you sail from the Atlantick into the Tartarian or Pacifick 6. Nova Zembla by which a way might be granted from the Hyperborean and Frozen-Sea into the Tartarian but that the Ice doth hinder 7. Gibraltar by which a passage is from the Atlantick into the Mediterranean 8. Denmarke or the Sound by which you pass out of the Atlantick into the Baltick Sea 9. The Mouth of the Arabian Sea by which you arrive in the Arabian Gulph 10. The Mouth of the Persian Sea by which you come into the Persian Gulph 11. The Hellespont and Bosphorus by which you come from the Aegean Sea into the Sea of Pontus As concerning the Caspian Sea whether that it be peculiar or whether that it belongeth to the broad Gulphs of the Ocean of which it is a subterranean passage is yet doubted CHAP. XIII Of some Properties of the Ocean and its Parts Proposition I. The Superficies of the Ocean and all Liquid Bodies is Rotund Spherical or else is part of a Spherical Superficies whose Center is the same with that of the whole Earth or Land The verity of this Theorem is manifest from those Arguments by which we proved in the third Chapter that the Superficies of the Earth is Spherical which is true concerning the Water as the Earth as I have there proved But because those probations only conclude à posteriori I here
Sea and the like is in Guzurat but for very many Months when it beginneth to blow in Congo and Guzurat in September it continueth even to March The Anniversary wind of the Grecians which they call Ornithia or the Bridges wind this they say bloweth after the Vernal Aequinox the Sun ascending to the Vertex of the Europeans Proposition V. Why the Etesian winds blow not in Italy France Germany Persia and other Regions especially seeing that they are more near the Northern Mountains from whence we assert the Etesian winds of the Grecians Congo and Guzurat do arise and blow The Etesian winds blow not in all Regions though near the Northren Mountains The Question is of no small moment and I wish that we had more accurate Observations concerning this matter viz. the notations of the winds which at that time are observed in each Region whether in every Year the same never return Yet if that any thing must be said to the Question these seem convenient 1. We cannot deny but that the North wind often bloweth in our Canicular or Dog daies 2. That it is discovered less continual and in each year peradventure the Cause is the often blowing of other winds which hinder the discovery of the same 3. We may say that the Mountain from which this first resolution of the Snow begineth is scituated directly from Greece and therefore the first Canicular wind is carried hither but the Vapours are carried hither from the Snow of the other Mountains because that here they find a free passage made but I shall reject these my extemporay thoughts when that I shall see a better reason and more accurate Observations Proposition VI. Some winds are proper and almost perpetual to some place or tract of Land others are ceasing Places which have a certain wind at a fixed time Those places of the Earth are very few which have a certain wind at a fixed time viz. these 1. The places of the Torrid Zone especially of parts of the Pacifick and Aethiopick Sea scituate in the Zone enjoy a perpetual wind viz. an Oriental wind or its Collateral which they call a General wind as we have shewed in the second Proposition where we have treated largely of it Yea this wind is not so much to be reckoned amongst the proper winds but rather to be determined to be common to all places for although by accident it happeneth that it be not discerned in all places viz. because other winds blow more strong yet it is proper to some the Cause is alledged in the place cited 2. On the Coasts of Peru and part of Chili and to the adjacent Sea the South wind is almost perpetual and his Collateral wind at the West It beginneth at the 46 deg of Latitude and bloweth to Panama the American Isthmus and causeth that in few daies Ships arrive from Lima at Panama laden with Gold Silver c. But it requireth many daies sail from Panama to Lima. But this wind bloweth not in the Sea remote from the Coasts of Peru It is difficult to render the cause of this wind by reason that the South Land from whence it seemeth to blow is not yet known unto us Yet I think it probable that because that Mountains are found in it covered with perpetual Snow therefore the winds are generated from a continual resolution of them But I will not infect the mind of the Reader with these my suspicions or conjectures For peradventure the Snows which are found all the year long in the high Mountains at the Streights of Magellan are the cause of these winds but yet it may be Objected that those Mountains lie from the South towards the West declining from the South wherefore we shall leave this to a more diligent inquisition or a more full knowledge of the South Continent 3. At the Coasts of the Land of Magellan or Del Fugo about the Streight Le Mair continual or at least very frequent Westernly winds do blow and that with that force that they make the Trees to bend towards the East from their perpendicular rectitude neither is there any part of the Earth in which those Occidental winds so often blow but on the other part of the Streights Le Mair at the Coast of the South Land the South wind bloweth I can render no other cause of those Occidental winds but that I suppose them to be raised from Snow and Clouds in the South Continent which extendeth it self from the side of that Occidental Streight from the South towards the North. But these are doubtful and more diligently to be inquired after 4. On the Malabarian Coasts of India for almost the whole year the North and North-East winds blow the cause proceedeth from the resolution of the Snows of the Mountains of the Asiatick Sarmatia viz. Imaus or Caucasus from the Clouds on the other Mountains of Asia which are collected and press the subject Air. 5. In the Sea near to Guinea the North West wind is frequent and in the remote Sea the North East 6. In the middle passage between Japan and Liampo a Maritimate City of China even unto these are found Occidental winds which blow in Japan in November and December 7. At the Isle Guotou not far from the Isle Dos Cavallos in the Sea of China is a frequent South wind when that yet in the neighbouring Ocean a North wind is predominate Proposition VII Vnto these Periodical or state Winds appertain those also that are tearmed day Winds which in some Regions and at a certain time of the year blow for some hours every day Of Day Winds so called Now they are found to be twofold and that only in some Maritimate places for some blow from Mediterranean places to the Shore towards the Sea and others on the contrary from the Sea to the Shoars 1. On the Malabarian Coasts in the Summer season viz. from September to April the Terrestial winds or Terrinhos do blow from the twelfth hour of the night to the twelfth hour of the day now these winds are Eastern winds But from the twelfth hour of the day to the twelfth hour of the night the Sea wind or Viraconus to wit the West wind bloweth but this is very weak so that by its assistance the Ships can hardly arrive at the Shoar I suppose the cause of those Oriental winds from twelve at night to twelve in the day partly to be a general wind and partly Clouds on the Mountain Gatis But the cause of the Occidental Winds that blow from twelve in the day to twelve at night is the resolution of thick Clouds caused by the setting of the Sun which Clouds before by the Oriental wind were forced towards the West Out of those named Months the North wind predominateth also the East and North-East neither by reason of the often Tempests are these Terrestrial and Marine winds discerned 2. In Musulipatan a City on the Coasts of Charomandel these Terrinhos begin to blow
Kexholm or Barelogorod INGRIA which is not subdivided into Provinces Notteburg or Orescu Juanogorod Caporia Jamagorod LIVONIA in part as The rest belongeth to the Crown of POLAND ESTEN or ESTONIE where are the parts of Esten Febin Vickeland Pernajo Habsel Harneland Revel Wireland Wiesenburg Tolsburg Alantack Nerva Nyslot Jervenland Wittenstein Kikeland Derpt LETTEN with its parts and places as they lie Towards the West Riga Segenwold Wenden Walmer Towards the South Koekenhaus Creutzburg Dunburg Towards the East Maryenburg SCANDINAVIA Wherein are the ESTATES of DENMARK AND SWEDEN The extent bounds c. of Scandinavia SCANDIA or SCANDINAVIA is only a Peninsula which extends it self from the 56th degree of Latitude unto or beyond the 71 which are near 400 Leagues from North to South and from the 26th degree of Longitude unto the 45th on the Baltick Sea and on the Ocean unto the 53 but this Mass of Land cannot have in its greatest breath above 150 Leagues finishing in two points towards South and North. It s scituation c. It is bounded on the North and West by the Northern Ocean and on the South and East by the Baltick Sea a continual Chain of Mountains dividing it into two almost equal parts of which one is on the Baltick Sea and the other on the Ocean this possessed by the King of Denmark the other by the King of Sweden DENMARK Its Commodities THe Estates of DENMARK contain two Kingdoms to wit DENMARK and NORWAY Denmark is between the Ocean and the Baltick Sea composed of a Peninsula contiguous to Germany and of a Coast contiguous to Sweden and of divers Isles which are between the Peninsula and Coast some likewise in the middle of the Baltick Sea and near Livonia It is scituate partly in the Northern Temperate Zone and partly within the Artick Circle extending from the 55th degree of Longitude or the middle Parallel of the 10th Clime where it joyneth to Germany as far as 71 degrees where it is bounded by the Frozen Ocean the longest day in the most Southern parts being 17 ¼ hours but in the most Northern parts they have no Night for almost three Months whereas on the other side when the Sun is in the other Tropick and most remote from them they have no Day for the like time This Country is very cold and consequently not over fertil nor affording good Fruits The Commodities that this Kingdom affords are Fish Hides Tallow Furniture for Shipping as Pitch Tar Cordage Masts c. also Firr Boards Wainscot several sorts of Armour c. VIRTUTE NON VI To the Rt. honble 〈…〉 Lord 〈…〉 〈…〉 of 〈…〉 Dâ—â—â—â—â— Earl of 〈◊〉 and L d of his Maitys most Honourable privy Councell c 1678 of 〈…〉 younger son of one of the Danish Kings that came into England with William the Conquerour This Mapp is Humbly dedicated by R B â—â—PP OF THE KINGDOME OF DENNMARKE WITH ITS SEVERALL DIOECESES OR PROVINCES DESIGNED BY MONSIEUR SANSON GEO Its Inhabitants The Inhabitants for the most part are of a good statute and complexion very healthful ingenious and of a ready wit very punctual in performing their Promises proud and high conceited of their own worth lovers of Learning as may appear by those Famous men it hath bred viz. Tycho Brahe the great Mathematician John Cluverus the renowned Philosopher and Physitian Godfrey Gottricus that stout Warriour who not only setled the Government of this Kingdom but also shook the Realm of France likewise Waldemare Christiern the Second and Fourth Canutus and Sueno which two last were the Conquerors of England They are great punishers of Offenders especially Theft and Piracy their Women are of a comly grace very fair and as fruitful in Children discreet and sober The Peninsula called JVITLAND once Cimbrica Chersonesus Juitland from the Cimbrians its ancient Inhabitants it is divided into North and South Juitland North JVITLAND is severed into the Bishopricks of Ripen Arthusen Albourg and Wibourg Diocess of Ripen RIPEN contains 30 Prefectures or Herets as they term them 7 Cities or walled Towns and 10 Castles It s chief places are 1. Ripen seated near the German Ocean the chief place of the Diocess and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kolding seated on a Creek of the Baltick Sea 3. Wee l 4. Warde c. Diocess of Arthusen ARTHVSEN containeth 31 Prefecture 7 Cities or walled Towns and 5 Castles It s chief places are 1. Arthusen seated on the Baltick Sea having a commodious and well frequented Port and dignified with an Episcopal See 2. Kalla a strong place seated in a large Bay reaching two Dutch miles to the high Hill of Elemanberg opposite to which lie the Isles of Hilgones Tuen Samsoe Hiarneo and Hiolm c. 3. Horsens 4. Randersen 5. Ebelto and 6. Hobro Diocess of Albourg ALBOVRG which is divided into four parts viz. Thyland whose chief Town is Albourg seated on the Bay of Limford which opening into the Baltick Sea extendeth it self through the main Land almost to the German Ocean 2. Hanebert on the North-west of Limford Bay containeth 4 Prefectures and hath for its chief place Thystad 3. Morsee lying on the Ocean contains 3 Prefectures the Isle of Ageroe the Town of Nicopin and the Castle of Lunstead and 4. Vensyssel according to Mercator Vandalorum sedes or the Seat of the Vandals contains 6 Prefectures 3 Towns and 1 Castle viz. Selby Cagen and Hirring Diocess of Wibourg WIBOVRG contains 16 Prefectures the Isles of Egholm Hansholm Bodum Idgen Cisland and Ostholm also it hath 3 Castles and as many Cities or walled Towns viz. 1. Wibourg dignified with an Episcopal See and the Courts of Judicature for both the Juitlands The point of Scagen or Scean ends this Peninsula towards the North. 2. Lemwick and 3. Holcker South JVITLAND is divided into the Dukedoms of Sleswick and Holstein SLESWICK a Country for the most part level Sleswick enriched with fertil Fields both for Corn and Pasturage it is very well provided with good Bays on the Baltick which are found commodious for Merchants The chief places in this Dukedom are 1. Sleswick seated on the Slea which falls into the Baltick where it hath a commodious and well frequented Haven it is a fair Town the chief of the Dukedom and honoured with an Episcopal See 2. Hussen seated on the German Ocean 3. Sternberg the ordinary residence of the Governour for the King of Denmark 4. Hadersleben seated on a navigable In-let of the Baltick and fortified with a strong and fair Castle 5. Flensborg seated on the Baltick amongst high Mountains having a Port so commodious and deep that Ships do lade and unlade close to their Houses and 6. Gottrop where there is a strong Fort belonging to the Duke of Sleswick seated at the end of a large Bay of the Baltick of note for the Custom-house or Tole-booth there erected for Cattle sent out of these parts into Germany
of the enjoyment of Men and they so much of them In their Apparel as also in the furniture of their Houses they are very costly The Women are here delivered without pain and not having the use of a Midwife or any one but her self and no sooner is she delivered but she is about her occasions not observing the custom among us in keeping their Chamber a month together Most of them live to the age of 100 years and that in perfect health but these are not the Portugals but are the Natives which are Pagans and Benjans To this City do resort Merchants from Arabia Persia Armenia Cambaya Bengala Siam Pegu China Java Malacca and from several other Countries it being the Staple of all Indian Commodities In the heart of the City is a Street where every morning from seven to nine not only the Merchants meet for the vending and buying of Commodities which are here set forth for sale like our Fairs but also the Gentry of the City meet as well to hear news as to satisfie their fancies in the sight of the Commodities And besides this Street every Trade hath its particular Street one Trade not intermixing with another Besides Goa the Land of the Bardes the Islles of Salsette of Coran of Divar and some other Lands about Goa are the Portugals As likewise the City of Chaul on the Coast where they have a great Trade of Silk and from these places they have their provision brought them and that at very easie rates for the Island of it self is so barren that it will scarce produce any thing Decan taken altogether hath one King alone which they call Idolcan or Dialcan The Great Mogoll hath taken from him some places in the particular Decan and the Portugals Goa Chaul and some other places on the Coast This Prince is yet powerful at least in regard of the Indians He hath taken Dabul from the Portugals and ruined it He once besieged Chaul and divers times Goa leading in his Armies near 200000 men In fine he made Peace with the Portugals the Vice-Roy of the East-Indies for the Crown of Portugal having always an Ambassador at the Idolcans Court and the Idolcan having one at Goa with the Vice-Roy And though this Prince is so powerful in men and so well provided with Ammunition and his Artillery greater and better then any Prince about him yet is he become Tributary to the Great Mogoll Its Commodities All the Country is good fruitful watered with several Rivers hath store of precious Stones of Cotton and Silk of which they make divers Manufactures of Pepper of Fruits and other Commodities The Inhabitants or Natives of the Country are Pagans and for the most part Benjans but eat any kind of Flesh except that of an Ox Cow Buffe Swine or Wild-Bore A Swine they abhor but have a great veneration for a Cow or an Ox. But as to the manner of their life as in their Marrriages Interments Purifications and other Ceremonies in their Religion as also in their Habits and Houses which are very mean their Houses being made of Straw and withal small and low having no light but what enters in at the door which is not so high as a mans Waist In which their chiefest furniture and houshold-stuffs are Mats to lie upon in the night on which they also eat their Meat their Dishes Drinking-cups c. are made of Fig-leaves which they daub and plaister together In these and the like Ceremonies and Customs they imitate the Benjans aforementioned The rest of the people which here inhabit are Mahometans and Jews which here enjoy the freedom of their Religion but the Subjects of the King of Portugal are Catholicks those of the English Protestants GOLCONDA The Kingdom of Golconda its bounds and extent THe name of GOLCONDA hath been known but for few years nevertheless this is a powerful and rich Kingdom but which hath been confounded with the name of Orixa It is upon the Gulph of Bengala which it regards towards the East and South neighbouring on the Mogolls and the Kingdom of Bengala towards the North. It stretches 200 Leagues on the Coast in length and near 100 up in the Land in breadth It yields 20 Millions of yearly Revenue is very well peopled and its People addicted to all sorts of Manufactures They make Cotton Pintado's so artificially and with such lively colours that it is esteemed better than Silk They build great Ships trade to Mecca Aquem Bengala Pegu and throughout all the Indies It s chief places or Fortresses There are in this Estate 66 Castles and Fortresses where the ordinary Garrisons are kept and these Castles are on inaccessible Rocks which they call Conda Golconda which the Persians call Hidrabrand is the chief and residence of the King it is distant from the Port of Musulipatan about 60 Leagues which is a fair City seated on an Arm of the Sea adjoyning to the Kingdom of Bisnagar and not far from Cape Guadavari Hath its Air pleasant its Soil fruitful of about 5 or 6 Leagues circuit nor doth its King yield much to the Great Mogoll in Riches precious Stones in store of Elephants or all sorts of magnificence But his Estates being much less and his People less warlike constraineth him to send him every year 400000 Pagodes in form of Tribute The Country rich in Diamonds and Precious Stones This Country moreover hath no Mines of Gold Silver or Copper some it hath of Iron and Steel but many of Diamonds and other precious Stones so rich and abundant that in 1622 the King caused it to be shut up and the labour to cease fearing lest the too great quantity should make them neglected Others say for fear it should draw the Great Mogoll into his Estates Condapoli its chief Fortress is so great that in circumference it contains six others and these six are one above the other each having Wood Fruits and Land sufficient to maintain the Garrisons destined for their defence which amount to 12000 Men. Candavara is another Fortress 15 or 16 Leagues from Condapoli and thence at certain intervals there are Towers on which with certain Lights they give signal of all that passes in the Country On the Sea-Coast or Gulph of Bengala are seated several Towns some of which are well known by Merchants as Guadavari which gives name to a Cape on which it is seated Vixaopatan Narsingapatan Pulacate Palhor Manicapatan Calecote Caregara on the Cape Segogora or Das Palmas Polarin Contiripatan and others The Portugals have a Fortress at Masulipatan which is one of the best Ports of the Country the City is not walled and belong to the Prince The Air and fertility of the Country The Air is every where healthful the Soil fertil producing twice or thrice a year Grains Fruits c. almost all different from ours Their Seasons are distinguished in three manners they have very great heats in March April May and June and that is
thieves which they much abhor Debtors they imprison for which purpose there being so many there is in every great City several Prisons in which they are strictly kept and lookt unto by reason of which that their lives may not be burthensome unto them they have in their Prisons Gardens Courts Walks Fish-ponds Drinking-houses and Shops which furnish the Prisoners with such things as they have occasion for Kings of China hereditary The Dignity of the Crown of China is hereditary falling to the eldest Son of the King after his decease the King they highly reverence calling him the Son of Heaven the Son of God or the like not that they think him so but being the chiefest of men they esteem him dear to the Gods and as a gift of Heaven The Chinois have many Books and descriptions of their Kingdom observing exactly all that their Provinces particularly possess what is the extent quality and force of each how many Cities they have how many Officers how many men which study how many which bear Armes who pay Tribute and a Thousand particularities of which however writers have recounted to us but few things scarce can we gather the Names of the sixteen Provinces and of some Cities and Rivers these Names being so diverse in several Authors that it is a difficulty to reconcile them we will say something of them giving them those names which seem to us best received The division of China into Provinces CHINA is divided into two principal parts Northern and Southern there are six Provinces in the Northern part and ten in the Southern The River Jamchucquian traverses these and the River Caramoran those Of the six Northern parts three are washed by the Sea as Leaoton Pequin and Scianton and of these three the two first touch the great Wall or Mountain the three other Provinces are on the firm Land as Sciansi Sciensi and Honan likewise of these three the two first touch the great Wall amongst the ten Southern ones there are six on the Sea three towards the East as Nanquin Checquian or Aucheo and Fuquien and three towards the South as Canton Quancy and Yunnan the other four Provinces are up in the Land and are called Chiamsi Huquan Suchuen and Quicheu And of these Provinces in order Province of Leaoton described The Province of LEAOTON is almost quite separated from the rest of China It s chief City bears the same name this City as also most of the Cities in China is well built and of one form being square and with good Walls made of Brick and plaistered over with Porcelain which renders it exceeding hard and strong they are commonly broad and having the benefit of several Towers as well for beauty as defence It s Soil amongst other things produces the Root Ginsen which preserves the well in health and strength strengthens and restores health to the sick they sell it commonly at double its weight of Silver Its Inhabitants are less civilised then the rest of China but more robustious and proper for Warr. It s other places of most note are Richeo and Chincheo and both seated on the Sea Province of Pequin and its chief places The Province of PEQVIN though of great fertility yet by reason of its popuâ—â—usness occasioned by the residence of the Kings of China in its principal City lo Xunthienfu by us called Pequin makes it that it cannot furnish Mayz Wheat Rice and other Provisions enough for its Inhabitants and resort of People which defect is supplied from the adjacent Provinces The City of Xunthienfu or Pequin is of a vast bigness containing within its Walls made of Free-stone and strongly fortified with Bulwarks which are in circumference near 30 Leagues about 3300 Pagodes or Temples wherein are continually sacrificed a great number of Wild-Beasts and Birds These Pagodes especially those of the Order of the Menegrepos Conquinys and Talagrepos who are the Priests of the 4 Sects of Xaca Amida Gizan and Canon are sumptuous Structures To the Wall which encompasseth this City for the conveniency of its Inhabitants are 360 Gates to each of which is joyned a small Fort where a Guard is continually kept as also a Register to take the names of all Persons that pass thereat The Streets are long broad and well composed and its houses fair and lofty each of the chief Streets having its Captain and other Officers who are to look after the same which every night are shut up by Gates Here are about 120 Aquaeducts or Canals which traverse the City upon which are near 1800 fair Bridges sustained on Arches Without the City in a tract of 7 Leagues long and 3 broad are about 80000 Tombs of the Mandarins which are small Chapels richly beautified nigh unto which are about 500 great Palaces which they call the Houses of the Sun which are inhabited by those that can no longer bear Armes for the Emperour of China either through age sickness or other infirmities Also here are about 1300 stately Houses inhabited by Religious Men and Women There are several Streets of a great length only possessed by People of one profession as one by near 14000 Taverns another by innumerable many Courtizans and another by about 24000 Oar-men which belong to the Emperours Panourers Here are also 32 great Colledges for those that study the Laws Likewise there are abundance of large Houses with spacious inclosures of Gardens Woods provided of Game near this City which said Houses or rather Inns serve only to give entertainment to people of all degrees by seeing of Plaies Combates Bulbaitings c. and the Palace Royal of the Emperour which is in this City for its largeness fairness and richness is not inferior to any in the East this City being his residence for the Northern Provinces as Nanquin is for the Southern And thus much for the City of Pequin it s other chief places are first Tianchevoy secondly Himpin and thirdly Cichio seated on a fair River about 70 Miles from the Sea The Province of Scianton its fertility c. The Province of SCIANTON is between that of Pequin and Nanquin it is well watered with Rivers which makes it very fertile abounding in so great plenty of al sorts of Flesh Fowl Fish Grains Fruits c. that its Inhabitants which are esteemed about seven Millions of Persons cannot devour the encrease but are forced to furnish other Provinces they have also great store of Silk and other rich Commodities It hath several great Cities the chief of which are 1 Xanton not far from the Sea 2 Pamnihu 3 Cincoyan and 4 Linceu seated in an Isle so called Besides which here are found in this Sea 9 other Isles most of which do belong to this Province and are well known affording many of the China Commodities The Province of Sciansi its fertility and chief places The Province of SCIANSI which Purchas calls Cansas hath many Mountains by reason of which it is not so
the Chinois have repulsed them and have established their former estate receiving likewife Christianity with hopes of great fruits and progress but of late they have broke into China again and have committed great Spoils The Isles about China Besides the Isles already spoken of here are about the Coast of China several others as the Isle of Corey in the Gulph of Nanquin of good account and well frequented affording many of the China Commodities It is of a large extent being 100 Leagues in length and about 50 in breadth It s chief places are Tauxem seated on the Northern part of the Isle regarding the Province of Leaoton from which it is parted by a Streight or Gulph not above two Leagues broad 2. Corey seated on the Gulph of Nanquin Southernly 3. Tasoran also seated on the Sea Eastwards and on the South of this Isle are seated a Body of several Isles called the Isles of Larrons Likewise the Isles of Fuego Lequeio Grande Les Roys Mages the Isles of Pescheurs or Fishers of Paâ—an or Formosa of Tabaco Miguel and Tabaco Ximâ— TARTARIA may be considered as it is divided into the Parts of TARTARIA DESERTA Cumbalich Glustins Jerom Risan Frutach Centaz Risan Divasi Caracus USBECK or ZAGATHAY with its Provinces or Parts of Usbeck particularly so called Jarchan Samarcand Nesaph Mogalachfu Horne Xibuar Reven Targama Teras Sachi Tanchit Tersis Sachania Sacae Sachi Istigias Busdaschaâ— Rigul Coman Termend Escalcand Sermegan Asareft Kax Etaican Nesaph Sogdlans Bachars Pogansa Madrandâ—n Carassat Zahaipa Corui Chiargan Corfim Bechet Siminan Cant Chesolitis Caracol TURQUESTAN with its Kingdoms or Proviaces of Chialis Chialis Turfan Cuchia Uga. Chinchintalas Camul Aramul Cascar Emil Sark Cassia Taskent Thibet Andegen Raofa Tamafi Cotam Cotam Pinegle Cogricamri Peim Ciartiam Ciartiam Lop Sazechiam Carazan Vociam CATHAY with its Kingdoms or Provinces of Tainfu Cambalu Achbaluch Tinzu Xandu Caidu Gouza Tenduc Tenduc Zambir Ciandu Egrigaja Ciangli Tudinfu Serrâ— Suidio Mulon Tanguth Sachion Quiqui Hoyam Gauta Ergimul Campion Ergimul Serguth Erzina Belgian Belgian True TARTARIA with its Provinces or Hords of Mongul Mongul Molair Caracoran Tartar Tartar Bargu Catacoran Carli Taingin Naiman Naiman Cavona Cavona Colmack Colmack To the Right Worshipfull Sr Iames Shaen of Shyne in Surrey Knight and Baronet This Mapp is humbly D. D. by R. Blome A MAPP of the Kingdome of TARTARY By Monsieur Sanson TARTARY Tartary its extent TARTARY or TARTARIA is seated in the most Northern part of all Asia and extends it self from East to West from the River Volga and Oby which separates it from Europe unto the Streight of Jesso which separates it from America and from South to North from the Caspian Sea the River Gehon and the Mountains of Courasus and Vssonte c. which divides it from the more Southernly part of Asia unto the Northern Frozen or Scythian Ocean It s length and breadth It reaches in length from the 19th unto the 180th degree of Longitude which is the half of our Hemisphere and in breadth from the 35th or 40th unto the 70th or 72th degree of Latitude which is half the breadth of all Asia So that it may contain 1500 Leagues from West to East and 7 or 800 from North to South It s position is almost entirely in the Temperate Zone It s Position nevertheless it s more Southern parts being in the midst of this Temperate Zone and the rest advancing to the Cold or Frozen and its Southern parts being almost all bounded with very high Mountains which keeps off the heat of the mid-day Sun and renders it more cold towards the North We may say that Tartary in general hath its temperature much more cold than temperate Its Neighbours are the Moscovites on the West the Persians Its Neighbours the Indians or the Mogolls and the Chinois on the South the rest is washed by that Sea of which we have little knowledge some place towards the East the Streight of Anian which should separate it from America others the Streight of Jesso which divides it from the Land or Isle of Jesso which is between Asia and America as we shall declare after Japan Some esteeming the Northern Ocean in one manner and some in another It s Name why so called The name of Tartaria is apparently taken from the River Quarter or Hord of Tartar from whence these People being issued have over-run and made themselves known in all parts of Asia Others take it from the word Tatar or Totar which in the Syriack signifies Remnant or Forsaken because they esteem them the Remnant of the Jews of which Ten Tribes were transported into Media by Salmanzer They must then add that these Ten Tribes passed from Media into Scythia which is not observed by the Ancients However it be the Persians yet call this Country Tartar and its People Tatarons the Chinois Tagun The People which possess this Country differ something from one another Its Inhabitants as well in Personage as in Religion and Manners but of the most part they are of an indifferent Stature ugly countenances thick Lips hollow Eyed flat Noses broad Fated very strong stout valiant and good Warriers very active vigilant and exceeding quick of Foot patient in all Afflictions they are very rude barbarous and revengeful not sparing their Enemies whom in revenge they eat first letting out their Blood which they keep using it as Winâ— at their Feasts Their Habit is very mean which is for the most part made of course stuff Their Habitâ— which reaches but to their Knees yet are they very proud despising all other Nations and thinking their Cham to be the greatest Prince in the World whom they greatly fear and reverence being no better than his Slaves They are very nasty and sluttish much given to drink of a treacherous and thievish nature Religion In matters of Religion they are generally Pagans and Mahumetans which about the year 1246. crept in amongst them which since hath spread it self over their Country and intermixing with Paganism yet hath it not so much prevailed as to extinguish Christianity which was first planted amongst the Scythians which were the Ancient people of Tartary by the preaching of two of the Apostles St. Philip and St. Andrew which of latter years hath much lost it self and not only by the prevailing of the Nestorian Sect but chiefly for want of instructing the People in the true Orthodoxal points of Christian Religion Dyet Their Food is mean and very sluttishly drest yet use they entertainments and refuse nothing but Swines flesh and eat all without Salt They are much given to Hawking and other Sports but not much to Arts or Literature The Women are much of the nature with the Men. Their from of Government The Government as Heylin observeth is Tyrannical their great Cham or King being Lord of all in whose breast lieth their Laws taking the Estates and Lives away of whom he pleaseth
Maginus and others it begins almost at the 8 and ends not till the 11 Degree of Latitude stretching it selt from South-East to North-East in length more then 100 Leagues not having above 10 15 or 25 of breadth Boterus and Pigafette say that it bears Figs half as long and as thick as ones Arm and others only of a Palm long but better then that of Dates It s King is Vassal to him of Borneo The Isle of Tandays TANDAYA is about the twelfth Degree of Latitude and the 167 of Longitude It s utmost length is about 50 Leagues and its breadth about 40. It hath born alone the name of Philippine for being the first discoverer of these Islands and that name hath been communicated to the rest It is esteeined the best and most pleasant of all Fruitful rich easie to be approached and its Inhabitants courteous It s chief place is Achan The Isle of Mindora MINDORA is not much less then Tandaya but not so famous yet the Streight between the Isle of Manilla and Mindora is called Mindora from whence it may be judged there is likewise a City of Mindora on that Streight and that this place hath formerly been famous There are here Mines of Gold The Isle of Câ—bu CEBV is in the midst of the Philippines The Spaniards have built on the East Coast Ville-Jesus under the 10 Degree of Latitude and 165 of Longitude The Port is good and here it was that Magellan contracted Alliance with the King of this Isle received him into the Protection of the King of Castile and in his favour passed into the Isle of Matan and made war upon its King where he was killed Their Fertility All these Isles in general are very fruitful and yield a great quantity of Grains of Rice Fruits Wine Honey c. which are given almost for nothing They have Wine of Dates which yields not to those of Grapes and which are as strong as Sack They feed much Cattle and Fowl as Oxen and Sheep which they carry into New-spain Hogs whose Flesh is excellent Goats Pullain c. They have many Wild Beasts as Stags and several sorts of Venison Wild Boars Tygers Foxes Bears Lions Apes Civet Cats c. which inhabit in their Forests and Mountains and in their Rivers they have Crocodiles and an infinite number of several sorts of Fish which are likewise found in their Seas Amongst others Tortoises whose shels are much esteemed for the beauty and variety of their colours there being none found like these and those of the Maldives Their Commodities They produce likewise Gold Iron Steel Saffron Wax Cinnamon Long Pepper Ginger Sugar with several other Metals Spices Drugs and Precious Stones They fish Pearls on their Coasts and particularly near to Negros and Abujo It s Trade But besides the cheapness and abundance of Victuals which these Isles afford and the Traffick which they have so commodiously with China and with Mexico or New Spain hath made the Spaniards resolve to keep them And therefore they built some Fortresses in 1589 and transported some Families from New Spain with Horses Sheep and other Beasts to breed a Race The Chinois have a great Trade to these Islands bringing hither all their Commodities as Silk Cotton of all colours Porcelain Brimstone Cannon Powder Iron Quick-silver Steel Copper and other Metals also Chests Cabinets Pictures Laces Coiffs Vales and other curiosities for Women Of all these Commodities there remains a part in the Philippines and the Castilians take away the other and with the Gold Wax and Spices which they get in these Isles carry them to Mexico From whence they bring what is proper both for the Philippines for China and the East-Indies And this trade which is driven by the South or Pacifick Ocean is a great and frequent as that which is between Spain and Mexico by the Ocean or North Sea The MOLUCCO ISLES which may be comprehended under the The ISLES of the MOLUCCOES particularly so called as the Isles of Ternate Gamma-Lamma Nostra Sennora dello Rosaria Tidore Marieco Castello Viejo Timor Nassaw Machian Tabillolâ— Mauricio Bachian Marigoram Gammeduore The Greatest ISLES of the MOLUCCOES as The Isle of the CELEBES Celebes Ciaon Bantachaja Machasar The Isle of GILOLO Gilolo Tolo Isiau Jaffougo The Land of PAPOUS Bay a Fonda Bay a de Ant-Boto Small ISLES about and between the Isles of CELEBES GILOLO and the Land of PAPOUS as On the South of CELEBES are the Isles of Buquerones Solayo Cobana Cabinces St. Mathews Flores Lasataja Batuliar Susu Malva Cabanazze Timor Solar Adonare Ombo Teralta On the East and north-North-East of CELEBES are the Isles of Wawany Xulla Paugay Tasouro Meao Saranbal Syem Between the Isles of CELEBES and GILOLO and on the South Coast or Sea of the Land of PAPOUS are the Isles of Bouro Rilan Manipe Attabuti Ouby Sinomo Mesol Seram-Cambello Amboyna Amboyna Pulorin Puloway Celayon Guligiej Subiana Corer Away Tenimber Kedguey Aru. Banda London Ortattan Comber Nassau Belgleque Labetack Poloway Reve. Gumanapy Gumanapy Pulorin On the North of GILOLO are the Isles of Morotay Sian Camafo Noba The ISLES of LARRONS or THEEVES viz. The ISLES of LARRONS or THEEVES particularly so called where are the Isles of Deserte Malabrigo Englese Angloise Mana. Chemochoa Gregua Agan Artomagan Guagan Cheraguan Natan Sepan Metan Can. Volia Botaba and Bacim ISLES Westwards and between the Isles of LARRONS and the PHILIPPINE Isles as those of Pulo-Vilan De los Arecisos De los Matelotes De Bidima ISLES Southwards of the Isles of LARRONS as those of Dancers Martyrs Birds THE ISLES OF THE MOLUCCOES The Isles of Moluccoes â—â—â—ny I Comprehend under the name of the MOLVCCOES not only the Isles of TERNATE TIDORE MOTILL or TIMOR MACHIAN and BACHIAN which are particularly called the Moluccoes but likewise those of GILOLO of the Land of PAPOVS which lie on their East of CELEBES which are on their West of them of CEYRAM of FLORES and TIMOR which are towards their South and several others thereabouts They make a Body of many and divers Isles South of the Philippines Eastwards of those of the Sound West of New Guiney and North of Terra Australis and are under or near the Equinoctial Line stretching themselves only to the third degree on this side that Line and to the 10th or 12th beyond it and extending themselves from East to West from the 160th degree of Longitude unto the 180th and thus they have together 15 degrees of Latitude and 20 of Longitude which are almost 400 Leagues of breadth and 500 of length The English were the first of any Christians that traded hither The Isles of Celebes Gilolo c. CELEBES the Lands of PAPOVS and GILOLO are the greatest then CERAM FLORES and TIMOR those which are the particularly called the Moluccoes are the smallest Celebes is 200 Leagues long and about 100 broad Gilolo about 100 Leagues long and near as broad
Marins sometimes made here their residence and gave it to their second Son as well because of the beauty of the City and the civility of its Inhabitants as for the goodness of the Air and the abundance of all sorts of Fruits which they gather there 2. Turet is beyond the River Mulvia and on the River Quhas so advanced on the Frontiers that the King of Fez and Telensin have often carried it the one from the other It is seated on a Hill in the midst of a Plain but encompassed about with Desarts very advantagiously inclosed with strong Walls well built within and filled with about 3000 Houses 3. Dubdu is on the side of a high Mountain from which many Fountains descend and run through the City 4. Garsis And 5. Haddaggia are on the Mulvia 6. Gherselvin only is beyong the Atlas and on the borders of Segellesse it is handsom within but beautiful without c. The Inhabitants of its Mountains Among the Inhabitants of the Mountains there are some rich who pay little or nothing others poor and over burthened with Tribute The Plains of Sabhelmarga hath almost nothing but Charcoal-men by reason of the adjacent Woods that of Asgari-Cameren Shepherds because the Grass grows all the year that of Guregra Husbandmen the Land being proper for Grain In this Province there is a remarkable Bridge over the River Sebu which runs between Rocks so high A strange Bridge that this Bridge is 150 yards from the Water It is a Basket or Pannier hung upon two Cords which turn upon two Pullies fastned to the ends of two great Piles of Wood on each side of the Valley And those who are in the Basket there may go about ten persons draw themselves from one side to other by the Cords which are made of Sea-Bulrush as well as the Basket The Country of Fez and Morocco of a different nature The Kindoms of Fez and Morocco ought to be considered in four sorts of Lands Mountains Vallies Plains and Coasts and the most part of their Provinces have these sour sorts The Mountains are almost all in the hands of the Arabs and Bereberes who live partly free partly tributary The Vallies are almost all the same according as they are more or less engaged in the Mountains or near the Plains The Plains are all obedient The Coasts in part belong to the Kings of Fez and Morocco in part to the Portugals and Spaniards these holding what is on the Mediterranean Sea the others on the Ocean So that considering the Continent of these two Kingdoms even when they were united there was always a quarter or third part which obeyed not the Xeriffs or Kings of Fez and Morocco But if they had been absolute in these two Kingdoms they might easily have brought into the field One hundred thousand Horse and more then so many Foot The Moors of this Kingdom and their disposition The Moors of Fez and Morocco are well disposed strong Active and yet melancholly they may marry four Wives and repudiate them when they will giving them the Dowry they promised when they espoused them And if they would be rid of them better cheap they treat them ill and these Women may forsake their Husbands quitting their Dowry Besides these four Wives they may have as many Concubines as they can keep but the Law permits them not to lie but with the one or the other of the four Wives Persons of Estate spend so much on their Weddings that they say commonly That the Christians spend the greatest part of their Goods in Law-suits the Jews in their Paschal-Feasts and the Moors in their Nuptials They enterr their dead in Virgin-Earth that is where no person hath been before enterred fearing least at the general Resurrection it should be difficult to unmix all their pieces Arabs here inhabiting which much annoy the Countrey Besides these Moors in the Estates of Fez and Morocco there are many Arabs which go by Cabilles or Lineal Descent and which make War and Peace as they please between themselves and with the Moors Wandering continually and pillaging now one Coast and then another They either assault or convoy the Caravans according to their interest sometimes serving the Kings of Morocco sometimes making War upon them Those that are in the highest Mountains of Atlas are so rude and barbarous that the Ancients have believed them to be Satyrs Pans Aegipans that is Half Devils In some Cities there are quantity of Jews almost no Christians except they be Slaves or some Merchants The Kingdom of ALGIER and TELENSIN The Kingdom of Algier THe Kingdom of ALGIER is at present the most famous or rather the most infamous on the whole Coast of Barbary As well for its Riches and Forces as for those Pyracies it exercises towards the Christians and the barbarousness it useth towards its Captives It s name is taken from the principal City seated in the midst of its Coast on the Mediterranean Sea towards the West it is separated from the Kingdom of Fez by the Rivers of Zhas and Mulvia towards the East divided from that of Tunis by the Guad-il-Barbar The Northern Coast is washed by the Mediterranean Sea the South confined by the Mountains of Atlas which divide it from Segelmesse Tegorarin and Zeb parts of Billedulgered It s length from West to East is near 300 Leagues its breadth 50 60 or 75 Leagues It s Division and parts We will divide it into five parts of which that of Algier shall make the middle one Telensin and Tenes shall be on the west Bugia and Constantina on the East The Turks as Grammajus saith hath established 20 Governments whereof 10 are on the Coast and 10 others within Land On the Coast there are 5 West ward of Algier and 5 Eastward of Algier Sargel Tenes Marsalquibir Hunain and Haresgol advance towards the West Algier Bugia Gigell Constantina and Bona towards the East Of the 10 Governments which are within Land Grammajus places 6 in the Mountains of Telensin or Benrasid Tenes Algier Bugia Constantina and Bona. These names of Mountains being taken from Cities neighboring on them and almost all on the Coast The 4 Governments remaining are Steffa Necab or Necaus Mezella or Mesila and Mastin which are the names of their chief places But Grammajus not contenting himself with this division within Land makes yet other 10 of which 4 he calls Kingdoms and which are only Tributary Huerguela or Guergela Cuco Tricarta or Techcort and Labes 2 Provinces Benirasid and Tebesse 2 Dynasties or Signiories Meliana and Angat And likewise 2 Kingdoms subject Telensin and Tenes Of these 10 pieces Telensin Angat Benirori Tenes and Meliana are towards the West Coco Labes and Tebesse towards the East Guerguela and Techcort far towards the South These 2 last are so engaged in Billedulgerid that I cannot well describe them with the Kingdom of Algier though they be Tributary to it And the Governments
little favourable encounters thereabout In the end he happily defeated both Scipio and Juba near to Thapsus now Elmedia and after that defeat Cato despairing slew himself at Vtica now Benserta Scipio saved himself in some Ships but being met by Caesars Fleet passing his Sword through his Body he precipitated himself into the Sea Juba would have retired to Zama where he had left his Wives Children and Treasures but Zama having refused to open him the Gates He and Petrejus retired into a House in the Fields where they killed themselves During this War and almost upon the landing of Caesar hapned near Hammametha a thing incredible which was that 30 Gaul-Horsmen assaulted a Post of 2000 Moorish Horse put them to rout and pursued them into the City For Zama or Zama Regia it is far distant from the position which Ptolomy gives it and from that of Ortelius which we at other times and which all others have since followed This Author places it 500000 Paces from Carthage and 600000 from Adrumetum but it appears both by the Roman History and by the Itinerary Table not to be distant from Carthage above 100 or 120000 Paces and from Adrumetum 100000 Paces or little more The Governments or Cities of Bigge and urbs BEGGE or Beija and VRBS this in the Road from Tebessa to Tunu that in the way from Constantina to Tunis are both seated in fair Plains so fertil in Grains particularly Begge that those of Tunis say that if they had two Begges they would yield as many Corns as there is Sand in the Sea and nigh to Vrbs is Camud Arbes Musti and Marmagen all fair Cities The Government or City of Cayroan CAYROAN of old Thesdrus ought as it seems to be among the Maritim Governments since it holds on the Coast Tobulha Asfachusa and some other places but its principal place being on the main Land its Government is likewise esteemed to be within the Land This City is seated in a Sandy-plain which affords neither Grain Fruit nor scarce any Water but what is preserved in Cisterns it is about 100 miles from Tunis and about 36 from any part of the Sea It was first built by Hucha who was the first that conquered Africk for the Saracens who adorned it with a stately Mosque supported on Pillars of Marble of which two or three are very fair ones and of a prodigious greatness who also placed in it a Colledge of Priests and now in much esteem being the residence of a High Priest of the Law of Mahomet and to this place from all parts of the Country the Corps of their chief Men are brought to be interred who believe that by the Prayers of those Priests they shall find a shorter way to Heaven than if interred at any other place Its Inhabitants are now reduced to about 4 or 500 Families Not far from Cayroan Mountains of Zaghoan and Gueslet are the Mountains of Zaghoan and Gueslet the last not above 12000 Paces distant both the one and the other have divers foot-steps of Roman Buildings But I believe it was from the last that Scipio considered the Battel between Massinissa King of Numidia and Asdrubal chief of the Carthaginians and of this encounter Scipio would sometimes say to his Friends That he was the third who had had the pleasure to see a famous Battel without having run any resigoe to wit Jupiter from the top of Mount Ida and Neptune from some eminence in the Isle of Samothrace who beheld the Battels between the Trojans and Greeks and himself this between Massinissâ— and the Carthaginians The other Cities of this Kingdom of Tunis and towards Billedulgerid are Caffa Hama Techios Neifa and Nafta The Kingdom of TRIPOLI Kingdom of Tripoli THE Kingdom of TRIPOLI takes up the just moiety of the Coast of Barbary from Capes unto Egypt and divides it self into two principal parts or Provinces which bear likewise the Title of Kingdoms to wit Tripoli and Barca Tripoli is between the two Syrtes now the Sands or Banks of Barbary These are Gulphs of different greatness but of the same nature infamous for the Shipwreck of Vessels lost on their Flats or Rocks among which the depth of the Water is very unequal and changes often there being sometimes much sometimes a little and sometimes none at all The Little Syrtes now the Gulph of Capes separates Tripoli from Tunis The Great Syrtes now the Gulph of Sydra divides it from Barca this towards the East the other towards the West and on the South it is bounded with Billidulgerid and on the North with the Mediterranean Sea It s principal Cities are El-Hamma Capes Zoara the two Tripolies Old and New Sarmana Lepeda c. 1. El-Hamma is in the Land It s chief places and people Capes and the rest on the Sea between El-Hamma and Capes is a Lake excellent against Leprosie 2. Capes of Old Tacapa hath good Walls and a good Castle but its Port dangerous and incapable to receive either many or great Vessels it is scituate at the fall of the River Triton into the Lesser Syrtes 3. Zoara of old Pisida between Capes and Tripoli hath its Land so dry that the Inhabitants are forced to water it and yet will scarce produce any thing save Barley and some Fruits among which Lotos with which they make an excellent Metheglin but it lasts good not above 9 or 10 days Flesh is here very scarce they not having wherewith to feed Beasts The Arabs frequent their Markets and serve them with Wools wherewith they make Cloaths and other Manufactures 4. Tripoli the Old of old Sabrata and which the Arab of Nubia calls the Tower of Sabrat hath only some Hamlets and Remnants of fair and stately Edifices 5. The New Tripoli of Old Oea is better maintained Tripoli and the Trade thereof though it hath many Ruins by reason of the divers changes it hath had The disposition of its places Streets and the order of its Buildings is agreeable being adorned with many fair Mosques Colledges Hospitals c. The Inhabitants subsisted only on their Commerce which is of what they got from their Palm-Trees Lotos and Linnen-Cloth which they uttered in Africa Sicily and Malta besides their black and Ethiopian Slaves which they sold till of late they have much enriched themselves by Piracy it being the usual retreat for Pirates who infest these Seas and do much mischief to Christian Merchants on the Coasts of Italy Sicily and elsewhere 6. Lepeda is in some repute as it was in the time of the Arab of Nubia and more under the Romans Farther is the Great Syrtes at the bottom of which is the Isle Sydra which communicates its name to the Gulph and on the Firm Land are the Tombs of Philenes or Arae Philenarum which set the Limits between Africa and Libya and afterwards between the Estates of the Carthaginians and the Cyrenians and in fine of the Eastern Empire against that of the West
And 7. Sebeicum a City near the Sea-shoar nigh to which are three small Isles Along the Coast are some Isles among which that of Gerbes is well known The Isle of Gerbes described formerly it was joyned to the Firm Land by a Bridge It had two Cities now hath nothing but one Castle worth notice and many Hamlets which gather little Corn but much Fruits among the rest Lotos so sweet and pleasant that the Companions of Vlysses having tasted them sought no longer to go into their Country This Isle hath about 18000 Paces circuit yields one of the greatest Revenues to the King or Bassa of Tripoli by reason of the confluence of Merchants who fetch thence Cloth and divers Scuffs and carry them to Alexandria in Egypt c. one of the principal parts of the Revenue of the same Bassa is the Saffron of the Mountain of Garian which is on the South of Tripoli And this Saffron is found the fairest and the best of all others BARCA Barca on the Coasts of Barbary described THE rest of the Coast of Barbary is now known under the name of BARCA it is bounded on the East with Egypt on the South with the Desart of Nubia on the West with Tripoli and on the North with the Mediterranean Sea which is also some of its Western bounds The Ancients called it particularly Libya comprehending that which is farther in the Land and which we call the Desart of Barca and divided this Libya into the Cyrenaick the Marmarick and Libya Exteriour This last being the nearest to Egypt the Cyrenaick to Tripoli and the Marmarick resting for the middle Likewise the most Northern and Maritim part of the Cyrenaick hath passed under the name of Pentapolis because it had five fair Cities to wit 1. Bernichum 2. Torochara 3. Ptolemais now Ptolometa and 4. Boni-Andreas and these four are on the Sea the fifth Cayroan within Land This by much the most famous was a Colony of the Lacedemonians and hath yielded Learned Men Its scituation is on an eminence that discovers the Sea and its Campaign as of those other Cities is moistned by divers Waters and their Soil so fruitful that some have esteemed the Hesperian Gardens with their Golden Apples about Berenice It s other chief Towns and Cities are 1. Barca an Inland City of some account 2. Melela 3. Careora 4. Camera 5. Zunara 6. Avium and 7. Saline All Maritim Towns and Cities and of some account Battus gave the first beginning to Cyrene and he and his Successors reigned near 200 years after which the City was sometimes in Liberty and sometimes under Tyrannism Among which Nicocrates having put to death Phaedimus Husband of Aretaphila to espouse her she endured him sometime her Husband and that until she had occasion to gain the Brother of Nicocrates named Leander to whom she gave her Daughter in marriage and by his means rid her self of Nicocrates and soon after by the means of her Daughter of Leander also and so set the City at liberty which endured till the time of Alexander the Great when the Country fell to the Ptolomies Kings of Egypt afterwards to the Romans to the Soldans of Egypt and to the Turks having almost always followed the Fortune famous of this Quarter and hath given its name to the Kingdom The Arab of Nubia makes much account of it in his time and lays out divers ways and gives the distances from this place to others farther in the Desart Moreover this quarter of five Cities is called by some Mesrata and its Inhabitants esteemed rich The fertility of the Country its Trade and Commodities They trade both with the Europeans Negroes and Abissines fetch from them Gold Ivory Civet Musk and Slaves which they transport into Europe besides their Native Commodities and bringing from Europe Corn Linnen Woolen Cloth c. which they carry to the Negroes Abissines and elsewhere It s other chief places in the Kingdom of Barca are 1. Doera 2. Forcella 3. Salinae 4. Luchun 5. Solana 6. Musolomarus 7. Cartum 8. Albertonus 9. Roxa. 10. Raibba and 11. Ripaealba All Maritim Towns and Cities and most of which having good and commodious Roads Ports and Havens and well frequented and inhabited Between Cayroan and Alexandria there is on the Coast the Port of Alberton Paraetonium which is considerable both for its goodness and greatness And sometimes the Ancients have called it Ammonia because from hence was a way to the Temple of Jupiter Hammon This Temple hath been very famous among the Pagans Bacchus returning from Asia which he had overcome caused it to be built in honour of his Father who under the shape of a Ram had shewed him as he passed with his Army where to find Water in those Desarts and he first consulted the Oracle and put it in such repute that divers other Heroes afterwards consulted it Perseus when he was sent to fetch the Head of Medusa the Gorgon Hercules going from Mauritania where he had overcome Antaeus towards Egypt where he was to defeat Busiris Alexander the Great to make it believed he was likewise the Son of Jupiter and that the Empire of the World was destin'd to him But Cambyses the Son of Cyrus having a design to pillage this Temple beheld his Army perish in these Desarts and was saved himself only to see his own madness and to die unhappily by his own Weapon About this Temple there are some Springs of Running water and some Trees which makes this quarter pleasant Among these Waters that which they called the Fountain of the Sun had this particular quality that it was very hot at Midnight and very cold at Noon-day the cold increasing from Morning till Noon and diminishing until Evening and from thence the heat increasing till Midnight and diminishing until the Morning There were three several ways which they used ordinarily to go to this Oracle the shortest was by Alberton which as we have said was upon the Coast and from whence it was but 1300 Stadia which are about 162000 Paces Another way was from Cayroan from whence it was 3000 Stadia or 375000 Paces ' Pliny saith 400000 the difference is 25000 Paces The longest way was from Memphis from whence it was 3600 Stadia or 450000 Paces These are 180 Leagues for this last 150 or little more for the second and 65 for the first All these ways are very difficult the Country being only Desarts of Sands so dry that the Wind moves them like the dust of the High-way and that in so great a quantity that they are able to interr Carravans And if there be any Habitations in these Desarts and where there is any Springs of Water they are distant one from the other 40 50 60 sometimes a 100 Leagues and these Habitations have little or nothing since that of Hammon the most considerable is not above 80 Stadia or 4 Leagues circuit and yet it had a King a Great Priest c. The
greatness nor for its fertility neither for Antient renown but by reason it is the residence of the Great Master and Knights of St. John of Jerusalem whom at present we call of Malta where they have settled since they lost Rhodes and because it serves as a powerful Rampire for all Christendom and particularly for Sicily and Naples It s length and breadth The length of the Isle is not above 20 or 25000 paces its breadth 10 or 12000 and its Circuit about 60000 paces which are 20 or 25 Italian miles in length 10 or 12 in breadth and 60 in Circuit The Soil except the Antient City of Malta It s soil and Commodities is almost all stones craggy and dry yet it produces Wheat Barley Cummin and all sorts of Fruits among others Figgs Apricocks Citrons Melons Grapes c. It feeds Horses Asses Mules Hogs Goats Sheep Hares Conies Hens Partridges Quails Faulcons and other Birds of prey And its Beasts Fowl Grains Fruits as likewise their Capers Honey and Cotton of which they make Cotton Cloth and several Manufactures are excellent yet it wants much Corn and Wine for the necessary food of its Inhabitants which are 75 or 80000 souls and among which there are about 15 or 16000 Souldiers besides the Knights so that they are constrained to fetch their provision from Sicily which they have at a certain rate and with priviledge to pay no Custom Its Inhabitants The natural Inhabitants of this Island are said to be miserable churlish and uncivil people of complexion not less tawny then the Moors use the African Language but follow the Religion of the Church of Rome which the Knights are bound to defend Their women are fair who are debarred the society of men and go veiled as not desiring to shew themselves and are guarded after the Italian manner they have here a great many of Curtizans which are tolerated who for the most part are Grecians who sit at their doors playing on Instruments c. to intice men in to them Its Ports Roads and chief places On the Coasts of this Isle and beginning by Malta and turning towards the East South and West c. to make the Circuit the Ports Roads and Harbours which present themselves are Marza or Marza-scala then Marza sirocco where the Turks landed the 19 of May 1565 when they had a design to besiege Malta The Great Master Vignacour hath since caused to be built two Forts which defend the entrance and a third upon that languet or tongue of land which advances into the middle of the Port enough to hinder any for the future from casting Anchor there in quiet continuing towards the Coast which regards the South and far towards the West is nothing but Rocks except it be a little Bay or Golfe of Pietra Negre others call it Pietra Sancta where the 5 of July arrived the first succour in favour of Malta This relief was but of six hundred men who passed from Pietra Sancta to the old City and from thence to the Bourg Il-Borgo which the Turks besieged after having taken the Fort of St. Elmo and this assistance served much to the defence of that place Pietra Sancta regards towards the South The Isle hath oft withstood the fury of the Turks the Rock of Forfolo or Furfura Towards the West are the Golfes or Bayes of Anteofega the Islanders call it Hayntofeca then Muggiaro where the Turks first cast Anchor the 18 of May 1565. Between the West and North is the Bay or Port of Melecca where the great relief arrived the 7 of December following Melecca regards the Island of Goza and in the streight or channel between both are the Isles of Cumin and Cuminat This part of the Isle about Melecca is almost divided from the rest by the Golfe or Port of the Saline Vecchie or old saltpits towards the East and that of Muggiaro towards the West and if the Turks had seized the pass which is between them this assistance had proved vain Next to the Golfe of the old Saline is the Creek and Chapel of St. Paul where according to common tradition he was ship wrackt next is the Creek of new Salines and the Creek of St. George where the Turks dis-imbarked their Ammunitions to serve to assault the Fort St. Elmo And in fine the Ports of Marza Massetto and Marza grande are those where at three several times have been builded and fortified three Cities and divers Forts contiguous to each other It Borgo or the Bourg is 2000 paces in Circuit the Isle of Sengle 1500 each of 1000 or 1200 houses the one and the other so well fortified that they received 70000 Cannot shot and sustained an incredible number of assaults of 60 or 70000 Turks The Arsenal for the Gallyes is yet in the Bourg but there resides there only Malteses and Mariners and in the Isle of Sengle Mariners and Souldiers of Fortune The residence of the Great Master The great Master and the Knights reside at present in the City of Valetta which is now by much the most considerable of these Cities both for its force the advantage of its scituation and the beauty of its publick and private buildings It is built upon Montit Sceberros which forms a Languet of Land all of a Rock and between the Ports of Marza Massetto and Marza grande commanding on all sides and into all parts of the one and the other Port and its ditches to the landward which are cut out of the Rock which are exceeding broad of a very great depth strongly flankt and well fortified The Walls are strong joyn to the Rock and are about 60 foot high and are well provided with Guns c. against any occasion It contains above 2000 houses which are for the most part uniform builded of Free-stone they are commonly two stories high flat at top and with Tarrasses The Market place is spacious from whence several fair Streets do take their rise to every house there is a Cistern to preserve water for their occasions besides these houses there are several stately Structures as the Great Masters Palace which is a gallant Edifice having a Tower which overlooketh the whole Island the Hall or Chamber of Assemblies where they sit in Council is curiously adorned and painted wherein their Fights both by Sea and Land as well at home as abroad are lively represented and this as also the Armory which may on a suddain Arm 20 or 25000 men are in the Great Masters Palace then the Churches of St. Paul and St. John Patron of the Order the one the seat of a Bishop and the other of a Prior are magnificent likewise the seven Alberges of the Knights like so many Palaces where the Commanders of the seven tongues treat the Cavaliers at the expence of the Order The Arsenal near Porto Reale is as well furnished with all sorts of Munition as any in Christendom Also the Hospital of St. Johns towards
of Ships in like manner are they found in the Gulph or Bay of St. Laurence Besides the Cod-fish here are other sorts of Fish in great plenty as Thornback Ling Salmons Oysters c. The greatest of these Isles and which commonly takes the name of New-found-land is 4 or 5 Leagues circuit It is scituate betwixt the degrees of 46 and 53 of Northern Latitude and is severed from the Continent of America by an Arm of the Sea and is distant from England about 600 Leagues A Country ill-inhabited towards the East and South the Inhabitants being retired farther within Land but the English have of late settled some Colonies to maintain their Fishing-Trade Its Inhabitants The Natives are of a reasonable good Stature and well proportioned but full-ey'd broad-faced beardless and of an Oker complexion not over ingenious their Houses are very mean and their Apparel and Furniture worse The Country being for the generality reputed fertil if well cultivated and would yield good Grains is enriched by Nature with plenty of Fish Fowl and wild Beasts and is blest with a wholsom Air though the rigour of the Winter season and the excess of Heats in Summer do something detract from its due praise East of New-found-land is a great Bank a thing as remarkable as any in all Canada This Bank is much different from those which are covered with Water when the Sea is high uncovered and dry on an Ebb Saylors must shun such Banks like death This which we now speak of is like a Country overflown always covered with the Sea and having at least 20 30 or 40 Fathom water for the depth is unequal Off from this Bank on all sides the Sea is no less than 200 Fathom deep and yet this Bank is 200 Leagues long 20 25 and sometimes 50 broad It is on this Bank that the New-found-landers that is those Ships that go to fish for Cods of New-found-land do for the most part stop and make their freight About this great Bank and more towards the Main Land than the Ocean there are some others much less but of the same nature It is almost incredible how many Nations and of each how many Sail of Ships go yearly to fish for these Cods with the prodigious quantity they take a Man being able to take 100 of them in the space of an hour The manner of Fishing They fish with Hooks which are no sooner thrown into the Sea but the greedy Fish snapping the Bait is taken by the Hook and drawn on Ship-board they lay him presently on a Plank one cuts off his head another guts it and takes out its biggest bones another salts and barrels it c. Which being thus ordered is hence transported by the English and other European Nations into all parts of Europe as also into the other three parts of the World They Fish only in the day time the Cod as they say not biting in the night nor doth this Fishing last all Seasons but begins a little before Summer and ends with September In Winter the Fish retires to the bottom of the deep Sea where Storms and Tempests have no power Another kind of Fishing Near New-found-land there is another kind of fishing for the same Fish which they call dried Fish as the other green Fish The Ships retire into some Port and every Morning send forth their Shallops one two or three Leagues into the Sea which fail not to have their load by Noon or a little after They bring them to Land lay them on Tables or Planks and order it as the other but after the Fish hath been some days in salt they take it forth exposing it to the Air and Wind lay it again in heaps and return it from time to time to the open Air till it be dry That this Fish may be good it must be dried in a good and temperate Air Mists moisten it and make it rot the Sun hardens it and makes it yellow At the same time they fish for Cods green or dry the Fishers have the pleasure of taking Fowl without going forth of their Vessels They take them with a Line as they do fish baiting the Hook with the Cods Liver these Fowl being so greedy that they come by flocks and fight who shall get the Bait first which soon proves its death and one taken the Hook is no sooner thrown out again but another is catch'd in the like nature But enough of these and of Cod-fishing In the year 1623 Sir George Calvert Knight the Principal Secretary of State and afterwards Lord Baltimore obtained a Patent of part of New-found-land which was erected into the Province of Avalon where he settled a Plantation and erected a stately House and Fort at Ferry-land where he dwelt some time And after his death it fell to his Son the Right Honourable Caecilius late Lord Baltimore also Proprietor of Mary-land CANADA taken particularly is on the Right hand and towards the lower part of the great River The River Canada and its name is communicated both to the River and Neighbouring Country This River is the largest of America Septentrionalis and one of the fairest in the World It is about 200 Fathom deep and at its Mouth 30 Leagues broad It s course according to the report of those of the Country is already known for 4 or 500 Leagues and there is some likelyhood that we may in the end discover that the Lake which seems to be its head-Spring disburthens it self into the Sea by two or three different courses one towards us which is that of Canada another towards the West and above California the third towards the North and into the Christian Sea and that the Mouth of this may shew us the way we have so long sought to go to the East-Indies by the West People with whom the French Trade Their Colonies The People with whom the French trade here are the Canadans the Hurons the Algonquins the Attiquameques Nipisiriniens Montagnets those of Saguenay Acadia c. And to this purpose they have divers Colonies on the great River at Tadousac at Quebeck at Three-Rivers at Sillery at Richelieu at Montreal and without the Bay of Chaleur at Miscou at Port-Royal c. This Trade is only managed by Exchange they give the Skins of Bevers Otters Martles Sea-Wolfes c. for Bread Pease Beans Plumbs Kettles Cauldrons Hatchets Arrow-heads Pinchers Coverlids c. But to instruct them in Christianity many Ecclesiasticks of Religious Orders have had divers disbursements and residences likewise an Hospital and Seminary of Vrsilines The Jesuits have the chief care of these Houses North of Canada is ESTOTTILAND Estottiland or TERRADE LABRADOR near Hudsons Streight it is called sometimes the Land of Cortereal and sometimes new Britany however I esteem it a part of new France the Country is Mountainous Woody full of wild Beasts well furnished with Rivers rich in Metals of a fertil Soil in most places and would produce
Port Royal it contains about twenty houses only serving for the conveniency of passage from Port Royal to St. Jago It s other places are Port Morant in the Eastern point Port Morant a very capacious and secure Harbour and hereabout is a Potent Colony of the English seated Old Harbour a good Bay for Ships to ride in Old Harbour Port Negril Port Negril in the extream Western point very commodious and secure to windward in which Men of War do often ply when they look for the Spanish Ships not far from which place was seated the old Town of Melilla founded by Columbus Port Antonio seated on the North Port Antonio a very safe Land lock't Harbour at the mouth of which lyeth a small Isle wholly taken up by the said Earl of Carlisle with divers other good Bays and Harbours along the Coast It s other chief places are Sevilla seated in the North part of the Isle Sevilla once beautified with a Collegiate Church whose Chief bore the title of Abbot amongst whom was Peter Martyr who described the History of the West Indies by Decades Mellilla And Mellilla seated on the North East where Columbus mended his Ships at his return from Veragua This Island was of considerable importance to the Spaniards by reason that all his Plate-Fleet which comes from Carthagina steer directly for St. Domingo in Hispaniola and from thence must pass by one of the ends of this Isle to recover Havana which is the common Rendezvous of this whole Armado before it returns home through the Gulph of Florida nor is there any other way whereby to miss this Island because he cannot in any reasonable time turn it up to the windward of Hispaniola which though with great difficulty it might be performed yet by this means he would lose the security of his said united Fleet which meet at Havana from all the parts of the Bay of Mexico Nombre de Dios and elsewhere accompanying each other home The Isle Boriquem with its chief places described BORIQVEM is little less either in Circuit or Fruitfulness than Jamaica St. Juan del Puerto Rico is the Residence of a Bishop and a Governor It hath an excellent Port which sometimes communicates its name to the Island El Arricibo and Guadianilla or St. Germain are the other Cities all the Isle hath few Ports it is traversed by a Chain of Mountains which cut it from West to East here is sound a white Gum which they use instead of Pitch to caulk their Ships and instead of Tallow to make Candles and for want of other Medicaments for Wounds and Sores besides its Gold Sugars and Gayac it hath many Salt-Marches These four Isles are the greatest and chiefest of the Antilles the rest are numerous and ought to be considered under the names of the Lucays and Caribes The Lucays are North of Cuba and Hispaniola of which Lucayon is the chief the greatest and the most Northernly of all Bahama gives its name to the Channel which is between the Isles and Florida a Channel so rapid that in despite of the Winds it carries Ships from South to North or rather from South-West to north-North-East Guanahani is the first Land which Columbus discovered near America and named in St. Salvador because he had been in danger to have been cast into the Sea by his own men in the fear they had that they should find no Land The CARIBE ISLES THE CARIBES or CANIBALS ISLANDS are so called from its Native Inhabitants who were Canibals or Men eaters and these are a great Body of Isles forming a Demy-Circle towards America Meridionalis the chief of which are set down in the Geographical Table and which I shall take notice of and first with Barbados BARBADOS the most considerable Colony the English are Masters of amongst all the Caribe Isles Barbados It s scituation is in the North Latitude of 13 degrees 20 minutes and although but of a small Circuit not exceeding eight Leagues in length and 5 in breadth where broadest yet it is a Potent Colony and able on occasion to Arm about 10000 Fighting men It s strength which with the natural strength of the Isle is able to give resistance to the powerfullest Foe It is exceeding fertil bearing Crops all the year long Fertility and the trees always cloathed in their Summer livery but the two seasons for Planting is in May and November but the Sugar Canes are Planted all the year round And here are found to grow in great plenty excellent Fruits as Oranges both sweet and sower Fruits Pomgranates Citrons Lemmons Limes Macows Grapes Juniper Apples Momins Acosous Papayers Monbains Icacos Raysins Cherries Cocos Indian Figgs Plantins Bonauves Guavers Castard Apples prickle Pears and Apples Millons both land and water and Pine Apples the rarest Fruit in the Indies They have great plenty of Fish and Fowl Fish and Cattle common with Jamaica and other places in the Indies and have also a competent stock of English Cattle and Horses but something dear by reason they imploy their Grounds better than to breed upon and most roots herbs and seeds and flowers common with us in England are found to thrive and grow very well The Commodities that this Isle produceth are Sugars Indico Cotton Wool Commodities Ginger Fustick and Logwood but especially Sugar Indico Cotton and Ginger lading yearly therewith 200 sail of Ships both great and small to the great enrichment of the Inhabitants and profit of England This Isle lying so near the Equinoctial Line cannot but be hot yet not so but that travel and labour is sufferable and that occasioned by the cool breezes of wind which riseth with the Sun and bloweth fresher as the Sun mounteth up And the Air is found very moist so that all Iron-tools are much subject to rust This Isle is not over plentifully watered with Rivers or fresh Springs there being but one that may appropriate that name or rather a Lake which runneth not far into the Land notwithstanding which defect the Inhabitants have no want of water for the Land lying low and even there are several Ponds and most houses have Wells or Cisterns which holds the rain water And here is a River called Tuigh-River remarkable for that on the top of the water is gathered an Oyl which is made use of to burn in Lamps Its Trees Amongst the Trees here growing which for the most part are appropriate to the rest of the Caribe Isles those of most note are the Cedar Redwood Mastick Locust the Iron wood tree also the Cassia Fistula Coloquintida Tamarind Cassavie of which is made their Bread the Poyson tree and the Physick Nut also the Calibash the Shell of whose Fruit serveth like Goards to carry liquid things in the Mangrass tree the Roucou of whose Bark is made Ropes as also Flax which being spun is imployed to several uses the Lignum Vitae and the Palmeto Here are several
Natives and others that work in the Mines It is seated below the Mountain which bears the same name from whence they have their Silver A City esteemed free because of its large and ample priviledges the Officers for the Treasure of the Province residing here being also much frequented by Merchants which come hither to trade for their Silver bringing them several Commodities in exchange that they have need of so that I may say it is plentifully furnished with all Commodities as well for delight as necessity The other Cities are Neuestra Sennora de la Pax or Villanueva Oropesa and Chicuito a City of Indians Then Sancta Crux de la Sierra and in Tucuman St. Jago del Estera Neuestra Sennora de Talavera and St. Michael or Tucuman This Province rich in Mines of Silver That which is most observable in this Province are the Silver Mines de la Plata de Porco and above all those of Potossi being the most famous in the world though yielding nothing but Silver It is observed of this Mine that it hath four principal veins the first which is called the rich was Registred the 21 of April 1545. and the others in little time after These Enregisters are made to take notice of the time granted to those which discover the Mines to whom they belong defraying the charge and paying to the King the right of a fifth part It is said that the rich Mine had its Metal out of the Earth in fashion of a Rock or like a Chrest of 300 Foot long 12 or 15 broad and 10 or 12 deep And that which is likewise observable is that all these Veins are towards the Sun rising and not one towards its setting they have now exhausted all that was the best and easiest to take away and the Miners are descended into the Earth some to 500 others to 10 or 1200 Degrees of depth The Rich vein yielded the moiety of good Silver but now scarce will Quintal of Ore yield two Ounces of pure Silver yet some will say that the Catholick King receives for his fifth part near two millions of Crowns yearly Account is made of 20000 men working in these Mines and of 50000 Indians which go and come to the City of Potossi to trade SANCTA CRVX DE LA SIERRA or the Holy Cross of the chief Mountain of its little Province is East of Potossi but inclosed with many barbarous Nations on the West and South among others the Chirigudgues which are a sort of People not to be reduced to order though between La Sierra and Tucuman The Country is hot but sometimes oppressed with cold and sharp winds the Land hath Grains Mayz Wine and feeds much Venison The riches of the Ynca's of Peru. Their Policy Their Forces The Ynca Garcilasso de la Vega hath given us a very fine History of Peru of its Ynca's or Kings with their Riches great Revenues Policies and Forces as to their Wealth it was shewed by the vast Treasures which the Spaniards became Masters of all their moveables besides Rooms full of several sorts of Images being of Gold and Silver together with several Rooms filled with Treasure Their Policy was shewed in the management of their Affairs and enlargement of their Territories treating their Subjects kindly and lovingly and allowing them share in the spoils of other Countries meerly to endear them and gain their affections and by these and the like means they were much reverenced and faithfully served by their Subjects And lastly as to their Forces we may conclude them to have been great if we look back upon their great and many victories they have gained as also of the Civil Wars maintained between the first Spanish Chiefs that Conquered this great Empire though with no small pains Its Inhabitants expences and loss of men The People are said to be of a strong and healthy constitution couragious and warlike great Dissemblers ignorant of Letters much given to Drink were formerly so barbarous that they adored only Beasts or those inanimate things which they might make use of or which they feared might hurt them sacrificing not only Fruits and Beasts but likewise Men and Women taken in War and sometimes their own Children Two rare Plants worthy of note Among the rarities of this Country here is a Plant which if put into the hands of a Sick person will immediately discover whether he shall die or recover for if he at the putting it to his hand look of a chearful countenance then it is a sign of his recovery but if sad and troubled a sure sign of death They have another Plant of which the North-part regarding the Mountains beareth its Fruits only in Summer and the Southern-parts towards the Sea in the Winter season only CHILI Chili bounded It s length and breadth CHILI is between Peru which is North of it and the Patagons which are on its South towards the Streight of Magellan and between Paragua and the Magellanick-Land which are on the East of it and the Mer del Sud which washes it on the West its length from North to South extends from the 26 Degree of Latitude unto the 46 and reaches 500 Leagues It s breadth from West to East is between the 296 and 302 and sometimes 305 306 307 Degrees of Latitude and sometimes likewise stretches 500 Leagues But the Andes bounding it almost all along the East these Mountains in some places advance so near the Sea that they leave it but a small breadth Chili divided into three quarters which are subdivided into 13 Jurisdictions Chili is divined into three Quarters and these Quarters into thirteen Jurisdictions one of the three Quarters retains the name of Chili and contains the Jurisdictions of Serena Quillata and St. Jago de Chili extending it self from the River of Copiapo unto that of Maule where are on the Coast the Ports of Copiapo of Guasco of Coquimbo where Sir Francis Drake was repulsed and of Valpayraso where he surprised a Vessel laden with 25000 Pezo's of Gold of Valdivia and a great quantity of Wines The second Quarter advances from the River of Maule unto that of Gallegos and is called the Imperial from one of its principal Cities The Jurisdictions of this part are those of Conception of Ongol or de los Infantos of the Imperial of Villarica of Valdivia of Osorno and of Chilva The Conception Valdivia and Chilva have their Ports of the same name that of Canten serves for the Imperial These two Quarters of Chili and the Imperial are between the Mer del Sud and the Andes Beyond these Mountains in the last Quarter Chicuito or Cuyo where are the Jurisdictions of Mendoza and St. Juan de la Frontera All these Jurisdictions take their Names from the principal Cities besides which they have some others But a word or two of some of the chief Cities in Chili It s chief Cities described and first of Copiapo seated in a Fertil
fifteen or sixteen Leagues where with a great declension it strikes against some traverses others divides its waters into many Branches re-assembles them and after having been so long in foam and froth disingaged from these Rocks it repasses but in every hour of the day once only is heard at the bottom of the River a certain Lowing which raiseth up the waters but which endures but for a moment and the River retakes its ordinary course which is Navigable above and below the Cataract The province of urvaig with its chief places described The Province of Vrvaig is on the Sea and between Brazile and the Mouth of the Paraguay it takes its name from the River of Vrvaig that is of Snails by reason of the prodigious quantity here found Its habitations are La Conception there where the Vrvaig falls into the Paraguay St. Nicholas on the River Piration St. Francis Xavier up within Land and likewise on the Vrvaig Ibicuit or the Visitation on the Paraguay and almost directly opposite to Buenos Ayres on the other side But there hath been no relation of these Parts since those of 1626 and 1627 which were Printed in 1636 in Antwerp and in 1637 in France If these people have since inclined themselves to Christianity as those Relations say they had begun to do no doubt but they are by this time all or the greatest part Christians The Magellanick Land and Island The Magellanick-Land bounded SOuth of Chili Tucaman and Rio de la Plata lies a great Region and a great many of Isles which we pass under the name of the MAGELLANICKS They make together the last and most Southern part of America Meridionalis washed on the East by the Mer del Nort on the West by the Mer del Sud or the Pacifique-Sea on the South by the Magellanick-Sea which may in general be extended over all the Coasts of these magellanick-Magellanick-Lands and Islands The Streight of Magellan first discovered by Magellan the Portugal The streight of Magellan only formerly rendred all these Quarters famous because that the People of Europe and particularly the Castilians seeking a passage other then that of the Cape of Good-Hope to go to the Moluccoes and East-Indies Magellan a Portugal Gentleman but in the name and service of the King of Castile for some discontent he had received in the payment of his wages in Portugal was the first that found this Streight at the extremity of America Meridionalis and who passing from Mer del Nort unto that Del Sud between the 21 of October and the 27 or 28 of November in the year 1520 gave means not only to the Castilians to pretend the discovery of the Molucco's by the West against the Portugals who boasted to have first discovered them by the East but likewise shewed a way to make the whole circuit of the Terrestrial Globe which certainly had never before been done The two openings of our Streight as well towards us and the Mer del Nort as on the other side and towards the Mer del Sud are between the 52 and 53 Degrees of Latitude the middle descending unto the 54. And the two Capes of the first opening are that of the Virgins on the right hand and on the Continent and that of St. Severin or of St. Espritt on the left and in the Magellanick Isles or Terra del Fogo The two Capes which end the other opening are Cape Victory on the right hand and Cape Desired on the left The length breadth of this Streight The length of this Streight is near two hundred Leagues Its breadth only two three six ten Leagues and sometimes more incommodious for the most part being subject to Whirl-Pools The Waves of the Mer del Sud predominate for fifty and odd Leagues the rest is beaten on by those of the Mer del Nort and it is observed that so long as the Mer del Sud predominates the Streight is lockt between very high Mountains and Rocks always covered with Snow and which seem to touch on the other which makes the approach difficult on this side and withal the Sea is exceeding deep The bottom of that which is beaten by the Mer del Nort is easily found and the Fields and Valleys according to the Season are very pleasant both on the one and the other side And moreover here the streight much enlarges it self and hath store of commodious Ports and Roads not fast distant from one another where the waters likewise are good and the Wood which is found in the Mountains above the Coast hath something of Cinamon and being put in the fire renders an agreeable Odour So soon as the discovery of this Streight was known in Spain the Castilians had a design to make themselves Masters of it with an intent to hinder all other Nations from passing In 1523 Dom. Gutieres Carvajal Bishop of Plaisance sent in the name of Charles the fifth four Ships to make it more particularly but this Voyage proved very unfortunate for three of the Ships perished in the Streight and the fourth retired with no small hurt to Lima. In 1526 Garsia de Loyosa was likewise here for the same intent which proved also fatal for the Admiral coming out of the Streight was lost as also some at the Molucco's In 1535 one Simon de Alcazova entred it but the mutiny which was among his people was the cause of his loss and ill success Dom. Gutiers Carvajal Bishop of Plaisance sent other three Vessels in 1539 of which the Admiral was lost one returned back and the third passed on Some others there were which went all of which were Castilians some by the Coast of Spain others by the Coast of Peru but none could ever find a way to seize this Streight whereby to hinder a passage to others Sir Francis Drake in this Streight For in 1575 Sir Francis Drake happily passed this Streight came into the Mer del Sud pillaged and burned along the Coast of Chili and Peru quantity of Spanish Vessels and making a very rich booty he returned into England This course of the English very much allarm'd Peru and was the cause that the Vice-Roy sent Dom. Piedro Sarmiento to take full knowledge and make report in Spain of all the Coasts Harbours Anchorages and particularly of places where Forts might be built and Colonies established in this Streight This report made in Spain Dom. Diego de Valdes was sent with twenty three Vessels and twenty five hundred men But this voyage was likewise unhappy for seven or eight Ships with about seven or eight hundred men were lost almost in sight of Spain also some others of his Ships with about three or four hundred men likewise perished during the Voyage and Valdes returned into Spain with seven or eight of his Ships Sarmento with four remaining was at this Streight built Nombre de Jesus at the beginning of the Streight and left there a hundred and fifty men and
the Air and a pressure towards the Earth therefore the Air being forced to the Sea endeavoureth to drive it from its place and by reason of the Sea is fluid and not able to resist the forcing Air therefore it is moved from its place towards the place of the opposite quarter and forceth another water and this another and so on Now seeing that there is always some wind in the Air sometimes in this place and sometimes in that and sometimes diverse in divers places at one and the same time thence it followeth that there are certain contingent motions always in the Sea which are more discernable in the parts nearer the Wind and therefore the rather by reason that the Sea doth most easily receive an impression because it is fluid Proposition VII The general motion of the Sea is twofold one continually from the East to the West the other composed of two contrary Motions which is termed the Flux and Reflux of the Sea in which the Sea at certain hours floweth to the shoar and in certain others floweth back again We shall first treat of the first The motion of the Sea twofold That the Sea moveth from the East to the West continually is chiefly proved from the motion of that Sea which lieth in the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks For because the motion is more strong hence it is less hindred by other motions This Motion of the Sea is manifestly found by those that sail from India to Madagascar and Africa also in the Pacifick Ocean between New Spain China and the Moluccoes also in the Ocean between Africa and Brasil So through the Streights of Magellan the Sea is carried from the East to the West with a vehement motion So through the Streights Manillan through Channels between the Isles Maldives the motion of the Sea carrieth Ships from the East The Sea glideth impetuously between Cuba and Jucatan into the Gulph of Mexico and floweth out into Cuba and Florida At the Gulph of Paria there is a violent influx so that that Gulph is termed Os Draconis the Dragons Mouth Famous also is the flux at the Land of Canada From the Tartarian Ocean the Sea moveth through the Streights of Nova Zembla and Waigats Streights which is proved both from the very motion it self and also from the abundance of Ice which the Tartarian Ocean casteth up at the Streights of Zembla And at the Northern shoar of America in the Pacifick Ocean the motion is towards the Streight Anian also from Japan the Sea is moved towards China So in the Streight Manillan the motion is from East to West so also in the Streight Java And when the Atlantick Ocean is moved towards the Coast of America the contrary is found in the Pacifick Ocean For this is moved from the shoars which is the most conspicuous at Cabo dez Correntes between Panama and Lima. Proposition VIII The winds oftentimes change the general motion of the Sea especially those fixed winds which we shall shew to be termed Motions in the XXI Chap. The motion of the Sea oft-times changed by the winds For because that most of these do blow from the South and North or from the Collateral quarters of these thence it cometh to pass that the Sea by reason of its general motion tendeth towards the West it moveth towards the Collateral quarters of the West viz. North-west or South-west yea the general wind when that it seldom bloweth from the East but most commonly from the Collateral quarters of the East changeth this general motion of the Sea Much more do the North winds in the Northern Sea where the general motion is little discernable in the parts of the Ocean Proposition IX The cause of this general motion of the Sea from the East to the West is uncertain The Opinion of Aristotle and Copernicus concerning the general motion of the Sea from East to West The Aristotelians suppose although it were unknown unto Aristotle and his followers and indeed to all the European Philosophers before the Navigation of the Portugals through the Ocean of the Torrid Zone that it is caused by the prime motion of the Heaven which is not only common to all the Stars but also to the Air in part and to the Ocean by which all are carried from the East to the West But some that follow Copernicus as Kepler although they also acknowledge the Moon also the cause of this motion yet they determine that the motion of the Earth doth not a little contribute unto this motion viz. they suppose that the water seeing that it is not continuous but only contiguous unto the Earth cannot follow the circumrotation of the Earth and resist it towards the West whilst the Earth withdraweth it self towards the East and therefore that the Sea moveth not from one part of the Earth unto another but that the Earth leaveth part of the waters one after another Othersome who are not pleased neither with the solution of Aristotle nor Copernicus having recourse unto the Moon will have her to be Empress of the waters and that she leadeth about with her and draweth the Ocean from the East to the West If it is demanded how they reply there is an occult faculty influence sympathy vicinity to the Earth and such like indeed it is very probable that the Moon is the causer of this motion by reason that in the new and full Moons this motion is more violent than in the quarters where the motion for the most part is very little The most acute Cartesius hath explained a Mathematical mode by which the Moon causeth both this motion of the water and Air for he supposeth according to his general Hypothesis that an infinite number of Atoms do move round about the Earth by which the space even unto the Moon is filled without any Vacuum which space he calleth the vortex of the Earth viz. Let the Earth be FEGH The water 2143 the Air 6587. the vortex of the Earth B A D C the Moon B. Therefore saith he if that there were no Moon in the vortex B A D C the particles of its vortex would be turned round about the Center T but because that the Moon is in it therefore the space through which the Celestial matter floweth between B and T is rendred more Angust and thence it followeth that the Celestial matter floweth there more quick between B and T and therefore more presseth the superficies of the Air in 6 and also the superficies of the water in 2. than if the Moon were not in the Diameter of the vortex B D and seeing that both the bodies of the Air and water are fluid and easily plyant to this pression it must not be so high above the part of the Earth F as if the Moon were without the Diameter B D. and on the contrary must be more high towards E. But whilst that the Earth is carried from E through F towards G or from the
apprehend it from his words neither do I see how it can follow from his Hypothesis It is probable that the Sun and general winds do very much contribute to this intumescency of the water and seeing that the Sun in the Aequinoctials doth incumb on the middle of the Sea of the Torrid Zone therefore either he or the winds cause that the Sea then swelleth more than at another time But as concerning the Solstices we must say in a contrary mode or that the same is the cause of the greater intumescency of the Sea in the time of the Aequinoctials either of the Spring or Autumn which is the cause of more frequent rains winds and inundadions in those seasons Proposition XIV In some parts of the Ocean Gulphs and Shoars great is the encrease and decrease of the water in the influx and deflux in other some it is very small in some not discernable and so there is no flux and reflux or intumescency and detumescency The increase and decrease of the water in several parts of the Ocean Those places receive great Augmentation and decrease 1. That are under the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks for then the Moon pressing for the most part is there carried round 2. In places that are directly extended from East to West or nigh the Collateral quarters 3. In those Gulphs that are long and less broad the Augmentation is the more sensible 4. In those places in which few Islands or procurrents adjoyn to the Earth The greatest flux and deflux in the Streight of Cambaja The greatest flux and deflux hitherto observed is that which is in the Streight of Cambaja in one of the inlets of the River Indus and it hath struck many with admiration for the water recedeth to an high distance and that very speedily Whence not without reason the River Indus or the Gulph of Cambaja is thought to be that unto which when that Alexander the Great came and endeavoured to pass his Army over as it is there related the water presently went back and left his Ships a ground hence he went no farther but judged that the Gods had here fixed the bounds of his Expedition with a prohibition of proceeding any farther The cause is the small or narrow and deep depression of the Channel but yet 't is probable there was some other cause Fluv and reflux at Damman At the City Damman in India not far from Surat the Altitude of the water by flux and reflux is varied at two and a half Orygas and the Sea departeth from the shoar the space of half a mile In the Gulph of Cambaja the flux augmenteth the Altitude five Orgyas others say seven which unusual augmentation hath been the cause of the loss of many Ships by unexperienced Mariners for the water falling they have been split on the Rocks No constant time of the flux and reflux in the Streights of Magellan The flux and reflux in the Red-sea In the Gulphs and shoars of the Streights of Magellan no constant time of the flux and reflux is observed for sometimes the water floweth and refloweth in three hours othersome in twelve hours which inconstancy is to be ascribed to the violent irruption of the Ocean into that Streight and from the various agitations of the wind About Malacca also at the Streight of Sunda a notable flux and deflux is observed In the Arabian Gulph or Red Sea some of the Ancients have written that there is so great a reflux as Scaliger writeth that Moses and the Israelites passed over without any Miracle But it is false because the reflux is not there so great as to leave the Channel dry On the Coasts of China the flux and reflux is very sensible as also at the Isles of Japan At Panama on the Coast of America lying at the Pacifick Ocean the Sea is very much exalted The Sea at the flux much exalted at Panama and by and by depressed again in the full Moons the flux is so much augmented that water entreth into the Houses of the City Yea in almost all the shoars of the South Sea the Altitude of the water is wonderfully augmented and diminished so that in the reflux the decrease is sensible for two miles In the Gulph of Bengala at the shoar of Sâ—am the flux augmenteth the Altitude ten foot The flux not perceivable in the Mediterranean Sea But in the Mediterranean Sea which floweth in through the Streights of Gibralter from the West to the East the flux is not perceivable because the scituation is contrary to the quarter into which the Sea is moved and therefore the water of it is little augmented by the flux so that it is not discernable unless in the Gulph of Venice which by reason of its long extension and small Latitude sheweth the flux and reflux when in the other part of the Mediterranean Sea by reason of its notable Latitude that little augmentation and decrease is not discovered Whence this flux and reflux was unknown to the Grecians as also to the Romans in the time of Scipio Africanus And the Grecians as well as the Romans accounted it as miraculous what sometimes they discovered in other places as is manifest from the Expedition of Alexander the Great and of Scipio in the expugnation of Carthage but in the time of Cicero it was known to the Romans Yet some observed it a little at Massilia also at certain Coasts of Barbary it is noted enough The flux and reflux in the Baltick Sea not yet found out In the Baltick Ocean as also in the whole Northern Sea beyond England towards Norway and Greenland the flux and reflux of the Sea is not yet found out as neither in the North Coast of the Pacifick Ocean But the cause is not yet sufficiently known unless you will say that those Seas are remote from the course of the Moon and also that they are extended from the West to the East and North moreover that many Isles and procurrencies of land do hinder These three must be conjoined to impede the flux of the Sea in these places Proposition XV. The flux and reflux of the Sea is a violent motion viz. an impulse but the reflux is a natural motion of the water For the flux is caused by the pression of the Moon or matter between the Moon and the Earth or also because that the Sea doth not remain in that scituation which is received in the flux this is a sign that it was a violent motion But in the reflux the Sea is moved from a more high place to a more depressed place which is the natural motion of water Lemma The place of the Moon being given in the Ecliptick and the Latitude and hour of the day from an Ephemerides or by Supputation or Astronomical observation to find on the Terrestrial Globe the place unto which the Moon at the hour given is vertical also to exhibit all those places of the Earth unto
past eleven a Clock in the River Thames and other places of England A difficult task to explicate the cause of this difference Now it is a most difficult task to explicate the cause of this so notable a difference and that in all places although it be incumbent on the Philosopher or Geographer Yet it is probable that the various windings of the shoars the scituation of the Coasts in respect of the Sea the obstacles of Islands the mutual meetings of the water the distance of the places from the Lunary way various waies especially those that are constant and general the declining of the shoars and other things do very much conduce to this propriety of the flux For example at the Port of London in the Coast of England the water encreaseth until the Moon cometh unto the quarter of the South-West viz. when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South for then water begineth to flow back again but not when the Moon cometh to the Meridian Therefore we say that whilst the Moon moveth to the Meridian of London towards Brazile or from Brazile towards London the Sea doth not recede from London but is yet augmented by reason that the Coasts of America unto which the Ocean is moved by the Moon do repel that water towards England and this hapneth therefore because it affordeth not a passage for the water But why when the Moon is declining from the Ecliptick towards the North is the greatest Altitude of the water and the begining of the decrease observed before the Moon cometh to the Meridian viz. in the North-East I answer that this cometh to pass because that the Moon is then far more near to England than when it declineth from the Ecliptick towards the South and therefore then it more swiftly filleth but the cause why then the flux is no longer protracted even until the Moon cometh to the Meridian may be by reason that the Moon forceth the Sea more near the Sea of Mexico and Hudsons Streights where there is found a great intumescency and detumescency On the Coast of China we therefore say that the intumescency doth anticipate the appulse of the Moon at the Meridian by reason that a continnual East wind driveth that Sea towards the West But these allegations I leave to be farther examined by the searchers of nature But for the finding out of the true cause it is altogether necessary that we acquire accurate observations how the flux and reflux of the Sea is made in divers places viz. in what vertical the Moon is in that flux how the quarter is varied in a divers place of the Moon as in the full and new especially in those places where the Moon becometh vertical also in those which directly respect the East West and North. Also that must be diligently observed how the flux is here made in those hours of the day whilst that the Moon being in the North part of her Circle hath not the Sea placed vertically under her but Lands in a long tract viz. from Cambaja and China even to the Occidental Coasts of Africa For because then that it doth not directly press the water it being depended over the Mediterranean places I thence suppose that some variety must happen to this motion Also what then it doth whilst the Moon ruling in the South Hemisphere passeth over the Mediterranean parts of Brazile or Southern America Without these observations we shall hardly arrive at the true cause neither shall we neglect this argument Proposition XIX The Sea floweth to most Coasts in six hours and twelve minutes and refloweth also in so many hours The Sea in few places floweth in more hour and refloweth in less In very few places it floweth in more hours and refloweth in less and on the contrary in very few places it floweth in fewer hours and refloweth in more yet so that the time of the flux and deflux viz. between the two greatest intumescencies together make twelve hours with 24 ⅛ minutes and two such times make 24 hours with about 50 minutes 48 ¾ and therefore on every day the greatest intumescency falleth out later almost by an hour because that the Moon almost an intire hour returneth more slowly to the same Meridian every day We have sufficiently explained the first part of the Proposition in the Demonstration of the Eleventh Proposition although in this demonstration we have taken the Altitude of the Sea the Moon possessing the Meridian but in this Proposition by reason that in the proceeding we have shewed that in many places that Altitude doth happen the Moon being constituted without the Meridian we do not reckon in them the hours from the time in which the Moon possesseth the Meridian but for that time in which the Moon occupieth that vertical place in the which when that the Moon is it is manifest that the greatest intumescency is Yet in these places the period of the increment ot decrement doth not exactly observe these twelve hours witih twenty four minutes or twenty four hours with fifty minutes because that the Moon by reason of its various and mutable distance from the vertex either in more or fewer hours returneth to the same vertical which difference notwithstanding is not great Although therefore in all places the flux and reflux be compleated almost in twelve hours and twenty four minutes when that there are no tempests also in most this time is equally divided between the flux and reflux so that in six hours it floweth and in so many refloweth yet in some places the time of the flux is unequal to the time of the deflux viz. more or less The flux and reflux of the Ocean at the River Garumna in France The Ocean entereth Garumna a River in France in seven hours and resloweth in five So at the Port of Maccoa on the Coast of China the flux is in nine hours and refloweth in three yea in less if that the Eastern winds blow On the contrary at the Coast of Zenega a River of Aethiopia the Sea floweth in four hours and refloweth in eight The causes of these differences are difficult Some refer them to the swift and valid efflux of the Rivers or also to a simple efflux for therefore the Shoar of Garumna discovereth the flux in seven hours because that its strong motion retardeth the flux but yet assisteth the deflux therefore the Sea refloweth in five hours Others have added those hours to the flux by reason that the Sea reflowing from the more Northern place hindreth least the Sea should hinder the egress from Garumna but rather be more forced on it But I suppose therefore to be by reason that Garumna poureth forth it self by a strong Motion from its inlet or mouth into the Ocean for some distance this efflux is prohibited on some part from the Sea and so the water of Garumna is at a stand also for some space before that the Sea by reason of the Moon entreth its
place may make the motion of the Sea fixed in another place The flux of the Sea in divers places at certain times So between the Isle Celebes and Madera when that the motion is West viz. in December January and February the Sea floweth to the South East or a more near Collateral wind than the East So at Java in the Streight Gallappa when the motion is West viz. in May the Sea floweth towards the East contrary to his general Motion At the Isle of Ceilan from the middle of March to October the Sea floweth towards the South on the rest of the Months towards the North viz. because that in those Months the North winds are frequent in others the South winds Between Cochin and Mallacca the Sea floweth with a Westernly motion from April to August contrary to the general motion towards the East then the rest of the time towards the West the winds assisting the general motion the Sea floweth here with so great a noise that those who know not the same suppose Rocks to be there against which the waters beat so for some months after the 15 of February the Sea is moved from the Maldivian Isles towards the East and India contrary to the general motion At the Coast of China and Camboja in October November and December the Sea is moved towards the North-West but in January towards the South-West with a very swift course to the Sands de Champa so that they seem to exceed the celerity of a stone that is slinged At Pulo Cato even unto Varella on the coast of Camboja when motions or winds do not blow the swift motion of the Sea is towards the South but the motions or winds move towards another quarter On the Coast of the Gulph of Bengala from Patana to the Promontory of Malacca in November and December a swift course of the Sea is observed towards the South In a motion or wind from China to Malacca in June July and August there is a vehement motion of the Sea from Pulo Cato to Pulo Cambir on the Coast of Camboja Many more Examples but less accurately consigned are to be read in the Journals of the Mariners At the Coast of Aguada de san Bras not far from the Promontory of Good Hope this is peculiarly observed that the Sea is always moved from the East to the West towards the land so much the more vehemently by how much the Occidental wind opposite unto it is more violent Questionless some adjacent Coast higher than it is the cause of it Proposition XXXI The circular motions of the Sea are threefold The cirçular motions of the Sea termed Whirlpools and Vortices are threefold For some only move the water in a round othersome suck in the water and in certain hours let it forth again and others suck it in but cast it not forth Although without doubt there be a fourth sort in the Channel of the Sea which casteth out and sucketh not in the waters Yet I do not remember that I have read in any Author such a Vortex to be found in the Sea but many are found on the land The Chalcidican Euripus or Vortex is famous in Greece especially by reason of the Fable concerning the death of Aristotle it receiveth water at certain hours and casteth them out in others The Vortex at Norway is the most noted and greatest of all for it is related to be 13 miles in circuit in the middle of it is a Rock called Mouske This Vorago in six hours sucketh in all that approacheth near it as Water Whales laden Ships and in so many hours vomiteth them all out again with a great violence noise and circumgyration of water The cause is unknown Between Normandy and England is a Vorago or Whirlpool unto which Ships are carried with a great swiftness and being near the Whirlpool are repelled back again Proposition XXXII The motion of the Sea which we call a Concussion or Trembling cometh from a spiration or wind which moveth the Earth or Water it self and causeth it to rise Of the concâ—ssion of the Sea and its cause On the Coast of Biscay is a place which the Inhabitants call Capbreton there sometimes the Sea swelleth without any winds so that it seemeth to overflow the shore it self and on a sudden falleth low The like intumescency is found in a Lake of Scotland called Loumond moved by a subterranean wind The Portugals in Anno 1523 in the Sea of Cambaja discovered a trembling of the water for in a great calm as Maffeus writeth all winds being still the Sea on a sudden swelled from the bottom thence the Ships began to roul and to fall foul of one another to their great astonishment Now in this great confusion and disturbance some cast the lead some pumped others more wise bethought themselves of escaping and got barrels on which they might swim but on an instant it was found to be an Earthquake which thus also disturbed the Ships on the Sea as well as the Land Proposition XXXIII Why the Pacifick Ocean is more calm and without great floods or waves and why it is easily moved or rough with a wind The cause without doubt is because its motions towards the West are not hindred by the intercourse of shoars as the Atlantick Ocean is CHAP. XV. Of Lakes Pools or standing Waters and Marishes Proposition I. Definitions Of Lakes A Lake is a quantity of Water in any cavity of a Mediterranean place of a notable amplitude and tract on all sides encompassed with the Land and at the least having a moderate profundity But more properly that is termed a Lake which receiveth in and letteth forth Rivers A Pool is a small Lake Pools which doth never receive or send forth Rivers A Marish is water in a Mediterranean place Marishes here and there having the lands extant and about it or mixed with the Earth Proposition II. Lakes are fourfold Lakes are Fourfold 1. Some neither send forth or receive Rivers and such Lakes if small are termed Pools but if large they are called Lakes 2. Some send forth Rivers but receive none 3. Others receive Rivers and send forth none And 4. some both receive and send forth Rivers and some of those send forth greater than they receive some equal and some lesser Also some send forth a River almost in the same line with that which they received others in another line or to another quarter also some receive more than they send forth some more few and some equal Proposition III. To declare the generation and conservation of those Lakes which neither send forth nor receive Rivers Those Lakes are either great moderate or small Some of the moderate and small perpetually remain so in the Summer and when it hath not rained for a long space are dried up and both these are termed Pools Now it is easy to declare the generation of those that are dried up viz. the plenty of
Isles esteemed about 1100 neither ought we to doubt of it seeing that narrow Euripuses pass through every two of these Maldivian Isles so that in some places they exceed not four or five Ells but in progress of time many of them unite into one the Euripus being diminished and all of them at length will conjoyn in one oblong Island Yea all the Oriental Isles scituate between the Continent of Asia and the Land of Magellan in a great number seem to arise from the violence of the Ocean the Land being separated For the Pacifick Ocean in the Torrid Zone is moved by a perpetual motion and force from the West to the East that is from America to those Oriental Isles Moreover a perpetual Wind greatly augmenteth the violence of the Ocean towards that Oriental quarter Therefore it is not improbable seeing that all these Islands are in the Torrid Zone but that Asia formerly did adhere to the south-South-land or that of Magellan in a continual tract of Land then at length the violence of the Ocean eat off and separated sometimes here and sometimes there until that a way being made on every side it was conjoyned to the Indian Ocean and made so many Islands as that we stand amazed at this day in that quarter being distant a very small space Java Celebes Borneo Madera Amboina c. Concerning the Islands in the Gulph of Mexico as also in the Streights of Malacca we conjecture altogether the same The Isles of the Aegean Sea whether they had a Being from the divulsion made by or from the Sea the Sea flowing from the Euxine Sea and the Mediterranean raising up of contrary floods or after the former mode by a subsidency of the Terrestrial matter which the Propontis had carried from the Euxine Sea as yet I doubt It is more probable that a divulsion was made and peradventure that famous Inundation of Deucalion here also exercised its force It is certain that the Isle Euboea at this day called Negropont did formerly adhere to Greece as Authors of no mean Credit do relate for so small an Euripus interfloweth that it may be joyned by a Bridge We shall shew that Islands may be made of Sand-banks by many Examples So the Islands in the River Nile and in the River of St. Laurence were formerly Sand-banks Rivers make Islands after another manner when that they send forth a branch which they receive into themselves in another place as may be seen in the Wolga Tanais and other places That this was not done by Nature but by the Industry of Man we ought not to question the River Ob doth the same These two Rivers Rengo and Coanza made the Isle Loanda scituated on the Coast of Africa which exonerated themselves into the Sea in that place by reason that they bring great store of Mud and Rubbish with them they falling with an exceeding force from Mountainous places so that they lest this and as yet the same in their Inlets and so in course of time made the Island Landa first made a Sand-bank now most fertile and likewise populous And so we suppose that many Sand-banks formerly made the Islands scituated at the Coasts although that some were also caused by a divulsion made by the Sea as Norway And it is more probable that this is the mode of generation of Islands in stony and rocky Isles But in the Indian Sea Islands may have an original both by divulsion and subsidence or sinking of matter because that whilst it forceth away it also eateth between the middle of the Earth which at length it putteth in another place unto this many furious Winds which are very frequent in the Pluvial months from May to September do much conduce For by these the Sea is mightily troubled so that the Sand and gravel is separated from its bottom and from other Regions which matter is forced on the Coasts of India So the Mouths of the Port of Goa by the violence of the Winter-winds from May to September are so obstructed with congested heaps of Sand that they hardly afford a passage to smaller Vessels So these heaps of Sand shut up the Port of Cocin on those Months so that neither small nor great Vessels can pass For a continual Rain on the Mountain Gatis and a frequent Ecnephias or impetuous wind from a Cloud breaking forth with an abundance of water from the Clouds which are beheld to hang as it were on the top of Gatis send forth such an abundance of water and with that violence that it carrieth much Sand with it to the shoar where the Ocean resisteth which Sand when that the Winter endeth is taken away by the Ocean and the Ports are opened There are some Lands so nigh the shoar that the flux of the Sea doth make them Islands and in the reflux they are in appearance part of the Continent and if that the interposed Channel acquire a greater Altitude in progress of time at length the flux of water is excluded and the Islands become part of the Continent without reciprocal mutation And also the Nile overflowing Aegypt every year causeth the Cities and Hills of Aegypt then to seem Islands So the River Wolga doth so increase in the Months of May and June that it covereth the Sands and Islands and many of the Isles that adjoyn unto India become Sands in the Pluvial Months where that the Nile and the Ganges do overflow the Regions Proposition XIII There is yet another Mode besides the two already related by which Islands have a Being or Original viz. for the coherent Earth suddenly to be carried from the bottom of the Sea to the superficies Another Mode by which Islands have an Original Others suppose this Mode and that not undeservedly to have proceeded from the fabulous Grecians and Poets But Seneca a grave Author relateth that the Island Thracia in his time sprang up in the Aegean Sea whilst that the Mariners looked on Although therefore that very few Examples of such productions of Islands are to be found yet it ought not to be supposed impossible for it may be that a porous spongy sulphureous Earth doth exist as there is a various difference and mixture of sight Earths which even now hath increased to a notable altitude yet so as that it yet remaineth beneath the superficies of the water Now if that such a Sand or Earth adhere less firm at the bottom of the Sea it may be separated by the violence of the Sea because that it is little lighter than the water or almost of the same levity therefore it will ascend to the superficies of the water and suddenly an Island will seem to spring up or a Spirit or Wind included in the bowels of the Earth without any violence of the Sea and endeavouring to break forth may send forth such an Island above the Water for great is the force of Winds included in the Earth and requiring a larger space as is evident from
Waterford CONNAUGHT Slego Galloway Refecomen Letrim LEINSTER Molingar Trymm Dublin Kildare Kilkenny And a great many small ISLES to wit those About SCOTLAND The Oreades Kirkwall The Isles of Sherland Burgh The Western Isles Colmkill About ENGLAND The Sorlings St. Mary The Isle of Man Rusbin The Isle of Wight Newport The Isle of Jarfey St. Hâ—llary The Isle of Garnsey St. Peters In AFRICA in the Kingdom of Fex Tangler Besides the several Factories belonging to the Royal Company from Sally in South-Barbary to Cape Ronns Esperanâ—â— as at â—amâ—â— Rio Nuno Rio Grande Siera Liona Serbro Cestos Aâ—hin Anta Comenda Cape Corso Acara Cormentine Aâ—dra Renin Cailabar c. In the East Indies in ASIA the several Factories belonging to the East-India Company a Surat Bambay Curwar Baricale Câ—lieâ—t Fort St. George Pentapoll Musullpatâ—n Bellisar Ougely In the West Indies or North AMERICA On the Continent New England Boston New York New York New Jersey mary-Mary-Land Virginia James Town Carolina Charlos Town The ISLES of Newfound-Land the Bahama Isles Bermudes St. Georges Jamaica Port Royal. Barbados St. Michaels St. Christophers Basse Terre Nieves Bath-bay Monferat Autega Angullia St. Vincent St. Dominies Harbada The Kingdom of ENGLAND may be divided into ENGLAND particularly so eali'd in which If Monmouthshire were included there would be 40 Shires and which according to the SAXONS Haptarchy are thus divided and that as they regard the 4 Quarters and then The Nine towards the East and South and which made the Kingdoms of KENT where is only Kent Ginâ—erbâ—ry Rochester Dover Sandwich SOUTH SAXONS which contained the Regm are the Counties of Surrey Soâ—thweâ—k Kingstoâ—â— Sussex Chichester Winchelsey Lewes EAST ANGLES which contained the Iceni are the Counties of Norfolk Norwich Yâ—rmouth Suffoâ—k â—â—swich St. Edmonds-Bury Cambridgshire Cambridge Ely EAST SAXONS which contained the Trinobantes are the Counties of Essex Colchester Norwich Middlesex London Westminster Hartfordshire Hartford St. Albons The Seven regarding the West and which have made the Kingdom of the WEST SAXONS are the Dammonii of Counties of Cornwal Launston Padstow Devonshire Exeter Plimouth Dartmouth Belge of Counties of Somerseâ—shire Bristol Bath Wells Bridgwater Wiltshire Salisbury Malâ—bury Hamshire Southampton Winchester Durotriges or Counties of Dorsetshire Dorchester Weymouth Berkshire Windsor â—edding The Six towards the North and which have made the Kingdom of the NORTHUMBERS are the Counties of Yorkshire York Hull Richmond Lancashire Lancaster Lirpool Durham Durham Cumberland Carlisle Periâ—h Westmerland Kendale Apleby Northumberland Barwick Newcastle The Seventeen in the middle of the Country and which have made the Kingdom of MERCIA are the Iceny or County of Huntingtonshire Huntington St. Ives Canlejuâ—anl or Counties of Buckinghamshire Buckingham Bedfordshire Bedford Coritanl or Counties of Rutlandshire Upingham Northamptonshire Northampton Peterborough Lelcasâ—ershire Lelcester Harborow Lincolnshire Lincoln Boston Nortinghamshire Nortingham Derbyshire Derby Chesterfield Dobimi or Counties of Oxfordshire Oxford Henley Glocesâ—ershire Gloucester Cornavii or Counties of Worcestershire Worcester Warwickshire Warwick Coventry Staffordshire Stafford Litchfield Cheshire Chester Nantwich Shropshire Shrewsbury Bridgnorch Herefordshire Hereford The Principality of WALES where are 12 or 13 Counties and all towards the West of England and whereof Six towards the North and which have made the Kingdom of NORTH WALES as the Counties of Flintshire Flint St. Asaph Denbighshire Denbigh Carnarvanshire Carnarvan Isle of Anglesey Bawmorriâ— Mersoâ—etâ—shire Harlâ—ch Montgomeryshire Monrgomery Seven towards the South and which have made the Kingdom of SOUTH WALES as the Counties of Radnorshire Radnor Bracknockshire Brecknock Cardiganshire Cardigan Pembrockshire Pembroke Carmardenshire Carmarden Glamorganshire Cardiff Landaff Monmouthshire Monmouth In divers Isles In the Great Ocean to the West of Cornwal as the SORLINGS St. Mary In the Irish Ocean to the South of Scotland as the Isle of MAN Russia In the Narrow passage near Hantshire as the Isle of WIGHT Newport near France as the Isles of JARSEY St. Hillary GARNSBY St. Peters The Kingdom of KENT wherein is only the County of Kent may be divided Into The Lath of SUTTON which again is subdivided into the Hundreds of Black-heath Grenwich Deptford Wolledge Eltham Little and Lesues Eryth Plampsted Bromley and Beckenham Bromley Beckenham Rokesley St. Mary Cray Orpinton Axtan Dartford Wimbleton Greenhith Godsheath Sevenoke Otford Westram Westram Brafted Somerden Speldherst The Lath of AYLFORD where are the Hundreds of Watlington Pepenbury Capell Little Barnefeld Brenehely Twyford Yalding Lowy of Tunbridge Tunbridge Little Field Royden Wrotham Wrotham Stansted Larkfeld Malling Aylesford Maidstone Maidstone E. Farly Eyhorne Lenham Stockberry Gittingham and Chetham Rochester Chetham Shamell Cobham Tottingtrough Gravesend Hoo St. Maries St. James The Lath of SCRAY in which are the Hundreds of Milton Milton Queenborow Sittingborn Tenham Tenham Dodington Feversham Feversham Bocton under Bleane Bocton Under Bleane Felborough God Marshal Wye Wye Kirchâ—lt Barony Kenington Chart Ashford Catehill Pluckley Egerton Blackborne Apledore Orlaston Barkley Byddenden Cranbrook Cranbrook Stapleherst Marden Goodherst Marden Fincocks Bedgbury Great Barnfeld Flimwell Selbrightenden Sandhersl Rolvenden Rolvenden Tenderden Tenderden The Lath of SHEPWAY wherein are the Hundreds of Oxney Stone Aloesbridge Brookland Langport Lyde St. Martin Snargate Ham Ham. New-Church New-Church Bonington Worth Romney Hyth Streate Alington Byrcholt Franchis Braborne Stowting Stowting Heane Saltwood Lovingbergh Eltham Falkston Folkston The Lath of St. AUGUSTINE in which are the Hundreds of Bewsbrough Dover E. Langden Corniloo Sandown Deal Eastâ—y Sandwich Barfrayston Wingham Ruynes Kinghamford Barnhamdown Bredg and Petham Canterbury Patricksporne Downhamford VVickham Westgate St. Stephens Harbledown Whitstable VVhitstable Seasalter Bleangate Reculver Hearne Breston Elmeston Kingsloe which is the Isle of Thanet St. Johns St. Nicholas Mynster The Kingdom of the SOUTH-SAXONS which contained the Regni and now the Counties of SURREY which is divided into the Hundreds of Brixton Southwark Rotheriff Lamboth Batersey Putney Wandesworth Clapham Kingston Kingston Richmond Mottlack Croydon Croydon Cashalton Cheame Carshalton Tanridge Bletchingligh Burstow Reygate Reygate Horley Copthorne and Effingham Ewell Bansted Ebesham Darklug Darking Newdigate Charlewood Emley Cobham Waybridge Walton Chertsey Chertsey Egham Frimley Woking Guilford Ockham Woking Farnham Farnham Puttenham Peperharo Godalming Godalming Witley Blackheath and Wotton Albury Cranley Dunsfold SUSSEX which is divided into the Rapes of Chicester Chichâ—ster Mydhurst Rogar Binderton Eastbourne Chydham Thorney Emley West Wittering Selsey Arundell Petworth Arundell Storington Hampâ—on Fering Burpham Barham Billingshurst Rudgwick Bramber Horsham Shoram Stening Tarring Shipley Etchingfold Rusper Lewes Lewes Cuxfield Brighthemstoâ— Myching Oford Stamner Porstad Wivelsfeld Balcombe Crawley Pevensey East Grinsted Buckhurst East-Bourn Mayfield Flerching Haylsham Bishopston East Deane Pemsey Hastings Wincheâ—sey Rye Hastings Battle Wartling Warbleton Euwood Burwash Flimwell Nordiam The Kingdom of the EAST ANGLES which contained the Iceni or Counties of NORFOLK as it is divided into the Hundreds of East Flegg Yarmouth West Flegg Winterton Happinge Hicklinge Tunstead North Walsham Worstead North Orpinham Cromere Sheringham Holt Holt Clay Greenhaw
of Pembroke to the praise of God for his safe delivery out of a desperate Storm and Shipwrack which he was in ULSTER It s temperature of Soil THis Province is of a large Extent and of a different Soil some places being very fertil and others as barren which would be otherwise if it were well manured but generally it is inclined to fertility It hath many thick and shady Woods as also divers large Lakes in which are several small Isles Its Lakes and Rivers which said Lakes or Loughs as also the Rivers which water the Province plentifully furnish the Inhabitants with Salmons and other good Fish and for Flesh Fowl and Corn they have more than they can well spend This Province by the Welsh-Britains is called Vltw and by the Irish Cui Guilly It s Name Its Bounds It is bounded on the South with the Provinces of Leimster and Connaugh and on all other parts is washed with the Sea which receiveth the Waters of those many Loughs or Lakes many of which are of a large extent and have within them several small Isles the names of some are as followeth Lough-Neaugh Lough-Foylle Lough-Swillie Lough-Earne and Lough-Cone It s Extent It is of a large Extent reaching from Black-Abbey in the East to Calebegh-Point in the West about 130 miles and from Coldagh-Haven in the North to Kilmore in the South about 100 and in circumference about 420 miles This Province is divided into Ten Counties viz. Tir-conell or Dunagall Division Tyroen Colrane Antrim Downe Louth Armagh Monoghan Gavan and Fermanagh all which are again severed into divers Baronies And of these Counties in order County of Tir-conel described TIR-CONEL or DVNAGAL a Champain Country and well watered with Rivers and Loughs which discharge themselves into the Sea which washeth its Southern Western and Northern parts and affords to the Inhabitants great plenty of Fish and River-Fowl It is divided into five Baronies viz. Tirhugh Boylagh Kilmacreanan Raphoe and Enishowen And hath for its chief places Derry or London-Derry a Colony of the Citizens of London Derry a fair and well built Town where sometime stood a flourishing Monastery Dunegall which gives name to the County seated on a Bay of the Sea Dunegall where it hath a good Haven and between the Mouth of Lough-Earne and Balewilly-Bay Calebeck scituate on the Sea where it hath a commodious Haven Calebeck and Robogh Several Isles and Promontories along the Coast St. Patricks Purgatory Along the Coast of this County are seated several small Isles viz. Torr-Isle the Isles of Cladagh North-Aran c. also the Promontories of Fair-foreland Rams-head and St. Hellens-head And in this County is St. Patricks Purgatory a Vault or narrow Cave in the ground of which strange Fancies are believed by the simple sort of the Irish County of Tyroen described TYROEN a large rough and rugged yet fertil County which is divided by the Mountains of Sliew-Gallen into the Upper and the Lower in both which are three Baronies viz. Omagh Strabane and Dungannon And hath for its chief places Cloghar dignified with the See of a Bishop Cloghar Dungannon the ancient residence of the O-neals Dungannon Strebane Charlement Strebane and Charlemont In this County is â—â—e large Lake Neaugh well stored with Fish in which are several small Isles the chief amongst which are Enis-Garden and Sidney-Isle County of Colerane described COLERANE a small County seated in the most Northern part of the Province and washed with the Sea as also with the large Lake Foylle adjoyning to the Sea on its Western part and watered with the River Band on its Eastern which carrieth a proud stream into the Sea from the Lake Neaugh which breedeth great store of excellent Salmons The chief places in this County are Colerane Colerane which gives name to the County seated on the River Band. Banchor Kilrough Banchor and Kilrough County of Antrim described ANTRIM the nearest County to Scotland from which it is not far distant being almost encircled with Waters having on the West the River Band on the South the large Lough Neaugh and Knockvergus-Bay and on all other parts the Sea where along the Shoar are several very small Isles except it be one to wit the Raglins which is indifferent large This County is severed into eight Baronies viz. Toome Antrim Killconway Massereene Bellfast Dunluce Glenarne and Carie And hath for its chief places Knock-fergus Knock-fergus by the Irish Carick-vergus that is the Rock of Fergus seated on a large Bay so called where it hath a commodious Port. It is a place of good strength is well inhabited and better frequented than other places on this Coast and at the Mouth of this Bay lie several Isles Not far from this place once stood the famous Monastery of Magio so much commended by Bede Antrim Antrim seated on a small River at its influx into the Lake Neaugh Glastalagne Glastalagne scituate on the Band. County of Down described DOWNE a large and fertil County washed on the East with the Sea where it thrusteth it self forth with a large Creek or Arm into the Lough Cone which extendeth it self in length many miles and formeth two by-By-lands That Southwards called Lecall which is exceeding fertil and whose extream point is called St. Johns Foreland and That Northwards called Ardes It is severed into five Baronies viz. Kinalearty Lower Evagh Ards Vpper Evagh and Lecale And hath for its chief places Downe Downe of old Dunum seated in the part called Lecall near the Lough Cone a Town of good Antiquity and dignified with an Episcopal See as also with the Tombs of St. Patrick St. Bridget and St. Columbe Newry Newry seated on a River which falleth into Carlingford-haven Stranford Stranford seated on the large River Coyn or rather an Arm of the Sea where it hath a safe Harbour Arglas Arglas where as 't is said St. Patrick founded a Church Conner Conner or Conereth an Episcopal See Kilwarny Kilwarny much anoyed with Bogs and full of shady Woods County of Louth described LOVTH a County of a fertil Soil very grateful to the Husbandman and is washed on the East with the Sea It is divided into four Baronies viz. Lough Dundalke Ferrard and Atherdee And hath for its chief places Tredaugh Tredaugh or Droughdagh seated near the Mouth of the Boyne which divideth it but joyned together by a Bridge and by reason of its commodious Haven it is a good Town being well inhabited and frequented nigh unto which stood Mellifont Abbey founded by Donald a K. of Vriel Dundalke Dundalke seated on the Sea where it hath a commodious Haven and in former times was strengthned with a Castle which with the Town was burnt by Edward Brus Brother to the King of Scots who proclaimed himself King of Ireland but for this good act
At present the Turk possesses the greatest part of the Country and keeps still or did not long since Beglerbies at Erzerum Cars Revan Van Schildir Tefflis and Derbent besides which there are many Cities of considerable note some of which the Persians hold 1. It s chief Places Erzerum on the Euphrates near the black Sea on which and not far from Erzerum is Trebisonde which facilitates a great trade between the East West and North for coming from the Indian Ocean by the Gulph of Ormus and so up the Euphrates they may receive passing by what comes from the West to Aleppo and carry it unto Erzerum from whence to Trebisonde by land is not above 25 or 30 Leagues 2. Gars Chars or likewise Chissery is four or five days Journy from Erzerum towards the East on the River Euphrates it hath been taken and retaken divers times by the Turks and Persians The same may be said of Revan Schilder and Van this last is not great but well Walled and with greater Ditches and hath a Castle whose scituation is such as renders it almost inaccessible 3. Tefflis is likewise in some esteem at present but much more formerly under the name of Artaxata which Artaxias Father of Tigranes King of Armenia caused to be builded and fortified at the perswasion of Hannibal 4. Derbent of great antiquity being supposed to have its foundation laid by Alexander the Great who also erected that no less great than strong Castle which is called Kastow adjoyning to the said City which is the greatest and most ordinary passage between Turcomania Persia and other Southern Provinces of Asia to Zuire the Kingdom of Astracan and other more Northern Estates of Europe and Asia It s scituation is upon the utmost Mountains which regard the Taberestan or the Caspian Sea and all is so well fortified that the Turks have took occasion to call the place Demir or Temir Capi or the Port of Iron and the name of Derbent signifies a Streight Port and in all likelyhood these are the Caspiae Portae so famous among the Ancients because that in the black Sea and the Sea of Tabarestan which is about 3 or 400 thousand Paces It is all high Mountainous and hard to be passed and if there be any passages they are infamous for Robberies and Incursions which the Inhabitants of the Countries or the Princes which possess them make This City is a place of great strength being invironed with two strong Walls and fortified with Towers and Iron-gates being accounted the Key or Inlet to Persia now in the hands of the Grand Signior 5. Bitlis and Manuscute belong to the Curdes who have here many and divers Lords better affected to the Persians than the Turks Bitlis is between two Mountains watered with a River which receives many fair Fountains The Houses are built with Stones which is rare in that Country others being of nothing but Wood and Earth The Castle is seated advantagiously but I believe this place is not now in the hands of the Turks and to speak truth we have at present little knowledge of any thing concerning these quarters ARMENIA was much better known and more famous in Ancient time than at present under the name of Turcomania The Bounds of Armenia Its Bounds are very advantagious being quite encompassed with high Mountains large Rivers and washed by divers Seas and seated Northwards of the Caspian Mountains which divides it from Media now called Servan The Mountains of Armenis This Country is well replenished with Mountains Vallies Rivers and Lakes The Mountain Anti-Taurus divides it East and West almost from one extremity to the other whose most Easternly point is called Abus from whence the Euphrates Tigris and Araxes take some of their Streams The Gordian Mountains pour forth the greatest supplies to Tigris and the Pariardes increase most the Streams of Euphrates Araxes and Farza Chief Rivers in Armenia Farza turns his course towards the North and after having passed Colchida and pressed through 100 or 120 Bridges falls into the Euxine Sea Araxes turns towards the East watering the fairest and richest Plains of Armenia and falls into the Caspian Sea between Media and Albania Both the one and the other Euphrates descend towards the West but approaching the Euxine Sea it turns again towards the South and reunites its two Channels into one traverses the Anti-Taurus and Taurus divides Armenia and Mesopotamia from Asia Minor Syria and Arabia descends into Chaldea where it waters the ancient Babylon and loses it self in the Tigris This last descends from Mount Abus and the Georgian Mountains falls into divers Lakes loses it self and rises divers times out of the Earth cuts the Mountain Niphates separates Mesopotamia from Assyria washes Ninive Seleucia Ctesiphon receives all the branches of the Euphrates and discharges it self in the Persian Gulph Lakes of most note in Armenia The greatest Lakes of Armenia are Thospitis Areessa and Lychintes this last is towards the Araxes and the Caspian Sea Areessa is the same that Pliny and Solinus call Arethusa Thospitis according to Ptolomy is another Lake the Tigris likewise crosses after which it loses it self the second time The first hath its Water so as it will take spots out of Cloaths but is not good to drink Kings of eminent note in Armenia Among the Kings of Armenia which made themselves most known to the Romans or Parthians Tigranes Son-in-law to Mithridates King of Pontus hath been the most famous This Tigranes after having been an Hostage in the hands of the Parthians regained his Estates by their means in recompence of which he gave them 70 Valleys on the confines of Media and Assyria but after he knew and had gathered together his Powers he retook all those Vallies beat the Parthians out of them pillaged Assyria as far as Ninive and Arbela subjected to himself a part of Media and afterwards all Mesopotamia Syria Phoenicia and Cilicia But whilst he believed himself above Fortune Mithridates his Father-in-law was divers times defeated and driven from his Realm of Pontus by Lucullus and the Romans and retiring himself into Armenia to his Son-in-law his refusal to abandon or deliver him into the hands of Lucullus drew the Romans into Armenia where Lucullus several times defeated Tigranes took Tigranocerta where was his Regal Diadem and likewise in a great Set-Battel where Tigranes had 150000 Foot and 1000 or 1200 Horse flew 100000 Foot and the greatest part of his Cavalry constraining him to yield to the Romans the Provinces of Cilicia Syria Phoenicia and Mesopotamia and content himself with Armenia only but for the present let us lay aside History The division of Armenia according to Ptolomy Ptolomy divided Armenia into four principal Parts and allotted to the first 7 Regions or Provinces 6 to the second 3 to the third and 4 to the fourth placing in the first part 30 Cities 27 in the second 12 in the third and 18 in
of the Caspian Sea which is often called TABARESTAN from the name of this Province It stretches 100 Leagues up the Land containing in its Territory 12 fair Cities of which Asterabad or Starabat which hath something of common with the name of the Province is the principal then Maglasen Zariach and others this Country affords quantity of Silk Province of Gorgian The Province of GORGIAN touches not the Sea the chief City is of the same name then Obscoen Damegan and Semnan Gorgian answers to the ancient Hircania Metropolis Province of Rhoemus The Province of RHOEMVS is in the East of TABARESTAN and GORGIAN It s chief Cities are 1. Bestan then 2. Beyad 3. Zabâ—awer and 4. Thous higher in the Land 5. Feraway 6. Masinon and others toward the Sea and Mouth of the River Gehon Nassir Eddin that excellent Mathematician was a Native of Thous who drove Mustalzin from his Caliphat or dignity of Babylon because Mulstalzin had demanded of him Where were his Horns So dangerous it is to mock a man of Spirit and Courage The City of Thous is esteemed very considerable being large and encompassed with a noble Wall adorned with stately Structures and among others with about 200 or 300 Towers distant from one another a Musquetsâ—ot It is famous for the stately Sepulchre of Iman Risa of the Family of Ali one of the Twelve Persian Saints where great Devotions and Ceremoâ—ies are performed by them which brings in a great Revenue to this City Province of Churdistan The Province of CHVRDISTAN is divided into three Parts or Provinces of which Salmas is the chief City of the first Maraga of the second â—nd Cormaba of the third Besides which there are a great number of fair Cities as 1. Nakziovan 2. Choy 3. Guienche c. Salmas is near the Salt-Lake of Kannudhan which yields Fish only at a certain time of the year This City hath under its Jurisdiction 20 other strong and fair ones yet is not without those wandring People which live under their Tents Maraga is 〈◊〉 or 4 days Journey from Tauris 5 or 6 from Salmas Near Maraga the Perâ—ans were defeated by the Sarazens about the year 650 and their Monarchy â—ell into the hands of the Califfs Cormaba is on the East of Tigris and not â—at from Bagdad and Mosul Its Inhabitants are esteemed the true Curdes as good at incursions as the Arabs who lose nothing they can catch Near Choy are the Calderonian Champains of Chelder renowned for the Battle between Selim Emperour of the Turks and Ismael Sophy of the Persians where this last who had till then almost always been Victor was defeated and lost a great Battel and after it Tauris where was his wife Tallucanum and his Treasures but whilst he prepared new Forces the Turks retired to Amasia At Guienche formerly a City and a Kingdom contains likewise 7 or 〈◊〉 fair Cities the Can Caidogli caused to be builded one of the fairest and strongest Towers that is in Persia besides the Stone making use of the Heads of 540000 Turks which he had defeated in those quarters and which he caused to be bruised among the Morter Province of Ayrack its Commodities c. The Province of AYRACK is the fairest and richest of Persia The Sophies have for sometime past made here their residence formerly at 1. Casbin at present at 2. Hispahan which are two great Cities 3. Cassian 4. Hamadan 5. Dankana 6. Sauwa 7. Com 8. Yesd 9. Soltania 10. Hrey 11. Cochera 12. Kargh with several others are likewise very fair Near Hrey is gathered excellent Manna Soltan hath great quantity of the fairest Fountains and takes its name from the Soltans which sometimes resided here Yesd yields the richest and fairest Tapestries in the World Near this City and on the Mountain Albors there are yet some worshippers of Fire which have used it above 3000 years Hamadan hath born the title of a Kingdom and had 15 Cities under it Casian produceth many Silk and Cotton Manufactures and hath drawn to it all the Traffick that was at Com not suffering any Vagabonds or Beggars Com hath been as great as Constantinople but Tamerlain having ruin'd it it could never regain its splendor The Inhabitants addict themselves to labour in their Vineyards and Gardens It s Bridge is of Stone and the fairest in all Persia Casbin was the residence of Xa-Thamas when the Turks had taken Tauris Some esteem it the ancient Arsacia others Ecbatana It is not well built but great and filled with no less than 100000 Souls its fair Palace it s many Bazars and its Atmaiden are remarkable Bazars are places or great Streets where there are but one sort of Merchants the Atmaiden or greater Market which is about a mile in Circuit Hispahan the chief City of Persia Hispahan the Metropolitan City of the Persian Monarchy seated in the Parthian Territory which in its scituation is pleasant and delightful in its Soil fruitful and well watered by the River Sindery in its Air serene and healthful and for bigness is now become the greatest City in all Persia whose Walls are in circumference a reasonable days Journey Its buildings which are many scarce containing less than 75000 Houses are proud and elegant and was said to be once so populous that it gave entertainment to 500000 Inhabitants But after a certain Revolt for which they were severely chastised by the command of the Prince it hath not had so great a quantity of People yet it is exceeding populous and much frequented by Strangers rich in Trade eminent for all sorts of Exercise and more magnificent as being the residence of the Sophy of the Persians who had here built divers Palaces which are inhabited by his Nobles so rich and stately with Gardens so delightful and magnificent that not the industry of man nay scarce his thought can comprehend or imagine any thing more beautiful This City besides its Walls is fenced about with a Ditch and defended by a strong Castle The chief buildings are the Palaces the Mosques the Hummums or Hot-houses and the Mydan or Market-place which without dispute is the fairest richest and noblest Building in the World being about 1000 Places in length and 200 in breadth The inside resembles our Exchange being filled with Shops where all sorts of rich Commodities are vended and sustained by Arches and below furnished with such things both for Food and Rayment as the Country affordeth Its Palaces and Seraglio's exceeding stately and delightful On the West-side are seated two stately Palaces or Seraglio's for the King and his Ladies far exceeding in state and magnificence all other the proud Buildings in this City the Walls being of Red Marble and pargetted with divers colours and the whole Palace paved with fretted and Checkered work over which it is spread with stately Carpets the Windows are made of Alablaster and white and spotted Marble and the Posts and Wickets of massy Ivory checkered with glittering
to Fire They are exceeding cleanly in all things and wash often in Cows-piss which they hold to be a good purification Upon confession of their Sins to their Priests they are constrained to Penance in which several Ceremonies are observed They have so great esteem for Doggs that when any die they are carried out and prayers are made for them They have great quantity of all sorts of Cattle Grain and Fruits Amongst their Fruit-trees they have great quantities of white and black Mulberry-trees which grow not above 5 or 6 foot high so that one may easily reach up to the branches and in the Spring time when these Trees begin to shoot forth their leaves A discourse of Silk-worms and making of Silk they begin to hatch their Silk-worms which they do by carrying the seed under their arm-pits in little baggs which in seven or eight days will receive life then they put them into a wooden dish upon the Mulberry-leaves which they once a day change and take a great care that they be not wet at the end of five days they sleep three after which they dispose of them into Rooms or Barns prepared for the same purpose upon the beams of these buildings they fasten laths or such like pieces of wood upon which they lay Mulberry-branches which hath the leaves on whereon they put the Silk-worms shifting them every day and as they grow in bigness so oftner to twice or thrice a day before they begin to spin they sleep about eight days more after which they begin and in 12 days they have finished their Cod the biggest they make choise of for seed all the rest they cast into a Kettle of boyling Water into which they often put a whisk made for the purpose to which the Silk sticks which they immediately wind up and that which they keep for Seed they lay upon a Table out of which in the space of fifteen days comes forth great Buggs which afterwards turn to things like Butter-flies which in a few days they gender and lay Eggs and then die not eating any thing from their first spinning which is much for things to live so great a while without eating any thing And of these Silk-worms thus ordered they make a great Revenue INDIA or the EAST INDIES which according to its form and disposition of its Estates may be divided into three several Parts to wit The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL which comprehendeth that which is upon the Main Land wherein are contained several Kingdoms or Provinces the chief of which are Cabul Cabul Attock Attock Multan Multan Candahar Candahar Buckor Buckor-Suckor Tatta Tatta Diul Soxet Janagar Cassimere Sirinaker Bankish Beishar Kabares Dankalar Naugracut Naugracut Siba Serenegar Jamba Jamba Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Gor Gor. Kanduana Barabantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Guzurate or Cambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Diu. Chitor Chitor Malway Rantipore Candis Brampore Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor Narrar Gehud Bengala Bengala Chatigan Goura Halabass Satigan Lahor Lahor Jenupar Jenupar Jesselmere Gislemere Bando Bando Delly Delly Agra Agra The Peninsula of INDIA without the GANGES and Westwards and between the Mouths of the INDUS and the GANGES with its several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN Amedanager Chaul Visapor Paranda Goa Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE Onor Bisnagar Trivalur Gingi Negapatan Sadrapatan or Fort St. George Maliapur Geldâ—ia Madure Tutucori and Manancor MALABAR Calicut Cochin Cananor Coulan Cranganor Cotate Cota Changanara The Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES and Eastwards wherein are contained several Kingdoms Countries Isles c. the chief among which are PEGU Pegu Brema Canarane Ava Tinco and Prom. SIAN Odiaa Banckock Lugor Martaban Camboya Sacortay Peninsula of MALACCA Tanasserin Juncalaon Queda Pera Malacca Ihor Patane COCHIN-CHINA Palocacein Keccio ISLES in the Gulph of SIAN among which are Macara Panian Goeteinficos ISLES in the Gulph of BENGALA among which are Chubedu Chudube Durondiva Dos Cocos Andemaan The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL with its several Kingdoms or Provinces as they lie Westwards and towards PERSIA from the first Streams of the INDUS unto its falling into the Sea are those of Cabul Cabul Gaidel Attock Attock Pucko Multan Multan Seerpore Candahar Candahar Gusbecunna Buckor Buckor-Suckor Rauree Tatta Tatta Diul Lourebander Hajacan Chatzan Dunki Soret Janagar Cacha On the North and between the Mountains which divide this Empire from TARTARIA or between the Springs of the GANGES and the INDUS are Cassimere Syrinakar Chonab Bankish Beithar Kakares Dankalar Purhola Naugracut Naugracut Callamaka On this side or without the GANGES where are those of Siba Hardware Serenegar Jamba Jamba Balcery Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Menepore Chappergat Within the GANGES are those of Gor Gor. Kanduana Barakantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Camojo Southernly and towards the Gulphs of BENGALA and CAMBAYA and the Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES are those of Guzurate or Chambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Agra Diu Brodra Cheytepour Bisantagan Mangalor Jaquete Chitor Chitor Chitapur Malway Rantipore Ougel Narvar Candis Brampore Mandow Pala. Ranas Gurchitto Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor War Narvar Gehud Bengala with its Parts of Patan Bengala Chatigan Goura Patana Tanda Daca and Bannara Prurop Ragmehel Holobass Bengala Satigan Mandaran Ougely Xore Bellesor and Angara In the Middle of the EMPIRE and are those of Lahor Lahor Fetipore Temmeri and Guzurat Jenupar Jenupar Sirima Tanasser Hendowns Hendowne Mearta Jesselmere Gislemere Moulto Radinpore Bando Bando Toury Asmere Delly Delly Acarnapori Agra Agra Secandra Fetipore Scanderbade and Ilay The Peninsula of INDIA without the Ganges In which are the several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN with its Parts of Decan particularly so called Amedanager Chaul Dabul Cunkan Visapor Soliapor Paranda Goa Pagode Zanguizara Balaguate Lispor Beder Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan Guadavari Vixaopatan Narsingupatan Orixa Palhor Calecote BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE with its Estates and Coasts of Canara Onor Gorcopa Barcelor Baticala Magalor Bacanor Bisnagar particularly so called Bisnagar Narsingue Vellur Cangevaran Cirangapatan Trivalur Tripity Gingi Gingi Cindambaram Chistapatama Tanjaor Tanjaor Castan Trinidi Maritim Places in BISNAGAR GINGI and TANJAOR bearing and known by the name of the Coast of Choromandel Negapatan Triminapatan Trangabar Coloran Fort St. George or Sadrapatan Maliapur Paliacate Chiricole Musulipatan Caletur Gueldria Pentapouâ—â— Madure Madure Brimaon Periapataâ— Punicale Maritim Places of MADURE and called the Coast of Pescheria Jacancury Manapar Vaipar Trichandur Chereacale Tutucori Isle of Kings Bembar Calecure Mananco Câ—â—â—mcirâ— MALABAR with its serveral Kingdoms or Provinces to wit On the Sea or Coast of Malabar as Calicut Calicut Cochin Cochin Cananor Cananor Coulan Coulan Chambais Chambais Montigue Montigue Badara Badara Tanor Tanor Cranganor Cranganor Porca Porca Calecoulan Calecoulan Travancor Travancor Cotate Cotate In the High Land as Cota Cota Auriola Auriola Cottagan Cottagan Bipur Bipur Coucura Coucura Panur Panur Curiga
Buildings have neither Morter nor Plaister here they build not without both They despise all Precious Stones and esteem more their Vessels of Earth which serve to keep their Drink which we make little esteem of but much value Precious Stones They drink nothing but what is hot those most delicate with us is cool Their Physick is sweet and odoriferous ours bitter and unpleasant They never let their sick Blood which with us is very common upon the least occasion These with several other customs contrary to ours do they observe amongst them which are too long to set down Nor want they fine Reasons to sustain their Customs better then ours they say we must conserve our Blood as one of the principal sustainers of our Life that we must not give a sick person that which is displeasant troublesom and sometimes affrights him to see much more to drink or eat that hot water augments the natural heat opens the conduits and quenches thirst that cold closes the Pores begets the Cough weakens the Stomach and quenches natural heat that their Vessels of which they make such esteem are necessary for many things in a Family which Precious Stones are not that their buildings may be easily taken down carried other where and erected in another manner when they will which ours cannot c. Amongst their Manners there are some very good they hate Games of Hazard they are very patient in bad fortune they maintain themselves honestly in their Poverty suffer hot themselves to be transported with Passion speak not ill of the absent know not what it is to swear lye or steal suffer easily all incommodities of heat cold famine or thirst yet all this rather to get the honor of being esteemed constant and vertuous then being so truly for they are subject to Vices as well as their Neighbors But lot us leave their Manners and speak a word of their Government which of late hath encountred a diversity and deserves to be known The general Estate of all these Isles was not long since divided into 66 Kingdoms of which the Isle of Japan alone had 47 which with some little Neighbouring Isles was made up 53 that of Ximo or Saycok had 9 according to its name and Chicock the other four The Estate of these Isles At present the order is much changed the whole Estates are fallen into the hands of one alone as it hath been formerly and is divided into 7 Provinces or principal parts and those 7 parts subdivided into many others which ought to pass under the name of Lordships some of which yet retain the name of Kingdoms others of Dutchies Principalities c. Those which command in the lesser parts are called generally Tones Caron ranges them in six different degree and calls them Kings Dukes Princes Knight-Barons Barons and Lords which according to our degrees of honour are distinguished by Kings Princes Dukes Marquisses Earls and Barons Caron makes 21 Kings some of which possess 1 or 2 and some 3 and in all 30 and odd of the 66 ancient Kingdoms After the Kings he puts 4 Dukes 6 Princes 17 Knight-Barons 50 Barons and 41 Lords giving each a Revenue of at least 100000 Livers per annum and so augmenting to the greatest to whom he gives 10 Millions and more and makes account that the Cube or Cesar of Japan spends at least 100 Millions of Crowns yearly as well in the expence of his house as in his Militia and what he disburses to the Tones The parts of Japan The names of the 7 principal parts into which the Estate of Japan is divided are Saycock Xicoco Jamasoit Jetsengo Jetsegen Quanto and Ochio Saycock with the Isles which belong to it is the nearest to China Chicock is on the East of Saycock the other five parts are in the great Island and extend themselves advancing from East to West Jamosoit being the most Western part of all and answering to the 12 Kingdoms which the King of Nangato or Amanguci hath formerly possessed Jetsenco and Jetsegen together make the middle of the great Island and apparently that which passed under the name of Tenza and contained 20 others Quanto and Ochio advance themselves from the East unto the streight of Sangaar which divides Japan from the Land of Jesso of which more anon Quanto comprehended 8 Kingdoms and Ochio the rest and in these parts there are abundance of Cities and Towns which I have observed in my Geographical Tables But because the diversity of names of Dayri or Emperor of Cube or Cesar of Tones or Kings Princes Dukes c. may breed some confusion to give a more particular knowledge we will say succinctly that before the year 1500 there was in all Japan only one Soveraign which they called Voo or Dayri that is Emperour The Isle or Land of JESSO The Isle of Jesso AFter the Isles of Japan let us speak a word of the Isle or Land of Jesso Yedzo or Jesso for divers Authors write its name differently some calling it the Isle some the Land abovesaid and to the East of Japan in the manner that the English Portugals and Hollanders deseribe it this Land must extend from Asia to America They say that from Tessoy which is the most Western point of it opposite to Coray and near Tartary advancing towards the East it is 60 days journey to the Province of Matzumay and that from Matzumay unto the most Easterly point and neerest America it is likewise 90 days journey so that it is 150 days journey from one end to the other which after only 8 Leagues a day will be 1200 of our Leagues It s breadth is not spoke of The streight of Tessoy The Streight of TESSOY which separates this Isle from Tartary hath great currents caused by the discharging of several Rivers which come rom the Northern parts and from Tartary and Jesso The other streight which separates it from America may in all likely-hood be that Anian and those two streights limit the two extremities of Jesso towards the midst must be the Province of Matzumay and apparently beyond the Streight which separates the Isle of Japan from the Land of Jesso and this streight may be called the streight of Sangaar which is the utmost East-Land of Japan The traverse or traject of this streight is not above 10 or 12 Leagues others say not above so many miles others there are affirm it no streight but an Isthmus which fixes Japan to Jesso and that both the one and the other together are but one Isle so difficult it is to find the truth of a thing so far distant This Isle or Land of JESSO is so great and vast that the Inhabitants cannot but have different manners those which are nearest Japan resembling the Japanois those which are near Tartary the Tartars and those near America their neighbouring Americans and in all likelihood they are more barbarous then all their neighbours Its Inhabitants They are all Idolaters
Ceyram Flones and Timor each 60 Leagues long but for the most part their breadth is not above a third or quarter of their length The True Moluccoes are only 2 3 4 or 5 Leagues long and 5 6 10 12 and 15 in circuit Their Commodities and Ferillit Amongst all these Isles the True Moluccoes are the most known by reason of their Cloves with which they abound and furnish all Asia and Europe They have neither Grains nor Mines of Gold few Beasts much exellent Fruit and several Spices as Ginger Cinnarion Mace Nutmegs c. and divers Drugs amongst others a kind of Wood that being put to the fire burns flames and yet consumes not The Cloves are their principal Riches Ternate Tidore and Machian have the most and Machian fewer Ternate yields yearly 400 Bahars of Cloves Tidore and Machian each 300 And in the great Harvests which are but once in seven years Machian yields 15 or 1600 Tidore 12 or 1300 and Ternate 1000 or 1200 each Baher is 600 li. Flemish Their scituation These Isles lie to the Westward along the Coast of Gilolo so neat the Equator that the most Southerly part is not above 24 or 25 Minutes beyond that Line nor the most Northerly above 48 or 50 Minutes on this side iâ—â— so that together they have not above one degree of Latitude and about 10 or 12 Minutes which maks 30 Leagues Their Longitude is between the â—0th and 30th Minutes of the 168 Meridian or degree of Longitude The Isles of Ternate Tidore c. TERNATE is the most North and from it Southward are TIDORE TIMOR MACHIAN and BACHIAN for little account is made of the rest Bachian is 15 or 16 Leagues circuit Ternate Tidore and Machian 10 or 12 Timor 5 or 6. the rest less The Isle of Ternate its chief places fertility and commodities TRENATE is esteemed the principal Isle being about 8 Leagues in circuit and its Kings the most powerful both of the True Moluccoes and of all that I have passed under the general name of Moluccoes yet he suffers in Ternate Nostra Seniora della Rosario and Gammalamme in the hands of the Spaniards Ta-comma Talucco and Malayo in the hands of the Hollanders which are in good intelligence with him as Enemies to the Spaniards The chief place is called Gamma-Lamma is seated on the Sea-side more long than broad and of an indifferent bigness its Houses Mosques as also its Palace-Royal are built of Canes or Timber its Road and Haven is good and frequented by Ships The Country is not bad yet it yields but little provision besides Poultry and Goats it yields also excellent Almonds and bigger than ordinary and that in great plenty they have also abundance of Cloves and other Spices some Drugs with such other Commodities as are found in the rest of the Islands The Isle of Tidore and its chief places c. TIDORE those of the Country say Tadura which signifies Beauty is a little greater than Ternate and as fruitful Here the People are very industrious in pruning and watering the Clove-trees by which means they are exceeding fair and strong Here grows white Sandall-wood which is held the best in all the Indies Here are also found the Birds of Paradise It hath its particular King The Spaniards hold Taroula Castello-Viejo and Marieco which the Hollanders have sometimes taken Timor or Mother was once so ill treated by the Spaniards that its Inhabitants abondoned it and retired to Gilolo The Hollanders built the Fort of Nassan and have invited near 2000 of its Inhabitants to return Machian as well as Timor belongs to the King of Ternate the Hollanders hold Taffasso Tallibola Nuhaca or Naffaquia and Mauritio it is peopled with about 9 or 10000 persons The Isle of Bachian described BACHIAN or BAQVIAN is the greatest of all the Moluccoes but ill peopled and having but few Cloves but in recompence it hath plenty of Fruit and its Sea stored with Fishes It is divided by several little Channels scarce navigable which yet divide it into many parts of which Marigoram is in the midst of the others where the King of this Isle resides The Hollanders hold on the Coasts the Forts of Gammeduore and Laboua both once called Barnevelt This Isle is of an indifferent large extent the King is absolute the Soil good and would become very fertil if the Inhabitants would leave off their Idleness and give it Tillage MACHIAN is indifferent large and fertil and well inhabited its chief places are 1. Tassaso 2. Tabillola 3. Mauricio and 4. Nubaca TIMOR Motir or MOTIL is of a less compass and Triangular It s chief place is Nassaw The Isle of Gilolo described GILOLO or BATOCHINE extends it self to the second Degree on this side and only to the first beyond the Equator It hath then 3 degrees of Latitude It s Longitude begins a little after the 168th Meridian and reaches to the 172 which are near 4 Degrees which amount to little less than 100 Leagues of length and breadth but it is composed but of 4 Peninsula's of which one advances towards the North the other three towards the East and of these three the middle one reaches so near the Land of Papous that there is but a Streight between them It s People and chief places It is subject in part to the King of Ternate in part to the Kings of Gilolo and Loloda It hath Savage People on the North part where is the Coast of More and in some Mountains in the middle of the Country and the City of Mamaye is in form of a Republick The City of Gilolo is not above six Leagues from Ternate towards the North. Those of Gilolo Sabugo and Aquilamâ— are near together Eastward of Tidore and on the West Coast of Gilolo On the other side and towards the East are the Fortresses of Tolo Isiau and Jaffougo these six places are in the Spaniards hands The Hollanders hold Sabou and Coma Sabou a little above Gilolo Tacoma or Cuma on one of the three Eastern points The Air. The Air of Gilolo is intemperate hot which makes it unhealthful the Soil not very fertil yet hath it great plenty of Rice wild Hens and other Fowls On its Shoars it hath Shell-fish whose Meat in taste is much like Mutton and about the Isle plenty of Trees which they call by the name of Sagou from which they have a Fruit which they make their Bread of of the Sap or Juice they make a pleasing Drink which they use instead of Wine and of a Hair which grows on its Bark they make their Cloaths It hath but few Cloves neither have they many Cattle except tame and wild Hogs The People are well proportioned but rude and savage some of them Gentiles the rest Mahometans The Isle of Celebes described CELEBES is composed of many Islands so near the one to the other that they are commonly esteemed but one They
the Negroes the Mona's or Mani that is Kings of Congo Monotapa and Emugi and the Soba of Angola in the Lower Ethiopia he of Adel in the Coast of Ajan besides which there are many Xeques of the Arabs many free and vagabond People who for the most part live without Chiess Faith or Law The Kings of Castile and Portugal hold many places on the Coasts of Africa those of Castile hold some on the Mediterranean Sea those of Portugal hold a great number on all parts of the Ocean which encompasses Africa but the Hollanders have taken some from them and others are delivered to the English Languages or Tongues spoken in Africa Amongst a great number of different Tongues that are in Africa the three or four principal and most general ones are the Beribere or African which comes from the Ancient Punick the Arabick and Ethiopian The African and Arabick extend themselves through all Barbary Billedulgerid Egypt and Saara according as the People of these Countries descend from the Africans or Arabs The Ethiopian is in the greatest part of Ethiopia if it be not on the Coast where the commerce and confluence of Strangers hath long since changed the Tongue But the Negroes seem to have a particular Language These Tongues have divers Idioms and very different the one from the other all or at least the three first descending from the Hebrew or Tongues derived from it Their Religions The Religions which have course in Africa may be reduced to four Mahometism Paganism Christianity and Judaism Mohometism possesses Barbary Billedulgerid Egypt Zaara or the Desart part of the Negroes and a good part of the Coast of Zanguebar Paganism holds part of the Negroes and Nubia Guinny and almost all the Lower Ethiopia I comprehend the Cafres with the Pagans part of Zanguebar and some mixture otherwhere Christianity holds in Africa almost the whole Empire of the Abissines part of Egypt but the most part Schismaticks and along all the Coasts of Africa where the Portugals are the strongest they have introduced Christianity as in Congo Angola and some Coasts of the Cafres and Zanguebar As for Judaism it is scattered in many Cities on the Coast of Barbary as at Morocco Fez Algier c. Likewise in Egypt and on the confines of the Abissines and the Negroes they have the Kingdom of Ximen tributary to the Abissines but the Jews are but a small number in Africa in comparison of the others I make account that Africa being divided into 16 equal parts Mahometism would possess 5 or 6 Paganism 6 or 7 Christianity 3 and Judaism only one It s division into Parts as at this day known AFRICA as it is at this day known may be divided into these 8 parts following viz. 1. Barbary in which is found the Kingdoms of Morocco Fez Algier Telensin Tunis Tripoli and Braca 2. Billedulgerid or Numidia 3. Egypt 4. Zaara or Libya Interiour in which is comprehended the Country of the Negroes Guinny with some certain Isles 5. Nubia 6. The Empire of the Abissines or the higher or greater Ethiopia in which I comprehend Zanguebar 7. Ethiopia the Lower in which are found the Kingdoms of Congo the Empire of the Monomotapa the Land of Cafres And 8. and lastly the Isles of Africa And of these in order Under the Name of BARBARY are comprehended several Kingdoms to wit The Kingdom of MOROCCO wherein are several Provinces and which may be considered as they lie On the Sea as Susa Taradante Messa Tagavostum Tojouta Gartguessemum Hea Tednest Teculethum Goza Tefethna Within Land as Guzula Guzula Morocco Morocco Agmer Elguimha Temella Hascora Elmadina Tagodaft Teldes Teiza Tedza Ducala Azamor El Medina Asafi The Kingdom of FEZ with its several Provinces which may be considered as they lie On the Ocean as Temesne Anfa Almansor Rabatt Adendum Fez Fez Mahmora Salla or Sally Asgar Cafar-el-Cabir Lharais On the Streight of Gibraltar Habar Arzila Tangier Tettinguina On the Mediterranean Sea as Errif Gomer Bedia Garret Mellila Fetis Up within Land as Chaus Teza Dubdu Gaâ—sis The Kingdom of ALGIER with its Provinces which may be considered as they lie On the West as Telensin with its Quarters Telesin Telesin Oran Marsalquibiâ— Hanghad Guagida Beni-Rafid Batha Tenez Tenesa Sersela Meliana In the Middle as Algier Algier Temendfufta Taddeles On the East as Bugia Bugia Chollum Gergelum Steffa Constantina Constantina Bona Tabarca Tebessa The Kingdom of TUNIS with its Governments and which may be considered as they lie On the Sea and are Maritim as Benserta Benserta Goletta Tunis Goletta Sousa Susa Hammmetha El-Media or Africa El-Media Within Land as Beija or Bege Beija Urbs Urbs Arbes Musti Marmagena Cayroan Cayroan Cafsa Hama The Kingdom or Province of TRIPOLI whose chief Maritim places are those of Capes Et-Hamma Tripolis the New Lepeda Tripolis the Old The Country of BARCA or LIBYA which may be divided into The Kingdom of BARCA as it regards the Sea and makes the most Eastern Coast of BARBARY whose chief places are Camera Bernichum Torachara Tolometa Zadra Barca Cayroan Boni-Andreas Musolomarus Albertonus Roxâ— Ripaealba The Desart of BARCA within Land more Southward and under the Tropick of Cancer whose chief places are Ammon Gorham Angela Alguechet Erner Sertâ— Ascor Ebâ—ida and Couzza A GENERALL MAPP OF THE COAST OF BARBARIE WHERE IN ARE THE KINGDOMS AND ESTATES OF MOROCCO FEZ ALGIER TUNIS AND TRIPOLIS ALSO THE KINGDOMS ESTATES AND DESERTS OF BARCA EGIPT LIBYA BILEDULGERID SEGELMESSE AND DARHA With the Circumjacent Counteries By Mounsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and Rendred into English and Illustrated By Richard Blome By his Majesties Especiall Command London Printed for Ric Blome Aº 1667. Francis Lamb Sculpit MOROCCO Kingdom of Morocco its bounds THE Kingdom of MOROCCO is the most Western part of Barbary bounded by the Ocean the River Sus Mount Atlas and the River Ommiraby The Ocean washes it on the West the River Sus separates it from Tesset on the South Mount Atlas divides it from Darrha and Segelmesse on the East and the Ommiraby from the Kingdom of Fez on the North. In Provinces It is divided into 7 Provinces those of Sus Hea Guzula and Morocco are between the Rivers of Sus and Tensift the two first on the Sea and the other within Land The Provinces of Teldes Hascora and Ducala are between Tensift and Ommiraby the two first up in the Land the other on the Ocean and these three last stretch towards the North and East the four first towards the South and West Province of Sus its chief places c. 1. The Province of Sus is about the River Sus and is sometimes extended as far as Cape de Non. Taradante not far from Atlas is esteemed the chief City of this Province its Governours and Kings having here made their residence much enriched of late by the English and French Merchants who have here a Staple for their Sugars The Town is
Houses have their Fountains and Wall-nut Trees 5. Mezume is adorned with a Castle a Palace and a fair Temple 6. Teguident hath a large circuit which had been empty had not sometime since a Marabut repeopled it These two places are by some esteemed in the Quarter of Telensin Among the Mountains Beni-Abucaid is near to and of the appurtenances of Tennes Guanseris can set forth 2 or 3000 Horse and 15 or 16000 Foot The Quarter of Algier and its parts and places The Quarter of ALGIER comprehends likewise that of Couco in the Mountains of Eguiel-Vandaluz alias Couco and Tubusuplus which is the principal place built on the top of a Rock craggy on all sides It may contain about 1600 Houses the Kings or Lords of the Country reside here and have oft disputed their liberty with the Kings of Algier These Mountains are two or three days Journey long and their approaches very difficult They yield Olives Grapes and especially Figs of which the King makes his principal Revenue Cattle Iron Saltpeter and the Plains afford Corn and every where Spring of Running-water The People are Bereberes and Azuages well armed and couragious The Metropolis of the Kingdom is ALGIER at present the most famous place of all the Coast of Barbary The City of Algier described either for its Riches and Power or for the extent of its Estates It is seated on the declension of a Mountain in form of a Triangle so that from the Sea all its Houses appear one on the top of another which renders a most pleasant prospect to the Sea Its circuit is not above 3400 Geometrical paces fortified with some ill-disposed Bastions but the Island which was before it is joyned to the City some years past where is built a Pentagone the better to secure the Port and Island and keep it from being fired as in 1596 1606 c. It is a City not so large as strong and not so strong as famous Famous for being the receptacle of the Turkish Pirates who so much domineer over the Mediterranean Sea which too often proves to the great damage of all Merchants who frequent those Seas This City hath at present 12 or 15000 Houses it had not when J. Leon of Africa wrote above 4000. The Streets are but narrow but the Houses fair and well built yet one which runs along the Sea is fair and large they count 100 Mosques whereof 7 are very sumptuous 5 Houses or Lodgings of Janizaries capable to hold each of them 600 Men 62 Bania's of which two are very beautiful 100 Oratories of Turkish Hermits and almost as many publick Schools Out of the City are many Tombs of Turks Moors and Jews the burying place of the Christians is without ornament Among these Tombs is remarkable that of Cave Daughter of Julian Earl of Baethica who having been ravished by Roderic King of the Goths was the cause of the Moors descent into Spain It hath almost no more Suburbs the City being encompassed with many Hillocks and rising Grounds whose sides and Vallies are covered with 12 or 15000 fair Gardens abounding with store of pleasant Fruits with their Fountains and other places of delight Beyond these Hills is the Plain of Moteja 15 or 16 Leagues long and 8 or 10 broad very fruitful in Grains This place is famous for the Shipwreck which Charles the Fifth here suffered who besieging this Town Here Charles the Fifth suffered Shipwreck lost in its Haven at one Tempest as Heylin noteth besides a great number of Karvels and small Boats divers strong Gallies 140 Ships a great many Pieces of Ordnance about half his Men and such great quantity of gallant Horses that in Spain they had almost like to have lost their race of good and serviceable Horses The Cities 1. Temeudfusta about 7 or 8 Leagues from Algier with a good Port and 2. Teddeles 18 or 20 are the best places of the Coast the first answers to the ancient Jomnium Municipium the other to Rusipisir likewise Municipium 3. El Col de Mudejares of old Tigisi is newly repeopled by the Morisque Mudejares of Castile and Andalusia and the Tagartins which were of Valentia It is 8 or 10 Leagues from Algier beyond the River Selef which they here call the River of Saffran 4. Gezaira a City seated on the Sea-shoar 5. Mensora And 6. Garbellum both Sea Towns The Fertility and People of Algier The Air about Algier is pleasant and temperate The Land hath excellent Fruits as Almonds Dates Oils Raisins Figs some Drugs c. The Plain of Moteiia is so fertil that sometimes it yields 100 for one and bears twice a year good Grains In the most Desart Mountains are found Mines of Gold Silver Iron quantity of fierce Beasts The Country affords excellent Barbary Horses also Estridge Feathers Wax Hony Castile Soap c. Besides they have good quantities of most Commodities which by reason of their Piracy they take from other Nations to the great inriching of the place most of the Inhabitants living by it setting out Vessels in Partnership and sharing the Gains selling the Commodities and the Men they take as Slaves in open Markers The Natives of Algier are fairer and not so brown as the Moors but the City is filled with all sorts of Nations The Janizaries make the greatest part of the Militia The Turks have the chief Trade who are found to transport several Commodities to other Countries but there are many of the Moors driven from Spain and others who have retired themselves from the Mountains many Arbas Jewish and Christian Slaves The number of the Inhabitants of this City cannot be esteemed by the 12 or 15000 Houses it contains for there are some Houses where are found 100 200 or 300 Persons the Christian Slaves only amount to about 30 or 40000 within and about the City and there are no less than 6000 Families of Renegadoes But the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich late General of the English Fleet by order from King Charles the Second put out to Sea with a Fleet of Ships scoured those Seas forced them to deliver up all the Slaves who were Subjects in any of the Kings Dominions as well as Englishmen and brought them to very honourable terms By which they are not to seize or stop any English Ship but give them free liberty of Trading where they please and the like Peace is made with Tunis and other of the Turks Territories But these perfidious People soon violated it Province of Bugia its chief places and fertility The Province of BVGIA is between the Rivers Major and Sefegmar This on the East that on the West On the Coast are two principal places Bugia and Ghegel in the Land are Steffa Labes Necaus and Messila in some consideration 1. Bugia is a great City its circuit capable of 20000 Houses but hath not above 8000 but that which is uninhabited is Mountainous and inconvenient It was built by the Romans
with the Mono-Motapa of which he seems once to have been a part is in peace with the King of Zanguebar that he may have commerce to the Sea for he hath much Gold Silver Ivory and the same Commodities as Mono-Motapa but its People are more barbarous and brutish The chief places in the Mono-Emugi are Agag Astagoa Leuma Camur Beif Bagametro and Zembre seated on the bottom of the Lake Zaire CAFRERIA or the Land of CAFRES The Land of Cafreria described CAFRERIA or the Land of CAFRES makes the most Southern Coast of all Aethiopia winding like a Semicircle about the Cape of Good Hope some begin it from Cape Negro and continue it unto the River of Cuama this separating it from Zanguebar and the other from Congo or what we have esteemed with Congo Others begin it and end it with the Tropick of Capricorn as well on this side as beyond the Cape of Good Hope I esteem under the name of Cafres all the Coasts which environ the Mono-Motapa both towards the West South and East so that we may call these Cafres Occidental Meridional and Oriental This distinction being taken in regard of the natural scituation in which these People are from the Mono-Motapa or we may chuse rather to consider them in Occidental or Oriental as we have already done the Cape of Good Hope then keeping the one from the other It hath formerly been believed that these People had neither Kings Law nor Faith and therefore were called Cafres that is without Law But it hath since been known that they have divers Kings and Lords as those of Mataman where there are divers Metals Chrystal c. And of Melemba among the Occidentals those of Chicanga Sedanda Quiteva and Zefala among the Orientals and others we know not towards the South and Cape of Good Hope On the Coast of Cafres are these places and Isles viz. St. Nicolai Piscarius the Port of Carascalis the Cape of Good Hope St. Martins Bay and the Cape of St. Lucia Also these Isles 4 bearing the name of St. Lucia 2 of St. Christophers 5 of Crucis and 3 of Aride Many of which as likewise the Capes are well known by Sea-men especially the Cape of Good Hope All these Coasts of Cafreria are bounded within Land by a Chain of Mountains formed by the Mountains of the Moon and which inclose Mono-Motapa That part of these Mountains which advance towards the Cape of Good Hope are called by the Portugals The Cape of Good Hope Picos Fragos that is Watry Points or Rocks This Cape is the most remarkable piece in Cafreria the most Southern point of Africa and of our Continent and the most famous Promontory of the whole World Vasco de Gama knew it in 1498 and after having doubled it found the way by the East-Indies to the Great Sea and from hence the Portugals boast to have been the first that had the knowledge of this Cape But we have made appear in the general discourse of Africa that the Ancients have both known and spoke of it Near the Cape of Good Hope and farther towards the South is the Cape of Needles which should be more famous since it is more Southernly than the other by 12 or 15 Leagues But the name Cape of Good Hope is given to all that Head of Land which is the most Southern of Africa The Air Fertility Commodities c. of the Country The Air of this Country is sometimes temperate and sometimes cold by reason of the Mountains which are covered with Snow and Ice from whence descends quantity of cold Waters The Vallies and Lower Countries pleasant and fertil hath store of Woods and Forests in which are abundance of Beasts and Fowls as Deer Antilopes Baboons Foxes Hares c. Also Ostriches Herons Pelicans Pheasants Partridges Geese Ducks c. They are well supplied with good Water feed much Cattle which they truck with Strangers for Knives Scizzars Spoons and divers Toys they have likewise much Fish in their Rivers The People and their Trade The Inhabitants are Black have thick Lips flat Noses long Ears and in a word very ill-shapen They are more barbarous and brutish than the rest of Africa they are Man-eaters their chief ornaments in their Apparel are Chains of Iron Brass Beads Bells or the like and cutting and slashing their Skins in several shapes Clothing they have none only in the Cold season they wrap themselves about with Skins of Beasts Towns they have none or very few for the most part living in the Woods and Forests like brute Beasts But the Cafres on the East are much more civil than the others most of them have made a part and are yet subject to the Mono-Motapa who about 50 years ago divided his Estate into four parts giving to his eldest Son what is within Land and by much the greatest part and to his three younger Sons Zuiteva Sedanda and Chicanga towards the Sea-Coast for their Portions Cefala or Zefala seems to make its piece apart whose King pays Tribute both to the Mono-Motapa and the Portugals and these have divers Fortresses on the Coast Sena Tete Cuama c. Zefala is so abundant in Gold and Elephants that some take it for the Ophir whither Solomon sent his Fleet every three years And they give for a reason that the Gold Ivory Apes c. which that Fleet brought are here found in abundance That this Fleet parting from the Red Sea there is no likelyhood it should go to Peru which some take for this Ophir besides that there is there neither Ivory nor Apes but that it was rather to some part of Asia or Africa They add that there remains not far from Zefala some footsteps of ancient Buildings and Inscriptions left there by Strangers long time ago Nay likewise that there is some notes and Books how Solomon sent thither his Fleet. Moreover the Septuagint translate Sophira instead of Ophir and the name of Sophira is not overmuch different from Sopholo However it be there is here store of Gold both in the Mountains and Rivers and often very clean and pure as well in Powder as Sand and this Gold is esteemed the best and finest in Africa ours seeming but Brass in comparison of it The Country is healthful and pleasant seated only on the Coast the Mono-Motapa confining it within Land A part of its now Inhabitants are not the Natives but descended from that Coast which belonged to the Mono-Motapa The Natives as I said before are Black and Idolaters or Cafres the others very swarthy and for the most part Mahometans They have a great Trade on this Coast for their Gold two or three Millions being yearly brought hence and that for Toys and things of a very small value which are carried them from divers parts of Asia and Europe and some parts of Africa The ISLES of AFRICA as they lie and are found In the Mediterranean Sea And on the Coast of BARBARY as the ISLES of
West and advancing a little towards the South So that St. Anthony and Brava make the two Ends or Points towards the West Bona Vista makes the middle of the half Circle towards the East SANCTA LVCIA St. Nicholas St. NICHOLAS and St. JAGO are the greatest having each 100 or 120000 paces of length 15 20 or 30000 of breadth and 200 or 250000 paces of circuit St. Anthonio and St. Vincent are less by more then half and not of above 100000 paces in circuit the rest which are the least have not above 30 40 or 50000 paces I make no account of seven or eight others whose names have not been given us and which are rather Rocks than Isles St. JAGO is the greatest and the chief of all having a Bishops seat in the City of the same name St. Jago besides which are Ribera Grande with a good Port towards the West Praya towards the East St. Mary towards the North all with their Ports Some place likewise St. Thomas whose Port is dangerous others St. Domingo others St. Michael possibly these fall under some of the others Ribera Grande hath 500 Houses the Air is unhealthful the Land hilly but the Valleys fruitful in Grains Vines Fruits Sugar Canes Millons c. Feeding much Fowl and Cattle and particularly Goats in abundance These Beasts bringing forth young every four Moneths and three of four at a time and the Kids are very fat and delicate Sancta Lucia St. Vincent St. Anthony SANCTA LVCIA is the best peopled after that of St. Jago St. Nicholas St. Vincent and St. Anthony have been esteemed Desert yet they appear to have many Inhabitants though not so many as they could feed The Ships of the Vnited Provinces passing here in 1622. found in that of St Anthony 500 persons Men Women and Children all Aethiopians St. Vincent and St. Nicholas had no less At Mayo these Aethiopians are strong and of good stature but it is to be believed that every where are some Portugals to keep the rest in aw Salt Bona Vista The Isles of SALT of BONA VISTA of MAYO and of St. JAGO yield so great quantity of Salt which is made naturally of the Water which the Sea from time to time leaves that besides what they consume in the Countrey they laded every year more then 100 Ships which is transported into other Countreys and yet there remains six times as much which becomes useless It is reported that the Isle of Mayo could make alone lading for two thousand Sail of Ships yearly and the others not much less The other riches of the Countrey lies in the Skins of their Goats which are in so great quantity through all these Isles that many flocks are seen of 1000 Head The Skins are sent to Brasil Portugal and other places and make excellent Cordovants The Flesh is salted in the Countrey and sold to Ships going and returning from Brasil to the Indies Besides the Salt and Woats which are the principal riches of the Countrey they have many Wild Horses Oxen Apes c. also Cotton whereof they make several Manufactures Also Rice and many sorts of Grains Among their Fowl they have one kind particular to them which they call Flamencos the Feathers of their Bodies are all White and those of their Wings Red as Blood Their Tortoises are not above two or three foot long they come out of the Sea and lay their Eggs in the night covering them with Sand and the heat of the Sun hatches them Fuego Brava In Fuego and Brava they gather Wines which yield little to those of the Canaries The Sargasso Sea Between the Islands of Cape Verde and the main Land inclining towards the Canaries the Sea is called Sargasso because from the 20 to the 24 degree and for the length of 30 40 or 50 Leagues the Sea is covered with an herb like to that which is found in the bottom of Wells and which the Portugals call Sargasso This Herb except that it is more Yellow resembles Sea-Parsley bearing certain Grains or Fruit at the end but of neither taste nor substance Many have been much troubled to know from whence these Weeds come which are distant from the Isles and from the firm Land more then 60 Leagues and in a part of the Sea where there is no bottom found Nevertheless they are so close and in so great quantity that the Water seems rather a Meadow or Green Field then a Sea Ships which fall among these Weeds had need of a good Wind to disingage themselves and I believe it was these which hindred Sataspes from finishing his course about Africa and were the cause of his misfortune This Sataspes Son of Teaspes one of the Achemenides A story of Sataspes having ravished the Daughter of Zopyrus the Son of Magabises was condemned by Xerxes to be crucified His Mother the Sister of Darius caused this punishment to be changed into another to wit he was caused to make the Circumnavigation of Africa which could not be done without great difficulty and hazard He embarked in Egypt passed the Pillars of Hercules entred into the Occidental Ocean and passed far to the South along Africa but knowing that it would yet require much time and pains to end this course he returned into Egypt and thence to the Court where he said he had met with somewhat that hindred his Ship from passing farther Xerxes took him for a liar and made him suffer the death he was before condemned to But to continue The Isles of Cape Verde The Position wherein the Isles of Cape Verde are now found answers much better to the Position of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then that of the Canaries Ptolomy places his Fortunate Isles between the 10 and 16 degree of Latitude the Isles of Cape Verde are between the 13 and 19 the Canaries beyond the 26. The Meridian of the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the Coast of Africa and towards the West The least Meridian of the Isles of Cape Verde is at 8 degrees of Longitude from the same Coast and towards the same side The least Meridian of the Canaries touches the Coast of Africa Ptolomy confines his Fortunate Isles under one Meridian and extends them from South to North between the tenth to the sixteenth parallel or degrees of Latitude which are five degrees of Latitude The Isles of Cape Verde are not justly under one Meridian but under two or three and extend themselves from the 13 ½ to the 19 which are five degrees of Latitude The Canaries on the contrary are all couched from West to East and almost under the same parallel or degree of Latitude which is the 27 lengthning themselves from the first to the 6 of Longitude These four Reasons are very strong to prove that the Isles of Cape Verde do rather answer to the Fortunate Isles of Ptolomy then the Canaries Their distance in regard of the Aequator is
The Countrey between Rotana and Realejo is so fruitful and pleasant that its like can scarce be found in the World such quantity it produces of Grains Wines Fruits Honey Wax Sugar Flax It s Fertility Silk c. And from hence they have their Vines which they carry to the West Indies the best of which grow on the Coast of Ramble There are certain Shrubs which yield a liquor like to Milk which after it is thickned makes an excellent Gum called Taybayba From the Dragon Tree cut towards the Root they draw a red liquor which they call Dragons Blood well known to Apothecaries It s chief places It s principal City Laguna so called because of the Lake near to it is 4 or 5 Leagues from the Sea contains two parishes and is the residence of the Governor of the Island The other Cities are Sancta Crux Rotana Rajalesa Carachico and Adeca When it was discovered its Kings to the number of seven dwelt in Caverns and the bodies of their dead were set up about Caves where they became as dry as Parchment among which the most honorable had a stick put in their hand and a vessel of Milk before them The Isle of Gomer described GOMER is 8 or 9 Leagues from Teneriff is 10 or 12 Leagues long It s chief City of the same name often receives the Indian Fleet and furnishes them with Corn Fruits Sugar and Wines as well as those of Teneriff and Canaria The Countrey is high plain bears many Dragon-trees feeds small Cattle Its Roads are deep and large The People of this Isle were formerly more barbarous than those of the other Canary Isles using many strange Customs not known elsewhere among which they held it for a great sign of Hospitality to let their Friends lie with their Wives and receive theirs in testimony or return of kindness Isle of Ferr described The Isle of FERR is the most West of all the Canaries distant from Palma 15 or 16 Leagues from Gomer only 5 or 6. This Isle in reason should be well known many persons having been there and many Authors treated very amply of it yet I will a little shew the diversity found touching the greatness and quality of the soyl as also the Water with which the Isle is served It s chief place is called Hierro seated on the Sea shore Here is found plenty of Hogs Goats and Sheep also of Beasts Fowl Fruits and quantity of Grains and Sugar Canes and hath much Cattle which yield abundance of Milk and Cheese A Tree whose Leaves destilâ—â— Water which serves the Isle there being no Rain or Rivers Here is said to be no fresh Water only in the middle of the Isle there grows a Tree whose Leaves are much like those of the Olive which being alwaies covered with Clouds drops from its Leaves into a Cistern which is underneath it very good Water and in such great abundance that it suffices all the Inhabitants as also all the Cattle and living Creatures in the Island One Jackson an Englishman who reports to have seen considered and measured this Tree in 1618 saith That the water falls into a Pond containing 20000 Tuns which in one night is filled and that from this Pond the water is by divers Channels conveyed into other Ponds or Cisterns through the whole Isle which is very well peopled some say it hath in it about 8000 people and above 100000 head of Cattle which for an Island but of six Leagues Circuit is very well for if the Tree be in the middle of the Isle it cannot be above a League distant from any extremity and moreover more than 20000 Tuns of water for 100000 months will be a Tun a day for every five months which is too much drink if they drink nothing but water These particulars are contradicted by others The Conquest of all these Isles saies many Trees not one alone otherwise it would be immortal Sanutus saith that the Cloud begins to rise about noon and in the evening quite covereth the Tree which at the same time destills water drop by drop along the trunk branches and leaves and that it continues so till day Others say that this water falls from Noon all night until a little after the Sun be risen But most will have the Cloud perpetually about the Tree and that it destills continually Suarez makes the Pond or Cistern of not above 20 Tuns The relations of 1602. say two reservers each 20 foot square but neither Suarez nor others makes any mention of other reservers in the Isle but will have this water in one place alone whither all go to fetch it But let us pass from the Ocean into the Mediterranean Sea and come to Malta which is one of the best but none of the least considerable pieces of Africa Nigh unto these 7 Islands called the Canary Isles are the Isles of Roco Sancta Clara Gratiosa Alegria and the two Savage Isles PALMA is distant from Gomer 12 or 15 Leagues to the North West It is round or oval and its Circuit about 25 Leagues Abounds in Corn Wine Sugars and all sorts of Fruits It is well stored with Cattle and therefore made the victualling place of the Spanish Fleet that pass to Peru and Brasil The City of the same name hath great confluence by reason of its Wines loaden for the West-Indies and other places It s best and like to Malvoisie is made about Brenia whence are taken more than 12000 Pipes yearly also St. Andre and Tassa Corde are on the Sea It hath little Corn which is brought from Teneriff Four Sugar Engines the Church of Palma and the Governors House are esteemed fair The Island of MALTA The Isle of Malta THe Isle of MALTA is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea and almost at an equal distance from the main Land of Asia and Europe It is about 600 Leagues from the Coast of Souria and 500 from the Streight of Gibralter This Streight beginning the Mediterranean Sea towards the West and that Coast ending it towards the East Likewise from Malta to the nearest firm Land of Europe It s scituation which is Italy and to the nearest Coasts of the firm Land in Africa which are the Coasts of Tunis and Tripoly these bounding the Mediterranean Sea on the South that on the North is 80 90 and near 100 Leagues The Antients have esteemed it rather in Africa then in Europe and the opinion hath been followed by almost all modern Authors though it be nearest the Isle and Kingdom of Sicily which is in Europe and from which it likewise holds then to Africa and though it be in the hands of the Knights of Malta who are all Europeans the native tongue of the Country and most of their Customs have alwaies more resembled those of Africa than Europe This Isle at present is very famous The Isle famous for being the seat of the Knights of Malta not for its
in the name of the Father the Son and the Holy Ghost he receiveth a sword therewith to defend the Catholick Church to repulse and vanquish the enemy to expose himself to death for the Faith to relieve the oppressed and all by the power of the Cross which is desigured by the cross hilt then is he girt with a belt and thrice struck on his shoulders with his sword which signifies that he is cheerfully to suffer all afflictions for the honour of Christ who taking it of him flourisheth it aloft three times as a provokement to the adversary and then sheaths it again Then he that gives him Knighthood doth exhort him to get true honour by laudable and couragious actions to be vigilant in the Faith c. then two other Knights of the said Order do put on a pair of gilt spurs which doth signifie that he should do no ignoble action for gain and to value Gold no more than dirt and thus with a Taper in his hand he goes to Mass where he is excited to Hospitality to works of Piety redemption of Christian Captives c. Also he is asked whether he is resolved to live among them to quit the Authority of secular Magistracy to revenge their injuries whether he be of any profession whether a freeman joyned in Matrimony or vowed to another Order and having answered thereunto upon the receipt of the Sacrament he vows in this order I vow to the Almighty God to the Virgin Mary his immaculate Mother and to St. John Baptist perpetually by the help of God to be truly obedient to all my superiours appointed by God and this Order to live without any thing of mine own and withal to live chastly which done he is received as a member of them besides other prayers they are commanded to say daily 150 Pater-nosters for such as have been slaves in their Wars None are admitted to this Order but those who can prove their Gentility for six descents which is examined and approved by the Knights of their Nation they remain a year upon approbation before they are admitted into the Society where they come very young that they may the sooner come to a Commendum at home Their habit as we noted before are black Cloaks with large white Crosses of fine linnen set on the shoulder place but in time of War they wear Mandilions of Crimson with the said White Crosses set behind and before and about their necks they wear a Riband with a branch of the Cross If one of these Knights be convicted of a Capital offence he is in the first place publickly degraded in the Church of St. John where he received his Knighthood also strangled or thrown into the Sea There are of these Knights 1000 whereof 500 alwaies reside in this Island the other 500 dispersed throughout Christendom at their several Seminaries which upon any summons are to make their personal appearance every Nation do feed by themselves in their several Alberges and sit at table like Friers Of these there be 16 of great authority Councellors of State called the Great Crosses out of whom the Officers of their Order as the Marshal the Admiral the Chancellor the Master of the Hospital c. are chosen and who together with the Master punishes the trangressors as aforesaid Now when the Great Master hapneth to die they suffer no vessel to go out of the Land until another be chosen lest the Pope should intrude on their election which is thus performed The several Seminaries nominate two Knights and two also are nominated for the English and these 16 from among themselves chuse 8 and these 8 chuse a Knight a Priest and a Frier servant and they three out of the 16 great Crosses elect the Great Master who being thus chosen is stiled The most illustrious and most reverend Prince the Lord Frier A.W. great Master of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem Prince of Malta and Goza The Great Master being thus chosen and received with these and many other noble Ceremonies hath a great power over all the Commanders and Officers of the Order he assembles the Councels calls the Officers of Justice who exercise in his Name and execute under his Seal he Coins money disposes of Treasure imprisons and sentences the faulty pardons the Condemned creates Knights of Grace confers even to the eighth dignity of the Great Cross c. In the Councel and at Table he sits under a Canopy of State and is bravely attended and served by Knights according to their Order and without Fee and doth all the acts of Soveraignty and hath a great revenue to support his Dignity Their possessions Besides Malta the Great Master and the Knights of Malta possess the Isles of Cumin and Cumiot which are very little Forfola or Furfura which is but a Rock and when they would iest with any among them or play on some young Knight they call him Prince of Forfola The Isle of Goza of which the Great Master takes the title of Prince this is the Gaulos or Gaudos of the Antients and to this day called Gausditch by its Inhabitants and Gausdosch by the Moors It is about 6 or 8000 paces from Malta and about 20000 paces in Circuit its form approaching to an Oval It s Fortress is on an uncommanded hill and the Town beneath it all the Isle though mountainous is peopled not by Villages but by Hamlets and houses scattered here and there the Air being very good and the land watered with many streams It may assist Malta with its Corn Fruits Muttons Hares Fowl Honey c. they take here excellent Faulcons and that which is presented to the Vice-Roy of Sicily in the name of the Great Master of Malta and for Malta likewise those which are presented to the King of France are for the most part taken here This Isle of GOZA was taken and pillaged by the Turks in 1551 who carried near 4000 souls Captives there remaining almost as many At present it is restored and the Castle well fortified and all the approaches of the Isle defended with some Forts It s Governour is one of the Knights whom the Grand Master sends from three years to three years the Inhabitants speak Arab or Moresco as at Malta have the same manners and are all Catholicks Likewise LAMPEDOZA and LINOSA or Limosa distant from Malta about 10000 paces belong to these Knights but both are esteemed desart West of them and towards the Cape of Bona is the Isle of Pantaleria which belongs not to the Knights but to the Catholick King but because we have not remembred it before we will here speak a word of it It s Circuit is about 30000 paces It s City and Port regard Sicily towards the North and Malta towards the East Above the City is a Castle or Rock which nature hath made craggy and inaccessible on all sides The Land bears little Corn quantity of Pulse and Kitchin-herbs produceth abundance of Cotton Anniseeds
our Coast into the other Continent It may likewise be believed that others have passed from the other Coast that is to say from Asia Whence it comes that some believe that the Inhabitants of Peru and Mexico descend rather from the Chinois and Japanois than from the Europeans or Africans But this subject will be too tedious to handle let us therefore content our selves to speak a word or two of this America in general before we descend to particulars AMERICA considered in its whole Body is part on this side and part beyond the Equator It stretches it self to near 54 degrees beyond and extends it self to 80 or more on this side which are more than 130 degrees of Latitude our Continent not having much more than 100 But the breadth of America is very unequal this Continent being composed of two great Peninsula's almost divided the one from the other by the Equator its breadth here is not in some places of above 30 40 or 50 Leagues The bigness of America though in other places 1000 or 1200 and possibly much more in America Septentrionalis if the Land of Jesso be contiguous to it The scituation and Land of Jesso This Land of JESSO or YEDSO is between America and Asia and we know not yet whether it joyn upon Asia or America or make a Piece apart if it be divided both from the one and the other and that New Denmark and Greenland are upon it as there is much reason to believe it makes a Piece not less than the three parts of our Continent or of the two of the other but possibly it makes a third part of the other Continent Let us proceed to the two parts of America as they are esteemed and known at present AMERICA SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICA SEPTENTRIONALIS is that part of America which is not only the most Northern of the two America's but likewise doth all lie between the Equator and the North The length and breadth of America Septentrionalis it extends it self from the 8th or 10th degree of Latitude even beyond the Artick Circle and if we comprehend the Artick Lands with America it advances at least to the 88th degree of Latitude which are 70 degrees for its height from South to North. Its length from West to East possesses near all the degrees of Longitude of the other Hemisphere to wit from about the 180th where ours end even beyond the 300th which is the end of the other The Mer del Nort is on the East of it the Mer del Sud on its West towards the North its bounds are unknown there being Land found even beyond the 80th degree of Latitude Its bounds with appearance that they extend yet farther towards the Pole so that we cannot judge to what degree or whether it be contiguous to New Denmark and Greenland or whether it be in Islands and on the South it makes America Meridionalis We will divide this America Septentrionalis into Canadiana and Mexicana Under the name of Canadiana is understood that part of America which is about Canada where the English French Hollanders Danes and Swedes have divers Colonies And under the name of Mexicana It s division according to Mons Sanson that part of America which the King of Spain doth almost alone possess and where he hath established abundance of Colonies subdividing Canadiana into the Artick Lands and Canada or New France and Mexicana into New Mexico and Mexico or New Spain Of these four parts Mexico or New Spain is the most advanced towards the Equator and the South the Artick Lands towards the North It s scituation the other two parts rest in the middle Canada or New France towards the East and New Mexico towards the West The first is under and about the Tropick of Cancer the second under or about the Polar Circle the two others lie from 25 or 30 unto 60 degrees of Latitude so that the first is within or very near the Torrid Zone the second within or near the Frozen Zone and the two in the middle quite in the Temperate Zone The first and most Southernly ought to be called Mexico or New Spain Mexico because Mexico is by much the fairest City and the Dominion of the ancient Kings of Mexico extended over the best part of it New Spain because the King of Spain possesses near all of it having established a great many Colonies a Vice-Roy divers Archbishops Bishops Audiences and Governments the Natives of the Country that are left being almost all Tributaries to him The second may be called the Arctick Lands because it approaches the Arctick Pole Arctick Lands and is for the most part comprehended within the Arctick Circle these are but little known We understand well that they are divided by some Streights and that it apparently consists in many and divers Isles which hath been the cause a Passage hath been sought to go this way to China and the East-Indies The Natives do here enjoy a full and entire liberty the People of Europe not thinking it worth their pains to establish Colonies Of the two middle parts the most Easternly and nearest to Europe ought to be esteemed under the general name of Canada or New France Canada or New France of Canada because in that particular Region the Europeans first Landed of New France because the French did first establish themselves here before any other Europeans The most Western and farthest from Europe may in general be called New Mexico because the Spaniards of Mexico or New Spain discovered it not till after they had been sometime settled in this other Of these four parts of America Septentrionalis to wit Mexico or New Spain New Mexico Canada or New France and America Arctica New Spain is washed by Mer del Nort and Mer del Sud America Arctica likewise by both Seas New France only by Mer del Nort and New Mexico only by Mer del Sud These four great parts are subdivided into many less which we call Regions Peoples Provinces c. We will observe the chief of them the most clearly and succinctly as possibly we can but because New Spain touches on America Meridionalis we will begin our America Septentrionalis by the Arctick and New France so proceeding to the one and the other Mexico that we may pass in order to the parts bordering on America Meridionalis And likewise because the Arctick Lands of America are very little known and that we cannot judge to make a particular discourse of them we will content our selves to speak something here before we pass to the other parts That part of America which is comprised for the most part between the Arctick Pole and Circle or which at most descends unto the 60th or 55th degree of Latitude is named according to our method America Arctica In all this part we know only some Coasts and Gulphs of that which is most towards Europe There we have the Isles of Iseland and
and have some Towns It s chief places the chief of which is James Town commodiously seated on James River a neat Town and beautified with well built Brick Houses and here are kept the Courts of Judicature and Offices of publick concern for the Countrey Next to James Town may be reckoned Elizabeth a well built Town seated on the mouth of a River so called Also Dales-gift Wicocomoco Bermuda and others The Governour of this Country is sent over by his Majesty and the Country is governed by Laws agreeable with those of England and for the better observing the same the Country possessed by the English is divided into the Counties of Caroluck Charles Glocester Hartford Henrico James New Kent It s division into Counties Lancaster Middlesex Nansemund Lower Norfolk Northampton Northumberland Rapalianock Surrey Warwick Westmorland the Isle of Wight and York and in each of these Counties are held petty Courts every Month from which there may be Appeals to the Quarter Court at James Town As to the Natives which here Inhabite they are much of the nature of those already treated of so I shall omit them here Only say that it is the Habitation of divers sorts of Indians which have no dependance upon each other being of particular Tribes and having their peculiar King to govern them every Indian Town being the habitation of a King and these people do rather live at enmity than amity together It s scituation bounds CAROLINA a Colony not long since established by the English and is that part of Florida adjoyning to Virginia in the Latitude of 36 degrees and extendeth it self to that of 29 which makes it extream Southern bounds on the East it is washed with the Atlantick Ocean and on the West it hath that large tract of Land which runneth into the Pacifick Ocean It is a Country blest with a wholsom and temperate Air the heat in Summer nor the cold in Winter which is so much as to check the growth of Plants Trees c. the several fruits and plants having their distinct seasons being no waies troublesome to its Inhabitants but very agreeable to the English and being found thus healthful hath occasioned several persons to remove from the Bermudes to settle here who dwelling in so pure an Air durst not venture in any other Country Nor do those from the Bermudes only remove hither but from most of the American Plantations as well as from England it being esteemed by all one of the best Colonies that ever the English were Masters of for here is altogether Health Pleasure and Profit centered together which cannot be met with in so large a measure in any other part of the Indies This Country has first Inhabited by the English about the year 1660 and became a Proprietorship which his present Majesty King Charles the Second The Proprietors granted by Patent to the Right Noble George Duke of Albemarle the Right Honourable Edward Earl of Clarendon William Earl of Craven Anthony Earl of Shaftsbury John Lord Berkley Sir George Cartwright Sir Jo. Colleton and Sir William Berkley and to their Heirs and Successors and the said Lords Proprietors having by their Patent power to Establish a Government and make Laws for the better regulation thereof and the inviting of Inhabitants have formed a Model so well framed for the good and welfare of the Inhabitants that it is esteemed by all judicious persons without compare The Natives of Carolina according to the observation of one Ledener who made three several journeys from Virginia to Carolina about the Year 1670 for a discovery of those parts The Native Inhabitants and the nature and disposition of the Inhabitants are said to be of a ready wit and good understanding they instruct their Children in such things as relate to their Families and Country which is so preserved from Generation to Generation They worship one God as Creator of all things to whom their High Priest offers Sacrifice but believes he hath something else to do than to regard Humane affairs committing them to lesser Deities viz. to good and evil Spirits to whom their inferiour Priests make their devotion and Sacrifice They believe the transmigration of the soul and when any one dieth they interr with them provisions and Housholdstuff for the next World which they fancy to be beyond the Mountains and Indian Ocean In their Marriages they are very Superstitious for the generality they are of a good and honest meaning much addicted to mirth and dancing and above all are much prone to Honour and Valour which they place above all other vertues They are great favourers of the English living together in love and friendship and upon all occasions ready to contribute their assistance unto them The Country is by them divided into several Kingdoms and the people in the one keep no correspondence with those that border upon them often waging War against one another The Soil is rich and fertile and produceth excellent Fruits as Apricocks Peaches Grapes of which the English have made good Wine Olives of which good Oyl is made Wallnuts Apples Pears Plumbs Its Fruits Cherries Figgs Mulberries Strawberries Water-Mellons Marachocks Quinces and other Fruits known to us in Europe which for goodness are no wales inferiour to them and in the Southern part Oranges Limes Pomegranates and Pomecitrons and the earth is generally very apt to produce and bring to maturity Corn all sorts of Garden Herbs Roots c. Commodities The Commodities which this Country doth and may produce are Wines Oyls Silk Mulberry-trees growing wildly Cotton Indico Ginger Tobacco Masts for Shipping which for length streightness and bigness are the best in the World c. And it is believed that here may be made more Wines Oyls and Silk than England will vent Besides the Mulberry-trees here are Cedar Oak both white and red Its Trees Poplar Bay Ash Pine with divers others whose names are not yet known The Woods are well stored with Pheasants large Turkeys Partridges Fowls Turtle-Doves Pigeons great variety and plenty of small Birds also Deer Hares Conies c. The Country is well watered with Rivers which with the Sea sufficiently furnish the Inhabitants with excellent Fish and such common in Virginia here are great plenty of wild Fowl as Geese Cranes Herons Swans Curlews Heath Cocks Oxeys Brants Dotterels Widgeons Teal Duck and Mallard in an undestroyable quantity Here are at present two considerable Settlements viz. at Albemarle River in the North and at Ashley River in the middle of the Country which is likely to be the scale of Trade for the whole Country as being very commodiously seated for Shipping and in a healthful place In all these parts which we have passed under the name of CANADA the the people are very barbarous having neither Religion nor Learning Divers people have diversity of Languages they count their years by the course of the Sun their months by that of the Moon their
Leagues broad between the Province of Chiapa and the Sea the Country is full of Pools and Marshes towards the Coast Wood and Forests towards the Mountains and the Rains being continual for 8 or 9 Months in the year the Air is very humid and its scituation being much under the Torrid Zone it engenders an infinite number of Vermin Gnats and Insects yet the Soil is excellent It s fertility and commodities It s chief Colony abundant in Mayz and Cocao which is their principal Riches There is observable here but one Colony of the Spaniards which they call Villa de Nuestra a Sennora de la Victoria so called because of the Victory Cortez gained in 1519 against those of the Country when he went to the Conquest of the Kingdom of Mexico It was called Potonchan when it was besieged taken and sacked by Cortez and it is observed this was the first City in America which defended it self and which suffered under the Spaniards Sword The Province of Jucatan with its chief places described JVCATAN is the last Province of the Audience of Mexico towards the East It is a Peninsula of about 400 Leagues circuit scituate between the Gulphs of Mexico and Honduras The Isthmus which joyns it to the Main Land is not above 25 or 30 Leagues over from whence the Country continues enlarging it self from 50 or 75 Leagues breadth and ends at Cape de Cotoche which regards towards the East Cape St. Anthony in the Isle of Cuba at the distance of 60 and odd Leagues The Coasts of JVCATAN are very much cumbred with little Isles which often prove dangerous for Ships but covered with abundance of Sea-Fowl which those of the Neighbouring and far distant Countries come to chase The Isle of Cozumel The Isle of Cozumel to the East hath formerly been famous for its Idol Cozumel which all the People of the Neighbouring Continent went to adore And it was in this Isle or the Continent near unto it that Baldivius unfortunately saved himself having been Shipwreckt near Jamaica he had taken a little Boat like to those used by Fisher-men The Misfortune that befel Baldivius here wherein going with about 20 of his Men he was brought hither by the Sea but no sooner had he set foot on Land but he and his Men were seized by the Natives who immediately led them to the Temple of their Idols where they presently offered up or sacrificed and ate him and four of his Men and the rest they reserved till another time Among these Aquilar who had seen the Ceremony escaping with some others fled to a Cacique who treated him courteously for many years during which time some died others married in the Country Aquilar in the end was fetched thence by Cortez who was of no small use unto him in his Conquest of Mexico because that he had learned their Tongue The Air of Jucatan The Air of Jucatan is hot the Country hath scarce any Rivers yet wants no Water being supplied every where with Wells within the middle of the Land are to be seen quantity of Scales and Shells of Sea-fish which hath made some believe the Country hath been overflowed What it yieldeth They have scarce any of the Corn or Fruits of Europe but some others of the Country and quantity of wild Beasts principally Stags and wild Bears and among their Fowls Peacocks They have yet found no Gold much less Latten which makes it appear that it is not true that the Spaniards found here Crosses of Latten there being none in all America The Cities of Jucatan are four Merida Valladolid Its Cities Campeche and Salamancha 1. Merida is the Metropolis being the Seat of the Bishop and Governour for Tavasco and Jucatan distant from the Sea on each side 12 Leagues The City is adorned with great and ancient Edifices of Stone with many Figures of Men cut in the Stones and because they were resembling those which are at Merida in Spain that name was given it 2. Valladolid beautified with a very fair Monastery of Franciscans and more than 40 thousand Barbarians under its Jurisdiction 3. Campeche scituate on the shoar of the Gulph a fair City of about Three thousand Houses and adorned with many stately and rich Structures which in 1596 was surprized and pillaged by the English under the Command of Captain Parker who carried away with him the Governour the Riches of the City and many Prisoners besides a great Ship laden with Hony Wax Campeche-Wood and other rich Commodities The Conquest of the Kingdom of Mexico was much easier to the Castilians than that of Peru the Kingdom of Peru being Hereditary and its Ynca's loved and almost adored by their Subjects the Kingdom of Mexico being Elective and its Kings hated if not by those of Mexico yet by all the neighbouring Estates and envied by those might aspire to the Royalty This diversity was the cause that Motezuma died and the City of Mexico taken there was nothing more to do or fear as to that Estate In Peru after the death of Guascar and Atabalipa and some other Ynca's the Spaniards could not believe themselves safe so long as there was any remainder of the Race of these Ynca's which made them under divers pretexts persecute banish and put them to death And so much for Mexico or New Spain The Audience of GUADALAJARA or NEW GALLICIA THE Audience of GVADALAJARA or Kingdom of NEW GALLICIA makes the most Occidental part of New-Spain and contains the Provinces of Guadalajara Xalisco Los Zacatecas Chiametlan Culiacan Its Provinces and New-Biscany some others add Cibola and others likewise California Quivira Anian c. that is the Castilians pretend to extend their Power to the farthest part of this New World The Province of Guadalajara and its Cities described The Province of Guadalajara hath only two Cities or Colonies of Spaniards viz. Guadalajara and Sancta Maria de los Lagos of which the first is the chief of the Province built in 1531 by Nonnez de Guzman after he had finished his Conquest It is the residence of the Kings Treasurers dignified with the Courts of Judicature the See of a Bishop beautified with a fair Cathedral Church a Convent of Augustine Friers and another of Franciscans It is scituate in a pleasant and fruitful Plain and watered with divers Fountains and little Torrents not far from the River Baranja the neighbouring Mountains having furnished them with Materials for their Buildings Santa Maria de los Lagos was built by the same Guzman and made a place of great strength only to hinder the Incursions of the Chichimeques who are a barbarous and untamed sort of People who border upon them towards the North-East who live upon the Spoils of other people harbouring in thick Woods and private Caves for the better obtaining their Prey which said Town keeps them in such awe that they dare not molest them The Air of this Province The Inhabitants
of the said Company Jamaica described JAMAICA is an Isle of a large extent being from East to West 170 miles in length and from North to South where it is broadest about 70 being of an Oval form and waxing narrower and narrower at both extream ends It is seated betwixt the Tropicks in the 17 and 18 degrees of Northern Latitude It s scituation Extent and beareth from off the Isle of Hispaniola Eastwards about 35 Leagues In the midst of the Isle from East to West runs a continued ridge of lofty Mountains which are well stored with fresh Springs whence flow the many Rivers that so plentifully water the Island Well watered to the great benefit of the Inhabitants The Air is observed to be more temperate than any of the Caribe Isles and of as mild a temperature as any place betwixt the Tropicks being alwaies refreshed with cool breezes frequent showers and great dews in the nights that it may be deemed Temperate and by its continual verdure exceeding delightful The Weather The weather is less certain than in the Caribe Isles the most observable wet seasons are in November and May there being no seemable Winter but by a little more rain and thunder in the Winter months nor is there scarce any sensible lengthning or shortning of the Days or Nights Hurricanes are here never known It s fertility and commodities This Isle in most parts especially the North is of a Fertil and rich soil and liberally answers the Cultivators cost and pains for what is planted The chief Commodities that it produceth are Sugars which are so good that they out sell those of the Barbados 5 s. per cent Cocao the richest Commodity of the Island Indico Cotton Tobacco but indifferent Hides Copper great variety of Woods for Dyers also Cedar Brasilletto Lignum vitae Ebony c. Tortoises in exceeding great plenty whose flesh is excellent good and nourishing but those that are troubled with the French man it is dangerous to eat Salt Salt-Peter Ginger Cod-pepper Piemente being an excellent Aromatick spice of a curious gusto having the mixt tast of divers Spices Cocheneil divers excellent Druggs Gumms and Balsoms many of which are not yet known by their names Here are greater abundance of Cattle than in most of the English Plantations as Horses Cows Hoggs Sheep Goats Asnegroes Mules Great plenty of Cattle which came from the breed of those put into the Woods by the Spaniards when they were first Masters of the Island which for want of Masters became wild but since the English have had to do here they are much wasted to what they were The Bays Rivers Roads and Creeks Fish Fowl are well stored with excellent Fish of sundry sorts appropriate to the Indies Likewise great store of Fowl both tame and wild the chief of which are Ducks Teal Wigeon Geese Turkyes Pigeons Hens Plovers c. Here are great plenty of excellent Fruits as Oranges Fruits Cocarnuts Pomegranates Limes Guavers Mammes Alumee-Supotas Avocatas Cashues Prickle-Apples Prickle Pears Grapes Sower sops Custard-Apples Dildoes Plantains Pines c. And Herbs Roots Herbs and Roots and Flowers common to England grow here very well Here are very noxious Beasts or Insects found those most dangerous are the Alegators Hurtful things some of which are fifteen and twenty foot long here is also Manchonele which is a kind of Crab likewise Snakes and Guianas but not poysonous as also Muskettoes and Merrywings a sort of stinging Flies found very troublesome to the Inhabitants The Diseases that Strangers are most incident unto are Dropsies occasioned by ill Dyet Drunkenness Diseases and Sloathfulness Calentures too frequently the product of Surfeits also Fevers and Agues but it is experimentally sound that if a good Dyet and moderate Exercises are used without excess of Drinking they may enjoy a competent measure of health and the reason of the great mortality of the Army at their arrival was the want of Provisions together with an unwillingness to labouror exercise joyned with discontent This Island is divided into Fourteen Precincts Divisions or Parishes It s division in to Precincts or Parishes many of which are well Inhabited especially the Southern part so far as the ridge of Mountains which runneth in the midst nor are its Southern parts especially near the Sea without Plantations though not so thick as about St. Jago and of late years the Island is much increased in its Inhabitants and Plantations being likely to prove the Potentest Colony the English are Masters of in America being able to bring into the Field upon occasion about eight or ten thousand men This Isle abounds with goods Bays Roads and Harbours the chief amongst which are Port Royal formerly Cagway It s chief places Port Royal. seated on the extream end of that long point of Land which makes the Harbour which is exceeding commodious for Shipping and secured by a strong Castle and land lock't by a point of land that runs twelve miles South-East from the main of the Island having the great River that runs by los Angelos and St. Jago falling into it where Ships do commonly water and conveniently wood The Harbour is two or three Leagues broad in most places with good Anchorage and so deep that a Ship of one thousand Tun may lay her sides to the Shoar of the point and load and unload with Planks afloat which commodiousness doth make it much resorted unto and as well Inhabited by the Merchants Store-house-keepers and other Inhabitants this being the only noted place in the Isle for Traffick and resort being said to contain about 12 or 1500 well built houses which are as dear rented as if they stood in well traded streets in London yet its scituation is very unpleasant and uncommodious having neither Earth Wood or fresh water but only made up of a hot loose sand which renders it more unhealthful than up in the Country and Provisions are very dear about 12 miles up in the Land from this Town is St. Jago St. Jago or St. Jago de la vega which when the Spaniards were Masters of it was large containing about 2000 houses which were destroyed and reduced to about 500 when the English first seized the Isle and here the Governour resideth and where the chief Courts of Judicature are held which makes it to be well resorted and inhabited where they live in great pleasure recreating themselves in their Coaches and on Horseback in the evenings in the Savana near adjoyning as the Gentry do here in Hide-Park The present Governour is his Excellency Charles Earl of Carslile Viscount Howard of Acorpeth Lord Dacres of Gilsland one of the Lords of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Council a person for prudence and noble qualifications every way beâ—itting such a place Six miles Southward of this Town is seated Passage at the mouth of the River Passage which at six miles course falleth into the Harbour of
produce the same Commodities as the rest of the Caribe Isles It is a well Governed Colony of the English and its Inhabitants which are esteemed about 3 or 4000 live a good quiet and contented life and free from want of Food or Rayment for Divine Worship here are three Churches and for its security hath a Fort and a publick Store-house This Isle as the rest of the Caribe's is troubled with Muscheto's Chigos Murigoins and other stinging Flies which are found troublesom to the Inhabitants ANTEGO an Isle about 6 or 7 Leagues in length Antego and as much in breadth in many places it is seated in the Latitude of 16 deg 11 minutes it hath some few Springs of fresh water but hath many Cisterns and Ponds for the preserving of Rain water It is encompassed with Rocks which makes its access difficult and dangerous Here are plenty of wild Fowl and Fish nor is there any want of tame Cattle It is in the Possession of the English but thinly Inhabited not exceeding 8 or 900. St. VINCENT seated in the Latitude of 16 deg about 20 miles in length St. Vincent and 15 in breadth of a fertil soil yielding abundance of Sugar Canes which grow naturally without planting It affords many safe Roads and convenient Bays for Shipping is well watered but the English who are Masters of it have made as yet no great settlement DOMINICA Dominica seated in the Latitude of 15 â—1 deg about 12 Leagues in length and 8 in breadth It is very Mountainous but hath fertil Valleys affording good Tobacco which is the chief Commodity It is a Colony of the English but not considerable MONTSERAT Montserat In the Latitude of 17 deg a small Isle of about 10 miles in length and less in breadth very Mountainous but interlaced with fertil Valleys It is much Inhabited by the Irish who have a Church ANGVILLA Anguilla in the Latitude of 18 deg 21 min. about 10 Leagues in length and 3 in breadth It is a poor beggarly Isle Possessed by about 2 or 300 English but said not worth the keeping BARBADA Barbada in the Lat. 17 ½ degree an Isle of no great extent not exceeding 15 miles in length of a fertil soil yet of no account to the English who are Possessors thereof Sancta Crux SANCTACRVX Inhabited by the French the Isle is woody and mountainous and not well provided with fresh waters and of no considerable note GVADALOVPE Guadaloupe about three Leagues in length possessed by the French of good Anchorage in most parts of the adjoyning Sea and of some note for its fresh water which it furnisheth Ships with in their necessity to finish their Voyages GRENADO Grenado but a small Isle being not above six miles in length in form of a Cressent the two horns being not above a mile asunder it is possessed by the French said to be of a fertil soil and well clothed with Woods and hath a commodious Haven And now I shall be bold to say that Hispaniola Cuba and the Neighbouring Isles answer to the Hesperides of the Antients All agree that the Hesperides were 40 daies sail from the Gorgades and the Gorgades only two from the Coast of Africa The Isles of Cape Verde answer to the Gorgades as we have made appear in Africa From these Isles to those of Hispaniola and Cuba is at present 25 or 30 daies sail which may well be 40 of the Antients and moreover there is no Isles in the Atlantick Ocean beyond these And when the Antients place these Hesperides in one Gulph alone as Capella doth or in more as Solinus doth they seem to mean the Gulph of Mexico which contains many other lesser And if Pliny seems to make account but of two Hesperides and others of many more Pliny understands Hispaniola and Cuba alone in regard of which the rest are little considerable Solinus and Capella intend in general the body of these Islands But let us proceed to America Meridionalis AMERICA MERIDIONALIS The degrees of Latitude and Longitude of America Merionalis AMERICA MERIDIONALIS is the most Southern part or Peninsula of America which extends it self from about the 12 degree on this side of the Aequator unto the 54 beyond it which are 66 degrees of Latitude and from the 291 or 92 where is Porto Viejo unto about the 350 where there is Cape St. Augustin which are 57 or 58 degrees of Longitude It reaches then from South to North 1650 Leagues from West to East little less than 400. Its bounds on the North and East are the Mer del Nort towards the South the Magellanick Sea Its bounds And on the West the Mer del Sud or Pacifick Sea It s form approaches near a Triangle whose sides are almost equal from Porto Viejo to Cape St. Augustin are 1400 Leagues from Cape St. Augustin to Cape Freeward in the middle of the streight of Magellan are 1500 Leagues and from that Cape to Porto Belo 1600. It s scituation is for the most part under the Torrid Zone part under the Antartick temperate Zone of that which is under the Torrid Zone the greatest part is beyond the Aequator the less on this side so that the greatest part of these people have their seasons contrary to ours The Coasts of this Country are all known more or less the Inlands very little America Meridionalis divided into parts AMERICA MERIDIONALIS may be divided into PERUVIANA and BRASILIANA subdividing Peruviana into Terra Firma and Peru and Brasiliana into Brasile and Paraguay the first division is taken by a line which from the mouth of the Amazona goes to seek the utmost part of Chili towards the South and this line divides America Meridionalis into two equal parts the one belonging almost wholly to the Castilians alone and the other for the most part to the Portugals These have their Vice-Roy in St. Salvador a capital City in the Bay of All-Saints and almost in the middle of the Coast of Brazile the other in Lima or Los Reyes that is the Kings at present a capital City and in the middle of the Coast of Peru. A New Mapp of AMERICA MERIDIONALE Designed by Monsieur Sanson Geographer to the French King and Rendred Into English and Illustrated by Richard Blome by his Maiestis Especiall Command London Printed for Ric Blome 〈◊〉 the R t Honâ—â—â— Iames Duâ—â— of Monmouth Auckland Earle of Doncaster Dalkeith Baron of Ashdale Tindale Whichester c. This Mapp is most humbly Dedicated by Ric Blome We may yet divide the Terra Firma into Terra Firma and Guiana Peru into Peru and Chili Brazil into the Coast of Brazil and Main Land of Brazil Paraguay into Paraguay and the Magellanick Lands Of this America Meridionalis Brazil possesses all that is towards the East Terra Firma and Guiana that which is towards the North Paraguay and the Magellanick Lands that which advanceth
Mer del Sud Granada with its Cities described The new Kingdom of GRANADA lies almost all along the River Magdelane and from its Springs to the middle of its course are found a great many Cities as Sancta Fe de Bogata the Metropolis of this Kingdom of Granada the residence of the Governour and the See of an Archbishop a City well inhabited by Spaniards as well as the Natives St. Michael de Sancta Fe about 12 Leagues from Sancta Fe de Bogata Tocayma seated on the Banks of the River Pati La Palma de los Colimas a Town built by the Spaniards Tunia built on the top of a Hill being now a place of great strength serving for a Fortress against the Savages it is also a wealthy Town enjoying a good Trade La Trinidad de los Musos seated on a River of some note by reason of the Veins of Chrystal Emeralds and Adamants that are in its adjacent Fields St. John de los Linos seated in a corner full of Veins of Gold also Velez Ybagua Mariquita and Nuestra Sennora de los Remedios and these four last are on the left hand of the River the other seven on the right Distant from this River and between the Governments of Sancta Martha and Venezuela are likewise Pampelona rich in Mines of Gold Cattle and Herbs Merida and St. Christopher Tudela between la Trinidad and la Palma hath bâ—en transported to St. John de los Lianos Gonzalo Ximenes and Ferdinand Cortiz gained great Riches out of these parts â—n 1536 Gonzalo Ximenes over-run a great part of this new Kingdom of Granada and made booty of about 250000 Pezo's of Gold of which near 200000 were exceeding pure and besides the Gold 1800 Emeralds of divers sizes In another Incursion made by Ferdinand Cortez into these quarters were found five Emeralds of a vast price They were cut into divers fashions one into the form of a Fish another into a Bugle or small Horn a third into a little Bird a fourth into a Bell whose Clapper was a large Pearl fashioned like a Pear and the last into a Cup for which alone a Genouese Lapidary proffered 40000 Ducats with hopes of gaining great profit by it Many rich Mines of Gold Silver and other Metals The Air of this Government inclines to Heat the Valleys have Grains and Pastures but no Wine the Mountains have many rich Mines of Gold and other Metals the Silver Mines of St. Agatha are rich those de los Remedios have store of Gold and there are 12 or 15000 Negroes which labour in them Those of Musos near la Trinity and those of Pampilona St. Christopher and Merida are likewise of some esteem but above all the Mine of Emeralds near la Trinity where there is a Rock full GVIANA taken in general comprehends all that is found between the Rivers of Orinoque and of the Amazons from the Mountains which are above the Lake of Parima unto the Mer del Nort. These Mountains towards the South divide it from what is above the River of Amazons Orinoque divides it from Terra-Firma or New Andalousia on the West and the River of Amazons from Brazil on the East The length of this Guiana is near 400 Leagues the breadth 150 and in some places 200 The length and breadth of â—uiana and if we would divide Guiana into Guiana and Caribane this last would possess all the Coast and Guiana the parts within Land The Coast hath at divers times been frequented by the Spaniards English Hollanders and French who have all endeavoured to establish some Colonies what in one place what in another and all with design to have commerce with those within the Country where they hope to find a new Peru I mean the Kingdom of Manoa or El Dorado which they esteem very rich in Gold Rivers in Guiana with their Springs Cataracts length and breadth The Essequebe And they have observed exactly the Rivers Gulphs and Capes which present themselves on this Coast Among these Rivers the fairest and greatest are Essequebe Brebice Corretine Marruvine Cayanna the Aparuvaca or Cape Ruvaca and the Viapoco The Spring of the Essequebe according to the report of its Inhabitants is not above a days journey distant from the famous Lake of Parima and thence takes its course for 20 days journey to the Sea into which it discharges it self It is interrupted by divers Cataracts which hinders its being navigable for any considerable way which causes the Inland Country not to be so perfectly discovered as it might be were it otherwise The Brebice and Corretine The Brebice and Corretine have little less course than the Essequebe and no fewer Cataracts the last hath its Mouth to the Sea very large but not deep The Maruvine The Marruvine is no less than 4 or 5000 Geometrical Paces broad at its Mouth and the length of its course is esteemed to be 30 or 40 days journey The English who have mounted this River farther than any others have observed abundance of Rivers which lose themselves in it and say that here is found the Sensitive Plant or Herb which hath this natural property to close if never so little touched and to shut up its Flowers and fade if the least sprig be took from it not opening its Leaves till a good while after All these Rivers for the most part have their Cataracts under the same Parallel within 4 or 5 degrees of Latitude on this side the Equator which may make us judge that there is some ridge of Mountains or at least a continued Eminence which makes these Countries within Land of a higher scituation than those Parts neighboured by the Sea Cayanna Cayanna hath likewise in it those Mountains which are near the Lake of Parima and from its Spring to the Sea is no less than 100 Leagues in a strait line and twice as much according to its course It embraces an Isle where the French have endeavoured to settle a Colony which in time may come to good effect The Apuruvaca Apuruvaca or Caperuvaca hath a longer course than Cayanna It forms a great Lake not far from its Spring and embraces an Island near its Mouth When Harcourt an Englishman was on this River he found many People and those much different from one another Keymish another Englishman who was with the worthy Sir Walter Rawleigh who took so much pains to find out the Kingdom of Manoa assures us that in his time they could find no such People which makes it appear that these People are sometimes on one Coast and sometimes on another There are here found Paroquetto's and other very rare and beautiful Birds with pretty Apes and Monkies The Viapoco Viapoco hath a longer course than the Cayanna a shorter than the Apuruvaca and like all the others of this Coast suffers a fall 18 or 20 Leagues from the Sea where it disburthens it self with other Rivers into a little
Plata hath been given by the Spaniards and signifieth Silver because the first that came to them from Peru came down this River Chaco described with its several Inhabitants CHACO hath its soil fat fruitful and enterlaced with many Rivers It is inhabited by divers Nations whose Idioms are very different The Tobares have about fifty thousand souls The Mathaguaici's thirty thousand but not so valiant as the Chiriguanes a Nation much esteemed and which will not suffer the Spaniards to inhabit amongst them they are in continual War with the Mathaguaici's making Slaves of as many as they can catch which made these call the Spaniards to their aid The Moconios and Zipatalagars have no sewer people then the Tobares and all so valiant in War that the Chiriguanes dare not assault them There is likewise another Nation whose Language as they say scarce yields to the Latine but the beauty of the Orechons is in the greatness of their Ears The most part of these people are well-made very tall most of them being about six foot high they are of an airy and lively spirit Tucuman bounded and described TVCVMAN is very large being no less then three hundred Leagues long and broad yet it touches not the Sea on any side la Plata bounds it on the East Chili on the West Peru and Chaco on the North and the Magellanick Land on the South The Air and Soil should be excellent this Country disingaging it self from the Torrid Zone and advancing towards the middle of the Temperate Zone and almost all the Rivers having their courses towards the East which brings some refreshment And moreover they have but two seasons in the year each of six months the Summer from about the twentieth of March unto the twentieth of September and the Winter from September to March The Tucumans famous Among the People of these quarters the Tucumans are the most famous since they have given their name to the Province then the Zuries Diaguites c. The Castilians have established here divers Colonies that the Province de la Plata might have communication with those of Peru and Chili St. Jago del Estero St. Jago del Estero formerly Varco is in the mid-way between Buenos Ayres and ' Potossi two hundred and fifty Leagues from this and little less from the other This place is honoured with the seat of the Governour of the Province as also with a Bishops See and divers other Officers of the King The Land is furnished with Wool Its Commodities Cotton Wood with which they make and dye their Manufactures Cocheneile c. which they carry to the nearest Capitanies of Brazibe making great profit by them Several places of note in the way to Peru described with their Commodities fertility of the Country After St. Jago del Estero there is likewise on the way to Peru 1. St. Michael de Tucuman seated at the foot of a rocky Mountain but near a fertile Soil both for Corn and Pasturage 2. Nuestra Sennora de Talavera scituate on the River Salado in a fruitful Soil abounding plentifully in Cotton of which the Inhabitants make several Manufactures in which they are so industrious that they have gained by their Trade to the Mines of Potossi a hundred and forty Leagues distant and other places great riches 3. Las Juntas 4. St. Salvador 5. Salta 6. Corduba on another side and there where two great Waies meet the one of Buenos Ayres to Potossi by St. Jago del Estero and the other of Sancto be and Spiritu Sancto to St. Jago del Estremadura in Chili by St. Luyz which makes this place of some consideration Besides that the Air is temperate and the Soil fruitful and pleasant and which yields Grains and Fruits it is well watred with fresh streams in which are good Fish In their Woods they have Fowls much Venison and other Beasts they have Wine Salt and in their Mountains appearance of some Mines of Silver The Colony is of three hundred others say six hundred Spaniards Their principal trade is on Peru and Chili side The Natives are much civilized both in habit and manners imitating the Spaniards from whom they are willing to receive instructions Its Inhabitants The provinces of Parana Guayr Vraig The Provinces of PARANA GVAYR and VRAIG pass under the name of Paraguay in the relations which the Fathers Jesuits give It says that these Fathers having long observed that there was an innumerable company of Souls which might be converted to Christianity they cast themselves among these Barbarians learned their tongue drew them from the Woods Mountains and hidden Caves assembled them in divers habitation and by this means lead them to a sociable life taught them first Tillage and the most necessary Arts and Manufactures then to read and write to musick singing and dancing but above all instructed them in the Christian Religion and Piety Several good orders observed by them These Habitations are composed of near a thousand Families and each Family besides the Father Mother and the Children receive often some aged person not able to work or some Orphan So soon as a Habitation is established the Fathers introduce the Government they are to follow give them Magistrates and Officers chosen among the most capable of their Body declare to them the polity and rules they are to observe take care that the fields assigned to each family be tilled and sowed in due time that their flocks be well kept and if there happen any contest among them what the Fathers ordain stands as a sentence without revocation Of these Habitations Parana hath six St. Ignatius on the River of Tibiquari Itapoa or the Incarnation and the Holy Sacrament on the River of Parana N. D. de Yguazu on that of Iguazu Acaraig or la Nativita de N. D. likewise on the Parana The Air in all these Habitations is good the Soil fertile they have too much Wood little Pasturage and near Yguazu little Fish by reason of the Cataract The province of Guayr with its Colonies Habitations described The Province of Guayr is under the Tropick of Capricorn advancing it self unto Brazile There hath been here for a good continuance of time two or three Colonies of Castilians Cividad Real or Ontiveros and sometimes Guayr after the name of the Province Villarica and St. Paul which some esteem in Brazile The habitations for those of the Country are Nuestra Sennora de Loretto and St. Ignatius on the Parana St. Francis Xavier L Incarnation and St. Joseph on the Tibagiva the seven Arch-Angels and St. Paul in the Land of great Tajoba towards Brazile The River Parana Below Cividad Real there where is the separation of the two Provinces of Parama and Guayr the River Parana makes a Cataract as remarkable as any in the World This River precipitating it self from a very high Rock finds it self likewise engaged among very high Rocks for the space of
or Provinces within Land are so near and sometimes so engaged with those of the Coast that I will not change the order I have taken to consider this Kingdom in 5 principal parts in each part observing the Governments Provinces and Kingdoms therein Hunain Haresgol and Marsalquibir on the Coast Telensin Hanghad and Benirafi within Land shall compass the quarter of Telensin Tenes and Sarsell on the Coast and Meliana within Land shall be the quarter of Tenes Algier on the Coast and Cuco within Land that of Algier Bugia and Gilgili on the Coast Stefe Labes Necaus and Mesila withing Land that of Bugia Bona on the Coast Constantina and Thebesse within Land that of Constantine Province of Telensin The City of Telensin which those of the Country now call Tremecen and Tilmisan hath once been chief of a Kingdom of the same name of which the Provinces of Telensin Tenes Algier and Bugia were the parts The City is not above seven or eight Leagues distant from the Sea It hath been one of the greatest and fairest of all Barbary This may appear in that there remains but eight Mosques of consideration it having had 250 but four Bania's of 160 but two Inns for the Franks and four for the Moors of 34 but six Hospitals of thirty or forty It had 16000 Houses about the year 1000 20000 about the year 1200 25000 in the year 1550 and the Jews had ten great Synagogues The divers changes which it suffered and the rude treatment which they received from the Turks hath made many of its Inhabitants retire into Fez and some other where which hath reduced it low That which remains is magnificent its Houses better built its Streets more large and spacious its Gardens more embellished Its People more civil and its Merchants of better credit then those of Algier It hath a Cittadel built after the Modern Fortifications Humain 2. Humain which others call Humanbar and Vnhaim is the ancient Artifiga It s Port is not great but good its Land hath much Figs Oranges Citrons Pomgranates and Cotton of which the Inhabitants make divers Manufactures In 1535 this place was ruined by the Castilians and not restored till long after Haresgol 3. Haresgol is the ancient Siga a Roman Colony the residence of Syphax sometimes King of this Country before he seised the Estates of Massanassa Its scituation is on a Rock whose foot is washed by the Sea and hath no communication with the firm Land but on the South side This City hath been much greater then it is the takings and retakings which it suffered by the Kings of Fiz by the Califfs by the Moors by the Castilians and by the Arabs reduced to the estate it is at present under the Kings of Algier City of Oran who kept a Garrison in its Castle 4. Oran and Marsa-el-Quibir which belongs to the Marquisate of Oran are in the hands of the Catholick King Oran which the Africans call Tuharan the Arab of Nubia Vaharan is the Cuisa of the ancients and Marsa-el-Quibir there Portus Magnus since this name signifies the great Port. This was taken by the Marquess of Comares in the year 1505 the other by the Cardinal Ximenes in the year 1509. At the taking of this last the Castilians lost only 30 men killed 4000 Moors and delivered 20000 Christian Captives This City of Oran before it was taken had above 6000 Houses abundance of Temples Hospitals Canes Bania's c. and had sometimes been the residence of the Catholick Kings The Venetians Genouese Catalonians c. having here so great a Trade that its riches and power inclined its Inhabitants to deny Tribute to the Kings of Telensin and to make some incursions on the Coast of Spain which was the cause of their loss At present it is a Suffragan Bishoprick to the Archbishoprick of Toledo it hath some Convents and Hospitals among others one very rich It is strongly seated on the Mediterranean Shore powerfull at Sea in their Gallies and is a place of some Trade affording most of the Commodities the Country produceth Marsalquibir 5. Masalquibir hath one of the fairest greatest and most secure Ports that is in all Africa The Government or Marquisate of Oran comprehends likewise some Castles and Mountains where there are good Garrisons which keep the Neighborhood in jealousie Mazagran with its Castle on the Coast is in the hands of the Moors Province of Anghad The Quarter of ANGHAD or RANGVAD though for the most part desart yet hath some fertile places where are the Cities Gâ—â—gida and others Guagida hath yet about 3000 Families its Land fruitful in Grains and watred with many Rivers The Desart is possessed by the Arabs and amongst them many Lions Wild-Boars Stags and above all Ostriches in hunting of which the Arabs often exercise themselves making profit of their Feathers eating their Flesh and currying their Skins to carry their Baggage in They keep the heart to make use of in Charms or Witcherasts the Fat to mix in their Medicaments and the Nails or the Horn to make Pendants for the Ears to deck themselves with when they utter the other parts Province of Benirasid BENI-RASID or BENIRAXID hath some Plains towards the North many Mountains toward the South is fruitful almost every where and hath three or four places of some consideration in these Mountains 1. Beni-Arax of Old Bunebora is not walled it contains more then 2000 Inhabitants 2. Calaa or Calat-Haoara of Old Vrbara between two Mountains is strong 3. Moascar of Old Victoria hath a Castle where the Governor of the Countrey resides 4. Batha of Old Vaga on the River Mina having been ruined by the Inhabitants of the Mountain of Guanseris some Morabut out of their opinion of his sanctity restored it in Anno 1520. And 5. Medua Province of Tenes its chief places fertility and people The Province of TENES is between that of Telensin and Algier to whose Kings it hath been subject sometimes to one and sometimes to others and sometimes it self hath born the Title of a Kingdom It s principal places on the Sea are Tenesa and Sargel within Land Meliana 1. Tenesa part on the side of a Hill and part on a Plain descending to the Sea hath a Castle and a Palace formerly the abode of its Kings or Lords now of its Governours Its Inhabitants are addicted to Traffick The Country both in the Mountains and Plains yields them Grains Fruits Hides Wax Hony and some other Commodities 2. Brischa and 3. Sersela East of Tennesa and between Tennes and Algier have many Roman Antiquities The first is the ancient Icosima the other is Rusubricari This hath suffered divers Ruins the Moors driven from Granada rebuilt it and enriched it with their Piracies with their Silks and Fruits The Inhabitants both of the one and the other are for the most part Weavers 4. Meliane or Malliana is on a Mountain where yet the most part of the
petty Kingdoms and all subject to their Concho or Emperour among which that of Bena hath seven others under it It s quarter is Mountainous covered with Trees and well watered with Rivers It hath some Towns its chief takes its name from the Kingdom and yields Corn Cattle Fruits c. Kingdom of Mandingue MANDINGVE begins at the River Gambea and reaches near 200 Leagues up in the Land They have quantity of Gold good Ships of War and Cavalry and there are divers Kings or Lords in Guiny which are his Tributaries Kingdom of Gago GAGO hath store of Gold Corn Rice Fruits and Cottle but no Salt besides what is brought from other places and which is ordinarily as dear as Gold The People are idle and ignorant but bear so great a respect to their King that how great soever they be they speak to him on their knees and when they are faulty the King seises on their Goods and sells their Wives and Children to Strangers who remain Slaves all their lives But besides these there is here as well as in other parts of the Negroes great Traffick for Slaves either of certain Neighbouring people which those of the Country can take or of the Malefactors of the Country or of the Children whom the Fathers or Mothers sell when they are in need or when they please them not And these Slaves are bought by many people of Africa but more by the Europeans who transport them into the Isles of St. Thomas Cape Verd the Canaries Brasil and the English to the Barbadoes Carolina Jamaica and elsewhere for Slaves They have many Towns and Villages among others that of Gago is the chief and is the residence of their King as also of many Merchants and containing about 4 or 5000 Houses but unwalled Kingdom of Guber GVBER is well fenced with Mountains doth produce Rice and Pulse and above all have exceeding great flocks of Cattle from which they get their livelyhood This Kingdom is very populous and well stored with Towns its chief bearing the name of the Kingdom which is well inhabited by Merchants and containing about 6000 Houses being also the residence of their King The People are ingenious good Artificers and make several rich Manufactures And the Kingdoms of Zegzeg and Zanfara ZEGZEG and ZANFARA are barren the People idle and ignorant have some Towns whose chief are so called the Land yields Corn Grass c. and feeds great quantities of Horses The fertility of the Land of the Negroes The Country of the Negroes is esteemed as fertil as those watered with the Nile It bears twice a year and each time sufficient to furnish them with Corn for five whole years which makes them not sow their Lands but when they judge they shall have need They keep their Corn in Pits and Ditches under Ground which they call Matamores GVINEA or GVINY The Coast of Guiny its extent and bounds GVINY is the Coast of Africa which is found between the River Niger and the Equinoctial Line Some give it a larger extent some a less There are they who begin it on this side the Niger and continue it unto the Kingdom of Congo We have comprehended in the Country of the Negroes that which is about the Niger and in the Lower Aethiopia that which is beyond the Gulph of St. Thomas And so Guiny will remain between the Cape of Serre Leon which will bound it on the West and against the Negroes to the River of Camarones which is on the East will separate it from the Lower Aethiopia This Coast right from East to West is 7 or 800 Leagues long and not above 100 or 150 in breadth The form being much more long than broad we will divide it into three principal parts which we will call MELEGVETE Its parts described GVINY and BENIM This the most Eastward the first the most West and the other in the middle yet each of these three parts separated make the breadth and the three together the length of this Guiny After this Guiny we will speak something of what is on this side towards the Niger and of some Isles which are beyond The Parts of Meleguete and Guiny as St. Thomas c. Under the name of MELEGVETE we comprehend that which is between the Capes of Serre Leon and of Palmes Under the particular name of GVINY we esteem not only that which is between the Capes of Palmes and of Three Points but likewise that which advances to the River Volta and beyond where the Kingdom of Benim begins and ends not till the River Camerones Of these 3 parts Guiny is the largest and best known communicating its name to the rest It s Coast which is between the Capes of Palmes and that of Three Points is called the Coast of Ivory that which is beyond the Cape of Three Points the Coast of Gold for the abundance of Gold and Ivory found in the one and the other The Ivory and Gold Coasts and their Trade The Coast of IVORY is very commodious and well inhabited The English French Hollanders and Hanse-Towns trade likewise in divers Ports on the same Coast fetching thence Gold Ivory Hides Wax Amber-greece c. On the Gold Coast are divers Kingdoms or Realms as of SABOV FOETV ACCARA and others The Kingdom of SABOV is esteemed the most powerful of all and that his Estates extend sixty and odd Leagues on the Coast and near 200 up in the Land In 1482 the Portugals built on the Coast of FOETV the Fort of St. George de la Mina and long time after the Hollanders that of Nassau adjoyning to the Town of Moure on the Coast of Sabou the one and the other to maintain their Traffick It s other places and which are within Land are Labore Vxoo and Quinimburm The Part of Meleguete MELEGVETE took its name from the abundance of Meleguete here gathered of divers sorts It is a Spice in form like French Wheat some of a taste as strong and biting as Pepper from which the Portugals receive great gain but the English French and Hollanders bring it The Portugals call it Pimienta-del-Rabo the Italians Pepe della Coda Tail Pepper that is Long Pepper Of their Palm Trees they make Wine as strong as the best of ours They have likewise Gold Ivory Cotton c. It s chief place is Bugos on the Cape of Sierre Leonne The Kingdom of Benim with its Inhabitants described The Kingdom of BENIM hath more than 250 Leagues of the Coast Cape Formoso dividing it into two parts That which is on the West forms a Gulph into the middle of which the River Benim disburthens it self and more to the West that of Lagoa That which is on the East extends it self on a right line where the Rio Real de Calabari and the Rio del Rey disburthen themselves near to that of Camarones which ends the Estate towards the East This last part is more healthful than
that of the particular Guiny the Inhabitants living 100 years and more The Land produces the same Fruits and feeds the same Beasts with Guiny and its People are more courteous to Strangers Their principal City so called is esteemed the greatest and best built of any either in Guiny or the Land of the Negroes It s King is powerful and very loving to his Subjects they are all much addicted to Women the King being said to keep about 5 or 600 Wives with all which twice a year he goeth out in great pomp as well for Recreation as to shew them to his Subjects who according to their abilities do exceed Those of the gentile or better sort keeping 20 30 40 others 50 60 or 70 and those of the poorest rank 5 10 or 12. Their Custom both for Men and Women till they are married is to go naked and after their cloathing is only a Cloth which is tied about their Middles and hangs down to their knees It s other chief places are Ouwerre Focko Boni and Bodi The Soil of Guiny The Soil of Guiny is generally fertil the most part bearing twice a year because they have two Summers and two Winters They oall it Winter when the Sun passes their Zenith and that the Rains are continual All the whole Country is very fertil It s fertility and commodities abounding in Corn Rice Millet and in many sorts of Meleguete in Fruits as Oranges Citrons Lemmons Pomegranates Dates c. Also in Gold both in Sand and in Ingots in Ivory or Elephants Teeth in great abundance in Wax Hides Cotton Amber-greece they extract Wine and Oyl from their Palm-Trees and of this Oyl and the Ashes of the Palm-Tree they make excellent Soap They have many Sugar-Canes which are scarce at all Husbanded They have Brasil-Wood better then that which cometh from Brasil they have abundance of Wood proper to build and Mast Ships and Pearls which they find in Oysters towards the River Des Ostros that is of Oysters and of St. Anne between the Branches of the Niger Commodities here found And for these good Commodities in way of Barter they truck or take course Cloth both Linnen and Wollen Red Caps Frize Mantles and Gowns Leather Baggs Sheep-skin Gloves Guns Swords Daggers Belts Knives Hammers Ax-heads Salt Great Pins little pieces of Iron which they convert to several uses Lavers and great Dutch Kettles with two handles Basons of several sizes Platters Broad Pans Posnets Pots c. made for the most part of Capper which are sometimes Tinned within Some of which Vtensils are made of Tinn and others of Earths which are here desired Also Looking-Glasses Beads Corals and Copper Brass and Tinn Rings which they wear about them for their adornment Hors-tails which they use to keep away the Flies which annoy them as also when they Dance And lastly certain Shels which pass instead of Money having here and in many other Countries no current Money of Metal as the Europeans have but make use of those Shells which they hang in bundles upon strings for which they buy in their Markets such things as they want Its Beasts and their nature The Elephant Among their Beasts they have Elephants which are said to be the biggest of all four footed Beasts Of nature they are very gentle docile and tractable they live to a great age seldom dying till the age of 150 years They are very serviceable both in War and Peace and as profitable by reason of their Tusks It is said That when the Male hath once seasoned the Female he never after toucheth her Next the Elephants may be reckoned the Musk-Cats The Musk-Cats which with Springs they take in the Woods when they are young and keep them in Hutches and take from them the Musk which they keep in Glasses or Pots and so vend it And these Cats they vend to the English and other Nations at good rates Then their Apes Monkeys and Baboons Monkeys Apes and Baboons which are strong and lusty being taken and brought to it young serve like men They send them to fetch Water at the River make them to turn meat at the Fire serve at Table to give Drink but they must be very watchful otherwise they will do mischief and eat the meat themselves and these are much beloved by their Women doing the duty of Men which they are as desirous of themselves and hating Men. Again there are some of these Monkeys or Apes which love Men and hate Women They have variety of Birds among which Its Birds Its Fruits they have several sorts of Parrots which are brought to talk Their Fruits are excellent as Oranges Lemmons Citrons Pomegranates Dates Annanas or Pynes which for smell and taste resembleth all Fruits Trennuelis a Fruit so delicate and delicious that 't is thought it was the Fruit in Paradise which was forbidden Adam and Eve to eat of Iniamus Battatas Bachonens the Palm-Tree and above all here is a Tree called the Oyster Tree by reason of its bearing Oysters thrice every year a thing if report may be credited is true and if true very strange The Inhabitants especially before the coming of the Portugals It s People were rude and barbarous living without the knowledge of a God Law Religion or Government very disingenious and not caring for Arts or Letters Their disposition They are much addicted to Theft and take it for an honor if they can cheat or steal any thing though not considerable from a White Man They are very perfidious Lyars given to Luxury in matter of Justice they are indifferent severe Their Justice punishing ofttimes with death but paying a fine will free them and the place of Judicature is in the open Market Place Their Food is gross and beastly Their Food and Apparel as is their Habitations mean and beggerly They go naked save about their Waist they tye a piece of Linnen yet very proud and stately Their Stature They are of a Corpulent body flat nosed broad shouldred white eyed and teeth'd Their Religion belief small eared c. In matters of Religion they are great Idolaters worshiping Beasts Birds Hils and indeed every strange thing which they see they hold there is two Gods one doth them good and the other hurt and these two Gods they say fight together Also they believe there is a God which is invisible which they say is black yet of late they have tried many Forms of Religion as Judaism Mahometism and Christianity but care not much for any Nevertheless some of them believe they die not and to that end give their dead bodies something to carry with them into the other World They keep their Fetissoes day that is one day in seven for a day of rest as their Sabbath which is on a Tuesday a day that no other Nation in the World keeps very strict at which time they offer Meat and Drink to their Fetisso