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land_n	east_n	league_n	south_n	4,845	5	9.7533	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A42257	The royal commentaries of Peru, in two parts the first part, treating of the original of their Incas or kings, of their idolatry, of their laws and government both in peace and war, of the reigns and conquests of the Incas, with many other particulars relating to their empire and policies before such time as the Spaniards invaded their countries : the second part, describing the manner by which that new world was conquered by the Spaniards : also the civil wars between the Piçarrists and the Almagrians, occasioned by quarrels arising about the division of that land, of the rise and fall of rebels, and other particulars contained in that history : illustrated with sculptures / written originally in Spanish by the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega ; and rendered into English by Sir Paul Rycaut, Kt.; Comentarios reales de los Incas. English	Vega, Garcilaso de la, 1539-1616.; Rycaut, Paul, Sir, 1628-1700.	1688 (1688)	Wing G215; ESTC R2511	1,405,751	1,082

the imagination of man had not Alonso de Sanchez given the first light and conjecture to this discovery which Colon so readily improved that in 78 days he made his Voyage to the Isle of Guanatianico though he was detained some days at Gomera to take in Provisions CHAP. II. The derivation of the word Peru and how the Countrey came to be so called SInce we are to treat of the Countrey of Peru it will be requisite to enquire how it came to be so called in regard the Indians have no such word in their language to which end we must know That a certain Gentleman Native of Xerez called Barco Nunnez having in the year 1513 been the first Spaniard who discovered the Sea of Zur or the Pacifick Sea in reward thereof the Kings of Spain honoured him with the title of Admiral of those Seas and with the government of those Kingdoms and Countries which he should farther discover and conquer During those few years he lived after these Honours for his Son-in-law Pedro Arias de Avila being Governour in recompence of all his services cut off his head his great care was to discover and know what that Countrey was called which from Panama runs all along the coast of the Sea of Zur to which purpose he built three or four Vessels and employed them in several quarters to make their discoveries every one of which did afterwards return with relations of great tracts of land running along that coast one of which Vessels stretching farther than the others to the very Equinoctial line and sailing by the shore they espied an Indian as he was fishing at the mouth of a River of which there are many which in that Countrey fall into the Sea so soon as the Spaniards saw him they landed four of their men with all privacy imaginable such as could run and swim well that so he might not be able to escape them either by land or water Having so done they passed with their Ship as near as was possible before the Indian that whilst he amused himself with the strangeness of the object he might more easily be taken by the ambush which was laid for him the Indian beholding so unusual a sight as a Ship swimming with all her Sails on the Sea which he had never before seen or heard of his eyes were so fixed and his imagination so taken up with looking and considering what thing that was which offered it self to his sight that he was not sensible of the snare laid for him untill he found himself taken in the Armes of the Spaniards who with great joy and sport brought him to their Vessel the poor man was so amazed with the surprizal and to see the Spaniards with Beards and in a different habit to his and to find himself in a Ship and under Sails that it is no wonder if he laboured under the greatest consternation imaginable but the Spaniards using all kind means to treat and caress him he in a short time recovered himself from the distraction of his fear and then they asked him by signs and words what Countrey that was and how it was called The Indian by their motion and gestures knew that they asked him some question but could not understand what they demanded but answering readily lest they should doe him some hurt said Beru which was his own proper name and then added Pelu which was as much as to say if you ask me my name I am called Beru but if you ask me of the place where I was it is Pelu for that signifies a River in the Indian language from which time which was in the year 1515 the Spaniards have ever called this great and rich Countrey by the name of Peru other Historians corrupting the letters call it Piru instead of Peru and this place where this Indian was surprized we may certainly denote as the utmost border of that Dominion which was under the Jurisdiction and Conquest of those Kings which were called Incas and which was ever after named Peru from that very place which is over-against Quita to Charcas and is the principal Dominion of the Incas containing 700 Leagues in length although their Empire did reach as far as Chile which contains 500 Leagues more and is another most rich and fertile Kingdom CHAP. III. The Description of Peru with the Story of Peter Serrano THE four limits and borders of that Empire which the Incas possessed before the Spaniards invaded them were these To the North it was bounded with the River Ancarmaya which runs between the Confines of Quita and Passau and signifies in the common language of Peru the Azure River being situated almost perpendicularly under the Equinoctial line to the South its limits are confined by the River Mauli which runs East and West through the Kingdom of Chili before it comes to the Araucos which is 40 degrees of South latitude from the Equinoctial The distance between these two Rivers they account little less than 1300 Leagues by Land. That which is properly called Peru contains 750 Leagues in length reaching from the River Ancarmaya to the Chichas which is the farthermost Province of the Charcas and lyes North and South as also doth that which is called the Kingdom of Chilo which contains about 550 Leagues in length reckoning from the farthest part of the Province Chichas to the River Mauli To the East it is bordered by that Mountain which is inaccessible for men beast or fowls called the Cordillera because it is always covered with Snow and runs from St. Marta to the Straits of Magellan which the Indians call Ritirgu and is as much as the Countrey of Snow To the West it hath the Sea of Zur for its Confines running all along the coast to the Cape Passau which is under the Equinoctial and extends to the Mauli which also falls into the Sea of Zur from the East to the West the Kingdom is esteemed but narrow the broadest place of it being from the Province Mugupapa to the City Trugillo which is situated on the Sea-coast and contains 120 Leagues in breadth being in the narrowest place which is from the Port Arica to the Province called Laricossa about the space of 70 Leagues These are the four bounds of that Dominion which the Incas possessed the History of which we intend by divine assistence for to write But before we proceed forward it will be requisite to recount the Story of Peter Serrano for which we have place sufficient in this short Chapter Peter Serrano escaped from shipwreck by swimming to that desert Island which from him received its name being as he reported about two Leagues in compass and for so much it is laid down in the Waggoner which pricks three little Islands in the Cart with divers shallow places about them so that all Ships keep at a distance from them avoiding them with all possible care and circumspection It was Serrano's misfortune to be lost upon these places and to save

down how much more laboursome must it be to ascend and descend those ways turning and winding in form of a Serpent CHAP. XVII Of the Idols which the Indians of Antis worshipped and of the Conquest made over the Charcas IN those Provinces of Antis they commonly worshipped Tygers for their Gods and great Serpents much thicker than a Man's Thigh and twenty five or thirty foot in length though some others might be less called Amaru they are a certain sort of a sluggish Serpent which are not venomous and as they say were charmed by a skilfull Sorceress that they should doe no harm having before been dangerous and very poisonous The Tiger they adored for his nimbleness and bravery saying that Serpents and Tygers were the true and natural Inhabitants and Lords of that Countrey and therefore did justly require reverence and respect from Men who were but Strangers and Aliens in it They worshipped also the Plant Cuca or Coca as the Spaniards call it Thus far the Prince Yahuar-Huacac having enlarged his Dominions being almost thirty Leagues in length and in a Countrey ill Inhabited he found himself stopped in his farther progress by the Mountains moorish Grounds and Bogs which interrupted him in his passage and which confine and give bounds to that Province properly named Anti whence all that side takes the Denomination of Antisuyu The Prince having finished this Conquest returned to Cozco where his Father for that present thought fit to repose and lay aside all farther designs of new Enterprises for on the side of Antisuyu which is to the Eastward there remained nothing more to conquer and to the Westward which they called Cuntisuyu there was nothing more to be reduced for they were come as far as to the Pacifick Sea or the Sea of Zur so that the Empire from East to West extended at least an hundred Leagues cross along by the way of Cozco and then from North to South it reached two hundred Leagues All which tract of Land the Incas laboured to manure and cultivate and adorn with Royal Palaces Gardens Baths and places of Pleasure for divertisement of the Inca and for better convenience of the Countrey they erected in all the great Roads Magazines and Granaries wherein to lodge their Ammunition Arms Corn Provisions and Clothing for the common Souldiery Some Years being passed in this manner with peace and quiet when the King Inca Roca resolved to add another famous Atchievement to the glory of his Reign that so in person he might put an end to the entire Conquest of those great Provinces which were called Charcas the beginning of which was commenced in the time of his Father in the Division of Collasuyu And in order hereunto he commanded thirty thousand Men to be levied which was an Army greater than any that his Ancestours had yet brought into the field to command this Army six Major Generals were appointed besides other inferiour Officers and the Prince Yahuar-Huacac was with four other Incas for his Counsellors ordained to remain at home for government of the Kingdom The Inca took his Journey from Cozco by way of the great Road towards Collasuyu and in his march all the forces came in to make up his Army And being come to the Confines of those Provinces of Chuncuri Pucuna and Muyumuyu which bordered on his Kingdom he sent his summons to them acquainting them that he was come to reduce those Nations and require them to live under those Laws which his Father the Sun had ordained and that leaving their Idols made of Stone and Wood they should worship him onely for their God and that forsaking their corrupt Customs and Manners they should learn and follow the light of Nature and the Instructions of his Wisdom which would direct them in ways more agreeable to humane Life The Natives of these Countries received the message with great anger and the young and hot Captains betook themselves to their Arms and answered with fury and rage That it was a hard case for them that they must be forced to renounce their own natural Gods and adore a stranger and a God unknown to them that they must reject their own Laws and Customs and receive new ones from the Inca who in recompense thereof would impose Tributes and Taxes and serve himself of their labour and services as of Slaves and Vassals which being conditions not to be endured by a People so free as they they resolved to defend themselves and dye in the Defence of their Gods their Countrey and their Liberty CHAP. XVIII Of the Argument and Debate which the Old Men held on this matter and in what manner they received the Inca. NOtwithstanding this huff of the young Souldiers the more ancient and considerate amongst them were of opinion that they should not so soon break forth into a War but first of all consider that for several years they have had a neighbourhood and converse with the Subjects of the Inca and that they could never hear otherwise from them but that their Laws were good and the Yoke of their Government gentle and easie that he treated his People rather like his Children than his Subjects that the Lands which they required were not those which the Indians had in their possession but such as lay waste and unmanured by them and that he required no other Tribute than the Fruit and Benefit which those Lands cultivated at his own cost and charge should produce and not exact any thing at the labour and cost of the Indians to whom he rather gave than diminished from their Estates and in proof and evidence hereof without other argument they desired them to enquire and consider seriously without passion how much the Subjects of the Incas were improved in their Estates and how quiet civil and prosperous they were become since their submission to his Government how all their Discords Animosities and Civil Dissentions which in former times had miserably torn and distracted them were now appeased how Estates were more secure and more protected from Thieves their Wives and Daughters from Rapes and Adulteries and in fine how quiet and well established was the publick Welfare where none durst offer injury nor none could receive it without redress That they should farther consider that many neighbouring Provinces being well satisfied and allured by the gentleness and happiness of this servitude did voluntarily and of their own accords offer themselves and beg the Protection of the Inca and his Laws And since these things were thus apparent it were better to submit readily and without constraint than defending themselves for the present from that which they know they must in a short time yield unto provoke the Inca to that degree of Anger and Displeasure as might divert him from those good Intentions and Favours which he designed towards them and that therefore it were more safe and secure both for their Lives and Estates their Wives and Children to make a Vertue of Necessity and submit with

this Demand Hernando Piçarro made Answer that he did not command that City by virtue of his own Authority but by a Power derived from the Governour who was his Captain General to whom having made Oath never to surrender up that City into any other hands than his own he could neither perform the part of a Gentleman nor of a Souldier in case he should betray his Trust by such a base surrender which was an absolute Breach of his Oath but in case they would write to the Marquis and obtain his Order he would immediately yield all compliance to his Commands But waving that particular he insisted that the Imperial City belonged to his Brother and was comprehended within the Limits of his Jurisdiction for that the measures he propounded by Capes and Gulfs and Bays along the Sea-coast were mere fancies and fallacies and such as never were admitted amongst any rational Geographers for the turnings and windings of the Land will take up above half the extent of Ground as is manifest by experience of the doubling of the Lands onely from the Isle of Palmes to the Cape of St. Francis. Nor ought the Land to be measured by the High-ways which often turn and wind and are steep and oftentimes ascend three or four Leagues and then again descend as many more which upon a streight Line from one Hill to another will not make half a League But the Piçarros did not approve of this kind of Measure alledging that the Leagues were to be reckoned according to the Degrees of the Equinoctial as Mariners mete out by their Compasses the distances at Sea allowing to every Degree seventeen Leagues and an half in sailing plain North and South Now whereas there were not above eleven Degrees of South-latitude from the Equinoctial to the City of los Reyes which make not more than an hundred ninety two Leagues and an half and that to Cozco which stands in fourteen Degrees it will not make above two hundred forty five Leagues in all so that both Cities of los Reyes and Cozco were to be comprehended within the new Enlargement which His Majesty gave to Piçarro though the number of Leagues were not specified in that Grant. Hereunto the Party of Almagro replied that in case the distances were to be meted by the Heavens and not by the Land they were not to be taken North and South but East and West which gives Eighty Leagues to a Degree But in regard that neither side would agree to that Measure the matter as they said ought to be accommodated and forty nine Leagues allowed to a Degree and then the Jurisdiction of Piçarro would not reach farther than six Degrees from the Equinoctial yielding forty nine Leagues to every Degree now in case the Piçarros yielded to any of these three sorts of Measures neither Cozco nor los Reyes would be comprehended within his Jurisdiction In these Debates pro con many Days were spent which were oftentimes so warmly argued that had it not been for the Moderation and Discretion of Diego de Alvarado Uncle to the General Don Pedro de Alvarado and Gomez de Alvarado a Person of great worth they had proceeded to Arms and open violence he came in company with Almagro unto Chili and being sensible of the evil Consequences which a Breach or Misunderstanding of this nature between the Governours would produce he so laboured to beget a good correspondence between them that at length by consent of the major part it was agreed that Hernando should intimate to the Marquis his Brother the Demands and Pretensions of Almagro and that untill an Answer should be returned thereunto all matters should remain in suspence and Acts of Hostility should cease which accordingly was observed for some days but some Men of an unquiet humour who were desirous to disturb that Union and Friendship which was established between those two Companions suggested to Almagro that he had done ill and to the prejudice of his own right by referring the Title and Claim which he justly had by Grant from the Emperour to the Will and Pleasure of another That Hernando Piçarro had resolved what to doe before he wrote and that this pretence of Writing was onely to keep himself in his station so long as he could for it could not be expected that the Marquis should ever be contented to resign and quit the Imperial City of Cozco and that the Agreement which was made being without limitation of time might bind Almagro for ever in case Piçarro should not return an Answer thereunto Wherefore in regard his Claim to the Government of that City was clear and without dispute he was advised without farther Ceremonies or pause to take Possession thereof it not being probable that ever the contrary party should assent to the Surrender of a Jewel so rich and important as that City and therefore that he should look to his own Interest and not make delays in a matter which so much concerned him Almagro who had no need of Sparks to enflame the burning heat of Ambition which was smothered in his Mind immediately took Fire at these Incentives and embraced the Advices which were given him by his evil Companions for such Counsels as these are never projected by good Men Wherefore without farther Consultation with his wife and true Friends he rashly attempted the lodgings of Hernando and Gonçalo Piçarro and in a dark night and with armed Forces broke in upon them for the Guards were asleep and secure on confidence of the Truce which was so lately made howsoever the matter was not so covertly carried but that Intelligence was brought by one of Almagro's Men of the danger approaching the which Hernando Piçarro would not believe at first or conceive it possible that a Gentleman should so manifestly violate his Word and the Faith he had given but whilst Hernando was thus arguing a noise and combustion was heard without and then he that brought the News said Sir since you give no credit to what you hear with your Ears believe what you see with your Eyes for behold they are come Hereupon an Allarm was given to the Servants and People belonging to the Piçarros who instantly armed and ran to defend the Doors of the House which had been fortified and strongly barred as were all the Quarters of the City where the Spaniards lodged ever since the time that the Inca departed The Almagrians not finding a speedy Entrance set Fire to the House in several places Hereupon the Defendants giving themselves for lost opened the Doors and so Hernando and Gonçalo Piçarro with many of their Friends and Relations who were all of the Countrey of Estremenno or Estremadura vvere taken and put together into a strait Chamber of the Cassana which they made secure with bars and bolts of Iron Some evil Counsellours which loved to make and foment differences advised Almagro to kill Hernando Piçarro for that ever since the first time that he came from Spain they had

other and to the Southward the Desarts and Sands between Peru and the Kingdom of Chili made the way impassable for the march of an Army Howsoever the Desire of Rule and the unsatiable thirst of Dominion moved the mind of this Inca to bend his forces towards the Northern Countries which are in the Division of Chinchasuyu and having communicated his resolution to those of his Council he appointed that an Army should be raised intending himself in person to command it with the assistence of six others who were men of Valour and Experience During the absence of Viracocha the City was governed by his Brother Pahuac-Mayta whom he left Deputy in his place and all things being provided and in a readiness the Army marched towards the parts of Chincasuyu and came to the Province Antahuylla which belongs to the Chancas a people branded with the infamous Epithete of false and treacherous by reason of their Rebellion against the Inca which imputation hath so closely cleaved to them even to this day that scarce at any time are the Chancas mentioned without the addition of Auca which is as much as false or treacherous this word also signifies a Tyrant a breaker of his Faith and every thing which denotes Falseness and Treachery Moreover it may serve to express Contentions and Battels by which variety of significations we may observe how copious and full this Language of Peru is which comprehends such variety and diversity of senses in one word The poor Chancas conscious of their former crimes feared greatly the approach of the Inca Virococha lest he should now revenge their offence upon them but then finding contrary to all expectation nothing but Mercy and Gentleness in their Prince they presently quitted their Fears receiving him with all the Demonstrations of Joy and Festivity that an afflicted people was capable to express And to confirm them in this good humour he not onely treated them with gratious Words but conferred on them Presents of Garments and other curiosities He also visited the several Provinces taking care to provide what was wanting and to amend that which was amiss and then appointing a General rendezvous for the whole Army he marched forwards to those Countries which were not as yet reduced to Obedience The first and nearest Province rich and populous was Huaytara a people warlike and mutinous such as had shewed themselves in the Head and Van of the Rebels But how stout soever they had been so soon as the Inca Viracocha had sent them a summons by his Ambassadours they with readiness submitted and obeyed coming forth with all humility to receive and acknowledge him for their Lord for as yet the Battel of Yahuar-pampa was fresh in their memory and the success thereof confirmed them in a belief that the Inca was invincible this humble Submission met a like Generosity in the Inca who received them with a gratious acceptance agreeable to their Humility onely charging them to live quietly and in peace as being most for the common good and most acceptable to himself Thence he marched forwards to another Province called Pocra known sometimes by the name of Huamanca thence he proceeded to Asancaru Parco Picuy and Acos all which chearfully submitted esteeming it a great honour to remain under the Empire and Protection of the Inca whose mighty Actions had acquired him Renown in all Quarters of that new World. And having thus gained this people to his power he dispeeded his Army away lest they should be burthensome to the Countrey and then employed his Thoughts and Endeavours for securing his Government and performing those matters which might conduce to the common Good and Welfare of the people particularly he opened and made a Chanel of water of about twelve Foot in depth running for about one hundred and twenty Leagues in lengh the source or head of it arose from certain Springs on the top of a high Mountain between Parcu and Picuy which was so plentifull that at the very head of the Fountains they seemed to be Rivers This Current of Water had its course through all the Countrey of the Rucanas and served to water the Pasturage of those uninhabited Lands which are about eighteen Leagues in breadth watering almost the whole Countrey of Peru. There is another Aqueduct much like this which traverses the whole Province of Cuntisuyu running above one hundred and fifty Leagues from South to North its Head or Original is from the top of high Mountains the which Waters falling into the Plains of the Quechuas greatly refresh their Pasturage when the heats of the Summer and Autumn have dried and burnt up the moisture of the Earth There are many Streams of like nature which run through divers parts of the Empire which being conveyed by Aqueducts at the charge and expense of the Incas are works of Grandeur and Ostentation and which recommend the Magnificence of the Incas to all posterity For these Aqueducts may well be compared to the miraculous Fabricks which have been the works of mighty Princes who have left their prodigious Monuments of Ostentation to be admired by future Ages for indeed we ought to consider that those Waters had their source and beginning from vast high Mountains and were carried over craggy Rocks and inaccessible passages and to make these ways plain they had no help of Instruments forged of Steel or Iron such as Pick-axes or Sledges but served themselves onely of one stone to break another nor were they acquainted with the invention of Arches to convey their Water on the level from one precipice to the other but traced round the Mountain untill they found ways and passages at the same height and level with the Head of the Springs The Cisterns or Conservatories which they made for these Waters at the top of the Mountain were about twelve Foot deep the passage was broken through the Rocks and Chanels made of hewen Stone of about two yards long and about a yard high all which were well cemented together and rammed in with earth so hard that no Water could pass between to weaken or vent it self by the holes of the Chanel This Current of Water which passes through all the Division of Cuntisuyu I have seen in the Province of Quechua which is part of that Division and considered it as an extraordinary Work and indeed surpassing the Description and Report which hath been made of it But the Spaniards who were Aliens and Strangers little regarded the convenience of these works either to serve themselves of the use of them or keep them in repair nor yet to take so much notice of them as to mention them in their Histories but rather out of a scornfull and disdaining humour have suffered them to run unto ruine beyond all recovery The same fate hath befallen the Aqueducts which the Indians made for watering their Corn-lands of which two thirds at least are wholly destroyed and none kept in repair unless some few which are so usefull that

warm the Earth as in those Regions where the Days are longer so that though the situation be nearer the Sun yet the Nights being long the Earth hath more time to become cool and to be refreshed But in regard the Heats are constant and admit of small remissions the Inhabitants being habituated or accustomed thereunto do invent and contrive preventions and remedies against the Heats both in the coolness of their Houses Garments and Bedding which they so cover and fence that the Flies and Gnats with which that Countrey is much infested can have no passage to hinder or disturb their repose either by day or night for in these low Grounds and Marshes the Gnats are extremely busie and troublesome as well by day as by night those which are busie at night make a buzzing and are of the same colour with such as we have here onely that they are much greater and sting so terribly that the Spaniards say that they will bite through a pair of Cordovan Boots perhaps indeed they may pass a knit Stockin with a Linen one under it but not if it were of Cloth or Kersy and indeed in some Countries they are much more keen and hungry than they are in others The Gnats which are troublesome by day are little and not much unlike those which are here bred in Shops and generated from Wine onely they are of a yellowish colour and so thirsty of bloud that as I have heard credibly reported many of them have been seen to burst at the same time that they have been sucking To try this experiment I have suffered some of them to suck of my bloud as much as they would and when they were full they would drop off and rowl but were not able to go or fly The stings of these Gnats are in some degree poisonous especially to some sorts of flesh in which they will make little wounds though not dangerous or of great moment By reason that the City of los Reyes is of a hot and moist Air Flesh will immediately corrupt in it and therefore when it is newly killed and bought it must be eaten the same day which are all qualities different to the Climate of Cozco that being hot and this cold or temperate The Cities and other Colonies of Spaniards which are situate along the Coast of Peru are all of the same temperament with the Town of los Reyes being under the same degree All the other Cities within the Land from Quitu as far as Chuquisaca which runs for the space of seven hundred Leagues North and South are of a pleasant Climate not being cold as Cozco nor hot like Rimac but of an equal and moderate temperature excepting onely the situation of Potosi where the Mines of Silver are is extremely cold and the Air penetrating The Indians call it Puna which is to say a Climate not habitable by reason of coldness howsoever the love and thirst of Silver hath invited such numbers of Spaniards and Indians to that place that at present it is the most populous and the best served with Provisions of any Countrey in all Peru. Acosta in the 6th Chapter of his 4th Book mentioning the Greatness of that Colony says that the Town that is the place inhabited is two Leagues which are six miles in compass Thus much shall be sufficient to have spoken in general of all the Cities and Plantations of Peru so as that we need not treat farther of any one in particular But to return to the City of los Reyes we say that the Governour Francisco Piçarro having founded this City and divided the Lands Fields and Inheritances together with the Indians amongst his Spaniards he descended to the Valley of Chimo about eighty Leagues Northward from los Reyes along the Sea-coast and there built another City which to this day is called Truxillo and was so named in remembrance of his own Countrey At which place also he made a division of Lands to the first Conquerours to whom he marked out the several Provinces Lands and possessions which belonged to every person in reward of the labours and hazards which every person had sustained The like he performed in the City and Countrey of los Reyes where he with great applause and satisfaction assigned to every Man his share and due proportion so that it appeared as if the Land began to be at peace and all things to dispose themselves towards quietness and enjoyment And having thus justly shared to the first Conquerours their dues it was not to be doubted but that he would deal with others who were to follow with the like equality And being thus well employed as this famous Cavalier ever was in all the course of his life we shall now leave him for a while to treat of other matters which at the same time passed amongst the Indians CHAP. XVIII How the General Quizquiz was slain by his own Souldiers THat we may omit nothing material of all those matters which occurred at that time in Peru it is necessary for us to give an account of what success befell the General Quizquiz the Captain Huaypallca and their Forces who being animated and encouraged by the advantages they had gained over Don Pedro de Alvarado and Almagro in three several Skirmishes began to presume themselves able to drive the Spaniards out of their Empire and especially Huaypallca was the more confident because in the absence of Quizquiz he had been the Chief Commander in those late Battels which so vainly puffed him up in his own imagination that he became presumptuous and secure in his strength and fortune Hereupon these two Commanders marched towards Quitu with design to make new Levies of Men and Provisions for a War against the Spaniards but they had not made many days march before they were disappointed of their hopes and expectations for the Curacas as well as the common Indians being affrighted and forewarned by the late treachery of Rumminavi and jealous lest they should act over the like practices that the others had done refused either to follow them to the War or obey their Commands which were for bringing in of Provisions for amongst all the Captains of their Army there was none of the Bloud-Royal that appeared nor any person with a Title to the Kingdom of Quitu either derived from Atahualpa or Manco Inca who being the onely Lawfull and Universal Heir of all that Empire might countenance the design With these difficulties and in straits of Provisions Quizquiz was labouring when his Purveyors fell into the hands of Sebastian de Belalcaçar by the Advices which his friends the Indians had given for they being generally desirous of a Peace were troubled at all acts and motions which tended to a War and in regard that there was no Army afoot against the Spaniards but this onely they were desirous to see it defeated so that upon this advice Belalcaçar surprized the Foragers and easily destroyed them and took many of them Prisoners such as

in the last Chapter of the first Book of this second Part where we speak of the Loyalty and Affection which the Indians taken in fight profess unto the Spaniards In this manner they marched forward fighting every other day more or less untill they came to a warlike People called Chuquisaca where they engaged with many thousands of Indians who straitned the Spaniards with want of Provisions and kept them always allarm'd with continual Skirmishes wherein many were killed and wounded which the Historians mention but with great brevity Gomara in the 143d Chapter and Carate in the 12th Chapter of his 3d. Book saith That Gonzalo Piçarro made a Discovery as far as the Province of the Charcas where he was surrounded with such numbers of Indians which assailed him on all sides that he was forced to desire succours from the Marquis who supplied him therewith both of Horse and Foot from Cozco and for better expedition the Marquis gave out that he himself would go in person and accordingly he marched out with them three or four days from the City This Siege as Authours write was so close and strait that the Spaniards being reduced at last to the utmost extremity sent advice thereof to the Marquis by the Indians whom they retained in their Service who as we have seen before had served for Messengers with all fidelity in the like dangers in confidence of whom they dispatched many of them by divers ways so that in case some should miscarry others might escape The Marquis being hereby made sensible of the great Distress to which his Brother Gonzalo Piçarro was reduced dispeeded a Captain with Succours and gave out for the more haste of the Supplies as Carate saith that he himself would go in Person but neither the diligence used in sending Relief which would have come too late nor yet the appearance which the Marquis made of going in Person would have availed toward the delivery of the Spaniards from the straits of that Siege had not God most wonderfully appeared for them and sent the Divine St. Jago the Patron of Spain visibly to fight on their side as he had done before at Cozco The Christians seeing themselves thus wonderfully favoured and that in this as in the like occasions they had been rescued by Miracle they fought with such Courage that before the Succours came they had gained the Victory In remembrance of which signal Favour which God had performed for them they determined to establish a Colony of Christian People in that place where now a Cathedral Church is built and the Royal Chancery is held which is ennobled and enriched to that degree in which we see it at present all which is arisen from the Mines of Potosi which are about eighteen Leagues distant from thence Blas Valera giving a Relation of all the memorable Battels which happened between the Spaniards and the Indians in Peru gives an Account of that which was fought in this Province and says that God by his Angel fought there for his Gospel CHAP. II. The Marquis makes a Division of the Kingdom and Province of the Charcas and Gonzalo Piçarro is sent to the Conquest of the Canela THE War being ended and the Indians setled in peace the Marquis made a Division of the Countrey amongst the principal Persons concerned in the Conquest To his Brother Hernando Piçarro he divided a very large share and another part to Gonzalo within whose Division some years after the Silver Mines of Potosi were discovered of which one part belonged to Hernando Piçarro as Inhabitant of that City and though he were then in Spain yet one Mine was resigned to his Officers to dig the Plate for his Benefit and Use the which was of so rich a vein that in something more than eight months they digged Silver of the finest sort from thence without any Allay and without other trouble than onely to melt down the Metal I have mentioned these Riches in this place having forgotten to specifie them when in the first part of these Commentaries we treated of that famous Hill. To my Lord Garçilasso de la Vega that part was given which is called Tapac●ri To Graviel de Rojas another very considerable Possession was given and the like to many other Cavaliers and all within the compass of one hundred Leagues of which also some part was given to the City called la Paz or the City of Peace But these Divisions then given were of little value though the Soil was fruitfull and abounding with all Provisions and very populous and well inhabited by Indians untill the Mines of Potosi were discovered in those parts for then the Rents were raised ten for one and those Possessions which yielded two or three or four thousand Pieces of Eight amounted afterwards to twenty thirty and forty thousand Crowns a year The Marquis Francisco Piçarro having given order to sound that City which is called the City of Plate and having divided the Indians under that Jurisdiction amongst the Conquerours and Adventurers all which happened in the Years 1538 and 1539. he had not rested and reposed in quietness from his civil War and late Conquests before he undertook some other more laborious and more dangerous Adventures than the former which shall hereafter be related By the death of Almagro the Marquis remained sole and supreme Governour of more than 700 Leagues of Land which reach North and South from the Charcas to Quitu and had enough to doe how and in what manner to secure those new Conquests which his Captains had made in divers parts and how to rule with Laws of Justice those People who were setled in a quiet and peaceable Condition yet since the desire of Rule and Government is never to be satisfied his Warlike Mind was incited to farther Enterprises being encouraged with the good Fortune of his past Successes For now the News arrived that besides the Limits of Quitu and other Countries over which the Incan Kings were supreme Commanders another Countrey was discovered both long and wide where Cinnamon was growing for which reason they called it the Countrey of Canela which signifies Cinnamon The Marquis had a desire to employ his Brother in that Conquest with intention to make the Extent of his Land as long and wide as his own and having consulted hereupon with those of his Cabinet Council he renounced his right to the Government of Quitu and transferred it to his said Brother so that in the Conquest of Canela which lies Eastward from Quitu he might have the benefit of supplies and succour from that City Having this Design in his Eye he sent for his Brother Gonzalo who was then in the Charcas employed in the settlement of a new Colony in the City of Plate and of that Division of Indian Subjects and rule over them as was faln to his lot and possession Gonzalo Piçarro at the Summons of his Brother repaired speedily to Cozco where the Marquis then resided and having there