When Haloon vnderstood how the Soldan of Egypt had inuaded Syria and driuen thence his people he gathered his Armie and sent to the King of Armenia and to the King of Georgia and the other Christians of the East to prepare themselues against the Soldan of Egypt and the Saracens and when his Armie was in readinesse a sicknesse seized him of which he languished the space of a fortnight and then dyed by whose death the enterprize of the Holy Land had an end Abaga his Sonne held the Dominion of his Father who intreated the Emperour Cobila Can being his Vncle to confirme him therein to which he willingly accorded So he was called Abaga Can and began to reigne in the yeare of our Lord 1264. 32. Abaga was wise and gouerned prosperously in all things two only excepted one that he would not be a Christian as his Father had beene but worshipped Idols beleeuing the Idolatrous Priests The other that he was alwayes in warres with his Neighbours by reason wherof the Soldan was long in quiet and the power of the Saracens much increased Those Tartars or rather Turks which could escape from out the Dominion of the Tartars fled vnto the Soldan seeking to auoid the heauie burthens which the Tartars imposed on them And the Soldan dealt politikely for he sent Messengers by Sea to the Tartars in the Kingdomes of Cumania and Russia and made composition and agreement with them that whensoeuer Abaga should mooue warre against the Land of Egypt then they should inuade his Countrey for which he promised them great gifts by meanes whereof Abaga could not well inuade the Land of Egypt but the Soldan could easily without resistance inuade the Christians in the parts of Syria insomuch that the Christians lost the Citie of Antioch and diuers other places of strength which they held in that Kingdome 33. Moreouer Bendecar the Soldan of Egypt was so fortunate that he much abased the Kingdome of Armenia For it hapned that the King of Armenia with many of his men was gone to the Tartars which the Soldan hearing sent a Captayne of his to inuade the Kingdome of Armenia The Sonnes of the King of Armenia gathering together all that could beare Armes encountred the Egyptians in the Confines of their Kingdome and resisted them couragiously but the Armie of the Armenians being ouerthrowne one of the Kings Sonnes was taken and the other was slaine in battaile So that the Saracens thereby wasted and spoyled all the Kingdome of Armenia and carryed infinite riches thence to the great damage of the Christians whereby the Enemies power was much encreased and the Kingdome of Armenia wondrously weakned The King whose endeauour was wholly bent about the destruction of the Infidels hauing heard this most vnhappie newes of his owne Countrey busied his thoughts night and day how to afflict the Saracens and oft-times very earnestly dealt with Abaga and his Tartars to attempt the ouerthrow of faithlesse Mahomet and the reliefe of the Christians But Abaga excused himselfe by reason of the warres in which he was daily entangled with his Neighbours The King of Armenia seeing that hee could not haue any present ayde of the Tartarians sent and made truce by his Messengers with the Soldan of Egypt that he might redeeme his Sonne which was Prisoner The Soldan also promised him that if he restored him a friend of his called Angoldscar whom the Tartars held captiue and yeelded vp the Castle Tempsach and some holds of the Citie of Halappi which he had gotten in the time of Haoloon hee would set his Sonne at libertie Whereupon the Soldan hauing receiued his friend and the Castle of Tempsacke beeing yeelded and two other Castles throwne downe at his appointment deliuered his Sonne out of Prison and restored him accordingly Then afterwards King Haython of famous memorie hauing reigned fortie fiue yeares and done much good to the Christians yeelded vp his Kingdome and Dominion to his Sonne Liuon whom he had deliuered out of captiuitie and renouncing this Kingdom of the World became professed in Religion and was called Macharius changing his name according to the custome of the Armenians when they enter into Religion and in short time after dyed in peace in the yeare of our Lord 1270. 34. This King of Armenia Liuone was wise and gouerned his Kingdom prouidently and being much beloued by his owne People and by the Tartars he laboured earnestly to destroy the Saracens so that in his time Abaga made peace with al his neighbors who of long time had been his enemies Then the Soldan of Egypt entred the Kingdome of Turkie and slue many of the Tartars and draue them out of many Townes For a Saracen called Paruana being Captaine ouer the Tartars that were in Turkie rebelled against Abaga and sought the destruction of the Tartarians Abaga hearing thereof posted thither so speedily that in fifteene dayes hee rode fortie dayes iourney The Soldan hearing of his comming departed suddenly not daring to make any longer abode Yet could not so speedily withdraw himselfe but that the Tartars following swiftly ouertooke the rereward of his Armie in the entrie of the Kingdome of Egypt in a place called Pasblanke There the Tartarians rushing on them tooke two thousand Horsemen of the Saracens beside much riches and fiue thousand of the Cordines which liued in that Countrie Abaga being come to the Confines of Egypt was perswaded to goe no farther for heat for that Land is very hote and his Tartars and their beasts hauing come speedily from farre could hardly haue indured it by reason whereof hee returned into Turkie and spoiled and wasted all the Countries that had rebelled and yeelded to the Soldan But he caused the Traytor Paruana with his partakers to be cut asunder in the midst after the Tartarian manner and part of his flesh to be serued in all his meats whereof he and his Captaines did eat Such was the reuenge of King Abaga on the Traitor Paruana 35. Abaga hauing effected his desires in Turkie and enriched his Tartars with the spoyles of the rebellious Saracens he called to him the King of Armenia and offered him the kingdome of Turkie in regard that his father and hee had beene euer faithfull to the Tartarians But the King of Armenia being discreet and wise rendred great thankes to Abaga for so great a Present but excused himselfe from the accepting thereof as vnable to gouerne two Kingdomes For the Soldan of Egypt was in his full strength and earnestly bent against the Kingdome of Armenia so that hee had enough to doe to prouide for the defence thereof Yet aduised him to settle and dispose the Kingdome of Turkie in such sort ere his departure that there might bee no feare of Rebellion afterwards and in any case to permit no Saracen to command there Which aduice Abaga accepted of and neuer after suffered any Saracen to beare rule in that Countrey The king of Armenia then
not one of these hath as long as hee liueth any charge or gouernment at all They giue themselues to eating and drinking and bee for the most part burley men of bodie insomuch that espying any one of them whom wee had not seene before wee might know him to bee the Kings Cousin They bee neuerthelesse very pleasant courteous and fayre conditioned neither did wee finde all the time we were in that Citie so much honour and good entertainment any where as at their hands They bid vs to their houses to eate and drinke and when they found vs not or wee were not willing to goe with them they bid our seruants and slaues causing them to sit downe with the first Notwithstanding the good lodging these Gentlemen haue so commodious that they want nothing yet are they in this bondage that during life they neuer goe abroad The cause as I did vnderstand wherefore the King so vseth his Cousins is that none of them at any time may rebell against him and thus bee shutteth them vp in three or foure other Cities Most of them can play on the Lute and to make that kinde of pastime peculiar vnto them onely all other in the Cities where they doe liue bee forbidden that Instrument the Curtizans and blinde folke onely excepted who bee Musicians and can play This King furthermore for the greater securitie of his Realme and the auoyding of tumults letteth not one in all his Countrey to bee called Lord except hee be of his bloud Many great Estates and Gouernours there be that during their office are lodged Lord-like and doe beare the port of mightie Princes but they bee so many times displaced and other placed anew that they haue not the while to become corrupt True it is that during their Office they be well prouided for as afterward also lodged at the Kings charges and in pension as long as they liue payed them monethly in the Cities where they dwell by certaine officers appointed for that purpose The King then is a Lord onely not one besides him as you haue seene except it bee such as be of his bloud A Nephew likewise of the King the Kings Sisters sonne lyeth continually within the walls of the Citie in a strong Palace built Castle-wise euen as his others Cousins doe remayning alwayes within doores serued by Eunuches neuer dealing with any matters Their festiuall dayes new Moones and full Moones the Magistrates make great banquets and so doe such as bee of the Kings bloud The King his Nephew hath name Vanfuli his Palace is walled about the wall is not high but foure square and in circuit nothing inferiour to the walls of Goa the out-side is painted red in euery square a Gate and ouer each gate a Tower made of timber excellently well wrought before the principall Gate of the foure that openeth into the high-street no Loutea bee he neuer so great may passe on horsebacke or carried in his seate Amidst this quadrangle standeth the Palace where that Gentleman lyeth doubtlesse worth the sight although wee came not in to see it By report the roofes of the towers and house are glased greene the greater part of the Quadrangle set with sauage Trees as Oakes Chesnuts Cypresse Pine-apples Cedars and other such like that wee doe want after the manner of a Wood wherein are kept Stagges Oxen and other beasts for that Lord his recreation neuer going abroad as I haue said One preheminence this Citie hath aboue the rest where wee haue beene and it of right as we doe thinke that besides the multitude of Market-places wherein all things are to bee sold through euery streete continually are cryed all things necessarie as Flesh of all sorts fresh-Fish Hearbes Oyle Vineger Meale Rice In summa all things so plentifully that many houses need no seruants euerie thing being brought to their doores Most part of the Merchants remayne in the Suburbs for that the Cities are shut vp euery night as I haue sayd The Merchants therefore the better to attend their businesse doe choose rather to make their abode without in the Suburbs then within the Citie I haue seene in this Riuer a pretie kinde of Fishing not to bee omitted in my opinion and therefore will I set it downe The King hath in many riuers good store of Barges full of Sea-crowes that breed are fed and doe dye therein in certaine Cages allowed monethly a certaine prouision of Rice These Barges the King bestoweth vpon his greatest Magistrates giuing to some two to some three of them as hee thinketh good to Fish therewithall after this manner At the houre appointed to Fish all the Barges are brought together in a circle where the Riuer is shallow and the Crowes tyed together vnder the wings are let leape downe into the water some vnder some aboue worth the looking vpon each one as hee hath filled his bagge goeth to his owne Barge and emptieth it which done hee returneth to fish againe Thus hauing taken good store of Fish they set the Crowes at libertie and doe suffer them to fish for their owne pleasure There were in that Citie where I was twentie Barges at the least of these aforesaid Crowes I went almost euery day to see them yet could I neuer bee throughly satisfied to see so strange a kinde of Fishing ⸪ PEREGRINATIONS VOYAGES DISCOVERIES OF CHINA TARTARIA RVSSIA AND OTHER THE NORTH AND EAST PARTS OF THE WORLD By English-men and others THE SECOND BOOKE CHAP. I. The beginning of English Discoueries towards the North and North-east by Sir HVGH WILLOVGHBY RICHARD CHANCELLOR and others of the Muscouie Trade as also Voyages by Russia ouer the Caspian Sea and thorow diuers Regions of Tartaria §. I. The first Voyage for Discouerie with three ships set forth vnder the charge of Sir HVGH WILLOVGHBY Knight in which he died and Moscouia was discouered by Captaine CHANCELLOR IN the yeere of our Lord 1553. the seuenth of the Raigne of King Edward the sixth of famous memorie Sebastian Cabota was Gouernour of the Mysterie and Companie of the Merchants Aduenturers for the discouerie of Regions Dominions Ilands and places vnknowne Certaine instructions were agreed on by him and the said Companie subscribed by Master Cabota the ninth of May the Kings Letters also procured vnto remote Princes in diuers languages and a fleet of three Ships set forth at that time vnder the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby Knight Captaine generall which went in the Bona Esperanza Admirall a ship of an hundred and twenty tunnes hauing with her a Pinnace and a Boat William Gefferson was Master of the said ship The Edward Bonauenture was of an hundred and sixty tunnes and had with her a Pinnace and a Boat in which went Richard Chancellor Captaine and Pilot Maior of the fleet and Stephen Burrough Master The Bona Confidentia of ninety tunnes had with her a Pinnace and a Boat of which Cornelius Durfoorth was Master The Captaines and Masters were sworne to doe
very great each hauing a woman sitting thereon with a Sword in her hand of the same metall and a siluer Crowne on the head so many had sacrificed themselues at her death to doe her seruice in the next World Another compasse environed that of the Giants all of triumphant Arches gilded with a great quantitie of siluer Bels hanging on siluer chaines which by the motion of the Aire continually yeelded a strange sound Without those Arches in the same proportion stand two rankes of Latten grates encircling the whole worke set in spaces with Pillars of the same and thereon Lions set on balls which are the Armes of the Kings of China At the foure corners were placed foure Monsters of Brasse one which the Chinois call the Deuouring Serpent of the deepe Caue of the House of smoke in the figure of a dreadfull Serpent with seuen Serpents comming out of his brest sported with greene and blacke with many prickles more then a span long quite thorow the bodie like Hedge-hogges each hauing in his mouth a woman ouerthwart with disheuelled haires looking deadly The old or great Serpent holds in his mouth a Lizard halfe out of aboue thirty spans in length as bigge as a Pipe with nose and lips full of bloud and in his hands he holds a great Elephant so forcibly that his entrailes seeme to come out of his mouth all so naturally represented that it is most dreadful to behold The folds of his tayle were aboue twentie fathome long enfolding therein another Monster the second of the foure called Tarcamparoo which they say was the Sonne of that Serpent which stands with both his hands in his mouth which is as bigge as a gate the teeth set in order and the blacke tongue hanging out aboue two fathomes Of the two other one was the Figure of a woman named Nadelgau seuenteene fathomes long and sixe about from whose waste issued a beake or face aboue two fathomes which cast smoake out of the nosthrils and flames of fire out of the mouth which they make therein continually saying shee is the Queene of the Fierie Spheare and shall burne the Earth at the end of the World The fourth is like a man set cowring with cheekes puffed like ships sayles so monstrous that a man could not endure the sight The Chinois call him Vzanguenaboo and say that it is hee which makes Tempests in the Sea and throwes downe Houses by Land to which the people giue much Almes not to hurt their Iunkes The second day we went from Pocasser and came to another Citie called Xinligau very great well built walled with Tyles ditched about with two Castles at the end hauing their Towres Bul-warkes and Draw-bridges in the midst of each Castle was a Towre of fiue Lofts with many workes painted in which the Chinois said were fifteene thousand Picos of siluer of the Rents gathered in that Archipelago which this Kings Grand-father there layd vp in memory of his Sonne Leuquinau which signifieth the ioy of all holden for a Saint because he dyed a Religious man and lyes there buried in the Temple of Quiay Varatel the God of all the Fishes in the Sea of whom they haue large Legends In that Citie and another fiue leagues from it is made the greatest part of the Silke of that Kingdome the waters there giuing quicker colours they say then in other parts The Weauers Loomes of these Silkes which they affirme thirteene thousand pay yearely to the King three hundred thousand Taeis Going further vp the Riuer wee came the next day Euening to a great Champaigne continuing ten or twelue leagues in which were many Kine Horses and Mares pastured for the shambles as well as other flesh and kept by many men on Horse-backe These Champaignes past wee came to a Towne called Iunquileu walled with Tyles but without Towres or Bul-warkes Here wee saw a stone Monument with an Inscription Heere lyeth Trannocem Mudeliar Vncle to the King of Malaca who dyed before hee was reuenged of Captayne Alboquerque the Lion of Sea Robberies We enquiring hereof an old Chinese said that about fortie yeares agoe the man there interred had come Embassadour from a King of Malaca to sue to the Sonne of the Sunne for succour against a Nation of a Land without name which had comne from the end of the World and taken Malaca with other incredible particularities printed in a Booke which hee made thereof Hauing spent three yeares in this Suite and brought it to some maturitie hee sickned of the Aire one night at Supper dyed in nine dayes and left this Memoriall Wee proceeded on our way the Riuer growing lesse but the Countrey more peopled scarsly a stones cast free of some House eyther of a Pagode or Labourer And two leagues higher on a Hill compassed with Iron grates were two Brasse Statues standing on their feete one of a man the other of a woman both seuentie foure spans long with their hands in their mouthes and puffed cheekes fastned to Cast-Iron Pillars seuen fathomes high The Male was named Quiay Xingatalor the woman Apancapatur The Chinois told vs that the man was Fire-blower in Hell to torment such as in this life gaue them no Almes the woman was the Hell-Porter which suffered the Almes-giuers to flye by a Riuer of cold water called Ochileuday and hid them their from the Deuils hurting them One of our company laughed at this Tale whereat a Bonzo was so offended that hee set Chifu in rage with vs who bound vs hand and foot and gaue vs one hundred stripes a-piece Twelue Priests were incensing these Monsters when wee were there with Siluer-censours full of sweet Odours Saying as wee serue thee helpe thou vs another company of Priests answering So I promise thee as a good Lord. And thus went they on Procession about the Hill an houres space sounding certayne Bels causing a dreadfull noyse Hence wee passed vp the Riuer eleuen dayes all peopled with Cities Townes Villages Castles in many places scarsly a Calieuer shot distant one from another and all the Land in compasse of our sight had store of great Houses and Temples with gilded Steeples which amazed vs with the sight Thus wee came to the Citie Sampitay where wee stayed fiue dayes by reason of the sicknesse of Chifus Wife There by his leaue wee went thorow the streets a begging the people wondering at vs and giuing vs largely One woman amongst others which busily questioned with vs shewed vs a Crosse branded on her left arme asking if we knew that signe and wee deuoutly answering yes shee lifted vp her hands to Heauen and sayd Our Father which art in Heauen hallowed be thy Name in Portugues and could speake no more but proceeded in China speech and procured leaue to lodge vs at her House those fiue dayes telling vs she was named Inez de Leiria and was the Daughter of Thomas Perez which came Embassadour to China
lancheth or cutteth the same while in the meane time it can neither be seene nor taken that from some it hath cut off their hands and from other their feete vntill the remedy was found to annoint the place with Oyle and scrape it with a Rasor In the firme Land in golden Castile or Beragua there are many Vipers like vnto them of Spaine they that are bitten of them dye in short space for few liue to the fourth day except present remedy Of these some are of lesse kinde then other and haue their taile somewhat round and leape in the aire to assaile men and for this cause some call this kinde of Vipers Tyro their biting is most venomousâ— and for the most part incurable One of them chanced to bite an Indian Maide which serued me in my house to whom I caused the Surgians to minister their ordinary cure but they could doe her no good nor yet get one drop of blood out of her but onely a yellow water so that she died the third day for lacke of remedie as the like hath chanced to diuers others This Maide was of the age of foureteene yeares and spake the Spanish tongue as if she had beene borne in Castile she said that the Viper which bit her on the foot was two spans long or little lesse and that to bite her she leapt in the aire for the space of more then six paces as I haue heard the like of other credible persons I haue also seene in the firme Land a kinde of Adders very small and of seuen or eight foot long these are so red that in the night they appeare like burning coles and in the day seeme as red as blood these are also venemous but not so much as the Vipers There are other much lesse and shorter and blacker these come out of the Riuers and wander sometimes farre on the Land and are likewise venemous There are also other Adders of a russet colour these are somewhat bigger then the Viper and are hurtfull and venemous There are likewise another sort of many colours and very long of these I saw one in the yeare of Christ 1515. in the Iland of Hispaniola neere vnto the Sea coasts at the foote of the Mountaines called Pedernales When this Adder was slain I measured her found her to be more then twenty foot long and somewhat more then a mans fist in bignesse and although she had three or foure deadly wounds with a Sword yet dyed she not nor stunke the same day in so much that her blood continued warme all that time There are also in the Marishes and desarts of the firme Land many other kindes of Lysarts Dragons and diuers other kindes of Serpents whereof I intend not here to speak much because I haue more particularly entreated of these things in my generall historie of the West Indies There are tlso Spiders of marueilous bignesse and I haue seene some with bodie and legges bigger then a mans hand extended euery way and I once saw one of such bignesse that onely her body was as bigge as a Sparrow and full of that Laune whereof they make their webbes this was of a darke russet colour with eyes greater then the eyes of a Sparrow they are venemous and of terrible shape to behold There are also Scorpions and diuers other such venomous wormes Furthermore in the firme Land there are many Toades being verie noious and hurtfull by reason of their great multitude they are not venemous they are seene in great abundance in Dareena where they are so big that when they die in the time of drought the bones of some of them and especially the ribs are of such greatnesse that they appeare to be the bones of Cats or of some other beasts of the same bignesse But as the waters diminish the moisture consumeth in the time of drought as I haue said they also consume therewith vntill the yeare next following when the raine and moisture encrease at which time they are seene againe Neuerthelesse at this present there is no such quantitie of them as was wont to be by reason that as the Land is better cultured by the Christians as well by the felling of Woods and Shrubs as also by the Pasture of Kine Horses and other beasts so is it apparant that this poison diminisheth daily whereby that region becommeth more holesome and pleasant These Toades sing after three or foure sort for some of them sing pleasantly other like ours of Spaine some also whistle and other some make another manner of noise they are likewise of diuers colours as some greene some russet or gray and some almost blacke but of all sorts they are great and filthie and noious by reason of their great multitude yet are they not venemous as I haue said There are also a strange kinde of Crabbes which come forth of certaine holes of the earth that they themselues make the head and bodie of these make one round thing much like to the hood of a Faulcon hauing foure feete comming out of the one side and as manie out of the other they haue also two mouthes like vnto a paire of small Pincers the one bigger then the other wherewith they bite but doe no great hurt because they are not venemous their skin and bodie is smooth and thinne as is the rkinne of a man sauing that it is somewhat harder their colour is russet or white or blew and walke sidelong they are verie good to be eaten in so much that the Christians trauailing by the firme Land haue beene greatly nourished by them because they are found in manner euerie where in shape and forme they are much like vnto the Crabbe which we paint for the signe Cancer and like vnto those which are found in Spaine in Andalusia in the Riuer Guadalchiber where it entreth into the Sea and in the Sea coasts there about sauing that these are of the water and the other of the land they are sometimes hurtfull so that they that eate of them dye but this chanceth onely when they haue eaten any venomous thing or of the venemous apples wherewith the Caniball archers poison their arrowes whereof I will speake hereafter and for this cause the Christians take heede how they eate of these Crabbes if they finde them neere vnto the said apple trees Furthermore in these Indies as well in the firme land as in the Ilands there is found a kinde of Serpents which they call Yuanas which some call Iuannas these are terrible and fearefull to fight and yet not hurtfull they are verie delicate to be eaten and it is not yet knowne whether they be beasts of the land or fishes because they liue in the water and wander in the woods and on the land they haue foure feet and are commonly bigger then Connies and in some places bigger then Otters with tailes like Lysarts or Eutes their skinne is spotted and of the same kinde
all that whole house reuerently worshipped the Crosse. And she set it vpon a Veluet cloth in an high place and shee caused meate to bee brought to wit the carkasse of one Ramme which being set before the Ladie shee caused it to be distributed to the Priests But I and the Monke were very warie of the meate and drinke for the meate being eaten and much drinke drunke wee were to goe to the Damosell Cerina who lodged behind that great house which was her Mothers who at the comming in of the Crosse cast her selfe vpon the Earth and worshipped it very deuoutly because shee had beene well taught so to doe and shee set it in a high place vpon a piece of silke And all those clothes whereon the Crosse was set were the Monkes A certaine Armenian brought this Crosse who came with the Monk as he said from Hierusalem and it was of siluer weighing about some foure markes and it had foure Precious Stones in the corners and one in the middle It had not the Image of our Sauiour because the Armenians and the Nestorians are ashamed that Christ should appeare nayled to the Crosse and hee had presented it by the Monke to Mangu Chan. And Mangu demanded of him what hee desired to whom he answered That he was the Sonne of an Armenian Priest whose Church the Saracens had destroyed and craued his helpe for the building againe of that Church Then hee asked him for how much it might be built againe he answered for two hundred Iascots that is for two thousand markes and he commanded Letters to be giuen him to him who receiued the Tribute in Persia and Armenia the greater that they should pay him the said summe of siluer This Crosse the Monke carried with him euery where And the Priests seeing the gaine thereof began to enuie him Wee were therefore in the house of the said Damosell and shee gaue the Priests much drinke From hence wee went vnto the fourth house which was the last in number and honour For he vsed not to come often to that Ladie and her house was very old and her selfe nothing gracious But after Easter Chan made her a new house and new Chariots She likewise as the second knew little or nothing of Christianitie but followed Soothsayers and Idolaters Yet at our comming in shee worshipped the Crosse as the Monke and the Priests taught her There also the Priests dranke againe And from that place wee returned to our Oratorie which was neere thereabouts the Priests accompanying vs with great howling and out-cryes in their drunkennesse which there is reprehensible neither in man nor woman Then my fellow was brought home and the Monke sharply rebuked him because he touched the threshold On the morrow Bulgai came who was a Iustice and diligently inquired whether any had warned vs to take heed of touching the threshold And I answered Sir wee had not our Interpreter with vs how could we vnderstand Then hee pardoned him But would neuer after suffer him to come into any of the houses of Mangu Chan. IT happened afterwards that the same Ladie Cota which was sicke about Septuagesima was sicke almost vnto death and diuination by Lots of the Idolaters could profit her nothing Then Mangu sent vnto the Monke demanding of him what might bee done for her And the Monke indiscreetly answered that if shee were not cured hee should cut off his head hauing made that answere the Monke called vs declaring the matter vnto vs with teares intreating to watch with him that night in Prayer which we did And he had a certayne Roote which is called Rubarbe and hee cut it almost to powder and put it in water with a little Crucifixe which he had wherein the Image of our Sauiour was aduanced whereof he reported that by it he knew when the sicke should recouer or dye For if they should escape it stucke to the brest of the sicke as if it were glued if otherwise it stâ—cke not at all And I still thought that Rubarbe had beene some holy Relike which he had brought from the Holy Land of Hierusalem And he gaue all sicke persons of that water â— drinke so that it could not bee but their bowels should be griped with so bitter a Potion which alteration in their bodies they accounted a Miracle Then I told him when he was about to make such a water that hee should prepare some of that Holy water which is made in the Church of Rome which hath great vertue to expell Deuils because I vnderstood shee was vexed of a Deuill And at his intreatie wee made him some Holy water and he mingled Rubarbe and put his Crucifixe all the whole night in the water to temper it I said moreouer that if hee were a Priest that the Order of Priest-hood hath great power to expell Deuils And he said it was very true and yet hee lyed because hee had no order nor knew any one Letter but was a Weauer as I vnderstood after in his Countrey when I returned On the morrow therefore I and the Monke and two Nestorian Priests went vnto the foresaid Ladie And shee was in a little house behind her greater house When wee came in shee sate in her bed and worshipped the Crosse and set it honourably by her vpon a cloth of Silke and drunke of the blessed water with Rubarbe and washed her brest And the Monke requested me to reade a Gospell ouer her so I read the Passion of our Lord according vnto Iohn At length she was cheered and felt her selfe better and shee caused foure Iascots to bee brought which she first layd at the feet of the Crosse and after gaue me to the Monke and reached me one which I would not receiue Then the Monke stretching forth his hand tooke it and gaue either of the Priests one so that at that time shee gaue fortie Markes Then shee caused Wine to be brought and gaue it the Priests to drinke and I must drinke thrice from her hand in honour of the Trinitie Shee began also to teach mee the Language jesting with mee because I was dumbe not hauing any Interpreter On the morrow we returned to her againe And Mangu Chan hearing that we came that way made vs come in vnto him because hee vnderstood that the Lady was somewhat better and we found him with a few seruants supping liquid Tam to wit meat made of paste for comforting the head and the burnt shoulder-blades of a Ram lay before him and he tooke the Crosse in his hand but that hee kissed or worshipped it I saw not but looked vpon it and asked some questions I know not what Then the Monke craued leaue to carry the Crosse aloft vpon a Lance because I had spoken to the Monke before concerning this And Mangu answered Carry it as you thinke best to doe it Then doing our duty to him wee went to the foresaid Ladie and we found her lustie and cheerfull and she still drunke
very wide and swift and one arme of it goeth to Quinsai at the parting of which is Tingui situate where Porcelane dishes are made as I was told of a certaine Earth which they cast vp in great Hills and so let lie to all weathers for thirtie or fortie yeeres without stirring after which refining by time they make Dishes paint them and then put them in the Furnace You may there haue eight Dishes for one Venetian Groat In this Kingdome of Concha the Can hath as great Reuenue almost as of the Kingdome of Quinsai In these two M. Marco was and in none of the other nine Kingdomes of Mangi in all which is one speech vsed with varietie of Dialect and one sort of writing and therefore will speake no more of them but in the next Booke discourse of India the Greater the Middle and the Lesse in which hee was both in the seruice of the Can and also in his returne with the Queene to Argon §. IX The Ships of India described the I le of Zipangu the Sea Chin and World of Ilands the two Iauas Zeilan and other Ilands with the rarities therein WE will now enter into India and begin with their Ships which are made of Firre and the Zapino Tree with one deck on which are twentie Cabbins or lesse as the Ships are in quantitie each for one Merchant They haue a good Roother and foure Masts with foure Sailes and some two Masts which they erect or take downe at pleasure Some greater Ships haue thirteene Colii or diuisions on the inside made with boards inchased that if by blow of a Whale or touch on a Rooke water gets in it can goe no further then that diuision which being found is soone mended They are all double that is haue two course of boards one within the other and are well â—alked with Ocam and nayled with Iron but not pitched for they haue no Pitch but anointed with the Oile of a certayne Tree mixed with Lime and Hemp beaten small faster then Pitch or Lime The greater ships haue three hundred Mariners others two hundred one hundred and fiftie as they are in bignesse and from fiue to six thousand bags of Pepper And they were wont to be greater then now they are the Sea hauing broken into Ports and Ilands that the defect of water in some places causeth them to build lesse They vse also Oares in these Ships foure men to an Oare and the greater Ships haue with them two or three ships lesse able to carry a thousand bags of Pepper hauing sixtie or more Mariners which lesse ships serue sometimes to tow the greater They haue also with them ten small Boats for fishing and other seruices fastned to the sides of the greater ships and let downe when they please to vse them Also they sheath their ships after a yeeres vsage so that then they haue three course of boards yea proceed on in this manner sometimes till there bee six courses after which they breake them vp Hauing spoken of the ships we will speake of India and first of certayne Ilands Zipangu is an Iland in the East one thousand and fiue hundred miles distant from the shoares of Mangi very great the people white and faire of gentle behauiour in Religion Idolaters and haue a King of their owne They haue gold in great store for few Merchants come thither and the King permits no exportation of it And they which haue had commerce there tell of the Kings house couered with Gold as Churches here with Lead gilded Windowes Floores of gold there are many Pearles Once the fame of these riches made Cublai Can to send to conquer it two Barons with a great fleet of ships one named Abbaccatan the other Vonsancin which going from Zaitum and Quinsai arriued there but falling out betwixt themselues could take but one Citie and there beheaded all they tooke saue eight persons which by an inchanted precious stone inclosed in the right arme betwixt the skinne and flesh could not bee wounded with Iron whereupon with woodden Clubs at the command of the two Barons they were slaine It hapned one day that a Northerne winde made great danger to the ships there riding so that some were lost some returned further into Sea and others with the two Leaders and other Principals returned home Out of many broken ships some escaped by boards and swimming on an Iland not inhabited foure miles off Zipangu and were about thirtie thousand without prouisions of victuals or Armes against whom the Zipanguanders after the Tempest was calmed set out a fleet of ships and an Armie These comming on Land to seeke the wracked Tartars without order gaue occasion to the Tartars to wheele about the Iland being high in the midst and to get vnseene to their ships which were left vnmanned with the Streamers displaid and with them they went to the chiefe Citie of Zipangu where they were admitted without suspicion and found few others but Women The King of Zipangu besieged them six moneths and they hauing no reliefe yeelded themselues their liues saued this happened An. 1264. The Can for this disorder of his two Commanders cut off the head of one and sent the other to a saluage Iland called Zorza where hee causeth Offenders to die by sewing them their hands bound in a new-flayed hide of a Bâ—ffall which drying shrinketh so as it puts them in a little-ease to a miserable death The Idols in this and the adioyning Ilands are made with heads of Kine Swine Dogs and other fashions more monstrous as with faces on their shoulders with foure ten or an hundred hands some and to these they ascribe most power and doe most reuerence and say that so they learned of their Progenitors They sometimes eate the Enemies which they take with great ioy and for great dainties The Sea in which this Iland standeth is called the Sea of Cin or Chin that is the Sea against Mangi and in the language of that Iland Mangi is called Chin which Sea is so large that the Mariners and expert Pilots which frequent it say that there are seuen thousand foure hundred and fortie Ilands therein the most part inhabited and that there growes no Tree which yeelds not a good smell and that there growes many Spices of diuers kindes especially Lignum Aloes and Pepper blacke and white The ships of Zaitum are a yeere in their voyage for they goe in Winter and returne in Summer hauing Windes of two sorts which keepe their seasons And this Countrey is farre from India But I will leaue them for I neuer was there nor are they subiect to the Can and returne to Zaitum From hence sayling South-westward one thousand fiue hundred miles passing a Gulfe called Cheinan which continues two moneths sayling to the Northward still confining on the South-east of Mangi and elsewhere with Ania and Toloman and other Prouinces before named within it are infinite Ilands all in manner inhabited In them
thousand The Horse-men are all Archers with such Bowes as the Turkes haue and they ride short as doe the Turkes Their Armour is a Coate of Plate with a skull on their heads Some of their Coates are couered with Veluet or Cloth of God their desire is to be sumptuous in the field and especially the Nobles and Gentlemen as I haue heard their trimming is very costly and partly I haue seene it or else I would scarcely haue beleeued it but the Duke himselfe is richly attyred aboue all measure his Pauilion is couered eyther with Cloth of Gold or Siluer and so set with stones that it is wonderfull to see it I haue seene the Kings Maiesties of England and the French Kings Pauilions which are faire yet not like vnto his And when they be sent into farre or strange Countries or that strangers come to them they be very gorgeous Else the Duke himselfe goeth but meanly in apparell and when hee goeth betwixt one place and another hee is but reasonably apparelled ouer other times In the while that I was in Mosco the Duke sent two Ambassadours to the King of Pâ—leland which had at the left fiue hundred Horses their sumptuousnesse was aboue measure not onely in themselues but also in their Horses as Veluet Cloth of Gold and Cloth of Siluer set with Pearles and not scant What shall I further say I neuer heard of nor saw men so sumptuous but it is no daily guize for when they haue not occasion as I said before all their doing is but meane And now to the effect of their Warres They are men without all order in the field For they run hurling on heaps and for the most part they neuer giue battayle to their Enemies but that which they do they do it all by stealth But I beleeue they be such men for hard liuing as are not vnder the Sunne for no cold will hurt them Yea and though they lye in the field two moneths at such time as it shall freeze more then a yard thicke the common Souldier hath neither Tent nor any thing else ouer his head the most defence they haue against the weather is a Felt which is set against the wind and weather and when Snow commeth he doth cast it off and maketh him a fire and layeth him downe thereby Thus doe the most of all his men except they be Gentlemen which haue other prouision of their owne Their lying in the field is not so strange as is their hardnesse for euery man must carrie and make prouision for himselfe and his Horse for a moneth or two which is very wonderfull For hee himselfe shall liue vpon water and Oate-meale mingled together cold and drinke water thereto his Horse shall eate greene wood and such like baggage and shall stand open in the cold field without couert and yet will hee labour and serue him right well I pray you amongst all our boasting Warriours how many should we find to endure the field with them but one moneth I know no such Region about vs that beareth that name for man and beast Now what might bee made of these men if they were trayned and broken to order and knowledge of Ciuill Warres if this Prince had within his Countries such men as could make them to vnderstand the things aforesaid I doe beleeue that two of the best or greatst Princes in Christendome were not well able to match with him considering the greatnesse of his power and the hardnesse of his people and straight liuing both of people and Horse and the small charges which his Wars stand him in for he giueth no wages except to strangers They haue a yearely stipend and not much As for his owne Countreymen euery one serueth of his owne proper costs and charges sauing that hee giueth to his Harquebusiers certayne allowance for Powder and shot or else no man in all his Countrey hath one penie wages But if any man hath done very good seruice he giueth him a Ferme or a piece of Land for the which he is bound at all times to be readie with so many men as the Duke shall appoint who considereth in his minde what that Land or Ferme is well able to find and so many shall he be bound to furnish at all and euery such time as Warres are holden in any of the Dukes Dominions For there is no man of liuing but he is bound likewise whether the Duke call for eyther Souldier or Labourer to furnish them with all such necessaries as to them belong Also if any Gentleman or man of liuing doe dye without Issue Male immediately after his death the Duke entreth his Land notwithstanding he haue neuer so many Daughters and peraduenture giueth it forth-with to another man except a small portion that he spareth to marry the Daughters withall Also if there be a Rich man a Fermour or man of Liuing which is stricken in age or by chance is maymed and be not able to doe the Duke seruice some other Gentleman that is not able to liue and more able to doe seruice will come to the Duke and complaine saying your Grace hath such an one which is vnmeete to doe seruice to your Highnesse who hath great abundance of wealth and likewise your Grace hath many Gentlemen which are poore and lacke liuing and we that lacke are well able to doe good seruice your Grace might doe well to looke vpon him and make him to helpe those that want Immediately the Duke sendeth forth to inquire of his wealth and if it be so proued hee shall be called before the Duke and it shall bee said vnto him Friend you haue too much liuing and are vnseruiceable to your Prince lesse will serue you and the rest will serue other men that are more able to serue Whereupon immediately his liuing shall be taken away from him sauing a little to find himselfe and his Wife on and he may not once repine thereat but for answere hee will say that hee hath nothing but it is Gods and the Dukes Graces and cannot say as wee the common people in England say if wee haue any thing that it is Gods and our owne Men may say that these men are in wonderfull great awe and obedience that thus one must giue and grant his goods which he hath beene scraping and scratching for all his life to be at his Princes pleasure and commandement Oh that our sturdie Rebels were had in the like subiection to know their dutie toward their Princes They may not say as some Snudges in England say I would find the Queene a man to serue in my place or make his Friends tarrie at home if many haue the vpper hand No no it is not so in this Countrey for he shall make humble sute to serue the Duke And whom he sendeth most to the Warres hee thinketh he is most in his fauour and yet as I before haue said he giueth no wages If they knew
Christians which I supposed was neuer seene in the Caspian sea before Wee passed in this voyage diuers fortunes notwithstanding the eight and twentieth of May we arriued in safetie at Astracan and there remayned til the tenth of Iune following as well to prepare vs small Boates to goe vp against the streame of Volga with our goods as also for the companie of the Ambassadours of Tartarie committed vnto me to be brought to the presence of the Emperour of Russia This Caspian sea to say something of it is in length about two hundred leagues and in breadth one hundred and fiftie without any issue to other Seas to the East part wherof ioyneth the great desart Countrey of the Tartars called Turkemen to the West the Countries of the Chyrcasses the Mountaines of Caucasus and the Mare Euxinum which is from the said Caspian Sea a hundred leagues To the North is the riuer Volga and the land of Nagay and to the South part ioyne the Countries of Media and Persia. This Sea is fresh water in many places and in other places as salt as our great Ocean It hath many goodly Riuers falling into it and it auoydeth not it selfe except it bee vnder ground The notable Riuers that fall into it are first the great Riuer of Volga called in the Tartar tongue Edell which springeth out of a lake in a marrish or plaine ground not farre from the Citie of Nouogrode in Russia and it is from the spring to the Sea aboue two thousand English miles It hath diuers other goodly Riuers falling into it as out of Siberia Yaic and Yem Also out of the mountaines of Caucasus the Riuers of Cyrus and Arash and diuers others As touching the trade of Shamakie in Media and Tebris with other Townes in Persia I haue enquired and doe well vnderstand that it is euen like to the trades of Tartaria that is little vtterance and small profite and I haue beene aduertised that the chiefe trade of Persia is into Syria and so transported into the Leuant sea The few ships vpon the Caspian Seas the want of Mart and port Townes the pouertie of the people and the Ice maketh that trade naught At Astracan there were Merchants of Shamakie with whom I offered to barter and to giue them Kersies for their wares but they would not saying they had them as good cheape in their Countrey as I offered them which was sixe rubbles for a Kersie that I asked and while I was at Boghar there were brought thither out of Persia Cloath and diuers commodities of our Countries which was sold as good cheape as I might sell ours The tenth day of Iune wee departed from Astracan towards the Mosco hauing an hundred gunners in our companie at the Emperours charges for the safe conduct of the Tartar Ambassadours and me And the eight and twentieth day of Iuly following we arriued at the Citie of Cazan hauing been vpon the way from Astracan thither sixe weekes and more without any refreshing of victuals for in all that way there is no habitation The seuenth of August following wee departed from Cazan and transported our goods by water as farre as the Citie of Morum and then by land so that the second of September wee arriued at the Citie of the Mosco and the fourth day I came before the Emperours Maiestie kissed his hand and presented him a white Cowes tayle of Cathay and a Drum of Tartaria which hee well accepted Also I brought before him all the Ambassadours that were committed to my charge with all the Russe slaues and that day I dined in his Maiesties presence and at dinner his Grace sent me meate by a Duke and asked me diuers questions touching the Lands and Countries where I had beene And thus I remayned at the Mosco about your affaires vntill the seuenteenth day of Februarie that your wares were sent downe and then hauing licence of the Emperours Maiestie to depart the one and twentieth day I came to your house to Vologhda and there remayned vntill the breaking vp of the yeere and then hauing seene all your goods laden into your Boates I departed with the same and arriued withall in safetie at Colmogro the ninth of May 1560. And heere I cease for this time intreating you to beare with this my large discourse which by reason of the varietie of matter I could make no shorter and I beseech God to prosper all your attempts I haue certaine notes which seeme to haue beene written at Boghar by some of Master Ienkinsons companie which containe intelligences there receiued touching Cathay and the wayes thither But I hope thereof in that which followes to giue better intelligence It is there said that the people of Comoron are very beautifull and that they vse Kniues and Forkes of gold and siluer to eate their meate not touching it with their hands that the Musk-beast is as big as a Hound In Teray they worship the Fire which is thirtie foure dayes iourney from Cathay At Cascar is resident the Can. From Cascar to Cocheke is foure weekes it is the first Land of the Emperour of Cathay and then to Camche fiue dayes by land and to Cataio eight weekes In this last iourney is plentie of all things both Horse to bee had and Women at too easie raâ—e c. which as newes to them I haue heere touched rather then related I haue also by me the last Will of Gabriel Willoughbie kinsman to that honourable Martyr of English Northerne Discoueries Sir Hugh Willoughbie mentioned in the beginning of this Chapter and subscribed with his Name the worth whereof hath caused heere also this subscription It was found in the Ship where they were frozen §. V. Aduertisements and reports of the sixth Voyage into the parts of Persia and Media gathered out of sundry Letters written by CHRISTOPHER BVRROVGH and more especially a voyage ouer the Caspian Sea and their shipwracke and miseries there endured by the Ice FIrst it is to bee vnderstood that the ships for the voyage to Saint Nicholas in Russia in which the Factors and merchandise for the Persian voyage were transported departed from Grauesend the nineteenth of Iune 1579. which arriued at Saint Nicholas in Russia the two and twentieth of Iuly where the Factors and Merchants landed and the merchandise discharged and laden into Doshnikes that is barkes of the Countrey to be carried from thence vp by Riuer vnto Vologda And the fiue and twentieth day of the said Iuly the Doshnikes departed from Rose Iland by Saint Nicholas vp the riuer Dwina Peremene that is to say in poste by continuall sayling rowing setting with poles or drawing of men which came to Colmogro the seuen and twentieth day and departed thence the nine and twentieth of Iuly vp the said riuer Dwina and came to Vstyoug which is at the head of the riuer Dwina and mouth of Sughano the ninth of August where they stayed but a small time
lake as some write containeth in circuit sixtie Iaons each of which is three leagues alongst which are Mines of Siluer Copper Tinne and Lead carried thence by Merchants in Cafilas with Elephants and Badas Rhinocerotes to the Kingdomes of Sornau or Siam Passiloco Sauady Tangù Prom Calaminhan and other Kingdomes Being asked of the weapons of those Countries they answered That they haue none but Poles burned and short Crises of two spannes They might not go vp the Riuer in lesse then two months or two and a halfe by reason of the force of the water which way downe they might dispatch in eight or ten dayes Faria going from thence came to Pullo Champeiloo an Iland not inhabited in fourteene degrees and twentie minutes at the entrie of the Bay of Cauchin-China and thence hauing fitted his Ordnance to Ainam to seeke Coia Acem and being come to Pullo Capas a Fleet of fortie great Iunkes of two or three Deckes a piece was seene in the Riuer by Boralho whom Faria had sent to discouer and after that another seeming two thousand saile great and small and a walled Towne of some ten thousand houses At his returne hee saw also one Iunke in the Barre of the Riuer at anchor which seemed of another Coast. Faria supposed this last was of that Pyrat Coia Acem which therefore hee assailed and tooke One of the company was a Christian of Mount Sinai named Tome Mostangue a Merchant whose Barke Solyman Bassa had taken A. 1538. in the Port of Iudaa with seuen others to be victuallers for his Armada of sixtie gallies wherewith he was sent by the Great Turke to restore Sultan Baadur to his Kingdome of Cambaya whereof the Mogor had then dispossessed him and to driue the Portugalls out of India And when he demanded of the Turkes his freight which they had promised they tooke his wife and his daughter and openly rauished them before his eyes his sonne which cried at that spectacle they threw into the Sea bound hand and foot and laid himselfe in yrons tooke away his goods worth aboue sixe thousand Duckets His wife and daughter died and hee as desperate leaped one night into the Sea at the Bar of Diu with a sonne which there hee had and got to Surat and came thrice to Malacca in a Ship of Garcia de Saa whence by Stephen Gama he was sent for China with Christouan Sardinha Factor of Maluco whom riding at anchor in Cincapura Quiay Tayiam Captaine of this Iunke slew with six and twentie Portugals and saued him aliue because he was a Gunner Faria cried out that he had heard of this Quiay Tayiam that he had killed aboue one hundred Portugals and spoiled them of one hundred thousand Cruzados and that since he killed Sardinha he caused himselfe to bee called by his name Hee asked this Armenian where he was hee shewed where he with sixe or seuen others were hidden in the Iunke Faria went and opened the skuttle and Taiam with his company began a new fight killed two Portugals and seuen boyes and wounded twentie but in the end were slaine Faria hasted away for feare of the Iunkes in the Riuer and came to the Coast of Cauchin-China where he rifled this Iunke and found in her Spices and other goods to the value of sixtie thousand Cruzados besides Artillery which the Pirate had taken out of the Ships of Sardinha Oliueyra and Matos The next day hee set saile againe for Ainam and by the way lighted on Boates fishing for Pearles to whom they offered contract who told them that Guamboy a Port somewhat before as in Cantan Chinchâ—o Lamau Comhay Sumbor and Liampoo and other Coast Cities was a place of trade for strangers and counselled him to goe thither for there they had nothing but Pearles which they fished for the treasure of the Sonne of the Sunne by the command of the Tutan of Comhay supreme Gouernor of all Cauchin-China And that the law was that if any Barke besides the appointed entred it should bee burnt with all the people therein And because hee was a stranger it was best for him to saile away before Buhaquirim the Mandarin which was but seuen leagues thence came who had fortie great Iunkes with two thousand Mariners and fiue thousand Souldiers and did abide there the sixe moneths of fishing from March to August both included They much maruelled at the Portugall fashion hauing neuer seene any such men and suspected them theeues they professing themselues Merchants of Siam with gifts and courtesie they wonne good estimation of these Fishers One of these being asked touching Aynam answered That it was once an absolute Kingdome gouerned by Prâ—chau Gamu who dying without an heire there arose such contentions that in foure yeeres and a halfe there dyed sixteen Lacasaas of men which are so many hundred thousands whereby the Land was so dispeopled that the Cauchin King made himselfe master thereof with seuen thousand Mogores which the Tartar sent him from Tuymican then the chiefe Citie of his Empire Hee set ouer the same Hoyha Paguarol who rebelled and made himselfe tributarie to the King of China paying sixe hundred thousand Duckets or foure hundred thousand Taeis yearely and dying without heire two hundred thirtie fiue yeares since hee declared the King of China his Successour and so it hath continued He counselled him not to goe to Aynam because they were Dissemblers nor would the Monson suffer him to go to Liampoo but to go to the good riuer Tanauquir stil sounding as he went for the shoalds there he should haue sure Anchorage and in little space hee might sell all his goods where yet it was not safe by reason of reasonlesse men to aduenture his goods on Land To that Riuer we went and in the mouth thereof not able to stemme the Current two Iunks assayled vs and their first Language was sixe and twentie Peeces of Ordnance the Issue was Paria tooke them both most of their men being drowned or slaine and found therein seuenteene Christians Prisoners by whom hee learned that the Captayne was a Rouer which bare two names one of a Christian Francisco de Saa the other of a Gentile Necoda Xicaulem Fiue yeares he had beene a Christian at Malaca Garcia de Saa Captayne of the Fortresse in his Baptisme imparting his owne name to him who married him to a Gentlewoman of Portugall But hee going Anno 1534. for Chincheo in a China Iunke with twentie Portugals and his Wife slue both her and them at Pulo Caâ—an and the next yeare took another Portugall Iunke at Chincheo which came from Sunda and slue ten Portugals in her and thence-forth practised Pyracie on Chineses â—s hee thought vs to bee and Portugals The goods of the two Iunkes amounted to fortie thousand Taeis and seuenteene Brasâ—e Peeces The Captayne of this place was in league with him and shared a third of his Pyracies Faria therefore went to another Port
and acknowledged the Catholike King Magelane also dying in their defence and thirtie other Souldiers in Matan They also had broken league and slaine some of Magelane Souldiers On Friday April twentie seuen the Fleet arriued at the Port of Subo and one came from King Tupas to them saying that Hee with ten chiefe men would come to them The Captaine expected them a whole day and the next in which space the Ilanders hid their goods in the Woods The third day the Captaine sent his brother Andrew and the Camp-master to admonish the King in the Malayan tongue to receiue them as Vassals of the Spanish King Which not succeeding hee resolued to vse force The Indians out of other Ilands had assembled together to the number of two thousand which prouoked our men but at the report of the Ordnance ran away and the Spaniards wan the Towne Many signes of Gold and Gemmes appeared in the Iland And being situate so neere to the richest Regions the Gouernour hopeth accesse thereby to the increase and glorie of the Spanish Crowne if Spanish Colonies be there planted The Captaine from the Citie of Subo sent the Admirall ship with his brother Andrew de Vrdanera to certifie the L. Lewys de Velasco the sonne of the Vice-roy what had beene done Miguel Lopez de Legaspi Generall of the Fleet and Gouernour of the Countrey which they should discouer dyed in the said Ilands with the Title of Adelantado hauing first peopled some of them to the vse of His Maiestie especially that of Manilla which is fiue hundred leagues in circuit in which is seated the Citie of Luson called also Manilla as the Metropolitan of all the Iland where the Gouernours haue setled their residence euer since the first discouerie They haue there founded a Cathedrall Church and Friar Dom. Domingo de Salachar was consecrated the first Bishop thereof in Madrid 1579. At this present there be three Monasteries of Religious men in that Iland the one of the Order of Saint Austine and were the first that by the Commandement of his Majestie did enter into this Ilands preaching the Law of the Gospell which was great profit vnto their soules yet great trauell vnto them cost many of them their liues in doing it the other Monasterie is of barefoot Friers of the Order of S. Francis of the Prouince of S. Ioseph who haue bin great Examples with great profit vnto them of those Parts The third are of the Order of S. Dominicke or Preachers who haue done their dutie in all things so well as the other These three Orders were alone in those Ilands for certayne yeares till now of late time haue gone thither Iesuits which haue bin a great ayde and helpe vnto their Religion When these Spaniards were come vnto these Ilands they had straight-wayes notice of the mightie Kingdome of China as well by the relation of them of the Ilands who told vnto them the maruels thereof as also within a few dayes after they did see and vnderstand by ships that came into those Ports with Merchants that brought Merchandize and other things of great curiositie from that Kingdome and did particularly declare the mightinesse and riches thereof This being knowne vnto the Religious people of Saint Austin who at that time were alone in those Ilands but in especiall vnto the Prouinciall Frier Martin de Herrada seeing the great capacitie or towardnesse which the Chinois had more then those of the Ilands in all things but in especialâ— in their gallantnesse discretion and wit hee straight-wayes had a great desire to goe thither with his fellow to preach the Gospell vnto those people of so good a capacitie to receiue the same who with a pretended purpose to put it in vre and effect he began with great care and studie to learne that Language the which he learned in few dayes and did make thereof a Dâ—ctionarie Then afterwards they did giue great entertaynment and Presents vnto the Merchants that came from China for to procure them to carrie them thither and many other things the which did shew their holy zeale yea they did offer themselues to bee slaues vnto the Merchants thinking by that meanes to enter in to preach but yet none of these diligences did take effect till such time as the Diuine Majestie did discouer a better way as shall bee declared vnto you in this Chapter following §. III. Of LIMAHON a China Robber and Rouer by whose occasion the Spaniards sent into China THe Spaniards did enjoy their neere habitation of Manilla in great quietnesse in obedience vnto the Christian King Don Philip and in continuall Traffick with the Chinois But being in this securitie and quietnesse vnlooked for they were beset with a mightie and great Armada or Fleet of ships by the Rouer Limahon of whose vocation there are continually on the Coast the one by reason that the Countrey is full of people whereas of necessitie must be many idle persons and the other and principall occasion by reason of the great tyrannie that the Gouernours doe vse vnto the Subjects This Limahon came vpon them with intent to doe them harme as you shall vnderstand This Rouer was borne in the Citie of Trucheo in the Prouince of Cuytan which the Portugals doe call Catim He was of meane Parentage and brought vp in his youth in libertie and vice he was by nature Warlike and euill inclined He would learne no Occupation but was giuen to rob in the high-wayes and became so expert that many came vnto him and followed that Trade Hee made himselfe Captaine ouer them which were more then two thousand and were so strong that they were feared in all that Prouince where as they were This being knowne vnto the King and to his Councell they did straight way command the Vice-roy of the Prouince whereas the Rouer was that with all the haste possible he should gather together all the Garrisons of his Frontiers to apprehend and take him and if it were possible to carry him aliue vnto the Citie of Taybin if not his head The Vice-roy incontinent did gather together people necessary and in great haste to follow him The which being knowne vnto Limahon the Rouer who saw that with the people hee had he was not able to make resistance against so great a number as they were and the eminent danger that was therein hee called together his Companies and went from thence vnto a Port of the Sea that was a few leagues from that place and did it so quickly and in such secret that before the people that dwelt therein could make any defence for that they were not accustomed to any such assaults but liued in great quietnesse they were Lords of the Port and of all such ships as were there into the which they imbarked themselues straight-wayes weighed Anchor and departed to the Sea whereas they thought to be in more securitie then on the Land as it was true Then he seeing
went on Land but two of them came backe againe the other three went forward about two miles into the Land and there found a Riuer of sweet water where also they found great store of Wood that had beene driuen thither and there they found the footsteps of Harts and Hinds as they thought for they were clouen footed some greater footed then others which made them iudge them to be so The eight it blew hard East North-east which was a right contrary wind to doe vs any good touching the carrying away of the Ice so that we were still faster in the Ice which put vs in no small discomfort The ninth it blew North-east with a little snow whereby our ship was wholly enclosed with Ice for the wind draue the Ice hard against it so that we lay three or foure foot deepe in the Ice and our Sheck in the after Steuen brake in pieces and the ship began to be somewhat loose before but yet it was not much hurt In the night time two Beares came close to our ship side but we sounded our Trumpet and shot at them but hit them not because it was darke and they ranne away The tenth the weather was somewhat better because the wind blew not so hard and yet all one wind The eleuenth it was calme weather and eight of vs went on Land euery man armed to see if that were true as our other three companions had said that there lay Wood about the Riuer for that seeing we had so long woond and turned about sometime in the Ice and then againe got out and thereby were compelled to alter our course and at last saw that we could not get out of the Ice but rather became faster and could not loose our ship as at other times we had done as also that it began to be Winter we tooke counsell together what we were best to doe according to the time that we might winter there and attend such aduenture as God would send vs and after we had debated vpon the matter to keepe and defend our selues both from the cold and wilde beasts we determined to build a house vpon the Land to keepe vs therein as well as wee could and so to commit our selues vnto the tuition of God and to that end we went further into the Land to find out the conuenientest place in our opinions to raise our house vpon and yet we had not much stuffe to make it withall in regard that there grew no trees nor any other thing in that Countrey conuenient to build it withall but wee leauing no occasion vnsought as our men went abroad to view the Countrey and to see what good fortune might happen vnto vs at last we found an vnexpected comfort in our need which was that we found certaine trees roots and all as our three companions had said before which had beene driuen vpon the shoare either from Tartaria Muscouia or else where for there was none growing vpon that Land wherewith as if God had purposely sent them vnto vs we were much comforted being in good hope that God would shew vs some further fauour for that Wood serued vs not onely to build out house but also to burne and serue vs all the Winter long otherwise without all doubt we had died there miserably with extreme cold The twelfth it was calme weather and then our men went vnto the other side of the Land to see if they could find any Wood neerer vnto vs but there was none The thirteenth it was calme but very misty weather so that we could doe nothing because it was dangerous for vs to goe into the Land in regard that we could not see the wilde Beares and yet they could smell vs for they smell better then they see The fourteenth it was cleare Sun-shine weather but very cold and then we went into the Land and layed the Wood in heapes one vpon the other that it might not bee couered ouer with the Snow and from thence meant to carrie it to the place where we intended to build our house The fifteenth in the morning as one of our men held watch we saw three Beares whereof the one lay still behind a piece of Ice the other two came close to the ship which wee perceiuing made our Peeces ready to shoot at them at which time there stood a Tub full of Beefe vpon the Ice which lay in the water to be seasoned for that close by the ship there was no water one of the Beares went vnto it and put in his head to take out a piece of the Beefe but she fared therewith as the Dog did with the Pudding for as she was snatching at the Beefe shee was shot into the head wherewith she fell downe dead and neuer stirred the other Beare stood still and looked vpon her fellow and when shee had stood a good while shee smelt her fellow and perceiuing that she was dead shee ran away but wee tooke Halberâ—s and other Armes with vs and followed her and at last she came againe towards vs and we prepared our selues to withstand her wherewith she rose vp vpon her hinder feet thinking to rampe at vs but while shee reared her selfe vp one of our men shot her into the bellie and with that she fell vpon her fore-feet againe and roaring as loud as she could ran away Then we tooke the dead Beare and ript her bellie open and taking out her guts we set her vpon her fore-feet that so she might freeze as shee stood intending to carrie her with vs into Holland if wee might get our ship loose and when we had set the Beare vpon her foure feet we began to make a Sled thereon to draw the Wood to the place where we went to build our house at that time it froze two fingers thicke in the salt water and it was exceeding cold the wind blowing North-east The sixteenth the Sunne shone but towards the euening it was misty the wind being Easterly at which time we went to fetch Wood with our Sleds and then wee drew foure beames aboue a mile vpon the Ice and the Snow that night againe it froze aboue two fingers thicke The seuenteenth thirteene of vs went where the Wood lay with our Sleds and so drew fiue and fiue in a Sled and the other three helped to lift the Wood behind to make vs draw the better and with more ease and in that manner we drew Wood twice a day and laid it on a heape by the place where we meant to build our house The three and twentieth wee fetcht more Wood to build our house which wee did twice a day but it grew to be misty and still weather againe the wind blowing East and East North-east that day our Carpenter being of Purâ—eâ—aet died as wee came aboord about euening The foure and twentieth we buried him vnder the sedges in the clift of a hill hard by the water for we could not dig vp the earth
perspicuous by the rusticks for they wanted then altogether those Lawes Rites Letters and Manners But the Tartars being taught by the Turks humanitie and that false worship the more nobler now generally practise hospitality Law or Iustice is administred in the Towns or Cities of the Chan other Sultans among the Tartars after the Mahometane Law There are alwayes presbiterall Cadi or Iudges in the Villages Begi or Iustices who heare and decide particular iniuries but causes of life bloud theft which we call Criminall or of Land which we call Ciuill or Officiall the Chan himselfe decideth with his Counsellours In resoluing of which they need no Lawyer nor vse tricks of law calumnies excusations nor procrastinations The Tartars or Strangers of meane condition lay open themselues very freely their wrongs before the Iudges and Chan of whom they are alwayes heard and speedily discharged for at any time any may haue accesse to him When hee comes in publike men of the basest degree are not excluded but being seene of the Chan are examined to wit if they haue any suit that they relate it For they doe not onely performe great obedience to the Lawes they adore and venerate their Princes in Gods steed All spirituall Iudges after Mahomets Law are accounted among them for Saints men of all equitie and integritie fidelitie and opinion The Princes and Magistrates execute and dispatch whatsoeuer is bidden or commanded suddenly and faithfully with alacritie promptnesse and great feare They are far from controuersies criminations iustices vnnecessary and personall brawlings enuy hatred filthy excesse luxury and ambition in their victualls and array I abode their nine moneths neither heard I Criminall or Ciuill Act to haue happened among them or any composition by reason of enmitie In the Princes Court they weare not nor at home Swords neither Bowes nor any other weapon except Wayfarers and Trauellers to whom they are very courteous and friendly They are alwayes secure from Spoylers but except they keepe perpetuall watch they are lesse safe from High-way-theeues and Night-robbers who steale nothing from them but their Horses Although they haue a rich soyle yet very few Gentlemen or Plebeians prouide for the houshold estate for many neither till nor sow their ground they abound with Horses Camels Oxen Kine Sheepe and Flockes of all Cattle and thereof liue Yet the Gentlemen haue bread flesh meate distilled wine and Metheglin but the rusticks want bread but vse stampt Millet and macerated with milke and water which they vulgarly call Cassa for meate and for drinke they vse Mares milke and cheese They feed on Camels Horses and Oxen vnprofitable for burthen and kill them when they are about to dye sometimes eate sheeps flesh The Gentlemen dwell not in the Plaines but in the Villages of Taurica or the Peninsula They which are neere Woods liue in them although many doe not possesse proper Villages yet they haue peculiar Lands and Manors They vse the Vngarian Russian Moschouian Valachian or Moldauian slaues which they keepe and whereof they haue great plentie as beasts to euery worke Their houses are of Timber much after the Turkish fashion but the Greeke Christians who are in a few Townes labour and till their grounds as beasts The Tartars serue the Chan or Tartarian Nobles being hired at no price but onely that they may haue meate and apparell but the rest and the greatest part of them are alwayes idle In the Cities or Townes are very few Merchants but some few practise Mechanick crafts and some Merchants or Artificers are found there either Christian Slaues or Turkes Armenians Iewes Cercessians Petigorens which are Christians Phylistins or Cyngans men of obscure and lowest degree Those Tartars which liue in the Plaines beyond Perecopia or in the Peninsula haue no woods euery where digge Wells They vse in stead of Wood Beasts dung which their Bond-men gather in the Fields and dry in the Sunne and houses of the same forme whereof mention is made in the former description Those Tartars which are Slaues and Subiects of the Chans Sultans and other Noble-men are drudges and alwayes keepe and pasture their Lords innumerable Herds of Cattle and although they goe from place to place into the Plaines and Pastures in seuerall Streets Hamlets Townes or Villages by separated troupes or hords whereof they beare the Names and of their Masters so that men may easily find there those Tartars Slaues which they seeke to buy The Chan hath alwayes by the leagues and agreements an annuall Donatiue of the King of Polonia the great Dukedome of Lituania the Palatine of Moldauia and Cercasian and Nogaien Tartars The Legats Orators Messengers Truchmen of those Princes come to him yeerely whom sometimes he entertaines benignely and bountifully but sometimes receiues misuses and detaynes a great while after a more then brutish manner When therefore they come into Perecopia one of the Chans men meets them in the Summer in the Medow or Plaine where they rest vnder a Tent in the Winter they are opportunely and commodiously conuayed into the Village of Alma or Bacchasanium more safely bordering on the Towne of the Kings Palace But after they are lodged there they are saluted by the Counsellours or Seruants of the Court in the Chans name which procure them refreshing or victuals two oxen or one some sheep bread wine and barley not liberally but in a kind of hospitalitie and moderately sufficient for once But when they are called to the Chan hee heares them the Soldans Tuians Vlans Marzies chiefe Counsellours and many other Ministers of his Court and principall Tartars being present they are conducted onely by one man to the Chans gate but are brought in by two Counsellours When as therefore they are entred in they reuerence the Chan after the ancient custome of the Nation and hauing saluted him on bended knees declare their message and are admitted to eate with him They are honoured with cups and goblets gilded and embossed with gems filled with Mead or Methegline reached from the Chans hand after the order of that people in signe of clemencie and beneuolence which they drinke on bended knees And when they are dispatched the Chan inuites them againe to a Feast The Feast being ended they goe backe a little from the Palace doores and are rewarded with Silke Vests wouen with Gold as low as the anckles prepared after the guise of the Nation with one Horse or two not seldome with Captiues of their owne people And so attired with those Vests they returne againe to the Chan and render thankes to him for his hospitalitie and liberalitie and hauing saluted him depart from the Banket Sometimes a small prouision is procured for them by one of the Chans men in his Dominions when he takes his iourney and he is conuayed by him as farre as Boristhenes The Turkish Emperours haue made that authoritie constant to the Chan in Taurica or the
house out of the earth by reason of the strong winds which sometimes ouerthrow Horses and their Riders They haue great plentie of Butter for the fatnes of the grasse for the Island grasâ—e is so fat that Oxen after a certaine time are to be driuen from the Pastures lest they burst And it is of so pleasing a sent that our men lay it vp in their Chests with singular care for their garments The most part for scarcitie of Vessels lay their Butter aside in the corners of their Houses as we doe Lime or other matter and that without Salt They haue domesticall cattle as kine but many of them are without hornes Al their Horses are amblers very fit for carrying of burdens They haue very great sheepe they keepe not a Hogge nor a Hen for want of graine if fodder or hay faile them in the Winter they feed their cattle with fish They haue rough Dogs bred without tayle and eares for their pleasure which they sell deere and greatly esteeme when notwithstanding they offer their children to any that will aske them and that freely Besides this Iland hath white Foxes and huge Beares of the same colour They haue no Birds but water-fowle whereof there are diuers kinds and sorts found there vnknowne vnto vs. Crowes sometimes are changed white and excellent Falcons and some among them white which being taken and gotten with the great cost of the Spaniards and Portugals are also carried away in great number which thing was done while I was in Island to my great profit Island also hath white Partridges There are also euery where through the whole Iland most pleasant Riuers which yeeld the Inhabitants fish in great plentie Salmon Trowts and Sturgeons There is one only bridge in all the Iland made of the bones of a Whale They that goe from one part of the Iland to another by the Continent haue no way which they may follow for the solitarinesse thereof but as Saylers in the Sea so they by the helpe of the Load-stone performe their journeyes The depth of the Sea neere Island is very exceeding In these gulfs there are Whales of wonderful bignes and many Sea-monsters which cannot bee killed or taken of men the Ice only through the force of the winds dasheth them against the Rockes and killeth them I saw such a Monster cast vpon the shoare dead whose length was thirty ells his heigth more then a very long Warlike Pike A Whale being dead or killed the Inhabitants make Buildings and Dwellings of the bones thereof with great dexteritie and skill they make also seates benches tables and other vtensils smoothing them so that they seeme like Iuory They that sleepe in these houses are said alwayes to dreame of shipwrack And although it bee a huge and fearfull creature and haue great strength yet notwithstanding oftentimes he is not onely withstood but ouercome of his capitall enemie not so great which is called Orca this fish hath the shape of a ship turned vpside-downe and vpon his backe very sharpe and long finnes wherewith hee woundeth the soft of the belly of the Whale and killeth him and the Whale so feareth this fish that in shunning him he often dasheth himselfe against the shoare The Iseland Sea hath a Monster also whose name is vnknowne They iudge it a kinde of Whale at the first sight when hee shewes his head out of the Sea hee so scarreth men that they fall downe almost dead His square head hath flaming eyes on both sides fenced with long hornes his body is blacke and beset with blacke quills if he be seene by night his eyes are fiery which lighten his whole head which he putteth out of the Sea nothing can either bee painted or imagined more fearfull Olaus Magnus maketh mention of this Monster in his twentieth Booke and saith that it is twelue cubits long Such a Monster at that time tore in pieces with his teeth a Fisher-boate wherein there were three Fisher-men so that they were drowned one of them who held in his hand a little cord wherewith hee vsed to draw the hooke and the fishes laid hold of the boord which floted in the Sea so he was saued getting out of the bottom vpon the planke and swam foorth and declared this to the Kings Gouernour in my presence adding moreouer that he was saued from heauen that he might get maintenance for his children who otherwise were readie to perish with hunger when the other two though married yet were without children Another Monster also is often there seene and taken of ten or twelue elles long it is called Hacfal it is all fat it is taken after a wonderfull manner they haue a very long pike wherunto they fasten an Iron with a forked point that it cannot goe backe vnto the staffe a cord of a maruailous length is fastned they sticke this speare in the Monster which swimmeth vnto it for prey perceiuing a man in the little boates as soone as the Monster feeles himselfe strooken and wounded forthwith he hides himselfe in the Deepe and there his bloud being powred out dyes afterward the Fishers draw him to the land by the long cords fastned to the speare Besides it hath diuers Sea Monsters a Dogge fish which putting his head out of the Sea barketh and receiueth his whelps sporting in the Sea againe into his belly while they come to more growth It hath Horses and Kine and what not and it is a maruell how skilfull Nature sports in expressing the shape of all earthly Creatures and Fowles in the Sea Neither should any man perswade me that these things are true although ten Aristotles should affirme them vnto me vnlesse I had seene most of them with mine eyes Let no man therefore presently cry out that what he knowes not is fabulous The men of Lubeck Hamburg and Breme were often wont to goe to this Iland and leaue their seruants in the winter lodgings but now it is prouided by the Kings authoritie that no Germaine either by reason of trading or learning of the language leaue his seruants there in the winter but vpon what occasion this came to passe the matter standeth thus In the yeere of Christ 1561. there was a Citizen of Hamburg one Conradus Bloem left by an other in Iseland in the winter lodgings with the Bishop in Scalholden for trading and learning of the tongue the Bishops fishers find a whole Vnicornes horne in the Ice brought out of Groneland as it is thought where yet at this day Vnicorns are said to be thinking it to be a Whales tooth nor did the Bishop beleeue otherwise they bring it to their Master who gaue it to Conradus begging it he being somewhat craftie sold it after at Antwerp for some thousands of Florins When this thing came to the King of Denmarks eares he forbad that no Germaine should winter in Iseland in any cause Of the iudgement of the
Southwards and to see what Commodities I could find that way At nine of the clocke I was neere the Ice-sound where I met with much Ice which put mee from the Land and I was enforced to 〈◊〉 South-west and by South to shunne it the winde at North-west which blew hard with fogges The wind increased I stood towards Cherrie Iland if possible I could attayne it for fogges and Ice The thirtieth day at foure of the clocke in the morning I saw no Ice hauing kept to certayne course by reason of the Ice which I had past the winde at North and by West cold foggie weather with raine From the time aboue-said till twelue of the clocke at noone I sayled South South-east and ranne fifteene leagues the same wind and weather at which time I sounded had eightie fathoms greene oze like Kowes dung I sounded at two of the clocke and at foure of the clock the first eightie eight the second eightie two fathomes and sayled sixe leagues the formes course wind and weather At which time I heard a breach which proued Ice then I steered West to eschew it the fogges being so thicke that I could not see one Cables length The last of Iuly at noone I had sayled South and by East halfe a point Southerly eight leagues hauing little wind and sounded and found one hundred and fortie fathomes thicke foggie weather and in haling vp the Lead a fish followed it to the top of the water then I tryed to take fish but could not At foure of the clocke in the afternoone the winde came Southerly and I stood to the Westward by reason the Ice lay both to the South and East of vs at a North 〈◊〉 it was cleere weather and I saw the Ice round about vs cold weather with frost The first of August we beat in the Ice till noone but could finde no end thereof because it was so foggie and the Ice packed very close yet after many intricate courses I got to the Westward◠of it at mid-night the same day the winde at South-east cold weather with raine and fogges And after I had seene so much Ice that I could not come neere Cherry Iland to prosecute the rest of my Voyage I determined to stand for England as God would giue me leaue From mid-night the first day till eight of the clocke the second day before noone I sayled South-west and by South fiue leagues the wind at East South-east thicke fogges with raine From the second day at eight of the clocke till the third day at twelue of the clock at noone I sayled West South-west fifteene leagues the wind at South and by East wet foggie weather From noone abouesaid till twelue at noone the fourth day I sayled foure leagues South the winde variable and the most part of that time calme and so continued till eight of the clocke at night at which time the wind came to the South and by East and blew very hard from the fourth day at noon till the fift day at noone I sayled South-west Westerly seuen leagues The sixt day the winde was at South-east cleere weather at noone I found the shippe in 73. degrees the North Cape bearing by my computation East South-east Easterly The seuenth day at noone I found the ship in 72. degrees 22. minutes indifferent faire weather And from the seuenth day at noone till the eight day at noone I sayled foure and twentie leagues the course South South-west the wind at South-east and by East at which time it beganne to be very foggie and the winde came to the South but immediatly it was calme and continued so till mid-night Then the wind came to the North little wind and at a South Sunne the ninth day I had sayled South seuen leagues From the ninth day at noone till the tenth day at that time I sayled South and ranne seuen leagues South it being calme most part of the day with much rayne and fogges From twelue the tenth day till noone the eleuenth day I sayled South and by West and ranne seuenteene leagues the wind Northerly And from the eleuenth day at noone till the twelfth at that time I sayled South and by West eighteene leagues the winde at North North-west faire weather From noone the twelfth day vntill twelue at noone the thirteenth day I sayled South and by West fortie eight leagues the wind betweene the North and the West North-west gustie weather From the thirteenth at noone till the fourteenth at noone I sayled South and by West fortie fiue leagues the wind betwixt the West North-west and the West South-west gustie weather latitude 64. degrees 21. minutes From the fourteenth day at noone till the fifteenth day at that time I sayled South and by West nine and twentie leagues at which time I obserued and found the ship in 62. degrees 53. minutes faire weather the wind at North. At foure of the clocke the same day I saw Skutsnesse in Norway seuenteene leagues off and bearing South-east from whence I hold it superfluous to write it being a place well knowne The last of August I arriued at London Blessed be God for euer and euer Amen A briefe note what Beasts Fowles and Fishes were seene in this Land BEasts Buckes and Does white Beares and Foxes of colour dunne and grey Fowles white Partridges a small land Bird like a Sparrow partly white and partly browne a Fowle with a combe and a tayle like a Cock a redde Fowle of the bignesse of a Pidgeon a white Fowle with a greene bill the top of the bill of it and the eyes were redde with blacke feet Wild Geese Coluidines Gulls Sea-mewes Willockes Noddies Ice-birds Reeks and Sea-pidgeons Fishes great store of Whales Gramposes Mohorses the white fish I spake of the seuenth of Iune a small fish like Cuplen likewise I saw the bones of Cods or Haddocks but could take no fish I often looked for Shel-fish but could take none diuers of my company did see two Beauers CHAP. II. A Commission for IONAS POOLE our Seruant appointed Master of a small Barke called the Elizabeth of fiftie tunnes burthen for Discouerie to the Northward of Greenland giuen the last day of March 1610. IN as much as it hath pleased Almightie God through the industry of your selfe and others to discouer vnto our Nation a Land lying in eightie degrees toward the North-pole We are desirous not only to discouer farther to the Northward along the said Land to find whether the same be an Iland or a Mayne and which way the same doth trend either to the Eastward or to the Westward of the Pole as also whether the same be inhabited by any people or whether there be an open Sea farther Northward then hath beene alreadie discouered For accomplishing of all which our desires we haue made choice of you and to that end haue entertayned you into our seruice for certayne yeares vpon a stipend certayne not doubting but you will so
kill the Whale About a West North-west sunne they went away the winde at South The twentieth the Biscaine shallop came aboord of vs from the Foreland and told vs that they had strooken three Whales which brake away The two and twentieth wee rid still the winde being at North-west with snowe and frost The fiue and twentieth we got the Whale on flote hauing stopped her leake We were no sooner off but it blew most fiercely so that the Whales long Boate and our shallop brake from the Whales sterne and were split in pieces on the Ice that lay on shoare The same day about a South sunne two men came from Faire Foreland and told vs that Master Edge was come from the South in the Pinnasse and had spoken with one Nicolas Woodcock an English man which was my Mate to this Countrey of Greenland in the yeere 1610. The said VVoodcocke was now Pilot of a ship of Saint Sebastian in Biscay and rid in Ice Sound Moreouer they spake with the men of the Boate of the Diana and saw the Hollanders Boate but spake not with their men The two men abouesaid told vs likewise that Iohn Chapel our Baske with fiue English men had killed a Whale and betwixt them and another shallop they had slaine another and had them both on shoare The seuen and twentieth we rid still and our Carpenter went to worke to mend the knee of our beake-head And I went to see what Morses were on Land where I found neere one hundred and fiftie The eight and twentieth the shallop that had all English men in her saue one Baske came aboord for prouision and told me that they and Iohannes Chapel had slaine a great Whale close by our ship which towed them off into the Sound and our long Boate followed them At the same time we saw sixe Whales close by the ships side as we rode in harbour and we saw great store in the Sound and within one houre there were so many about our ships and in the Sound that we could not count them About a North-west sunne our long Boate brought the men that strooke the Whale abouesaid and towed their shallop on land for the said Whale had sunke her with his taile The same time our Carpenter went to worke on the broken shallop and I went to the place where the Morses lay where I found about three hundred on land Then I went aboord the Whale to get some harping Irons for they had all but I could get but one because the rest of the Basks had laid them vp enuying that one Baske that went with all English men had done so much because by their good wills they would not haue vs to haue any insight into this businesse Moreouer hee that had the chiefest command in this voyage did greatly condemne the going of so many English men with that one Baske either for feare they should kill none and lose all their prouision for the said vse or for feare that our men should kill the Whale aswell and as soone as they yet was there none of the other Boates but had lost more then they had lost And as for killing there was not one Whale killed with one Boate alone saue ours with all English saue the Baske aforesaid which slue three without the helpe of any other Boate. This day the Basks slue another Whale at the Foreland The nine and twentieth the broken shallop was mended and I went to the Foreland to see whether the other shallops would come where the ships rode in harbour where abundance of Whales were still The same time the Basks killed another Whale Then I romaged my ship and put caske on land All this day it was calme The last of Iune one came from the Foreland and told vs that the Basks had slaine two great Whales All this day likewise it was calme and there lay abundance of huge Whales in the harbour about our ships One of the whales abouesaid Iohannes with the fiue English men slue without any of the others helpe For they stood on the land flouting and saying that it was vnpossible for them to kill him and would not once lanch their Boates to helpe them yet hee was one of the greatest that were killed this yeere All this day the whales lay so thicke about the ship that some ran against our Cables some against the Ship and one against the Rudder One lay vnder our beake-head and slept there a long while At which time our Carpenter had hung a stage close by the water whereon his tooles lay And wee durst not molest the said whale for feare he should haue ouerthrowne the stage and drowned all his tooles In the end he went away and carried the ships head round his taile being foule of the Cable The first of Iuly at a North North-east Sunne the shallops came to kill whales in the harbour where we rid and strooke three which all brake away The same day Iohannes strooke a whale that smit in the side of his shallop and split it Now wee perceiued the whales to begin to goe out of the Bayes The second day the Basks slue three great whales faire by our ships in lesse then foure houres vvhich vvee vvith our long Boate and men towed into harbour and made fast to our ship And the Basks vvent with their shallops to Faire Foreland The seuenth day wee had abundance of Ice about our ships which vvith the winde and the tyde draue out off another Sound The eight vve rid still and vvere troubled vvith much Ice by reason of a storme that blue at South-vvest and by vvest c. The rest is omitted as hauing nothing of note but ordinarie accidents CHAP. V. A Iournall of the Voyage made to Greenland with sixe English ships and a Pinnasse in the yeere 1613. Written by Master WILLIAM BAFFIN BY the prouidence of Almightie God wee departed from Queenborough the thirteenth day of May with sixe good Ships viz. The Tigre Admirall the Matthew Vice-admirall the Sea-horse called the Gamaliel the Reare-admirall the Desire the Annula and the Richard and Bernard with the Iohn and Francis shortly to follow The one and twentieth day faire weather the winde Southward wee still making to the Northwards This morning wee had sight of Land on the Coast of Norway it lying East and by North off about twelue or fourteene leagues This day at noone we were in the latitude of 61. degrees and 30. minutes the variation of the Compasse at Scoutes-nes is eight degrees East it being about ten or twelue leagues off wee hauing made a North way halfe East about thirtie leagues The three and twentieth at noone in the latitude of 65. degrees and 45. minutes in which place the Needle of Declination doth dippe vnder the Horizon 63. degrees and 30. minutes by that Instrument which declineth 54. at London The thirtieth day about three of the clocke wee espied the land of Greenland
killed sufficient to fill all our Casks to leaue for them if there be occasion The foure and twentieth of Iune there was killed at Faire-hauen eighteene Whales which proue verie small to yeelde by their estimation one hundred and twentie tunnes hauing there fiue Flemmings well fortified and ships of fiue hundred Tuns some of them and two more expected thither euerie day which I feare will hinder much our shippes in their fishing this yeare and in my iudgement not to be remoued from thence for they hauing a Commission from the States to fish vpon this Coast were our whole Fleete there and could put them away yet would they flie to one of our Southerne harbours and so should we spend our time in following of them and lose our Voyage There were two French Ships of Saint Iohn de Luz at Faire-Hauen which were put away by the Flemmings and our Ships which they iudge are gone for the Cape With a beanie heart I write you the lamentable accident which happened here the eight and twentieth of Iune our shallops all out in chase and my selfe asleepe my brother hauing a shallop lying by the ships side spide a Whale going into the Ice Bay followed him and strucke him and his rope being new ranne out with kinckes which ouerthrew his shallop where he lost his life with my Boy Bredrake being as we thinke carried away with the rope the dearest Whale to me that euer was strucke in this harbour there was neuer anie losse I thinke went so neere my heart c. Many other Letters I could haue added but doubt I haue already wearied you with this vncouth Coast whereto our English Neptunes are now so wonted that there they haue found not onely Venison but Pernassus and Helicon and haue melted a Musaa◠Fountain out of the Greenland Snowes and Icie Rockes who le Elaborate Poems haue I seene of Master Heley as also of Iames Presson there composed but we haue harsher Discoueries in hand to which wee are now shipping you This I thought good at our parting to aduertise thee that Master Heley hath affirmed to me touching the diuersitie of weather in Greeneland that one day it hath beene so cold the winds blowing out of some quarter that they could scarce handle the frozen sailes another day so hot that the pitch melted off the ship so that hardly they could keepe their cloathes from pollution yea he hath seene at midnight Tobacco lighted or fired by the Sunne-beames with a Glasse Likewise for a farewell to our Whale-storie I thought good to deliuer Stowes relation touching a Whale somewhat differing in forme from those here vsually found in Greeneland my selfe also hauing spoken with some diligent viewers thereof in Thanet where it was taken Iulie 9. 1574. shooting himselfe on shore besides Rammesgate in the Parish of Saint Peter and there dying forsaken of his Ocean parent Hee came on shoare about sixe of the clocke at night and died about sixe the next morning before which time he roared and was heard more then a mile on the land The length was two and twentie yards the nether iaw twelue foote in the opening one of his eyes which in the Greene-land Whale is verie small not much greater then the eye of an Oxe being taken out of his head was more then sixe Horses in a Cart could draw a man stood vpright in the place whence the eye was taken The thicknesse from the backe whereon he lay to his bellie which was vpwards was fourteene foote his taile of the same breadth three men stood vpright in his mouth betwixt his eyes twelue foote some of the ribs sixteene foote long the tongue fifteene foote long his liuer two Cart load into his nostrils anie man might haue crept the Oyle of his head Spermaciti c. CHAP. IX The late changes and manifold alterations in Russia since IVAN VASILOWICH to this present gathered out of many Letters and Obseruations of English Embassadors and other Trauellers in those parts §. I. Of the reigne of IVAN PHEODOR◠his sonne and of BORIS REader I here present thee not what I would of Russian affaires but what I could We Englishmen vnder the gouernment of his Maiestie haue enioyed such a Sun-shine of peace that our Summers day to many hath beene tedious they haue loathed their Manna and lenged for I know not what Egyptians flesh pots For what else are Warres but pots set ouer the fire of Anger how often of Furie yea of Hell the Furies or Deuils blowing the coales and boyling mans flesh who le Families Villages Townes Cities Shires Prouinces not onely hurried thereby in confusions of State harried and enflamed with combustions of goods and goodnesse but the flesh of Men Women and Children but chered and as it were boyled beyond the manifold shapes of Death vnto the bones into the Vapors Froth Scumme Chaos nothing and lesse then nothing of Humanitie Such is the inhumanitie the immanitie the inanitie of Warres And such Warres haue made impressions into all our Neighbour Countries whiles wee sit vnder the shadow of Beati Pacifici haue lightened on Turkie and blasted the Seraglio haue thunder-stricken Barbarie haue torne the Atlas there and rent the Grison Alpes in Europe haue shaken France with earthquakes haue raysed Belgian stormes Bohemian broyles Hungarian gusts Germanian whirlewinds these selfe-diuided in Ciuill that is the vilest vnciuillest massacres and worst of Warres that I mention not the inundations and exundations of Poland the Snowes and Mists of Sweden the Danish Hailes and Frosts But all these and more then all these Tempests Turnado's Tuffons haue combined in Russia and there made their Hell-mouth centre there pitching the Tents of Destruction there erecting the Thrones of Desolation Pestilence and Famine had gone two yeeres before as direful Heralds to denounce these dreadfull warres and mutations of State the Pestilence possessing the Northerne parts of the World and dispossesing it of many thousands the Famine in Russia wanting necessaries to eate necessarily deuoured all things not onely Cats Mice and impure Creatures but mens flesh also and that in neerest necessitude Parents reuoking to their wombes by vnnaturall passage the dearest pledges of Nature which hauing euen now dyed with hunger were made preseruatiues from like death to those which first had giuen them life The Mightier made sale of the Poorer yea Fathers and Mothers of their Sonnes and Daughters and Husbands of their Wiues that price might bee had to buy Corne which was now beyond all names of whatsoeuer price credible But these things must be further searched Bloudinesse is a slipperie foundation of Greatnesse and the Mercifull haue the promise to finde mercy other wisedome how euer seeming politike is earthly sensuall deuillish yea ruine to the foole-wise Consultors as appeareth in Pharaohs working wisely that is cruelly to preuent the multiplying Israelites The greatest of Creatures on Sea and Land the Elephant and Whale liue on grasse weeds
compelled to digge vp Snow and with stones redde hot to melt in tubbes and then to drinke it This affection continued about twelue or foureteene dayes till we came into Russia Vpon our very first entrance into which Kingdome we marched ouer an arme of the Sea that was eight leagues ouer many of vs staruing to death in that passage by the cold freezing windes that blew the same day In which frosty iourney I saw so much bread as a man might buy for twelue pence sold away in little bits for the value of fortie shillings But this misery ended the next day at our setting foot into Russia where we found plenty both of corne and cattle onely the people of the Countrey ranne away leauing all their goods behinde them but so cunningly hidden that the best pollicie of ours could hardly finde them out By this meanes of the peoples running away we were glad to play the Millers and to grinde all our corne our selues to bake our bread and to dresse our owne victuals Then marched wee vp to Nouogrod a chiefe Citie in Russia where wee were to receiue all our meanes that rested behinde vnpayed but our Captaines beguiled vs and kept it for themselues yet to stoppe our mouthes they told vs wee should goe into Muscouy and there all reckonings should be made euen Wee had scarce marched aboue three dayes towards Muscouy but that newes came how a certaine number of our enemies lay in a sconce by the way the strength of them was not perfectly knowne but it was thought they were not aboue seuen hundred and that we must vse some stratagem to expell them from thence vpon which relation our Captaines drew forth to the number of three hundred English horsemen and two hundred French horsemen so that in all we were about fiue hundred that were appointed to set vpon the supposed seuen hundred Polanders our enemies that so lay insconsed vpon whom we went Our chiefe Commander in that seruice was Monsier la Veite a French man who so valiantly led vs on that the enemy hearing of our comming fled ouer a water that was by the sconce yet not with such speede but that wee slue to the number of foure hundred of their side and lost onely three men of our owne but we tooke the sconce About the sconce stood a faire Towne called Arioua with a riuer called the Volga running through the middle but no bridge ouer it onely a few Boates and Sloates made and cut out of trees were there to carry the people ouer from the one halfe of the Towne to the other This sconce furnished vs not onely with great store of riches but also with a number of Polish Horses and as many armes as serued to arme fiue hundred men our want of that commoditie being as much as of any thing besides for of those fiue hundred men that went vpon the seruice there were not three hundred fixed armes yet through the hand of him that deales victories or ouerthrowes as it pleaseth him best the day was ours Ouer this riuer Volga the enemies were neuer driuen before either by the Emperor of Russia or by the King of Swethland for which cause as afterward wee heard the next day when they departed from the other side of the Riuer they burnt that halfe of the Towne on which side they were themselues and in most bloudy barbarous and cruell manner made hauocke both of men women and children albeit not aboue halfe a yeare before the Inhabitants on that side had reuolted from their owne Emperour and turned to them In which tyrannicall vprore their custome was to fill a house full of people and then the doores being locked vpon them that none might issue forth the house was fired about their eares and oftentimes were yong children taken by the heeles and cast into the middest of the flames This inhumane tyrannie being practised not onely by the Poles that were our enemies but euen by those Russes that were traitors to their owne Emperour and serued vnder the Poles and were called Cossakes whose cruelty farre exceeded the Polish The Towne being thus burnt to the earth all the sixe thousand which as I said before fled ouer the Riuer out of the sconce and were by vs supposed to be but seuen hundred came downe in full battalion to the Riuers side with such fiercenesse as if presently they and their horses would haue swom ouer to fight with vs which being perceiued our poore fiue hundred stood ready to resist them But whether they feared our numbers to be greater then they were and that wee had some other secret forces I know not but away they marched the selfe same day in which they came downe in that braueâ—y not doing any thing of which wee for our parts were not much sorry because if the battailes had ioyned wee knew our selues farre vnable to withstand them And this was the seruice of the most noate that wee went vpon HONDIVS his Map of Muscouia MOSCOVIA Our Generall whose name was Euerâ—orâ—e was a Fynlander and with a company of Fynland blades as they tearme them well appointed on Horsebacke was by the King of Sweueland sent after vs as our Conuoy vntill wee should come to Pontus le Guard who was chiefe Generall ouer the whole armie of strangers that came into the Land so that according as he was sent and charged by the King hee ouertooke vs before we came to Arioâ—a By the intreatie therefore of this Fynlander and the flattering promises of our owne Captaines we were contented to goe vpon this seruice and to deliuer the Russes or to dye our selues in the action Yet with condition that as they promised to vs we should by the way meete our chiefe Generall Pontus le Guard who with certaine numbers of English French and Dutch which the yeare before were come into the Land was vpon a march out of Muscouy not onely to meete vs but to ioyne with vs and pay vs all our money which remained good to vs prouided likewise that so soone as euer wee should release the seuen thousand Russes our money should be payed downe On these conditions I say wee yeelded to goe vpon the businesse At length Pontus le Guard met vs according to the promise and with him was money brought to pay vs and his word giuen that presently wee should receiue it But the lamentable estate in which the poore besiedged Russes were within the sconce being at the point of death for want of foode required rather speedy execution then deliberation so that the necessities of their hard fortunes crauing haste on wee went hauing about ninteene or twenty thousand Russes that were people of the same Countrey ioyned to our Armie to aide them in this enterprize But as we all were vpon a march the enemy hauing receiued Intelligence of our approaching set forward to the number of eight thousand Lanciers and more to intercept vs
very good Sound hard by the Vre in sixteene fathoms at the mouth of Cunninghams Foord about fiue of the clocke There came presently foure of the Countrie people vnto vs after their old accustomed manner This euening about sixe of the clocke the Vrin anchored by vs. This night the Admirall my selfe and Captaine Browne went on Land to see the Myne of siluer where it was decreed that we should take in as much thereof as we could On Sunday the third of August the Sauages seeing our curtesie toward them bartered Seales skinnes and Whales finnes with vs which being done wee went to our Boat and rowing away three of them taking their Boats rowed with vs vp the Foord calling to other of the people telling them and making signes to vs of our dealing towards them Then they also came to vs and bartered with vs for old Iron and Kniues for Seales skinnes and coates made of Seales skinnes and Whales finnes and rowed still all with vs. In the end hauing rowed fiue or sixe leagues vp the Foord and seeing it to bee but a Bay wee returned alongst many greene and pleasant Ilands where wee found good anchoring the people still followed vs to the number of fiue and twentie persons till about sixe of the clocke when it fell thicke with some raine and the winde being Southerly wee rowed in among the Sounds at which time they went from vs wee rowing our Boat to one of the Ilands went to supper And hauing supped wee rowed some three leagues vp an other Foord where we found very shallow water in which place we stayed with our Boat all that night The fourth day in the morning about three of the clocke wee returned to our ship againe with a gale of winde Southerly being somewhat thicke and raynie weather sayling by the Land among the Ilands till we came three leagues to the Northwards of Queene Sophias Cape when going without the Ilands wee met with a very high Sea so that wee had much to doe but by the prouidence of Almightie God the Boat was preserued from being swallowed vp of the Sea In the end wee got againe among the Ilands and so about noone wee came to our ships The fift day some of our men went on Land among the Mountaines where they did see reine Deere The sixt day I casting about stood into the shoare South-east till wee had brought Ramels Foord East and by North off vs bearing roome for the same Foord There goeth a very hollow Sea betweene the Ilands of the Kings Foord and Ramels Foord The winde being somewhat still wee towed on head with our Boats till wee came thwart of a Bay in which I was in the Vrins Boat which I named Fos Bay after the name of Philip de Fos Pilot of the Vrin. But the Admirals wilfulnesse was such that I could by no meanes counsaile him therein though night were at hand but hee would goe vp the Foord till wee came on the starboord side of the Foord to sixe and twentie fathomes sandie ground The Vrin let fall anchor by vs but the winde comming off the Land our Captaine and Companie being so obstinate and willfull that I could by no meanes get them to worke after my will the ship draue into the midfoord where wee could haue no ground at an hundred fathoms till the Tyde of flood came when the flood set the ship to the shoare but I laying out a Cage-anchor got the ship off and setting our foresaile stood for another roade vp the Riuer The eight day about foure in the morning wee came to an anchor in twentie fathomes sandie ground hauing very faire shoalding within vs. About noone the Vrin came and anchored by vs. It floweth in this Riuer South-east and North-west and it standeth in the latitude of 66. degrees and 25. minutes The ninth in the morning our Captaine with the Captaine of the Vrin went with their Boates vp the Riuer where they did come to see their winter houses which were builded with Whales bones the balkes being of Whales ribbes and the tops were couered with earth and they had certaine Vaults or Sellers vnder the earth foure square about two yards deepe in the ground These houses were in number about some fortie They found also certaine Graues made vp of stones ouer the dead bodies of their people the carkasses being wrapped in Seales skins and the stones laid in manner of a Coffin ouer them This day in this place we set a man on Land which had serued our Captaine the yeer◠before which for a certaine fault committed by him our Captaine left behinde in the Countrie About noone our men came aboord againe and after Dinner some of the people came vnto vs of whom wee caught 〈◊〉 with their Boates and stowed them in our ship◠to bring them into Denmark◠to enforme our selues better by their meanes of the state of their Countrie of Groineland which in their owne language they call Secanunga and say that vp within the Land they haue a great King which is carried vpon mens shoulders The tenth of August in the morning the winde being at East South-east we weighed and came forth of Rombes Foord but being come forth to Sea amongst the Ilands the winde came vp to the South-west and by South the Sea going maruellous high we lying West and West and by North to Sea doubling certaine Ilands and Rocks Where the Sea going so wonderfull high had set vs vpon the Rocks where we had all dyed if God of his mercy 〈◊〉 that instant when wee saw nothing before our eyes but present death had not sent vs a great gale of winde at South South-west whereby wee lay West North-west away with a flawne sheat wee doubling of the Ilands and Rocks were forced to goe betweene certaine little Ilands which lye off Queene Sophias Cape foure leagues into the Sea The which Ilands I named the yeere before Knights Ilands after the name of Iohn Knight So hauing passed these Ilands not without great danger was found betweene them many blinde Rock◠and being cleere in the Sea The thirteenth at noone we were in the latitude of 66. degrees 50. minutes being off Cape Sophia West and by North halfe westerly about sixteene leagues The eighteenth about foure in the morning we got cleere off the Ice steering South and by West away it being very thicke weather till noone when it cleered vp at which 〈◊〉 wee saw the shoare rising like Ilands being very high and stretching South and by East and North and by West about foure and twentie leagues the shoare being beset all full with Ice so that in that place it is impossible for any ship to come into the shoare Also of the Southermost of these two Capes lay such a great banke of Ice stretching into the Sea that wee were forced to lye West and by North to double the 〈◊〉 All this afternoone wee were almost
Pilot from Venice dated the 20. of Nouember 1596. which came not to his hands And also another Letter dated the 24. of Ianuarie 1596. which came to his hands And thereof he wrote me answere dated the 28. of May 1597. which I receiued the first of August 1597. by Thomas Norden an English Merchant yet liuing in London wherein he promised still to goe with me into England to performe the said voyage for discouerie of the North-west passage into the South Sea if I would send him money for his charges according to his former writing without the which money he said he could not goe for that he said he was vndone vtterly when he was in the ship Santa Anna which came from China and was robbed at California And yet againe afterward I wrote him another Letter from Venice whereunto he wrote me answere by a Letter written in his Greeke language dated the 20. of October 1598. the which I haue still by me wherein he promiseth still to goe with me into England and performe the said voyage of discouerie of the North-west passage into the South Sea by the said streights which he calleth the Streight of Noua Spania which he saith is but thirtie daies voyage in the streights if I will send him the money formerly written for his charges The which money I could not yet send him for that I had not yet recouered my pension owing mee by the Companie of Turkie aforesaid And so of long time I stayed from any furder proceeding with him in this matter And yet lastly when I my selfe was at Zante in the moneth of Iune 1602. minding to passe from thence for England by Sea for that I had then recouered a little money from the Companie of Turkie by an order of the Lords of the Priuie Counsell of England I wrote another Letter to this Greeke Pilot to Cefalonia and required him to come to me to Zante and goe with mee into England but I had none answere thereof from him for that as I heard afterward at Zante he was then dead or very likely to die of great sicknesse Whereupon I returned my selfe by Sea from Zante to Venice and from thence I went by land through France into England where I arriued at Christmas An. 1602. safely I thanke God after my absence from thence ten yeeres time with great troubles had for the Company of Turkies businesse which hath cost me a great summe of money for the which I am not yet satisfied of them A Treatise of the North-west passage to the South Sea through the Continent of Virginia and by Fretum Hudson THe noble plantation of Virginia hath some very excellent prerogatiues aboue many other famous Kingdomes namely the temperature of the aire the fruitfulnesse of the soile and the commodiousnesse of situation The aire is healthfull and free both from immoderate heate and from extreme cold fo that both the Inhabitants and their Cattell doe prosper exceedingly in stature and strength and all Plants brought from any other remote climate doe there grow and fructifie in as good or better manner then in the soile from whence they came Which though it doe manifestly prooue the fruitfulnesse of the soile yeelding all kindes of Graine or Plants committed vnto it with a rich and plentifull increase yet cannot the fatnesse of the earth alone produce such excellent effects vnlesse the temperature of the aire be likewise so fauourable that those tender sprouts which the earth doth abundantly bring forth may bee cherished with moderate heate and seasonable moisture and freed both from scorching drought and nipping frost The North part of America Gerardus Mercator a very industrious and excellent Geographer was abused by a Map sent vnto him of foure Euripi meeting about the North Pole which now are found to bee all turned into a mayne Icie Sea One demonstration of the craftie falshood of these vsuall Maps is this that Cape Mendocino is set in them West North-west distant from the South Cape of California about seuenteene hundred leagues whereas Francis Gaule that was imployed in those discoueries by the Vice-roy of New Spaine doth in Hugo Linschotten his booke set downe their distance to be onely fiue hundred leagues Besides this in the place where Sir Thomas Button did winter in 57. degrees of latitude the constant great Tydes euery twelue houres and the increase of those Tydes whensoeuer any strong Westerne winde did blow doe strongly perswade vs that the mayne Westerne Ocean is not farre from thence which was much confirmed vnto them the Summer following when sayling directly North from that place where they wintered about the latitude of 60. degrees they were crossed by a strong Current running sometimes Eastward sometimes Westward So that if we finde either Hudsons Bay or any Sea more neere vnto the West wee may assure our selues that from thence we may with great ease passe to any part of the East Indies And that as the World is very much beholding to that famous Columbus for that hee first discouered vnto vs the West Indies and to the Portugal for the finding out the ordinarie and as yet the best way that is knowne to the East Indies by Cape Bona Speranza So may they and all the world be in this beholding to vs in opening a new and large passage both much neerer safer and farre more wholesome and temperate through the Continent of Virginia and by Fretum Hudson to all those rich Countries bordering vpon the South Sea in the East and West Indies And this hope that the South Sea may easily from Virginia be discouered ouer Land is much confirmed by the constant report of the Sauages not onely of Virginia but also of Florida and Canada which dwelling so remote one from another and all agreeing in the report of a large Sea to the Westwards where they describe great ships not vnlike to ours with other circumstances doe giue vs very great probabilitie if not full assurance that our endeuours this way shall by Gods blessing haue a prosperous and happy successe to the encrease of his Kingdome and Glorie amongst these poore ignorant Heathen people the publique good of all the Christian world the neuer-dying honour of our most gracious Soueraigne the inestimable benefit of our Nation and the admirable and speedie increase and aduancement of that most noble and hopefull Plantation of Virginia for the good successe whereof all good men with mee I doubt not will powre out their prayers to Almightie God H. B. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS TO AND IN THE NEW WORLD CALLED AMERICA RELATIONS OF THEIR PAGAN ANTIQVITIES AND OF THE REGIONS AND PLANTATIONS IN THE NORTH AND SOVTH parts thereof and of the Seas and Ilands adiacent THE FIFTH BOOKE CHAP. I. A Description of the West Indies by ANTONIO De HERRERA his Maiesties Chiefe Chronicler of the Indies and his Chronicler of Castile To the Licentiate PAVL of Laguna President of the Royall and Supreme Councell of the Indies THe
Beasts and Men seeing that we see it visibly in Iron which is the hardest of all mettals I haue seene Grates of Iron in some parts of the Indies so rusted and consumed that pressing it betwixt your fingers it dissolued into powder as if it had beene hay or parched straw the which proceedes onely from the winde which doth corrupt it hauing no meanes to withstand it But leauing apart many other great and notable effects I will onely make mention of two The one although it causeth pangs greater then death it selfe yet doth it not breede any further inconuenience The other takes away life without feeling of it The sicknesse of the Sea wherewith such are troubled as first begin to goe to Sea is a matter very ordinary and yet if the nature thereof were vnknowne to men we should take it for the pangs of death seeing how it afflicts and torments while it doth last by the casting of the stomacke paine of the head and other troublesome accidents But in truth this sicknesse so common and ordinary happens vnto men by the change of the ayre and Sea For although it be true that the motion of the Ship helpes much in that it moues more or lesse and likewise the infections and ill sauours of things in the Ship yet the proper and naturall cause is the ayre and the vapours of the Sea the which doth so weaken and trouble the body and the stomacke which are not accustomed thereunto that they are wonderfully moued and changed for the ayre is the Element by which we liue and breath drawing it into our entrailes the which we â—athe therewithall And therefore there is nothing that so suddenly and with so great force doth alter vs as the change of the ayre we breathe as we see in those which dye of the plague It is approued by many experiences that the ayre of the Sea is the chiefe cause of this strange indisposition the one is that when there blowes from the Sea a strong breath we see them at the Land as it were Sea-â—â—cke as I my selfe haue often found Another is the farther wee goe into the Sea and retyre from Land the more wee are touched and dazeled with this sicknesse Another is that coasting along any Iland and after lanching into the maine we shall there finde the ayre more strong Yet will I not deny but the motion and agitation may cause this sicknesse seeing that we see some are taken therewith passing Riuers in Barkes others in like sort going in Coaches and Caroaches according to the diuers complexions of the Stomacke as contrariwise there are some how boisterous and troublesome soeuer the Sea be doe neuer feele it Wherefore it is a matter certaine and tried that the ayre of the Sea doth commonly cause this effect in such as newly goe to Sea I thought good to speake this to shew a strange effect which happens in some parts of the Indies where the ayre and the winde that raigns makes men dazle not lesse but more then at Sea Some hold it for a fable others say it is an addition for my part I will speake what I haue tried There is in Peru a high mountaine which they call Paâ—â—acaca and hauing heard speake of the alteration it bred I went as well prepared as I could according to the instructions which was giuen me by such as they call Vaguianâ—s or expert men but notwithstanding all my prouision when I came to mount the degrees as they called them which is the top of this mountaine I was suddenly surprized with so mortall and so strange a pang that I was ready to fall from the top to the ground and although we were many in company yet euery one made haste without any tarrying for his companion to free himselfe speedily from this ill passage Being then alone with one Indian whom I intreated to helpe to stay me I was surprized with such pangs of straining and casting as I thought to cast vp my heart too for hauing cast vp meate flegme and coller both yellow and greene in the end I cast vp blood with the straining of my stomacke To conclude if this had continued I should vndoubtedly haue dyed but this lasted not aboue three or foure houres that wee were come into a more conuenient and naturall temperature where all our companions being foureteene or fifteene were much wearied Some in the passage demanded confession thinking verily to dye others left the Ladders and went to the ground being ouercome with casting and going to the stoole and it was told me that some haue lost their liues there with this accident I beheld one that did beate himselfe against the earth crying out for the rage and griefe which this passage of Pariacaca had caused But commonly it doth no important harme onely this paine and troublesome distaste while it endures and not onely the passage of Pariacaca hath this propertie but also all this ridge of the Mountaine which runnes aboue fiue hundred leagues long and in what place soeuer you passe you shall finde strange intemperâ—â—ures yet more in some parts then in other and rather to those which mount from the Sea 〈◊〉 from the Plaines Besides Pariacaca I haue passed it by 〈◊〉 and Soras in another place by Collegâ—â—â— and by 〈◊〉 Finally by foure different places going and comming and alwayes in this passage I haue felt this alteration although in no place so strongly as at the first in Pariacaca which hath beene tried by all such as haue passed it And no doubt but the winde is the cause of this intemperature and strange alteration or the ayre that raignes there For the best remedy and all they finde is to stoppe their noses their eares and their mouthes as much as may be and to couer themselues with cloathes especially the stomacke for that the ayre is subtile and piercing going into the entrailes and not onely men feele this alteration but also beasts that sometimes stay there so as there is no spurre can make them goe forward For my part I hold this place to be one of the highest parts of land in the world for we mount a wonderfull space And in my opinion the Mountaine Neâ—ade of Spaine the Pirences and the Alpâ—s of Italie are as ordinary houses in regard of hiâ— Towers I therefore perswade my selfe that the element of the ayre is there so subtile and delicate as it is not proportionable with the breathing of man which requires a more grosse and temperate ayre and I beleeue it is the cause that doth so much alter the stomacke and trouble all the disposition The passages of the mountaines Neâ—ade and other of Europe which I haue seene although the ayre be cold there and doth force men to weare more cloathes yet this colde doth not take away the appetite from meate but contrariwise it prouokes neither doth it cause any casting of the stomacke but onely some paine in the feete
and they grow wonderfully fat to haue the grease which they vse for want of Oile in some places they make Gamons as in Tolluca of new Spaine and in Pariâ— at Peru. Returning then to such beasts as are peculiar there euen as the Sainos are like vnto Swine though somewhat lesse euen so the Dante 's resemble small Kine but more vnto Mules hauing no hornes The Hides of these beasts are much esteemed for jerkins and other couerings they are so hard as they resist any blow whatsoeuer And as the Dante 's be defended by the hardnesse of their Hides so those which they call Armadillos are by the multitude of their scales which open and shut as they please like to a Curasse There bee little beasts which goe through the Woods called Armadillos by reason of the defence they haue hiding themselues within their scales and opening when they list I haue eaten of them and doe not hold it for a meate of any great worth but the flesh of the Yguanas is a better meate but more horrible to the eye for they are like to the very Lizardes of Spaine although they bee of a doubtfull kinde for that they goe to the Water and comming to Land they climbe the Trees vpon the bankes and as they cast themselues from the Trees into the water the Boates watch vnderneath to receiue them The Chinchilles is an other kinde of small beasts like Squirrels they haue a wonderfull smoothe and soft skin which they weare as a healthfull thing to comfort the stomacke and those parts that haue neede of a moderate heate they make Couerings and Rugs of the haire of these Chinchilles which are found on the Sierre of Peru where there is likewise a small beast very common which they call Cuyes and which the Indians hold for a very good meate and they are accustomed often to offer these Cuyes in their sacrifices They are like small Conies and haue their borrowes in the ground and in some places they haue vndermined all the Land some are grey some white and some speckled There are other small Animals which they call Viscachas and are like to Hares although they bee bigger they hunt them and eate the flesh Of common Hares there are great store in some parts There are also Conies in the Realme of Quitto but the good are come from Spaine There is another strange beast the which for his great heauinesse and slownesse in moouing they call Perico-ligero or the little light Dogge hee hath three nailes to euery hand and mooues both hand and feete as it were by compasse and very heauily it is in face like to a Monkey and hath a shrill crie it climeth Trees and eates Ants. Throughout all the Mountaines either of these Ilands of the firme Land or of the Andes there are infinite numbers of Micos or Monkeys which are a kinde of Apes but very different in that they haue a taile yea a very long one And amongst them there are some kindes which are thrice yea foure times bigger then the ordinarie some are all blacke some bay some grey and some spotted Their agilitie and manner of doing is admirable for that they seeme to haue reason and discourse to goe vpon Trees wherein they seeme to imitate Birds Going from Nombre de Dios to Panama I did see in Capira one of these Monkeys leape from one Tree to an other which was on the other side of a Riuer making me much to wonder They leape where they list winding their tailes about a branch to shake it and when they will leape further then they can at once they vse a pretie deuice tying themselues by the tailes one of another and by this meanes make as it were a chaine of many then doe they lanch themselues forth and the first holpen by the force of the rest takes hold where he list and so hangs to a bough and helpes all the rest till they be gotten vp It were long to report the fooleries tricks trauerses and pleasant sports they make when they are taught which seeme not to come from bruit beasts but from a manlike vnderstanding I saw one in Carthagene in the Gouernours house so taught as the things he did seemed incredible they sent him to the Tauerne for wine putting the pot in one hand and the money in the other and they could not possibly get the money out of his hand before he had his pot full of wine If any children met him in the street and threw any stones at him hee would set his pot downe on the one side and cast stones against the children till hee had assured his way then would hee returne to carry home his pot And which is more although he were a good Bibber of wine as I haue oftentimes seene him drinke when his Master hath giuen it him yet would hee neuer touch it vntill leaue was giuen him They told me moreouer that if he saw any women painted he would fall vpon them pull off their attire and would seeke to bite them Amongst the most remarkable things at the Indies of Peru be the Vicugnes and sheepe of the Countrie as they call them which are tractable beasts and of great profit the Vicugnes are wilde and the Sheepe are tame Some thinke that the Vicugnes are those which Aristotle Plinie and other Authors call Capreas which are wilde Goats and in truth they haue some resemblance for the lightnesse they haue in the Woods and Mountaines but yet they are no Goates for the Vicugnes haue no hornes as those haue whereof Aristotle makes mention neither are they the Goates of the East Indies from whom they draw the Bezar stone for if they be of that kinde it were a diuerse one as in the race of Dogs the Mastife is diuerse from the Grey-hound The Vicugnes of Peru are not those beasts which carry the Bezar stone in the Prouince of new Spaine which there they call Bezaars for that they are a kinde of Stags and Venison yet doe I not know in any part of the World there bee any of these beasts but in Peru and in Chille which are Countries ioyning one to another These Vicugnes are greater then Goates and lesse then Calues Their haire is of the colour of dried Roses somewhat cleerer they haue no hornes like Stags and Goates They feede vpon the highest tops of the Mountaines which they call Pugnas The Snow nor Frost doth not offend them but contrariwise they seeme to delight in it They goe in troupes and runne most lightly when they meete with any Trauellers or Beasts they flie away seeming very fearefull and in flying they driue their yong ones before them They doe not finde that they multiply much and therefore the Kings Ingâ—as did defend the hunting of Vicugnes if it were not for their feasts or by their commandement Some complaine that since the Spaniards entred there they haue giuen too much
of smoothnesse or barenesse although of diuers colours vpon the ridge of their backes they haue manie long prickes their teeth are very sharpe and especially their fangs or dogge teeth their throates are lâ—ng and large reaching from their beards to their brests of the like skinne to the residue of their bodies they are dumbe and haue no voice or make any noise or crie although they be kept tied to the foote of a chest or any other thing for the space of twentie or fiue and twentie daies without any thing to eate or drinke except they giue them now and then a little of the bread of Cazabi or some such other thing they haue foure feete and their fore-feete as long as a mans finger with clawes like the clawes of a bird but weaker and such as cannot grasple or take hold of any thing they are much better to be eaten then to behold for few that see them will haue desire to eate of them by reason of their horrible shape except such as haue beene accustomed to the beasts of these regions which are more horrible and fearefull as this is not but onely in apparence their flesh is of much better taste then the flesh of Connies and more holesome for it hurteth none but onely such as haue had the French poxe in so much that if they haue beene touched of that infirmitie although they haue beene whole of long time neuerthelesse they feele hurt and complaine of the eating of these Iuannas as hath beene oftentimes proued by experience There are found in the firme land certaine birds so little that the whole bodie of one of them is no bigger then the top of the biggest finger of a mans hand and yet is the bare body without the feathers not halfe so bigge This Bird beside her littlenesse is of such velositie and swiftnesse in flying that who so seeth her flying in the aire cannot see her slap or beate her wings after any other sort then doe the Dorres or humble Bees or Beetels so that there is no man that seeth her flye that would thinke her to be any other then a Doâ—re they make their nests according to the proportion of their bignesse and I haue seene that one of these Birds with her nest put in a paire of gold weights altogether hath waide no more then 2. Tomini which are in poise 24. graines with the feathers without the which she should haue waied some what lesse And doubtlesse when I consider the finenesse of the clawes and feete of these Birds I know not whereunto I may better liken them then to the little birds which the lymners of bookes are accustomed to paint on the margent of Church Bookes and other Bookes of Diuine Seruice Their Feathers are of manie faire colours as golden yellow and greene beside other variable colours their beake is verie long for the proportion of their bodies and as fine and subtile as a sowing needle they are verie hardy so that when they see a man clime the tree where they haue their nests they flye at his face and strike him in the eyes comming going and returning with such swiftnesse that no man would lightly beleeue it that hath not seene it and certainly these birds are so little that I durst not haue made mention hereof if it were not that diuers others which haue seene them as well as I can beare witnesse of my saying they make their nests of flocks and cotten whereof there is great plentie in these regions and serueth well for their purpose But as touching the Birds Foules and Beasts of these Indies because they are innumerable both little and great I intend not to speake much here because I haue spoken more largely hereof in my generall Historie of the Indies There is another kinde of Beasts seene in the firme Land which seemeth very strange and marueilous to the Christian men to behold and much differing from all other Beasts which haue beene seene in other parts of the world these Beasts are called Bardati and are foure footed hauing their taile and all the rest of their bodies couered onely with a skin like the coperture of a barbed horse or the checkered skin of a Lisart or Crocodile of colour betweene white and russet inclining somewhat more to white This Beast is of forme and shape much like to a barbed horse with his barbes and stankets in all points and from vnder that which is the barbe and coperture the taile commeth forth and the feete in their place the necke also and the eares in their parts and in fine all things in like sort as in a barbed courser they are of the bignesse of one of these common Dogges they are not hurtfull they are filthie and haue their habitation in certaine hillockes of the earth where digging with their feete they make their dens verie deepe and the holes thereof in like manner as doe Connies they are very excellent to be eaten and are taken with nets and some also killed with Crosbowes they are likewise taken oftentimes when the Husbandmen burne the stubble in sowing time or to renew the herbage for Kine and other Beasts I haue oftentimes eaten of their flesh which seemeth to me of better taste then Kiddes flesh and holesome to be eaten And if these Beasts had euer beene seene in these parts of the world where the first barbed Horses had their originall no man would iudge but that the forme and fashion of the coperture of Horses furnished for the warres was first deuised by the sight of these Beasts There is also in the firme Land another beast called Ors◠〈◊〉 that is the Ante-beare This beast in haire and colour is much like to the Beaâ—e of Spaine and in manner of the same making saue that he hath a much longer snoue and is of euill fight they are oftentimes taken only with staues without any other weapon and are not hurtfull they are also taken with Dogges because they are not naturally armed although they bite somewhat they are found for the most part about and neere to the hillockes where are great abundance of Antes For in these Regions is ingendred a certaine kind of Antes very little and blacke in the Fields and Plaines whereas grow no Trees where by the instinct of Nature these Antes separate themselues to ingender farre from the Woods for feare of these Beares the which because they are fearefull vile and vnarmed as I haue said they keepe euer in places full of Trees vntill very famine and necessitie or the great desire that they haue to feede on these Antes cause them to come out of the Woods to hunt for them these Antes make a hillocke of earth to the height of a man or somewhat more or lesse and as bigge as a great Chest and sometimes as bigge as a Buâ— or a Hogshead and as hard as a stone so that they seeme as though they were stones set vp to limit the
where and how made 72.10 Spoone the Russian Nobility weare at their Girdle 459.40 Spots blacke seene in the via lacteâ— where 918.40 Spring of water which conuerts it selfe into a stone kils those that drinke of it 894.20 Another Spring conuerted into white Salt ibid. Spring of fresh water in the sea 997 30. On the top of a hot Spring ibid. Springs of seuerall vertues 933.20 c. Some congealing its owne water into stone Others sending forth Pitch Others becomming good Salt Some good for the French Poxe and why Another fuming out smoke some of the Colours of Inke or Bloud 933 Spring-tydes whaâ— 930.1 Spring why it comes on a sudden in very cold Countries 415.10 Squirrels that flye 418.1 Stad in Norway 518. The latitude 52â— 30 Staffe falling this way or that way Why of old accounted a direction 657.30 Stanfew harbour where 212.10 Starres begotten of the Gods 274 30. They dye when Starres fall ibid. Seuerall Stars worshipped by the Mexicans their â—dde conceits of them 1027.40 More and greater in our Northerne Heauens then in the Indies 918 20 Starres continually seene in the day time where and when 496 50 Start Iland one of the Orkneyes 810.10 The latitude States Iland 478.10 481.30 Many Hares there ibid. The Sea frozen there 482.10 Stealing one of the eight Commandements among the Tartars 443 10 Stealing how punished amongst them 79.30 Steele-glasses where made 72 Stephanoâ—etia or Iaffi the chiefe Towne of Walachia 633.1 Sticks instead of meate-forkes 180 201.30 Stock-fish instead of Money 616 40 Stone in Groneland to make pots which the fire cannot hurt 520.1 40 Stones mighty ones in a Bridge 294 40 Stones round and hollow and fowles hanged in them 600.1 Stone-workeâ— of the Indians 1056 1.10 Stones cast out of burning Mountaines in Groneland 610.40 They make Lâ—me and walls indissoluble ibid. Stone a disease vnknowne in China 391.50 Stone Disease a remedy for it 988.20 China good for it 953 60 Stones medicinable for the Spleene Mâ—lt Kidneyes and Flixe where 867.50 Storax where it growes 959.40 Stoues in Island the manner 663.1 And in Groneland 651.40 Strangers made Slaues in Tartary 443.10 Strangers not willingly suffered in Russia 433.10 Strangers prouided against in China 197.20 Why not admitted into China 268.10 The custome of China concerning them 39â— Strangers in China haue a Gouernour â—19 50 Why so suspected there 359.30 Strangers of what sorts are admitted China 399. Being once in must not goe out againe ibid. Stratageme a fine one of distressed Tartars 102.40 Another of theirs to finde the way in the darke 107.20 Stratageme of the Tartars against the Soldan 122.60 Stratagemes of the Crim Tartars vpon the Hungarians and in their owne Inuasions 440.30 50 Of Demetrius the Russiâ—n to rayse a siege 757.10 Of the Spaniaâ—ds to follow one another in the darke vnseene to their Enemies 983.20 Of the Mexicans 1016 50. A prety story vpon that 1017.1 Streame of Riuers still aboue and swift at the bottome 1056.30 Streets plâ—nked and not paued 419 10 Streight of land but eight leagues betweene the North and South Seas Streights Magellane are not Streights but broken Ilands Streights of Florida but imagination 929 Streight of Mecca or the Red Sea 252.50 in marg Stromo one of the Ilands of Farre 582.10 Students free from tribute 381 10 Sturgeons store and cheape in Russia 231.10 233.1 30 Style of the Russian Emperour his and his Subiects pride in it Quarrels for not repeating it all 421.40 50 Style ridiculous of the great Chans Letters 45.50 c. 46 Style of the King of China 254 40 256.1 258.40 260 20 Su-moal 40 Su in Tartarian is water Subo the Iland 285.50 Christiaâ—â— ibid. Sucana Riuer 224.1 Succuir the City described 164.30 Suceu in China another Venice 343.10 Described ibid. Sucheo in China the incredible trading there and tribute it payes 363.20 Sueui Hiberi the people in Tartaria not subiect to the Tartars 2.20 Sugar cheape in China 365.10 great store 411.20 Sugar-houses in China 270.20 Sugar how refined 101.30 Sugar-canes first carried to the West Indies 860.60 Suiskoy the Russe takes part against Demetrius the Impostor is taken and pardoned by him 757.40 Conspires against Demetrius kils him 763.10 His Oration to the Lords he â—s chosen Emperour of Russia 763.50 764.40 His care of the English ibid. His letters to King Iames describing his Predecessours Acts 765. Other writings of his name ibid. in margine Iâ—â—eighâ—s against the King of Poland ibid. 766.767 Cals himselfe Vaâ—lâ— Euanowâ—ch 769.10 Crowned ibid. Chosen by lot and the manner of it 769.60 Makes away the Nobility and consults with Witches Sends an Embassage into Poland to complaine and threaten Aided by the English and Sweden 770. 771. A second Impostor Demetrius sâ—t vp against him 770. Forsaken he renounces the Empire it giuen into the hands of the Pole who imprisons him in Poland where he dyes 780 Sumbreroâ—es vsed in China 394 40 Sumerkent or Astracan the Village vpon Volga in 46. degrees of latitude 48. marg Sumhepadan a Riuer 260.50 Summer and winter when they beginne and end in Brasill 903 40 Summer and Autumne not discernable in the Ilands of Barlouente and why 938.10 Sunne and Moone vsed for Engsignes by the Tartars 82.1.40 Sunne is the Chinois chiefe Deity 148.30 The King stiles himselfe Lord of the World and Child of the Sâ—nne 152.50 The Ceremonies performed to it by the Chinois before their Feasts 302.20 Sunne worshipped in Groneland 820.10 Adored by the Mexicans 1027.10 Pretily denyed by an Indian 1028.40 His Image 1032 Sunne seene both night and day in Noua Zembla where it beginnes to doe so 505.1 Sunne fiue Degrees 35. Minutes high at midnight 574. seuen degrees high in what heigth of the Pole 575.20 576.40 580 Sunne going downe North and rising North North-east where and when 596.30 Sunne but little aboue the Horizon in Winter where and when 494 20.30 Where it riseth and setteth there ibid. When it appeared no more there ibid. The Moone after that seene continually ibid. When the Sunne began to appeare againe 499 60. A Philosophicall discourse vpon it 500 Sunnes three foure Raine-boweâ— at once 483.10 Suoliâ—tan in Persia 70.50 Supererrogation beleeued in China 271.10 Superstitious Religion best agrees with tyrannicall gouernment 422 10 Surgouâ— Towne vpon the Riuer Ob what Nations trade thither 552.10 The Russian Emperours Customes of Merchants there for one yeare ibidem Surplâ—sse the Priests in Russia â—iâ—ested with it at their Ordination 447.50 And worne in Seruice time at Church 448 Swallowes found in the bottome of the Sea which reuiued at the fire 626.1 Sweden Villanage 631.10 They sell their Tenants Daughters for Salt ibid. Swiftnesse admirable in some Tartars 33.50 Swords of wood with edges of flint 1129.40 Their strength and making ibid. Sword-fish described 988.30 T TAbab a mightie Riuer 526 1 Tabasco Prouince in the West Indies the tribute of Cacao paid by the
diminished by the Spaniards 996.40 Troubled in their Religion ibid. Westmen who in the Norwegian spâ—ech 657.30 Weygates see Vaigats Whales store neere the North-west Passage 844.40 Difficulties of taking them ibid. 20 Whale monstrous one taken in the I le of Thanet described His Eye a Cart loade his Liuer two Cart loade c. 737. c. Whale endangers a Ship 571.20 Whale his bignesse thicknesse Finnes c. Discouered by his owne spowting of water the manner of Hunting and killing him How he reuenges himselfe He spoutes blood How they take his fat 470. The making of his Oyle 471.20 His Finnes how taken ibid. Eight seuerall sorts of Whales 471.40 What sorts yeeld Oyle Whale-bone Sperma Caeti and Amber-greece and what nothing ibid. And which is good meat 472.10 The manner of taking him described in a Mappe 472 Whales eight sorts of them 710.20 Their seuerall quantities of Oyle Whales not afraid of Ships 715.40 Whales huge 223.1 Cry in ingendring ibid. Whales giue suckâ— to their young 930.50 marg Whale built within Island 649.60 The dwellers in them dreame of Shipwracke 650 Whale-fishing begun in Greenland 465.10 Whale-fishing 〈◊〉 admirable maner in the Indies 931.30.40 Whale-fishing in Groneland 519.10 Whale killing taught vs by Biskayners 715.30 Whale Sound the Latitude 846.60 Whale Bay 464.40 Whay the Islanders drinke 663.60 Wheat cheape in Russia 416.1.10 Wheat where in the Indies it will not growe and why 954.20 See Baruolents Wheele of the Mexicans contayning fifty two yeeres the Art of it 1050.30 Whips and Whipping the manner in China 188.40 Worse then hanging ibid. 202.40 Whipping with Caues the manner 319.50 396.30 Whips of Sinewes or Whit-leather 434.40 Whirle-poole of Malestrand 222.60 Whirl-pooles hinder sayling where 520.40 Whistling Arrowes in Tartarie 29.30 Whistling Language men vnderstand one another in it in Mexico 1135.10 Whoores in China are all blinde 176.50 And all Slaues 182.40 An Officer set ouer them ibid. Whoredomes vnpunished in Russia 460.50 Whoredome for a morsell of Bread 646.40 Scarce punished in Iseland ibid. White the Tartars hold for a signe of good lucke 84.50 White the Festiuall Colour of the Muscouites 214. The mourning colour in China 368.1.165.50 White Creatures in cold Countries 649.50 White people vnder the Torâ—idâ— Zone 898.20 White men rarely borne in Mexico 1128.50 White Castle a Citie in Catay described 801.10 White Sea 515.40 The breadth it is vpon Lapland ibid. See 531.10 Wiccings are Piracies 620.1 Wichida in Russia made habitable 432.50 The proiectors of it ryfled ibid. Wichida the Riuer the Samoiâ—ds trade by it into Russia 522.20 The head 525.20 Widowes in Tartarie Marry not and why 7.40 Widowes continuing so rewarded in China 344.50 And honoured 393.1 William Baffin his Voyage to Greenland 716 William Helye his Actions in Greenland 468.469 c. William Barents his first Voyage 474.20 Returnes into Holland 478.10 Sets out againe ibid. Returnes 482.30 His third Voyage 483.1 Dyes by Noua Zembla 508 William Bouchier a French Goldsmith found in Tartary 28.40 His curious Workmanship 35.50 37.40 How hee came thither 39.20 Williams Iland the height of the Sunne there 474.60 Willoughbies Voyage to Denmark 780.10 Willoughbie Land 462.60 And 212.50 It is Greene-land 579 Windowes first made in the Roofes of houses 662 Winter nine Monethes long in Groneland 651.30 609 Winter not knowne in some places of the Indies 921.60 〈◊〉 Where little or none is 526.60 Winter short and milde in Taurica 637.1 Winter and Summer where contrary to curs in Europe 896.30 Wisera the Riuer his head course 525.30 Witch of Malinalco her Storie 1003 Witches of Peru their Arts 1043 1044 Witches Sound in Greenland the latitude 725 Wyle of a Portugall to saue his life 1029.30 Wild beasts of China 381.60 Wild beasts more acceptable in Sacrifice then tame 272.60 Winde in Winter none in Tartary and why 27.1 Winde extreme hote in Ormuz it stifled an Army 71.50 Winde preserue from corrupâ—â—â—n 647.40 Windes sold to Sea-faring men in Island 653. 646.20 Winde sold to Mariners by the Witches of Lapland a Fable 444.1 Windes temper the Torrid Zone 921.40 Their differences properties and Causes in generall 922 Windes which the Spaniards are to obserue in their Nauigations to the West Indies and how farre each carries them 924. so to and from the Philippinâ—s ibid. A Philosophicall Discourse of Winds from pag. 922. to pag. 928. Strange effects of Windes 926 Wine of Dates 〈◊〉 103 50â— Of Indian Nuts ibid. Wine of Rice 366.1 Drunke hot ibid. Wine of Peru the taste 938.1 Wine of Palme-tree 284.20 Wine made of the sap of a tree 957 20 Wine drinking held a sinne 109.10 Wine-drinkers not admitted to bee Witnesses 105.10 Wiues the Chinois keepe as many as they are able 359.60 They are bought and sold 367.50 Wiues sit at table and Concubines waite 394. They bring no portions 394.1 Wiues the father◠〈◊〉 for assurance of her Mayden-head 454 10. Vsed as seruants 456.1 Wiues and seruants slaine to waite on their Master in the next World 1029.20 Woden in our Saxon Stories is Odinus 664.50 Women the fairest in the World where 72.20 Women in China haue no names 394.50 They are seldome seene They doe all the worke within doores in China 189.10 Women Gold-smiths and Caruers in the West Indies 1123.10 Women Warriours in the Indies 886.20 992.40 Women brought to bed the Men lye in 92.30 Women sold in Sweden 631.10 Womens Ilands in Groneland the latitude 845 Wonders of Island 647.648 Wood held by the Chinois for an Element 345 Wood in Ormuâ— which will not endure nayling 71.50 Wood mighty store in the West Indies 960 Wood floating in the Sea 531. Whence it 〈◊〉 527.50 Wood shining in the night 983.20 Wooing-presents in Russia 454 10. Wooing with whips 229.50 Wooll in China and in cloth made of it 382.1 Wor see Vor. Workes of Piety in China 271.30 World the Mexicans beliefe of the end of it 1050.40 Wormes troublesome ones in the Indies 975 Worme breeding in mens legs 23â— Of an 〈…〉 how got out ibid. Writing with Pensils and in Characters 34.10 370.30 From the right hand to the left ibid. Vpward ibid. Downward ibid. Writing of China from the right hand to the left and the lines drawne downeward 384. Faire writing very â—â—are there 340 Writing by Pictures in Mexico 1052.60 And in Peru 1053.20 Writing and reading in Peru by knots vpon coards and by small stones vpon a Wâ—â—ele 10â—3 Writing the lines vp or downe 1054 X XAguâ— an Indian tree 〈…〉 and nature of the sap of it â—8â— â—0 Xalisco or New Gallicia in the West Indies the Councell and bounds of it 876.20 The Bishops Sea remoued thence to Guadalaiara when first discouered a sickly country the latitude 876 50 Xamabusis Pilgrimes of Iapon their Confessions a fearefull Story of that 1042.30 Xancheum in China described 334 40 Xandu the Citie 80.40 Xataâ— and Xambalu for Catay and Cambalu 310 Xauerius the Iesuite called the Indian Apostle
Gerrat de Veer Leonard Hendrickson Iacob Iohnson Scheadam Iacob Iohnson Sterrenburg Orange Iland Open Scutes Dangerous attempt to draw the Boat ouer the Ice W. Barents dieth Enclosed again with Ice and againe Trust-point Extreame cold The stretching of the Land from the house where we wintred along by the North-side of Noua Zembla to the Straights of Wey-gats where we past ouer to the Coast of Russia and ouer the entrie of the white Sea to Cola according to the Card here insuing Three Beares One Beare carryeth another in his mouth and eat it Strong Beare Iuly Huge Beare Admirals Iland Cape Plancio Langenes Cape Cant. Strange Birdâ— breeding in strong cold Two Russian Lodies or Lodgies No Raine Scuruy-grasse or Leple leaues cure their scowring and Scorbuticall infirmitie August Pitzora Compasse deceiueth by ill Neighbourhood Russian Compasse Lapland Russian Houses Laplanders miâ—rable life Slutterie a fast breaker Kilduin September Trees a rare sight Coola Thâ—ir Scute and Boat layd vp for a Monument how much more worthily then the old worlde Argo Intelligence from Samoyeds 1595. Barkes going from Pechora to Gielhsidi wintering there Gielhsidi won from the Tartars 1592. 1592. No Ebbe not Floud September 9. Gombornse-skare The long North bottom Swafster Whitsarke Hernoldus Hooke Sound Hauen in Groneland Skagen Ford. Beare Ford. A great fishing for Whales A great Swalth Allabong Sound Store of Oxen. The Icie Mountayne The Hauen of Fendebother Note Corse Hought An hunting of white Beares More Easterly all Desart The Towne from Hernoldus Hooke West-ward The Towne of Godoâ—ford A great Church with a white Crosse on it Peters Wike Wartsdall Boy in the Norsâ— tongue signifieth a Towne A Monasterie Rompnes Ford. A Nunnerie Wegen Kerke Hot waters in Groneland A place called Vose belonging to the King Saint Nicolas Church Emestnes Ford. Southwoders Wicke Bloming Granwicke Daleth Garden A great Wood Oxen Kine and Horses Excellent Stone that fire cannot hurt Eight great Orchards belonging to the Cathedrall Church Swalster Ford. Ericks Hought Skogel Kerke Fossa Sound Breda Ford. Larmut Ford. Ice Dorpe The Skerlengers Many Horses Oxen and Kine Iuer Boty the Author A great Wildernesse called Hemel Hatsfelt to the North of the West land Mines of Siluer white Beares white Hawkes all sorts of Fish Groneland not so cold as Iseland or Norway Fruits Punuâ— and Potbarse Trolebothon Trolebothon a great Wildernesse The Commodities of Gronland Good counsell for trauelling to Gronland Tynder-boxes for fire Courses for Gronland A storme in the North. Whitsarke Ericks Ford. A storme in the South· The first and second Paragraphs were published in Latine by Hessell Gerardus An. 1612. here a little contracted the last I found in M. Hakluyts Papers Arica or Oneeko Wichida White Sea to the North of Russia Samoieds Oysel and Vstiug Mart Townes for the Samoieds The first Voyage vnto the Samoieds countreyes The second Voyage Many Deserts and diuers great Riuers Riuer Obi. Great wealth to be gotten by the Trâ—de to the Riuer of Obi. Conditions of the people Gouâ—rnment Dyâ—t No Bread Shooting Apparell Houses Great wealth obtayned by continuance of this Voyage L. Boris that Theodore Emperour The Russes pronounce th as ph Imperiall priuiledge The first Voyage set out by Boris Godonoua They submit themselues to the Moscouiteâ— Trauâ—il beyond Obi. Elkes or Lâ—shes Raine Deere Dogs equal in swiftnesse to Harts Samoieds shooting * Stiuer Castles builded Sinke of bad people Siberia and Siber * Then Malefactors of Amsterdam at the Prison c. This Iournall to the North-east was hardly obtayned by some friends in Court The great danger for imparting this Iourney Osoil Iauinis 17. daies iourney distant from Osoil against the streame Iugoria Riuer Petsora Neem Riuer 3. weekes iourney from Iauinis From Neem to Wisera 5. dayes iourney From Wisera to Soil Camscoy 9. dayes Volga by the Tartars called Etil Soil Camscoy The Riuer Soiba The Riuer Cosna Mountaines in three parts Coouinscoy Camen Cirgniscoy Camen Poduinscoy Camen Vergateria Toera Riuer Vergateria the first Towne of Siberia 1590. Russian Gouernour Fiue dayes iourney to Iaphanis Tabab a mighty Riuer 200. leagues from Toera From Iaphanis to Tinna 12. dayes iourney by sled Many trauell farre beyond Oby toward the East South Tobolsca the chiefe Towne of Siberia Tobolsca on the Riuer Yrtis Tobol Riuer Tassa Riuer Pohemy a Towne Yrtis Riuer Olscoygorod razed Zergolta a town builded in an Iland of the Riuer Oby Noxinscoy Castle 200. leagues aboue Zergolta They trauell 400. leagues into the Inland beyond Noxinscoy The Reigne of Boris Godonoua The Citie Tooma Tartar King Ostachies a people Tara a Towne Iorgoetum Besobia Mangansoiscoigorod Narim and Tooma beyond Obi. Reyne Deere and exceeding swift Dogs vsed insteed of Horses and fed with Fishes Telta Riuer to the East beyond Obi. Comgof-scoi Castle Ten weekes trauell Eastward from Obi. wherein the Tingoesies were first discouered Tingoesie a people dwelling in Companies vpon the great Riuer Ieniscè The Tingoesies deformed with swellings vnder their throats a disease attending drinkers of Snow-water Mountaines on the East side of Ieniscè casting out fire and brimstone The ouerflowing of Ieniscè in the spring as it may seem from melted Snow Reason why Waygats is stopped with Ice Ice 60. or 50. fathoms thicke in the Streight of Waygats The fiâ—st voyage Eastward beyond the Riuer Ienisce Many Nations dwell toward the South which are in warre one with another Such are the Zagatay Tartars as before in Goes is seene The second voyage East beyond the Riuer Ienisce Certaine people taken The Riuer Pisida Bells The description of the people dwelling vpon the Riuer Pisida Such are the people of the East both Tartars and Chinois The third voyage beyond Ienisce Eastward The â—owling of brazen Bells of which they haue in China and perhaps in the North parts aboue it Horses in Pisida Vessels sayling downe Pisida with square sayles They came not home till Autumne The plesantnesse of this Countrey in Aprill and May. The opinion of thâ— Author of this Story The fourth Voyage to the Riuer Pâ—sida The â—owling of Brazen Bells Mountaynes casting out flames of fire The fift Voyage by Obi and the sea-coast to the Riuer Ieniscé Lucas Captain of the Discouerie by Sea Taes Riuer falleth into Obi. The Riuer Torgalfe falleth into Ieniscé An Ouer-hall of two leagues only The right way to discouer the North-east parts Note Mezen Pechora Montâ—aia Reca The Voloc 〈◊〉 Ouer-hall Zelena Reca Obi Riuer Taes Riuer and Castle· Toorou-hansko â—eemouia Tingoâ—sie Riuer Yâ—nisey Riuer The Boulashies Seeahee Yenisey the greater and lesse Imbaki Ostaki Geta Riuer Summers trauell from Tingosey to Geta. Vessels of greater burthen drawne with the Rope a thing vsed in China Cherie Iland Ionas Poole Six Biscainers Crosse Road. May. Bigs Hole Kildin in Lappia Olena Iune Cape Comfort A ship of Amsterdam Callinos They goe on shoare Ten Lodias of Pinega bound for Noua Zembla A good Harbour Stephen Burrow Three Lodias
The description of the land of Groenland Of the fertility of the Countrey Store of fowle Blacke Foxes Fishes Of the Coast. Of the people The colour of the people The people very actiue They eat their meat most part raw Of their apparell Of their weapons We could see no Wood. Drift-wood Iuly 1605. Frost Iland Our meeting againe with the ship Three of the people taken Two men set aland A great current setting to the Southwards Drift Ice A mighty bank of Ice A great scul of Whales A great current We fell with Orkeney Godske Lindeno Captaine Cunningham Hans Browne a Gentleman of Norway Rickerson a Dane Andres Noll of Bergen Our comming to Flecorie Our departure One of our Groenlanders dyed The fift and sixt most what calme· Shotland Our Groenlander dyed Sight of Land with Ice A current The Pinnasse came foule of the Lion South current Variation obserued A current setting South-west Sight of Amerâ—ca in 58. degrâ—es and 30. mâ—nutes A Current Variation obserued Compassed about with Ice Land of America A mightie current setting to the westward Note Here I did giue direction to the other steer-man to direct their course for Groenland Variation obserued The Current Variation obserued Variation obserued Wee lost the Lion and Gilliflowre The siluer Myne The place of the siluer Myne Barter for Seales skinnes and Whales finnes Many greene Ilands Another foord Queene Sophias Cape Reine Deere Ramels Foord A hollow Sea Fos Bay No ground at 100. fathoms in the middest of Fos Bay Fos Riuer in 66. degrees 25. minutes A Town found teach 〈◊〉 vp the Riuer A man left on Land Fiue of the people taken againe Groenland called by the Inhabitants Secanunga Knights Ilands We met againe with the Lion Sight of Land Frost Iland Variation obserued A great Southerne Sea Variation obserued A Bas Goose. Variation obserued to the North-east Sight of Ferris The streame vnder the Ilands of Farre Turco April 18 1606. Pentlefrith in Orkney Saint Margarites Sound Two small Ilands The Bling-head the North-east part of Lewis Fifty eight degrees 27. min. Eighteene degrees of variation A current to the Northward Many Gulles and much Rock-weed A current to the North eastward The variation 13. degrees Westward An Owle The variation 14. degrees and an halfe to the West Fiftie eight degrees of latitude White fowles Dead Cowes The variation of the Compasse 24. degrees North-westward Iune 1. Many blacke wild fowles Latitude 56. degrees Variation 24. degrees Westward Fifty eight degrees A small current to the South-west Sight of Land like Ilands The Land of America descryed in 56. degrees 48. minutes America here sheweth like broken Ilands Edward Gorrell the Masters Mate M. Iohn Knight with fiue more passeth ouer to a great Iland where he and three of his company seem to haue bin intercepted by the Sauages Their Trumpettor Their Shallop noâ— finished They could not passe to the great Iland for Ice The Sauages of the Countrie assault our men at one of the clocke at night Our men expulse the Sauages Aboue fiftie Sauages in sight Very great Boates of the Sauages The descriptioÌ„ of the Sauages A great Current setting to South Pintels are small Iron pins made fast to the Rudder and hung the Rudder to the Stern-post c. They get out of the Bay where they rode Our Shippes Keâ—le was splintâ—d in two or three places They consult to touch at New found Land Broken Ilands in 49. degrees and a halfe of latitude Many broken Ilandâ— which weâ—e the Isles de Fogo Sunken Rocks Twelue Shallops of Fishermen 60. degrees 30. minutes difference of longitude betweene the meridian of London and Cockins Sound in Groenland Obiection Answere Cockins Ford in 65. deg 20. min Variation 23. deg 58. min. Many good Rodes Great footing Ramels Riuer Iames Hall deadly wounded by a Sauage The death of Iames Hall Queene Sophias Cape Cunninghams Riuer The supposed Mine found to be of no value A pleasant Valley Many of their winter houses in Ramels Riuer The fashion of their greater Boates. Ramels Ford in the latitude of 67. degrees The variation is 24. degrees 16. minutes William Huntrice Master of the Hâ—â—rts-â—ase They come out of harbour Thick and foggie weather the winde being South Burnils Cape Variation 13. degr 22. min. Variation 11. degr 10. min. Variation 7. degrees 23. minutes Variâ—tion 7. degrees 20. minutes The true variation 6. deg 4. minutes They lose company of their consort The Hartsease Variation 6. degrees to the East Ground found Land descryed The Iles of Orkney The lying of the Channell in Orkney Buquham-ness They arriue at Hull High Mountaynes of stone very pure No profitable Vre Continuall Snow Grasse No Trees Balls Riuer A Groue of small wood Foxes White Hares Deere These seeme to be Elkes or Loâ—shes Dogges like Wolues The pizzelâ— of Dogges and Foxâ—s are bone so also is the Morses pizzle of which I haue by me one of stone The great swiftnesse of their Boats Their Oares broad at both ends Salmons and Morses c. Angles and Lines Their great Boats 32. foot long They worship the Sunne Their salutation Their burials They burne the weapons and all other Furniture of the dead They vse fire They are not Man-eaters Nailes old Iron greatly desired of the Sauages Men are not to goe among Sauages without theâ—r weapons The first by Hudsâ—â— in which hee perished the second by Sir Thoâ—aâ— Button the third by Captaine Gibbins Groenland Cape Farewell High Icie Ilands I le of Resolution No night Variation 24. degrees Sauage Iles. Dogges Great Boat with 14. men Bagge of Images Their Dogges described The people described Situation Many Ilands and seuerall tyde Sets Brokâ—n Point Obseruations of longitude Master Rudston Mill Iland Nottinggams Iland Cape Comfort Sea Horse point Salisburie I le Swan Iland Digges I le Saluages Willocks Howsoeuer the passage this way was embayed yet that former discouerie of Sir Tho. Button then by him kept secret for some intent of his is both more probable and to the most iudicious more then probable and that by that Tyde argument from the West as in Master Brigs his Map and notes appeareth Store of Grand Bay Whales Baffin twice at Greenland Morses Sea Vnicorne· The horne is still kept in the Robes at Windsore where I haue seene it neere seuen foot long and cressed c Variation of the Compasse admirable March 26. Groinland Men and dogs Dead Whale Hope Sanderson Tents Men and Women Womens Ilands The people described Women Religion Buriall of Men and Dogs 42. Inhabitants Vnicornes hornes Horne Sound They see many Sea Vnicornes Sharp frost on Midsummer day Sir Dudly Digs his Cape Wostenholme Sound Whale Sound Sir Thomas Smiths Sound in 78. deg Variation of the compasse 56. degrees to the West Which may make questionable D. Gilberts rule Tom. 1 l. 2. c. 1. that where more earth is more attraction of the compasse happeneth by variation toward it Now the known continents of Asia