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west_n the_o daily_a addition_n to_o the_o length_n of_o the_o day_n proportional_a to_o the_o longitude_n which_o he_o change_v the_o sun_n run_v a_o like_a course_n must_v daily_o diminish_v somewhat_o of_o the_o diurnal_a course_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o so_o at_o his_o journey_n end_n which_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v the_o whole_a circuit_n of_o the_o earth_n answerable_a to_o 24._o hour_n in_o the_o sun_n course_n it_o will_v loose_v a_o whole_a day_n to_o demonstrate_v both_o these_o case_n we_o will_v imagine_v in_o supposition_n that_o of_o these_o two_o travailler_n go_v the_o one_o eastward_o the_o other_o westward_o the_o former_a shall_v take_v away_o from_o the_o length_n of_o the_o day_n or_o the_o latter_a add_v to_o it_o for_o every_o 15._o mile_n one_o minute_n then_o by_o the_o golden_a rule_n if_o 15._o mile_n either_o subtract_v or_o add_v one_o
but_o after_o 10000_o pace_n it_o be_v take_v out_o of_o sight_n i_o will_v here_o ask_v the_o geographer_n quoth_v patricius_n whether_o in_o so_o short_a a_o distance_n wherein_o the_o bottom_n for_o the_o whole_a space_n surpass_v not_o two_o foot_n in_o depth_n the_o water_n can_v ascend_v to_o 72_o foot_n have_v it_o be_v my_o chance_n to_o have_v go_v with_o patricius_n over_o the_o lake_n i_o may_v perhaps_o by_o observation_n of_o this_o experiment_n have_v give_v a_o more_o probable_a conjecture_n of_o the_o cause_n nevertheless_o be_v unacquainted_a aswell_o with_o the_o place_n as_o the_o truth_n of_o his_o observation_n i_o may_v perhaps_o guess_v somewhat_o at_o his_o error_n first_o then_o whereas_o he_o aver_v that_o pass_v along_o for_o the_o space_n of_o a_o 1000_o pace_n a_o tower_n of_o 72_o foot_n high_a seem_v cut_v off_o by_o the_o midst_n which_o at_o 10000_o vanish_v out_o of_o sight_n i_o confess_v that_o in_o so_o short_a a_o space_n the_o swell_a of_o the_o water_n inter-posed_n can_v not_o be_v so_o great_a as_o to_o hinder_v the_o sight_n and_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o this_o effect_n wherefore_o some_o other_o accidental_a cause_n must_v be_v seek_v out_o for_o the_o find_n out_o of_o which_o to_o come_v as_o near_o as_o i_o can_v i_o will_v make_v inquiry_n whether_o this_o passage_n of_o the_o boat_n be_v direct_o forward_o from_o the_o tower_n on_o the_o water_n no_o land_n inter-posed_n or_o indirect_o side-wise_a in_o such_o sort_n as_o the_o shore_n may_v be_v place_v betwixt_o their_o sight_n and_o the_o tower_n mention_v the_o former_a no_o way_n can_v be_v imagine_v foras_fw-la much_o as_o it_o not_o only_o contradict_v the_o ground_n of_o our_o receive_a philosophy_n but_o also_o of_o patricius_n himself_o for_o give_v the_o earth_n a_o plain_a surface_n or_o angular_a or_o any_o other_o form_n it_o be_v impossible_a that_o in_o so_o short_a a_o distance_n such_o a_o effect_n shall_v happen_v out_o of_o the_o figurature_n of_o the_o water_n if_o the_o passage_n be_v oblique_a or_o indirect_a in_o such_o wise_a as_o the_o shore_n may_v any_o way_n interpose_v itself_o betwixt_o the_o boat_n and_o the_o tower_n it_o be_v easy_a to_o imagine_v how_o such_o a_o experiment_n shall_v happen_v for_o the_o land_n by_o which_o the_o boat_n may_v be_v carry_v may_v have_v a_o ascent_n by_o such_o degree_n as_o the_o tower_n at_o 1000_o pace_n may_v be_v for_o the_o half_a of_o it_o obscure_v and_o at_o last_o be_v altogether_o take_v out_o of_o sight_n this_o reason_n then_o of_o patricius_n seem_v rather_o to_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o land_n then_o the_o water_n the_o three_o reason_n of_o patricius_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o homogeneity_n of_o the_o water_n if_o the_o water_n say_v he_o have_v a_o round_a superficies_n the_o part_n of_o it_o will_v challenge_v the_o like_a figure_n because_o in_o homogeneal_a body_n the_o same_o reason_n be_v to_o be_v give_v of_o the_o whole_a and_o of_o the_o part_n but_o the_o part_n of_o the_o water_n be_v not_o spherical_a as_o may_v be_v prove_v by_o diverse_a instance_n 1_o because_o water_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o a_o pot_n seem_v not_o to_o have_v any_o such_o spherical_a roundness_n for_o although_o at_o the_o brink_n it_o seem_v to_o be_v restrain_v above_o the_o pot_n yet_o no_o such_o swell_a appear_v in_o the_o middle_n 2_o that_o river_n be_v keep_v in_o by_o their_o bank_n which_o otherwise_o will_v flow_v abroad_o 3_o that_o river_n when_o by_o the_o melt_a of_o snow_n they_o swell_v so_o great_a as_o they_o can_v hardly_o be_v contain_v within_o their_o bank_n do_v not_o seem_v high_o in_o the_o middle_n then_o in_o other_o place_n 4_o if_o any_o man_n from_o one_o side_n of_o the_o river_n to_o the_o other_o level_v at_o any_o mark_n he_o may_v sure_o hit_v it_o which_o he_o shall_v not_o do_v if_o there_o be_v any_o spherical_a swell_n in_o the_o midst_n which_o may_v hinder_v the_o sight_n 5_o and_o last_o it_o seem_v so_o unlikely_a that_o the_o water_n shall_v rise_v in_o the_o midst_n that_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a it_o shall_v be_v more_o hollow_a in_o that_o we_o plain_o observe_v that_o all_o filth_n and_o rubbish_n carry_v from_o the_o bank_n into_o the_o river_n be_v wont_a to_o settle_v and_o swim_v in_o the_o midst_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o argument_n of_o patricius_n our_o ground_n be_v yet_o unshake_a 1_n concern_v small_a drop_n and_o water_n in_o the_o mouth_n of_o pot_n it_o be_v find_v to_o be_v round_o and_o spherical_a though_o not_o exact_o the_o reason_n whereof_o we_o shall_v declare_v hereafter_o this_o roundness_n i_o confess_v serve_v not_o any_o way_n to_o the_o confirmation_n of_o this_o assertion_n because_o the_o sphericity_n and_o roundness_n which_o we_o aver_v to_o be_v in_o water_n have_v for_o its_o centre_n the_o centre_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n and_o therefore_o in_o so_o small_a a_o arch_n or_o section_n as_o the_o breadth_n of_o a_o pot_n or_o a_o drop_n of_o water_n can_v possible_o have_v any_o sensible_a appearance_n or_o existence_n and_o we_o must_v needs_o confess_v that_o this_o experiment_n be_v very_o fond_o urge_v to_o this_o purpose_n by_o some_o of_o our_o geographer_n and_o such_o as_o stand_v not_o with_o any_o demonstration_n which_o grant_v sufficient_o answer_v all_o the_o reason_n last_o urge_v by_o patricius_n except_o the_o last_o for_o as_o much_o as_o he_o require_v in_o the_o water_n a_o sensible_a appearance_n of_o this_o roundness_n in_o every_o river_n or_o little_a parcel_n of_o water_n which_o can_v be_v admit_v touch_v the_o last_o thing_n which_o he_o urge_v that_o all_o the_o rubbish_n and_o filthy_a matter_n be_v from_o the_o bank_n carry_v into_o the_o middle_n whence_o he_o will_v infer_v the_o middle_a to_o be_v hollow_a and_o low_a we_o can_v answer_v diverse_a way_n 1_o that_o this_o experiment_n be_v not_o always_o certain_a because_o every_o man_n may_v oftentimes_o see_v the_o contrary_a to_o wit_n that_o such_o filthy_a rubbish_n rather_o use_v to_o cleave_v to_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n then_o to_o float_v into_o the_o midst_n 2_o that_o if_o any_o such_o thing_n happen_v it_o be_v because_o of_o the_o torrent_n which_o run_v violent_o from_o the_o bank_n into_o the_o midst_n carry_v with_o it_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v light_n the_o steepnesse_n of_o the_o place_n be_v great_a the_o current_n wide_o or_o swift_a but_o nothing_o here_o can_v be_v conclude_v to_o prove_v the_o water_n according_a to_o his_o natural_a force_n to_o be_v either_o plain_a or_o hollow_a in_o the_o midst_n which_o this_o adversary_n undertake_v to_o demonstrate_v chap._n iii_o of_o the_o partial_a magnetical_a affection_n in_o the_o sphere_n of_o the_o earth_n 1_o hitherto_o have_v we_o discourse_v of_o such_o affection_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a sphere_n as_o be_v elementary_a and_o know_v heretofore_o to_o ancient_a philosopher_n it_o follow_v in_o the_o next_o place_n that_o we_o treat_v of_o magnetical_a affection_n to_o wit_n such_o as_o follow_v the_o magnetical_a nature_n of_o the_o earth_n of_o the_o virtue_n and_o propriety_n of_o the_o loadstone_n many_o have_v write_v but_o few_o seek_v out_o the_o true_a nature_n the_o invention_n of_o it_o be_v attribute_v to_o a_o certain_a herdsman_n who_o have_v his_o shoe_n shod_a with_o iron_n and_o a_o iron-pike_n in_o his_o hand_n rest_v himself_o on_o a_o quarry_n of_o loadstone_n can_v hardly_o remove_v himself_o from_o thence_o but_o this_o seem_v rather_o a_o pleasant_a poetical_a invention_n than_o a_o true_a history_n have_v no_o good_a author_n to_o avouch_v it_o but_o to_o let_v pass_v the_o first_o invention_n be_v a_o matter_n rather_o indebt_v to_o chance_v then_o industry_n no_o small_a difficulty_n have_v discover_v themselves_o in_o the_o invention_n and_o find_v out_o of_o the_o cause_n of_o magnetical_a property_n somewhat_o i_o confess_v have_v be_v write_v of_o such_o magnetical_a affection_n as_o have_v be_v most_o know_v such_o as_o be_v the_o virtue_n attractive_a by_o which_o it_o draw_v to_o itself_o iron_n or_o steel_n as_o also_o the_o virtue_n directive_a by_o which_o a_o needle_n touch_v with_o the_o magnet_n direct_v and_o conform_v itself_o north_n and_o south_n the_o rest_n of_o magnetical_a propriety_n i_o find_v in_o ancient_a writer_n as_o little_o know_v as_o their_o cause_n &_o if_o any_o matter_n herein_o be_v broach_v it_o be_v mere_o conjectural_a and_o depend_v on_o no_o certain_a demonstration_n neither_o have_v we_o any_o certain_a or_o satisfactory_a knowledge_n of_o this_o thing_n until_o such_o time_n as_o it_o please_v god_n to_o raise_v up_o one_o of_o our_o countryman_n d._n gilbert_n who_o to_o his_o everlasting_a praise_n have_v tread_v out_o a_o new_a path_n to_o
receive_a error_n as_o we_o have_v mention_v that_o there_o be_v a_o certain_a rock_n or_o pole_n of_o loadstone_n some_o degree_n distant_a from_o the_o true_a pole_n of_o the_o world_n which_o the_o magnetical_a needle_n in_o its_o variation_n shall_v respect_v this_o pole_n they_o have_v imagine_v to_o be_v in_o the_o same_o meridian_n with_o that_o which_o pass_v by_o the_o azore_n whence_o they_o have_v labour_v to_o show_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o compass_n shall_v not_o vary_v in_o that_o place_n which_o they_o explain_v by_o this_o figure_n let_v there_o be_v a_o circle_n describe_v the_o sphere_n e_o of_o the_o horizon_n of_o the_o arctic_a pole_n a_o the_o antarctic_a â—_o the_o pole_n or_o rock_n of_o loadstone_n place_v out_o of_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n b._n let_v there_o be_v place_v a_o magnetical_a directory_n needle_n in_o h_n it_o will_v according_a to_o their_o assertion_n tend_v to_o the_o point_n b_o by_o the_o magnetical_a meridian_n h_n b_o which_o because_o it_o concurre_v with_o the_o true_a meridian_n b_o a_o or_o h_n a_o there_o will_v be_v no_o variation_n at_o all_o but_o a_o true_a direction_n to_o the_o north_n pole_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o let_v this_o magnetical_a needle_n be_v place_v in_o the_o point_n d_o it_o be_v certain_a according_a to_o this_o opinion_n that_o it_o will_v tend_v to_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o loadstone_n b_o by_o the_o magnetical_a meridian_n d_o b._n wherefore_o it_o will_v not_o point_v out_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n a_o but_o rather_o the_o point_n c_o because_o these_o two_o meridian_n come_v not_o into_o one_o and_o the_o selfsame_o hence_o they_o have_v labour_v with_o more_o hope_n than_o success_n â—o_o find_v out_o the_o longitude_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n without_o any_o observation_n of_o the_o heaven_n which_o i_o confess_v may_v easy_o be_v effect_v if_o this_o conjecture_n may_v stand_v with_o true_a observation_n but_o how_o far_o this_o conceit_n swerve_v from_o the_o experience_n of_o navigatour_n one_o or_o two_o instance_n will_v serve_v to_o demonstrate_v for_o if_o the_o variation_n have_v any_o such_o certain_a pole_n as_o they_o imagine_v than_o will_v the_o arch_n of_o variation_n be_v increase_v or_o diminish_v proportional_o according_a to_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o place_n as_o for_o example_n if_o in_o the_o compass_n of_o a_o hundred_o mile_n the_o compass_n be_v vary_v one_o degree_n then_o in_o the_o next_o hundred_o mile_n it_o will_v vary_v another_o degree_n which_o will_v make_v two_o degree_n but_o this_o have_v often_o be_v prove_v otherwise_o by_o diverse_a experiment_n of_o navigation_n mention_v by_o gilbert_n and_o f._n wright_n i_o will_v only_o produce_v one_o or_o two_o if_o a_o ship_n sail_n from_o the_o sorlinge_n to_o newfoundland_n they_o have_v observe_v that_o when_o they_o come_v so_o far_o as_o to_o find_v the_o compass_n to_o point_v direct_o north_n without_o any_o variation_n at_o all_o then_o pass_v onward_o there_o will_v be_v a_o variation_n towards_o the_o north-east_n but_o obscure_a and_o little_a then_o afterward_o will_v the_o arch_n of_o this_o variation_n increase_v with_o like_a space_n in_o a_o great_a proportion_n until_o they_o approach_v near_o the_o continent_n where_o they_o shall_v find_v a_o very_a great_a variation_n yet_o before_o they_o come_v a_o shore_n this_o variation_n will_v decrease_v again_o from_o which_o one_o instance_n if_o there_o be_v no_o other_o we_o may_v conclude_v that_o the_o arch_n of_o variation_n be_v not_o always_o proportionable_a to_o the_o distance_n which_o grant_v quite_o overthrow_v that_o conceit_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o variation_n beside_o this_o if_o there_o be_v two_o such_o magnetical_a pole_n there_o can_v be_v but_o one_o common_a meridian_n pass_v by_o they_o and_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earthly_a globe_n but_o by_o many_o observation_n collect_v and_o observe_v by_o ed._n wright_n and_o other_o there_o shall_v be_v many_o magnetical_a meridian_n pass_v by_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n as_o in_o the_o meridian_n about_o trinidado_n and_o bermuda_n the_o meridian_n about_o the_o westermost_a of_o the_o azore_n last_o the_o meridian_n run_v among_o the_o east_n indian_a land_n a_o little_a beyond_o java_n maior_n the_o magnetical_a and_o true_a meridian_n must_v needs_o agree_v in_o one_o now_o for_o as_o much_o as_o all_o these_o magnetical_a meridian_n pass_n by_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n there_o can_v no_o cause_n be_v assign_v why_o the_o magnetical_a pole_n shall_v be_v say_v to_o be_v in_o one_o rather_o than_o another_o and_o if_o in_o any_o then_o in_o all_o whence_o it_o must_v needs_o follow_v that_o as_o many_o magnetical_a meridian_n as_n you_o have_v to_o pass_v by_o the_o true_a pole_n of_o the_o world_n so_o many_o pair_n of_o magnetical_a pole_n must_v you_o have_v which_o will_v be_v opposite_a to_o all_o reason_n and_o experience_n 1_o the_o point_n of_o variation_n as_o of_o direction_n be_v only_o respective_a not_o attractive_a it_o be_v suppose_v by_o the_o ancient_n that_o the_o direction_n and_o variation_n of_o the_o loadstone_n be_v cause_v by_o a_o attractive_a point_n which_o draw_v and_o enforce_v the_o lily_n of_o the_o compass_n that_o way_n which_o error_n take_v place_n from_o another_o common-received_n opinion_n that_o all_o the_o other_o motion_n of_o the_o magnet_n be_v reduce_v to_o the_o attractive_a operation_n but_o the_o error_n be_v correct_v by_o one_o robert_n norman_n a_o englishman_n who_o find_v this_o point_n to_o be_v respective_a and_o no_o way_n attractive_a who_o reason_n or_o demonstration_n be_v not_o disapprove_v by_o dr_n gilbert_n although_o in_o other_o matter_n he_o sharp_o tax_v he_o his_o experiment_n be_v thus_o let_v there_o be_v a_o round_a vessel_n as_o we_o have_v describe_v full_o of_o water_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o water-place_n a_o iron-wier_n in_o a_o convenient_a round_a cork_n or_o boat_n that_o it_o may_v swim_v upon_o the_o water_n even_o poyze_v let_v this_o iron-wire_n be_v first_o touch_v with_o the_o loadstone_n that_o it_o may_v more_o strong_o show_v the_o point_n of_o variation_n let_v this_o point_n of_o variation_n be_v d_o let_v this_o iron-wire_n rest_n upon_o the_o water_n in_o the_o cork_n for_o a_o certain_a time_n it_o be_v certain_o true_a that_o this_o iron-wire_n in_o the_o cork_n will_v not_o move_v itself_o to_o the_o margin_n or_o brink_n of_o the_o vessel_n d_o which_o certain_o it_o will_v do_v if_o the_o point_n d_o be_v a_o attractive_a point_n 3_o the_o variation_n of_o every_o place_n be_v constant_a and_o not_o variable_a this_o have_v be_v ratify_v by_o the_o experience_n of_o navigatour_n which_o in_o the_o selfsame_o region_n have_v never_o miss_v the_o true_a variation_n which_o they_o have_v assign_v they_o before_o if_o any_o difference_n be_v assign_v in_o variation_n to_o the_o same_o region_n we_o may_v impute_v it_o to_o their_o error_n which_o observe_v it_o arise_v either_o from_o want_n of_o skill_n or_o convenient_a instrument_n neither_o can_v this_o ever_o be_v change_v except_o some_o great_a deluge_n or_o dissolution_n happen_v of_o a_o great_a part_n of_o land_n as_o plato_n record_v of_o his_o atlantic_a land_n 4_o the_o variation_n be_v great_a in_o place_n near_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o earth_n this_o proportion_n be_v not_o to_o be_v take_v universal_o but_o common_o for_o the_o most_o part_n yet_o will_v it_o have_v truth_n in_o all_o place_n if_o all_o other_o thing_n be_v correspondent_a it_o be_v observe_v that_o the_o variation_n be_v great_a on_o the_o coast_n of_o norway_n and_o the_o low-countries_n then_o at_o morocco_n or_o guinea_n for_o at_o guinea_n the_o magnetical_a needle_n incline_v to_o the_o east_n a_o three_o part_n of_o one_o rumbe_n of_o the_o compass_n in_o the_o land_n of_o cape-verde_a half_a in_o the_o coast_n of_o morocco_n two_o three_o part_n in_o england_n at_o the_o mouth_n of_o thames_n according_a to_o the_o observation_n of_o d._n gilbert_n and_o ed._n wright_n though_o some_o deny_v it_o one_o whole_a rumbe_n in_o london_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o it_o eleven_o degree_n and_o more_o which_o we_o also_o find_v or_o thereabouts_o in_o oxford_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o magnetical_a motive_n virtue_n be_v strong_a in_o the_o great_a latitude_n increase_v towards_o the_o pole_n and_o the_o large_a region_n of_o land_n lie_v towards_o the_o pole_n prevail_v more_o than_o those_o which_o be_v situate_v far_o off_o 12_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o variation_n the_o declination_n be_v a_o magnetical_a motion_n whereby_o the_o magnetical_a needle_n convert_v itself_o under_o the_o horizontall_a plain_a towards_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o earth_n what_o we_o have_v hitherto_o speak_v of_o direction_n and_o variation_n magnetical_a be_v such_o as_o may_v be_v
on_o this_o superficies_n successive_o grow_v great_a from_o the_o equinoctial_a towards_o either_o pole_n until_o it_o challenge_v equal_a diameter_n with_o the_o cylinder_n and_o likewise_o all_o the_o meridian_n grow_a wide_a and_o far_o off_o till_o they_o be_v as_o far_o distant_a everywhere_a as_o be_v the_o equinoctial_a one_o from_o the_o other_o hence_o may_v easy_o be_v understand_v the_o true_a mathematical_a production_n or_o generation_n of_o this_o part_n for_o first_o of_o a_o spherical_a superficies_n it_o be_v make_v a_o cylinder_n and_o second_o of_o a_o cylinder_n it_o be_v make_v a_o parallellogramme_n or_o plain_a superficies_n for_o the_o concave_a superficies_n of_o a_o cylinder_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o plain_a parallellogramme_n imagine_v to_o be_v wound_n about_o two_o equal_a equidistant_a circle_n have_v one_o common_a axletree_n perpendicular_a upon_o the_o centre_n of_o they_o both_o and_o the_o periphery_n of_o they_o both_o equal_a to_o the_o 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which_o escape_n be_v excellent_o open_v and_o reform_v by_o our_o countryman_n edward_n wright_n in_o his_o correction_n of_o nautical_a error_n the_o reason_n or_o ground_n which_o draw_v these_o man_n to_o think_v that_o the_o earth_n can_v not_o be_v proportionable_o describe_v in_o a_o plain_a superficies_n proceed_v from_o the_o common_a proportion_n of_o the_o line_n and_o circle_n on_o the_o chart._n for_o suppose_v the_o parallel_n cut_v the_o meridian_n at_o equal_a angle_n to_o observe_v a_o equal_a distance_n everywhere_a one_o from_o the_o other_o these_o error_n and_o absurdity_n must_v of_o necessity_n ensue_v first_o what_o place_n soever_o be_v delineate_v in_o the_o ordinary_a chart_n the_o length_n of_o they_o from_o east_n to_o west_n have_v a_o great_a proportion_n to_o the_o breadth_n from_o north_n to_o south_n then_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v except_o only_o under_o the_o equinoctial_a and_o this_o error_n be_v so_o much_o the_o more_o augment_v by_o how_o much_o 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parallel_n the_o one_o to_o the_o other_o but_o by_o how_o much_o they_o approach_v the_o pole_n by_o so_o much_o they_o be_v near_o that_o in_o the_o end_n they_o all_o concur_v and_o meet_v in_o the_o pole_n itself_o second_o this_o common_a chart_n admit_v there_o will_v arise_v great_a error_n not_o only_o in_o the_o situation_n of_o diverse_a place_n which_o appear_v to_o be_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n but_o also_o in_o the_o bear_n of_o place_n one_o to_o the_o other_o the_o reason_n be_v manifest_a for_o that_o the_o meridian_n be_v a_o certain_a rule_n of_o the_o site_n and_o position_n of_o place_n therefore_o whensoever_o any_o error_n shall_v be_v commit_v in_o the_o site_n and_o position_n of_o the_o meridian_n there_o must_v needs_o follow_v error_n in_o the_o designation_n of_o the_o rhumbe_n and_o other_o point_n of_o the_o compass_n and_o therefore_o every_o respective_a position_n of_o place_n to_o place_n set_v down_o in_o the_o common_a chart_n can_v be_v warrant_v a_o pregnant_a example_n we_o have_v in_o the_o way_n from_o india_n for_o the_o promontory_n of_o africa_n call_v the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n have_v of_o northern_a latitude_n 4_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a and_o the_o island_n of_o tristan_n acugna_fw-la have_v 36_o degree_n of_o southern_a latitude_n be_v in_o the_o common_a chart_n set_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n but_o the_o chart_n show_v the_o distance_n between_o these_o land_n and_o the_o cape_n of_o good_a hope_n to_o come_v near_o to_o 400_o league_n both_o which_o can_v stand_v together_o for_o if_o all_o the_o coast_n from_o the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n unto_o the_o cape_n of_o good-hope_a be_v right_o measure_v and_o the_o promontory_n of_o three_o point_n lie_v also_o under_o the_o same_o meridian_n with_o those_o land_n yet_o must_v the_o distance_n be_v much_o less_o but_o if_o it_o be_v not_o less_o it_o can_v stand_v with_o reason_n that_o it_o shall_v have_v the_o same_o 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line_n
tropic_n we_o account_v 23_o degree_n which_o add_v and_o resolve_v into_o mile_n will_v make_v the_o say_a sum_n within_o the_o compass_n of_o this_o zone_n be_v situate_a the_o great_a part_n of_o africa_n especial_o that_o of_o the_o abyssine_n which_o common_a opinion_n with_o little_a probability_n will_v have_v to_o be_v the_o empire_n of_o prester_n john_n also_o many_o land_n as_o java_n summatra_n taprobana_n beside_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o south_n of_o america_n call_v peruana_n it_o be_v imagine_v by_o the_o ancient_n as_o aristotle_n pliny_n ptolemy_n and_o many_o other_o philosopher_n poet_n and_o divine_n that_o this_o zone_n through_o extreme_a heat_n be_v altogether_o unhabitable_a for_o which_o cause_n they_o call_v it_o intemperate_a the_o reason_n of_o this_o conjecture_n be_v draw_v from_o the_o situation_n of_o this_o part_n in_o regard_n of_o that_o of_o the_o heaven_n for_o lie_v in_o the_o middle_a part_n of_o the_o world_n the_o sun_n must_v of_o necessity_n cast_v his_o ray_n perpendicular_a that_o be_v to_o say_v at_o right_a angle_n now_o according_a to_o the_o ground_n of_o peripatetic_n philosophy_n the_o idol_n of_o this_o age_n the_o heat_n derive_v from_o the_o sun_n arise_v from_o the_o reflection_n of_o the_o sunbeam_n against_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n wherefore_o the_o heat_n be_v there_o conjecture_v to_o be_v great_a where_o the_o reflection_n be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a but_o the_o great_a reflection_n according_a to_o all_o mathematician_n must_v be_v in_o this_o torrid_a zone_n where_o the_o sun_n dart_v forth_o his_o ray_n at_o right_a angle_n which_o reflect_v back_o upon_o themselves_o which_o false_a conjecture_n be_v a_o long_a time_n continue_v by_o the_o exuberant_a description_n of_o poet_n and_o defect_n of_o navigation_n have_v as_o yet_o scarce_o pass_v her_o infancy_n but_o how_o far_o these_o surmise_n come_v short_a of_o truth_n we_o shall_v declare_v in_o our_o second_o part_n to_o which_o we_o have_v reserve_v those_o physical_a and_o historical_a discourse_n concern_v the_o quality_n and_o property_n of_o the_o earth_n 7_o the_o intemperate_a cold_a zone_n be_v those_o which_o be_v include_v betwixt_o the_o polar_a circle_n and_o the_o pole_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v northern_a contain_v in_o the_o arctic_a circle_n the_o other_o southern_a in_o the_o antarcticke_a these_o two_o zone_n be_v not_o make_v out_o of_o the_o combination_n of_o two_o circle_n as_o the_o former_a but_o by_o one_o circle_n with_o relation_n to_o the_o pole_n the_o greatness_n and_o extent_n of_o this_o zone_n be_v about_o 23_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a which_o resolve_v into_o italian-mile_n will_v produce_v 1380._o the_o northern_a cold_a zone_n contain_v in_o it_o groenland_n fineland_n and_o diverse_a other_o northern_a region_n whereof_o some_o be_v partly_o discover_v and_o set_v out_o in_o our_o ordinary_a map_n other_o some_o not_o yet_o detect_v for_o the_o other_o zone_n 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capricorn_n and_o the_o antarcticke_a circle_n why_o these_o zone_n be_v term_v temperate_a diverse_a reason_n be_v allege_v 1_o because_o the_o sunbeam_n here_o be_v cast_v oblique_o on_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o by_o consequence_n can_v produce_v so_o much_o heat_n as_o in_o those_o place_n where_o they_o be_v dart_v perpendicular_o if_o we_o only_o consider_v the_o constitution_n and_o site_n of_o the_o heaven_n for_o as_o we_o shall_v hereafter_o prove_v this_o may_v sometime_o be_v alter_v by_o the_o disposition_n of_o some_o particular_a place_n 2_o it_o may_v be_v call_v the_o temperate_a zone_n because_o it_o seem_v mix_v of_o both_o extreme_n partake_v in_o some_o measure_n the_o both_o quality_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a the_o one_o from_o the_o torrid_a the_o other_o from_o the_o frigid_a zone_n 3_o because_o in_o these_o zone_n the_o distance_n betwixt_o summer_n and_o winter_n be_v very_o remarkable_a have_v a_o middle_a difference_n of_o time_n betwixt_o 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resolve_v into_o 2580_o italian-mile_n 1_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v the_o great_a of_o all_o next_o be_v the_o two_o temperate_a zone_n the_o cold_a zone_n the_o least_o of_o all_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v find_v to_o be_v great_a as_o well_v in_o regard_n of_o longitude_n as_o latitude_n and_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o equatour_n into_o two_o half_n the_o next_o be_v the_o temperate_a but_o the_o two_o cold_a zone_n howsoever_o equal_v in_o diameter_n to_o the_o torrid_a be_v notwithstanding_o least_o of_o all_o where_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o every_o zone_n be_v of_o the_o same_o latitude_n from_o north_n to_o south_n begin_v where_o we_o will_v because_o it_o be_v contain_v betwixt_o two_o equidistant_a circle_n but_o all_o enjoy_v not_o the_o same_o longitude_n from_o east_n to_o west_n for_o the_o part_n of_o every_o zone_n by_o how_o much_o near_o they_o be_v to_o the_o equatour_n so_o much_o great_a longitude_n will_v they_o have_v by_o how_o much_o near_o the_o pole_n they_o be_v so_o much_o the_o less_o longitude_n for_o as_o much_o as_o the_o parallel_n towards_o the_o pole_n grow_v always_o lesser_o and_o lesser_a the_o invention_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o zone_n before_o mention_v may_v brief_o thus_o be_v perform_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o torrid_a zone_n be_v so_o much_o as_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o tropicke_n which_o be_v astronomical_o ground_v on_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v double_v this_o declination_n be_v by_o clavius_n and_o other_o find_v to_o be_v 23_o degree_n 30_o scrup_n which_o be_v double_v will_v produce_v 47_o which_o again_o multiply_v by_o 60_o and_o resolve_v into_o mile_n will_v amount_v to_o 2820_o though_o the_o odd_a scruple_n of_o many_o author_n be_v neglect_v the_o latitude_n of_o the_o cold_a zone_n be_v also_o draw_v from_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n circle_n from_o the_o pole_n itself_o be_v just_a so_o much_o as_o the_o declination_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o equatour_n to_o wit_n of_o 23_o degree_n 30_o scrup_n to_o which_o answer_n according_a to_o the_o former_a rule_n 1420_o italian-mile_n the_o invention_n of_o the_o latitude_n of_o the_o temperate_a zone_n depend_v from_o the_o subtraction_n of_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a from_o the_o equatour_n that_o be_v from_o the_o great_a declination_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v double_v from_o the_o whole_a quadrant_a in_o which_o subduction_n the_o residue_n will_v be_v 43_o to_o which_o will_v answer_v 2580_o italian-mile_n 1_o the_o zone_n wherein_o any_o place_n be_v seat_v may_v be_v know_v either_o by_o the_o globe_n or_o geographical_a table_n or_o else_o by_o the_o table_n of_o latitude_n by_o the_o globe_n or_o universal_a map_n we_o may_v know_v it_o by_o the_o diligent_a observation_n of_o the_o four_o equidistant_a circle_n for_o if_o we_o
place_n whereunto_o the_o arabian_n come_v be_v a_o part_n of_o thessaly_n where_o such_o dwell_v who_o only_o cast_v their_o shadow_n one_o way_n to_o wit_n northward_o but_o arabia_n their_o natural_a country_n be_v suppose_v to_o be_v include_v in_o the_o torrid_a zone_n where_o the_o shadow_n be_v say_v to_o be_v cast_v both_o way_n they_o be_v say_v to_o wonder_v the_o reason_n why_o our_o shadow_n at_o noon_n be_v cast_v always_o towards_o the_o north_n and_o the_o other_o towards_o the_o south_n be_v relate_v before_o to_o be_v because_o the_o shadow_n do_v always_o occupy_v or_o possess_v the_o place_n opposite_a to_o the_o sun_n or_o light_a body_n 12_o the_o periscij_fw-la be_v such_o in_o habitant_n who_o shadow_n be_v move_v round_o about_o they_o in_o a_o circular_a form_n in_o some_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o noone-shaddowe_n take_v not_o their_o beginning_n from_o our_o head_n but_o of_o one_o side_n and_o be_v extend_v forward_o to_o the_o plain_a of_o the_o terrestrial_a horizon_n and_o so_o move_v round_o about_o the_o opacous_a body_n as_o about_o a_o gnomon_n whence_o they_o be_v call_v periscij_fw-la which_o be_v as_o much_o to_o say_v as_o man_n have_v shadow_n move_v round_o about_o such_o be_v their_o habitation_n which_o be_v include_v in_o the_o frigid_a zone_n circumscribe_v within_o the_o polar_a circle_n and_o the_o pole_n here_o the_o sun_n never_o direct_o pass_v by_o the_o crown_n of_o their_o head_n but_o at_o one_o side_n so_o that_o they_o have_v the_o pole_n for_o their_o vertical_a point_n but_o the_o equatour_n as_o it_o be_v for_o their_o horizon_n these_o periscij_fw-la be_v of_o two_o sort_n for_o some_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o arctic_a circle_n the_o other_o in_o the_o antarcticke_a whereof_o both_o be_v as_o yet_o undiscovered_a especial_o the_o antarcticke_a be_v far_o off_o from_o our_o climate_n 1_o the_o habitation_n of_o the_o amphiscij_fw-la comprehend_v 7._o parallel_n of_o the_o heteroscij_fw-la 41._o of_o the_o periscij_fw-la 6._o month_n of_o the_o nature_n and_o accident_n of_o these_o three_o sort_n of_o people_n there_o need_v no_o more_o to_o be_v speak_v than_o we_o have_v deliver_v before_o in_o this_o chapter_n nevertheless_o for_o a_o recapitulation_n of_o our_o former_a doctrine_n in_o this_o &_o the_o precedent_a chapter_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o insert_v this_o table_n of_o climate_n set_v out_o by_o our_o exact_a geographer_n wherein_o be_v express_v as_o it_o be_v to_o our_o view_n the_o respect_n and_o several_a accident_n which_o belong_v to_o these_o several_a inhabitant_n 13_o thus_o much_o for_o the_o inhabitant_n absolute_o consider_v the_o inhabitant_n compare_v one_o with_o the_o other_o according_a to_o their_o position_n be_v the_o perioeci_n antoeci_n and_o antipode_n 14_o the_o perioeei_n be_v those_o inhabitant_n which_o dwell_v in_o the_o two_o opposite_a point_n of_o the_o parallel_n circle_n 15_o the_o antoeci_n be_v such_o as_o dwell_v under_o the_o same_o meridian_n but_o in_o diverse_a parallel_n equal_o distant_a from_o the_o equatour_n 16_o the_o antipode_n be_v such_o as_o inhabit_v under_o one_o meridian_n but_o under_o two_o parallel_n equidistant_a from_o the_o equatour_n and_o two_o opposite_a point_n of_o those_o parallel_n a_o table_n of_o the_o climate_n belong_v to_o the_o three_o sort_n of_o inhabitant_n pag_n 229._o inhabitant_n belong_v to_o several_a climate_n clime_n parallel_n the_o long_a summer_n day_n how_o scr._n latitude_n &_o elevation_n of_o pole_n scr._n degr._fw-la the_o breadth_n of_o the_o climate_n deg._n scr_n the_o place_n by_o which_o the_o climate_n pass_v  _fw-fr 0_o 0_o 1_o 12_o 0_o 12_o 15_o 0_o 0_o 4_o 18_o 4_o 18_o the_o beginning_n from_o the_o aequatour_n  _fw-fr 1_o 2_o 3_o 122_o 30_o 1_o 45_o 8_o 34_o 12_o 43_o 8_o 25_o sinus_n arabicus_n or_o the_o red_a sea_n amphiscij_fw-la 2_o 4_o 5_o 13_o 0_o 13_o 15_o 16_o 43_o 20_o 33_o 7_o 50_o meroe_n a_o island_n of_o nilus_n in_o egypt_n  _fw-fr 3_o 6_o 7_o 13_o 40_o 13_o 45_o 23_o 10_o 27_o 36_o 7_o 3_o see_z a_o ciâ—ty_n in_o africa_n  _fw-fr 4_o 8_o 9_o 14_o 0_o 14_o 15_o 30_o 47_o 33_o 45_o 6_o 9_o alexandria_n in_o egypt_n  _fw-fr 5_o 10_o 11_o 14_o 30_o 14_o 45_o 36_o 30_o 39_o 2_o 5_o 17_o rhodes_n and_o babylon_n  _fw-fr 6_o 12_o 13_o 15_o 0_o 15_o 15_o 41_o 22_o 4â—_n 3â—_n 4_o 30_o rome_n and_o hellespont_n  _fw-fr 7_o 14_o 15_o 15_o 30_o 15_o 45_o 45_o 29_o 47_o 20_o 3_o 48_o venice_n and_o milan_n  _fw-fr 8_o 16_o 17_o 16_o 0_o 16_o 15_o 49_o 21_o 50_o 33_o 3_o 13_o podalia_n and_o â—he_v lesser_a tartary_n  _fw-fr 9_o 18_o 19_o 16_o 30_o 16_o 45_o 51_o 58_o 53_o 17_o 2_o 44_o batavia_n and_o witâ—enberge_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr 20_o 17_o 0_o 17_o â—â—_o 54_o â—9_n 55_o â—4_n 2_o 17_o râ—stoch_n 11_o 22_o 23_o 17_o 30_o 17_o 45_o â—â—â—7_n 57_o 34_o 2_o 0_o ireland_n and_o moscovy_n jeteroscij_fw-la 12_o 24_o 25_o 18_o 0_o 18_o 15_o 58_o 26_o 59_o 14_o 1_o 40_o bohus_fw-la a_o castle_n in_o norwey_n  _fw-fr 13_o 26_o 27_o 18_o 30_o 18_o 45_o 59_o 59_o 60_o 40_o 1_o 26_o gothland_n  _fw-fr 14_o 28_o 29_o 19_o 0_o 19_o 15_o 61_o 18_o 61_o 53_o 1_o 13_o bergis_n in_o norwey_n  _fw-fr 15_o 30_o 31_o 19_o 30_o 19_o 45_o 62_o 25_o 62_o 54_o 1_o 0_o wiburge_n in_o finland_n  _fw-fr 16_o 32_o 33_o 20_o 0_o 20_o 15_o 63_o 22_o 63_o 46_o 0_o 52_o arotia_n in_o sweden_n  _fw-fr 17_o 34_o 35â—_n 20_o 30_o 20_o 45_o 64_o 6_o 64_o 30_o 0_o 44_o the_o mouth_n of_o darecally_a a_o river_n of_o sweden_n  _fw-fr 18_o 36_o 37_o 21_o 0_o 21_o 15_o 64_o 49_o 65_o 6_o 0_o 36_o diverse_a place_n of_o norwey_n  _fw-fr 19_o 38_o 39_o 21_o 30_o 21_o 45_o 65_o 21_o 65_o 35_o 0_o 29_o suecia_n alba_n russia_n  _fw-fr 20_o 40_o 41_o 22_o 0_o 22_o 15_o 65_o 47_o 65_o 57_o 0_o 22_o with_o many_o island_n  _fw-fr 21_o 42_o 43_o 22_o â—0_n 22_o 45_o 66_o 6_o 66_o 14_o 0_o 17_o thereunto_o adjoin_v  _fw-fr 22_o 44_o 45_o 23_o 0_o 23_o 15_o 66_o 20_o 66_o 25_o 0_o 11_o want_v special_a name_n  _fw-fr 23_o 46_o 47_o 23_o 30_o 23_o 45_o 66_o 28_o 66_o â—0_n 0_o 5_o and_o landmark_n  _fw-fr 24_o 48_o 24_o 0_o 66_o 31_o 0_o 0_o island_n under_o the_o antic_a circle_n  _fw-fr here_z the_o climate_n be_v account_v by_o the_o month_n from_o 66_o degr._fw-la menses_fw-la 1_o 67_o 15_o these_o climate_n be_v suppose_v to_o pass_v by_o diverse_a land_n within_o the_o arctic_a circle_n as_o these_o name_n be_v original_o greek_n be_v take_v from_o the_o diverse_a manner_n of_o dwell_v of_o one_o nation_n in_o respect_n of_o another_o the_o perioeci_n be_v call_v such_o as_o dwell_v as_o it_o be_v about_o the_o hemisphere_n in_o the_o same_o parallel_n in_o two_o opposite_a point_n the_o one_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o other_o be_v eastern_a the_o other_o western_a so_o that_o they_o be_v suppose_v to_o differ_v the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o 180_o degree_n which_o be_v the_o semicircle_n where_o we_o be_v to_o note_v that_o these_o degree_n be_v to_o be_v number_v not_o in_o a_o great_a but_o a_o lesser_a parallel_n which_o be_v less_o than_o the_o equatour_n for_o they_o which_o be_v under_o the_o equator_fw-la itself_o in_o 2_o opposite_a point_n be_v to_o be_v account_v rather_o antipode_n although_o for_o aught_o i_o see_v the_o name_n may_v agree_v the_o antoeci_n as_o the_o name_n import_v be_v such_o as_o dwell_v one_o against_o another_o have_v one_o selfe-same_a meridian_n and_o equal_a distance_n from_o the_o equatour_n the_o one_o in_o the_o northern_a the_o other_o in_o the_o southern_a hemisphere_n the_o antipode_n otherwise_o call_v antichthones_n may_v popular_o be_v describe_v to_o be_v such_o as_o dwell_v foot_n to_o foot_n one_o against_o the_o other_o so_o that_o a_o right_a line_n be_v draw_v from_o one_o side_n to_o the_o other_o will_v pass_v by_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o world_n whence_o they_o precise_o be_v distant_a the_o one_o from_o the_o other_o 1800_o in_o a_o great_a circle_n wherein_o they_o be_v distinguish_v from_o the_o perioeci_n which_o be_v divide_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o a_o lesser_a circle_n such_o compare_v one_o to_o the_o other_o be_v the_o american_n and_o the_o eastern_a indian_n about_o the_o river_n ganges_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o peru_n and_o calecute_v those_o of_o peria_n &_o summatra_n to_o england_n i_o find_v no_o other_o antipode_n but_o the_o sea_n or_o at_o least_o some_o parcel_n of_o land_n in_o the_o south_n continent_n near_o psittacorum_n regio_n here_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o the_o former_a definition_n of_o antipode_n give_v by_o the_o ancient_n be_v only_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o know_v habitable_a
this_o meridian_n will_v cut_v the_o equatour_n in_o some_o degree_n or_o other_o which_o be_v number_v as_o before_o from_o the_o first_o meridian_n will_v show_v the_o direct_a longitude_n the_o like_a of_o which_o we_o have_v in_o the_o second_o case_n 2_o the_o meridian_n run_v through_o any_o place_n of_o the_o geographical_a table_n will_v point_v and_o design_n out_o in_o the_o equatour_n the_o degree_n of_o longitude_n this_o may_v easy_o be_v teach_v by_o the_o former_a way_n perform_v on_o the_o globe_n as_o for_o example_n if_o i_o shall_v inquire_v the_o longitude_n of_o paris_n the_o metropolis_n of_o france_n in_o a_o geographical_a map_n i_o find_v a_o meridian_n mark_v out_o which_o run_v if_o not_o direct_o through_o yet_o very_a near_o the_o say_a city_n this_o meridian_n i_o trace_v along_o to_o the_o southern_a part_n till_o i_o find_v it_o to_o meet_v and_o cut_v the_o equatour_n then_o observe_v i_o in_o what_o degree_n of_o the_o equatour_n it_o make_v his_o intersection_n and_o i_o find_v it_o to_o be_v 23_o degree_n 20_o minute_n which_o be_v the_o longitude_n of_o the_o place_n 15_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o longitude_n the_o latitude_n come_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o be_v handle_v the_o latitude_n be_v the_o distance_n of_o any_o place_n from_o the_o equatour_n either_o north_n or_o south_n what_o we_o have_v speak_v of_o the_o longitude_n must_v also_o agree_v to_o the_o latitude_n that_o it_o be_v take_v sometime_o absolute_o and_o general_o sometime_o special_o in_o the_o former_a sense_n it_o signify_v any_o distance_n or_o space_n between_o north_n and_o south_n or_o contrariwise_o from_o south_n to_o north._n among_o the_o ancient_n be_v the_o breadth_n or_o latitude_n hold_v to_o be_v about_o 80_o degree_n so_o that_o the_o utmost_a bind_v or_o limit_v to_o it_o northward_o be_v call_v thule_n which_o common_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v island_n but_o the_o latter_a navigatour_n through_o their_o diligence_n have_v detect_v so_o much_o land_n that_o it_o be_v find_v to_o stretch_v beyond_o 81_o degree_n towards_o the_o north_n and_o 45_o towards_o the_o south_n and_o much_o far_a if_o we_o will_v believe_v the_o relation_n of_o ferdinand_n de_fw-fr quir_n a_o spaniard_n who_o boast_v a_o more_o ample_a discovery_n of_o the_o south_n iâ—dies_n than_o ever_o before_o have_v be_v know_v but_o howsoever_o the_o latitude_n here_o define_v be_v take_v in_o a_o more_o special_a and_o strict_a sense_n for_o the_o distance_n of_o any_o place_n from_o the_o equinoctial_a line_n be_v it_o either_o towards_o the_o north_n or_o the_o south_n the_o bind_v therefore_o from_o which_o we_o begin_v our_o account_n of_o latitude_n be_v the_o equatour_n but_o the_o subject_n wherein_o it_o be_v measure_v be_v the_o meridian_n so_o that_o it_o be_v clean_o opposite_a to_o the_o longitude_n for_o that_o be_v limit_v by_o the_o meridian_n and_o measure_v in_o the_o equatour_n the_o latitude_n of_o a_o place_n be_v always_o equal_a to_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n as_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o and_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o northern_a and_o the_o southern_a latitude_n whereof_o the_o one_o be_v from_o the_o equatour_n northward_o the_o other_o southward_o 16_o concern_v the_o latitude_n be_v to_o be_v consider_v the_o invention_n and_o the_o expression_n the_o invention_n be_v again_o twofold_a astronomical_a or_o magnetical_a 17_o the_o astronomical_a invention_n of_o the_o latitude_n be_v by_o observation_n of_o the_o star_n which_o be_v direct_v by_o these_o proposition_n 1_o the_o meridian_n height_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a subtract_v from_o 90_o degree_n will_v show_v the_o true_a latitude_n of_o the_o place_n the_o height_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o noon_n may_v be_v find_v by_o the_o astrolabe_n crosse-staffe_n quadrant_n and_o many_o other_o astronomical_a instrument_n but_o in_o take_v the_o meridian_n altitude_n it_o be_v very_o fit_a and_o 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place_n but_o if_o you_o will_v know_v the_o latitude_n at_o any_o other_o day_n or_o time_n of_o the_o year_n then_o must_v you_o proceed_v in_o this_o manner_n have_v take_v the_o height_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o noon_n as_o before_o you_o must_v by_o the_o table_n of_o declination_n learn_v the_o true_a degree_n of_o the_o sun_n declination_n 2_o if_o such_o declination_n be_v northerne_o then_o must_v you_o subtract_v it_o from_o the_o foresay_a altitude_n or_o height_n but_o if_o southern_o you_o must_v add_v it_o to_o the_o altitude_n and_o by_o such_o addition_n and_o subtraction_n shall_v you_o have_v the_o height_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a above_o the_o horizon_n 3_o this_o height_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a above_o your_o horizon_n be_v as_o before_o subtract_v from_o 90_o will_v be_v the_o true_a latitude_n of_o the_o place_n assign_v as_o for_o example_n the_o 15_o of_o august_n i_o observe_v the_o declination_n of_o the_o sun_n to_o be_v about_o 10_o degree_n the_o sun_n be_v 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