55 160 401.357 537.178 251.865.582  56 160 938.535 545.704 260.459.920 8.594.338 57 161 484.239 554.505 271 919.077 11.459.157 58 162 038 744 563.594 289 107.811 17.188.734 59 162.602.338 572.986 323.485.279 34.377.468 CHAP. III. The use of the two first columnes of the Table of Latitudes for graduating a Meridian in the general Sea-Chart BEfore you can make use of this Table for the true graduating or dividing of a Meridian of this Chart into his degrees or other parts of Latitude increasing from the Aequinoctial towards the North and South in such proportion as before hath been shewed there must be first some preparation made to that end which may be done after this manner Overthwart the midst of the plain superficies whereupon you will draw the lineaments of the Chart describe a right line representing the Aequinoctial circle which you shall divide into 360 parts or degrees and crosse the same squirewise with right lines by every fift or tenth degree Then take with your compasses the length of half the Aequinoctial that is 180 degrees and setting one foote of your compasses in the mutuall intersection of the Aequinoctial with the perpendicular or Meridian that passeth by either end of the Aequinoctial with the other foote make a prick in the same perpendicular or Meridian the space contained betwixt this prick and the Aequinoctial divide first into three equal parts and every one of these into other three so have you nine in all and againe every one of these into three so have you 27 parts and every one of these parts divide into four so have you 108 parts And againe if there be space enough divide every one of these into 10 or 100. So shall you have 1080 or 10800 parts which will bring you to the Latitude of 85 degrees and something more But if you would make your Chart to any greater Latitude you shall continue forth the foresaid perpendicular and divide it into so many more of the same parts as you shall find needful to attain to the Latitude you desire Then note every fift and tenth part with black lead and set figures at them beginning at the Aequinoctial and from thence proceeding Northwards and Southwards Then look what numbers in the second column are answerable to each degree or minute in the first column of this Table of Latitudes omitting alwaies four or five of the first figures towards the right hand and at the same numbers of parts in the perpendiculars make pricks on either side the Aequinoctial by which pricks draw right lines equidistant from the Aequinoctial for they shall be the Parallels of the true Nautical Planisphere or Sea-Chart Notwithstanding these Parallels are all oâ—â—hem a little further distant from the Aequinoctial then in truth they should be and so much the more the further they are from the Aequinoctial Which error might be something the lesse if the former Table had been first made to smaller parts then minutes But that were a matter more curious then necessarie the Table here before set down being so neere the truth that it is not possible by any rules or Instruments of Navigation to discover any sensible error in the Sea-Chart so farre forth as it shall be made according thereto The figure following containeth onely one part of the Nauticall Planisphaere from the Aequinoctial Northwards because the other part from the Aequinoctial Southwards must be altogether like and equal to this Herein first I drew the Aequinoctial line AC and divided it into 36 equal parts whereof every one is understood to contain ten degrees and I raised perpendiculars from every one of those parts which are the Meridians of the Nauticall Planisphaere every where aequidistant each from other Then I took half the length of the Aequinoctial with the compasses and setting one foot in the end of the Aequinoctial at C with the other foot I made a prick at D in the perpendicular or Meridian CD The space contained betwixt C and D I divided into 1080 parts understanding every one of the smaller parts or segments of the line CD to contain ten lesser parts in such sort as before hath been shewed and set figures to them as here you see for the readier numbring and finding out of any of those parts Then I looked in the former Table what number of equal parts of the Meridian answered to every tenth degree and casting away five of the first figures next the right hand because I conceive the space betwixt C and D to be divided only into 1080 parts I found out the parts answerable to the numbers remaining in the line CD and at those parts I made prickes by which I drew the Parallels As for example in the Table the number answerable to ten degrees is 60 casting away the five first figures towards the right hand therefore I look 60 in the line CD and by that part I draw the Parallel of ten degrees distance from the Aequinoctial Likewise the number answering to twentie degrees omitting the five first figures is 122 therefore by that number of equal parts I draw the parallel of twentie degrees Latitude from the Equinoctial c. And after this manner I drew all the rest as you may see in the former draught The Draught of the Meridians Parallels and Rumbs of the Nautical Planisphear truly made CHAP. IIII. 〈◊〉 way for graduating the Meridian of a general Sea-Chart OTherwise for the dividing of the Meridian of a general Sea-Chart into his degrees and other smaller parts of Latitude when the Chart hath not so great Latitude or breadth from the Equinoctial towards the North or South as hath the figure before set down you may go thus to work First find out what proportion the whole Longitude or lenght of the Chart from West to East must have to the whole breadth thereof betwixt the Parallels of the most Northerly and Southerly places that are to be set down therin which may be done after this manner Out of the second Column of the table of Latitudes take the numbers of equal parts of the Meridian answerable to the greatest North and South Latitudes that are to be set down in the Chart divide those numbers by 600,000 that is the number of equal parts of the Meridian answerable to one degree of the Equinoctial the Quotients will shew how many degrees of the Equinoctial the breadth of the Chart must be on either side the Equinoctial toward the North and South As for example in the generall Sea-â—hart to be adjoyned to this book the Latitude of the North 〈◊〉 of the New land found by the Hollanders about the yeer â—596 and by them called Gebrooken land lying Northwards â—rom Norway is about 80 degrees And the Latitude of Queen Elizabeths Iland first found by Sir Francis Drake lying to the â—outhwards of Magellanes streights is about 53 degrees The â—umbers of equal parts of the Meridian answerable to these Laâ—â—tudes found out in the foresaid Table of
according to that proportion wherewith the Meridian is greater then that Parallel Therefore the true difference of longitude betwixt Lisbon and Tercaera that is the arâ— of the Parallel or Aeqinoctial contained betwixt the Meridians of those places shall thus be found out It is a rule in Geometry that the Diameters and Peripheries and consequently the semidiameters and like arks of Circles have the same proportion Also it is manifest that the Sine of the complement of the distance of any Parallel from the Aequinoctial is the Semediameter of the same Parallel Now the distance of the Parallel of Lisbon and Tercaera from the Aequinoctial is about 39 degrees the complement whereof is 51 degrees whose sine is 777 which is the Semidiameter of the foresaid Parallel in such parts whereof the whole sine containeth 1000. which is the Semidiameter of the Meridan Therefore by the rule of proportion inversed if 262 Spanish leagues make 15 degrees in the Meridian whose Semidiamiter is 1000 parts then in the Parallel whose Semidiameter is 777 of the same parts they shall make 19 degrees and 237 777 parts of one degree that is 18 min. and little more which if it be true that the course from Lisbon to Madera is South-west and from Madera to Tercaera North-west and that the Latitude of Madera is 31 degrees 30 min. and the Latitude of Lisbon and Tercaera 39 deg shall be the difference of Longitude betwixt Lisbon and Tercaera Whereas Ortelius and Mercator following as it seemeth the Mariners Charts without correction in their universall Maps make them to differ in Longitude scarce 15 degrees of their Parallel as if it were equal to the Aequinoctial line 3. Moreover they are deceived not only in the situation of many places which the Marine Chart sheweth to be under the same Meridian but also in the lying or bearing of other places each from other For the Meridian is a certaine rule of the positions of places If therefore error shall be committed in the situation of the Meridian there must needs be error in the Inclinations of the other Rumbs points or lines of the Compasse And therefore not every Inclination or respective position of place to place which is set down in the Marine Chart is to be taken for true but that position or inclination only by which some have sailed from the one place to the other This may be seen in sayling to India For the Marine Chart placeth that promontorie of Africa called the promontorie of 3 points being in Latitude towards the North 4 degrees and one halfe and the Ilands of Tristan Acugna which have 36 degrees of Southern Latitude under the self same Meridian Also the Marine Chart sheweth the distance between these Ilands and the promontorie of Good Hope to be almost 400 leagues both which notwithstanding cannot stand together For if all the shore from the promontorie of 3 points unto the promontorie of Good Hope be rightly described and the promontorie of 3 points also lie under the same Meridian with those Ilands the foresaid distance must needs be much lesse but if it be not lesse it cannot be that they should have the same Meridian with the promontorie of 3 points but must needs be more to the Westward Hereof it commeth that the Mariners are very oft deceived when they go from one place to another following that direction which the Sea-Chart sheweth them Which place when they find not by that course they think that the cause of that error is either some swift current of the Sea that carrieth them another way or else the declination of the Poles of the Loadstone from the true Poles of the World although perchance they erred only because they knew not how those places did bear one from another 4. Neither are they only deceived in that because they think that the Sea-Chart can shew the situations of all places but also because that when they will translate the Sea coasts out of the Chart into the Globe they do it having respect only to the numbers of the degrees of Longitude and Latitude found therein and no otherwise then when they set the fixed stars into a Coelestial Globe So it commeth to pass that not only those errors are committed which do necessarily arise out of the common Sea-Chart but other errors also which might be avoyded if they first turned into degrees those distances of Longitude which they have truly known and then followed the Longitudes and Latitudes of places 5. In shewing the distance of places there is as great error committed as in any of the former For example If you imagine 2 ships to be under the Aequinoctial 100 leagues asunder and that each of them should sayl from thence due North or South under his Meridian until they come to the Parallel of 60 degrees Latitude they should be there but only 50 leagues distant because at that Parallel the Meridians are distant but half so much one from another as they were at the Aequinoctial as it may most manifestly appear by the Globe and yet the Chart will shew that those two ships have the self same distance of 100 leagues being under the parallel of 60 degrees which they had before when they were under the Aequinoctial line 6 There is yet another error remaining though all the former were avoyded which ariseth hereof because that by the direction of the Compasse they bend and turne the ship in such sort that they constrain it alwaies to make the same angles with the Meridian As when they sail from Vshent to Cape Raso both lying under the same Parallel they guide the ship in such sort that it maketh alwaies right angles with the Meridian and so holding on their course due West they keep themselves alwaies under the same Parallel whereas notwithstanding there is a more certain course whereby they may go from one place to another without that losse of way which they must needs make that keep themselves alwaies under the same Parallel There is moreover another commodity in this kind of sailing that we may find every day by a more certain accompt what way we have made and know in what place we are But this way is not to be defined by any of the lesser Circles but by a great Circle which is to be drawn by those two places and the ark of that great Circle contained betwixt the same places is lesse then the ark of the Parallel which lieth between them as may be concluded by an evident and necessary reason out of the principles of Geometry much like as a straight line is shorter then a crooked both being extended between the same pricks Therefore this commoditie is also hereunto adjoyned that in sailing by a great Circle the way is more short and compendious But he that entreth into this course of sayling must know that he must often change the point of the Compasse whereupon he guideth the ship because of the variable
Clavius his grosse demonstration hereof 90 A more exact demonst with the practise thereof 92 The angle of dipping for any heighth of the eye 96 3 Error by the Parallax of the Sun corrected 96 4 Error in Observing by the refraction of the Sun or Stars corrected 97 Chap. 16· Faults amended in the Table of the Suns declination commonly called the Regiment of the Sun 97 Chap. 17. Of the Table of Declination of every minute of the Ecliptick in degrees min. and sec. made according to the greatest obliquity of the Zodiack this present age which by exact Observation is found to be 23 degrees 31 min. and an half 98 A Table of the Declination of every minute of the Ecliptick in degrees min. and sec. 101 Chap. 18. The use of the former Table of Declination 116 Chap. 19. The description and use of a great Quadrant for observation of the Sun on Land 120 A Table of observations of the Suns Meridian Altitudes taken by the foresaid Quadrant in the years 1594 1595 1596 1597 at London  Chap. 20. The finding of the Suns Apogeum and eccentricity out of the former observation 142 To know the time of the Suns comming to any point of the Ecliptick 142 Chap. 21. The middle motion of the Sun corrected out of the former Observations 150 A Table of the Suns middle motions 152 Chap. 22. A new theorick of the Sun for the making of the Table of the Suns Prosthaphaereses 154 A Table of the Suns Prosthaphaereses 157 Chap. 23. The making of the Ephemerides of the Sun 159 Chap. 24. How to reduce the apparent time to the equal time answering thereto 162 A Table of the Aequation of natural days 162 Chap. 25. A Table of Aequations of the Suns Ephemerides to make them serve for many years 163 Ephemerides of the Sun 164 Chap. 26. The use of these Ephemerides 169 Chap. 27. The making of the Table of the Suns Declination 170 Prosthaphaereses of the Suns Declination 172 A Table of the Suns Declination 173 Chap. 28· The use of the former Table of Declination or Regiment of the Sun 181 Chap. 29 The Declinations of the principal fixed stars about the Equinoctial corrected by Observation 183 A Table of fixed Stars about the Equinoctial 198 Chap. 30. The use of the former Table 199 Chap. 31. The true distances of certain principal fixed Stars from the North Pole found by late Observation 199 Chap. 32. To know at what time any of the foresaid fixed Stars come to the Meridian for any day of the year 202 A Table of the Suns right Ascensions in hours and minutes for every day of the year 204 Chap. 33. By the former Tables of fixed Stars and the Suns right Ascensions to know the houre of the night at any time of the year 206 Chap. 34. Of finding the Elevation of the Pole by Observation of the Pole Star and Guard 207 Chap. 35. The description and parts of the Sea Quadrant 208 Chap. 36. The description of the Nocturnal or night Diall 210 Chap. 37. The use of the Sea Quadrant first in Observing the height of the Sun looking only to the Horizon at Sea 211 Chap. 38. How with this Quadrant to Observe the height of the Sun with â—our back turned towards the Sun 211 Chap. 39. How to Observe with this Quadrant the height of the Sun or Star looking both to the Sun or Star and to the Horizon 212 Chap 40. How to find the height of the Pole by Observation of the Pole-star and Guard without giving or taking any allowance or abatement at any time when the Pole-star the Guard and Horizon may be seen 213 To know the houre of the night by the Nocturnal 213 An answer to Simon Stevin shewing his erorrs in blaming me of error in my table of Rumbs 214 The Contents of the TREATISE Of the ART of NAVIGATION The division of the whole Art of Navigation pag. 1 Chap. 1. The definition of the Sphaere 2 2. That the whole World is a Sphaere 2 3. Of the division of the Sphaere 2 4. Of the motion of the Heavens 4 5. Of the figure of the Heavens 4 6. That the earth and water make one perfect Globe 5 7. That the earth is in the center of the world 5 8. The whole quantitie of the earth 5 9. Of the Equinoctial circle 6 10. Of the Poles of the world 6 11. Of the Ecliptick line 7 12. Of the Declination of the Sun 7 13. Of the Colures 8 14. Of the Meridian circle 8 15. Of the Horizon 9 16. Of the 32 Windes 10 17. Of the two Tropicks 12 18. Of the Parallels 13 19. Of the degrees 13 20. What is meant by Longitude and Latitude 14 THE SECOND PART OF THE ART OF Navigation wherein is handled the Practick part shewing the making and use of the principal Instruments belonging to this ART Chap. 1. The making of the Astrolabe pag. 15 Chap. 2. Of the heighth of the Sun pag. 17 3. Of the Shadowes 18 4. Of the Regiment and Rules of the Sun 19 5. Of the Declination of the Sun and of the Tables thereof 20 How the Declination of the Sun may be found out 21 6. The Equation of the Suns Declination 22 7. Foure examples for the plainer declaration of that which is said before 22 8. Another manner of accounting by the Sun as they use in Portugall 25 9. How the height of the Sun may be known in any place whatsoever without an Astrolabe first knowing your distance from the Equinoctial 25 10. The Rule or Regiment of the North-star for the knowledge of the height of the Pole 26 11. The making of the Crosse-staffe 27 12. Of the position of the North-star and the Guards 28 13. Of the height of the Star taken with the Crosse-staffe 30 14. The Regiment or Rules of the North Star 30 15. Other things to be noted in observing the height of the Pole 32 16. Of the Crosiers 34 17. Of the Sea-Compasse 34 18. How the variation of the Compasse may be found 37 The finding of the Meridian line 37 19. Of the Sea-Chart 38 20. Of the point of Imagination 41 21. Of the Traverse or Geometrical point 42 22. Of the amending of the point of Imagination 42 The amending of the point of Imagination by the Traverse point 43 The amendment of the point of Imagination by North South East West 43 23. The point by Imagination and the height 44 24. What it is to increase or diminish in height 45 25. How you may cast a traverse point without Compasses 46 26. Of another kind of casting a point by traverse 46 27. Of the leagues which in Navigation answer to each degree of latitude in every Rumb 47 Chap. 28. How you may come to know the Longitude or the course from East to West pag 48 29. How you may set down in your Chart a new land never before discovered 50 30. Seeing two known points or Capes of land as you sail along
such as may easily be known by other circumstances whereof we shall speake hereafter And although the Mariners may find Amsterdam otherwise as by the places near adjoining by conjectures by the soundings by the sands and many other signes without any regard of the variation yet I thought good to propound a known place for example that the Universality of the same Rule might be known in long Navigations wherein no land appeareth As for example if the Master of a ship desire to sayle from hence to Cape S. Augustine in Brasile and know that the variation there as it is reported is 3 deg and 10 min. and the Latitude 8 deg 30 min. towards the South when in going thitherwards he shall come to that Latitude and variation he shall then know that he is come to the Cape of S. Augustine and although he think otherwise by his conjecture and reckoning yet not regarding that conjecture he shall confess himself either to have guessed ill or els to have been deceived with some Eastern or western currents For reason will not suffer us to think that that variation which before was found at the Cape of S. Augustine is changed that he should need to yeeld himself to that opinion So also who will not esteem it to be absurd and altogether against reason that he which knoweth very well that he findeth at sea another variation then that which is at Cape S. Augustine of 3 degr 10 min. should notwithstanding neglecting the experience of the variation and resting upon conjecture onely affirme that he is neer the Cape S. Augustine Because he speaketh contrary things when he saith that the variation there is 3 degrees 10 minutes and again avovcheth that it is not Neither is this unworthy the marking which hath often hapned that he which should have sailed to the Isle of S. Helena when he was come to the Latitude of the same Iland and saw not there the Iland and was also ignorant whether he were to the Eastwards or Westward from the same by conjectures sought that place towards the East which indeed lay from him towards the West and so the further he sailed the further always he went from that Iland Now I leave it to thy consideration if he whosoever he were that was Master of that ship which diligently sought that Iland for the space of cerain weekes tacking about also divers times before he could find any place to abide in if he I say had not been ignorant what the variation of the Compasse was at S. Helens Iland and what the use of the variation is at sea and how to find it out I leave it I say to thy consideration whether he would willingly have floated doubtfully to and fro following a greater variation knowing assuredly that the variation there was lesser Hereby it may easily be conceived how great use there is of the variation when they especially which in sayling follow the lines shewing the courses which lines because now they have found this name among the Portugales we call Rumbs the ignorance of which lines can hardly be permitted in them which attempt long voyages upon the huge Ocean ought every where to know certainly the place of the true North which is commonly found by the knowledge of the variation If any man likewise consider the uncertain situation of those places which are set into Globes or Sea Charts by the mariners relation which uncertainty taketh his beginning from hence because every man thinketh that to be the true place of the North which is shewed by the Flower deluce as they call it of the Compass which they brought with them from home which thing also bringeth no less doubtfulness to the Mariners themselves he will think and that not without cause that the Observation of the variation is a very needfull thing even for this cause also Because it is an easie matter to place the flower-deluce in such sort that it shall not miss any thing in shewing the true North part of the World to wit if one move the Magneticall needle or points of the wires in the Compasse from the flower-deluce so much as need shall require These things therefore have been Observed and granted and this especially that the variation altereth according to the variety of countries as by the common testimonie of all men it is proved it is in some sort manifest that they which denie this varying property to be of very great use for Navigation are either wiser then the common sort and have some hidden secrets which are not revealed to every man or else are notable fooles and mad men Therefore when the most excellent Prince Maurice having throughly considered hereof thought that it might assuredly be brought to that pass that Mariners might receive great profit by this means He the high Admirall gave commandment to all the companies of the Admiralty adjoyning also thereto a certain introduction that they should doe their best indevor that all Masters of ships should provide themselves for this purpose that is to say that to what place soever they should come they should seek out the Declination of the Magneticall needle from the North or the variation of the Compasse not lightly running over the matter as it were by the way and for fashions sake onely but with great carefulness and diligence taking with them meet and needfull Instruments for that purpose and that after their return into their own countrey they should truly and faithfully certifie their companies or brotherhoods of the Admiralty of that matter that the selfe same experiments being by them brought into good order might be published for the common good But that every man may more perfectly learn the circumstances of this matter I thought it meet here to set down certain principles of this thing which is yet notwithstanding to be further searched into by more experiments in which shall be shewed a generall view or Table of those places whose variations have already been Observed by the learned Geographer Petrus Plancius with continual labour and not without great charges from divers corners of the earth neer and farr off whom for honours sake I therefore name that as well they that shall hereafter find out places or havens after this manner as also they that have already found may know that they are bound to give thanks to Plancius alone as to him that is the chief cause of this Observation But that Table or generall view of variations whereof there shall hereafter follow a plainer declaration is this A Table or View of variation The Northeasting or the East variation of the first part or space towards the North. Increasing  Northeasting Latitude Longitude  Deg. M Deg. Mi Deg. Mi. In the Flemish Iland Corvo 0 0 N 37 0 0 0 In the Flemish Iland Saint Mary 3 20 N 37 0 8 20 Near the Iland Maio 4 55 N 15 0 11 20 At Palma one of the Canary Ilands 6 10 N 28 30 16 20 At
subtending the distance of those two places Taking therefore the length of GE with the Compasses and setting one foote in H where the degrees begin the other stretched forwards in the circle will point you out the distance of Saint Thomas Iland and London 52 degrees of a great circle and about one halfe that is 1050 leagues or 3150 English miles If both places have Latitude do the like for both places as before you did for the one place having Latitude till you have crossed both diameters with perpendiculars then take with your Compasses the distance of those crossings Now if both their Latitudes be of one denomination that is both Northerly or both Southerly and equal set one foote of the Compasses where the degrees begin to be numbred in the circle and the other foote extended therein that way which the numbers succeede will shew you the distance As for example London and Cape Blanco neere the coast of New-found land have both Northerly and almost equal Latitudes of 51 degrees 32 minutes Having therefore drawn as well the diameters BC and DL from B determining the Longitude of London viz. 22 degrees and from the point of the Longitude of Cape Blanco which admit to be 331 degrees as also the perpendiculars or sines of both their Latitudes EF and KL as before was shewed crossing the diameters in F and L the distance FL taken with the Compasses and translated into the circle as in the former example will shew you the distance of Cape Blanco from London to be almost 31 degrees of a great circle that is 620 leagues or 1860 miles If the Latitudes be not both equal and also of one denomination leaving one foote of the Compasses in the crossing of the sine or perpendicular descending from the point of the greater Latitude with the other foote make a pricke in the same diameter wherein that crossing is then if the Latitudes be both of one denomination â—ake with the Compasses the length of the perpendicular or sine drawn from the point of the lesser Latitude and setting one foote in the point of the greater Latitude with the other make a prick in the perpendicular descending from it that is in the sine thereof Take the distance of this pricke from the former made in the diameter This distance transferred into the circle as in the first example will give you the distance of the places given As London and Hierusalem have both Northerly and unequal Latitudes Hierusalems Latitude being onely 32 degrees First therefore note in the circle both their Longitudes the Longitude of London viz. 22 degrees as before with B The Longitude of Hierusalem 68 degrees note with M Let the perpendicular or the sines of the Latitudes of London and Hierusalem EF and NO be drawn as in the former examples Make FP equal to OF and PQ equal to NO The space betwixt P and Q taken with the Compasses and then both feet set in the circle in such sort as in the first example was shewed shall containe between them the desired distance of Hierusalem from London 38 degrees and about ¾ that is 775 leagues which are 2325 miles But if the Latitudes be of divers denominations that is one Northerly and the other Southerly continue forth the perpendicular that crosseth the diameter wherein the foresaid prick was made till it be equal to both perpendiculars that is to the sines of both Latitudes The distance of the end of this continued perpendicular from the pricke aforesaid in the diameter taken with the Compasses and translated into the graduated peripherie of the circle as before will shew you how many degrees of a great circle are contained between both places To shut up this matter with one example suppose you would know how farre Cusco in Peru is from London Let the Longitude of Cusco be 295 degrees the Latitude 11 degrees Southerly The Longitude of London as before 22 degrees the Latitude 51 degrees 32 minutes From both these Longitudes noted in the circle with B and R draw the diameters as before BC and RV as also the perpendiculars or sines of their Latitudes EF and T S Make FX equal to FS the distance of those sines and EY equal to ST the sine of Cuscoes Latitude Take the distance XY between the feet of the Compasses and set them both in the circumference of the circle as in the first example so shall you find that there are betwixt London and Cusco almost 97 degrees of a great circle that is 1940 leagues or 5820 miles If you had rather keepe within the compasse of the circle make the perpendicular XZ equal to ST and proceede with EZ as you did before with XY Paste this upon the Margin of Letter N. fol. 65. so as it may ly open all the while the fore-going matter of the same Chap. is reading Also because all the sines of Latitude being perpendicular to the same plain of the Aequinoctial are Parallels by the 5. e 21. Ram. 6. pr. 11. Eucl. Therefore by the 11. e 2. Ram. or 35. d. 1. Eucl. FL is the line subtending the distance of London and Cape â—â—anco Again because FP whereto EF is perpendicular is made equal to FO the distance of the sines of London and Hierusalem to which distance EF is also perpendicular in the Globe and EQ also equal to NO Therefore FQ being the difference 〈◊〉 the sines of Londons and Hierusalems Latitudes there must needs be the same distance betwixt P and Q that there is between the tops of the sines of Hierusalems and Londons Latitudes in the Globe Lastly FX being equal to FS the distance of the sines of Latitude of London and Cusco in Peru and XZ perpendicular to FX and equal to ST the sine of Cuscoes Latitude as EF is the sine of Londons Latitude and perpendicular to the same line XF EZ to which XY is equal by the 6. c. 12. e 5 Ram. 33. pr. 1. Eucl. YE being equal and Parallel to XZ must needs be equal to a streight line extended within the Globe between the points of Latitude of Cusco and London Now out of this demonstration it were an easie matter if any list take the pains to be so curious to find out the distance of any two places Arithmetically by the doctrine of Triangles having alwaies two sides given which are the sines of the complements of the Latitudes of the two places as OP FP LP FP RP FP AP FP together with the angle contained between them that is the difference of their Longitudes whereby FA FO FL FS the distances of the sines of Latitude being found by 〈◊〉 2 3 4 5 Copernic de Triang planis the lines also subtending the distances of the places may most easily be found by the 3. Copernic de Triang plan For the squares of the distance of the sines and of the difference of the sines of their Latitudes if both be Northerly or both Southerly or of the sum of the
any land This Horizon is of two sorts namely right and oblique The right Horizon is that which they have that live under the Equinoctial which passeth by their Zenith and therefore the Equinoctial line or circle falleth perpendicularly and right acrosse with their Horizon and both the South and the North Poles are in their Horizon The oblique Horizon is that which they have that live not directly under the Equinoctial for unto them the Equinoctial divideth the Horizon obliquely and not right acrosse and one Pole is alwayes above their Horizon and the other is beneath their Horizon and cannot be seen This Horizon is represented in the Sea-Chart by a certain imagined circle whose center is the point where our ship is From which center are imagined to proceed unto the said circle 32 lines which represent the 32 winds or rumbs which alwayes are drawn in our Sea-Compasse which likewise in a little peece of paper doth continually represent unto us both by day and night the whole Horizon with his 32 divisions CHAP. XVI Of the 32 Winds THis right or oblique Horizon is divided into 32 equal parts by 16 lines which they call Rumbs and they cut themselves in the point where we stand of which rumbs that which passeth by the points where the Equinoctial beginneth and endeth which are where the Sun riseth and setteth the 11 of March and the 13 of September is called East and West and that which cutteth it right acrosse is named North and South And the four extreams or ends of these two lines are distant upon the Horizon one fourth part of a circle and they make four quarters Every one of which quarters being divided in the midst do make four other points and that which falleth between the North and the East is called North-east and that between the North and the West North-west that between the South and the East South-east and that between the South and the West South-west And so the Horizon is divided by four lines or numbs into eight principal winds noted in the Sea-Chart with black lines And if you divide every one of those eight parts in the midst you shall have other eight lines and other four rumbs which in all are 16 winds And each one of these hath his name compounded of the names of those principal winds which are on either side thereof As for example that half winde which is between the North and the North-east is called North-north-east and that which bloweth between the East and the North-east is called East-north-east and that between the East and the South-east East-south-east and that between the South and the South-east South-south-east and that between the South-west and the VVest VVest-south-west and that between the VVest and North-west West-north-west and that between the North-west and the North North-north-west And these are noted in the Chart with green lines Finally if you divide every one of these sixteen winds in the midst they will yield you other 16 winds and will amount to 32 winds in all Which 16 last mentioned are drawn in the Sea-Chart with red lines and are by the Spaniards called quarters of the eighth first and principal winds and every one of these is called by the name of that principal wind which is next it together with an addition of the word By and the name of another principal wind which is next unto it As for example of the two quarter-winds which fall next the rumb of the North that which lieth towards the North-east is called North and by East and that which falleth towards the North-west is called North by West So likewise of those two winds which blow next the North-east that towards the North is called North-east and by North and that towards the East North-east and by East And after the same manner you may name all the rest The Figure of the Sea-Compasse and of the Horizon divided into 32 Winds by 16 Rumbs But here is to be noted that there is difference between the Rumb and the Wind because a Rumb is one direct line continued with two contrary winds as the Rumb of North South and the Rumb of East and West And so when we will name the lying of any Coast we will say that it lieth North and South or North and by East and South and by West But the wind is one line of those 32 into which the Horizon is divided and it is one part of those two which together are called the Rumb And so we say that Land lieth from us towards the South and towards the South and by West or towards the South-south-west c. CHAP. XVII Of the two Tropicks BEsides the six Circles above-mentioned which are drawn upon the superficies of the Sphere of the World there are other two which the Sun describeth with the motion of the Primum Mobile about the 12 day of June and of December of which two Circles that which the Sun describeth the 12 of June from the time of his rising till the time that he riseth the day following is called the Tropick of the Summer Sun-standing or the Tropick of Cancer for the Sun having departed from the Equinoctial and increasing his Declination towards the North when he cometh to describe that Circle for two or three dayes it semeth that he cometh no neerer to our Zenith nor departeth from the Equinoctial one day more then another but from thence forward he goeth back diminishing his Declination till he come to the Equinoctial and crossing the same he goeth on the other side increasing his Declination until the 12 of December upon which day from the time of his rising till he be come about to rise again the next morning he describeth another Circle called the Tropick of the Winter Sun-standing or the Tropick of Capricorn for the Sun being departed from the Equinoctial and increasing his Declination towards the South when he cometh to describe that Circle it seemeth for two or three dayes that he returneth not one whit towards the Equinoctial nor goeth further from our Zenith one day more then other but from thence forwards he commeth back again diminishing his Declination till he be returned to the Equinoctial and from thence towards our Zenith These two Circles in Sea-Charts are marked with two great red lines drawn from East to West which lie on either side of the Equinoctial being distant from thence about 23 deg and an half And wheresoever our ship be in any place between these two Circles or lines we may in some time of the year take the Sun in our Zenith at which time it maketh no shadow at all being then just 90 degr high above our Horizon But they which are without the said two Circles or lines shall never have the Sun in their Zenith because it cannot come to the height of 90 degr above their Horizon CHAP. XVIII Of the Parallels THe parallel Circles are those which are in all parts equally distant from the
that the rose or fly may play more nimbly upon the pin This pin must be made of lattin with a very sharp point and is to be fastned upright in a round box of wood which must be of the fashion of a great cup-dish containing the rose within it being covered above with a clear round glasse and the joynts thereof must be stopped with wax to the end that no wind may enter into the rose to disturb it There must be great care had that this rose with the wires placed upon the pin may go nimbly and may not swerve more to the one side then to the other but may stand even and level And when it inclineth towards either part you must put on the contrary part a little wax or a thin plate of lead fastened under the pastboard which covereth the wires This box wherein the rose plaieth up and down hangeth within two hoops of lattin which are two round circles inclosed one within another and distant asunder by the space of half a fingers breadth with two nails of lattin which are diametrally opposite And the box being fitly placed within these hoops you must make in the outward hoop two holes which must be distant from the foresaid two nails a quarter of a Circle both wayes And by these two holes must the outward hoop or circle be fastened within a square box or a round so as although that uttermost box be tossed up and down every way with the motion of the ship yet alwayes the superficies and glasse of the inner box may lie level with the Horizon And this being done with care the instrument which they call the Sea-Compasse is fully finished The manner of using the same is when being placed with the box in the midst of the poop of the ship where the bittacle standeth in a right line which passeth from the bolt-sprit by the midst of the main mast to the poop it serveth continually to govern the ship by moving of the Rudder till the winde or the line of your Compass towards which we desire to shape our course stand directly towards the prow or bolt-sprit of the ship They use also for the night to mark a point within the inner part of the inner box which in respect of the capitel of the Compasse may stand directly towards the prow of the ship And alwayes in guiding the ship you must take heed that the said point be continually joyned with the winde of the rose towards which you intend your course CHAP. XVIII How the Variation of the Compasse may be found THe Mariners use to examine whether their Compass North-easteth or South-westeth watching for that purpose when the former guard beareth with the North star North-east and South-west taking a little of the point of North and South And placing their Compasse in an open place where the North star may be seen if the flowerdeluis of the Rose looketh directly towards the star their Compasse varieth nothing at all but if the star be to the North-east so much as it varieth from the point of the flowerdeluis so much the Compass North-westeth and if it varieth to the North-west of the Compass how much the star swerveth from the point of the flowerdeluis so much the Compasse North-easteth And in regard of this variation of the Compasse there must alwayes allowance be made in the course which is holden This manner of finding out the variation I do account to be somewhat subject unto errour but at land there is another more certain way by the Meridian line which is to be taken in manner following The finding of the Meridian-line In a superficies which is plain and level every where and in a place where the Sun shineth at his rising and setting you must draw certain circles upon one center and having pitched a stile upright in the same center the head whereof must be approved with a pair of compasses to be equally distant from all parts of one of those circles observe you in the morning two or three hours before noon when the point of the shadow of the stile toucheth the circumference of any of those circles and having made a mark in the touches take diligent heed in the afternoon also when the same point of the shadow turneth about to touch in the same circle and making another mark in that second touch divide in the midst that part of the circle which is between those two marks Then laying your Ruler upon the point of the division and upon the center of those circles draw a line which shall be your Meridian and the true North and South Rumb upon which setting your compasse and laying your Ruler over the glasse that it may passe along over the Meridian and over the center or capitel of the rose or flie eithe said Ruler lieth over the North and South of the Compasse and then is the Compasse without variation or the Ruler declineth toward the North-east or South-west and how much it declineth that way so much the Compasse North-westeth or else it declineth towards the North-west and then it North-easteth so much as the Ruler declineth that way But to know the variation of the Compasse both at land and sea we will deliver another far more easie and certain way when we come to intreat of the universal Dial. CHAP. XIX Of the Sea-chart THe Sea-chart is nothing else but a lively picture of the earth and water And it containeth five notable things which do concern as well the true making of the Chart as also the inabling of the Mariner to know the way which he maketh the place where he is and the end of his journey The first is the laying out of the Coasts of the Land which that it may be truly done it is meet that every thing be set down in the Chart in the same course distance and heighth that shall be found in Navigation The second is that it containeth not onely the coast of the firm land but also all other particularities which do occur in sailing as namely Islands Iselets Banks or Bars Shoalds Rocks and Flats The third is the lines which signifie the 32 winds by the help whereof we may see whether the parts of the land be well laid out and in their true courses one from another And of these winds the black are the eight principal which are called whole winds The green be half winds or half parted winds and the red be the quarters of the winds You may know in your Chart whether these winds be well drawn if you trie with your compasses that all points of them be equally distant one from another and that all winds representing the same Rumb be parallels As namely that one Northeast and Southwest Rumb be parallel to another Northeast and Southwest Rumb The fourth is the graduation in all parts whereof it is meet that the degrees be equal one to another and that the parts of the land do directly lie East
answer unto one degree of Latitude 45 leagues and ¾ and you are then parted from your right line 42 leagues and ¼ Upon the seventh point doe answer unto one degree of Latitude 89 leagues and ¾ and you are departed from your right line 88 leagues as it appeareth out of the Table following The Table of the Author which is more precise Leagues of the course or Rumb Distance from the right line 1 17 ◠6 3 ½ 2 19 ⅜ 7 ¼ 3 21 11 ⅔ 4 24 ¾ 17 ½ 5 31 ½ 26 ⅕ 6 45 ¾ 42 ¼ 7 89 ¾ 88 The old Table which is less certaine Leagus of the course or Rumb Distance from the right line or Meridian 18 3 ½ 18 ½ 7 ½ 21 ½ 11 ⅔ 25 17 ½ 31 ½ 26 ½ 46 ½ 42 ½ 88 85 CHAP. XXVIII How you may come to know the Longitude or the course from East to West THat which the Cosmographers call Longitude is called by the Mariners the distance from the right line and the course of East and West and the heighth of East and West and it is a part of an East and west Rumb contained between two Meridians one of which runneth by the point or place from whence we departed and the other by the point where the ship is This distance from the right line is known by the mean of two things namely of the course and of the difference of Latitude or of the course and distance The course and the difference of the heighth being given you may know the said distance by traverse or by numbers By Geometry or traverse it is known in manner following the heighth or the distance of your ship from the Equinoctial being known and the Rumb also upon which you have sailed you must cast upon your chart a point by traverse and placing upon that point one of the points of your Compasses and the other upon the next Rumb of East and West you must place one point of another paire of Compasses at the haven or point from whence the ship departed and the other point upon the North and South Rumb which is next These two Compasses thus opened running by their Rumbs one towards another you must mark where the two points meet namely that which came out of the part from whence you departed and that which you removed from the point where the ship presently is being found by traverse and where those two points doe meet there make another point or prick Then looke how many leagues there are from the said third point to the point of traverse where the ship is both which doe alwaies beare East and West one from another so many leagues is your distance from the right line And if in stead of the leagues set down in the scale wee measure with degrees taken out of the graduation we shall have the degrees of Longitude which are between the point of our departure and the point of the place where presently we are And it is to be noted that alwayes when we sail we either alter our latitude onely and that is when we sail North and South or we alter the longitude onely that is when we sail by the self-same latitude going alwayes East and West by the same parrallel or we alter both latitude and longitude when we sail by any of the other 28 winds When we alter the latitude only we swerve not one jot from the right line or Meridian when we alter both longitude and latitude then must we find the longitude or distance from the right line in manner above-said But when your longitude onely is altered because then you must find out the point where the ship is by imagination onely there is no certain manner to know the longitude or distance from the right line but onely little more or lesse setting down a point by imagination and measuring by leagues or by degrees what distance there is between that and the point from which the ship departed By numbers you may find out the longitude in manner following The difference of your distance from the Equinoctial being known which is so many degrees more or less as you have increased or diminished in the heighth of the Pole look in the Table annexed to the chapter next before this for the leagues of distance from the right line which answer unto one degree by the rumb or point of the compass upon which you have sailed and multiplying those leagues by the number of degrees which you have increased or diminished in the heighth of the pole in your Navigation you shall then see how many leagues you are distant from the right line which passeth by the place from whence you came which leagues if you divide by 17 and an half then will appear unto you the degrees of longitude between the place from whence you departed and the point where you are CHAP. XXIX How you may set down in your Chart a new Land never before discovered IT may sometimes fall out in new Discoveries or when your ship by means of a tempest is driven out of her right course that you shall come to the sight of some Isle Shoald or new Land whereof the Mariner is utterly ignorant And to make some relation of the same or to go unto it some other time if you desire to set it down in your Sea-chart in the true place you may do it after this manner So soon as you have sight thereof mark it well first with your compass observing diligently upon which point thereof it lieth And secondly you must there take the heighth of the Sun or of the Pole-star that you may know in what point your ship is and that point you must call the first point which being so done your ship may sail on her course all that day till the day following without losing her way and the next day mark the land again and see upon what point it lieth and then take your heighth and with it cast your point of traverse once again and that you may call your second point Then take a pair of compasses and placing one foot upon the first point and the other upon the rumb towards which the land did bear when you cast your first point set also one foot of another pair of compasses in the second point and the other foot upon the rumb upon which the land lay when you cast your second point and these two compasses thus opened you must move by their rumbs till those two feet of both compasses do meet together which were moved from the foresaid two points and where they do so meet together there may you say is the land which you discovered which land you may point out with the in-lets and out-lets or capes and other signes which you saw thereupon And by the graduation you may see the latitude thereof that thereby you may finde it if at any time after you go to seek for it CHAP. XXX Seeing two known points or Capes of land
the Rock near Lisbon 10 0 N 38 55 24 30 In the Westermost part of Ireland 11 0 N 52 8 24 12 In the West part of England 12 40 N 50 21 28 0 Decreasing About one mile Eastward from Plimmouth 13 24 N â—0 18 30 0 By Tin mouth in the Sea 12 40 N 55 0 33 0 At London in England 11 30 N 51 24 34 6 In the Foreland of England 11 0 N 51 8 35 40 In Amsterdam 9 30 N 52 20 39 30    Northwesting     The Northwesting or the West variation of the second part or space towards the North Increasing At Helmshade to the westward from the North Cape of Finmarke 0 0   60 0 At the North Cape of Finmarke 0 55 N 71 25 61 30 At Norquinda 2 0 N 71 10 63 30 At S. Michael or Archangel in Russia 12 30 N 64 54 83 30 In the South streight of Vaigatz 24 30 N 69 30 103 0 At Langeness in Nova Zembla 25 0 N 73 20 100 30 Decreasing In Williams Iland In Nova Zembla 33 0 N 75 35 110 0 At Yshouck In Nova Zembla 27 0 N 77 12 120 30 At Winter-house In Nova Zembla 26 0 N 76 0 120 30 The Northeasting of the first part or space towards the South Increasing 105 Spanish leagues Westwards from Cape S Augustine in Brasile 0 0 S  0 0 At Cape S. Augustine in Brasile 3 10 S 8 30 6 0 North and South with Cape das Almas in Guinea 12 15 S 0 0 29 0 Towards the Northwest Northerly from the Ilands of Tristan da Cuneha 19 0 S 31 30 30 0 Decreasing Towards the Northwest Westerly from the same Ilands 15 0 S 31 30 36 0 North and South with the Cape of Good Hope 2 30 S 35 30 57 0    Northwesting     The Northwesting of the second part or space towardâ— the South except Goe Cochin Cantan Incrâ—asing 17 German miles from Cape das Aguillas Eastwards 0 0 S  60 0 5 miles in the Sea froÌ„ Terra de Natal 4 30 S 33 0 66 0 At the shoalds of Indie 11 0 S 22 0 79 30 In Mâ—sambique 11 0 S 14 50 81 40 In the Bay of S. Augustine in Madaâ—gascar 13 0 S 23 30 83 0 Southwards from Cape S Romane 16 0 S 28 0 86 20 In Anthonie Gills Bay in Madagascar 15 0 S 16 20 91 0 Decreasing 34 German miles Southeast from Brandaon 22 0 S 19 20 110 0 In Goa a famous Mart town in Indie 15 10 N 25 30 120 0 In Cochin 15 0 N 9 45 120 0 25 German miles West a little Northerly from the Southwest corner of Sumatra 6 0 S 5 28 147 0 In Bantam a Mart town of Java 4 45 S 6 0 150 0 In the Iland Lubocqua 2 25 S 6 10 155 0 In the Southwest corner from the I le of Balij 1 30 S 8 40 157 0 In the mouth of the river Cantan in China 0 0 N 23 0 160 0 In Buâ—â—aâ— 46 Dutch miles Eastwardâ— from the East part of Java 0 0 S  160 0 A declaration of the form â—r Table or veiw of variations BEfore wee come to the Declaration of this Table this first of all we would not have unknown namely that if perchance hereafter by more diligent and more exact experience any other variation Longitude or Latitude of places can be found then that which is set down in this Table so as it should be needfull to change the difinitions and expositions of some things and words here set down yet we ought not therefore to be scared from this purpose but much rather ought we to strive with all our strength to attain thereto that by little and little we may come to a more certain knowledge of things building upon these as upon foundations we therefore following this opinion will prosecute that as true which at this time is most like to be true that if others also do the same when occasion is given we may alwayes come neerer to that which is most true in the nature of things Which things being omitted that we may come to the declaration of the former Table first of all we say that the first of the three columnes which thou seest in the Table sheweth the variation of the place the second the Latitude to which the third is adjoyned containing the Longitudes as we could by conjecture attain unto them that the places might so much the more easily be found in the Globe and the manner of the variations might more plainly be shewed in that which followeth hereafter The mark of the letter N in the second column signifieth North Latitude and S South Then because in them mention is made of the variation of the Northeasting or the Northwesting increasing or decreasing all which as proper words of art have need of there several definitons first of all we must know that the Magneticall needle in one and the same place doth alwayes shew the same part of heaven but not the same part in all places for in some places it pointeth due North in other places it declineth more or lesse to the East or West Therefore in manner of a definition we will say thus The first definition THE Declination of the Magnetical needle from the North towards the East is called the Northeasting towards the West Northwesting and with a generall name it is called the variation but the variation and the North pointing of the needle that is the pointing of the needle due North may by a generall name be called the needle pointing or pointing of the needle As concerning those words of increasing and decreasing as also of the first and second part or space before we come to the definitions of them they have need of some precedent declaration It may be seen in the Table of variations that in Corvo the Magneticall needle pointeth due North but after that the more a man shall goe towards the East so much the more also shall he see the needle varie towards the East till he come one mile to the eastward from Plimouth where the variation comming to the greatest is 13 degr 24 min. From hence the Northeasting beginneth to decrease till you come to Helmshude which place is Westwards from the North Cape of Finmark where again the needle pointeth due North. Now the Longitude from Corvo to Helmshude is 60 Degr Which things being well weighed it appeareth that the greatest variation 13 degr 24 minutes at Plimouth the Longitude whereof is 30 degr is in the midst between the places where the needle pointeth due North. For 30 degrees is the midst between the beginning and 60 degrees And what is here said of the North part experience teacheth that the same taketh place in the South part also for 105 Spanish miles from Cape S Augustine at the begining of Longitude again it pointeth due North as it doth 17 Germaine
miles from Cape das Aguillas as it appeareth by the Table of variations which place is in the Longitude of 60 degrees and in the middest betwixt both at 30 degr as in the North part again there is the greatest Northeasting of which place there was this mention made in the Table or view of variations towards the Northwest Norâ—herly from the Ilands of Tristan de Cuncha where the variation is 19 degrees Out of these we may conclude that the Magneticall needle doth point due North in every place situate in two Meridiaâ— half Circles drawn from the one pole to the other by Corvo and Helmshudâ— And that the greatest Northeasting is in all places situate in the Meridian Semicircle drawn by that place which we said was distant one mile from Plimouth towards the East So as that part of the Earth which is conteyned between two Meridian Semicircles distant each from other 60 degrees in Longitude is the space wherein the Magneticall needle alwayes declineth from the North towards the East And the half of that part that is that portion of the Earth which is included between two Meridian Semicircles the first of which is drawn by the beginning the other by the 30 degr of Longitude is every where the place of the Northeasting increasing but the other half is the place of the Northeasting decreasing to wit when one goeth from the west Eastward following the order of the degrees of Longitude By this that hath been spoken of the first Segment with the Northeasting and his parts in one of which parts the Northeasting is increasing in the other decreasing it may easily be understood what the manner of the second Segment is with the Northwesting and what is the manner of the parts thereof whereof one is the part of the Northwesting increasing the other is the part of the Northwesting decreasing for in the mouth of the River Cantan in China at the Longitude of 160 degrees distant from Corvo the needle pointeth due North the third time there therefore drawing the third Meridian Semicircle the portion of the earth between the foresaid second Meridian Semicircle and this third distant each from other 100 degrees in Longitude shall be the space wherein the Magneticall needle declineth from the North towards the West and in the middle of both in the Meridian Semicircle 50 degrees distant from the second and as much from the third or otherwise 110 degrees removed from the first Meridian drawn by Corvo shall be the greatest variation of the Magneticall needle as it appeareth out of the Table of variations in two places whereof one is in Williams Iland at Nova Zembla where the greatest Northwesting is found to be 33 degrees The other is distant 34 Dutch miles to the Southeast from Brandaon where the greatest variation is found to be 22 degrees and the Longitude of each of those places is 110 degrees So as in the half of the second space which portion of the earth is conteyned between the Meridian Semicircles of 60 degrees Longitude and of 110 degr the Northwesting is every where increasing in the other half decreasing Of these 160 degrees of Longitude which arch wanteth but 20 degrees of half the compasse of the earth Plancius hath attained to the knowledg of the variation in such sort as now we have shewed As concerning the other parts of the World distant either towards the West from Corvo or towards the East from Cantan the experiments which hitherto the hath gotten from the Spaniards the Englishmen and our countrymen the Netherlanders doe not well agree Neither is it any marvell seeing they had neither perfect knowledge nor needfull Instruments for that purpose yet he expecteth other experiments from the ships which have now been abroad 14 moneths and more In the mean time we will bring forth that to publique view which a man may without absurditie imagine If so be that the propertie of pointing due North take place not onely in the three foresaid Semicircles which we conjecture to be Meridian Semicircles drawn from the one Pole to the other but in the whole Circles also there should then be six such Semicircles upon the earth conteyning also between them six parts or spaces of the upper face of the earth The first with the Northeasting 60 degrees long The second with the Northwesting 100 degr long The third with the Northeasting 20 degr long The fourth with the Northwesting 60 degr long The fifth with the Northeasting 100 degr long The sixth with the Northwesting 20 degr long That those things which have been spoken may by certain Geometricall figures be more clearly conceived let ABCDEFGHIKLM be the Equinoctiall of the earth let N be the Poâ—e then let NA be the half of the first Meridian Semicircle drawn by Corvo NC half of the second Semicircle NE of the third NG of the fourth NI of the fifth NL of the sixth So as the arch AC may make 60 degrees CE. 100 degr and so AE 160 degr EG 20 degr and so AG 180 degr GI 60. degr· and so AI 240. IL 100 degrees and so AL 340 degr LA 20 degr and so the whole Circle 360 degrees Then let the six points BDFHKM be the middles between AC CE EG GI IL LA. Which being supposed ANC shall signifie the first space with the Northeasting ANB the Northeasting of the first space increasing BNC the Northeasting of the first space decreasing CNE the second space with the Northwesting CND the Northwesting of the second space increasing DNE the Northwesting of the second space decreasing ENG the third space with the Northeasting ENF the Northeasting of the third space increasing FNG the Northeasting of the third space decreasing GNI the fourth space with the Northwesting GNH the Northwesting of the 4 space increasing HNI the Northwesting of the 4 space decreasing INL the fift space with the Northeasting INK the Northeasting of the fift space increasing KNL the Northeasting of the fift space decreasing LNA the sixt space with the Northwesting LNM the Northwesting of the 6 space increasing MNA the Northwesting of the 6 space decreasing The second Definition The Northeasting or Northwesting increasing is that whereby the variation increaseth the Magneticall needle being caried from the West Eastwards and the Northeasting or the Northwesting decreasing is that whereby it decreaseth The third Definition The Semicircles of the Meridian in which the needle pointeth due North wee call the first and second Meridian Semicircles and so forwards according to the order of the degrees of Longitude how many soever such Semicircles there shal be beginning at the Semicircle drawn by Corvo The fourth Definition The portion of the Sphaericall superficies or round upper face of the earth conteyned by the first and second Meridian Semicircles is called the first part or space and the rest in order the second the third and so forth unto the end Having thus set down the manner of the variation it remaineth that we shew by examples that which