degrées .56 miles belongeth to one degrée of Lōgitude Now the poles being raysed .29 degrées .52 miles do answer to one degrée The poles being raised .36 degrées .48 miles do answer to one degrée The pooles .42 degrées raysed .44 miles goeth to one degrée of Longitude The Pole raised .57 degrees .32 miles to one degrée The Pole raised .62 degrées .28 miles to one degrée The Pole raised .66 degrées .24 miles to one degrée The Pole raysed .70 degrées .20 miles to one degrée The Pole raysed .74 degrées .16 miles to one degrée The Pole raysed .78 degrées .12 miles to one degrée The Pole raysed .82 degrées .8 miles to one degrée The Pole raysed .86 degrées .4 miles to one degrée The Pole being raysed to the hyest at .90 degrées being then your Zenith there all the Meridians méete A demonstration to knowe howe many miles will answere vnto a degree in Longitude in euery seueral latitude betwene the equinoctial and any of the two Poles This demōstration doth shewe you howe manye myles wyll aunswer to a degree for euery seueral Altitude of the Pole in the halfe circle is marked the eleuation of the Pole in the lyne of Diameter or right line is marked the miles answering euerye degrée and to know howe many miles wil aunswer vnto one degrée first lay the thréed vnto the eleuation of the pole that you do require the number of myles vnto one degree then the iust length of the threde being marked lay the threde vnto the line of Diameter or right line whiche is the line of miles and then you shall see at that place is the number of miles vnto one degrée c. Now you must consider that euery houre of time in the chaunging of the Moone or of the Eclipses you must allow .15 degrees euery degree in miles as you do sée in your Latitude of the countrie as thus those places that be to the Westwards of your towne place or countrie by .15 degrées the Moone shall chaunge rather with them thā with you by one houre bycause that they shall touch your Meridian before theirs by one houre And if the towne or place be to the Eastwards of you by .15 degrées then shall the Moone chaunge rather with you than with them by one houre as for an ensample thus with vs at London the .xx. day of May 1574. the Moone shall chaunge at .12 of the clocke at Noone .5 minutes Now to the Westwards as farre as Lishburne in Portingall the Moone shall chaunge that same day at .11 of the clocke .8 minutes the Longitude being thereof from the Canarie Ilands .5 degrées .36 minutes Now to the Eastwards that same day at noone the Moone shall chaunge at one of the clocke .12 minutes bicause that they haue Longitude .36 degrées .40 minutes from the Cannary Ilands and then by this accompt .7 degrées and a halfe will aunswer to halfe an houre and then .3 degrées and a quarter will make a quarter of an houre and then .9 miles and a quarter will make one minute of time with vs at London in our Latitude so by this rule you may knowe at what time and minute the Eclipses or chaunges of the Moone doe happen knowing for what place your Almanacke was made for commonly we heere in England do make them for the cittie of London Thus muche haue I saide as touching the true time of the chaunge of the Moone for that some people as I haue sayde before in the .3 chapter do contemne and saye why do they not giue or make rules for euer to knowe the houre and minute of the chaunge full and quarters of the Moone And yet they be vtterly voyde of any knowledge in the Mathematicall Science whereby they might knowe the true time of the chaunge of the Moone For it is a question Astronomicall to know the Moones motion a question Geometricall to know the true time of the aspectes or measure betwéene the Sunne and the Moone and thirdly it is a question Cosmographicall to knowe the true Longitude of the place he is in at the time when the Moone chaungeth c. Nowe foloweth the next rule whiche shall treate of Longitude and Latitude ¶ The .17 Chapter or rule treateth of the Longitude and Latitude of certaine of the most notable places in Englande and also howe long the Moone doth change at the one towne before the other with the diuersitie of the longest day in Sommer from South Hampton to the Northermost parte in Scotland NOwe in this rule foloweth the Longitude and Latitude of the most part of the principall places in England The Southermost place in England is the Lizarde in Cornwal the Longitude thereof is .15 degrées .5 minutes the Latitude 50. degrees .45 minutes S. Michaels Mount hath in Longitude .14 degrees .20 minutes in Latitude .51 degrees .6 minutes Falmouth hath Longitude .15 degrees .12 minutes Latitude .51 degrees .0 minuts Plimmouth hath Longitude 19. degrees .7 minutes Latitude .51 degrées .1 minute South Hāpton Longit. 18. degr 52. minuts Latitude .51 degr 2. mi. Portsmouth Longitude .19 degrees .7 minutes Latitude .51 degrées .3 minutes Rye Longitude .20 degrées .22 minutes Latitude .51 degrees .5 minutes Douer Longitude .21 degr 40. minutes Latitude .51 degrées .26 minutes Canterburie Longitude .21 degrées .25 minutes Latitude .51 degr 28. mi· Sandwich Longitude .21 degr 38. minuts Latitude .51 degr 29. minutes London Longitude .15 degr 54. minutes Latitude .51 degr 32. minuts Grauesend Longitude .20 degr 14. minuts Latitude .51 degr 31. minuts Bristowe Longitude 17. degr 8. minutes Latitude .51 degr 42. minuts Haruarde Longitude .17 degr 0. minutes Latitude .52 degr 2. minuts S. Dauids head Longitude .15 degr 5. minuts Latitude .52 degr 15. minuts Oxford Longitude .18 degr 59. minut Latitude .51 degr 50. minuts Cambridge Longitude .20 degr 6 minuts Latitude .52 degr 0. minuts Norwich Longitude 21. degr 20. minuts Latitude .52 degr 10. minuts Lincolne Longitude .20 degr 28. minuts Latitude .52 degr 6. minuts Weshpoole Longitude .16 degr 40. minutes Latitude .53 degr 6. minuts Westchester Longitude .15 degr 29. minuts Latitude .53 degr 34. minuts Hull Longitude .20 degr 54. minuts Latitude .53 degr 57. minuts Yorke Longitude .20 degr 0. minuts Latitude .54 degr 1. minute Cockermouth Longitude .17 degr 0. minuts Latitude .55 degr 8. minuts Carlyle Longitude .17 degr 48. minuts Latitude .55 degr 2. minuts Newcastle Longitude .20 degr 31. minuts Latitude .55 degr 0. minuts Barwicke Longitude .20 degr 48. minuts Latitude .56 degr 23. minuts Edenborow in Scotlande Longitude .19 degr 50. minuts Latitude .57 degr 0. minuts Now by the Longitude Latitude you may know the length of the day both in Sommer and in Winter with the perfit houre and minute of the changes of the Moone and how long the Moone doth change at one town before another through the whole realme of England And now in order as I haue begon before I will
the transitorie doe agrée with the two markes you shall be halfe way to the shore then looke howe farre the shippe hath gone in that time for the same distance is vnto the land frō the ship But if you remoue the transitory but a quarter the length of the transitorie to youwards then at the place wher the end of the transitorie doth agrée with the .2 markes shall be one quarter of the distance betwéene the shore you at the first obseruation it shall be .3 times that quantitie vnto the shore c. And to know the ships way some do vse this which as I take it is very good they haue a pece of wood a line to vere out ouer borde with a small line of a great lengthe whiche they make fast at one ende and at the other ende and middle they haue a piece of a line which they make fast with a small thred to stande like vnto a crowfoote for this purpose that it should driue a sterne as fast as the shippe doth go away from it alwayes hauing the line so ready that it goeth out as fast as the shippe goeth In like manner they haue either a minute of an houre glasse or else a knowne part of an houre by some number of wordes or suche other like so that the line being vered out and stopt iuste with that time that the glasse is out or the number of wordes spoken which done they hale in the logge or piece of woode againe and loke howe many fadome the shippe hath gone in that time that being knowne what part of a league soeuer it be they multiplie the number of fadomes by the portion of tyme or part of an houre Whereby you may knowe iustly howe many leagues and partes of a league the ship goeth in an houre c. For an Englishe league doth containe .250 fadome And a spanish or portingale league doth contain .2857 fadomes c. ¶ The fiftenth Chapter or rule treateth of the Longitude c. NOwe some there be that be very inquistiue to haue a way to get the longitude but that is to tedious For this they must consider that the whole frame of the firmament is caried round from the east to the west in .24 hours so as ther remaineth neither light nor marke but goeth rounde sauing only the .2 poles of the world and these .2 stand alwayes fast But as I sayd before in the .9 rule of him that going South or North doth raise or lay the pole and in like case of the Equinoctiall altering his paralele and causing the light of the firmamēt to alter the time of their shining or abiding aboue our Horizon so he that goeth directly east or weast doth neither raise nor lay the pole so that still the lights of the firmamēt doth make one maner of arch according to their latitude or declination but the going East or Weast doth alter the Meridian causing the planets to haue their aspects at another hour or time altering the time of the changes of the moone also the time of the Eclipses which is necessary for all trauellers by Sea or by lande Therefore I thought it néedefull to be spoken of for as countries haue Latitude from the pole so in like manner they haue appointed Longitude Now therfore you may get the Latitude with instrumentes but the Longitude you must bring from another place which you can do but with a globe or else a mappe or card and then you must measure from the Meridian of the Canarie Ilands otherwise called the fortunate Ilandes And in oure Latitude of London euery .555 miles whiche conteineth .15 degrées wil aunswer to one houre of time and vnder the Equinoctiall .900 miles to .15 degrées the degrées be as long as the degrées of Latitude but towards the pole fewer and fewer till they come to nothing vnder the .2 poles And nowe .37 miles which are at London will aunswer to one degree of our Latitude at .51 or .52 degrées of eleuation of the pole but the cause why the Longitude was fetched from the Canarie Ilands I know not but it was as I suppose bycause it was then the westermost place then knowen for Ptholemeus was the firste that ordeyned that rule Nowe furthermore bycause you shall knowe the better I would draw out certain of the chéefest places about thys Realme of England both their Longitude and Latitude by which you shall know what manner of Arch the Sun with the other lights dothe make and also by the Longitude you may know at what time the Moone with any of the Planets doth make any aspect Besides this the Eclipses of the Sun or Moone with the chaunge quarters and full Moone by a true and exact Ephemerides through all England to knowe the verie true houre and minute of the time of the diameter considering for what Longitude or place your Almanacke was made And now to get the Longitude you may do it at the time of the Eclipse of the Moone for that the Eclipses of the Moone be generall so that she being aboue your Horizon in any place vpon the superficiall parts of the earth or Sea considering as I said before by your Almanacke at that time when the Eclipse should happen the very houre and minute knowing also the place that your Almanacke was made for that done according to this rule with a precise instrument you shall take the alteration of the time with the houre and minute of the Eclipse And furthermore you might know your Longitude with the Ephemerides by the coniunction of the Moone with other fixed Starres if it were not for one great infirmitie and that is the paralex of the Moone whiche the semidiametre of the earth doth cause by the néerenesse of the Moone vnto the earth wherefore I woulde not any Sea men shoulde be of that opinion that they mighte get anye Longitude with instrumentes Therefore let no Sea men trouble themselues with anye such rule but according to their accustomed manner let them kéepe a perfite accompt and reckening of the way of their shippe whether the shippe goeth to lewards or makith hir way good considering alwayes what thinges be against them or with them as tides currents winds or such like As for the rule of Longitude it followeth in the next Chapter The .16 Chapter sheweth how many miles vvill aunsvver to one degree of Longitude in euery seuerall Latitude betweene the Equinoctiall and any of the a poles with the demonstration for that purpose and the diuersities of aspectes of the Moone NOw by this rule shal I teach you how many miles wil answer to one degree for euery seuerall Latitude to any of the .2 poles either articke or antarticke And first vnder the Equinoctiall the .2 poles being euen with the Horizō 60. miles do answer to one degrée as I said in the .15 rule And now shall follow the rest Where the poles be raised .21
day at any time in any place What the day is The North Starres declination ▪ In going southwards you rayse the equinoctiall lay the pole in going to the northwards rayse the pole and lay the Equinoctiall Of englishe leagues and spanish leagues A mile containeth 1000. pases and euery pase .5 fote A degree is 60. miles or 20. englishe leagues A note to knowe in how far sayling you do rayse or lay a degree in the sayling by any one point of the compasse A note for the land rysing in diuers shapes or fashions To knowe how far the lande is frō you Where two lands be but one point asunder Of .2 places to be one point asunder To be two points asūder 3. pointes asunder 4. pointes asunder 5. pointes asunder 6. pointes asunder Of going or sayling right into the shore A way to knowe how one hedland beareth of another To knowe the distance at the Sea betweene any .2 headlandes To knowe howe far it is vnto the land an other way To knowe the shippes way An englishe league .2500 fadome A Spanish league .2857 fadome Altering the time of rising and setting of the lights Altering the aspects Of Latitude and Longitude 15. degrees is an houre of time and at London it is .555 miles Longitude beginneth at the Cannary Ilāds To know the true time of the aspects of the Mone The Longitude is not to be gotten with instrumēts on the Sea. 15. degrees answereth vnto an houre of time To knowe the true time of the change quarters of the moon is a question astronomicall geometricall and cosmographicall To know the diuersitie of the time of the chaunge of the moon through all England To know the lēgth of the longest day through all England Scotlande You cannot drawe the Land sea true vpon a flat thing To make a Sea plat or carde The compasse of the earth The compasse of the earth vnder the tropick of Cancer The artick circle of Lōdon vnder the Polare circle How to vse the globe to direct your course and to knowe how that any place doth beare The distāce between the equinoctiall and the tropick of Cancer Between the artick circle of London the tropick of Cancer The cause why that you may see the sailes of a ship not the whole To knowe howe many foote and ynches that the water is higher than the leuell or the sea between two ships What a ken is and the cause why you may see a ship further out of the top then vpon the hatches Not to paint their Sea cards but to vse the vacant places with other necessary matters To draw the shape of the lād in their cardes Great infirmities by mistaking any place How necessary a thing the sea cardes be .3 necessarie things in the sea cardes To knowe howe any place dothe beare from you by the carde To knowe howe far it is vnto any place by the carde To knowe what Latitude or heigth of the pole any place hath by the carde Things to be cōsidered by the M. or pilote of a ship They may correct the ships waye by the taking the heigth of the Pole. To knowe howe far that the lande is of from you by the sight of the lande with youre compasses to do it vpon the land If the pole be raysed more than 50. or .60 degrees it is to hye to be obserued by the crosse Staffe These Starres will serue beyond the Equinoctiall To knowe the rising and setting of these Starres in all places by the order of the xi Chapter The order of the table following How to vse the starres declination to know the heigth of the Pole. The .11 chapter will shewe howe long any of these stars wil shine in all places The signification of the letters in the table The sunne and moone doth giue a full shadow by the compasse The Equinoctiall diall giueth a true shadowe all the world ouer A perilous matter The moone may decline 28. degrees and a halfe from the Equinoctiall Of mē that wil haue instruments and knowe not the vse of them An easie waye to make an equinoctiall diall with little charge The sounding neare vnto Vshāt and the Lizarde The sounding in the channell The higth of the pole at the entrāce of the Sleeue Necessary things to be noted for thē that are Chānellers dealers amongst sandes Of the cōpasse to varie by euen proportion Of the cōpasse to vary by no proportion Of the compasse to varie according vnto the proportion of a circle that is swiftly slowly To know in how many degrees goyng but the Eastwarde or Westwarde that the cōpasse doth varie one poynt or .2 points or .3 points c. To knowe how many degrees is in the varying of one poynt If you wil know howe many leagues a degree is repayre to the 16. chapter There may growe some errour in the proportion of the varying of the Compasse Thinges that I can not know Of slowe varying of the cōpasse How easy it is to knowe whether that the cōpasses made in the West Indies ▪ do stād due North. Of making notes of the variation The Table of the contents of this booke THe first chapter of Nauigatiō sheweth what the .32 poyntes of the compasse be and to what vses they do serue Fol. 8. a The .2 chapter treateth of the golden number or prime shewing the Epact and by the Epact to knowe the age of the Moone Fol. 9. b The .3 chapter teacheth howe to know by the age of the Moone what a clocke it dothe flowe or is full Sea at any place where you do knowe what Moone maketh a full Sea. Fol. 10. b The .4 chap. treateth of the Sunne and Moones course in the Zodiacke and howe you shall knowe at what houres the Moone shal rise and set at and at what poynt of the Compasse with other necessarie things Fo. 14 ▪ a The .5 chapter is of a table of declination commonly called of Seafaring men a Regiment of the sunne exactly calculated for .4 yeres and will serue for .24 yeres for euery daye of the monthe Fol. 16. b The .6 chapter sheweth howe to take the height of the Sunne with the Crosse staffe c. Fol. 26. a The .7 chapter sheweth howe to handle the declination of the Sunne to know the altitude of the north pole aboue the Horizon the height of the Sunne beeing truly taken knowne in any place betweene the North pole and the Equinoctial so that the sunne be vnto the Southwards of you at the taking of the fame vpon the Meridian Fol. 29. a The .8 chapter sheweth you how to handle the declination of the Sunne when you are betweene the Equinoctiall and the sunne that is to say the sunne to the Southwardes or Northwards of you and the Equinoctiall to the Northwards or Southwards or vnder the Equinoctiall the height of the sun being truly knowē or takē f. 30. b The .9 chap. sheweth howe to handle the declination of the sunne when you are beyonde the Equinoctial that is to say betweene the South pole and the Equinoctiall with certen ensamples bothe for the South pole and the North pole Fol. 32. a The .10 chapter sheweth howe to handle the sunnes declinatiō vnto the Northward where the sunne doth not set vnder the Horizō and also to take the sun at the lowest due north f. 34. b The .11 chap. doth shew howe you shall know the length of the day and to know how muche the day is shortned or lengthened by the sunnes declination Fol. 36. a The .12 ch is of the North-star f. 38. a The .13 chap. doth shew you by the sayling vpō the quarter of your compasse in how far sayling you do rayse a degree and what you do depart from the Meridian c. Fol. 39. a The .14 chapter sheweth howe to knowe howe farre any lande is off from you if you knowe the distance betwene any two places whether that you do runne alongst by the lande or directly to the shore or otherwise with other necessarie things Fol. 40. a The .15 chapter treateth of the longitude c. Fol. 42. b The .16 chapter sheweth how many miles will answere to one degree of longitude in euery seueral latitude betweene the Equinoctiall and eyther of the two poles with the demōstratiō for that purpose also the diuersitie of aspects of the Moone fo 44. a The .17 chapter treateth of the longitude and latitude of certayne of the most notable townes in Englande and also how long the moone doth chaūge at one towne before an other with the diuersitie of the longest day in sommer from Southhampton to the northermost part in Scotland Fo. 45. b The .18 chapter sheweth howe to sayle by the globe And to know how much the water is hyer than the leuell betweene any two shippes on the Sea which groweth by the roundnesse of the earth Fol. 47. a The .19 chapter is as touching the making of plattes or Cardes for the Sea and not to paynt their Cardes as they doe but rather to fill the vacant places with other necessarie matters and also of three necessary things conteyned in the Plattes or Cardes with their vses Fol. 49. a The .20 chapter is of the longitude and declination of .32 notable fixed starres for Nauigation with tables of their shining and at what poynt of the compasse they do both rise and set it hathe also tables for euery monthe in the yere declaring at what time they wil be South c. which wil continue these .100 yeres without muche error Fol. 51. b The .21 chapter sheweth you the making of a generall Instrument to know the houre of the day by through out all the worlde Fol. 57. b The .22 chap. treateth of the soundings cōming from any place out of the Occidentall Sea to seeke Vshant or the Lizarde and so all alongst tyll you come to the coast of Flaunders with other necessarie matters to be knowne for them that be Chanellers that occupie or deale amongst sandes bankes c. Fol. 59. b The .23 chapter is as touching the variation of the Compasse called the Northeasting and Northweasting of the Compasse and howe to giue a gesse to know the longitude Fol. 61. a FINIS
other halfe of the heauens and twice .180 maketh .360 the whole contents of the compasse of euery greate circle in the heauens 17. VVhat a Minute is OF Minuts there be two sortes minuts of time and minuts of measure and is no other thing but the lesser parte of tyme or measure whiche is the .60 parte of a degree or the .60 parte of an houre and all the diuisions in these matters is by .60 For as .60 Minuts is a degrée or an hour so .60 seconds is a Minute and .60 thirds is a seconde and .60 fourths is a third c. 18. Altitude is heigthe the vse thereof ALtitude is the heigthe of any thing taken as the heigthe of the Sunne or any Starre or the heigth of the Pole aboue the horizon or the heigth of a steeple or a tower or such other lyke 19. Latitude is widenesse the vse thereof LAtitude is in the heauens if the Moone or any other Starre be vnto the South parts or the North partes of the ecliptick that then it is sayde to be so manye degrees in latitude or widenesse from the line ecliptick to the South or North part and also latitude is counted vpon the earthe in like maner if that you be in any place betwéene from vnder the equinoctiall either to the South or North part betwéene any of the .2 Poles that you are so many degrées in latitude from the equinoctiall c. 20. Longitude is length the vse thereof LOngitude in the heauens is if the Sunne or Moone or any other Starre be in suche a signe so many degrées that then it is said that they haue longitude in such a signe and so many degrées And also longitude vpon the earth is counted from the Canarie Ilands vnto the Eastward as this if that any towne or cittie be vnto the Eastwards so many degrées from the Canarie Ilands then it is sayde that the cittie or towne is so many degrées in Longitude whereby is knowne the time of the chaunges of the Moone or any other aspecte or anye Eclipse of the Sunne or Moone at the cittie or towne 21. Declination is leaning the vse thereof DEclination is counted in the heauens if that the Sunne or any other Starre be vnto the North part or South part of the equinoctiall then it is saide that the Sunne or Starre hath so many degrees of declination to the South or to the North parts as it happeneth c. 22. Circumference is the compasse of a circle by the outer edge DIameter is the bredth of a circle passing right ouer the center or midle thereof from outside vnto outside 23. Center is the middle pricke in any circle equally distant from the edge of the circle in euery place AParelell line or circle is if two lines or more how many soeuer there be be equally distaunt in euery place alike being right lines 24. Auge what it is AVge is a point in the heauens whē the Sunne or Moone is excentrick going neerer vnto the heauens and further from the earth than hir common order is and the opposition thereof is when that the Sunne and Moone do come nearer vnto the earth than they do at any other time The vse thereof THe vse thereof is to knowe when that they be in theyr swift motion or in their slow motiō in the point of Auge they be in their slow motiō in the opposition thereof in their swift motion 25. VVhat the head or tayle of the Dragon is THe head of the Dragon is the place where that the Moone dothe come ouer the line Ecliptick from the South part vnto the North part and the tayle of the Dragon is where the Moone passeth ouer the line ecliptick from the Northe part vnto the South part The vse of the head and tayle of the Dragon TThe vse of the head and tayle of the Dragon is to know when that there is any eclipse of the Sunne or Mone and of what quantitie or greatnesse the eclipse is 26. VVhat Nauigation is NAuigation is this how to direct his course in the Sea to any place assigned and to consider in that direction what things may stande with him what things may stand against him hauing consideration how to preserue the ship in all stormes and chaunges of weather that may happen by the way to bring the ship safe vnto the port assigned and in the shortest time The vse of Nauigation THe vse thereof is this fyrste too knowe howe that the place dothe beare from him by what winde or poynte of the compasse and also how farre that the place is from hym and also to consider the streame or tide gates Currents which way that they do set or driue the ship and also to consider what daungers is by the waye as rockes and sandes and suche other lyke impedimentes and also if that the wynde chaunge or shifte by the waye to consider which way to stand and direct his course vnto the most aduantage to attayne vnto the port in shortest time and also if anye stormes doe happen by the way to consider how for to preserue the shippe and the goodes and too bring hir safe vnto the porte assygned And also it is moste principally to be considered and foreséene that if they haue hadde by occasion of a contrarye tempest for too goe very muche out of the course or way too knowe then howe that the place dothe then beare that is to say by what poynte of the compasse the place dothe stande from you and also how farre it may be from you Whyche way to bée knowne is this firste to consider by what poynte that the shippe hath made hir way by and how fast and swiftly that the shippe hathe gone and to consider how often that the shippe hathe altered hir course and how muche that she hathe gone at euery tyme and then to consider all thys in youre platte or carde and so you may gyue an néere gesse by what poynte or wynde it beareth from you and also howe farre it is thither And also you may haue a greate helpe by the Sunne or Starres to take the heigthe of the Pole aboue the horizon and also in some place you may gesse by the sounding bothe by the depth and also by the grounde And also it is verye meete and necessarye to knowe any place when that hée dothe sée it 27. Of instrumentes to vse at the Sea for to take he heigthe of the Sunne or any Starres ALl instrumentes too take the heighte of the Sunne or anye Starre the originall of the making thereof it is eyther a circle or the parte of a circle whose diuision is the .360 parte of a circle what forme soeuer that it hathe as your crosse staffe it is marked according vnto the proportion of a circle and euery one of the degrées is the equall parte of a circle the thrée hundred and sixtie part c. The vse of the Instruments THe vse of the Instrumentes as Astrolobes or
pointes containe .24 houres that is to say one point containeth .3 quarters of an hour .45 minutes and .2 pointes one houre and a halfe .4 pointes .3 houres 8. poyntes .6 houres .12 poyntes .9 houres .16 poyntes .12 houres and so to the rest of the poyntes And euery houre contayneth .60 minutes and euery halfe houre .30 minutes and euery quarter of an houre .15 minutes and after that rate .45 minutes maketh thrée quarters of an houre ¶ The second Chapter or rule treateth of the Golden number or Prime shewing the Epacte and by the Epacte to knowe the Age of the Moone IT is necessary and conuenient for the Seafaring men to knowe the Prime or Golden number for by the Golden number is knowne the Epacte and the Epacte sheweth the age of the Moone or chaunge day within .12 houres vnder or ouer and by the age of the Moone you may know at what a clocke it doth flowe in any place that you doe knowe what Moone doth make a full Sea therefore it is méete too know the Epacte and that is knowne by the Pryme or Golden number The cause why it was called the Golden number was bycause it was sent out of Egypte in letters of golde too the Romaines or Citie of Rome The cause why that it is called the Pryme was for that it was the first order that the Moones course was known by and it is thus knowne Adde one to the yeare of our Lord that you would knowe the Golden number or Pryme of then deuide the number by .19 the remainer is the Pryme and multiply that by .11 and looke what the number commeth vnto deuide that by .30 the remayner is the Epact Then when you haue once the Epact adde .11 to your Epact for euery yere more and looke what that commeth to that is your Epact and if it do passe .30 put that away and keepe the remainer for your Epact And thus this rule will serue for euer sauing when the Pryme beginneth at one for then the Epacte is .11 and then doe as aforesayde as you may perceyue by this table héere following ¶ The Table of Pryme and Epacte for .19 yeares and vvhen those .19 yeares be ended then beginne againe and so it will serue for euer c. The yere of the Lorde Pryme Epact 1574 17 7 1575 18 18 1576 19 29 1577 1 11 1578 2 22 1579 3 3 1580 4 14 1581 5 25 1582 6 6 1583 7 17 1584 8 28 1585 9 9 1586 10 20 1587 11 1 1588 12 12 1589 13 23 1590 14 4 1591 15 15 1592 16 26 THe Prime or Golden number is the time of .19 yeares in the which time the Moone maketh all hir chaunges or coniunctions with the Sunne and when all these .19 yeares be expired then she beginneth againe as for example This yeare being the yeare of our Lord .1574 she chaunged the .22 day of March and euery yere doth alter .11 days of hir change till the yere .1593 and then she chaungeth the sayd .22 daye of March againe as I shewed you before The Epacte is the putting to .11 for euery yeare Nowe furthermore to knowe the age of the Moone do thus take the number of the Epact for your yere beginning at March alwayes and recken how many monthes it is from March counting March for one then recken howe many dayes of the moneth it is in whiche you would knowe the age of the Moone Then put all your numbers togither that is to say your Epacte your moneth from March and euery day of the moneth then looke howe many it amounteth vnto that is the age of the Moone but if it passe .30 throwe all the .30 away and kéepe that that will not be .30 for when the age of the Moone is iust .30 then is it the chaunge daye and if it be the fiftéenth daye of the age of the Moone then the Moone is at the full When the age is betwéene seuen dayes and eight then is the first quarter And if it be .xxij. dayes olde then the Moone is at the laste quarter as for example this yeare .1574 I looke and finde the Epacte .7 for the yeare nowe I woulde knowe the age of the Moone the .13 daye of Iune Nowe I recken how many monthes it is from March reckning March for one and I finde it is foure monethes then I take and adde all these togyther that is to say seuen for the Epacte and foure for the monethes that is to say March Aprill May Iune and then .13 for the dayes of the moneth and all commeth to .24 So that you may conclude that the Moone is .24 days olde and was at the last quarter two dayes before ¶ The thirde Chapter or rule treateth hovv to knovv by the age of the Moone what houre it dothe flowe or is full Sea at any place where you doe knowe what Moone maketh a full Sea. NOwe by the age of the Moone you may knowe at what houre it floweth in any place where you do know what Moone maketh a full Sea whiche rule commonly the Sea men cal the shifting their Sunne and Moone and many wayes there be too doe it for thus they may doe it Let them deuide one houre into .5 parts and thē take .4 of those parts and put the fifth part away that serueth for the alteration of 24. houres the foure fift parts of an houre are .48 minuts and the .5 part of an houre is .12 minuts A floud and an ebbe dothe alter .24 minuts forwards as this for example it floweth at .12 of the clocke at the Lands end vpon the chaunge day the Moone being in the South at all times a full Sea ▪ The Moone being one day old it floweth at .12 of the clocke 48. minuts .2 dayes olde it floweth at one of the clock .36 minuts .3 days old it floweth at .2 of the clock .24 minuts four dayes old it floweth at .3 of the clocke .12 minuts fiue dayes old it floweth at .4 of the clocke iust Sixe dayes old it floweth at .4 of the clocke .48 minuts Seuen dayes old at .5 of the clocke .36 minuts Eight dayes old at .6 of the clocke .24 ▪ minuts Nine dayes old at .7 of the clocke .12 minuts Ten dayes old it floweth at .8 of the clocke iust Eleuen dayes old at .8 of the clocke .48 minuts 12. dayes .9 of the clocke .36 minuts 13. dayes old .10 of the clocke .24 minuts 14. days old it floweth at .11 of the clocke .12 minuts 15. dayes old it floweth at .12 of the clock iust then being the full Moone and so begin againe as you did before at one day old and so foorth For the course of the tides is nothing else but to adde for euery day◠of the age of the Moone one houre pulling backe the fifth par◠of an houre being .12 minuts and by this accompt you maye at all times knowe at what a clocke
the pole and howe manye degrées and minutes c. North The Guardes in the Northe the Starre is .3 degrees vnder the Pole. North east The Gards in the northeast the North star is .3 degrees and a halfe vnder the Pole. East The Guardes in the East the Northe Sarre is one degree and a halfe vnder the Pole. Sooth east The Guardes in the South east the North Star is halfe a degree aboue the Pole. Sooth The Guardes in the Southe the North Star is 3. degrees aboue the Pole. Sooth west The Guardes in the Southwest the Starre is .3 degrees and a halfe aboue the Pole. West The Guards in the West the star is one degree and a halfe aboue the Pole. North west The Guardes in the Northwest the Star is halfe a degree vnder the Pole. ¶ The thirtenth chapter dothe shewe you by the sayling vpon the quarter of your compasse in how far sayling you do rayse a degree and what you doe departe from the Meridian and in the ende there is a Demonstration therof FUrthermore bycause there be some that desire to knowe the alteration of a point to this ende that in running of one poynte they may rayse or lay a degree soner in one than in an other as in the sayling south or North kéeping one Meridian they rayse or lay the Pole. As this for your example In going to the North you doe rayse the Pole and lay the Equinoctial Contrarywise going towardes the South you laye the Pole and rayse the Equinoctiall But in sayling or going East or Weast you do neyther alter your Pole nor Paralele but onely your Meridian Whereas in sayling of any other poynte you doe alter both your Pole and Paralele and also your Meridian Wherefore I will open vnto you in sayling vppon one of the quarters of the compasse what euery pointe doth rayse or lay one degrée in how farre sayling and howe many myles you be departed from the place you departed from and what space you be departed from your Meridian But heere is one thing to be noted as I suppose in the most part of cardes they allowe for euery degree but .17 leagues and a half your cards be most commonly made in Lishborne in Portugal in Spayne or else in Fraunce But as I take it we in England should allowe .60 myles to one degrée that is after .3 miles to one of our Englishe leagues wherefore .20 of oure English leagues shoulde answere to one degrée for that .3 of our myles will not make one of their leagues And bycause they make their acountes by their leagues in the cardes and not by oures therefore I will shew you by our Englishe myles An English myle conteyneth .1000 pases and euery pase .5 foote and euery foote .12 ynches Nowe some thinke that a pase can not be .5 foote but a pase Geometrical is .2 reasonable steppes for it can not be a pase vntill the hinder foote be remoued forwards and those 2. steppes will containe .5 foote and so maye any man endure to goe at pleasure But nowe to our purpose For the sayling of one quarter of the compasse this is to be noted First that in sayling directly south or North you do raise or lay the Pole a degrée in 60. myles going In the altering of one point from the South or North in .61 myles and you be departed from the lyne of East and Weast or the Meridian .12 myles In altering of the seconde poynt you rayse a degree in sayling of .65 myles and departe from your Meridian .25 myles In altering of the .3 poynte you doe rayse or lay one degrée in sayling .72 myles and a .9 part and are departed from your Meridian .40 myles Moreouer in altering of the 4. point you do raise or lay a degrée in the going of .85 myles depart from your Meridian .60 miles In altering of the .5 point or winde you raise a degrée in the sayling of .108 miles and depart from your Meridian .90 miles In sayling by the 6. point you raise or lay one degrée in .157 miles and depart from your Meridian line 145. miles Last of all in sayling by the .7 pointe or winde you doe raise a degrée in going of .308 miles and depart from your Meridian line .302 miles and after this manner you may consider of the other three quarters of the compasse But if you require to knowe the raysing or laying of a degrée by the leagues of the cardes that is at .17 leagues and a halfe then reade the arte of Nauigation and there shall you finde howe many degrées you be departed fro your Meridian and also from the place that you departed from and yet that serueth for no other place but onely for vnder the Equinoctiall for he that maketh account of it in any other place shall be deceiued For euer as you goe to any of the .2 Poles your degrées be stil shorter and shorter till such time as your Meridian méete vnder the two Poles whereof I intreat in the .16 Chapter For the better vnderstanding of the things aforesayd looke on this figure folowing ¶ The .14 Chapter teacheth to know hovv far any lande is off from you knovving but the distance betweene any two places whither you runne along by the lande or directly to the shoare or otherwise with other necessarie things FOr that I know it very necessarie and profitable for Seamen to knowe howe neare or farre they be into the Sea and how neare to the lande I will intreat thereof for diuers considerations And first bicause in rūning alongst the land there may be daunger which may be such a certaine quantitie into the sea that they may go both within them and with out them And also in like manner for that being at one distance from the lande the land may rise in such a shape or fashion whereas being nearer the lande may rise in another forme or fashion for being far off you shal sée the hils within the lande and being neare the hilles or cliffes neare vnto the Sea coast maye take awaye the sight of the lande within Furthermore also it is very necessarie to know in what fashion the lande doth rise vpō diuers points of the compasse as ofte as the fashion of the lande doth alter and to note it in some booke for remembrance First by what pointes of the compasse then the fashion last at how far off c. For knowledge how farre off you be from the land you may haue this helpe if there be any .2 places by the Sea coast whereof you knowe the distance howe many leagues or miles the one is from the other In going alongst the coast you shall set them vp with your compasse and when you are thwart of them if they be but one point asunder you shal be .5 times the distance betweene them from the lande or shoare If the two places be two pointes asunder then the distance
shewe you the distance of time And first at S. Michaels Mount the Moone changeth rather than at London by 25. minuts Rather at Falmouth than at London by .20 mi. At Plimmouth rather than at London by .18 min. At South Hampton rather than at London by 5. minuts At Portsmouth rather than at Lon. by .4 minuts At Rye later than at London by one minute and ½ At Douer later than at London by .6 minutes and more At Canterburie later than at London by .5 minutes At Sandwich later than at London by .6 minuts Grauesend later than at London by one minute and a halfe Bristow rather than at London by .11 minutes Haruard rather than at London by 12. minutes Saint Dauids head rather than at London by 19. minutes Oxforde rather than at London by .4 minuts Cambridge later than at London by ⅔ partes of a minute Norwich later than at London by .5 minuts and more Lincolne later than at London by .2 minutes Welshpoole rather than at London by .16 minutes Westchester rather than at London by .10 minutes Hull later than at London by .4 minutes Yorke later than at London by ¼ of a minute Cockermouth rather than at London by .12 minutes Carelyle rather than at London by .9 minutes Newecastle later than at London by .2 minutes Barwicke later than at London by thrée minutes and more The cause why that it is called the chaunge of the Moone is for that the Moone chaungeth the sydes of the Sunne for before the change the Moone is on the West side of the Sun and after the chaunge the Moone is on the Easte side of the Sunne c. Nowe in like manner I thinke it necessarie to be spoken of the difference of the longest day in Sommer in euery seuerall Latitude through the whole Realme of England frō the Southermost part called the Lizard to the Northermost part in Scotlande and this is called the day from the Sunne rysing or appearing aboue the Horizon Firste at South Hampton the longest daye is .16 houres long .26 minutes the shortest .7 houres .54 minutes At London .16 houres .30 minutes longest .7 houres .30 minuts shortest At Lincolne .16 houres .45 minuts longest .7 hours 15. minutes shortest At Yorke the longest .17 houres the shortest .7 houres Newcastle the longest .17 houres .12 minutes the shortest .6 houres .48 minutes Barwicke the longest .17 houres .30 minutis the shortest .6 houres .30 minuts Edenborow in Scotlande the longest day in Sommer .17 houres .45 minuts the shortest day .6 houres .15 minutes Now Catnes point being the northermost part in all Scotlande the Pole being raised to .62 degrées there the longest day is .19 houres .30 minuts the shortest daye .4 houres .30 minutes Nowe this you doe consider loke what the longest day doth containe looke what that lacketh of .24 hours that is the shortest Winter day c. The eightenth Chapter or rule shevveth hovve to sayle by the Globe NOw to sayle by the Globe it is conuenient to be spoken of For that generally the most part of the seamen make their account as though the earth wer a platforme For they do not consider that the earth is a Globe and that the Meridians do growe narrower and narrower towards the .2 poles for it is vnpossible to drawe the face of the earth and the Sea true vpon a platforme for if you wil describe the lande true then shall not the Sea be true for as you go towardes the North partes your Meridians growe togither so as your lines or pointes be according to the arte of Hydrography for the Sea shall be broader to the North partes than it is Nowe and if you woulde describe the Sea true with lines courses distances hauens and daungers then shoulde your lande be broader to the North partes than it is As for ensāple thus Englande and Scotlande being both one Ilande in all your Cardes of Nauigation the North parte of Scotland is drawn much bigger than it is for otherwise the lines of South North shoulde not be according to the treating of the lande for if you viewe it well you shall finde the North ende of Scotlande much more in distance than it is As you may see in measuring it by the trunke of youre carde there For youre better vnderstanding I will shewe you the compasse of the earth vnder sundrye Paralels or Circles howe many myles the earthe doth contayne in compasse Fyrst vnder the Equinoctiall where the earthe is at the greatest compasse in going directly Easte or Weaste that is by a ryghte line ouer Sea and Lande the two Poles being euen wyth your Horizon you haue .21600 myles to come to the place you departed from Vnder the Tropicke of Cancer the North Pole being raysed .23 degrées .28 minutes going directly East West it is .19800 miles in compasse in our artick circle of London wher the pole artick is raised .15 deg 32. minuts going East west it is .13320 myles in compasse then vnderneath the Polare circle where the Pole is raysed sixtie sixe degrees thirtie two minutes it is .8460 miles in compasse By this you sée that the compasse of the East and Weast lyne comming from the Equinoctiall is muche lesser to the North wardes than it is to the South wardes Wherefore when you shall haue any occasion to attempte any voyage to the North parts it is best to sayle by a Globe for so shall you better see the distances and bignesse of the landes and in like manner your lines and courses In this order fyrste according to the accustomed manner kéepe a perfitte accounte and reckoning of the waye of the shippe by what lyne or poynte your Shippe hathe made hir waye good then muste you resorte to youre Globe After that consider what place and Paralell you be in whiche you maye doe by the Sunne by daye and by the Starres by nyght Nowe knowing what place and Paralel you be in sette youre Globe to the eleuation of youre Pole that doone turne to the place of youre Zenith and seeke the opposite of it in your Paralell for then you knowe that in the same Paralell is youre Easte and Weaste lyne that had the iuste quarter of that circle to the Pole muste be deuided into the eight pointes of your compasse doing so likewise on the other side In like case if you come to the Southwards deuide your .8 wyndes from your Antarticke Pole to youre Paralell circle and thus must you doe euer and anon for the oftner you do obserue this custome the better perfiter shal your course be Now thus briefly I make an end of the sayling by the Globe But for them that do occupie the Southparts nothing is better than their cardes Bycause I haue declared vnto you the length of certayne of the Paralels what myles the Earth doth contayne in compasse vnder them now wil I shew you how many myles distance is between euery one
lande dothe rise vpon euery side and what greater inconuenience may there growe by any meanes than there may by mistaking of a place for it were twentie times better to be throughly persuaded that he knoweth it not than to thinke he doth knowe it not being that place For whereas he doth thinke to preuent the dangers he may willingly runne vpon the dangers not known of him Therefore in my opinion they can do no better than to furnish their vacant places in their plats and cards with this matter for there can be nothing better The vse of the Sea cardes is most necessary for Nauigation for long voyages fyrste for that it sheweth you howe one place beareth from another secondly the distance of any places howe farre the one is from the other Of whiche the one is represented by the lines of the compasse the other by the scale or trunke of measure if the platte be truely made Thirdly it sheweth you in what Latitude from the Equinoctiall or Altitude of the pole any place is in by the line of degrées Now to directe youre course through the Sea by the carde to any place assigned you must first looke by what poynte of the cōpasse it beareth from you from the place you meane to sette off from the lande vnto the place you would fyrst fall with Which you shall know thus seeke alyne from the next compasse vnto the place you meane to depart frō then open your compasses vnto one of those lynes by your iudgement that falleth neare vnto your place assigned and let the other foote of your compasses stande iust at that place where your ship is when you direct your course that doone beare your hands forwardes euen and let the one ende be still vpon the lyne to the whiche you did open your compasses vntill you come to your place assigned But if it falleth short of the place assigned then take the nexte line nearer vnto the place you departed from when you haue so done if your compasses doe ouer reache the place assigned then take a lyne further off from the place you doe meane to set off from and so shall you sée by what poynte of the compasse the place assigned dothe beare from you c. If you would knowe howe farre the place assigned is from you set the one foote of the compasses vpon the place you departe from and stretche out the other foote vnto the place assigned iuste that doone standing still vnremoued sette them to the scale or trunke of measure and that wil shew you iustly how many leagues it is iust frō the place of your departing vnto the place assigned If the distance between the .2 places be more than the compasses will reach at once then first set your compasses vnto the scale opening the compasses vnto .100 leagues more or lesse as your scale and cōpasses will giue you leaue at your discretion after that set the one foot at the place of your departing the other foot of the cōpasses right towards the place assigned as oftē times as the distance between the .2 places doth require thereof the cōpasses being opened vnto .100 leagues you may cōclude it to be so many .100 leag vnto the place assigned as the cōpasses did shew vnto you but if ther be any od mesure thē opē your cōpasses to the quātity set to thē the scale it wil shaw you the iust contente of that measure more than so many .100 leagues c. Furthermore touching the third commoditie which is to knowe what Latitude any place assigned hath set one foote of the compasses vpon the place assigned and open the compasses vnto the nexte Easte and Weast line then carie that vnto the line of degrées kéeping the foote of the compasses vpon the Easte and Weast lyne it will shewe iustly the number of degrées that the Pole is aboue the Horizon So of these thrée wayes by the first is knowne by what poynt of the compasse any place beareth from you By the seconde is knowne howe farre distance it is vnto any place assigned And by the thirde is knowne in what heigth the Pole is in any place assigned c. Nowe this being knowne you maye with the more ease know howe to attaine to come vnto the port or place assigned Yet furthermore there is to be considered in directing the course of a ship to any place assigned what impediments may be by the way as tydes currents or the scantnesse of the wynde whiche may put the ship vnto the léewardes of his course as also the surging of the Sea And all this muste be considered by the maister and Pilot of the ship Likewise also in long voyages the winde may oftē shifte vpon him and sometime the winde may be such as he can not lye his course wherefore he must kéepe a perfite account of the ships way and consider to know what point the ship hath made hir way good by And at euery time that the wynde doth shifte and the ship can not lye hir course to note in the carde or plat in what place the ship may be in hauing a speciall regarde vnto the way of the ship as touching the swiftnesse or slownesse that the shippe goeth and if so be the weather be cleare either by night or by day to take the true Altitude of the Pole for by that they may correcte the ships way and giue a very neare gesse howe the place assigned to go vnto doth bear from them as also how farre it is thither sauing onely in the Easte and Weast course and then they haue no other helpe but only the very account of the shippes way And to correct their deade reckning by the altitude of the Pole they must do this especially if the shippe haue had often trauerse by the means of contrary winds so that she could not lie hir course consider vpon the carde or plat how long the ship hath made hir way good for so many points as the ship hath sayld by then if by the altitude of the Pole the shippe hathe gone more than the dead reckning did shewe you repaire vnto the line of degrées and set the one foote of the compasses vpon the degrée and place of the heigth of the Pole and the other vpon the next east and west lyne that done bear it vnto the place you suppose the shippe to be in thē bring forwards with the other compasses what point of the Compas the shippe hath sayled by and at the meeting of the .2 paire of compasses make a note for the place that the shippe is in from which place you may with your compasses see how the place assigned dothe beare and also how farre off you be from the same Furthermore if you find by the heigth of the Pole that you are not so farre shot as your reckning did shewe vnto you you must pull backe so much from the point that the shippe
cleftes in the tallow like smal thréedes .2 or .3 leagues frō the Caskettes you shall finde .40 fadome bigge stones ragged and blacke Betwéene the I le of wight the hagge the deepest is but .35 or .40 fadome Betwéene the I le of Wight Lantergate the déepest is but .25 or .30 fadome Betwéene Beachy the I le of Wight a league from the land you shall finde .38 fadome and poppell as bigge as beanes Betwéene Fairely and the water of Summe in the déepest but .25 fadom Betwéene Folkestone and Bollayne is a banke that is called Rippe rappe and lieth in the midde way betwéene Pickardie and Englande and harde aborde by it is .26 or .27 fadome In the straights of Calice is .30 fadom in the roade of Calice is .16 fadom And alongst the coast of Flaunders is but .20 fadome the déepest Thus muche haue I sayde for the entrance of the Sléeue to come to the riuer of Thames and in the entrance in the mid-way betwéene Vshant and the Lizarde the pole Articke is eleuated .50 degrées and a halfe and the Equinoctiall is lifted aboue the Horyzon .39 degrees and a halfe And furthermore for them that are channellers and occupiers amongst sandes and banckes and such other like they muste haue consideracion of these things followyng As this firste if you knowe how the channell doth lie right betwéene any .2 sandes you must view the land to take some markes for it in this manner to be a leadyng marke And that you shall do thus looke something that standeth farre into the lande that you may knowe it well being right open with the channell of the sandes then take an other marke neare vnto the water side and the one to be right agaynst the other when that you be in the middle of the channell and then you knowing these twoo markes well they will be leading markes vnto you for euer to keepe that channell And then furthermore if it dothe so happen that the channell doth turne to kéepe an other course or els some other daunger lying in the way you muste haue a thwarte marke to know bothe when that you are cleare of any daunger and also when that you are open of an other channell and that you shall do as before is declared to take some marke within the lande and also an other neare vnto the sea water or riuer side to be your thwarte marke when you bring them both together And this is moste specially to be noted that these markes be very yare and good when the one is farre distant from the other and those markes very slowe and asketh some distance in sayling to open and shette them whiche are neare together vpon the lande And furthermore for them that are Channellers or occupiers amongest sandes for that the weather is not alwaies cleare when they haue occasion to passe thorowe suche places it is good for them to sounde the channelles perfitely and to know by the depthe what side of the channell they are vpon and also howe farre they are shotte into that channell And also in like manner to know by the sounding of any of the sides of the channell whether they be neare any of the sandes or daungers or any breadth of for that some sandes or daūgers there be hauing fayre or good soundings or shaldings that they may borrowe of and on at their pleasure There be againe some sandes and daungers that there is no borrowing nor sounding of them and those be neall or déepe harde vnto the sandes or daungers for that the water is déepe harde vnto the sande and these are verie daungerous sandes for any shippe to come neare for that they shall haue the water verie déepe and by and by be a grounde Yet furthermore it is very good for them that be channellers and occupiers amongst sandes to know whiche way the tide doth set at euery time of the tide for that many times it happeneth so that when the sandes be vnder the water the tide doth set crosse the channell which is a daungerous matter if it be not very well considered by the Master or Pilote c. ¶ The .23 Chapter is as touching the variatiō of the Compasse called the Northeasting and the Norwesting of the Compasse and how to giue a gesse to know the Longitude AS touching the variation of the cōpasse called the Northeasting or Norwesting it is supposed that the Compasse doth varie by proportiō in the sayling to the Eastwards or Westwardes and as I haue declared in the end of the .6 chapter if it varieth by proportion that the Northpoint is varied one poynt from the North at .22 degrees and a halfe and so vntill the North point doth stande Northeast or Norwest And that is when you are .90 degrées from the Meridian that the compas was made at to the Eastwardes or Westwards Some also are of an other opiniō that the compas doth varie by no proportion but dothe varie according vnto the nature of some kinde of mineralles that is in some countrie or some kynde of Ilandes that drawe the Compasse by the mines of the Loade stone or Magnes stone that they tauche their compasse with when they make them And furthermore the booke of Martine Curtise called the arte of Nauigation sayeth that the compasse doth varie by proportion in this māner which is by the proportion of a circle for that the North poynt dothe alwayes poynt vnto a place in the heauens that is vnmoueable and therefore as you do transporte your selfe to the Eastwarde or Westwarde the North poynt doth still poynt vnto that place in the heauen wherefore as he sayeth when you be .90 degrées in Longitude from the place of the making of your compasse that is when you be one quarter of the circumference of the earth in that paralell the compasse will be varied .4 poynts from the North and as you do transporte your selfe further then the Northe poynt of the compasse will come nearer and nearer vnto the North and when you are iust halfe the circumference of the earth that then the North poynt will stande due Northe vpon the pole agayne for that you are come to the same Meridian againe vpon the opposite part of the earth as it doth appeare in the third part and .5 chapter of the saide booke of Martine Curtise but if that be true then the compasse doth varie swiftely at the first and slowly afterwardes in order like vnto the Sunnes declination by whiche if it be true they may very well knowe what order the compasse doth varie by and so by the variation you may giue an neare estimation of the Longitude and knowe in howe many degrées the compasse is varied one poynte twoo poynts thrée poynts and so the greatest variation whiche is foure poynts Nowe to know the proportion doe this Firste make a circle with a payre of compasses and stryke a Line by the Center to the circumference