cleftes in the tallow like smal thréedes .2 or .3 leagues frō the Caskettes you shall finde .40 fadome bigge stones ragged and blacke Betwéene the I le of wight the hagge the deepest is but .35 or .40 fadome Betwéene the I le of Wight Lantergate the déepest is but .25 or .30 fadome Betwéene Beachy the I le of Wight a league from the land you shall finde .38 fadome and poppell as bigge as beanes Betwéene Fairely and the water of Summe in the déepest but .25 fadom Betwéene Folkestone and Bollayne is a banke that is called Rippe rappe and lieth in the midde way betwéene Pickardie and Englande and harde aborde by it is .26 or .27 fadome In the straights of Calice is .30 fadom in the roade of Calice is .16 fadom And alongst the coast of Flaunders is but .20 fadome the déepest Thus muche haue I sayde for the entrance of the Sléeue to come to the riuer of Thames and in the entrance in the mid-way betwéene Vshant and the Lizarde the pole Articke is eleuated .50 degrées and a halfe and the Equinoctiall is lifted aboue the Horyzon .39 degrees and a halfe And furthermore for them that are channellers and occupiers amongst sandes and banckes and such other like they muste haue consideracion of these things followyng As this firste if you knowe how the channell doth lie right betwéene any .2 sandes you must view the land to take some markes for it in this manner to be a leadyng marke And that you shall do thus looke something that standeth farre into the lande that you may knowe it well being right open with the channell of the sandes then take an other marke neare vnto the water side and the one to be right agaynst the other when that you be in the middle of the channell and then you knowing these twoo markes well they will be leading markes vnto you for euer to keepe that channell And then furthermore if it dothe so happen that the channell doth turne to kéepe an other course or els some other daunger lying in the way you muste haue a thwarte marke to know bothe when that you are cleare of any daunger and also when that you are open of an other channell and that you shall do as before is declared to take some marke within the lande and also an other neare vnto the sea water or riuer side to be your thwarte marke when you bring them both together And this is moste specially to be noted that these markes be very yare and good when the one is farre distant from the other and those markes very slowe and asketh some distance in sayling to open and shette them whiche are neare together vpon the lande And furthermore for them that are Channellers or occupiers amongest sandes for that the weather is not alwaies cleare when they haue occasion to passe thorowe suche places it is good for them to sounde the channelles perfitely and to know by the depthe what side of the channell they are vpon and also howe farre they are shotte into that channell And also in like manner to know by the sounding of any of the sides of the channell whether they be neare any of the sandes or daungers or any breadth of for that some sandes or daūgers there be hauing fayre or good soundings or shaldings that they may borrowe of and on at their pleasure There be againe some sandes and daungers that there is no borrowing nor sounding of them and those be neall or déepe harde vnto the sandes or daungers for that the water is déepe harde vnto the sande and these are verie daungerous sandes for any shippe to come neare for that they shall haue the water verie déepe and by and by be a grounde Yet furthermore it is very good for them that be channellers and occupiers amongst sandes to know whiche way the tide doth set at euery time of the tide for that many times it happeneth so that when the sandes be vnder the water the tide doth set crosse the channell which is a daungerous matter if it be not very well considered by the Master or Pilote c. ¶ The .23 Chapter is as touching the variatiō of the Compasse called the Northeasting and the Norwesting of the Compasse and how to giue a gesse to know the Longitude AS touching the variation of the cōpasse called the Northeasting or Norwesting it is supposed that the Compasse doth varie by proportiō in the sayling to the Eastwards or Westwardes and as I haue declared in the end of the .6 chapter if it varieth by proportion that the Northpoint is varied one poynt from the North at .22 degrees and a halfe and so vntill the North point doth stande Northeast or Norwest And that is when you are .90 degrées from the Meridian that the compas was made at to the Eastwardes or Westwards Some also are of an other opiniō that the compas doth varie by no proportion but dothe varie according vnto the nature of some kinde of mineralles that is in some countrie or some kynde of Ilandes that drawe the Compasse by the mines of the Loade stone or Magnes stone that they tauche their compasse with when they make them And furthermore the booke of Martine Curtise called the arte of Nauigation sayeth that the compasse doth varie by proportion in this māner which is by the proportion of a circle for that the North poynt dothe alwayes poynt vnto a place in the heauens that is vnmoueable and therefore as you do transporte your selfe to the Eastwarde or Westwarde the North poynt doth still poynt vnto that place in the heauen wherefore as he sayeth when you be .90 degrées in Longitude from the place of the making of your compasse that is when you be one quarter of the circumference of the earth in that paralell the compasse will be varied .4 poynts from the North and as you do transporte your selfe further then the Northe poynt of the compasse will come nearer and nearer vnto the North and when you are iust halfe the circumference of the earth that then the North poynt will stande due Northe vpon the pole agayne for that you are come to the same Meridian againe vpon the opposite part of the earth as it doth appeare in the third part and .5 chapter of the saide booke of Martine Curtise but if that be true then the compasse doth varie swiftely at the first and slowly afterwardes in order like vnto the Sunnes declination by whiche if it be true they may very well knowe what order the compasse doth varie by and so by the variation you may giue an neare estimation of the Longitude and knowe in howe many degrées the compasse is varied one poynte twoo poynts thrée poynts and so the greatest variation whiche is foure poynts Nowe to know the proportion doe this Firste make a circle with a payre of compasses and stryke a Line by the Center to the circumference
day at any time in any place What the day is The North Starres declination ▪ In going southwards you rayse the equinoctiall lay the pole in going to the northwards rayse the pole and lay the Equinoctiall Of englishe leagues and spanish leagues A mile containeth 1000. pases and euery pase .5 fote A degree is 60. miles or 20. englishe leagues A note to knowe in how far sayling you do rayse or lay a degree in the sayling by any one point of the compasse A note for the land rysing in diuers shapes or fashions To knowe how far the lande is frō you Where two lands be but one point asunder Of .2 places to be one point asunder To be two points asūder 3. pointes asunder 4. pointes asunder 5. pointes asunder 6. pointes asunder Of going or sayling right into the shore A way to knowe how one hedland beareth of another To knowe the distance at the Sea betweene any .2 headlandes To knowe howe far it is vnto the land an other way To knowe the shippes way An englishe league .2500 fadome A Spanish league .2857 fadome Altering the time of rising and setting of the lights Altering the aspects Of Latitude and Longitude 15. degrees is an houre of time and at London it is .555 miles Longitude beginneth at the Cannary Ilāds To know the true time of the aspects of the Mone The Longitude is not to be gotten with instrumēts on the Sea. 15. degrees answereth vnto an houre of time To knowe the true time of the change quarters of the moon is a question astronomicall geometricall and cosmographicall To know the diuersitie of the time of the chaunge of the moon through all England To know the lēgth of the longest day through all England Scotlande You cannot drawe the Land sea true vpon a flat thing To make a Sea plat or carde The compasse of the earth The compasse of the earth vnder the tropick of Cancer The artick circle of Lōdon vnder the Polare circle How to vse the globe to direct your course and to knowe how that any place doth beare The distāce between the equinoctiall and the tropick of Cancer Between the artick circle of London the tropick of Cancer The cause why that you may see the sailes of a ship not the whole To knowe howe many foote and ynches that the water is higher than the leuell or the sea between two ships What a ken is and the cause why you may see a ship further out of the top then vpon the hatches Not to paint their Sea cards but to vse the vacant places with other necessary matters To draw the shape of the lād in their cardes Great infirmities by mistaking any place How necessary a thing the sea cardes be .3 necessarie things in the sea cardes To knowe howe any place dothe beare from you by the carde To knowe howe far it is vnto any place by the carde To knowe what Latitude or heigth of the pole any place hath by the carde Things to be cōsidered by the M. or pilote of a ship They may correct the ships waye by the taking the heigth of the Pole. To knowe howe far that the lande is of from you by the sight of the lande with youre compasses to do it vpon the land If the pole be raysed more than 50. or .60 degrees it is to hye to be obserued by the crosse Staffe These Starres will serue beyond the Equinoctiall To knowe the rising and setting of these Starres in all places by the order of the xi Chapter The order of the table following How to vse the starres declination to know the heigth of the Pole. The .11 chapter will shewe howe long any of these stars wil shine in all places The signification of the letters in the table The sunne and moone doth giue a full shadow by the compasse The Equinoctiall diall giueth a true shadowe all the world ouer A perilous matter The moone may decline 28. degrees and a halfe from the Equinoctiall Of mē that wil haue instruments and knowe not the vse of them An easie waye to make an equinoctiall diall with little charge The sounding neare vnto Vshāt and the Lizarde The sounding in the channell The higth of the pole at the entrāce of the Sleeue Necessary things to be noted for thē that are Chānellers dealers amongst sandes Of the cōpasse to varie by euen proportion Of the cōpasse to vary by no proportion Of the compasse to varie according vnto the proportion of a circle that is swiftly slowly To know in how many degrees goyng but the Eastwarde or Westwarde that the cōpasse doth varie one poynt or .2 points or .3 points c. To knowe how many degrees is in the varying of one poynt If you wil know howe many leagues a degree is repayre to the 16. chapter There may growe some errour in the proportion of the varying of the Compasse Thinges that I can not know Of slowe varying of the cōpasse How easy it is to knowe whether that the cōpasses made in the West Indies ▪ do stād due North. Of making notes of the variation The Table of the contents of this booke THe first chapter of Nauigatiō sheweth what the .32 poyntes of the compasse be and to what vses they do serue Fol. 8. a The .2 chapter treateth of the golden number or prime shewing the Epact and by the Epact to knowe the age of the Moone Fol. 9. b The .3 chapter teacheth howe to know by the age of the Moone what a clocke it dothe flowe or is full Sea at any place where you do knowe what Moone maketh a full Sea. Fol. 10. b The .4 chap. treateth of the Sunne and Moones course in the Zodiacke and howe you shall knowe at what houres the Moone shal rise and set at and at what poynt of the Compasse with other necessarie things Fo. 14 ▪ a The .5 chapter is of a table of declination commonly called of Seafaring men a Regiment of the sunne exactly calculated for .4 yeres and will serue for .24 yeres for euery daye of the monthe Fol. 16. b The .6 chapter sheweth howe to take the height of the Sunne with the Crosse staffe c. Fol. 26. a The .7 chapter sheweth howe to handle the declination of the Sunne to know the altitude of the north pole aboue the Horizon the height of the Sunne beeing truly taken knowne in any place betweene the North pole and the Equinoctial so that the sunne be vnto the Southwards of you at the taking of the fame vpon the Meridian Fol. 29. a The .8 chapter sheweth you how to handle the declination of the Sunne when you are betweene the Equinoctiall and the sunne that is to say the sunne to the Southwardes or Northwards of you and the Equinoctiall to the Northwards or Southwards or vnder the Equinoctiall the height of the sun being truly knowē or takē f. 30. b The .9 chap. sheweth howe to handle the declination of the sunne when you are beyonde the Equinoctial that is to say betweene the South pole and the Equinoctiall with certen ensamples bothe for the South pole and the North pole Fol. 32. a The .10 chapter sheweth howe to handle the sunnes declinatiō vnto the Northward where the sunne doth not set vnder the Horizō and also to take the sun at the lowest due north f. 34. b The .11 chap. doth shew howe you shall know the length of the day and to know how muche the day is shortned or lengthened by the sunnes declination Fol. 36. a The .12 ch is of the North-star f. 38. a The .13 chap. doth shew you by the sayling vpō the quarter of your compasse in how far sayling you do rayse a degree and what you do depart from the Meridian c. Fol. 39. a The .14 chapter sheweth howe to knowe howe farre any lande is off from you if you knowe the distance betwene any two places whether that you do runne alongst by the lande or directly to the shore or otherwise with other necessarie things Fol. 40. a The .15 chapter treateth of the longitude c. Fol. 42. b The .16 chapter sheweth how many miles will answere to one degree of longitude in euery seueral latitude betweene the Equinoctiall and eyther of the two poles with the demōstratiō for that purpose also the diuersitie of aspects of the Moone fo 44. a The .17 chapter treateth of the longitude and latitude of certayne of the most notable townes in Englande and also how long the moone doth chaūge at one towne before an other with the diuersitie of the longest day in sommer from Southhampton to the northermost part in Scotland Fo. 45. b The .18 chapter sheweth howe to sayle by the globe And to know how much the water is hyer than the leuell betweene any two shippes on the Sea which groweth by the roundnesse of the earth Fol. 47. a The .19 chapter is as touching the making of plattes or Cardes for the Sea and not to paynt their Cardes as they doe but rather to fill the vacant places with other necessarie matters and also of three necessary things conteyned in the Plattes or Cardes with their vses Fol. 49. a The .20 chapter is of the longitude and declination of .32 notable fixed starres for Nauigation with tables of their shining and at what poynt of the compasse they do both rise and set it hathe also tables for euery monthe in the yere declaring at what time they wil be South c. which wil continue these .100 yeres without muche error Fol. 51. b The .21 chapter sheweth you the making of a generall Instrument to know the houre of the day by through out all the worlde Fol. 57. b The .22 chap. treateth of the soundings cōming from any place out of the Occidentall Sea to seeke Vshant or the Lizarde and so all alongst tyll you come to the coast of Flaunders with other necessarie matters to be knowne for them that be Chanellers that occupie or deale amongst sandes bankes c. Fol. 59. b The .23 chapter is as touching the variation of the Compasse called the Northeasting and Northweasting of the Compasse and howe to giue a gesse to know the longitude Fol. 61. a FINIS
the pole and howe manye degrées and minutes c. North The Guardes in the Northe the Starre is .3 degrees vnder the Pole. North east The Gards in the northeast the North star is .3 degrees and a halfe vnder the Pole. East The Guardes in the East the Northe Sarre is one degree and a halfe vnder the Pole. Sooth east The Guardes in the South east the North Star is halfe a degree aboue the Pole. Sooth The Guardes in the Southe the North Star is 3. degrees aboue the Pole. Sooth west The Guardes in the Southwest the Starre is .3 degrees and a halfe aboue the Pole. West The Guards in the West the star is one degree and a halfe aboue the Pole. North west The Guardes in the Northwest the Star is halfe a degree vnder the Pole. ¶ The thirtenth chapter dothe shewe you by the sayling vpon the quarter of your compasse in how far sayling you do rayse a degree and what you doe departe from the Meridian and in the ende there is a Demonstration therof FUrthermore bycause there be some that desire to knowe the alteration of a point to this ende that in running of one poynte they may rayse or lay a degree soner in one than in an other as in the sayling south or North kéeping one Meridian they rayse or lay the Pole. As this for your example In going to the North you doe rayse the Pole and lay the Equinoctial Contrarywise going towardes the South you laye the Pole and rayse the Equinoctiall But in sayling or going East or Weast you do neyther alter your Pole nor Paralele but onely your Meridian Whereas in sayling of any other poynte you doe alter both your Pole and Paralele and also your Meridian Wherefore I will open vnto you in sayling vppon one of the quarters of the compasse what euery pointe doth rayse or lay one degrée in how farre sayling and howe many myles you be departed from the place you departed from and what space you be departed from your Meridian But heere is one thing to be noted as I suppose in the most part of cardes they allowe for euery degree but .17 leagues and a half your cards be most commonly made in Lishborne in Portugal in Spayne or else in Fraunce But as I take it we in England should allowe .60 myles to one degrée that is after .3 miles to one of our Englishe leagues wherefore .20 of oure English leagues shoulde answere to one degrée for that .3 of our myles will not make one of their leagues And bycause they make their acountes by their leagues in the cardes and not by oures therefore I will shew you by our Englishe myles An English myle conteyneth .1000 pases and euery pase .5 foote and euery foote .12 ynches Nowe some thinke that a pase can not be .5 foote but a pase Geometrical is .2 reasonable steppes for it can not be a pase vntill the hinder foote be remoued forwards and those 2. steppes will containe .5 foote and so maye any man endure to goe at pleasure But nowe to our purpose For the sayling of one quarter of the compasse this is to be noted First that in sayling directly south or North you do raise or lay the Pole a degrée in 60. myles going In the altering of one point from the South or North in .61 myles and you be departed from the lyne of East and Weast or the Meridian .12 myles In altering of the seconde poynt you rayse a degree in sayling of .65 myles and departe from your Meridian .25 myles In altering of the .3 poynte you doe rayse or lay one degrée in sayling .72 myles and a .9 part and are departed from your Meridian .40 myles Moreouer in altering of the 4. point you do raise or lay a degrée in the going of .85 myles depart from your Meridian .60 miles In altering of the .5 point or winde you raise a degrée in the sayling of .108 miles and depart from your Meridian .90 miles In sayling by the 6. point you raise or lay one degrée in .157 miles and depart from your Meridian line 145. miles Last of all in sayling by the .7 pointe or winde you doe raise a degrée in going of .308 miles and depart from your Meridian line .302 miles and after this manner you may consider of the other three quarters of the compasse But if you require to knowe the raysing or laying of a degrée by the leagues of the cardes that is at .17 leagues and a halfe then reade the arte of Nauigation and there shall you finde howe many degrées you be departed fro your Meridian and also from the place that you departed from and yet that serueth for no other place but onely for vnder the Equinoctiall for he that maketh account of it in any other place shall be deceiued For euer as you goe to any of the .2 Poles your degrées be stil shorter and shorter till such time as your Meridian méete vnder the two Poles whereof I intreat in the .16 Chapter For the better vnderstanding of the things aforesayd looke on this figure folowing ¶ The .14 Chapter teacheth to know hovv far any lande is off from you knovving but the distance betweene any two places whither you runne along by the lande or directly to the shoare or otherwise with other necessarie things FOr that I know it very necessarie and profitable for Seamen to knowe howe neare or farre they be into the Sea and how neare to the lande I will intreat thereof for diuers considerations And first bicause in rūning alongst the land there may be daunger which may be such a certaine quantitie into the sea that they may go both within them and with out them And also in like manner for that being at one distance from the lande the land may rise in such a shape or fashion whereas being nearer the lande may rise in another forme or fashion for being far off you shal sée the hils within the lande and being neare the hilles or cliffes neare vnto the Sea coast maye take awaye the sight of the lande within Furthermore also it is very necessarie to know in what fashion the lande doth rise vpō diuers points of the compasse as ofte as the fashion of the lande doth alter and to note it in some booke for remembrance First by what pointes of the compasse then the fashion last at how far off c. For knowledge how farre off you be from the land you may haue this helpe if there be any .2 places by the Sea coast whereof you knowe the distance howe many leagues or miles the one is from the other In going alongst the coast you shall set them vp with your compasse and when you are thwart of them if they be but one point asunder you shal be .5 times the distance betweene them from the lande or shoare If the two places be two pointes asunder then the distance
vnto the shore shall be two times and a halfe the distance If .3 points asunder then the distance vnto the shoare shall be once the distance and a halfe If .4 pointes asunder the same distance shall be betwéene you and the shoare that is betweene the two markes If .5 pointes asunder then is it vnto the shore but .2 third partes of the distance betwéen the .2 places If .6 points asunder you being thwart of one of them then shall the distance vnto the shore be not halfe the distance between the .2 places And in al these cases before rehearsed the one place must be thwarte of you the other must be a head or sterne of you and so it is exacte and true As for ensample this I going alongest by any coaste do know before hand how the one place doth beare from the other besides this also I know the distance that is to say howe many leagues they be a sunder As for ensample the .2 places assigned beare Easte and West the one from the other I then knowing that they be 3. leagues asunder when I haue brought one of the places South or north of me do set them with my compasse the one being North of me and the other bearing North and by cast that is one point asunder Now the distance vnto the shore being .5 times the distance betwéen the .2 places which be .3 leagues asunder I knowe the shoare to be .15 leagues from me which if the places were but one league asunder should be but .5 leagues from the shoare Furthermore if the places be .2 pointes asunder that is to say the one North and the other North North then shall the distance vnto the shoare be 7. leagues and a halfe from me Wheras if the .2 places were but a league asunder it shuld be but .2 leagues a half vnto the shore And furthermore if the places be .3 points asunder that is to say the one North and the other Northeast by north the distance vnto the shore shal be .4 leagues a half wheras if the .2 places were but one league asuÌ„der vnto the shore it should be but a league a half If .4 points asunder that is to say if the one place be due North and the other place Northeast theÌ„ it is vnto the shore .3 leagues iust If but one league asunder then but one league vnto the shore Moreouer if the 2. places be .5 points asunder that is to say the one north and the other Northeast by East then the distance vnto the shore shall be but .2 leagues whereas if the .2 places were but one league asuÌ„der vnto the shore shuld be but .2 miles Last of al if the .2 places be .6 pointes asunder that is to say the one north and the other east northeast then it shall not be a league and a halfe vnto the shore c. But if you come directly to the land wards hauing no cause to be thwart of none of those known places then to know how far you be from the lande you must do as is by the places before spokeÌ„ of For if you go in due north the one place being north by west the other north and by east then the .2 places being 3. leagues asunder you shall be .7 leagues and a half from the shore so that if you runne into the shore due north vntill they be .4 poynts asunder that is to say the one north northwest and the other north northeast then it shall be vnto the shore .3 leagues and 3. quarters And furthermore you still running in due north till the .2 places be .6 pointes asunder that is to say the one place to be northweaste and by north and the other place to be northest by north the distance vnto the shore shall be .2 leagues and a quarter And again if you runne in due north vntill they be .8 pointes asunder that is to say the one place northweast and the other northeast then the distance vnto the land or shore shall be but half the distance betwéen the .2 places that is but one league and a half Lastly if you run to the land due north vntill the .2 places be .10 points asunder that is to say the one place northweast and by weast and the other northeast and by east then the distance vnto the shore shall be but one third part of the distance betweene the .2 places that is but one league from the land c. Thus much haue I saide as touching the bearing of the lande from you by the points of the compasse to know the distance or how farre the land is of which is very necessary for Seamen to know for diuers considerations as I sayd before If now therefore you knowe not howe one headland doth beare from another doe thus In running alongst the coast when you sée the appearing of any lande one before another set them with your coÌ„passes and looke how they beare from you by what point of the compasse and so shall you know iustly how the one lande doth beare or lye from the other And by this order you may correct your plats by doing this as often as you sée .2 notable places togither as Ilands rocks headlands mouthes of hauens sandes or what soeuer else be worthy of noting this done as often as you do sée them togither set them with your compasse that wil shew you most certainly that so they do beare the one from the other You may know the distance in like maner betwéene them if you knowe your ships way as thus wheÌ„ you first sée any .2 places togither as .2 headlands or .2 Ilands hauing set them with your compasse and knowing how the one beareth from the other then for that you wil not come neare vnto them you do hale off from the land vntill that you haue brought your selfe farre inough off at youre discretion and when you be thwart of the firste headland set the other land and consider howe it â—eareth from you then recken your ships way how many leagues the shippe might goe vntill you come thwarte of the other headlande kéeping your course along as the .2 headlandes beare and so shall you both knowe the distance betwéen the .2 places and also how farre you be off from them In like maner hauing consideration of the distance betwéene the other places that you haue obserued both by your compasse and also by the shippes way you may know how farre it is to the shore going right to the lande wardes by your crosse staffe although you knowe not the distance betwéen any two places As thus take the widenesse betwéen any two places with your crosse staffe bearing right to the land wardes and then remoue the crosse staffe or transitorie halfe the length of the transitorie that is to saye the end next vnto you and then by running in till the .2 ends of
of them And first from the Equinoctiall to the Tropick of Cancer which is there where the Sun maketh his furthest progresse to the North partes it is .1408 myles Secondly betwéen the tropick of Cancer our Artick circle of Londō it is 1684. miles Thirdly between our Artick circle the Polare circle is .900 myles Lastly betwéene the Polare circle and the Pole is .1408 myles So that it is in all from the Equinoctiall to eyther of the two Poles .5400 miles whiche is the fourth part of the compasse of the whole Earth Furthermore for that you may the better vnderstande that the Earth is a Globe or Circular which any person that dothe occupie the Sea seeth most apparantly you shall perceiue it thus if you see a Shippe any thing farre off you may perfitly sée the sayles of it but not the whole the cause wherof is the circularnesse of the earth and the water of the Sea for that the water doth rise and swell between you and the other ship according to the distance between both the ships bicause the distance to the center of the earth or water is in euery place alike And he that hath desire to know further héerof M. Dée hath made mention therof in Euclides Elamentes in his mathematical preface also in the .12 booke whither you may haue recourse yet notwithstanding I wil say a litle therof wherby you may discerne how far it is possible to sée a ship vpon the sea as thus if you be on the sea in a ship so that ther be but halfe a league betwéene you and the other ship the water wyll be fyue ynches and a halfe hygher in the middle of the waye betwéene bothe the ships for that the water is equall in euery place vnto the center of the earthe and then the water going by a croked line then to strike it by a right line the middle of the line that shoulde come from the center of the earth shall be shorter than the other .2 lines comming from the center of the earth betweene the .2 shippes by .5 ynches and a halfe and then it must néedes be sayde that the water is hygher by the said .5 ynches and a halfe And furthermore if the two shippes were a league asunder then the water by his circulernesse shuld be .22 ynches hygher than the leuell in the middle betwéene both the shippes Furthermore if the .2 ships be 2. leagues asunder then the water shall be higher than the leuell in the middle betwéene bothe the shippes by .88 ynches which is .7 foote and .4 ynches If the .2 shippes be .3 leagues the one from the other then the water shall be higher than the leuell in the midway betwéene both the shippes by .198 inches whiche is 16. foote and a halfe Furthermore if the .2 shippes be .4 leagues asunder the water shall be higher than the leuell in the midway betweene both the shippes by .252 ynches which is .29 foote and .4 ynches And furthermore if the .2 shippes were .5 leagues asunder the water shoulde be higher than the leuell of the midway betwéene both the ships by .550 ynches which is .46 foote lacking .2 ynches Yet furthermore if the .2 ships were .6 leagues asunder the water should be higher than the leuell in the middle way betwéene them by .792 ynches which is .66 foote Furthermore also if the .2 shippes were .7 leagues asunder the water should be higher than the leuell in the midway between both the ships by 1878. ynches and that is .90 foote whiche is as farre rather farther than it is possible to sée any ship vpon the Sea Neyther is it possible to see any lande further but such lande as is very high lande whiche for the greatnesse of the heigth you may see it wherfore .7 leagues or .6 leag is called a ken Now the circularnesse of the earth is the cause that you may see a shippe or land further out of the top than vpon the hatches Wherefore it is a plaine case that the Earth and Sea is not flat but circular as is afore declared c. ¶ The .19 Chapter is as touching the making of Plats or Cardes for the Sea and not to paint their cards as they do but rather to supply the vacant places with other necessarie matters also of three necessarie things contained in the plats or cardes and their vses which is the most necessarie thing in Nauigation FOr the making of Plats or Cards as touching Hydrographia cōmonly called sea Cards I meane to say litle therof for that it is sufficiently declared in the booke called the art of Nauigation Sauing this I would wish thē that be the makers of plats and cardes for the Sea not to paint their compasses with so many colours neither vpon the Lande with so many flagges for that it dothe rather hurte than good althoughe it may be saide they be so painted in vacant places those vacant places I would wish them to furnish with these 2. matters in this order Firste in some vacant place with a compasse there to place against euery point of the half of the compasse letters or some other figures or carecters then in like maner according to that place where suche a Moone maketh a full Sea to make that letter or carecter at the hauen port or place As for ensample thus I place A at the East point B at the East and by South C at the East southeast D at Southeast and by East and so consequently to all the pointes vnto the Weast then that being doone where it floweth an Easte Moone I place A in the platte or carde and where an Easte and by South Moone I doe place B in the carde and so forthe according to the place of the Moone that maketh a full Sea. And where it runneth halfe syde vnder other to make some note vpon the poynt of the compasse c. This also is very necessarie to be done to furnishe vp all the vacant places of the plat or carde to drawe the shape or fashion of euery headland or high lande alongst euery coast that is needefull to be knowne and at what poynte of the compasse the lande is of that fashion at howe farre off the lande ryseth in that fashion and so to make the fashion of the lande as often as the lande altereth the forme and fashion and last of all at what poynte of the compasse the lande hathe that shape or fashion for being vpon one side the lande ryseth of one fashion and on the other side of an other forme or fashion Also being neare the lande it will be in one fashion and being far off in an other fashion as is before declared in the 14. Chapter for there is nothing more needefull and necessary for a Seaman than this to knowe the lande when he séeth it and there is no way better to make him remember it than to haue notes howe the
hath sayled by as the heigth of the pole doth shew vnto you by the order before rehersed c. Furthermore as I haue declared vnto you in the .14 Chapter going before to knowe howe farre the land is off from you knowing as before the distaunce betwéene any 2. places by setting the land with your compas you may do the like by your card as thus you setting the .2 places with your compasse do know that the .2 places be so many leagues asunder then shall you repaire to the card and according to the bearing of the .2 places by the points of the compas you being thwart of one of these .2 places shall replie it with your compasses vnto your scale But for that in the scale the leagues be so small you may assigne .20 leagues to be but one league and open the compasses vnto that proportion that the .2 places be asunder and the one of them doth beare from the other that done open the compasses againe from the center of the compas vnto the place that you do imagin to be the land and then reply it vnto the trunk of measure you shall see howe many leagues you bee from the shore and so foorth So that you may see that the plat or card is one of the necessariest things that is to be vsed in Nauigation c. ¶ The .20 Chapiter is of the Longitude and declinatioÌ„ of .32 notable fixed Starres for Nauigation with tables of their shining and at what pointe of your compas they do both rise and set and also tables for euery moneth of the yeere declaring at what houre and minute they be South running from the first day of the moneth to the .15 and from the .15 to the last day and will continue these 100. yeares without muche error ANd furthermore I do thinke it conuenient for diuerse considerations to shew the Longitude and declination of certaine of the most notablest fixed Starres that are néere vnto the Equinoctiall to the number of .32 of them whiche are very necessary for Nauigation in diuers respectes as this if you be vnto the North parts where the North pole is raysed more than .50 or .60 degrees then the North Starre is too hye to be obserued or taken with the crosse staffe as I haue declared in the .6 Chapter and it may chaunce so that in the day the Sunne is not to be séene at noone and then these Starres may serue your turne And furthermore they be very good for them that haue occasion to trauell beyonde the Equinoctiall where the North pole is vnder the Horizon in vsing their declination as they do the Sunnes declination in all points whiche doth appeare in the .7.8 and .9 Chapters of this book And furthermore they be very necessary for Seafaring men to knowe the houre of the night both by their being vpon the Meridian and also by their rising and setting you may know the true time of their rising and setting in euery Latitude by their declination from the Equinoctiall whether they decline to the South partes or North parts as is declared by the declination of the Sun in the .11 chapter And furthermore by any of these Starres you may trie the variatioÌ„ of your compas by night c. Now shal folow the table of all these Stars The first row of this table conteineth the names of the Stars The seconde the signes that they be in Longitude The thirde the degrees in the signes The .4 the minutes belonging therevnto The .5 the degrees of declination The .6 the odde minuts belonging therevnto The .7 sheweth towardes what port they decline by letters of whiche S. signifieth Septentrionell or North declination M. signifieth Meridionall or south declination as in the table doth appeare The .8 doth shew nothing but the bignesse of the Starres Now followeth the Table A Table of the fixed Sarres The names of the Starres Signes Longit. degr mi. Declin deg mi. To what part they decline Bignesse of the stars Whales backe Aries 6. 6 12. 11 â–ª M second bignesse Whales belly Aries 16. 2 12. 20 M second bignesse Rammes horne Aries 27. 42 17. 19 S thirde bignesse Rammes head Taurus 1. 46 21. 16 S thirde bignesse â—uiles eye Gemini 3. 42 15. 42 S great Starres Orions left fote Gemini 10. 12 9. 14 M a great Starre Orions left shoulder Gemini 11. 26 4. 37 S a Starre of the First Orions girdle Gemini 16. 22 1. 19 M second light both Orions right shoulder Gemini 23. 6 6. 18 S a great Starre Great Dogge Cancer 8. 40 15. 30 M a very great star Lesser Dogge Cancer 20. 10 6. 4 S a great Starre Brightest in Hydra Leo. 21. 2 4. 47 M second bignesse Lyons necke Leo. 23. 16 21. 59 S second bignesse Lyons heart Leo. 23. 32 14. 3 S a great Starre Lyons backe Virgo 5. 16 22. 30 S second bignesse Lyons tayle Virgo 15. 32 16. 46 S a great Starre Rauens head Libra 5. 6 19. 53 M of the thirde bignesse Rauens wing Libra 9. 36 17. 8 M both those Virgins spike Libra 17. 42 4. 54 M a great Starre twixt Footes thighs Libra 18. 6 22. 9 S a great Starre South balance Scorpio 9. 2 13. 44 M second bignesse North balance Scorpio 13. 12 7. 33 M second bignesse Scorpions heart Sagittari 3. 42 24. 47 M second bignesse Hercules head Sagittari 8. 42 15. 20 S thirde bignesse Serpents head Sagittari 15. 52 14. 7 S thirde bignesse The Eagle Capricor 24. 51 7. 28 S second bignesse Dolphins tayle Aquari 8. 27 10. 1 S thirde bignesse Goates tayle Aquari 17. 22 14. 13 M thirde bignesse Water pourers leg Pisces 2. 20 15. 52 M thirde bignesse Pegasus shoulder Pisces 17. 41 13. 1 S second bignesse Pegasus legge Pisces 23. 10 26. 30 S second bignesse Whales tayle Pisces 26. 21 21. 47 M thirde bignesse The vse of this Table is this when you haue taken the heigth of any of these Starres vpon the Meridian then loke what declination the Starre hath from the Equinoctiall if the star haue North declination then subtract or take away the stars declination from the heigth if it haue South declition then adde or put vnto the heigth the starres declination and that will shewe vnto you the heigth of the Equinoctiall and then by the heigthe of the Equinoctiall the heigth of the Pole is knowne as the .7 Chapter doth declare And now I thinke it conuenient to make certaine Tables to shewe vnto you at what houre and time any of these starres be vpon the Meridian whereby they maye the better knowe these Starres I will also shewe vnto you howe long any of these Starres doe shyne or tarry aboue the Horizon in this Latitude from the Equinoctiall of London that is at .51 or 52. degrees And also at what poynte of the compasse any of these Starres do ryse or set which will serue this .100 years