reason of the fort and the obstinate defence of the garrison The same yeere the preuiledges of Nobility with all exemptions were confirmed to them of the valley of Roncal as a testimony that they had beene alwaies valiant and faithfull to their Kings In the yeere 1091. hee forced Abderramen the Moore King of Huesca to pay him tribut An. 1091. he sent succors to his cousin D. Alphonso of Castille in the warre which hee made vpon the marches of Toledo and hauing a deseigne to besiege Sarragossa in time hee beganne a fort neere to the riuer of Ebro fiue leagues from Sarragosse the which he called Castellar Fâ—rt of Castillar buill he wonne afterwards from the Moores Olalla Almenara and Naual and he peopled Luna from whence is descended the family of Luna and to coope vp the King of Huesca hee fortefied the castles of Marcuello Loarre and Algueçar vpon the Marches of Sobrarbre and subiected all that is betwixt it and Montarragon within a league of Huesca wherefore King Abderramen seeing himselfe restrained daily more and more hee had recourse vnto D. Alphonso King of Castille offring to pay him a greater tribute then he did to him of Nauarre if hee would take him into his protection whereunto D. Alphonso gaue eare beeing glad to make himselfe great by what meanes soeuer of such power is ambition in the hearts of men who sparing not the King D. Sancho his cousin he had wrested from him the Siegneury of Guipulcoa which had euer beene vnited to the crowne of Nauarre and had made Earle and Gouernor in his name D. Lopes Dias of Haro Lord of Biscay This manner of proceeding did much displease D. Sancho Ramires who for this cause hauing sent some troupes of soldiers to the fronters of Alaua to entertaine the Castillans he went to the siege of Huesca being resolued to take it at what price soeuer hee was accompanied by his sonnes D. Pedro King of Sobrarbre and D. Alphonso with the forces of Nauatre and Arragon but as he proceeded in this seege with to great vehemency it happened that going to vew the weakest places with his captaines he was shot with a Moorish arrow vnder the arme hole as he lifted vp his arme D. Sancho Ramires King of Arragon slaine at the siâ—ge of Hâ—esca to shew some one that was neere him a place where he thought fit to make his battery The blow was mortall the which D. Sancho feeling he retired to his tent dissembling his paine as much as hee could being there hee caused D. Pedro and D. Alphonso his children to sweare not to depart from the siege vntill they had taken the towne and soone after hee died as they drew the arrowe out of the wound Hee was a valiant Prince and had happely inlarged his dominions by conquests against the Moores but his neighbors Christians were not very faithfull euen D. Alphonso King of Castille Hee loued iustice and Gouernment the towne of Estella was begunne by him the which at this day is one of the three cities of Nauarre and the second in dignity He affected religion much according to the practise of that age for besides many donations made by him to churches and monasteries and the re-edyfying of them that were ruined hee made D. Ramir his youngest sonne a religious man of the order of Saint Benet in the monastery of Saint Ponce of Tomerres D. Pedro his eldest sonne succeeded him in the realme of Nauarre and Arragon in the yeere of our Lord 1094. about this time many monasteries of France obtained exemption from the iurisdiction of Bishops the Monkes beting desirous to enioy greater liberty their Abbors to adorne themselues with crosses and miters like Bishops About that time D. Therefa An. 1094. Portugal eountesse of Portugal had a sonne by Henry of Lorraine or of Besançon at a place called Guymaranes his name was D. Alphonso as the King his grand-father by the mothers side and by surname Henriques who was first King of Portugal and that stemme of all the Kings which haue held that Kingdome vnto this day whose birth is strangly written by the Spanish authors saying that hee had his feete ioyned together behinde the which were set at liberty the fift yeere of his age by the praiers and vowes of his parents in remembrance whereof Cont Henry and his wife finished a church begunne long before at Carquere neere vnto the riuer of Duero dedicated vnto the Virgin Mary the which at this day is a receptacle for lesuites within two leagues of Lamego The first lands which lie betwixt Duero and Minio Porto Braga and Guymaranes and then Coimbra Visco and Lamego with the iurisdiction of Vera. It is to be presumed that he was a wise and valiant Knight and of a great house seeing that D. Alphonso gaue him his daughter in marriage with so great a dowry and that hee did so confidently commit vnto him the fronter of his realmes on that side There is nothing written certaine of his father and mother but that being of the house of the Dukes of Lorraine and Nephew to the Earls of Tolouse we may hold him to be descended from the house of France and moreouer nobly allied to the families of Germany Besides the Prince D. Alphonso Henriques hee had two daughters by D. Theresa his wife D. Theresa Henriques who was married to D. Fernand Paez of Transtamara and D. Sancha Henriques who maried D. Fernand Mendes To returne to the King D. Alphonso Moores and to this new warre which he had against the forces of Affrike beeing ioyned vnto the Moores of Spaine the which hee himselfe had drawne vpon him D. Roderigo Diaz de Binar called Cid hauing the gard of Toledo and of al that fronter finding himselfe somewhat eased by the departure of King Ioseph Aben-Tefin who was returned into Affrike he propounded to attempt Sarragosse from the seege whereof D. Alphonso had beene diuerted by the comming of the Moores Almoranides He chose a fit occasion for the Sarragossans their King Ioseph Aben-Hut being terrified with the forts which the King of Nauarre had built about them Cid Ruis Dliax receiued into Sarragosse as Protector by the which they did see themselues daily restrained anoied they did willingly receiue Cid as their protector King Aben-Hut was an enemy to the King of Valencia and so was the King of Denia either of them seeking to seize vpon his Estate but Cid carried himselfe so wisely as hee preserued the realm for King Hiaja who was a friend to the King of Castille his Lord hee repulst the King of Denia and forced the Earle of Parcelone who at the perswasion of the King of Sarragosse had beseeged Valence to retire notwithstanding the Earl hauing receiued great somes of money from the King of Denia to support him against Cid continuing to forrage and spoile the country of Valence he was vanquished by Cid in an incouÌ„ter to whom afterwards he became
de Gama his nauigation to Calicut 17. The Marriage of King Manuel with D. Isabell of Castile and the birth of D. Michel their sonne heire to Castile Arragon and Portugal if he had liued 18. Christopher Columbus and his brother are brought backe as prisoners into Spaine rebellion in the Indies voyages of diuers particular persons to the Indies by the King of Castiles permission 19. Conuersion of the Moores Mudejares commanded by Edict in Castile 20. King Iohn of Albret his iourney into Castile King Fernands couetousnesse to get the Kingdome of Nauarre 21. The warre of Italy which in processe of time subiected the State of Milan to Castile 22. Death of Prince Don Michel whereby D. Ioane mother to Charles of Austria was aduanced to the successiue right of Castile and Arragon 23. Persecution of the Moores Mudejares in Granado and else-where Mâ—hometans wholy banished out of Spaine 24. Duke Lewis Sforza is taken by the French-men The Kingdome of Naples is parted betwixt King Lewis the twelfth and king Fernand to the preiudice of king Fredericke 25. Philip Arch-duke of Austria and D. Ioane his wife their iourney into Castile where they receiue the oath of the Castillians as presumptiue heires to the same Crowne 26. Peter Martyr of Angleria sent Ambassadour to Cayro by king Fernand. 27. Voyages of diuers particular persons to the Westerne Indies by king Fernand and Queene Isabels permission 28. Voyages of the Portugals into the East and other places of the Ocean sea to wit of Pero Aluares Gabralde Iohn de la Nueua Americus Vespucius c. Warres raised by the Portugals among the small kings of the East 29. Birth of the Infant D. Fernand sonne to the Arch-duke Philip and to D. Ioane their returne into Flanders Treatie of peace betwixt France and Castile to no purpose 30. Aduancement of Pope Iulius the second The Duke of Valentine persecuted by him Miserable retreate of the French out of the kingdome of Naples Death of Queene Isabell. In this foure and twentith Booke followeth in the Line of Portugall 14. Don Manuel the first THE warre of Granado beeing happily ended it was followed with other great enterprises partly profitable and partly preiudiciall whereof that of the discouerie of the new world might haue beene worthie of great prayse if those vnto whome the great and good God did the fauour to discouer those countries and nations vntill then vnknown to our Hemisphere and their posteritie could haue rightly vsed to his honour and glorie the wealth and riches which they found there as they were bound to haue done but there is no memorie of cruelty auarice and dishonestie The Spaniardâ— auarice and cruelty toward the Indians makes Christian religion odious to the vnbeleeuing nations to bee compared to the actions of the Spanish Christians in the conquest of the occidentall Indies which their owne Histories beare witnesse of with terrour to those which reade it and is a publike scandall to the vnbeleeuing Nations which haue heard tell of their dealings for the Christian Religion the which they thinke by reason thereof to be a bloudie Religion which seekes nothing but gold and wealth with an insatiate desire of ruâ—e But wee may easily beleeue that the excesse committed by the euill ministers in these searches of the Westerne Indies was not by their Kings consent whose zeale herein is rather prayse-worthie but their negligence in redressing and punishing such mischiefes can hardly be excused Of which voyages and discoueries we intend not to poursue the Historie at large as wee did protest in the beginning of this Worke but wee will content our selues with the declarations of the decrees and ordonances made in the Courts and Councels of the Kings of Spaine for the regard of things executed and done in their names and authoritie in those farther Regions and to handle by the way that which hath followed thereuppon in generall for such matters require particular and distinct Treatises Wee haue heretofore declared Christopher Columbus his first voyage to the Indies how that Christopher Columbus hauing beene diuers times heard to discourse of the nauigation which hee had conceiued in his mind to bee made towards the West with knowledge of new lands whereof there was no memory in precedent times had hope and promises of Fernand and Queene Izabella to giue him meanes to effect it at a time conuenient the which beeing offered vppon the time that Granado was taken hee obtained three Caruels rigged and furnished with sixe-score men souldiers and marriners for the setting foorth of whome the Councellor Lewis of Saint Angell did lend the King sixteene thousand Duckets Hee departed then from Palos de Moguer in Andalusia An. 1492. vppon a Friday the fourth of August in the yeare 1492. and hauing sayled two moneths and eight dayes hee discouered the land which hee so much desired that is to say vppon the eleuenth day of October of the same yeare The first man which cryed Land was one called Rodrigo de Triane who descried the Iland of Guanahami of Lucaios betwixt Florida and Cuba where they first landed and tooke possession of that new world in the name of King Fernand and Queene Isabella then they sayled to Barucoa the port of the Isle of Cuba where they tooke certaine Indians and afterward they turned towards the Isle of Hati since then called Hispagniola and entred into the port by them named Royall There the Indians The Indians gentle and tractable at the beginning sterne and rough at the view of such new people did in such manner become tractable courteous and gentle as they came and brought gold with such victuals as they had to the Spaniards exchanging them for bables and toyes of small woorth One of their Kings whom they call Cachiques whose name was Guacanagari did shew himselfe so kind tractable and obedient to these new-commers as they louingly receyued from him what commodities they would so as it was lawfull for them beeing ayded by the Indians and their Cachique to build a fort in that countrey wherein Columbus left eight and thirtie Spaniards with a Captain of Cordoua named Roderigo d' Arana and with his two Caruels which were left for he had lost the third he returned to Spaine from whence he came carrying some Indians with him with gold of the Country and other singularities which he brought to the aforenamed place of Palos de Moguer within the space of fiftie dayes before Columbus departure King Fernand and Queene Izabella did graunt him the twelfth part of all the royall rights of the lands which he should discouer with this reseruation that he should not in his discourie do any thing that might preiudice the King of Portugals nauigation There was matter resolued vppon in the Kings Councell of Castile as soone as they found themselues to be Masters of Granado Eâ—iâ—t against the Iewes faire in shew but of a pernitious consequence For they made an Edict wherby all Iewes which
then came and died in Spaine in the towne of Cigales neere to Vailledolit in the yeare 1558 and lyes in the monasterie of S. Benedict of Vailledolit 3 Whilest that the Queen D. Isabella liued they did still practise some meanes of peace betwixt France and Spaine and to this end the kings of Castille and Arragon had their embassadors in the French kings Court making shew that they would restore king Frederic to his realme of Naples or giue it to D. Ferdinand duke of Calabria his eldest sonne who was resident if Spaine but it was not credible for that is not the custome in our age to giue away kingdomes which they doe quietly enjoy especially hauing gotten it with so great charge neither did he any thing But the yeare of her decease there was a peace concluded betwixt the Emperor Maxmilian and his sonne Philip and king Lewis by the which it was the third time agreed That prince Charles of Austria should mariâ— Claude of France with the consent of the princes and noblemen of France by the kings commaundement and namely of Francis duke of Angoulesme who was next in degree to the Crowne It was also concluded That the Emperor Maximilian should grant the inuestiture of the duchie of Milan to king Lewis for him and his heires and successors males and for want of males to his daughter and to her future spouse prince Charles who dying before the consummation of the mariage she should be giuen in mariage to the Infant D. Ferdinand his brother and they their descendants should enjoy the said duchie of Milan For the expedition of which priuiledge and donation king Lewis should pay vnto the Emperor 70000. ducats vpon the deliuerie of the letters and the like summe six moneths after and euery yere vpon new-yeares day a paire of gilt spurs in signe of honor Betwixt the Pope the Emperour king Philip his Sonne and the French king there was a league made against the Venetians League made against the Venetians to recouer the townes and Lands which either of these Princes pretended to belong vnto him and had beene vsurped by this Common-weale into which league Ferdinand king of Arragon might enter if he pleased and there was not any mention made of the realme of Naples in expectation whereof king Fredederic ended his daies that yeare 1505. at Tours Peace betwixt France and Spaine That yeare the truce betwixt D. Ferdinand king of Arragon and the French king was conuerted to a peace vpon condition that king Ferdinand should marry Germaine the kings neece daughter to his sister and to Iohn of Foix and of Nauarre Vicount of Narbone which Lady was allyed to King Ferdinand in the third degree the Vicont of Narbone being borne of queene Leonora of Nauarre his Sister by reason of which consanguinity they had a dispensation from the Pope Treatie of marriage betwixt Ferdinand and the Lady Germaine of Foix. and in consideration of this marriage it was agreed that the part which the French king might pretend in the realme of Naples should stand in stead of a dowrie for his Neece the future queene of Arragon vpon condition that the king D. Ferdinand should pay vnto the French king seuen hundred thousand ducats for the charges hee had beene at in the warre of Naples and moreouer should indowe his spouse with three hundred thousand ducats and in regard thereof a peace being concluded the Noblemen and Barons of the Realme that were prisoners in the Spaniards hands should be deliuered and the banished men restored to their estates all confiscations being void That queene Germaine dying without children before the king D. Ferdinand her dowrie should remaine to him but if she suruiued and had no children it should returne to the crown of France That king Ferdinand shold be bound to assist Gaston of Foix brother to his future spouse to conquer the realme of Nauarre which he pretended to belong vnto him and not to queene Katherine his cousin That the French King should giue leaue to queene Elizabeth widowe to King Frederit to retyre into Spaine with two children which shee had in France to whome the King D. Ferdinand should giue honest meanes to liue and if she should refuse to goe that the French king should not giue any entertainment to her nor her children That for a stronger bond of peace and assurance of the two realmes the king of Spaine should be bound to aide him of France with two thousand light Horse three hundred men at armes and sixe thousand foot the French king him of Spaine with a thousand â— ances and sixe thousand foot in their warres The king of England was caution for both of them for this peace whereunto and to the marriage king Ferdinand did easily incline to quiet his minde in regard of the realme of Naples being also aduertised that his sonne in law king Philip contemning the will and testament of queene Isabell his mother in Lawe did not meane that hee should gouerne the realme of Castille Isabel widow to Frederic of Naples chased out of France The widow queene of Naples being chased out of France according to the accord she desired rather to retyre to Ferara vnder the protection of Duke Alfonso of Esse then to go into Spaine fearing it may be that king Ferdinand would put her children to death that there might not be any to pretend to the realme of Naples King Ferdinand hauing remained most part of the yeare at Segobia and hunting at Cerezuela hee came to salamanca there to spend the remainder in which yeare there dyed many great men of Spaine Death of many Gentlemen in Spaine D. Alfonso of Fonseca Bishop of Osma to whome there succeedded an ignorant and visaious prelate base Sonne to the Admirall D. Frederic Henriques called D. Alfonso Henriques borne of a slaue of which promotion the king did often repent him and was much blamed for it by other Prelates namely of frier Anthonie de la Pegna who preached before him There dyed also D. Pero Aluares Osorio Marquesse of Astorga who left for successor his Sonne D. Aluar Peres Osorio D. Gomes Suarez of Figueroa Earle of Feria to whome succeeded Don Laurence Suares of Figueroa his Sonne who hauing marryed D. Katherine of Cordoua eldest Daughter to D. Pedro of Cordoua and neece to the great Captaine came by her â—ight to bee Marquesse of Pâ—lego D. Alfonso of Fonseca Lord of Coca and Alacxos and D. Francisco of Velasco Earle of Siruela D. Hurtado of Mendosa gouernour of Casorla brother to the deceased Cardinall D. Pero Gonsales of Mendâ—ca did also end their daies this yeare The plague did also carry away infinite numbers of people in the citie of Burgos so as it was in a manner left desolate 4 In the yeare 1506 1506 vpon the controuersie growen betwixt the two kings father in lawe and sonne Difference betwixt D. FerdinaÌ„d king of Arragon and D. Philip and D.
be called the East The East part of Spaine yet all this passage of the Pyrenee mountaines turnes much towards the North and is subject to that wind which the Italians call Gree and by our mariners Northeast From Cap de Crux or Venus Temple along the Mediterranean sea and passing by the strait into the Atlanticke Ocean vnto the holy Promontorie or Cap S. Vincent is the South part of Spaine the which notwithstanding turning towards the East is for the most part subject to the wind which the Italians call Siroco The South coast of Spaine and we Southeast and contains about 275 leagues that is 202 leagues to Gibaltar and 73 leagues from thence to Cap S. Vincent the which are distinctly measured after this manner From Cap Crux to Barcelone 30 Leagues From thence to Tarracone 16 L. From Tarracone to Valence by the mouth of the riuer of Ebro and Tortosa 30 L. From Valence to Denia 17 L. From Denia to Alicant 18 L. From thence to Carthagena 17 L. From Carthagena to Vera 18 Leagues From Vera to Almerie 13 L. From Almerie to Malaga 20 L. From Malaga to Gibaltar 23 L. From Gibaltar by the strait to Calis 20 L. From Calis to the mouth of Guadiana 26 L. From thence to Cap S. Vincent 27 L. All which together are 275 Leagues The West part of Spaine is directly towards the Equinoctiall West part of Spaine and containes 126 leagues or thereabouts along the Ocean sea from Cap S. Vincent vnto that which the Ancients called Nereum and we Finis terrae whereof the distances are these From Cap S. Vincent to the mouth of Tagus or Tayo 38 Leagues From thence to the riuer of Munda 25 L. From Munda to Duero a riuer and where it fals into the sea 25 L. From thence to Ponteuedra 19 L. From Ponteuedra to Cap Finis terrae 18 L. All which together make 125 Leagues whereof there are about 100 of the jurisdiction of Portugall From Cap Finis terrae vnto the Promontorie Easo neere vnto which is Bayonne a frontier towne of Fraunce against Spaine The North part of Spaine is the North part thereof running some seuen score Leagues along the Ocean sometimes called Britannicum For From Cap Finis terrae vnto Ninerio or S. Marthe they number 40 Leagues From thence to Hianeo or Cap Stationes 30 L. From thence to S. Ander 30 L. From S. Ander to the last bounds of the Pyrenees 40 L. All which makes 140 Leagues All the circuit then of Spaine shall be of 620 Leagues counting foure Italian myles to a League The circuit of all Spaine that is 80 Leagues by land and 540 by sea sailing round about it where it is washt with the two seas which makes it almost an Island We are not ignorant that in old times was comprehended vnder the jurisdiction of Spaine on the one side the Prouince of Gaule Narbonoise which is now called Languedocke and on the other side a portion of Mauritania in Africa Prouinces out of Spaine vnder the iurisdiction thereof beyond the strait as well in the times of the Romane Emperours as of the Gothes but for that it was an accessorie onely for a time and vpon extraordinarie occasions and that it is most certaine that these people are by nature excluded out of the limits of Spaine and haue alwaies had diuers humors and manners to the Spaniards wee will containe our selues within the compasse which wee haue described and measured in the whole course of this Historie and if we be forced to goe out of it wee will hold our selues there as strangers Hauing turned round about Spaine let vs now come into the heart of it and before we speake of the particular Prouinces let vs see what mountaines and riuers are famous in the whole country the better to distinguish euery nation both auncient and moderne The Pyrenees which haue taken their name either of the great fire whereof mention hath bin made for Pyr in Greeke is fire or from the ordinarie lightening which fals vpon the tops of the hils Pyreneâ—s why so called or else if we will receiue fables of the nymph Pyrene daughter to Bebrix whom Hercules did get with child as he passed that way extend their greatest masse from Venus Temple or Cap Crux vnto Bayonne that is to say from the one vnto the other sea stretching farre into Spaine where they doe hold a great part of the countrey which lyes betwixt them and the riuer of Ebro casting moreouer many braunches along and crosse this Region from whence doe fall many riuers and small streames the which some haue numbred to be 150 meriting the names of riuers The front of these mountaines which stretch vnto the Ocean neere vnto Bayonne bending in that part runs along the Cantabrians Asturians Gallicia vnto the last Westerne limits extending it selfe far into the country and making almost halfe Spaine crooked and hilly whereas the riuer of Duero doth passe and further These hils were heretofore called Cantabres and Vindius and since they took diuers names which were giuen them by the people which dwell thereabouts and in the vallies thereof At this present they be the mountains of Biscay Nauarre Sentillana the mountains of Oca Asturia and Gallicia Out of them doth flow the riuer Ebro The spring of the riuer Ebro in old time Iberus neere vnto a place which they call Fuent Ibre hauing run a little towards the East she turneth her course to the South by the ancient country of the Autrigones The course of Ebro Vardules Vascons Ilergetes Edetanes and Ilercaones the which are in our time the Nauarrois Arragonois and Cattelaunians and hauing run aboue 120 leagues through the country The spring of the riuer Duero it fals into the Mediterranean sea beneath Tortose Duero doth also take her beginning in these mountains a great riuer and the auncient limit betwixt Portugall and Tarraconese two of the principall Prouinces of Spaine neere vnto a Bourg called Aquilar not farre from Soria bending in the beginning towards the South but afterwards she takes her course to the West Ocean into the which it dischargeth it selfe neere vnto the towne of Porto Galego hauing run about 120 leagues by the Areuaces and betwixt the vallies of the Galliques and Lusitanians which in our time are those of Castille the old Leon and Portugal towards the North. Into it fals the riuer Auia Auia vpon the banks whereof they say that no tree that is pricking will grow although that all the countrey thereabouts is full of Pomgranets Oranges Cytrons and such like the which it hath common with another riuer in Galicia called Aleste From the same Pyrenees Mountaine of Idubeda as from a common stemme parts the mountain called in old time Idubeda or Iubalda the which thrusts forth into two other branches the which diuides Spain from the East vnto the West and passing by diuers people gets
the riuer which they now call Tinte whose water is excellent good to dye blacke fals into the sea neere vnto Palos of Moguer This riuer was in old time called Iberus as that which passeth and looseth it selfe at Tarracone From thence Himilco passed neere vnto Proserpinas Temple built vpon a point which runneth farre into the sea vnto which place come the Marian hils and a little more forward riseth Mont Zephirus whose top is alwaies hidden in the clouds about the which for a good distance the shoare is full of rockes vnto Mont Saturne the which is among the Cenits by the which the riuer Anas or Guadiana doth run at the mouth whereof were two Islands whereof the greatest was called Agone Passing on by a long course towards the holy Promontorie and hauing doubled it this Carthaginian armie came to the port of Cenis neere vnto the Islands which they now call Persegueres Not farre from thence dwelt the Dragans a people of Lusitania compassed in by the mountaines Cephis and Sempis right against the Islands of Stremnie the which stands farre into the sea but neerer vnto these Dragants was another Island called Acala about the which the waters were blew and wonderfull cleere but very stinking whereof there are at this day no markes Aboue Alcala was the mountaine Cyprilian Himilâ—o hauing sayled along the coast hee discouered the Island Pelagie full of greene trees the which he durst not touch being consecrated to Saturne hearing that if any saylers would land there the sea was troubled The shoare which goes vnto the mouth of Tayo was inhabited by the Saries a cruell and a barbarous people whose Promontorie was for that cause called Barbaresque There notwithstanding was planted the Greeke Colonie Olysippo which is Lisbone at this day These Nauigators came to the Promontorie Nerium which is Finis terrae and to the neighbour Islands called also Stremnies for that the inhabitants of the Island of Stremnie aboue mentioned being forced to leaue it for the multitude of Serpents which were there they retyred into these Islands There is no further mention made of Himilcos nauigation As for Hanno Hannos voyage vpon the coast of Africke he made a longer voyage his armie consisted of many vessels carrying aboue thirtie thousand persons of both sexes hee planted a Colonie vpon the sea coast of Africke the which is now Azamor the which he called Thimateria he passed on beyond the foot of Mont Atlas towards Numidia and Lybia he discouered the fortunat Islands which are the Canaries and those of Cap Verd which is the point of the Hesperides the Island of Argin in old time Cerne and the Gorgones so named by him the mouths of the great riuer Niger the which hath Crocodiles in it and sea horses as well as Nil vntill he came vnto the Island named at this day S. Thome vnder the Equinoctiall Some say that hee doubled the point of Africke or Cap bonne Esperance and passed as farre as the Arabicke sea and from thence returned to Carthage by Aegypt reporting That he had seene men all couered with haire which it may be were Apes for there are very great and dangerous ones in some part of Africke and other wonders He returned to Carthage fiue yeares after his departure It was in the yeare 312 of the foundation of Rome when these two captaines vndertooke their voyages Gisgo their brother gouerned Spaine in their absence and thinking to returne to Carthage to be partaker of the feasts and joy which were made in regard of their prosperous voyages he perished with all his ships at sea Hannibal Hannibal sent into Spaine brother to Psappho and cousin to these surnamed the ancient was sent into Spaine and with him Mago his kinsman Mago stayed at the Baleares and he passed to Calis and some hold that he built a fort at the place which is called Lagos the which was named Port Hannibal there was also built in his time at the mouth of the riuer of Betis Lucifers Temple dedicated to the goddesse Venus whose starre was called Phosphoros or Lucifer it is S. Lucar of Barraneda at this present During their time and gouernment there grew great warre betwixt the Spaniards of Betica and the Lusitanians dwelling by the riuer Anas the which was nourished by the Carthaginians and their captaines Hannibal and Mago The Commonweale of Carthage had then great warres in the Island of Sicile Warre in Sicile by the Carthaginians kindled about the yeare 346 of the foundation of Rome by the Agrigentines who did murther the Carthaginian garrisons being busie at their sacrifices wherefore by decree of the Senat there were leuies of men made in Spaine and in the Islands of the Baleares But the Agrigentines were defeated in battaile and then besieged for the space of two yeares who in the end were forced to yeeld to their mercie who entreated them very roughly whereupon they had recourse vnto Denis the old by whose aduice they freed themselues of those that did oppresse them and tooke from the Carthaginians the townes of Camerine and Gele Denis although he dissembled seeming to be a neuter found himselfe so ingaged as he was forced to take armes against the Carthaginians by whom hee was vanquished but with great losse of their men the rest of the Carthaginian armie where Himilco Sepas had the leading of tenne thousand Spaniards was consumed by the plague whereat Himilco was so grieued as being returned to Carthage refusing to see either children or friends he slew himselfe in his house After these ruins by the industrie of Denis a peace was concluded betwixt the Carthaginians the Sicilians or rather a truce for 30 yeres This was in the yere 356 of the foundation of Rome About that time some ships of Carthage dispersed by tempest or else of set purpose following Hannos discouerie or imitating his designes came vnto a great Island which wee may thinke to be that of S. Dominique at this day which made them of Carthage to affect these voyages with such vehemencie as to diuert them the Senat resolued to cause them to be slaine which were returned and had brought the newes fearing least their citie and countrey should be vnpeopled The truce being expired New warres in Sicile the Carthaginians prepared againe to warre in Sicile during the which truce they had aduanced their authoritie and credit among the Spaniards entertaining diuisions among them and taking parties so as they had meanes at one time to bring to the warres of Sicile 20000 foot and 1000 horse of that nation making them by this means weake against their own designs to which forces they added 300 Majorquins which vsed slings and 10000 Africanes making Hanno chiefe of this armie who should suddainly inuade the Island whilest that Denis made warre in Italie But Suniat a Carthaginian enuying Hannos charge aduertised Denis of this preparation and as he continued in this trecherie he was discouered by the taking of
he tooke from the enemie but most of all by his onely authoritie and the reuerence of his name so long as he continued the warres in Italie which was 16 yeares 6 Whilest that the Consul P. Scipio attended him at the entrie of Italie Cn. Scipio sent into Spaine at the foot of the mountaines Cn. Scipio his brother sent by him into Spaine parted from the mouth of Rosne with a good number of gallies and other vessels well manned with souldiours and coasting along the Gaulish shore he came to Empurias without any encounter where hauing landed he gouerned himselfe so discreetly in all his enterprises and with so great humanitie towards the Spaniards as in a short time hee reduced to the deuotion of the Romanes those which had beene drawne away either by force or feare He wins the Spaniards by mildnesse assured himselfe of the old allies and got new not onely among the people which lay neere vnto the sea but also of those which dwelt farre into the countrey and euen of the mountainers although they were very rude and barbarous wherewith he encreased his armie and had willingly from them without any constraint victuals and all other necessaries Hanno appointed Gouernor of the countrey on this side Ebro for the Carthaginians went to field to make head against the Romans whilest that Asdrubal Gouernour generall of the Prouince made hast to joyne with him with a great armie Hanno defeated by Scipio But Scipio went speedily to charge Hanno and did easily defeat him where he slew 6000 of his souldiors tooke 2000 forced his campe and not onely spoyled the baggage of his armie but also that which Hannibal had appointed for Italie wherewith Scipios souldiors were made rich In the meane time Asdrubal arriues hauing had no certaine intelligence of the defeat of Hanno whereof being aduertised he marched towards the sea where he found many Romane souldiours and mariners stragling after some spoyle of whom he slew many giuing them a worthie reward of their negligence the which happened neere vnto Tarracone yet hee made no long abode there but presently repassed the riuer of Ebro Scipio hauing rested his armie foure dayes resolued to pursue him but he would first assure himselfe of Tarracone the which was not very well furnished The Spaniard inconstant Asdrubal seeing him retire aduanced againe and did sollicite the Ilergetes to rebell who notwithstanding had giuen hostages to the Romanes making them to spoyle some of their allies countrey whereupon Scipio went to field and Asdrubal retyred Scipio meaning to punish these Ilergetes besieged Athanasia their chiefe towne and forced them to redeeme themselues with mony and to giue new hostages then he went to the Ausetanians allied to the Carthaginians neere vnto the riuer of Ebro whom he besieged and defeated the Lacetanes who came to succour them whereof there remained 12000 vpon the place and the rest were dispersed returning disarmed to their houses This siege continued 30 daies in the heart of winter the snow being almost foure foot deepe wherewith their engines of batterie were in a manner couered the which did preserue them from the fire which was cast by the enemie In the end Amusite their captaine hauing abandoned them and being retyred to Asdrubal the towne yeelded to Scipio redeeming it selfe from spoyle for 20 talents amounting to 12000 French crownes from whence Scipio led his armie backe to Tarracone The second yeare of the second Punicke warre Asdrubal Generall of the Carthaginians resolued to charge the enemie wheresoeuer he should encounter him either by sea or land hauing armed out thirtie gallies which Hannibal had left him and tenne others which he had of all which he gaue the charge to Himilcon commaunding him to sayle along the coast in view of his land armie with the which he parted from Carthagene keeping still neere the shoare whereof Scipio being aduertised he resolued also to fight with Asdrubal if any opportunitie were offered Yet hauing intelligence that he had beene reenforced with some fresh troupes he resolued not to hazard a battaile by land but to set vpon them at sea Hauing to that end embarked the flower of his armie hee parted from Tarracone with fiue and thirtie ships of warre and came within foure or fiue leagues of the mouth of the riuer of Ebro there he was aduertised by two galliots of Marseilles that the enemies gallies were at anchor in the mouth of the riuer and their land armie camped neere vnto them wherefore Scipio desiring to surprize them commaunded his gallies to set forward making great speed towards them Spaine had then many watch-towers vpon the coast set vpon high hils for the safetie of passengers against pyrats The Roman army was discouered by them and an alarme giuen to the Carthaginians being sooner discouered by the army at land than by the gallies Asdrubal dispatching many horsemen gaue charge That euery one should retire presently to his gally and prepare to fight for the enemie had bin discouered Most of the souldiors and marriners were at land dispersed here and there in the tents and villages making good cheere with their companions fearing nothing lesse than the comming of the Romans that day who were hidden by the high clyffes which run into the sea for that they could neither heare the beating of their oares nor any noise of their fleet And as all was full of disorder and tumult among the Carthaginians Asdrubal put his armie in battaile neere vnto his fleet whilest the rest embarked who ran without order or discipline as if they had bin chased from the land and would haue saued themselues in the sea The confusion was so great that hindering one another the souldiors could not vse their armes nor the marriners launch out nor doe their duties so as they were forced to cut their cables and doing all things in hast they were defeated more by their owne disorder than by the Romanes who aduancing tooke two gallies at their first joyning and sunke foure The Carthaginians defeated at sea by Cn. Scipio the rest of the Carthaginian fleet being dispersed and not able to hold together they ran aground willingly so as the men saued themselues and fled to their army which stood in battaile who being spectators of this combat saw their gallies pursued and taken carying all away that were not run on ground or broken vpon the coast so as the Romans drew 25 out with them to sea This victorie did not only disarme the Carthaginians of their sea forces but also made them forsake all that coast Wherfore the Romans being landed at Onusta or Honosca became masters thereof without any resistance spoyling the countrey vnto the gates of new Carthage whereas they burnt the suburbes Returning from thence laden with spoyle to Longuntica which at this present is Guardamar they found-great store of a kind of broome wherwith they did vse to make cables for ships the which Asdrubal had caused to be
Syllanus to gard that which lies on this side Ebro with 3000 foot and 300 horse and he himself past on with the rest of the armie the which consisted of 25000 foot and 2500 horse Some were of opinion that the enemies armies lying farre distant one from another he should goe and fight with the neerest But he thought otherwise for he doubted that whilest he should spend his time to draw the enemie to fight and to seeke his aduantages the others would make hast to come into those parts so all three armies being vnited together he should not be able to make head against them Wherefore he resolued to go and suddenly to besiege new Carthage a towne verie rich of it selfe and abounding with all sorts of prouision Scipio begins his charge with a great enterprise of victuals armes and treasure which the enemies had laid vp there for the warre and in the which the hostages of all the good townes and prouinces of Spaine were kept situated in a commodious place to passe into Africke hauing an ample port and capable of any great fleet Silence required in a great captaine and the best of all that coast of Spaine Yet hee did not acquaint any man liuing with this his resolution but onely C. Lelius who commanded the armie at sea hauing giuen him charge so to direct his course C. Lelius Generall of the gallies as at one instant they should come before the towne with both armies The seuenth day of their departure from the riuer of Ebro Carthage was besieged both by sea and land The campe was planted on the North side and fortified with a palisadoe The situation of Carthage was after this manner The situation of new Carthage In the middest of that coast of Spaine is a gulfe which runnes fiue hundred paces into the land and hath not much lesse in breadth The mouth of this gulfe is couered with a little island which defends it from all winds except that which carries the name of Africke of the place from whence it comes which we may cal Southeast or Libecchio according to the Italians Within this gulfe there riseth a peece of ground almost like an island on the which the towne is built Which peece of ground is enuironed with the sea on the East and South sides hauing towards the West a marish which doth couer some part of the North the which is not verie safe being in some places deeper than in others as the sea doth rise and fall A little hill joynes the towne vnto the firme land being some two hundred and fiftie paces This part was left open by Scipio without any fortification whether hee did it to braue the enemie or leaue this passage open to make continuall courses and attempts vpon the towne and then to haue his retreat easie Hee also planted his gallies within the port seeming as if hee would also besiege the towne by sea giuing charge vnto the captaines to be watchfull and to stand vpon their gards For in the beginning of a siege he that is shut vp doth most commonly make greatest sallies Hauing therefore prouided for all things necessarie for a siege he then resolued to impart his designe vnto his souldiors and to shew them the reasons which had mooued him to begin warre by a siege and to persuade them that it was easie to take it suddenly whilest their forces were farre off Hee shewed them That new Carthage was of such consequence as the taking thereof would conquer all Spaine for the Romanes by reason of the hostages of the princes potentates townes and commonweales of the countrey which were kept there the which being taken the enemie who had not any but mercinarie souldiours which must alwayes haue money would soone bee abandoned by their men for that the money appointed for their pay was within the towne in the which the Carthaginians made their treasurie the magazine for their victuals and for all sorts of munitions and engines All which things said hee the towne being taken will come into our hands and the enemie shall bee left naked of all meanes to make warre We on the other side shall be furnished of all things necessarie but aboue all wee shall get a good towne and commodious port to receiue all things whereof wee shall haue need as well by sea as land yea we shall haue an easie passaage into Africke if it be needfull to go thither He made so liuely an impression of the opportunitie profit and easinesse of the siege and enterprise as they began to crie that he should lead them to the assault the which he did presently Mago commanded within the towne who seeing that they prepared to come vnto an assault gaue order on his side to withstand their furie He assured himselfe of the castle for his retreat putting fiue hundred souldiours into it and as many vpon a high ground within the towne on the East side He appointed two thousand souldiours to make a furioussally vpon the enemie and the rest of the multitude were put in conuenient places to succor where need should require These Carthaginians opening their gates issued out vpon the Romans comming to the assault and staied them wheras the fight was long doubtfull but the Romanes hauing still fresh supplies the Carthaginians were in the end forced to turne their backes in such feare and disorder as if they had beene eagerly pursued they had entred pell mell with them into the towne in the which the tumult and confusion was no lesse than in the fight for many of them left their gards for feare as if the towne had beene taken Scipio obseruing what was done and watching all occasions from an eminent place seeing the walles abandoned in some places hee put all his armie in battaile commaunding them to march towards the towne with their ladders He himselfe being couered with some soldiours that were well armed goes among the troupes to encourage them and to be an eye witnesse of the valor cowardise of euery one The wals were again furnisht with soldiors by the diligence of Mago wherefore the souldiours comming to the assault were entertained with a shower of darts and arrowes which fell vpon them more vpon their flanks than in afront besides the wall towards the firme land was very high Notwithstanding the souldiors animated by their Generals presence and with a desire to vanquish and spoile planted their ladders of all sides and mounted couragiously striuing who should get first to the top of the wal But many of the ladders being ouer-laden with the multitude brake and they fell into the ditch besides most of them were too short They gaue an assault in like manner towards the sea but with more amazement than danger and of euerie side there was more brute than effect so as for this time the Romans were repulst which gaue courage vnto the enemies and hope they should be able to keepe the towne persuading themselues they were out
of scaladoe and that their armies should haue time ynough to come and succour them But Scipio who was resolued to take this towne did not suffer them to continue long in this errour for as soone as he had caused them which had giuen the first assault to retire being wearie and wounded he made other fresh souldiours to aduance against the towne to renew the assault taking the ladders from their companions He had beene aduertised by fishermen of Tarracone which were in his campe and who had waded through the marishes on the West side of the towne That there was no great store of water along the wall when the tyde was spent and that it was easie to goe to the foot of it and withall had obserued that on that side the wall was but low ill rampared and fortified and without gards for that they assured themselues of this stil water Wherfore vpon the ebbe and a strong Northerly wind which draue out the water it was easie to wade through he embraced this occasion and sent some troups thither shewing them the easie accesse saying That the gods did inuite them and assure their passage causing the sea to retire whereby they might take the towne as it fell out For finding no man to resist them whilest that all were busie in other places where as they feared most they entred into the towne and marched directly towards the port where as the combate was hottest where they were sooner felt than heard and the enemies were charged both in front and in flanke before they knew that the towne was taken so as the number increasing still one helping another ouer the wall euerie one sought to saue himselfe and not any one made any more resistance New Carthage taken Wherefore the gate being broken and an entrie made for the armie they entred in battaile into the towne with their commaunders and ensignes and seised vpon the chiefe places Those which had past ouer the walls made a great slaughter of the inhabitants The Carthaginian souldiours retired themselues into two forts the one was to that high peece of ground aboue mentioned on the East part of the towne garded by fiue hundred souldiours and the other was the castle which Mago had reserued The mount being assailed by a part of the Romane armie was presently forced Soone after Mago seeing there was no more hope hauing made some resistance yeelded the fort also and all that was within it Vntill that time the Romanes slew all they met aboue fourteene yeares of age but the castle being yeelded they were commaunded to cease from killing then they began to fall to the spoile The number of the prisoners taken at Carthage which was verie great where they had ten thousand prisoners all men of free condition Those that were naturall citizens were set free and the towne restored vnto them and all that was found belonging vnto them There were also found about two thousand artisans whom Scipio adjudged to the publique of the people of Rome giuing them hope of speedie libertie if they carried themselues like good men and did imploy themselues valiantly in the warres With the rest of the youth which was able and strong he furnished his gallies and encreased his armie at sea with eight gallies taken from the enemie Besides this multitude there was found within the fort the Spanish hostages whom hee treated as honourably as if they had beene allyed to the people of Rome Scipio intreats the Spanish hostages kindly Thus this wise Generall by his mildnesse and humanitie woon the hearts of the people with more honor and much lesse paine and daunger than if he would haue forced them by armes the which notwithstanding he could well employ at need The engines to batter and defend townes and forts were infinit there were threescore and fourteene ensignes taken the gold and siluer was carried to the Generall there were two hundred threescore and sixteen cups of gold euery one weighing a pound and in siluer coined eighteene thousand and three hundred pounds weight with great store of siluer plate All which things were deliuered by weight to C. Flaminius the treasurer Besides there was found 40000 bushels of wheat and 270000 of barley There were taken within the port an hundred and thirteene shippes of burthen whereof many were still laden with armes corne siluer yron cloth stuffe to make ropes and other things for the vse of shippes so as in regard of the spoyle the towne of Carthage was esteemed of least value 14 The heat and furie of the souldiours being past and Scipio in quiet possession of the towne without any contradiction the same day leauing the towne in gard to Caius Lelius with the souldiors of his gallies and mariners he brought backe the Armie and Legions to their campe very much tyred with so many exploits of warre which they had done in one day for they had fought hand to hand in field had giuen an assault and taken the towne with extreame paine and danger and that being taken they had been still forced to fight with great disaduantage against them that held the castle wherefore he suffered them to rest vntill the next day when as he caused the whole armie both of sea and land to assemble thanking first of all the gods Scipio doth first giue thanks to the gods for his victorie who not onely had deliuered into their hands the richest towne of all Spaine but had gathered together in it as it were a spoyle of all that was precious in Spaine and Africke so as their enemies were left naked of all things and they were abundantly furnished with superfluitie Then did he publikely acknowledge the valour of his souldiors commending such as had done their duties He commends the souldiors valour according to euery mans vertue and resolution wherewith they had repulsed the enemies who had sallied out so furiously against them and notwithstanding the height of their wals the dangers of vnknowne passages in the moores and the munition of their forts and citadels they had past all and surmounted all obstacles Wherefore although he knew that all deserued much yet it was expedient to haue an especiall regard to those that had first mounted vp the wals and therefore he commaunded they should shew themselues There were two souldiors which pretended this honour to be due vnto them it was a crowne of gold made with battlements A murall crown which the custome and auncient militarie order of the Romanes did giue vnto him that mounted first vp the enemies walls One of these was Q. Trebellius a Centenier of the first Legion and the other Sextus Digitius a souldior of the sea armie Emulatian for honour who as it happeneth often had put the whole armie into factions either being supported by them of his ranke C. Lelius maintained them of the fleet and M. Sempronius Turditanus the Legionaries which contention had almost bred a mutinie but Scipio gaue them
there did arise new tumults among the Celtiberians for the appeasing whereof Calphurnius Piso was sent and after him Sergius Galba Pretors but for that the Romanes were much troubled with the warres of Italie as well against the Cimbrians a nation comming from the borders of the Northerne Ocean as against the slaues which were in armes againe and forraged Sicile they sent certaine Commissioners to pacifie the troubles without armes if it might be These Cimbrians being vanquished a little before by the Consull Carbo had fallen vpon the Gaules and Spaine from whence they had beene repulsed and in the yeare 644 returned againe to inuade Italie where they defeated the armie of M. Syllanus Consull Anno 648. but the Lusitanians in the yeare 648 P. Rutilius Rufus and C. Manilius being Consuls defeated a Romane armie The Lusitanians reuolt and defeat the Romans the Authors speake not of his name that was the Generall nor of his that was sent to suppresse them in the yeare 652 who subdued them It may be it was D. Iunius Silanus And they stayed not long to minister matter of triumph to the Romane captaines hauing rebelled againe in the yeare 654 against whom L. Corn. Dolabella a Pretor was sent who vanquished them and triumphed The Consull T. Didius at the same time after that the Cimbrians had beene driuen out of Italie hauing had the gouernment of Spaine about Ebro Thermise taken and rased by T. Didius Consul slew in battaile 20000 Areuaces and Vacceans and tooke the towne of Thermise which was great and strong by situation commaunding the inhabitants for a punishment of their ordinarie rebellion to dwell in the plaine and not to inwall themselues after seuen moneths siege hee also tooke the towne of Colenda and sold the inhabitants Other people of the Celtiberians continuing in their theeuing were by him condemned to die by the aduice of tenne Commissioners which were then in Spaine for the people of Rome Hauing then gathered them together vnder colour that he would giue them land to manure he caused them to be enuironed by his souldiors and cut in pieces for which deeds he triumphed at his returne to Rome Qu. Sertorius In the armie of this T. Didius was at that time Q. Sertorius who had charge of 1000 men a man of judgement and valour whereof he made good proofe when as vnder this Consul Didius the Castalonians attempted with the help of them of Girize to cut his regiment in pieces which wintred in their town for that during the tumult he rallied them together which escaped the slaughter with the which he reuenged the death of his souldiors putting all the conspirators which he found armed to the sword hauing attired some of his men with their apparrell and armes he marcht speedily towards Girize where being let in by reason of this disguising he made a great slaughter of the inhabitants and sold the rest 10 The Lusitanians and people of the further Spaine in the yeare 656 drew against them the Consull P. Licinius Crassus Fuluius Flaccus defeats the Celtiberians who triumphed in like manner And in the yeare 659 Fuluius Flaccus being sent against the Celtiberians who had rebelled he slew 20000 in battell and restrained the rest by justice euen those which had burnt their owne Senators opposing themselues against the rebellion which they had intended rasing and demanteling some townes Spaine by means of these executions remained quiet vntill the ciuile dissentions betwixt Marius and Sylla which ministred occasion of new warre 11 Whilest this Marian sedition continued M. Crassus hauing seene his father and brother slaine by Cinna and Marius fled into Spaine where he had been in time past at the warres with his father A friend is tried in need and there had gotten some friends but finding that euerie one stood in feare of Marius he retired to a countrey house belonging to Vibius Paciacus where he hid himselfe in a caue causing some to sound Vibius mind who hearing that Crassus was escaped he caused him to be secretly fed there eight moneths by a slaue of his vnto the death of Cinna 12 After the ciuile warre betwixt Marius and Sylla the infection of this madnesse past into Spaine Sertorius warre in Spaine by the means of Q. Sertorius who hauing held the partie of Cinna and Marius after the defeats of Carbo Scipio and Norbanus by Sylla he retired into Spaine where he had been vnder the Consull Didius and there he fortified himselfe against the enterprises of the Dictator Sylla causing Iulius Salinator to keepe the passages of the Pyrenee mountaines with 6000 foot but it was not long before that Sylla sent C. Annius who not able to force the enemie in a place of such aduantage obtained the passage by the death of Salinator whom Calphurnius Lanarius that did maligne him slew in treason This made Sertorius retyre who had but three thousand men remaining in new Carthage from whence he passed into Affricke and from thence the barbarians chased him afterwards thinking to returne he was repulsed from landing in Spaine wherefore he seazed vpon one of the islands of Pytiuses in dispight of C. Annius garrison but he was chased from thence also so as being accompanied with some foists of Cicilian pirats he was forced to put out to sea for some daies In the end he passed the strait Settorius hauing endured manie crosses resolues to goe and liue at the fortunat islands at Canaries and put to land aboue the mouth of the riuer of Betis where hauing information by some mariners of the fortunat islands he began to resolue to liue there in rest whereupon these pirats disliking his designe abandoned him and put themselues in pay vnder a Moore named Ascalius who contended with an other for the kingdome of the Marusians whose partie Sertorius maintained Comming to fight Ascalius was defeated and after him one of Syllias captaines called Paccianus who came to succoâ—r him after which Ascalius was besieged in the towne of Tingis and taken By this good successe Sertorius augmented his armie with the remainders of the vanquished enemies souldiors which came to serue vnder him He did so win the harts of the Moores vsing this victorie modestly as they were afterwards al at his commandment but as he was in great care what course to take there came embassadors vnto him from the Lusitanians Sertorius called by the Lusitanians intreating him to be their Generall for that the Romans of Syllas partie made war against them and therefore they had need of a man of judgment experience which honor they did according to his merits offer vnto him vpon which summons he left Africke leading with him about 2500 souldiors which he called Romans yet they were for the most part Africans with the which hauing ioyned 4000 Lusitanians and 700 horses What forces were against Sertorius in Spaine he made head against foure great Romane captaines vnder whom
of Spaine touching the reigne of Amalaric and deeds of Theodoric king of Italie whom the Spaniards make his grandfather by the mothers side 19 Theude the ninth king of the Gothes in Spaine 20 Theodiscle the tenth king of the Gothes in Spaine 21 Agila the eleuenth king 22 Athanagilde the twelfth king 23 Luiba the thirteenth king 24 Leonigilde the foureteenth king and his deeds 25 End of the reigne of the Sueues in Gallicia 26 Ricared the fifteenth king abiuration of the Arrian heresie at the third Councell of Toledo reformation of the Gothicke lawes 27 Luiba the second of that name sixteenth king cruell his death 28 Vuiteric the seuentcenth king a tyrant 29 Gundamyr the eighteenth king 30 Sizebut the nineteenth king 31 Suintilla the twentieth king deposed for his vices 32 Sizenand the one and twentieth king the fourth Councell of Toledo 33 Cinthilla the two and twentieth king and the fift and sixt Councels of Toledo 34 Tulba the three and twentieth king 35 Cindasuinthe the foure and twentieth king vnder whom was the seuenth Councell of Toledo 36 Recesuinthe the fiue and twentieth king and the ninth and tenth Councels of Toledo 37 Bamba the six and twentieth king rebellion of Paule and others in Gothike Gaule and their punishment 38 The eleuenth Councell of Toledo vnder him and some decrees 39 Eringe the seuen and twentieth king and vnder him the twelfth thirteenth and foureteenth Councels of Toledo 40 Egica the eight and twentieth king vnder whom were the fifteenth sixteenth and seuenteenth Councels of Toledo 41 Vitiza the nine and twentieth king cruell and infamous the eighteenth Councell at Toledo 42 Roderic the thirtieth and last king of Gothes in Spaine his vices inuasion of Spaine by the Moores and Arabians and the end of the Gothes reigne 43 A Catalogue of the auncient Bishops of Spaine BEing to treat of the Gothes kingdome in Spaine it is fit to know from what region they are come and by what accidents they first seated themselues in Spaine Honorius sonne to Theodosius the Great then reigning in the West 1 The Gothes are issued from the Getes The Gothes come out of Asia intâ— Europe and their first beginning was in Asia they passed into Europe long before and did first seize vpon the higher countrey of Thrace and Mysia which is at this day Bulgaria Bosna Rascia Seruia and it may be a part of Hungarie and in the end they came to either banke of the riuer of Danube and then by degrees peopling all that lyes betwixt that riuer and the Northerne shore of the Baltike sea they did in the end hold all that continent which extends it selfe in manner of an island in the bosome thereof with all the neighbour islands They were famous for a long time in Dacia in those regions which wee now call Valachia Transyluania Gothes Geâ—es Gepides all one nation and Moldauia where they were called Getes and Gepides In the times of Alexander the Great there were certaine encounters betwixt the Grecians and the Gothes not farre from the island of Peuce aboue Constantinople at the mouths of Danube or Ister as they called it in that place Syrmius reigned ouer that nation at that time We read also That Lysimachus one of Alexanders successors was vanquished in battaile and taken by a king of the Gothes whom hee afterwards set freely at libertie and married his daughter After which in tract of time other nations being mingled with them those which did inhabite the great Peninsule which the auncients called Scandia and Scandinauia yet little knowne to them retained the name of Gothes and the language the which as some affirme was like vnto that of the Celtes others hold That it was the Teuton or Dutch tongue which languages being corrupted differ much at this day from those times when they were in their greatest puritie From these Northerne regions which containe at this day the realmes of Suethland and Denmarke often and vpon diuers occasions there came great troupes of people who tooke possession againe of the countries joyning to the Venedique or Baltike sea The Gothish tongue and of the islands thereof chasing away the inhabitants and aduauncing into the maine land they did repossesse Dacia and Mysia and ouerrun the higher Thrace vnder Filymer sonne to Gandaric who was the fift king after this returne In these countries they planted their bounds vpon the Danube and there reigned some ages they did encrease their fame with great victories and did giue their name to many nations whom they subjected They inuaded the Romane Empire in the time of Decius vnder the conduct of their king Giua and did vanquish the Romanes in a great battaile whereas Decius and his sonne were slaine after which by many victories they made themselues fearefull to the Romans so as the Emperous were often glad to haue them for friends and companions in arms and by the vertue and valor of their troups which they entertained did often execute great matters About the time of Valentinian and Valens Hermanaric reigned ouer the Gothes The Hunschase the Gothes out of their coÌ„quests who vanquished many nations who notwithstanding yeelded to the force of the Hunnes fathers to the Hungarians who came at that time out of Asia into Europe in great numbers through the fennes of Meotides Hermanaric being dead and Vithimir his successor slaine in battaile the Gothes estate was ouerthrowne and troden vnder foot by the Hunnes wherefore such as would not liue vnder the Conquerors subjection retyred themselues into diuers other countries Athanaric who had shewed himselfe an enemie to Valens in supporting Procopius his rebell would not trust him and therefore he tooke his course towards the North and did inhabite with his troupes in the forrests of Sarmatia But Fritigerne and Alauin being followed with a great number of Gothes came vnto the bankes of Danube vpon the confines of the Empire where desiring to be admitted to dwell with the other subjects Valens consented supposing that they should serue as a rampier against forraine nations that would inuade the empire on that side Then there arriued vpon the same marches Vitheric Distinction of the East and West Gothes sonne to Vithimir with his tutors Alathee and Safrax and also Farnabe conductors of other great troupes Then did the Romans begin to distinguish these people into Ostrogoths or East Goths and Visigoths or West Goths calling those which did remaine vnder the domination of the Hunnes Ostrogoths and those Visigots which had passed the Danube and dwelt in Hungarie Mysia and Thracia the which distinction was ancient among them according to their countries and abodes and was againe practised in Italie Gaule and Spaine when as this nation had erected kingdomes there whereof the princes were diuided into two families or factions that is the Hâ—mels or Amales and the Baltes 2 The name of Iesus Christ had beene many yeares preached among this nation Christian religion among the Gothes before
that which Authors write of the death of this king D. Ramir first of that name and tenth King of Ouiedo 28 D. Ramir was sonne to the king D. Veremond Ouiedo called the Deacon and adopted by D. Alphonso his vncle a generous and worthie Prince and not inferior to any of his predecessors in vertue In the beginning of his raigne he married a Ladie called D. Vrraca borne in old Castille of which were borne two sonnes D. Ordogno who raigned and D. Garcia This king did that which all other Princes abhorre Two brothers kings in one kingdome and agree well a rare example for he receiued his sonne to be a companion with him in the kingdome and caused his brother D. Garcia to raigne with him so as there were two courts and two kings in Ouiedo and Leon. The first warre which troubled this king was ciuile by the rebellion of a nobleman of Asturia called Nepotian against whom D. Ramir assembled his armie in the towne of Lugo and being come to battaile he vanquished him and put his men to flight himselfe being taken some few dayes after had by the kings commaundement his eyes put out A rebell punished and was put into a cloister of Monkes an vsuall punishment in those dayes for traitors and rebels In this kings time the fame of the miracles which S. Iaques did at Compostella began to be spred ouer all Europe so as many pilgrims came thither both by sea and land from all parts of Christendome An. 827. but about the yeare 827 the coasts of Gallicia were annoyed with Norman pyrats a people of the North who since vnder Rollo and other captains inuaded France and planted themselues in the Prouince called by their name Normandie These pyrats moued with another zeale than to visit S. Iaques kept the sea and spoyled the coast with a great number of ships Norman pyrats defeated vpon the bankes of Gallicia D. Ramir came and charged them at a place called Far where he made a great slaughter those which remained recouered their ships and came into the mouth of Guadalquibir where hauing landed they spoyled Seuile and the countrey thereabouts and then returned into their countrey This king D. Ramir was troubled with another sedition Aldered and Piniol two Earles of his countrey being risen in armes against him in the yeare 828 An. 828. against whom he marcht with his armie tooke these two rebels slew Piniol with his seuen soones confederates of his rebellion and caused Aldereds eyes to be put out and cast him into prison Abderramen Miralmumin of Spaine Moores had continued long in peace with D. Alphonso king of Ouiedo and Leon but some yeares after his decease he had a desire for that he had had some good successe against the Christians in Spaine and also at the persuasion of Idriz who raigned then in Fe◠to demaund of king D. Ramir the tribute of a hundred virgines which king Mauregat had promised to pay to his predecessors kings of 〈◊〉 the which was denied as vnjust and vnworthie by a generall consent of the Prelates and Nobilitie of the countrey assembled to this end in the towne of Leon where by the same meanes there was a warre concluded against the Moores to abate their pride King D. Ramir hauing then called all the Nobilitie of his countries of Asturia Leon Gallicia and other places vnder his obedience and leuied great numbers of souldiors he entred into the Moores countrey by Rioie to Nogera and Aluenda and came and encamped neere to Logrogne whither the Moores armie came soone after where there was a cruell battaile to the great losse of the Christians Christians defeated so as without the approaching night it is thought they had bin all defeated the king retyred to a place called Clauijo where at this day there is a Bourg neere to Logrogne The night gaue the Christians means to retyre and to rallie themselues who by the will of God resumed courage in such sort as the next day they presented themselues againe in battaile The Moores contemning them whom they had vanquished the day before came to charge them without any great order but they found such resistance as they were forced to leaue the field Moores defeated and to flye where they lost as Histories report aboue 60000 men and as it is set downe in a Charter which is the Treasurie of S. Iaques of Compostella in the which mention is made of an apparition of the Apostle to king D. Ramir the night after his men were defeated who encouraged him to affront the enemie againe promising him victorie and that he himselfe would be in the battaile as Parron and Protector of his kingdome and they affirme that the armies being joyned the next day S. Iaques appeared againe mounted vpon a white horse Apparition of S. Iaques as the Spaniards say carrying a white standard with a red Crosse fighting and encouraging the Christians as he had promised Such apparitions will be receiued according to euerie mans pietie and good instruction There are yet at this day found heads of darts and of launces in the place whereas D. Ramir obtained this victorie by fauor whereof he tooke Calaorra from the Moores with other places along the riuer of Ebro but they returned soone vnder the dominion of the Moores whose commaund was great at that time in Spaine After this victorie Ouiedo D. Ramir being at Calaorra with his brother D. Garcia the Queene D. Vrraca and the infant D. Ordogno being accompanied with the chiefe Prelates and Noblemen of the countrey it was held fit to acknowledge the fauour and assistance which they did beleeue S. Iaques had done them Wherefore this king being persuaded either by his dreames or by his Priests ordained That all such as dwelt about Compostella should pay yearely a certaine measure of corne and wine to that Church out of their reueneues for the vow for so this tribute was called the which is payed at this day Moreouer that after any victorie gotten against the Moores when as they came to diuide the spoyle S. Iaques Church should hold the place of a knight and haue a share The letters graunted by king D. Ramir beare date in the yeare 834 Tribute called vow payed to S. Iaques Church at which time we find by the Histories that he was not liuing It is called S. Iaques vow it was confirmed by Pope Celestin then holding his Sea at Rome Some haue written That in this kings time the Order of the Knights of S. Iaques began but it was later as we will shew In Cattelogne Cattelogne the Christians being much oppressed by the Moores vnder the Miralmumin Abderramen the second the Emperour Lewis the gentle sent an Abbot to comfort them for he could send them no souldiors say the Spaniards This Abbot was called Elizachar who encouraged the Christians in such sort as Abderramen returning to the siege of Barcelone accompanied
place but D. Egas Nugnes the Earles Gouernor going foorth with a safe-conduct they so treated as vpon a promise which Don Egas made vnto the King that the Earle of Portugall should take an oath of fealtie as to his Soueraigne he returned satisfied into his Countrey without doing any other exploit but the Earle D. Alphonso Henriques would not performe that which his Gouernor had promised wherefore D. Egas went to the King beeing at Toledo and there presenting himselfe at his feete with a halter about his necke he craued pardon for that which he had promised and could not performe which was that the Earle should do him homage for his Earledome of Portugall whom the King pardoned beeing duly informed that hee had done his best indeanour to effect his promise These wars which were the first the Castillans had against the Portugals written by the Historians of Portugall wherof notwithstanding others make no mention past about the year 1127. D. Theresa for that time had no ease Her sister D. Vrraca made her residence in Saint Vincents church beeing streightly garded yet they say that going one day to Saint Isidores church in Leon to take the treasure which her father and grandfather had giuen vnto that place as she was carrying this prey Death prodigious to D. Vrraca of Castile hauing one foote within and another without the doore shee burst in the middest a worthie and condigne punishment due for the adulteries which shee had committed and the murthers which ensued not long after to the preiudice and dishonour of the Kings house and of all the Christian Estate in Spaine as also for the sacriledge Others say that shee dyed in the Castell of Saldagne beeing brought in bed of a child by stealth So Don Alphonso Raymond remayned destitute and without a mother About that time the king of Castile prouoked by the Moores who were entered into the Territories of Toledo marched farre into their countrey and tooke from them by a long and painefull seege Calatraua taken from the Moores the towne of Calatraua the which he gaue to the Archbishop of Toledo beeing a great fauourer of the Church and Clergie into the which he put a good garrison the which some beleeue were Templers who were wonderfully increased and growne exceeding rich euen in Spaine After which D. Alphonso Raymond tooke from the Infidels Alarcos Caracuel Almodouar del campo and other places whereof he fortfied some and razed others At that time there raigned ouer the Moores in Spaine and Affricke Hâ—li Aben-Tefin the third Miralmumin and last of the Almorauides vpon whom the King of Castile extended his limits vnto the Mountaines called Sierra Morena where he fortified Pedroche then he past into Andalousia with a great army and layd feege vnto the towne of Iaen but it was in vaine for being valiantly defended by the Moores he was forced to retire and returned with his army into Castile This King D. Alphonso had married D. Berenguela Cattelogne daughter to Don Raymond Arnould Earle of Barcelone An. 1131. who dyed in the yeare 1131. hauing held the Earledome eight and forty yeares A little before his death he made himselfe of the Order of Saint Iohn of Hierusalem called the Hospitaliers The Earledome of Prouence was fallen vnto him in the right of his wife D. Doulce and of other lands in France whereof hee caused himselfe to be called Marquis Genealogie of Cattelogne by which Lady he had two sonnes D. Raymond Berenger who succeeded him in the principalitie of Cattelogne and afterward came by marriage to the Crowne of Arragon and D. Berenger Raymond who was Earle or Marquis of Prouence thus ordered by his will of D. Doulce was also borne D. Berenguela Queene of Castille and two other daughters who were married into France The Earledome of Prouence had beene in question betwixt D. Raymond Arnould and the Earle of Tholousa and Saint Giles but their sute after many delayes was ended by accord which was That the lands of Prouence lying betwixt the riuers of Durance and Isera making at this day a part of Daulphine should belong vnto the Earle of Tholousa with the Castell of Beaucaire the Lands of Argence Castell of Bolobrege and the moitie of the cittie of Auignon and of Pont de Sorge the rest should remaine to the Earle of Barcelone According vnto this diuision D. Berenger Raymond did inherit Prouence and there was added that if any of the parties dyed without lawfull heires the other should succeede Among other Articles of D. Raymond Arnoulds restament he ordained that if his heires dyed without lawfull children his daughter Berenguela Queene of Castile and Leon and D. Ximena wife to Roger Earle of Foix should succeed By this noble and vertuous Queene D. Berenguela D. Alphonso king of Castile Genealogie of Castile had foure children D. Sancho who was king of Castile hee was bred vp in his youth and gouerned by D. Gâ—itiere Fernandes de Castro The second D. Fernand who did inherite the Realmes of Leon and Gallicia and two daughters D. Isabella called by some D. Constance wife to the French King Lewis the young the seuenth of that name he that did put away Elenor Countesse of Poictiers heire of Guienne daughter to Count Willyam who after this diuorce married with Henry Duke of Aniou and Normandie who beeing heire to the Crowne of England had long and cruell warres against the French by reason of this Ladies patrimonie the which continued aboue three hundred yeares vnto King Charles the seuenth The second dughter which D. Alphonso had by D. Berenguela was called D. Sancha or by others D. Beacia who was Queene of Nauarre hauing married the king D. Sancho surnamed the Wise or the Valiant as others write There is to be seene among the tombes which are in the great Chappell of the Monasterie of Ogna an inscription of D. Garcia who they imagine was sonne to the sayd D. Alphonso who had a second wise daughter to Vladislaus Duke of Polonia called D. Riâ—a by whome he had one daughter called D. Sancha who was married to D. Alphonso the fixt king of Arragon the second of that name He had familiar acquaintance with two Gentlewomen whereof the one which was called D. Maria brought him a daughter called D. Stephana or Estienette the other which was called D. Gontrude bare him D. Vrraca who was first married to D. Garcia Ramires King of Nauarre and for her second husband she married a wise and valiant Knight called D. Aluaro Rodrigues without any respect of her degree falling from a Queene to be the wife of a simple Knight it may be the Ladies of those times had no such haughtie spirits as they haue at this day or else could not distinguish betwixt vertue and fortune D. Stephana her sister was married to another Knight of the house of Castro whome they called D. Fernand Rodrigues the Castillan from whom issued a sonne called D. Pedro Fernandes de
were some gentlemen of his country beganne to abandon him to follow the partie of Arragon retyring to Ramir who entertained them and assigned them lands in Arragon Of which number was D. Caxal a man of great quality in those daies hauing lands in both realmes so as hee quit them in Nauarre to serue the King of Arragon but as hee carried himselfe verie passionatly in these quarrells hee fell soone after into a great danger for beeing fent by D. Ramir to the Emperour D. Alphonso of Castille to confrme a peace with him that hee might with more liberty attend the affaires of Nauarre as hee past vnaduisedly neere vnto the lands of D. Garcia beeing aduertised thereof he caused him to be taken at a place called Cares a little Bourg the which is now become a towne named Pont de la Roine vpon the riuer of Arga about the which growes the best wine of all the countrie of Nauarre D Caxal was put in a streight prison where he continued long but the Abbot of Saint Saluador of Leyre who was his kinsman and friend gaue vnto the king all the Iewels and treasure of his Abbey to redeeme him wherefore after his deliuerie he shewed himselfe very thankeful to this Monasterie and gaue vnto it all the lands he had in Tudele All matters betwixt the Kings of Castile and Arragon were reconciled Arragon and there was an interview of these two Princes at Alagon whereas D. Ramor did acknowledge to hold his Realme in fee and did homage to D. Alphonso which submission continued some yeares Such was the dexteritie of the King of Castile hauing reduced these two Kings vnder his Soueraigntie Dexterity of D. Alphonso King of Castille and as it were feudataries of his Empire that although they had a great desire to inuade one another yet he kept them from all open hostility as well by his authoritie as by other meanes sometimes restraying them by promises sometimes by threates presuming that if they continued in that estate he should haue them more at his commandement then if one increasing with the ruine of another he would grow so great as he might rebell and deny him the homage which hee had sworne King D. Ramir presently after he had left the Monasterie married with a dispensation from the Pope for that he had sung Masse to a French Ladie called D. Ignes or Agnes daughter to William Earle of Poictiers and Duke of Guienne who dyed in the yeare 1136. going in pilgrimage to Saint Iames for else his sister as some hold by whom he had the Infanta D. Petronilla who was afterwards married to the Earle of Barcelone he did not long enioy his wife after whose death desiring to quit the affaires of the world he sent his onely daughter to D. Alphonso King of Castile to be bred vp in his Court with the Queene D. Berenguela notwithstanding that the Noblemen of Arragon brought her backe againe saying that shee did not find her selfe well in Castile About that time there was a knight retired into Arragon called D. william Raymond of Moncada Arragon and Caâ—telgâ—e vited by marriage Senesbal of Cattelogne who had fled for certaine outrages which he had committed By him there was a treaty of marriage begun betwixt the Infanta D. Petronilla heire of Artagon and D. Raymond Berenger Earle of Barcelone his Lord the which was afterwards accomplished and in recompence of so great aseruice the Seneshall obtained his pardon and his dignity which was to bee chiefe and captaine of the horsemen It is not certaine when this marriage was effected but it is probable that it was neere the end of King D. Ramir for that the Infanta Petronille was onely two or three yeeres old when as the King left the gouernment of the Realine An. 1137. to returne to his religious order which was in the yeere of our Lord 1137. three yeeres after his election and promotion to the crowne at which time the authors write that this marriage was concluded by words De futuro the conditions amongst others were That the Earle should not take vpon him the title of King but should onely call himselfe Prince of Arragon Conditions of the treaâ—y and Earle of Barcelone but that the children which should descend of this marriage should bee called Kings of Arragon That the Earle should carry in chiefe the first and most ancient armes of Arragon which was a crosse argent in a field azure in all actions of warre but hee might carry those of Barcelone in his shield and ensignes hauing foure bends gueules or a field or yet the ensigne bearers should bee of Arragon that the Arragonois should take the deuise of Saint George This treaty beeing made and concluded in Barbastro by the King beeing assisted by the Noblemen of Arragon and the Earle of Barcelone hee was receiued in quality of Regent of the Realme of Arragon with the which Cattelogne remained vnited a hundred and three yeeres after that Arragon was made a realme and two hundred fifty and three yeeres after that there had beene hereditary Earles in Cattelogne This done King D. Ramir gâ—â—ing ouer all administration and gouernment as in a royall estate and habit hee had alwaies carried a Monkes heart hee retired into a Monastery which hee had built in the Parish of Saint Peter the olde at Huesca there to spend the remainder of his daies religiously with the Chaplins This Prince is taxed of cowardise and great cruelty Cruelty of the King D Ramir being transported with continual iealousies his deeds doe witnesse it for that by the councel of the Abbot of Saint Ponce of Tomeres in Languedoc he cut off the heads of Lepe Ferencio Rodrigo Ximenes Pedro Marlines and Fernand Gomes all of the house of Lata Federic Lisane Pedro Verga Gyles Atrosil Pedro Çarnel Garzia Pigna Raymond de Fosses Pedro Luesia Michel Azlario and Sancho Fontona all noble men of great houses onely vpon a conceit that hee was conteâ—â—ed by them This execution was done at Huesca They hold that this yeere 1137. the towne of Lerida held by the Moores was attempted but not taken by the Earle D. Raymond Berenger who seeing himselfe aduancedin dignity greatnesse and forces beeing Prince of Arragon and Earle of Barcelone would also inlarge his estates and ioyne vnto it the realme of Nauarte reuiuing the pretended title of his father in law D. Frere Ramir for the effecting whereof hee had many treaties with the Emperour D. Alphonso of Castille whom hee found alwaies fauourable by the mediation of the Queene D. Berenguela his sister so as beeing prouoked by the Earle and no lesse by his owne ambition hee led an army against D. Sancho Ramires whom hee found well attended to make head against him betwixt Cortes and Gallur where it pleased God to stay these armies from fighting by the meanes of some good men who did mediate some kinde of accord for that time Notwithstanding Count Raymond
could finde no better nor more expedient meanes then to bring in new fects and to make some change in religion knowing that nothing doth more alter and transport the hearts of men then perswasion of religion wherefore he imployed his knowledge and eloquence to interpret Mahumets Alcaron A new â—â—ct among the Arabians of Afâ—rike after a stranger maner and neuer heard of among the Arabians not any other nations were his sactaries fitting it so well to the humors and dispositions of the people as in a short time hee was followed by the greatest part of the Affrican Moores a nation easily misled with superstition so as if before they tooke Almohadi for a holy man now they held him for a Prophet sent vndoubtedly from God Hee seeing this businesse succeed so well as hee was wellcome throughout all Affrike and admired of all men hee beganne to put forth this youngman Abdelmon giuing the people to vnderstand that he was of the true and lawfull royall race of their great Prophet Mahumet and that hee was a man sent of God endowed with such vertue as hee should subiect all the world to the Law of Mahumet that those great matters had beene diuinely fore-told him and signifyed by the starres and heauenly motions so as by his perswasions his fictions were receiued and beleeued of all men And proceeding father he presumed to speake something against King Alboals and the present Estate and Gouernment of the Almorauides and so by little and little to taxe him openly declaring with great assurance that Alboali was a tyrant whose race had by force and violence expelled out of the royal throne of the Arabians in Affrike the lawfull Princes descended from Aben-Alabecy and that the will of God reuealed and knowne vnto him by many signes from heauen was that Abdelmon should be aduanced and chosen for King hee who was sent of God and descended from the royall bloud of their great Prophet Mahumet This Impostor did so preach vnto them concurrning with the diuell to bewitch these credulous men giuen to the damnable art of dyuining as many Noblemen and Knights with an infynit number of the Affrican people desirous of Innouations according to the mutinous nature of that nation tooke armes against King Alboali beeing accompanied assisted and councelled by Abdelmon Aben-Thumert and Almohadi Whereof the King aduertised meaning to suppresse these great alterations hee raysed his forces and had diuers incounters against this new fect which carried the name of Almohades by reason of their Preacher Almohadi Wee haue sayd that some were of opinion Auicenna and other learned Arabians that the King Albo-Ali Aben Tefin was hee whom we call Auicenna or Auicenni saying that the goodly workes which are amongst vs at this daie were compiled and written by his commandement by the foure and twenty great Philosophers and published vnder the name of Auicenna For my part I rather beleeue them which haue written that Auicenne or Auicenna called also Albo Hali was an excellent man learned in Philosophy and Physicke as his rare workes written in the Arabicke tongue doe witnesse beeing translated since into Latin who liued in those daies at Cordoua in Spaine where it seemes the Moores had alwaies entertained an vniuersity of all sorts of sciences with a great concourse of learned men of their nation the which had beene alwaies well furnished the Affricans beeing people giuen to contemplation and of a subtill spirit wherefore they haue made Astrology famous and aduanced a fect of Physicke diuerse from that of the Grecians giuen wonderfully to diuination and coniuring very superstitious in matters of religion and reasonably eloquent either in verse or prose Aben Rois whom wee call Auerrois liued and frequented with him a great Commentator of Aristotle who through enuy poysoned Auicenna who finding it before it had wrought his full effect caused the poysoner to be slain as Mesua and Zoar report for hee was a man of great authority and of a Princes house Then also liued Aben-Zoar and other great and learned Arabians which haue written many goodly workes in their owne language in naturall Phylosophy Metaphisicke Physicke and Astrologie whereof part haue beene preserued and kept vnto our daies and some lost If these were Moores borne in Spaine it redoundes to the honour of the countrie but it is doubtfull whether they came out of Affrike The Moores Estate beeing thus troubled in Affrike Castile it mooued the Christian Princes to make some gallant attempt vpon them of Spaine wherefore the Emperour Alphonso beganne in the yeere of our Lord 1146. to raise a great army of his subiects of Castille Toledo Leon and other countries and to make the Christians armes of greater force hee laboured to make a peace betwixt the King of Nauarre and D. Raymond Prince of Arragon for the effecting wherof hee called them to Saint Stephano de Gormas whither beeing come hee could not obtaine any thing of them but a truce for some few daies â— There notwithstanding they treated of the warre against the Moores in the which these two Princes ayded the Emperour the King of Nauarre by land and the Earle of Barcelone by sea who hauing armed some ships and giuen the charge thereof to D. Galceran great Admiral of Cattelogne and to the Earle of Vrgel hee caused them to ioyne with the Geneuois who either for pay or voluntarily in hope of some gaine came to this warre and there did great seruice The land army was great and well furnished with good and valiant Knights the Emperour D. Alphonso and the King D. Garcia Ramires beeing there in person their entrie into Andalusia was so fearefull as approching and comming neere vnto Cordoua with a shew to besiege it that great and well peopled cittie Cordoua yeelded to the King of Castile which had beene the Queene of Spaine for so many yeares was yeelded vnto him by the Gouernour Aben Gami who presented him the keyes with great humilitie not attending either assault or batterie into the which the Christian Princes entred in armes but very peaceably in the yeare 1147. Yet the Spaniards write that for that the towne was of too great a guard and wonderfully peopled it was left in see to Aben-Gami himselfe who did homage to the King of Castile the which is very doubtfull considering the importance of the place and the consequence thereof We may beleeue that the Emperour assured himselfe after another manner and with better caution then the faith of this Mooore who they say sware vpon their Alchoran to bee his faithfull vassall from thence the armie marched towards Baeça the which beeing inuested Baesa taken from the Moores they had newes that the Moores came to succour it wherefore the Emperor going to meet them he fought with them and had the victorie and afterwards tooke the towne by composition where leauing a sufficient garrison to assure the countrey behind his armie he marched on to Almerie a towne vpon the
his age hauing raigned foure and thirty yeeres leauing no children the realme of Portugal fel to D. Alphonso his brother without any dispute who was crowned King in the city of Lisbone in the yeere 1257. and being married to two wiues hauing no lawfull cause of diuorce from the first he was the cause of many troubles and miseries to the realme of Portugal for the preuenting whereof he had beene called He had children by the Countesse Mahault Fernand who accompanied his mother into Portugal and there remained and Robert who succeeded his mother in the county of Bologne Fernand whom some call Peter lies in the Monastery of Saint Dominike of Lisbone which this King built The Countesse his mother led him with her when as being aduertised of this second marriage she came into Portugal to know the cause why she was thus abandoned She landed at Cascais a sea towne at the mouth of the riuer of Tayo fiue leagues from Lisbone and from thence sent to intreat exhort and to summon the King her husband of his duty for want whereof she made the protestations ordayned by the Canons in that cause but she could haue no other reason nor answere from the King but if it were lawful to breake the lawes it was for a kingdome and that if he thought to augment his dominions by marrying againe he would euery day take a new wife These were the fruits of her voyage and D. Alphonso shewed himselfe so rigorous vnto her as hee would not vouchsafe to see her nor to heare any councel that was giuen hm by his seruants who had a regard to Iustice feared God more then him wherefore this poore Countesse returned and left this sonne in Portugal being in France she made her complaints of the disloyalty of her husband to the King Saint Lewis and sent some to doe the like to Pope Alexander the fourth that by his Ecclesiastical censures D. Alphonso might be forced to leaue D. Beatrix and take the Countesse his lawful wife againe The Pope did what he could exhorting commanding yea and excommunicating the King and interdicting his realme but D. Alphonso was so obstinate as he suffred the realme of Portugal to remaine interdict ten or twelue yeeres Contumacy of D. Alphonso King of Portugal as long as the Countesse liued During the which time the Portugals had leisure to forget that which they had learned in religion when as the King finding himselfe free he was absolued by Pope Clement the fourth retayning D. Beatrix without any let who in the meane time brought him foure children the Infant D. Denis so called for that hee was borne on Saint Denis day in the yeare 1261. who was king of Portugal and Algarbe the Infant D. Alphonso who was Lord of Portalegre Genealogie of Portugal Ronches Murban Castile de Vide and other lands and had to wife D. Violant daughter to D. Manuel of Castile sonne to D. Fernand the third and two daughters D. Blancho who was a Nunne in the Monasterie of Lorban and afterwards Abbesse of Saint Mary de las Huelgas of Burgos and D. Constance Besides these lawfull children this king D. Alphonso had one bastard sonne called Fernand Alphonso of Portugall and one daughter whose name was D. Leonora of Portugall married to an Earle called D. Gonçalo Whilest he stood excommunicated he made warre against the Moores which remained in Algarbe in the yeare 1260. 1260. and chased them out of Faro Laule Algezir and Albofera and augmented his dominions therewith Hee built the towne of Castro of Portalegre and Extremos Religious houses built by D. Alphonso during the Interdict he repayred Veja and other places which had beene ruined by the Moores He did not leaue to build Monasteries and religious houses during the Interdiction for he finished that of the preaching Friars of Saint Dominicke at Lisbone and did build that of Saint Clara of Saint Iren and others he gaue great almes and did many charitable deeds to expiate the sinne which he intended by the taking of a second wife not beeing separated from the first Moreouer to ease the people and to haue greater store of fruites in the country he caused certaine barren and waste ground to bee tilled neither did he forget to maintaine Iustice punishing theeues and malefactours whome his brothers carelesnesse had made insolent To conclude although he were defectiue and blemished in his marriages yet was hee a profitable Prince for his country Whilest these things passed in Portugall Castile and that the warre continued in Germany against the fauourers of Richard elect king of the Romanes D. Alphonso king of Castile sent an Ambassage of certaine Cleargi-men to Pope Alexander the fourth the which were D. Dominicke bishop of Auila D. Garcia bishop of Sylues and Iohn Alphonso Archdeacon of the church of Saint Iames learned men and of great authoritie who demanded assignation of the time of his Coronation and also to contradict the election of Richard who did not care to prosecute his right by iustice but by force and armes Attending the euent of these troubles and the returne of his Ambassadours D. Alphonso king of Castile ordered some things touching the policie of his Realm he decryed those sorts of money which he had coyned called Bourgalois and caused others to be made which they called blacke pence and in old Spanish Prietos fifteene of which were worth a Marauidis of gold and he made other lawes which were profitable to the Common-weale Whilest he was busie about these things and irresolute of his voyage into Germany hee had another crosse which stayed him more for his brother D. Henry a turbulent Prince and an enemy to all quiet committed many insolencies at Lebrixa where he did remain tending to open rebellion wherefore he sent D. Nugno de Lara from Seuile to suppresse him by whom he was vanquished and forced to fly to Valencia from whence the king Don Iaime caused him to dislodge for that he would not discontent his sonne in lawe wherupon he past into Affrick to the King of Tunes This Prince foure yeares after crost into Italy and was made Senator of Rome which is the chiefe dignity of that citty and grew to haue great authority and credit in the estate of Italy in the time of Pope Clement the fourth who was successor to Vrbain the fourth 8 The king of Nauarre Nauarre who was come into France finding his affaires in great disorder sought to settle them to maintain his rights in the Counties of Brie and Champagne beeing in controuersie the which he preserued by the fauour and authority of the King Saint Lewis and moreouer a marriage was made betwixt him and Isabel of France the kings daughter at Melun whom he led into Nauarre D. Iame king of Arragon was the mediator of this marriage who in a manner at the same time gaue his daughter Izabel in marriage to Philip the Hardy sonne to the king Saint Lewis
dyed the Admirall of Portugall The aduerse armies in Andalusia were continually in skirmish and light incounters Castile but Ioseph King of Granado would by no meanes yeeld to a battel notwithstanding the great supplies he had from Ceuta and that he had with him a son of king Alboacens called Hali with many other great personages Moores but desired rather to trie if he could get king Alphonso to yeeld vnto a truce wherefore he sent two Ambassadors vnto him who had beene formerly employed to whom the king of Castile seemed to giue a willing eare by whome there was added vnto the conditions of the former accords that king Alboacen should pay him for the charge of this seege 300000. doublons of gold These conditions being imparted vnto king Ioseph with a suspension of armes he presently past ouer to Ceuta to conferre with Alboacen But in his return he was set vpon notwithstanding the assurance giuen him by king Alphonso by a gally of Genoa thinking to take the 300000. doublons with the king but the kings gally being well armed defended it selfe and so escaped whereof king Ioseph made great complaints vnto the king of Castile who without doubt would haue sunke the Genouois gallie with the Captaine if he could haue taken it but he had gotten to sea fearing to be punished and so retired to Genoa The treaties of truce being troubled by reason of this infidelity of the Genouois the Mores army which was at Gibraltar aduanced vnto the riuer of Palmons halfe a league from the Christians campe where their fore-runners incountring the two armies which followed had like to haue come to a generall battell but the Moores retired first hauing lost some men Their whole desire was to victuall Algezire where they vnderstood that all things wanted and that many small vessels laden with victuals had beene taken at sea seeking by day or night to enter into it through fauour of the wind or current for the christians gallies were exceeding watchfull But they presented themselues so often by land making shew that they would fight and watched their oportunitie so by sea as fiue Vessels of Ceuta had meanes to enter and to refresh the beseeged with some victuals and other necessarie prouisions whereof the Captaine was a Moore called Muça who beeing discharged returned to Ceuta without losse reporting vnto King Albeacen the great necessitie of the beseeged King Alphonso was much troubled hereat but the estate of the beseeged beeing hereby a little eased was not much bettered for these victuals lasted not long considering their multitude of people and their great extremitie and the Princes of the Moores seeing that in the end they must either hazard a battaile which they did much feare hauing so often to their cost tryed the Christians valour or loose the place which had beene long and obstinately beseeged The king of Granado with the aduice of Alboacen did reuiue the treatie of truce and the conditions of former accords which were that he should be vassal to the king of Castile and should pay him tribute and moreouer that obtayning a truce for fifteene yeares wherein king Alboacen should be comprehended the towne of Algezire should be yeelded vnto him and that the Moores which were within it should haue liberty to depart with their goods whither they pleased the which after long deliberation was concluded But they cut off fiue yeares of the time of the truce the which was made but for ten yeares King Alphonso had a desire to see a young Price a Moore that was within it he was sonne to Abomelic but his Gouernour would not suffer him saying as hee caried him away that the King of Castile had no reason to see an Infant whome he depriued of his Inheritance This ended this seege hauing continued nineteene moneths during the which there were many sharpe and furious incounters whereof some might be accompted battailes they within the towne made fifteene great sallies the twelue first moneths where as many valiant men of either side were slaine About the end of this seege there had bene sent out of Arragon Iames Escriuain and Mathew Mercer Captaines with twenty gallies who wonne great honour there The king entred into Algezire in great pompe where hauing planted many of his Enslgnes vppon the towers the great Mesgide was purified and hallowed with great ceremonies the which was named Saint Maries of the Palme The wals and rampiers beeing repayred and the houses and land distributed to new dwellers the king came to Seuile from whence hee sent two daughters of King Alboacens which had beene taken at the battaile of Tariffe causing them to be honourably conducted into Affricke and richly attired wherewith the Moorish king was so pleased as he could not sufficiently commend his bountie and courtesie who hauing royally rewarded the Ambassadours which did accompany these Princesses hee sent vnto the King of Castile a rich present of pretious stones silkes armes horses lyons and other beasts infinite perfumes and whatsoeuer hee thought rare the which did much confirme the league of friendship betwixt them but it happened that Alboacen within few dayes after beeing set vppon and incountred by one of his sonnes called Alboanen Alboacen king of Maroc dispossest by his sonne who had rebelled against him and abandoning the duty of a sonne depriued him of the kingdome of Fez whereby the king of Castile entred into a new iealousie of warre this vsurping sonne not respecting the truce made with his father This Alboanen did not onely take from his father the Realme of Fez Moores but also all that hee held in Spaine as Ronde Zachara Gibraltar Ximena Marbella Estepona Castillar and others But whilest the Moores molested one another the King of Castile and his subiects had some rest whereof they had great need by reason of their continuall toyle and great expences at the seege of Algezire In the meane the king of Castile seeing that the quarrel◠betwixt Don Pedro king of Arragon Arragon and his brethren D. Fernand and D. Iohn borne of D. Leonora of Castile his sister continued still he sought to reconcile them sending Diego Garcia of Toledo to that end who laboured much but in vaine Beeing there there was a marriage treated of betwixt D. Fernand Manuel sonne to D. Iohn Manuel and D. Ieanne of Arragon daughter to Don Raymond Berenger Earle of Prages Vncle to the King Don Pedro. The allyance and amitie of Arragon had beene very auayleable to Don Iohn Manuel the which hee could not forget although the King of Castile were not much pleased therewith 24 During the seege of Algezire the king Don Pedro sought to ruine D. Iames king of Majorca his cousin and brother-in-lawe by force and all other vnworthie meanes seeking to make him odious by false accusations where as force could not preuaile Hauing drawne him to Barcelona vppon hope of a reconciliation hee charged him in open assembly that he had fraudulently fought to carrie him with
the factions and insolencies which followed for D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara being gone from court Hatred betwixt D. Iohn Nugnes de Lara and D. Iohn Alphonso of Albuquerque in a great rage against the Lord of Albuquerque for some byting words cast forth in their controuersies during the Kings sicknesse the cares of this young and ill experienced King cholerike by nature and inclyned to reuenge were filled with the reports of such as gouerned him wherevpon hee was so incensed against this house of Lara their friends and adherents as it was euident that hee sought but an opportunity to doe them some mischiefe The death of D. Iohn Nugnes which followed soone after in the towne of Burgos made his aduersaries deseignes more easie he left for successor to his Siegneuries which were great one sonne but two yeeres old called D. Nugno de Lara And at the same time D. Fernand Manuel Lord of Villena died also leauing one onely daughter named D. Blanch who died also soone after These deathes did much content D. Iohn Alphonso of Albuquerque for that hee was freed from great emulators and aduersaries which hated his authority and the familiarity he had with the King who preferred him before all the Princes and Noblemen of Castile The King was aduised by his councell to seize vpon these young pupils and of their lands according to which hee went towards Burgos causing D. Leonora of Guzman to be brought after him whom hee sent with a good gard to prison to Talauera Being at Henera the importunities of his mother Donna Maria were such as he was forced to deliuer vnto her this poore imprisoned Lady D. Leonora of Guzman murthered by the commandement of the widow queen who with a womanish and boundlesse rage caused her to bee cruelly murthered in reuenge that she had many times defrauded her of the amorous imbracings of the King her husband and presently shee begged all her goods an act which was nothing royal and which did redownd to the great contempt of the deceased King Don Alphonso Since which time and by reason of this murther the towne of Talauera was and is called de la Reyna or of the Queene The King D. Pedro did this being yong and ill aduised Being come to Burgos at his first arriual he caused Garsilaco de la Vega to be slaine in his owne lodging and afterwards there were also dispatcht Alphonso Garcia Camargo Fernandes of Medina and Alphonso Fernandes Noblemen murthered by the commandement of the King D. Pedro. Secretary or Notary a Burgeois of that city al for the quarrels betwixt the Lord of Albuquerque and the house of Lara A lady of honor called D. Mencia wife to Martin Ruis of Abendagno Gouernesse to the yong Infant Nugno de Lara Lord of Biscay hearing of these cruel executions of the new King transported the Infant from Paredes de Naua in Biscay least the King should do it some harme The King hearing thereof pursued them himselfe vnto the bridge of Larra where vnderstanding that the Gouernesse and the Nurce had recouered the town of Vermejo he returned to Burgos and resolued to make war against the Biscayns so as within few daies he sent Ruis Diaz of Rojas to beseege Orosco the which Iohn of Abendagno House of Lara son to Martin aboue named held who yeelded the place by composition In the meane time D. Nugno of Lara died being but three yeers old in the towne of Vermejo by whose decease the Siegneuries of Biscay and others came to his two sisters or to the eldest of them called D. Ieanne of Lara and if she died to D. Isabel the yonger but the King had these yong Ladies in his power with al the lands and Siegneuries of the deceased D. Iohn Nugnes The father of these children had three sisters whereof the eldest named D. Blanch was wife to D. Iohn Manuel The second called D. Marguerite was a religious woman in the towne of Caleruega in the Monastery of Saint Dominike built by King D. Alphonso father to this King and the third D. Maria was married intso France twise first to the Earle of Estampes and next to Charles of Valois Earle of Alençon brother to King Philip the sixth or as some hold his brothers sonne Of the first bed shee had one sonne who was Earle of Estampes and of the second foure whereof the one was Earle of Alençon named Peter the second whom they called Robert Earle of Perch and the two other of the church This Lady Mary did afterwards contend in the time of King Henry the second for the Siegneuries of Biscay as we shal shew at the time of the death of this yong Lord D. Nugno de Lara Siegneuries and rights of the house of Lara there were in this house besides the Siegneury of Biscay the townes of Saint Gadee Loçoya Eglise Salouer Font Burvene Berçoso Cibico of the tower Galez Paredez of Naua Villallon Cuenca of Tamarit Melgar of the frontier Barzon Moral of the Queene Aquilar del Campo Caleruegos Beluer St. Iames de la Puebla by Salamanca Orepeça the field of Arrannelo and other townes besides these great Siegneuries the house of Lara Lords of Biscay had this prerogatiue alwaies to lead the foreward in armies whereas the King was in person In assemblies of the Estates the Lords of Lara were general Attorneies or Deputies for the Nobility by an especial preuiledge and often times they did carry the standard royal Besides these things Don Iohn Nugnes de Lara deceased held by reason of his marriage the townes of Lerma Lands called Beetries in Biscay Alaua and the neighbor countries Villa-franca in the mountaines of Oca Busto Amejugo Balorcanos Tor de Blanco other places besides the rights of Linager which he had as chiefe of the house of Lara and Lord of Biscay to the lands called Beetrias They were certaine lands and passages of the country so named hauing this preuiledge from all antiquity to choose what Lord they pleased out of the nobility of that lynage or family soeuer to command ouer them and to defend them and among them there were some that might change their Lord 7. times a day if they pleased others hauing the like power to change their Lord were yet bound to choose of the same family to those that were first recommended so as they were rights purchased to families many such prerogatiues had the Lords of Biscay and of Lara The liberties of these lands called Beetries the King D. Pedro sought to abolish at the Estates assembled 1351. and the 2. of his raigne at Vailledolit An. 1351. 3 Before he came to the said Estates he was visited by Charls King of Nauar as they did sympathise wel in nature and disposition they made great shewes of loue and gaue royal presents one vnto an other After this enterview the King D. Pedro came to Vailledolit from whence Iohn of Ruel as Bishop of Burgos Aluar Garcia
husband hee was so indiscreet as to tell the Queene thereof aduertising the Queene of the Earles smal respect vnto her and of his impudency whereof she who wished him well did not seeme to care wherefore D. Gonçal doubted that this was the cause of his imprisonment and that the Queene would dispatch him before the King should be aduertised thereof Being thus imprisoned the Queene did counterfet letters from the King vnto Vasco Martines of Merlo captaine of the castle of Ebora by the which he was commanded to murther these two personages but being a discreet man and considering the quality of the prisoners thinking that he must not proceed so lightly to the execution thereof hee forbaâ—e vntill he had spoken with the King to whom he went the day after this charge to know if it were his pleasure that the maister of Auiz and Gonçal Vasques should bee put to death The King answered that he knew not of it commanding him not to touch them and so he sent him backe enioyning him to kepe it secret and soone after he went from Ebora whereas the Queene remained who seeing that her deseignes did not succeed she tooke a milder course and sought to bee reconciled to these two personages who were freed from their irons and within few daies after set at liberty Some time after the Queene being at masse she caused them to come vnto her shewing them the best countenance they could desire and inuited them to dinner the which they did vnwillingly accept fearing she would cause them to be poisoned Impudency of the Queene D. Leonora yet they did eate in the Queenes lodging in the company of the Earle of Oren to whom after dinner discoursing of her rings and iewels she gaue in their presence a Ring set with a rich ruby pressing him to take it although he excused himselfe to the end she might not forget any thing to be held very impudent Amidest these tumults D. Isabella the Kings bastard daughter who had beene made sure by the last treaty of peace to D. Alphonso of Castile Earle of Gijon base sonne to King Henry was married at Burgos whereat the Earle was much greeued an vnfortunat marriage of which there was one sonne borne who was called D. Henry But the marriage which was made betwixt D. Beatrix sister to the King D. Fernand and D. Sancho Earle of Albuquerque was blessed of God so as a daughter which they had called D. Leonora the sole heire of her fathers great Estates was married to D. Fernand Infant of Castile Lord of Lara and Duke of Pennafiel sonne to the King D. Iohn the first then raigning which D. Fernand came afterwards to be King of Arragon and Sicile Shee was Queene of these realmes and mother of fiue children renowned by the Histories of Castile and Arragon of whom we shall heereafter make mention This King Fernand of Portugal being in good peace with his neighbours considering what had happened in the city of Lisbone Buâ—ldings made by D. Fernand King of Portugal in the last warre of Castile for want of good walles he caused it to be fortified and walled about from Saint Catherins gate vnto Saint Vincents And as hee was carefull of this publike worke so hee did gratefie the Franciscan Friars of Saint Iren causing the quier of their church to be built with other workes of deuotion This is all we finde in Histories of the affaires of Portugall vnto the yeere of our Lord 1380. An. 1380. that the aboue mentioned marriage betwixt Don Henry sonne to King Iohn the first of Castile and Donna Beatrix the daughter of Portugal was concluded with the aboue named conditions for the succession of the two Realmes by the suruiuance of the two Kings About the end of this yeere Castile Donna Leonora Queene of Castile was brought in bed at Medina del Campo of her sonne D. Fernand aboue named who came to be King of Arragon as we will shew At that time Spaine was a Neuter in regard of the obedience which the two Popes pretended The King of Castile acknowledgeth the Pope at Auignon and did affect in the Christian common weale continuing some time in this Neutrality by reason of the disagreement of the Prelats who were assembled for that cause onely at the instance of the Ambassadors of the two Popes Clement and Vibain but soone after it was declared by a sentence giuen by the King of Castile and his councell that his countries should acknowledge Clement the seuenth for Pope and Christs Vicar he being resident at Auignon the King D. Iohn inclyning therein as in other things to the French The deuotion of men in Spaine and other places in those daies was contrarie to that of more ancient times for whereas before they thought they could not giue sufficient to the Clergy to augment their houses and reuenues now euery one sought to spoile them and to vsurpe their lands and reuenues whereof the Abbots and Conuents of the Order of Saint Benet in Spaine hauing complained they had a notable sentence by Iudges deputed by the King for that businesse against many Noblemen and Knights which detained their goods yet they still incroched vpon them all they could In the yeere of our Lord 1381. died D. Ieanne Queene of Castile An. 1381. mother to the King D. Iohn who through great deuotion had in a manner all her life time carried the habit of Saint Claire and died in it and appointed she should be buried in it A great argument of the religion of that time She lies at Toledo in the Chappell of the last Kings The peace betwixt the Kings D. Iohn of Castile and D. Fernand of Portugal was broken Portugal by the bad councell of a Knight who had beene accustomed to bee often shut vp with the Queene of Portugall and was her fauorite hee was Earle of Oren. To giue some collour and beginning to this warre the King D. Fernand sent to Iohn Duke of Lancaster perswading him that as husband to D. Constance daughter to the deceased King D. Pedro of Castile and Leon Mignon of Queene Leonoras puts Castile and Portugal in war hee should pursue his right which hee pretended to those Realmes The English Prince relying vpon the fauour of Portugal with the consent and aide of King Richard his Nephew raised a thousand men at armes or Launces and a good number of foote whereof he gaue the charge to his brother Edmond of Langley Earle of Cambridge who led them into Spaine for that the Duke could not goe in person to this warre The English army arriued vpon the coast of Portugal whereas the warre was already violent for the King of Castile beeing aduertised of this practise had let his army into the country and taken the towne of Almoyda And at sea euen vpon the arriuall of the English army Fernand Sanches of Tour Admirall of Castile had taken twenty gallies of Portugal with their Admirall D.
that the time prefixed for such ratifications was past wherefore they must capitulate a new During these troubles in Castile the King of Nauarre did still sollicit his wiues returne or at the least of his two daughters and the King D. Henry had a great desire to see her dislodge but he knew not how to send her honestly out of Castile But she her selfe prepared the way for when as shee vnderstood that the Duke of Benauent and others of the league were reduced vnder the Kings obedience fearing some surprise she procured D. Pedro the Constable to come to Roa with two hundred Launces and some footemen and then seeing her selfe as it were assured shee sent vnto the King to demaund assurance to come to court to iustifie her selfe but the King thinking that the Duke of Benauent the Constable his aunt and all they of the league in Generall did smother in their brests the same wils they had before hee resolued to punish them one after an other and therefore he caused them that the Queene of Nauarre had sent vnto him to be staied and then being come to Burgos he propounded in councell what was to bee done There were present the Archbishop of Toledo the maisters of Saint Iames and Calatraua D. Iohn Hurtado of Mendoça the Admiral D. Iohn Hurtado D. Ruy Lopes of Aualos and others whereof some came armed to councell by the Kings commandement D. Frederic Duke of Benauent came also notwithstanding that some of his friends had wished him to retire telling him that they ment to take him as he entred into the place where the councell was kept the King went forth making shew that he would goe sup and speaking aloude that they must consider what answere to giue to the Queene of Nauarre And soone after hauing sent them word that they should speedily dispatch that which they had to doe D. Frederic Duke of Benauent a prisoner the Duke was taken prisoner and put in the castle of Burgos in the custody of the Maister of Saint Iames from whence hee was afterwards transported to Monreal and in the end in the time of the King D. Iohn to the castle of Almodouar del Rio neere vnto Cordoua where he ended his daies This is that famous prison of D. Frederic duke of Benauent celebrated throughout all Spaine This done the King sent Diego Peres Sarmiento the Gouernor to seize von all the Lands and goods not onely of the Duke of Benauent but also of the Constable D. Pedro and by the same meanes he seized vpon the lands of his aunt Donna Leonora Queene of Nauarre and he himselfe being followed with some troupes went to Roa where she was to beseege her and take her wherevpon the Constable who was with her abandoned her and went into Galicia to prouide for his owne affaires The Queene seeing her selfe forsaken beganne to lament filling all the castle of Roa with pittifull cries Queene of Nauar daâ—â—ted and the more to mooue them to pitty she attired her selfe her daughters and women in mourning weeds and sent her Confessor vnto the King to know his pleasure seeing hee came in that manner with an army The King gaue him some reasons and marched on to Valera from whence he sent Iohn Hurtado of Mendoça and Ruy Lopes of Aualos to the Queene to whom being full of teares and with a mournfull habit and countenance she complained much of the King her Nephew saying that hee sought to take away her goods and demanded assurance to â—â—oe and speake with him The Inhabitants of Roa careful of their safeties sent to offer the place vnto the King if it pleased him to receiue them as his owne and not to alienate them any more wherewith the King was content wherevpon they receiued the Archbishop of Toledo Iohn Hurtado Diego Lopes and Ruy Lopes with their followers and soone after the King entred to whom the Queene being come they entred into a church and there had much conference In the end the King granted her the reuenues of Roa Sepulueda Mardrigal and Areualo retayning the Iustice vnto himselfe and he commanded her to follow him to Vailledolit This businesse being ended Earle of Gijon seizeth vpon Oueido the King marched towards Leon to make warre against his vncle D. Alphonso Earle of Gijon who was in the Asturia's and had seized vpon the city of Oueido which did belong vnto the King the which he did fortefie with the towne of Gijon and other places By the way hee had conference with the Archbishop of Saint Iames who was much mooued for the imprisonment of the Duke of Benauent for he had come to court vpon his word and assurance The King made him promise that he should not enter into any league yet the griefe hee had for the Dukes detention made him forget all the affection he had had to the seruice of the crowne of Castile which in the end he left and retired into Portugal making the Schisme in the church his pretext saying that of his knowing the Pope raigning in Auignon was not lawfull but he that held his seat at Rome and for that the Portugals did adhere vnto him he retired into Portugal where he obtained the Bishoprike of Coimbra Archbishop of S. Iames retires into Portugal and then the Archbishoprike of Braga where he ended his daies He was of the noble family of Manriques a man of a small stature but of an actiue spirit full of courrage high minded eloquent liberall apt to compound great mens quarrels ambitious and one that enuied the Archbishop to Toledo D. Pedro of Tenorio who was of a different humor seuere statly ambitious also His disposition but he couered his ambition with modesty maintayning his dignity in such sort as he was respected and feared He lost in Castile the Archbishoprike of Saint Iames the office of Chancellor to the King with many other lyuings The King in passing caused the castle of Mansilla to be razed and vnited the towne which had belonged vnto the Duke vnto his demaines He then sent his men against Gijon the which they did beseege both by sea and land Being come to Leon he made a declaration in a great assembly in the chiefe church of the rebellions and fellonies of the Earle D. Alphonso his vncle committed both against the King D. Iohn his father and himselfe VVar against the Earle of Gijon the fauors he had done him since his inlargement by the Gouernors and his Ingratitude for the which he did confiscate all his goods to the crowne except the Siegneury of Noruegna which he gaue to the church of Ouiedo as had beene formerly ordained by the deceased King his father The King hauing sent some troupes towards Ouiedo the Earles men were chased away and the King was maister of the city so as the Earle was forced to shut himselfe into Gijon where he was straightly beseeged One of his base sonnes called D. Hernando holding the castle of
his last acts Kings in Spaine mentioned in this eighteenth Booke ARRAGON 15. D. Martin 1. 16. D. Fernand 1. 17. D. Alphon 5. CASTILE and LEON 18. D. Iohn 2. and the 39. NAVARRE 32. D. Iohn 1. IN the reigne of King Henry the third it often appeered how vaine the enterprises of bad subiects are against a vertuous and innocent Prince for God did preserue this poore pupill from the ambitious rage of his Tutors Princes Prelats and great Lords of Castile ruining them by their owne discord And he did so much honour the royall Maiesty as when as this young Prince had taken vpon him the gouernment of the realme at the age of foureteene yeeres he deliuered them into his hands to punish them as their obstinate rebellion and ingratitude had deserued Being freed as we haue said of the Duke of Benauent the Queene of Nauarre and the Archbishop of Saint Iames and hauing by their example reduced the Earle of Transtamara and the Archbishop of Toledo to their duties there onely remained D. Alphonso Earle of Gijon his vncle who was reduced to that extremity as he was forced to vndergoe the censure of a strange Prince in a cause which concerned his honor his goods and his liberty the which he might haue enioyed with reputation yea much augmented his dignity if he had contained himselfe with modesty in the fauor of D. Henry King of Castile his naturall Prince According to the accord made at the seege of Gijon the King sent his Ambassadors to the French King to debate the causes he had to dispossesse D. Alphonso who hauing staied many daies in the court of France Proceeding against the Earl of Gijon the Earle of Gijon nor his Attorney appeering and the time of the assignation being expired they prepared for their returne when they had newes that their aduerse party was come to the coast of Brittaine and was comming towards Paris wherefore to giue more countenance to their cause they attended Being arriued hee spake with King Charles for his iustification accusing the King his Nephew that he sought to take his portion from him lying in Asturia Leon and Castile the which was asigned him by the deceased King D. Iohn his brother adding many other charges and excesse wherevnto the Ambassadors answered pertinently laying open the Earles ingratitude rebellion and conspiracy against the King his Lord and benefactor who had drawne him out of prison and restored him to all his goods the which King Iohn had iustly taken from him adding therevnto pensions Estates and honours and accusing him in particular of the violent vsurpation of the towne of Paredes of Naua and other tyranicall actions done by him hauing also refused to signe the truce of Portugal with many others acts of contempt and fellony concluding that hee ought to loose the Earldome of Gijon and to be wholy left to the discretion and will of the King his Lord so as in the proofes of these crimes exhibited by the Ambassadors in defence of their Princes actions hauing not any thing to reply publikely he gaue the Lords of the French Kings councell secretly to vnderstand that the ill will which the King his Nephew bare him incensed by his bad councellors who werre corrupt and mercenary proceeded from nothing else but that hee had alwaies opposed himselfe to the practises and secret intelligences which they had with the English in league with whom they would draw the King of Castile to the preiudice of the friendship and ancient alliance which was betwixt the houses of Castile and France wherefore he intreated them to deale so with King Charles as he would iudge fauorably of his cause causing his Estates and Lands to be restored to him againe promising all his life time to doe him good and loyal seruice The King desirous to reconcile Princes that wee neere in bloud caused the Ambassadors to be treated with about a prorogation of the assignation for they had protested that the time prefixt being expired through the Earles negligence and contempt to whom the King their master had caused three hundred thousand marauidis to be deliuered for the charges of his voiage and to take from him all excuse that they could no more appeere before him as before their Iudge yet they said that seeing the King of Castile their Lord had submitted himselfe vnto his Iudgment for the brotherly loue that was betwixt them notwithstanding that many of his councell had diswaded him holding it a disparragement for the soueraigne Prince to contend with his vassall and subiects before a strange Iudge and out of his country and iurisdiction They were of opinion that if the Earle Don Alphonso did willingly deliuer the towne of Gijon vnto the King of Castile and submit himselfe to his will and mercy that by his intercession the Earle should obtaine a safe conduit and assurance to come into Castile and so he should treat of his affaires more profitably then by any other course They withall made a request vnto King Charles in the name of the King their Lord that for the league which was betwixt the two Kings and realmes he would be pleased to command D. Alphonso to depart his country which the French King could not refuse and therefore he caused notice to be giuen vnto the Earle that he should retire himselfe commanding all Gouernors of Prouinces especially of port towns not to giue him any fauor or aide wherefore he went away in poore estate kept himself some daies about Rochelle The six monthes of truce concluded betwixt the King and him being many daies before expired and yet the Ambassadors had not written any thing concerning the conclusion of this sute there were some troupes of horse and foote sent about Gijon after which the King came with greater forces both by land and sea the which did so presse the place as the Contesse Donna Isabella of Portugal yeelded it compounding for her life and liberty and of some Knights that were within it and the deliuery of her sonne D. Henry whom the King held in hostage In the meane time letters came out of France from the Ambassadors contayning what had past in this cause wherewith the King was wel satisfied The miserable Countesse Isabella daughter to D. Fernand King of Portugal being destitute of all meanes went into France to her husband D. Alphonso who was poore Gijon yeelded vnto the King and the Earle dispossest and banished into France and without any helpe or fauour but from the Vicontesse of Touars in whose country he liued in the towne of Marant After the taking of Gijon the King went to Seuile to treat a truce with the Moores being sollicited by King Mahumet then reigning in Granado the third after the death of Mahumet the old who was bruted to haue poisoned the King D. Henry the second and this was his succession Mahumet Guadix the tenth King of Granado MAhumet surnamed Guadix after the death of Mahumet the Old his
Nauarre into Bearne on this side the mountaines after which hee neuer made any memorable attempt The king D. Martin notwithstanding all the importunitie of the Arragonois Andrew of Clairmont beheaded at Palermo was not resolued to leaue Sicile vntill he had seene his sonne peacefull king of the Iland the which he effected after a long and tedious warre by the ruine of the noble families of Clairmont and Alagon and of other rebels whereof Andrew of Clairmont Duke of Modica was beheaded at Palermo after which Artal of Alagon was expelled Sicile with all his family by vertue of whose Predecessors that Realme had beene in a manner conquered for the house of Arragon D. Martin the first of that name and 15. King of Arragon MAtter 's beeing thus brought to passe D. Martin elect King of Arragon leauing with the King his sonne called also D. Martin and his wife Marie William of Moncado Marquis of Malta chiefe Iustice and Constable of the Realme Peter Serra Bishop of Cattanea Francis Zagarriga Hugh Santapaz and other Cattelans and Arragonois for Councellers he sayled towards the Island *** Corfica whereas the Earle of Cinerche and others of the familie of Istria and of that of Rocca held many townes and castles at his deuotion From thence the King past into Prouence where he did visit Pope Benedict in Auignon receiuing a rose from him on Palme sunday hauing done him homage for the Islands of Sardinia and Corsica then continuing his voyage hee arriued in Cattelogne in the beginning of Maie in the yeare 1397. At his entrie into the countrie hee found a stately ambassage where were the chiefe Noblemen of Arragon and deputies of the citie of Sarragossa who intreated him that without any stay he should goe vnto the Estates assembled at Sarragossa and that he would not deale in any affaires of the realme vntill according to the auncient custome hee had taken and receiued their othes the which seemed something strange vnto the King yet he answered these ambassadors gratiously that beeing tired with so long a voyage he had need of rest wherefore after some little staie at Barcelona hee would come presently to Sarragossa notwithstanding after his entrie into Barcelona which was very stately sitting in his tribunall hee pronounced a sentence against Mathew Earle of Foix and D. Ioanne his wife Sentence against the earle of Foix. beeing his neece by the which he declared them rebels and guilty of high treason and fallen from all their rights he did confiscate the Vicontie of Castlebon and other lands held by them in the realme of Arragon and Cattelogne adiudging them vnto the crowne Moreouer hee sent from thence shippes and souldiers into Sardynia and Sicile sending backe D. Roger of Moncado into his gouernment of Sardinia and D. Pedro of Bage into Sicile After which hee went to Sarragossa to the Estates about the end of October The King presiding in this assembly did much commend the vertue fide litie and valour of the Arragonois seeking by good words to make them tractable and well-affected to him and his children for after the oath taken by him for the obseruation of the rights and priuiledges of Arragon and other Prouinces and reciprocally by them he intreated the Estates to acknowledge his sonne D. Martin King of Sicile beeing absent for lawfull heire of that crowne after him the which was willingly done the King of Siciles ambassadors hauing promised an vnion of the two realmes for euer and to cause the King their master to ratifie it and to take the oathes accustomed in such acts There was giuen vnto the King at these Estates 130000 florins of gold to pay his debts and 30000 for his expences During the assembly there was some tumult of warre in the Mountains there being entred by the pace of Sarazal some of the Earle of Foix troupes who tooke and sackt Thermes but without any other exploite they returned In the meane time Mathew of Castelbon Earle of Foix Death of the Earle of Foix. dyed without any children being in the yeare 1398. wherby D. Martin remayned peaceable King of Arragon who setled himselfe and disposed of his affaires according to his desire First of all knowing that the wisedome of a Prince consists chiefly in knowing wel how VVisedome necessarie in a Princeto chuse men of valour to chuse men of valour whose seruice he must vse in the gouernment of his Estate he laboured to draw vnto him by his bountie and fauour the hearts and affections of those which he knew to be such namely he gratified D. Alphonso of Arragon much and honored him with the Dutchie of Gandia he made D. Iames of Prade Constable of Arragon and to many other Noblemen and knights hee gaue gifts and priuiledges hee restored Archambaud of Graille who had beene heire in the right of succession to the Earledome of Foix by reason of his wife sister to the deceased Matthew of Castelbon to the lands which he had forfeited yet he made but a bare recompence to his Neece the Countesse of Foix who retired her selfe to Valencia with 3000. florens of yearely pension for her whole entertaynment where she ended her dayes He maried his other neece D. Violant to Lewis Duke of Aniou chosen king of Naples to whom hee gaue 160000. florens in dowrie so as she should renounce all rights and pretensions which shee might haue to the Crowne of Arragon and other lands of the deceased kind D. Iohn her father adding afterwards to this bond an allyance which he made with Nauarre to be the better assured of the French And not to forget the workes of pietie couered with the vale of religion seing Pope Benedict greatly molested in Auignon although it were by the practises of the French king he sent an armie by sea to assist him and if need were to carrie him away the euent whereof was miserable for being come vnto the mouth of the riuer of Rhosne about December in the heart of a very sharpe winter the gallies not being able to go vp the riuer by reason the water was low most of the slaues mariners and souldiers dyed for cold Statues sent by the Pope into Arragnâ— The fauour which the king of Arragon did shew vnto the Pope did so far auayle him as it made the French king forbeare for a time to oppose himselfe to acknowledge the which and in his loue to his country he sent into Arragon foure statues of siluer and gilt and enriched with stones the which were kept in the citty of Sarragossa and therin were iâ—closed the relikes of Valerius Laurence Vincent and Encratia reputed by the Sarragossans for Saints patrons and protectors Thus the king D. Martin sought in the first yeares of his raigne to content the world by his humane wisedome and to purchase the fame of a politicke and religious Prince notwithstanding as humane wisedome faile smost commonly he could not keepe such a meane but in gratifying some
practises the King said that he pardoned him with all his heart and prayed God to pardon him likewise and he enquired further of him who those were which sought his life and which did set him a worke he entreated the King to send away them that stood by and then in great secrecy he told their names which could neuer after be knowne for the King neuer told it to any man liuing the next day after Iohn Carillo died of his hurts The King being at Simancas his great and mighty army stretched it selfe euen to the gates of Valiadolit where the confederats did remaine neuerthelesse the affaires were drawne out at length without any matter of note Thither came the Queene Donna Ioane with the Infant Donna Isabella who were returned from Portugall where they had obtained nothing at all for the good of Castile for notwithstanding that they had endeauored for to renew the treatie of marriage mentioned at the enterview of the-Kings at the Archbishops bridge neuerthelesse the King Don Alphonso did abhorre to marry his sonne to Donna Ioane whoe was begotten in adultery of the Queene of Castile his cosin by the Duke of Albuquerque Don Bertrand dela Cueua These things standing at a stay the King and the Marquis of Villena did see one an other and by the aduice of Don Diego Hurtado de Mendoça Marquis of Santillana and of Don Aluaro of Estuniga chiefe Iustice of Castile called and chosen on both parts it was concluded that euery man should lay by his armes and returne to his owne house and that during the truce which should continue for the space of some fiue monthes following they should treate of a peace and of the meanes how to giue content to all men but chiefely to cause the Prince Don Alphonso to renounce his royalty This was proclaimed through the campe neere to Montejo in the territory of Areualo signed and sealed by the King the Archbishop of Toledo The King knowes not how to profit himselfe by his great forces and the Marquis of Villena and vnderneath by the secretrary Garcia de Arcareso de Montdragon The King had small reason to yeeld to these things hauing an army of a hundred thousand fighting men whereas his enemies were very weake in respect of him and vnprouided of money victuals munition and other things necessary for such an enterprise but God would haue it so The King being come backe to Simancas dismissed his souldiars with liberall payment then at Medina del Campo whether hee came soone after he recompenced the Lords after this manner He gaue to D. Peco Gonçales de Mendoça Bishop of Calaorra the thirds of Guadalajara with the reuenue thereof to his brother D. Diego Hurtado de Mendoça Marquis of Santillana he gaue the towne of Saint Andrew Recompences made by the King to the Lords that followed him ioyning to the lands of his Marquisat with a yeerely pention of seuen hundred thousand Marauedis to the other brother D. Inigo de Mendoça and to Don Lorenzo de Suares Vicont of Torreja and to D. Iohu Hurâ—ado de Mendoça pensions according to their degrees to D. Lewis de la Cerde Earle of Medina Celi the City of Agreda with the territory to D. Garci Aluares de Toledo Earle of Alua Carpia with sundry places nere to Salamanca to D. Aluar Peres Osorio Lord of Villalobos and Earle of Transtamara the City of Astorga with the title of Marquis to D. Iohn de Acugna Earle of Valencia the Earldome of Prauia and Gijon with the title of Duke of Valencia to D. Pedro de Mendoça Lord of Almaçan a yeerely pention of 300000. Marauedis assigned him on the hill of Mountagu to D. Aluaro de Mendoça captaine of his men at armes the City of Requegna with the reuenue and proffit of the port and hauen thereof Other guifts and recompences did the King make to his Knights the which or at least the most part of them haue euer since remained in their families The end of the twentith Booke SEMPER EADEM THE ONE AND TVVENtith Booke of the Generall History of Spaine The Contents 1 COntinuance of the troubles in Castile 2 The vnworthy marriage of the Infanta Donna Isabella Agreed vpon by her brother King Henry and hindred by the sodaine and vnlooked for death of Don Pedro Giron 3 Societies of Castile vnion of the Prouinces and communalties holding together for the administration of iustice 4 Assembly at Madrid tumult in the same towne Behauiour of those of Mendoça The Marquis of Villena promoted to the Maistership of Saint Iames. Battaile of Olmedo 5 The Pope vseth all dilligence to procure the peace of Castile Censures the rebells appeale to a future Counsell The taking of Segobia The King D. Henry forsaken 6 Agreement betwixt the King and the confederate Lords Euil behauiour of Donna Ioane Queene of Castile 7 Strife for the Bishoprike of Siguença Murthers at Burgos 8 Seditions in Toledo magnanimity and equity of the Infant Don Alphonso chosen King 9 D. Alphonso de Primentel Earle of Benauent enterpriseth against his father in law Don Iohn de Pacheco Marquis of Villena 10 Practises of those of Toledo against the Infant Don Alphonso in the behalfe of King Henry Rashnesse of the Bishop of Badajos and of Donna Maria de Silua and of that which happened 11 Death of the Infant D. Alphonso wisedome of the Infanta Donna Isabella Peace betwixt the King and the confederate Lords 12 Infamous life of Donna Ioane Queene of Castile the Lords of Mendoça practice against the peace the Infanta Donna Isabella declared Princesse of the Asturis and presumptiue heire of Castile 13 Continuance of the warres of Barcelona Renee of Aniou chosen King of Arragon by the Barcelonois Exploits of the French in Cattalonia death of the Duke of Calabria 14 Gaston Earle of Foix desirous to reigne before his time stirreth vp troubles in the Kingdome of Nauarre 15 Queene Ioane of Arragon dies and confesseth her fault 16 Gaston of Foix the younger dies at Liborna Beginning and continuance of the house of Foix. 17 Couenants betwixt King Iohn of Arragon and his daughter the Countesse of Foix heire of Nauarre 18 Assembly at Ocagna New deseignes of King Henry of Castile 19 The King of Castiles iourney into Andaluzia 20 Marriage betwixt the Infanta Donna Isabella and the Prince D. Fernand heire of Arragon Sicill Naples c. Articles and couenants of the same 21 A rash act of D. Alphonso de Aguilar against the Lords of Cabra The taking of Simancas with other outrages 22 Spanish superstitions 23 Practices pursutes and quarrels betwixt the Lords of Castile Alua erected into a Dutchy 24 Muley Alboacen King of Granado whose posterity remaineth in Spaine till this day 25 Treaty of Marriage betwixt King Henry of Castiles supposed daughter and the Duke of Guyenne brother to the French King Lewis the eleuenth Lands of Infantasgo giuen to the house of Mendoça 26 Donna Isabella Princesse of Castile disinherited King
towne and exceeding well furnished with men and all things necessary for a towne of warre The Moore King who lay within it made a sally with a thousand horse which were the floure of his cauallery where they skirmished valiantly on both sides where D. Fernand D'Ayalos the eldest of that family was slaine And because the army wanted water the King went backe to Carthama where sitting in counsell what was best to bee done it was concluded to goe and beseege Ronde D. Pedro Henriques Marquis of Cales and captaine of the frontiers of Andaluzia with other captaines marched on before with three thousand horse and eight thousand foot to inuest the place and the King followed them at the heeles with the rest of the army The towne was strong and defended by very warlike Moores being beseeged and furiously battered the Christians in a few daies won the suburbes thereof where Alphonso Fayardo shewed great proofe of his worth and valor The battery continuing against the towne albeit the Moores which were sent to the succor thereof did their best to enter into it and did put the campe in continuall alarmes the Christians neuerthelesse did so presse them as the beseeged were faine to yeeld vpon condition that their goods and liues might be saued with liberty to liue in their owne sect in any place of Castile where they pleased Ronda taken and the Moores liues goods and religion granted vnto them The King entred into the towne of Ronda vpon Whitsunday D. Bernardin de Velasco sonne to the Constable hauing first seized vpon a tower of the castle and as soone as the Moore gouernor was gonne forth of it with his people to retire himselfe into the King of Castiles country to a place in the territory of Siuil the towne was repeopled with Christians drawne from the same city from Cordoua and other places of Andaluzia The Queene made prouision for the ornaments of the Churches and things necessary for their seruice and the gouernment of the towne was giuen to Antonio de Fonseca The Moores of that country hauing made themselues Mudejares Equity of the King and Queene of Castile that is to say vassals to Christians were at that time religiously maintained and preserued according to the capitulations and promises by meanes whereof diuers other townes did voluntarily yeeld themselues to the Kings namely Burga Iunquera Monda Ganâ—in Caseres Montija with other castles and â—ortresses of the mountaines of Ronda Villalonga and Carthema who were permitted to liue in their owne religion paying the same tribute which they were wont to giue to the Moore Kings The places which did yeeld were more then forty in number And because Caçaranouella did make delaies King Fernand caused the Inhabitants thereof to bee summoned to yeeld vpon paine of tasting of all the rigour of warre wherevpon they submitted vpon the same conditions as the rest had done and the garrison thereof was giuen to D. Sancho de Rojas Those likewise of Marbela a sea towne being sommoned to yeeld made answere that they were contented so to doe and they sent their gouernor or Alguazil Major to the King who desiring to bee present at the yeelding thereof brought thither his army by the way of Antequera fetching a long circuit but easie and commodious By the way he receiued letters from the Moores of Marbela who demaunded new capitulations the which were not answered till the army was in sight wherewith they being amazed deliuered vp the town and retired themselues some into Affrica and others into the Kingdome of Castile Montemajor and other places of the country of Marbela did likewise yeeld And because the army beganne to want victualls by reason that the tempests and stormes at sea did hinder the ships of burthen from sayling the King was aduised to make retreate to Cordoua so the army marched within sight of Malaga once againe from whence the Moores came forth and skirmished but to no purpose the seege whereof had not beene in vaine nor without effect if victuals had not wanted The army being returned neere to Antequera it was aboundantly refreshed with victuals sent thither by the Queene The King afterward entred into Cordoua with great ioy and applaud of the Queene Prince and Infantas of the Court the people Clergy and sundry Ambassadors there were sollemne processions made where the King in manner of a triumph caused great number of Christians to bee led in pompe and in a glorious shew which were redeemed from captiuity whose shackles and irons were afterward sent to Toledo and there hung vp against the wal of the Monastery of Saint Iohn of the kings which are to be seene at this day For the maintenance and preseruation of what had beene wonne and conquered Iohn de Torres a knight of the Kings house was sent vnto the frontiers with a Prouost or Alcayde of the Court named the Licenciate La Font who destributed the lands to the new Inhabitants Equity of the Kings of Castile for the ordinary garrisons were vp in the country of the Moores more then twenty leagues and because diuers Pirates had robbed sundry Moores as they passed out of Spaine into Affrike contrarie to the capitulations informations beeing made therevpon the Licenciat recouered all that had beene taken away who demaunding a safe-conduct for his passage ouer into Affrica to restore to euery one what was his owne the Moores made him answere that hee needed none other safe-conduct then the greatnesse and renoune of the Kings of Castile his Maisters wherevpon the Licenciate made himselfe ready to passe ouer yet diuers of his friends counselled him not to giue ouermuch credit to the light faith of the Moores wherevnto with great boldnesse and constancy hee replied that God forbid that the power and greatnesse of his Kings honor should be impaired or diminished thorow his feare a couragious speech of a most faithfull and affectionate subiect and seruant And so he passed ouer and restored the Moores their goods and promise was kept with him In the meane time the garrisons of Alhama hauing ouer-runne the country neere to Granado as they returned with great quantity of cattaile and other booties they met on a sodaine and vnlooked for the King of Granado who came from Malaga thither accompanied with great numbers of horse by whom they were charged and pursued vnto the very gates of Alhama with great losse of their people beside the spoiles which were recouered from them There remained yet some small feason of this yeere 1485. fit to make warre in the which the Kings would not haue vnproffitably spent without enterprizing some matter of worth therefore they caused the forces of Andaluzia Extremadura and the Marquisate of Villena to bee assembled for they had licenced the men of warre of the farthermost prouinces of Spaine to depart as soone as they returned to Cordoua whereafter diuers consultations they resolued at the perswasion of the Earle of Cabra to goe and beseege Moclin the
enemies as entring into the suburbes they made a pittifull slaughter of all those which could not soone enough get into the city against the which the cannon beeing planted the flankes and curtines were soone ouerthrowne and infinite numbers of houses perced thorow so as the Moores fearing to bee sooner forced by the enemies then succoured by their friends yeelded themselues and went forth of the towne with bagge and baggage Illora yeeldeth to King Fernand and without their armes The King gaue the garrison of Illora to Don Gonçalo Hernandes de Cordoua brother to Don Alphonso d'Aguilar who was afterward surnamed the great captaine The army after that marched to Moclin whether Queene Isabella came to ioyne with the campe at Loxa The towne had beene newly fortified with towers and bulwarkes more then in former times but the battery was made with such store of ordinance as nothing could resist it the Christians besides did vse diuers kindes of artificiall fiers the which did great hurt to the beseeged and burnt all their store of gunpoulder by meanes of a pot of this wild fire which flew in the ayre and did stick fast in a tower where the said poulder lay which was blowne vp into the ayre wherewith the Moores being amazed Moclin taken they did compound to depart with their liues and goods saued Moclin being taken part of the army was sent to beate Montefrio they were the troupes of Siuill Xeres and Carmona whilest the King with the residew thereof made spoile vpon the confines of Granado not without diuers incounters and sharpe skirmishes with the Moores who came forth of the head city The King being returned to Moclin the captaines of Montefrio and Colomera presented themselues vnto him demanding composition which was granted them and the Moores went forth of those two places to Granado with their goods but they left their armor weapons and victuals behind them All these places which were taken were rampired and fortified with good garrisons victuals and other necessaries and hauing left D. Frederike de Toledo sonne to D. Garcy Aluares of Toledo Duke of Alua captaine generall of the who country newly conquered the King and Queene returned to Cordoua Not long after they marched towards Leon to order the affaires of Galicia which was greatly troubled by the insolency of the Earle of Lemos who neuerthelesse appearing before the Kings did humbly craue his pardon and obtained it being fauoured by diuers great Lords of the Court Hee was notwithstanding enioyned not to enter into Galicia for a certaine time and the places of Ponferrada Sarria and Castro-real were taken from him and were applied to the crowne the Kings neuerthelesse giuing a certaine summe of money for the marriage of his aunts The Hospitall of Saint Iameâ— built by King Fernand and Queene Isabel for the releese of pilgrims These things thus ordered the Kings went to visit Saint Iames his Church in the which city they builded a goodly Hospitall for the releefe of the poore and of pilgrims from thence fetching a circuit round about the country of Galicia they redressed diuers tyranies which were there committed restoring diuers monasteries and Churches which were by force dispossessed of their goods lands and reuenewes by certaine Knights and Gentlemen To containe whom and all others in their duties they established a Iudgement seate of foure Auditors which was the beginning of the Royall Audience of Galicia and they confirmed Don Diego Lopes Earle of Haro in his dignity of Viceroy of the country as he had beene in time before And the better to procure the peace of the countrey Mâ—tinous and quaâ—re some 〈◊〉 sent forth of the Country vnder coâ—tlar of other imployment they caused diuerse strong houses to be ouer-throwne and razed to the ground which serued for the repaire of theeues and robbers and carried away with them out of Galicia diuerse mutinous and quarrellous Gentlemen to the end they should employ their strength and courage in the warre against the Moores The Court beeing returned to Benauent the Earle shewed himselfe very liberall and magnificent in the entertainment of the Kings and the great Lords from thence they came to Salamanca where they spent the remainder of this yeare 1486. It hapned this yeare in the towne of Trugillo that the Iudge or Corrigidor of the place hauing laide hands vpon a Priest for committing some notorious crime and not sending him so one enough to his ordinary Iudge Mutiny vnder shâ—w of religion the prisoners kins folke hauing taken a Crosse in their hands ranne vp and downe the Citty crying out for helpe and said that the holy Catholicke faith was trodden vnder foote the which did so stirre vp the brutish multitude as they ranne to take Armes and came in tumultuous manner to the Corrigidors lodging who was glad to make hast to deliuer the prisoner whereof the King and Queene had notice who were greatly displeased with such seditions and sent certaine Iudges and Commissioners to Trugillo with forces who executed diuerse of the mutiners according to lawe This yeare Christopher Colombus borne at Cugurco vpon the riuer of Genoa came to the Court of Castile The first comming of Christopher Colombus to the King and Queene of Castile who made offer to search the Occidentall Ocean where hee did vndertake to discouer a great land riche and aboundant in gold and other commodities crauing ayde of the King and Queen of money and shippes to furnish him out on such a voyage Colombus was a man very expert in Nauigation and vntill that time hee had gotten his liuing by making Sea Cardes Hee beeing married and dwelling in the Isle of Madera a shippe of Biscay which had for many dayes beene driuen vp and downe by tempests and cast vpon the same coasts whereof hee did then speake did happen to arriue in the Island Colombus brought the Pilot thereof and three other Marriners home to his house who hauing endured much misery at sea did there dye and in recompence of their kinde entertainment they did amply informe their hoast whereabout these lands lay and with what windes a man might saile thether Colombus being a man of a quick apprehension and great courage came to King Iohn of Portugall hoping to perswade him to vndertake that Nauigation offering him his seruice therein and after that to King Henry the seauenth of England in the end to Don Henriques de Guzman Duke of Medina Sidonia and to Don Lewis de la Cerde Duke of Medina Celi who held commodious Hauens in Castile beseeching them to ayde him in so worthy an enterprise but all his trauaile was to no purpose for they esteemed him as an Italian who by bragges and vaunts of matters which hee knew not endeuoured to releeue his pouerty Now this yeare hee came to Court with letters from Frier Iohn Peres de Marchena one excellently learned in all humane learning who dwelt at Rauida which gaue good testimony of Colombus
such courtesie and modestie he got honour and wealth for himselfe and the Kings his masters vnto whom hee sent great treasures in recompence whereof he was made great Commander of Alcantara Columbus his fourth and last voyage to the Indies Then was the Admirall Columbus permitted to go to sea who departed with foure Caruels set foorth at the Kings cost with an hundred threescore and ten saylers but beeing come to the mouth of the riuer Oçman in the Island of Hispagniola the Gouernour Nicholas d' â—uanda would not suffer him to come into the city of S. Domingo wherfore he sayled to the port Escondido or hidden and after came to the riuer and cape of Fig-trees from whence he ran more then three hundred and seuenty leagues alongst the Southerne coast desirous to find a passage beyond the Equinoctiall he came to a place called Nombre de Dios and from thence returned to Cuba and foorth-with passed to Iamaica where he lost two Caruels In this Iland the Admirall had many crosses for most of his people fell sicke there to the death then they mutined and would haue slaine one another Francisco de Porras Treasurer of his nauie being author of that sedition and besides that the Indians refused to giue him victuals which did greatly trouble him for this he found a present remedie and beeing a good Astronomer he knew that the day following there would bee a great Ecclipse of the Moone Columbus foretels an Eclipse of the Moone to the Indians to feare them he told the idolatrous Indians that if they gaue him not victuals they should all of them die of the plague and for a true token thereof they should the morrow after see the Moone appeare all bloudie the which by reason of the Eclipse became duskie and spotted the Indians were so greatly amazed thereat as they besought the Admirall to pardon them and to reconcile them to the Moone and brought him more victuals then he had need of Hauing remained a yeare in Iamayca the Admirall Columbus returned into Spayne from whence he neuer afterwards did stirre this was his fourth and last voyage to the Indies The same course held king Manuel in his nauigation to the East Indies wherein hee spared no cost Portugal for hauing had ample information of the whole voyage of Calicut by D. Vasco de Gama he had sent thither in the yeare 1500. a Nauie of twelue Carauels vnder the command of Captaine Pero Aluares Cabralde a Gentleman of Portugal followed by other Gentlemen manned with fifteene hundred souldiers carrying along with him fiue Friars and good store of merchandize to exchange for spices and other things which the East produceth all of it according to the order and appointment of Don Vasco de Gama These Caruels hauing sayled in view of the Ilands of the Canaries and arriued at S. Iames as they discouered the Isle of Bresill there appeared to them a Comet with long and fearefull beames towards the East continuing their voyage there arose so great and strange a tempest as by day the water of the sea seemed as blacke as pitch and in the night like to fire which swallowed foure of those shippes the rest of the Naâ—y sayling on in great danger came in sight of cape Double and from thence arriued at Mosambique then sayling towards Melinde and beyond that to Anjauina they came at last within a league of Calicut from whence he beganne to contract with the King of the same countrie but afterwards they fell at oddes which caused losse to either of them Vppon this occasion Pero Aluares Cabralda went into the land of Malabar belonging to the King of Cochin with whome he agreed and found meanes to lade his ships with spices and so returning homewards he touched at the cape of Good hope and from thence to Lisbone where he arriued in Iuly in the yeare 1501. 1501. with sixe Carauels of twelue that hee carried out with him hauing beene in that voyage neere sixteene moneths Before his returne Iohn de la Nueua Gallego Voyage of Iohn de la Nueua a Portugal departed from Lisbon with three shippes and a Caruell for the selfe same voyage of Calicut but King Manuel conceyuing in his mind to find a way to the Isles of Moluccos and those countries where the spices grow he sent the same yeare 1501. a skilfull marriner called Americus Vespucius a Florentine with foure Carauels who passed not much farther then Saint Augustines Cape and without taking notice of the great riuer of siluer or Rio de Plata he returned home The yeare 1502. Don Vasco de Gama An. 1502. Admirall of Portâ—gall was againe sent by the King into the East D Vasco de Gama his second voyage with thirteene shippes and three Carauels manned with great numbers of Gentlemen and souldiers with Merchandizes munitions and victuals and all other things necessarie for so long and painefull a voyage and within few dayes after hee sent other fiue shippes to follow Don Vasco commanded by Stephano Gamo By these were new lands discouered to the great profit and commodity of the nations of Europe This same yeare King Manuel had by his wife Queene Mary Birth of prince Iohn of Portugal a sonne called Iohn who succeeded him in the Kingdome the day of whose birth was rainy and such thunder and lightning on the day of his christening as the Royall pallace was in danger of beeing burned And the yeare following 1503. his daughter the Infanta Izabella was born An. 1503. who came to be Empresse of Germany Birth of D. Isabella and was mother to king Philip the second deceased Don Vasco beeing returned from his luckie and prosperous voyage king Manuel gaue no intermission to that most profitable and honorable nauigation but the Portugals hauing raised warre in the East betwixt the Kings of Calicut and Cochin tooke the King of Cochins part beeing by him receyued and welcommed into his countrie and hauens so as he of Calicut did in short time know that he had greatly erred in wronging his guests The yeare 1504. King Manuel hauing notice of this warre An. 1504. was displeased therewith and set foorth a Nauy of twelue great shippes Voyage of Lopes Suares de Meneses Don Lopes Suares de Mereses beeing Admiral of the same who arriued in safetie at Cochin by meanes whereof they did greatly encrease the renowne of the Portugals and established the trafficke pourchasing their King friends not onely among those Easterne people but also tributarie Princes for his seruants These conquests were pursued by Ferdinand of Almeyda and Alphonso of Albuquerque and other vertuous and valiant Captaines which haue continued those voyages since and by meanes thereof haue carried some knowledge of the name of Iesus Christ to those barbarous and vnbeleeuing people The Court of Castile lying at Alcala de Henares the yeare 1503. the Princesse D. Ioane was there brought in bed of a sonne who
whether they had called the estates of the realm and there took a new oath causing their eldest sonne D. Charles to be sworn heire to the crown of Castille Leon Granado In these princes were vnited vnto the realms of Castille and Leon and there dependances the great estates of the low countries and Burgundy and afterwards Arragon Sicile Sardynia and Naplâ—s At Vailledolit there were many noblemen honored with the order of the golden fleece The gard of the castle of Segobia was taken from the marquesse of Moya guien to D. Iohn Manuell who was much fauored by the kings who being at Tudele of Duero there appeared a strange comet in the firmament foreshewing as they said afterwards the approching death of king Philip which happened soon after in the city of Burgos to the generall griefe of all his subiects the comet still raigning whereunto he did attribute his death Death of Philip King of Castille saying often in his paines and agonies Hâ— cometâ— hâ— cometa He died in the floure of his age in the constables house this yere 1506 hauing raigned 1 yere and ten monthes his body was laied many yeres after by the commandement of the Emperour Charles his sonne in the royal chappel of Granado hauing remained in diuers places This summer which was very drie there died in Castille D. Guttiere of Toledo bishop of Plaisance to whome succeeded D. Gomes of Toledo sonne to D. Guttiere de Solis earle of Coria 7 At the time of the death of the king D. Philip Voyage of king Ferdinand into Italy king Ferdinand was at sea sayling towards Italie for after the enteruiew of these two princes the order taken for the gouernment of Castille he went to Cattelonia where hauing caused a goodly fleet to bee made readie at Barcelona he imbarked to go and visit the realms of Naples of Sicile hauing conceiued a iealousie that the great captaine did fauor the designes of the king of Castille his son in law for hauing sent often for him to come into Spaine hee had still delaied it with excuses as he thought At his departure out of Castille he was abandoned by all the great men except the duke of Alua who did accompany him to the frontiers of Arragon He who shewed himselfe most faithfull of all the noblemen A faithfull seruant was D. Bernard of Rojas and Sandoual marquesse of Denia who neuer abandoned him neither aliue nor dead for hee retired many of his officers and houshold seruants which had no maintenance It was concluded by the last accord made betwixt him and king Philip that the realme of Naples although it had been conquered by the means and forces of Castile more then by those of Arragon should remain to the crown of Arragon Being therefore ready to set saile towards his realme of Naples Sinceritie of the great Captaine he receiued letters from the great captaine by the which hee did assure him of his sincerity and seruice and did aduertise him of the estate of the country wherewith he was so wel satisfied as he did confirme all his former gifts vnto him added new yea he was much more pleased with him for that contrary to the opinion of many he came and met him at the port of Genoua for both the Pope and all the Potentates of Italy thought that he was gone from Naples with an intent to retyre himselfe into Castile and not to see king Ferdinand as if he feared to looke on him The king being staied there some daies by reason of coÌ„trary winds he had news of his son in laws death for the which he seemed verie sorrowful notwithstanding that he was prest by the widow queen D. Ioane his daughter to returne into Spaine yet he went on his voyage to Naples where he entred in great pompe Entrie of king Ferdinand into Naples vnder a canopie of cloth of gold the city wall being beaten down for the more state hauing all the honors and ceremonies accustomed at the receptions of new kings he staied 7. months there to the great content of the whole realm and of all the Potentates of Italie who possest with an opinion of his justice and equity sent to visit him by ambassadors and made him arbitrator of many coÌ„trouersies that were among them The Neapolitanes offered him great summes of money and other commodities but he would not accept â—ny but 30000 ducats for the charges of his voyage Hee would not at that time breake with the VenetiaÌ„s for the Popes pleasure or of any others and yet they detained certain places from him referring that quarel to a more conuenient time He pacifed and ended many quarrels and pretensions of Barons yea of the Angeuin party who were yet dispossest of their goods which had been confiscated past into priuate mens hands to whome they had been giuen in recompence of their seruices and that which he could not end he left in charge to the Viceroy D. Iohn of Arragon earle of Ribagorsa whom he left in the place of Gonsall Fernandes of Cordoua the great Captain whome he caused to imbarke with him at his returne and carried him into Spaine being iealous of the honor which he had gotten in the conquest of the realme In regard of the realm of Sicile he made many good lawes but he could not goe thither in person being prest by the queen D. Ioane his daughter the councel cities and comminalties of Castille to return into Spaine D. Ioane queene of Castille toucht in her senâ—es for this poore princesse besides her affliction for the death of her husband had other infirmities which she did inherit from her grandmother by the mothers side D. Isabella of Portugall wherefore finding her selfe vnable to gouern so great a state she put all ouer into the hands of D. Franciso Ximenes Archbishop of Toledo primate of Spain Councell of Castille of doctor D. Alfonso Suarez de la Fuente del Sauz bishop of Iaen president of the kings councell Garcia of Muxica licentiate in the laws born in the prouince of Guipuscoa doctor Pedro of Orepesa a most religious Baron the licentiat Fernando Telles doctor Laurence Galindez of Carnail the licentiate Lewis of Polanco with others of the councel who took charge of the affairs in the absence of the king D. Ferdinand her father the Prince D. Charles who was then bred vp in Flanders being yet a childe of 7 yeres old Pope Iulie staied many daies in the castle of Ostia thinking that K. Ferdinand would land there to see him but he excused himselfe by reason of the smal intelligence that was betwixt them for the king hauing demanded of him the confirmation inuestiture of the realm of Naples he would not graunt it but with heauier conditions then other kings of Arragon his predecessors had held it Queen Germain did accoÌ„pany the king her husband in al this voyage who sailing towards Spaine they
Spanniards surprised in theire lodging The armie of Spain after the taking of Citadelle diuided it selfe into diuers lodgings the viceroy to Verona the Marques of Pescara to Lendenara with 3000 Spaniards there came about â—00 men at armes to Rouigo of which D. Garcia Manrique was captain who suffered themselues to be surprized by Aluiano who led both him and all his company away prisoners some write they were 300 horse 1000 Spanish foot On the other side Renzo de Cerâ— being freed from the siege of Creme which hee had defended valiantly being fortified with men hee surprised Bergamo by intelligence of the inhabitants but soon after the viceroy recouered it againe hauing ioined his Spaniards with the forces of Milan led by Siluio Sauello Renzo who was within it yeelding it vpon honorable conditions The Bergamasques were punished for their rebellion by the purse redeeming the sack of the town other punishments prepared for them for great sums of money the which did much displease the Spaniards who were in hope that the spoile of this town should haue been giuen to them Winter approaching the armies were lodged and for that it was bruted that the Fench king prepared a great power to passe into Italy in the spring D. Raymond of Cardone the viceroy who had his Spanish army much diminished went to the emperor to Inspruch to take councel touching the affairs of the future warre At Rome the embassadors for the emperor King Ferdinand and French king vsed their art and skil to win the Popes fauor for their masters but he being cunning politike and enemy to them all discouered not his conceits but entertained them with vaine hopes 10 About the end of this yere before that k. Ferdinand had any intelligence of the successe of Vasco Nugnes of Balboa Pedro Arias of Auila made viceroie of the firme land at the Indies it was resolued in councel to send to the Antique of Darien into the region of Castille del or a knight for gouernor whose name was Pedro Arias of Auila born at Segobia which charge was demanded by many Arbolancha whome Vasco Nugnes had sent into Spain being not yet ariued for otherwise without doubt that charge had bin giuen him in recompence of his labors great seruice which he had done vnto the king in the discouery of so rich countries yet he was made gouernor of the coast towards the South sea but D. Iohn Rodrigo of Fonseca bishop of Burgos who had the superintendeÌ„cy of the affaires of the Indies did much fauor Pedro Arias protracted the time to make the dispatch of his prouision yet the sentence giuen against him at the suit of the bacheler Enciso was cancelled and made voide Pedro Arias then hauing imbarked at Saint Lucar of Barrameda Iohn Cabedo first Bishop of the Antique of Darien with one thousand fiue hundred men in 17 vessels the 14 of May hauing in his company frier Iohn Cabedo first bishop of the Antique of Darien first Prelat of the firme land at the Indies and for pilot Iohn Vespucio Florentin he sailed in 38 daies to the Antique where he was receiued with great ioy Vasco Nugues of Balboa lodged him in his own lodging with al the honor he could deuise was informed by him of the whole estate of that country of the discouery which he had made of Castille delor for so he had named it by reason of the great riches thereof and of the South Sea and of pearles wherewith Pedro Arias de Auila was verie much pleased finding that there was worke done and that there remained nothing but to people and husband it He made the Licenciat Gaspar of Espinose borne at Medina del Campo Alcayde maior or president of his Iustice and according to his charge he beganne to diuide the prouinces to his people sending Francis Bezerra with 550 Spaniards towards the Riuer of Dabayba who indured great miseries there and returned with notable losse Iohn of Ayora with foure hundred men was directed into the countrie of the Cachico D. Charles Panquiaco a most faithfull friend to the Spaniards who notwithstanding was so ingratefully intreated by them 1514 and the Indians his subiects so cruelly and couetously vext as they were forced to take armes and to chase away Ayora who returned flying from whence he parted Captain 〈◊〉 being sent towards Caribana and Barthelmew Hurtado to Acla they had no better successe not others in other places so as Vasco Nugnes was not so fortunate but Pedro Arias and his company were as vnfortunate in all their enterprises King Ferdinand toward the end of this yeare 1514 did so decay in his health as there were apparent signes of a dropsie in him One of the captaines which Pedro Arias de Auila called Gonsalo of Badajos had sent to people in the maine land tooke his course towards Nombre de Dios in the beginning of the yeare 1515 1515 where hee found Indians that were strange and vntractable so as hauing increased his troupe being about 80 Spaniards by the arriuall of Lewis of Mercado who brought 50 more they went in company towards the south Sea and being come to a place called Coyba they sackt it for that the lord of the country called Yuana flying the acquaintaÌ„ce of these bearded men had retired himselfe into the woods then they made prey of many things and especially of slaues Passing on by a riuers side on the 5 day they met with two Indians laden with bread which a blind Cachico sent vnto them who brought them to the place where this Cachico dwelt with whom they made good cheare receiued presents of gold with information of those countries which they sought and guides to conduct them Continuing on their course they came wher there raigned a lord called Taracura who also gaue theÌ„ a good quantity of gold but yet they did not forbeare to fier a borough belonging to a brother of his for that he was not to be found at their arriual then passing by the countries of the Cachicos Cheru and Nathan they receiued so much gold other things as the treasure which they got in that voyage amounted to aboue 80000 ducats at the least 400 slaues But as prosperity makes people careles ouerweening being come into the countrie of a mighty lord called Pariza Spaniards defeated and slain by the Indians holding no order nor discipline thinking they should find friendlie reception in all places they were suddenly charged by a great number of Indians who slue 80 of his Spaniards put the rest to flight and got their gold and slaues with all the booty which they had made in this voyage The same yere Gaspar of Morales being sent by the same gouernour with 150 Spaniards towards S. Michaels gulph he past with the help of the Cachicos Chiape Tumaco into the islaÌ„d of Tarareque leading 70 men only with him being drawne on by the fame of
that yeare 1524 the computation of the yeare beginning at our Lady day was that memorable battaile of Pauia where the French were defeated and king Francis taken prisoner by the imperials whereof the chiefe were Cont Charles of Launoy viceroy of Naples Ferdinand d'Aualos Marquesse of Pescaire and Charles duke of Bourbon who forsome discontentment had left France and followed the emperours party What were the causes of this great ouerthrow and what succeeded after ye may read at large in the History of France whereunto I referre the Reader to auoid needlesse repetitions The emperor was aduertised of this defeat and prision the tenth of March the news were pleasing vnto him as wee may coniecture yet he shewed himself verie modest shewing no tokens of pride for this great successe Worthy Councel of the bishop of Osma There were two opinions debated in his councel the bishop of Osma was author of the one to suffer this great prisoner to depart freely to bind him vnto him by a frank and brotherly deliuerance the other was to keep him still and to draw from him all the profit and aduantages that might be This last aduice proceeded from D. Frederic of Toledo duke of Alua was followed by the emperor wherefore there were certaine articles drawn and sent with al speed vnto the king by the lord of Reux who reiected them as vnreasonable Hereupon the Viceroy of Naples persuaded the king not to take it in ill part if he were led into Spain 1525 to treat himself with the emperour touching his libertie assuring him that he desired it shewing him letters from his friends in court But his intention was in the meane time to led him to the castle of Naples and there to attend the opportunitie of a passage for they were not strong enough at sea for the French who had Andrew Dorias Galleys at their deuotion Neither did hee much trust his armie at land which wanting pay hee feared would mutine Besides he was iealous of the Pope Venetians and other Potentates of Italie who were discontented at the prosperitie of the emperour his maister wherefore being thus resolued he conducted the king to Genoa and from thence to Porto Fino whereas the marshall of Montmorency comming vnto him with sixe French galleys Passage of king Francis being Prisoner into Spaine without any souldiers by the commandement of the Queene Regent the kings mother he changed his aduice hauing furnished those galleys with Spanish souldiers and ioyning them to those which he had thinking that he might easily passe whilest that the French expected his going to Naples he suddenly bent his course for Spain laÌ„ded the prisoner at Barcelona before that it was known or that he had aduertised the emperor and from thence hee conducted him to Valencia But passing by Tortosa the king was in great danger among the mutyned Spaniards who pursued the Viceroy tumultuosly for their pay forcing him with their shot to escape ouer the top of his lodging the bullets flying nere vnto the kings person The emperor hearing of his arriual coÌ„manded he shold be put into the castle of Xatiua a place ordained in old time to be a prison for great men but the viceroy obtained that he might liue in certain houses of pleasure about Valencia vntil that he had commandement to conduct him to Madrid The emperor was resolued not to see him before thee had concluded for his liberty for the treating whereof besides the archbishop of Ambrun who was afterwards Cardinal of Tournon and Selua the first President of Paris he gaue a safe coÌ„duct to Marguerite of France duches of Alanson who arriued at Barcelona in September passing from thence by Saragosse shee came to Madrid whether she found the emperor was come to visit the king who had bin brought almost to deaths doore with a violent feuer This had a shew of charity to comfort him giuing hope that he should be soone set at liberty but it was rather a curiosity that he might visibly see in what estate he was fearing to lose the fruits of his prize if he should die It is said that being in consultation whether hee should see him or not hee was dissuaded by his Chauncellour who told him that if he saw him 1526 and did not set him freely at libertie the world would thinke that hee had been brought thither by couetousnesse Gouernours counsell thrust on with a mercinarie charitie and a seruile feare to loose by the prisoners death the price of his ransome a noble aduice and worthie to be obserued But the duchesse of Alansons presence was the best remedie to recouer the king where she remained almost three moneths what she effected and vpon what tearmes the king was deliuered you may read in its proper historie 23 These things past in the yeare 1526 Mariage of the Emperor Charls in the which the Emperour Charles maried D. Isabella of Portugal daughter to the king D. Manuel D. Alphonso Fonseca Archbishop of Toledo and primat of Spaine with D. Ferdinand of Arragon duke of Calabria were sent to receiue this princesse who conducted her with great state to Seuile where the mariage was celebrated Of this mariage was borne the one and twentieth day of May 1527 in the yeare 1527 D. Philip who succeeded in all the realmes lands and seigniories of the Emperour as well hereditarie as conquered A memorable yeare for that by the Emperours armie consisting for the most part of Spaniards whereof Charles duke of Bourbon was generall Rome taken sackt the citie of Rome was taken and sackt and Pope Clement with many cardinals ransomed and hardly intreated the greedie and insolent souldiers not sparing the cardinals of their owne nation prophaning by all acts of crueltie and excesse in their disordered appetites the places and persons dedicated and vowed to religion notwithstanding that the prince for whom they made warre heire of the realms of Spaine carried the title of Catholike purchased by his predecessors for the good offices they had done to Popes and to the sea of Rome The same yeare king Francis being râ—turned into his realme Mariage of king Henry of Albreâ— he caused the mariage to be accomplished betwixt D. Henrie of Albret and Marguerite of France widow to the duke of Alanson father and mother to queene Ioane heire to the realme of Nauarre King Francis being come from his imprisonment discontented he entred willingly into league with the Pope League against the Emperor the king of England the Venetians and Florentines for the libertie of Italie 〈◊〉 when as he vnderstood the cruelties vsed by the Imperiall armie at Rome he allied himselfe more strictly with the king of England vnder colour to free the Pope and the territories of the Church whereupon the lord of Lautrec was appointed to lead an armie into Italie at their common charge The Emperour being aduertised that king Francis not onely refused to
he had drawne out of the garrisons of Italie Thither also came many round and flat bottomed vessels carrying victuals munition artillerie horse and a good number of foot newly leuied to that end in Spaine Italy Germany so as there was found when this army weighed anchor three hundred and sixtie saile carrying besides the Court the traine of noblemen and many voluntaries seuen hundred men at armes two thousand light horse and 12 thousand bisoques or new souldiers fiue thousand old souldiers Spaniards and sixe thousand Italian foot seuen thousand Lansquenets men of experience These forces being not lesse than forty thousand men parted with a prosperous wind from the IslaÌ„d of Sardinia and came to land the fiue and twentieth of Iune this yere 1535 at a place called Porto Farina neere to the ruines of old Vtica about sixe leagues distant from Tunes There order was giuen by the emperour for the landing of his men the first were the old Spanish arquebuzies and the Italians that they might keepe off the Moores who had shewed themselues both horse and foot to disturbe their landing wherin the Marquesse of Guast who was general of the foot shewed great iudgement for he wold not suffer the souldiers to leaue their standings and to pursue the enemy vntill the army were landed with the victuals and munition and the quarters made and fortified with a Trench in the which they found great difficulty for that the sand was loose not fit for that purpose neither had they any bauines or other matter to binde it with all The army being lodged the emperour called a Councel Councell held by the emperour for the beseeging of Goulett where it was propounded whether they shold first assault Goulette or goe directly to fight with the enemy in Tunes which was much more easie than that of Goulette whereas attempting that fort first being strong by situation defended by valiant men commanded by iudicious captaines and hauing great store of artillery and which did most import not being able to take their succours from them neither by the lake nor by land on the east part either the action would proue desperate and they shold consume their forces there in vaine or at the least they should spend so much time there as not onely Baberousse would grow stronger in men be of greater reputation but the Christians campe being wonderfully afflicted with the violent heat of the Sunne in that region and vnder that clymat and which did more import the waters which they dranke being halfe salt in short time being corrupted would breed a great mortalitie so as they should be forced rather to seeke to saue the relikes of their army than to attempt any new enterprise But the most judicious shewing how dangerous it was to leaue such a fort as Goulette with a great garrison and so neere vnto Tunis behind that the army aduancing they should be in extreame want of victuals the which not being able to bee conducted but from the army the enemies horse being many and venturous scouring the fields continually would at the least force the Christians to keep the greatest part of their horse and of their best foot to gard their victuals which were ingaged It was therefore resolued first to attempt Goulette Goulette the fort which fort Barberousse had furnished with great care it is a great square Tower with large rampers and flankers and is set vpon the mouth or entrie of the Lake which extends from it vnto the Citie and is foure leagues broad Campana writes that it is twelue miles long and fiue miles broad The Citie of Tunes was great and well peopled but at that time the walles were weake and low hauing three suburbs open greater and farre better peopled than the towne in the which there dwelt many kindes of Merchants some of the most industrious Artisans and among them some other rich people who were delicate and idle For the gard of these places Barberousse had about eight thousand good souldiers Forces of Barberousse in Tunes whereof he had put a good part into the fort of Goulette some write they were three thousand men commanded by Sinan Cefutt of Smirna called the Iew and Nâ—aid surnamed Chasediuels The rest were with Barberousse who had also leuied great numbers of Moores and Alarabes both horse and foot whome hee sent or led himselfe continually to the warre and made continuall skirmishes to molest the emperours campe to hinder the approaches and the batterie which was planted against this fort the which they must force and take before they came vnto the citie vnlesse they would bee betwixt two enemies subiect to the great and ordinarie sallies of either of them especially of the Moores who ouerrunning the countrie which was well knowne to them might hinder the victuals surprise them that went to forrage seeking aboue all things water which is rare in that countrie and take from them the commoditie of the sea if they had gone farre and left this fort standing and so had ruined the imperiall armie Whilest they are busie at this worke and about fiue weekes after the emperours arriuall Muley Hascen creepes out of his holes and comes vnto the campe hauing had a good conuoye sent vnto him with two hundred horse or there abouts Moores ill attyred and ragged mounted vpon geldings or mares peasantlie clownes Hauing saluted the emperour and kindly receiued by him they conferred long together by truchmen but they soone discouered that this Prince had neither friends nor meanes although hee vaunted that hee had left not farre from thence sixteene thousand horse Alarabes and eight hundred camels laden with victuals and refreshings of the which they neuer saw head nor taile assuring impudently that hee had great intelligences within the Towne with the chiefe inhabitants who notwithstanding neuer made any signe that they would fauour him Thus the winde carried away all the goodly promises which his embassador had made in Spaine to the emperour for he kept not any one were it through inconstancy or impossibilitie Notwithstanding the emperor continued constant in his resolution to chase away Barberousse and to restore this exiled king to the possession of his realme for he had made no accompt to be assisted by the Moores and had beene drawne vnto this enterprise more for his owne priuate interest then for any other consideration and therefore he was come well prouided Notwithstanding all the attempts of the Barbarians Goulette was battered by land with forty peeces of ordnance planted in two batteries and by sea with aboue 200 for the galleys being put into squadrons whilest that one approached to discharge the other retired to charge their peeces and so they continued from the break of day vntill noone whilest that the two batteries at land thundred continually The which did so ruine the tower as the greatest part of it falling it couered or made most of the ordnance within it vnprofitable The ruines of the
had The Turks they of Cambaia prest the siege hard but more by land than by sea for that they held it weakest on that side so as battering a tower they made a great ruine by the which they were in great danger to lose the whole castle the enimy seeking twise a day to force it which they continued all the month of October Silueria did sodenly cast vp a trauers with good flanks wherby they might brauely defend theÌ„selues making great slaughter of the Turks On the 20 of October they attempted to take a tower standing towards the sea for the defence of the Castle by scalado but they were repulst with great losse yet the next day they came with 10 gallies 33 armed barks with great numbers of soldiers to force the tower but in vaine for they were not only forced to retire by 50 Christians which defended it but also flanked by the artillery of the castle there were in 2 dais aboue 800 slain Sallie of the Portugalls vpon the Turkes at Diu. many vessels sunck Three daies after at noon day when they least expected there was a sally made by 150 Portugalls who entred the Turks treÌ„ches that were sleeping with such resolution as they slew about 260 so disordered the whole army as they could scarce put theÌ„selues in defence but seeing the nuÌ„ber so small they offred to charge them yet so late as they had time to retire into the fort in good order with the losse of 3 men only 6 hurt Soon after Silueria sent a frigot to Goa to craue aid froÌ„ Acugna who had already sent 16 galeots Garcia Norogna viceroy at the Indies with poulder march some soldiers but they were not yet come to Diu At the coÌ„ming of this secoÌ„d message to Goa Garcia of Norogna was come to viceroy who took vpon him the charge to prepare a great armie to succor the besieged and to fight with the enemie if need were Arriuing the 11 of September and taking vpon him the gouernment he gaue libertie to Acugna to returne into Europe but he died in his voyage neere vnto cap Bone Esperance hauing bin gouernor for his K. tenne yeres at the Indies Death of Nonio Acâ—gna with much honor and reputation Norogno came wel prouided from Portugall for this war for that they had intelligence of the Turks preparation in Egipt bringing 7000 soldiers in 11 ships being at Goa he prepared 12 great ships of burthen called hulks 16 galeons 25 chrauels 29 gallies of 26 banks 15 galeots and 20 â—oists which in al made 117 great smal Army of Portugalles prepared against the Turkes but al wel armed The â— of Nouember Soliman Bascha made his first attempt to force the castle of Diu but he found a braue resistance Silueria hauing the night before discouered the Turks intentions by their preparations At the break of day there approched neere vnto the tower vpon the sea about 50 barkes and 12 gallies full of soldiers engins making a shew to assaile it but it was only to draw their force thither from the land part where they meant to make their greatest attempt But Silueria like a discreet captaine knowing the strength of that part towards the sea brought his greatest force where there was most need where the enemy was likely to vse his greatest force And so it fel out for first of all there were 3000 Turks which presented themselues to the assault who for an houres space were brauely affronted by the Portugalls and in the end repulsed with great losse but the Bascha renued the fight with brauer men but fewer in number which did not a little terrifie Silueria who had seen many of his men slaine in the first assault Assault giuen by the Turkes 〈◊〉 Diu. He therefore commaunded his lieutenant Roderigo of Araue who was in the tower towards the Sea to come vnto him with his fresh band the which was speedily effected but vnfortunatly for him being slain with a shot in whose place Emanuel Vasconcello was put being followed by 30 fresh soludiers for that the enemy omitted no force Vasconcello carried himself brauely the enemy being vpon the breach whereas they were come to the sword in the end repulst Hauing had som litle rest behold ther sallied out of the treÌ„ches aboue 6000 Ianisaries Turks others of the realm of CaÌ„baia which SolimaÌ„ had chosen reserued for the last toouerthrow the Portugals forces which wer alredy much weakened and at the same instant he caused a generall assault to be giuen to the whole castle The enemy aduanced to the rampires and the Portugalls made resistance Silueria went from place to place with a few choice souldiers and comming where hee saw greatest need he turned him vnto his company and said Ah countrymen do you not remember that you are the souldiers of Christ for the confession of whose faith we haue put on these armes follow me then sacrifice your liues gloriously in his seruice who refused not to suffer a shameful death for our health And without speaking more words shaking his sword he went wher he saw most of the enemies wheras he made such resistance as after 5 houres that this last assault continued he made the enemies attempts vaine Turkes valianâ—ly repulsed at Diu. At the last night gaue an end to this cruell assault not without great slaughter of the Mahumetans they had lost that day as some write aboue 3500 besides hurt men of the Portugals there were 70 slaine aboue 300 wounded so as they say there remained only 12 vntoucht But the numbers of the slaine and wounded are diuersly reported yet they al affirm that if the enemy had giuen another assault they could not haue withstood it wanting both men munition for they had no poulder but what their ordnance was charged with so as Silueria to prouide for a future mischiefe causes those peeces which were towards the sea to be drawne away in the night to be planted towards the land But the Bascha seeing his attempts vaine laied the blame proudly vpon Coffaro other Lords of the countrey who had assured him that the fort was very weake and not able to make two days defence moreouer he said they had abused him and not assisted him with such forces as they had promised him in the beginning assured the great Turk in Constantinople so as full of wrath shame he knew not what to resolue for that there was a bruit of a Portugal army which was preparing at Goa doubting they wold fight with him both by sea land trusting litle in them of CaÌ„baia who in effect hated him generally for the sacking of Diu other great wrongs the Turkes had done them Besides they feared that this cruel man hauing chased away the Portugals would put their new king to death and seaze tyrannously on the whole Countrey Whilest they stood vpon these termes the 16 galeots
haue happened considering their great aduauntage of armes vsing arrowes and stones whenas the Christians could not vse their harquebuses vnlesse the emperour who that day and alwayes performed the duety of a captaine a sergeant and a souldier had not come to succour them with some companies of Germans whereof the first being put to flight he with an inuincible mind giuing courage to the rest both with words and action in the end he repulsed the enemy and retired his men out of that dayes daunger hauing lost aboue 300 men and 200 hurt but few men of accoÌ„pt D. Carlo of Lanoye sonne to the prince of Sulmona was wounded But the fortune of the armie at sea was more miserable which tost with the waues and windes had continued from midnight vntill no one the next day Shipwracke of the imperiall army in Algier in a hard and insupportable conflict against the furious violence of those enemies The ships which had no other shelter but to commit themselues to the mercy of the raging windes sought to vnburthen tâ—emselues casting their ordonance or any thing else of weight into the sea cutting downe their masts yet many perished being either swallowed vp in the sea or beating one against an other were driuen on shoare to be a prey the Barbarians With the like misfortune but with more art and force the gallâ—es did striue Doria and the other captains of iudgement laboring to preserue them with many anchors with the industrie of their oares they also casting their artillery ouer boord but they still finding theÌ„selues in exceeding great danger some hoping to saue their liues at land cut their cables and ranne on ground which was a most miserable spectacle for the gallies breaking whilest that the men tired with the toile being vp to the chin in water sought to saue themselues held it for a happinesse to be accepted for slaues the Arabians and Moores which stood ready to make the vnfortunate condition of those Christians more miserable shewed themselues to be greedy of their blood and death killing them most barbarously without any mercy Among which Iannettin Doria Admirall ranne on ground neere vnto the Emperours campe so as it might well be relieued by his maiestie who presently sent some companies of Italians to suppresse the furie of the Arabians and saued that valiant yong man with the greatest part of his companie There perished foureteene gallies some write fifteene after this manner whereof eleuen did belong to prince Doria and the rest to Anthony Doria to Naples and Spaine of greater vesselles some say seuentie and some a hundred and fifty of shippes carauells and pinaces At night it grew somewhat calme so as in the morning the gallies drew neere vnto the shoare where they lay first but towards euening the wind grew high againe so as prince Doria did persuade them to retire to cape Matafuso holding that place to be lesse daungerous for that there were few rockes the which the emperour perceiuing and seeing that there were no victualls in the campe the souldiers hauing beene the day before without any meate he resolued to rise and march that day six miles with his whole armie The which he had put in good order for that the enemy was still behind him on his flankes yet they durst not charge them the sick hurt men being put in the middest of the squadrons vsing al care to saue them yet many were slaine by those Barbarians being so weake as they could not be carried For wanting all kind of victuall they had relieued themselues those two daies with the roots of dates which they call palmette horse-flesh some being slaine to that end They came that day vnto a riuer which the Moores call Agaraz the which was so risen with the raine as it was not possible to wade through where by reason thereof and to see if they could get any victualls Hunger in the Emperors army they staied that night and gathering together the masts and yardes of broken ships in that riuer they made a bridge to passe the Germanes and Italians the next day the Spaniards hauing found out a foard somewhat higher The Turkes and Moores of Alger did not pursue the armie any further and the Arabians did little annoy them so as within two daies they came vnto their galleys Heere the emperour did somewhat refresh his army drawing some victualls out of the ships and then hee gaue order for their shipping which was on the last day of October The inuincible and vndaunted courage of the emperour was admirable who was a great consolation to those afflicted troupes but in the shipping of the armie there was great pietie noted in him thinking it impossible that ships shaken with the rage of the Sea Constancy and pietie of the emperor Charles should carrie so much people hee commaunded that all the horses whatsoeuer should bee cast into the Sea were they of neuer so great price not regarding the intreaties of their owners desiring rather to saue the basest soldier being a man and a Christian that those noble instruments of warre D. Fernand of Gonzaga staied two daies to imbarke who coasting along Barbarie towards the East had a shorter passage into Sicile The Sea grew rough again and they staied not long to haue more particuler directions the emperour hauing giuen order where his troupes should land There is a memorable accident reported of two ships full of Spaniards which in the tempest were driuen on shoare neere vnto Algier the Souldiers within them seeking to preserue their liues by being slaues Spaniards preserue their liues generously against the Arabians but the cruell Arabians thirsting after mans bloud refusing to accept them they made a braue and generous resolution so as keeping close together they marcht fighting euen to the verie gate of Alger where they gaue Assan Aga to vnderstand that they were come to yeeld themselues his slaues hoping that hee being borne a Christian wold not suffer them to be torn in peeces by the rage of the Arabians whose liues might be a greater benefit so they were preserued by that renegado with more shew of humanity The gallies which were with the emperors person running the same fortune recouered the port of Bugia and there they refresh themselues a little and then the seas being somewhat calmed they sailed towards Spaine where the emperour landed at Carthagene Emperour Charles his returne into Spaine from the rout of Algier from whence hee sent to Occagna to visit his daughters hauing first met with the Prince D. Philippe who went speedily to doe his duety and to reioyce at his returne who with an inuincible courage speaking little of his losse shewed how we should beare the crosses of humane accidents Prince Doria who yeelded not to any in greatnesse of minde and constancy being arriued in Italie where the miserable successe of this enterprise was already knowne he did comfort such as came to condole
a table containing the sentence of his condemnation He died coÌ„stantly retaining his accustomed proud looke he was royally attired in silke imbrodered with gold and pearle which the executioner had His bodie put into a coffin was honestly buried in Cusco Francis Caruaial was executed in like manner with nine other captaines but their bodies were quartered and hung in the high wayes Many also of the most seditious were hung vpon trees on the high wayes The President hauing thus punished the chiefe mutines and rebelles hee caused a generall pardon to be published in Cusco to all the rest forbidding any one to reproach the fault hereafter vpon paine of death This victorie was wonne the ninth day of Aprill one thousand fiue hundred fortie and eight happie doubtlesse for the Emperour for if Pizarro had wonne it Peru had bin lost for him and Spaine depriued of the treasures of that Countrey which are great and incredible The President found himselfe much troubled when hee came to reward such as hee had drawne from Pizarros faction to whom he had made great promises for there was not any common souldier but he held himselfe worthy of a gouernement and he could not please them all but he supplied this defect with store of ducars which abound in that golden region Then hee beganne to settle some order in regard of the Spaniards which were feudatarie Lords ouer the Indians how they should carrie themselues to the Indians their subiects He erected a Parliament or royall Audience in the city of Kings to the which any man that was grieued might appeale and giuing hope to them that remayned at Peru by the aduertisement he saied he had receiued from the Emperour to haue a Viceroy very soone hee bad them farewell and went away in December one thousand fiue hundred forty and nine carrying with him about two millions of gold for the Emperors part He came from the city of Kings to Panama where hauing rested some dayes hee went by land with his baggage to Nombre de Dios vpon the north sea where he arriued happily For had hee staied alittle longer at Panama hee had beene in danger neuer to haue seene Spaine more For that certaine other rebelles led by Fernand and Pedro Contreras whose father was Viceroy of Nicaragna came and seazed vpon Panama thinking the President had beene there and spoyled it and missing him they pursued him thinking to finde him vpon the way and to strippe him of his treasure making an attempt to enter into Nombre de Dios but they were repulsed by the garrison and the Inhabitants The gouernors and garrisons that were neere made a head and went to field and dispersed them in some incounters in one of the which one of the Contreras was slaine Contreras other rebells and the other lost so as hee was neuer more heard of This second reuolt did somewhat stay the voyage of the President D. Pedro Guasca who embarqued in Iuly 1550 hauing suppressed two importaunt rebellions at the West Indies beeing followed by a great number of noblemen Spaniards who were rich in gold and siluer of the spoiles which they had taken or for recompences in these seditions he arriued happily at Saint Lucar of Barameda and from thence went to Seuile where hauing rested some dayes hee passed into Germanie to the emperour whom hee found at Ausbourg by whom hee was graciously receiued and honoured for his good seruices who in reward thereof some moneths after made him Bishop of Valencia which fell void But let vs returne to that princes affaires in Germanie and what hee had to treat of at Ausbourg whereas all things did succeed according to his desire the negotâ—ations of great Kings being like vnto other mens seasoned with sweet and sower by him that gouerns the whole world and for the good of men who else would forget him if they should alwayes prosper This mightie Emperour a Conquerour and wife according to the world and the common opinion of all men finding after much toile by a hard and preiudiciall experience that hee was farre from that which hee pretended to doe for the good of his house by armes and force against the libertie of the Electors and the Estates of the empire Emperour solicites D. Ferdinand to resigne the dignitâ—e of king of Romans to his son Philippe hee sought to attaine vnto it by the meanes of some conuention and therefore hee did presse his brother Ferdinand to resigne vnto prince Philip his sonne his right and dignitie of King of Romans whereupon they grew to a great quarrel to pacifie the which Mary Queene of Hungarie their sister was forced to returne to Ausbourg from whence shee parted alittle before he pursued this resignation by all the meanes and policie hee could for that it was the next infallible steppe to bring D. Philippe to the empire but Ferdinand would neuer yeelde to it thinking that if hee made this daungerous alienation all his sonnes hauing a good number should remayne without estates and meanes Returne of prince Philip into Spaine wherein hee had reason Hee had sent into Spaine for Maximilian his sonne to come to the diet beeing a milde and courteous prince and very pleasing to all Germanie D. Philippe hauing fayled to be king of Romans parted from Ausbourgh and tooke his way towardes Genoua to returne into Spaine to gouerne it Peter Lewis Farnese Duke of Placentia and Parma hauing beene slaine the yere before by his owne subiects some thought by the Emperours procurement for that Fernand Gonzague gouernour of Milan did instantly â—eaze vpon the towne of Placentia Octauio Farnese his sonne distrusting the Emperour his father in lawe hauing married his base daughter and seeing himselfe contemned by the new Pope hee sought support and protection from the French whereat pope Iulio was so offended as hee thundered out a sentence of Excommunication against him by the which hee declared him fallen from his estate giuing it in prey to the Emperour Octauio Farnâ—se excommunicated the cause of new warre whereupon D. Fernand Gonzague spoyled the territorie of Parma and the French sent succours to Duke Octauio which caused a new warre betwixt the Emperour and the French king 1551 This warre beganne in the yeare of our Lord God Extortions of the emperor vpon the Germanâ— one thousand fiue hundred fiftie and one by meanes whereof the Germanes freed themselues from manie violences which had beene offered them both in generall and in particular by the Emperour beeing made proud with his victories which hee sought to make all men feele as well Catholikes as Protestants vnder diuers pretexts of some to be satisfied for the charges of the warre which hee saied hee had made for the libertie of Germanie of others by the waie of chasticement for that they had reuolted wherein hee saied that he proceeded mildely quitting much of his right to ease and spare them By this meanes there was neyther towne nor countrey estate
slaine by them but verie cruelly intreated Some dayes before there arriued seuen Companies of Spaniards sent in three ships by the Viceroy of Naples to fill vp his number of two thousand according to the kings commaundement There came in like manner a galleon with many refreshings from Sicile and great store of munition They were haunted still with that infectious sicknesse in Malta 1560 whereof many dyed giuing in the beginning apparent signes of the vnfortunate successe of this armie Queene of Spaine conducted into Spaine Thus the secret judgements of God doe often make mens counsels and resolutions vaine the which in regard of the cause are held good but are not approued by his diuiue prouidence it may be to confound the wisedome of men but without doubt for our offences In the yere 1560 Isabella or Elizabeth queene of Spaine was conducted into Spaine to the king D. Philip her husband being accompanied by Anthonie of Bourbon king of Nauarre with other lords and ladies she was receiued at Ronceuaux by the cardinal D. Francis of Mendosa bishop of Burgos D. Inigo Lopez of Mendosa duke of the Infantazgo and many others who conducted her to Guadalajara where the mariage was celebrated At that time D. Gabriel de la Cueua was Viceroy of Nauarre in the place of D. Bertrand his father deceased who gaue the new queene a stately reception passing by Pampelone The same yere the prince D. Charles sonne to king Philip was sworne and acknowledged to be true successor in the realmes of Castille Nauarre Arragon c. after the accustomed maner of Spaine But to the returne to the warre of Barbarie The Catholike kings nauie stayed many dayes at Malta by reason of the contrarie windes so as in the beginning of the yeare the Generall although he were persuaded by the great Master to stay vntill the weather were better setled commaunded the armie to imbarke and about the middest of Februarie he came to the island of Gerbe where hauing discouered two ships of Alexandria laden with marchandise lying within the chanell they tooke and spoyled them but they vsed no diligence to take two vessels that went with oares which lay more within the which afterwards were no small hurt vnto them Dragut was there with seuen hundred Turkes and Moores on horsebacke and three thousand foot being then in quarell with the Xec or lord of the island who also had good numbers of Arabians and Moores and expecting aid from the Christians was continually in armes against his enemies Drâ—gut held that part of the island which was towards the chanell hauing kept those two vessels readie to send vnto Constantinople Christianr army at Gerbe or to flie away if necessitie forced him hauing no hope to escape on the other side whereas the Xec lay with his forces especially if all the Christians armie were landed whereof a part went to land to fetch fresh water being led by Aluaro de Sandy where skirmishing nine houres together during their watering they receiued no great losse and slue many enemies In the retreat Aluaro was shot in the flanke yet could they not possibly take any one prisoner to be informed of the state of things which was afterwards thought to haue stayed the victorie and to haue ruined their enterprise when as by the taking of the two galliots Dragut could not possibly haue escaped after which the taking of Tripoli had beene easie neither should hee haue had meanes to send to Constantinople to aduertise them of the state of things in Barbarie and to procure an armie It was knowne afterwards that there was great store of money and jewels Occasion of a victorie lost by the Christians which Dragut sent by Vluccialy the pyrat vnto the Bassa of the port to procure succours from the great Turke so as if they had taken and burnt them they had obtained a happie victorie the which was not done partly through the negligence of them that commaunded and partly by the great diligence of the enemie who would not haue the Christians know what past in the island for that there was not any creature liuing found in the two ships all being fled to land In the morning before day the Christians parted with their armie neither could they put any to land in a fregate to discouer the state of the island the Moores were so carefull to defend the shore Two dayes after there came eight gallies to Gerbe the which had stayed at Malta for some prouision where landing vnaduisedly to water they were charged by the Turkes Christians slain by the Turkes in watering who slue an hundred and fiftie good souldiers and tooke some prisoners among which was captaine Pedro Vermudez and of the chiefe of them that were slaine were foure Spaniards Adrian Garzia Alphonso de Guzman Pedro Vianega del Rio and Francisco Mercato which disorder did much trouble the Generall being now at Secco di Palo with the whole armie and they were all much discontented to heare afterwards that a fregate of the knights of Malta passing neere vnto Gerbe had beene told by two Renegadoes that Dragut was there and that Vluccialy was gone with two galliots to Constantinople And which was worse the armie was forced to stay some dayes at Secco di Palo by reason of contrarie windes being an hundred and fiftie miles from Tripoli where drinking fresh water digged in those sands but of a pestiferous qualitie it brought a pestilent infirmitie into the armie whereof many dyed In the end a Southeast wind arising it did hinder their course to Tripoli and staying there infinit numbers dyed through the corruption of the ayre and water this pestilent disease increasing daily hauing wasted a great part of their munition and broken the Admirals ship by the mariners negligence hauing also lost two smaller ships laden with victuals at Chercheny they had not many men in the armie for this enterprise expecting footmen from Naples and Sicile and the Galeon of Cicala two galliots and some ships which had beene kept backe by contrarie windes Wherefore they resolued to returne and to land at Gerbe where they arriued the two and twentieth day of March and on the seuen and twentieth Aluaro de Sandy Marshall generall of the campe landed with their men Christians army land at Gerbe and some field peeces to lodge in good order neere vnto certaine wells of fresh water two miles from the castle towards the West At their landing Aluaros nephew died of a pestilent feuer carrying his name a young man of great hope he was much lamented by him and the whole armie Hauing at night made three squadrons of all his men they lodged neere Sandy not thinking it fit to goe vnto the wells for that hee found by many coniectures that the Moores had receiued them as enemies wherefore it would bee dangerous if lodging late they should bee charged by the enemy At night the Xec sent two men with a fayned Embassage intreating the
haue store of victualls brought from the ships vnto the campe but they that were interessed seemed to haue small care of the publike good There were two thousand foot Italians Spaniards and Dutch appointed for the gard of this fort with fifty horse vnder the Colonel Michel of Baraona There was order giuen to haue the Xec take the oth who should aduance the armes of Spaine And then hee resolued to part with the army in the beginning of May but hee was staied vpon some controuersie growne betwixt the Christians and the Moores vpon a light occasion but it was wisely pacified and some that had most offended punished The fame of the army increasing and the solemnitie performed the fifth of May a mile from the campe in the presence of Monreal the Generals Secretary and some of his gentlemen Xec swears â—bedience and tribute to the King of Spaine the Xec did sweare vpon the Alcaron to bee faithfull to the king of Spaine to pay euery yeere sixe thousand crownes foure Estriges foure Lancrets foure Falcons and one Camell and in like manner the Moores that were with him did sweare vassalage and fealtie vnto him Then order was giuen to imbarke the army wherein they were verie slacke and negligent vntill that there came a message from the Great Master to the Generall assuring him that the Turkes gallies being foure score and fiue had parted from Gozo on the eight day of that month at night with an intent as hee did coniecture to releeue Tripoly and then to seeke out the Christians army hearing that it was vnfurnished of souldiars and out of order Then euery man desired to bee at sea so as the confusion was great and their opinion diuers but most concurred to go presently to sea The Generall went to Iohn Andrew Doria being not well recouered of a great Infirmitie to resolue of all things leauing a charge with Alnaro to haue his men readie so as returning at night he might not stay Doria being resolued to put to sea and hauing giuen order to the ships to follow him he left a gallie called the Contesse for the duke to imbarke in being light and well furnished with slaues that all things being ordered hee might goe and joyne with the armie The Generall would not omit any duetie that night being before the twelfth day but hauing giuen good instructions to the gouernour of the fort he spake with great efficacie to the souldiers which remained assuring them That the armie at sea being in that accident in greater daunger than the fort it was fit he should be where the perill was most apparent entertaining them after this manner vntill the day began to breake when as he with Sandy came vnto the fregate which should carrie them to the gallie that was gouerned by the Commaunder Guimarano But hee made a signe vnto him with his hand that hee should retire to land for that the Turkes armie began to appeare with an intent to charge the Christians After Dorias resolutions to get out of those shelues there arose a contrarie wind which did hinder him so as the Turkes Generall hauing cast anker but sixteene miles from Gerbe the night before hauing sent Cara Mustafa gouernour of Mitelen and Vluccialy to discouer he vnderstood in what confusion the Christians were being readie to depart hee then resolued to set vpon them at the breake of day with which resolution hee came on with a prosperous wind when as Scipion going forth with a squadron of gallies for the gard hee was so suddenly surprised by the Turkes as hee had no time to aduertise the armie so as euerie man being amazed by this sudden accident they had no other care but how to flie but it was done with that confusion which a sudden feare of an ineuitable daunger doth vsually bring Iohn Andrew Doria distrusting his Admirall gallie for that it was old and heauie hee resolued to draw neere to land being forced to recouer the fort in a barke Armie of Christians miserably lost at Gerbe being a mile off the gallie was presently abandoned and left in the slaues hands who being at libertie carried it to the enemie It was a miserable spectacle to see that mightie armie scattered in an instant some one way some another There were seuen gallies which sought to saue themselues in the chanell of Gerbe where most of the men leaping into the water although they were farre from land sought to saue their liues by swimming so as all the shore was full of men The Marshall Sandy ranne thither with a great troupe of shot and pikes to defend them that came to land for that the Moores being treacherous and inconstant had presently changed their minds and slue and spoyled as many as came vnto their hands The Generall to auoyd this other mischiefe sent word vnto the Xec by the king of Caruano and the Infant of Tunis That hee should forbid his Moores to annoy the Christians putting him in mind of his faith formerly giuen But they prepared to flie also fearing the Turkes pretending that they went to gather together some Arabians Mahamidy with the which they would returne and fauour the Christians wishing them not to trust the Moores of the island who were not well affected to them That morning there were nineteene gallies fell into the enemies hands with the Admirall the rest saued themselues in diuers places by flight the which was attributed to the courage and good counsell of the Commaunder Anthonie Maldonato The great Master had called home his gallies to Malta as hath beene sayed to prouide for the daungers of that island but afterwards hee sent backe three vnder the commaund of Maldonato who in this confusion going to sea was followed by many gallies relying vpon the skill of this knight the which succeeded happily The duke and Sandy stayed vpon the shore to defend those poore wretches which came from the gallies from the Moores giuing them clothes and armes which were prepared for them that should defend the fort The same day they held a Councell vnder a tent where were the Generals Iohn Andrew Doria D. Aluaro de Sandy and the Commaunder Guimerano Doria said That it was necessarie for them to depart speedily whilest that the enemie was busie in giuing chase to the gallies which he meant to doe in a fregate carrying them to Malta or into Sicile to gather together the dispersed gallies and to arme others to make head against the Turkes armie if hee should seeke to annoy any place of the kings Sandy did counsell the duke to goe to attend his chiefe charge of Sicile the which was now in great daunger and if he did it not he should faile much of his duetie but for his part he would remaine in Gerbe being thereunto bound both by the duetie of his charge and the seruice he ought vnto his king seeing there remained aboue three thousand besides the appointed garrison some of which escaped from the gallies
coÌ„trouersies And for that the Spaniards wold bring their nation from Tubal one of the neere descendents of Noah they to pay them with the like money laied for a foundation of the antiquitie of the French Nation that the Gaules and the French were one nation and one people issued from Gomer grand-child to Noah and that this nation of the Gaules did extend from the riuer Tanais vnto the Western Atlantik Ocean in which circuit at this day is contained Spain France Germany Polonia Russia with the Gottike British Ilands and these people were generally called Gommerians Gaules a name taken from their progenitor Gomer who was also surnamed Gal which signifies escaped from the waters that is to say the Deluge But since to distinguish their troups meÌ„bers as they dispersed theÌ„selues they took other names as of Galates Albins TheutoÌ„s People comprehended vnder the Gaules GermaÌ„s CimmeriaÌ„s Cimbres CicaÌ„btians french c. drawn froÌ„ their adueÌ„tures or the situatioÌ„ of the regions where they lodged or froÌ„ the princes captaines which did lead theÌ„ yet the name of Gaules hath bin alwaies retained by them which haue held the country on this side or on the west part of the riuer of Rhin for a perpetual marke of their antiquitie taken as is said from the deluge that all the foresaid people were in old time of the same maners that is to say free open warlike and conquerous courteous to their friends fierce to their enemies vsing for a long time one language taken at the diuision of Babell which was the Teutonicke more pure at that time than it hath beene since by reason of the mixture of nations And thereupon the Gaules which dwelt on this side and the Germanes or Teutons which remained on that side the Rhin called Brethren That the inhabitants of Spaine at this day could not attaine to this antiquitie although they say they are descended from Tuball the brother of Gomer for Gomer Gal was the eldest of Iaphets children as they are set downe in the holy Scripture and Tubal was the fift who made another branch the which came but late into Spaine hauing taken another way That one Iberius issuing from him had giuen the name to Iberia Asiatica which at this day is the Countrie of the Georgians from whence out of doubt the Iberians Spaniards are come but long after the Deluge Iberians Spaniards And that on the other side some wandring troopes came into Spaine vnder the conduct of one Sepherad whose descent the Rabins bring also from Gomer of whom there is no other record but that hauing crost Afrike which was held by the posteritie of Cain hee had entred by the strait into Spaine and that hee had called that continent by his name Sepheride turned since into Speride and in the end into Hesperide Moreouer said they that the names of these two stemmes or fathers of nations are verie considerable in this question of antiquirie and nobilitie being most certaine that in all the names of these first men there was something mysteriall and propheticall which gaue a note vnto posteritie But the word Gomer signifies a man perfect and finished and Tubal signifies seed which begins to spring There is an honourable mention made of Gomer and his descendents in all authors as giuen to religion and sciences And if wee shall beleeue Berosus as wee haue him at this day and drawe the Gaules from one Samotheus brother to Gomer hee commends him to haue beene the wisestman of his time whereas there is no worthy mention of Tubal to ground nobilitie on When as the Scipture speakes of the children of Tubal it puts them in the rankes of mercers Ezechiel 27. pedlers horse coursers frequenting the Tyrians faires markets The Spaniards themselues say that Tubal and his people were first seated in Iberia Asiatica from whence they without doubt came which haue peopled the greatest part of Spaine who were therefore called by the Greekes and Latins Iberians which is the true and most ancient name which we find of that region of Europe Name of Spaine come out of Asia which wee call Spaine which name was brought from Asia Before this transmigration of the Spaniards or Iberians out of Asia into Europe the Gaules who were also called Celtes had run beyond the Pyrenees and being as it were in possession of Spaine did this honour to the Iberians that were new come to giue them passage through Gaule and a dwelling beyond the mountains and although that afterwards growing insolent against their benefactors there grew contention and warre betwixt them yet they were reconciled and thence comes the name of Celtiberians a people famous in the war with whom the Romanes had to do in Spaine the which were long subiect to Princes and Captaines Gaules and Celtes whereof the name of Brigus one of their ancient kings which word is of the ancient Gaule makes mention and the names of Celtiques and Callaiques or Galliques haue beene for many ages preserued among the people of Spain whereas now the Countries of Portugal and Gallicia are for assured testimonies that the Celtes and Gaules had been seated in Spain before that euer the Iberians Asiatikes had set footing there Name of FraÌ„ce or French As for the name of Franc or French which their nation carries now they were agreed that it was new but with all they mainteined that it was most honourable for â—ranc signifies fierce and valiant free from all seruitude actiue noble and an honest man and for that they had giuen it to the nation of the Gaules not conquered by them but rather freed from the tyrannie of the Romanes and of the barbarous nations which did spoile it it did nothing derogate from the antiquitie and nobilitie thereof nor to the fraternitie which they haue alwaies had with the Gaules seeing that both these names are still in vse and common to the Nation that of Gaule and Gaulois being much vsed in solemne acts both spirituall and ciuill It is certaine that Gaules is as it were the generall name and French a particular so as the Spaniards in the search of Antiquities cannot find any other but that the French being somewhat dispersed from the bodie of the Gaules by the violence of the Romanes who prest them and to whome they would not yeeld but by extremitie were in the end vnited againe vnder one Crowne whereas by their vertue they erected a realme iâ— Gaule of the French familie of the Merouingâ—ens And they may read in Histories that the Romanes possessing Gaule found alwaies them of that nation dwelling vpon the bankes of Rhin and Meuse whereas now bee the Prouinces of Cleues Iuliers Gueldres Holland Zeland Frizeland and the neighbour Countries knowne to all Authors by the name of Sicambrians who were hard to manage Sieambrians are French people of Gaule alwaies contending for their libertie vntill they had freed themselues from the yoake and tyrannie of the
fleet to be made readie of about one hundred and 30 saile among the which there were aboue forty ships of burthen Galleots and lesser vessels with one great Galeon of Portugall There were eightie and seuen gallies that is two and twenty of Spaine eleuen of Naples Armie sent against Pegnon de Wels. ten of Sicile eight of Portugal twelue of Dorâ—a eight of FloreÌ„ce three of Sauoy sixe of Marc Antonio Colonna three of Malta and foure of Marco Centurioni There was in them aboue ten thousand Italians Spaniards and Dutch among the which were many Noblemen and Gentlemen voluntaries the chiefe besides the General D. Garcia de Toledo were Francisco Baredo who coÌ„manded the ships of Portugal Sanchio de Lâ—yua those of Naples the Lord of Plombin the duke of Florence galleyes Iohn Andrew Doria his owne Marc Antonio Colonna Chiappin Vitelli commander of the foot of Tuscaine Hanibal Altemps with his Germans Fernando de Sylua and others They came not to the port of Malaga which was appointed for the Rendez-vous vntill the end of August and then the army parted meeting with the aides of Portugall being all vnited together they arriued neere vnto the port of Velez where they had some trouble to vnship their ordnance and men for the rest they had no great difficultie for the Moores and Turkes fainted when as they saw the artillerie planted in two batteries began to annoy them the which would soone haue ruined that fort being but small therfore they studied rather how to fly than to defend themselues So in the night the greatest part of them escaped in barks there remained about 25 who yeelded The Moores came down in great troupes of Horse and did skirmish with the Christians The generall Toledo hauing taken this place furnished it with all things necessarie left a garrison in it of 800 Spaniards After which they consulted if they should vndertake any thing else this conquest seeming but smal in respect of the great charge they propounded that of Bugia but considering that the season of the yere was far spent being in the middest of Septem that their men had endured much at sea especially the galley-slaues of Tuscaine being vnacquainted with those seas the Germans who were much wasted so as they held it not fit to ingage themselues in an action which would require time whereupon they returned with their galleys to winter and D. Garcia de Toledo went to be Viceroy of Sicile King Philip remembring that the emperor Charles his father had sent Ferdinand Magellanes in the yere 1519 to discouer the Moluques and other Ilands thereabouts some of which were more plainly discouered in the yere 1542 Ilands of Philip pina discouered he gaue order this yeare to D. Lewis de Velasco viceroy of Mexico to make ready a great fleet with the which entring into the South sea and sayling towards the west he should discouer those places better whereof they had yet but a generall knowledge which they held were inhabited by good sensible men But for that the preparation was long and the charge great they parted not till towards Christmasse The fleet being commanded by Velasco sailed towards the Moluques he had with him Michel of Legaspo who by order from the king should be gouernour of the first place he should discouer hold worthie to leaue a garrison and to plant a Colony there They therefore found out Tendaia or Tendain Punel Bohol and Pauilogen all which foure in honor of the king were called Philippine they also set footing in the Iland of Luzon which is bigger than all the rest being more towards the North where the city of Maniglia is built by the which the whole Iland is also called It was not difficult for the Spaniards to become master of those places for that they of China hauing abandoned the gouernement which they had enioyed there was not any Lord but they that had most power did tyrannize ouer the weaker They found the Countrie fertill and abounding in many things necessarie for the vse of man but it was a verie commodious dwelling for the great traffike of gold silke and other rich Merchandize which they had with them of China wherefore they planted diuers Colonies in a short space finding the inhabitants inclined to ciuilitie especially in the Island of Luzon and the citie of Manigila Michel Lopes of Legaspo remained Gouernour of those places where hee dyed twelue yeares after with the title of Adelantado The king of Spain being aduertised of the great preparations the Turke made at Constantinople 1565 to send a great fleet to Sea gaue order for the fortifying of those places which were most in danger Malta beseeged by the Turkes But Solymans intent was to attempt Malta it did behoue king Philip to defend preserue it for the interest of his neer estates of Naples Sicile this Iland lying verie coÌ„modiously to annoy them if the Turks shold take it and keep it as he might easily do by the care and diligence of the kings of Algier of Tripoli mightie Pirates his tributaries who are alwaies in armes ready to furnish it vpon any sudden occasion besides his own means which are great whereof hee might make there a good staple or store-house for his warres against Europe The Iland of Malta is a great and spacious rock about 60 miles in compasse lying betwixt Sicile Afrik Description of Malta from the which it is aboue 50 leagues or 200 miles distant from Sicile 60 miles or 15 leagues accompting 4 miles for a good league towards the North it looks to Cap Passaro in Sicile and on the South to the towne of Tripoly in Barbarie This rock is couered some six foot thick with earth and no more it doth yeeld excellent fruits feed some cattel brings hony cotton which is the inhabitants wealth it hath many ports landings which are reasonably safe for their ordinary trade but not to receiue any great fleets The names of the chiefe are Marsamusset Marsa Scala Marsa Sirocco Cala S. Georg Cala of S. Paul Marsa in the Moors toÌ„g signifies a port Cala is a shore or strond The citie is almost in the middest of the Iland carrying the name thereof being inhabited by them of the countrie but the aboad of the knights who are Lords thereof is about the port of Marcamusset towards Sicile wheras the sea makes many smal gulphs leauing tongues of earth or rock betwixt both where they are lodged and well fortified Vpon one of these points which made a passage to one of the gulphes was built a fort called S. Herme which kept that entrie defended the Maltois gallies which lodge within the gulph right against it on the other side towards Sicile is the castel S. Ange the which was strong wel furnished coÌ„manding towards the Sea vnder it was the Borogh where the knights were lodged and there make their
they had done at Saint Herme with many other inuentions all which were ouerthrown by the Christians who couered themselues as wel as they could but they could not preuent the death of many of them Death of Parisot among others Henrie de la Valette Parisot the great masters nephew was slaine but there hapned an accident which did much fauour the beseeged the noise of the canon was so great as they of the citie being some seuen miles off heard it as easily as if it had beene neere them which made them resolue to sallie forth with all the men they had able to carrie armes both horse and foot and came and charged a gard of two thousand Turkes which was set towards the Sea the which cast forth so great a crie as their companions which fought at the breaches being amazed fearing that some great succours were arriued and came to compasse them in retired in disorder leauing aboue fifteen hundred of their men dead vpon the place and they of the citie had meanes to retire themselues before they were discouered In the end news came of the so much desired and so long expected succours for D. Garcia being aduertized that thirtie and seuen gallies were parted from Spaine with souldiers to come and ioine with him in Sicile hee resolued not to stay their comming making his accompt that if they found him gone they would stay in his place and assure Sicile and Naples at all euents Hee commaunded that all the Ships laden with Souldiers which attended in diuers poâ—ts of Italie should come to Messina which was the Rendez-vous for the whole army which being met the question was how they should lead these succors wherin there appered many difficulties to men that were not aduenturous like vnto D. Garcia and his Spanish Councell Hee had gathered together some twelue thousand good souldiers and fifteene hundred voluntaries of the nobilitie of Italie who were desirous to shew themselues and to winne honor but they wanted gallie slaues and mariners for such a number of vessels whereof the Turkes had double the number so as there was no meanes to assaile the enemies fleet at sea and to land men in any part of the Island to make the bodie of an armie and to giue battell vnto the Turkes they feared also in this Councell to doe it vnseasonably not knowing what forces the Bassaes had yet remaining hauing vnderstood that as well at their first landing as afterwards by those that came from Barbarie and the Pyrats which had ioyned with them they had had vnder their ensignes aboue fortie thousand men of Mahumets sect They feared also they shold want victuals in a small barren ruinous Iland and to carrie with them there was also danger how to conuey it safely and they fell into the difficultie to be forced to fight hauing a conuoie with disaduantage against a greater number of enemies Beeing in these dangerous speculations in the necessities of warre which require speed and hazard there was a Spaniard called Andrew Salezar presented himselfe hee was an old politike captaine and could speake the Turkish language who offered to goe as a spie into the enemies Campe at Malta and to bring them certaine newes Whereupon hee was sent with two gallies of Malta which were then at Messina who landed him in so commodious a place as hee got into the Citie without any incounter where haning remained some time he went disguised into the Turkes campe there liued among them some daies where he discouered the estate necessities thereof then returned in safetie to D. Garcia to whome hee reported that there was great amazement among the Turkes by reason of those succours that the Souldiers were tyred with those troublesome seeges and that there were many sickemen that their numbers were not so great but tenne thousand fresh men might winne an honourable victorie and that they kept gard onely by night for the Bassaes fearing these succours they caused euerie night two great Squadrons of gallies to goe about the Island the which going from the port of MarcaÌ„usset one on the right hand the other on the left they met on the backeside thereof towards the west and passing on made the rouud and came to the same port where they remained all the day after and stirred not Vpon this report the fleet went forth with an intent to land their men in the Island and hauing recouered the citie to march in battell against the Turkes Iohn Andrew Doriâ— was sent before to giue aduice vnto the greatmaster Succours come to the Iland of Malta but hauing contrarie windes the fleet was forced to put to Sea and was driuen to the Island of Fauignana aboue two hundred miles from Malta and then it returned toucht at Sicile failed towards Goze and in the end came to the aboue mentioned place of Pietra Negra whereas the men were landed and in their landing they layed vpon euerie souldiers backe a bag of biscuit weighing aboue fifty of our pounds besides their armes with sufficient shot and pouder and so they marcht in three battailons two of Spaniards vnder D. Aluaro de Sandy and one of Italians vnder Chiappin Vitelli and all vnder the Marshall generall of the field Ascanio de la Corne towards the Citie of Malta where after two restings they arriued the Maltois going forth to meet them with horses and cattell to eaâ—e them of the burthens which they did beare This done D. Garcia returned into Sicile and passing in view of the enemie hee caused euerie one of his gallies to discharge three peeces to busie the Turkes that they should not goe to incounter the succours or to diuert them from giuing an assault to Saint Michaels fort if they continued wherein doubtlesse hee erred for if he had gone away and not giuen them this aduertisement they had not made any hast to imbarke and had vndoubtedly beene surprised with great aduantage to the Christians and the gain of their artillerie and baggage the which they shipt presently vpon the discharge of D. Garcias canon They had a will to retire but it should haue beene after a generall assault being resolued to giue it the same day they had this aduertisement or the next The Bassaes were in a maner resolued to fight with the succors not thinking them to be so strong but hauing sent fiue hundred of their men forth to skirmish with them they were almost all slaine and the rest of the armie fled to their gallies which they had drawne out of Marcamusset and other places and ioyned together towards Cale of Saint Paule with such disorder as many were drowned being prest by the Christians They retired towards the Leuant where some said that D. Garcia lost a goodly opportunitie for hauing furnished his Gallies with new Souldiers being come to Siracusa he saw this Turkish armie retyre close together neuer followed them His excuse was that he had not souldiers enough to fight
this growing mischiefe Barbarigo laboured in like manner who with great eloquence and iudgement 1569 so pacified Colonna first and then D. Iohn as they were content to preferre the generall good of Christendome before their owne priuate respects yet they would not that Veniero should treat any more with them concerning any businesse neither as a publike person nor as a priuate but that Barbarigo should supplie his place vntill they had further order from Venice The third of October they went forth in the same order that they should fight and bent their course towards Cephalonia where they had newes that did much trouble them for that by a fregate dispacht from Candie they had letters brought them from Marino Caualli wherein was related the losse of the Realme of Cypres by letters intercepted in a Galeot the which were sent after the taking of Famagosta from the generall Mustafa to Aly. whereof they presently sent aduice to Venice Comming to Val d' Alexandria which was the ancient Samos they returned againe to Councell where hearing for certaine that the Turkes were in the gulphe of Lepanto they resolued after much disputation to goe to the mouth of it and not meeting first with the Turkes to set vpon two forts called Dardanelli to force the enemie to fight or with the losse of their gallies to runne to land with this resolution they parted the sixt of October and came to the Ilands called Curzolares where earely in the morning they had view of the Turkish armie which came out of the mouth of the gulfe in good order The generall Aly had beene informed by Caracossa who had gone to discouer the Christians with what intent they sailed that way in what order and how many vessels they were so as opening at that instant the great Turkes letter which by his order should be red as soone as the enemies fleet approacht they saw it was his mind they should fight and ruin the Christians forces The Commanders of the Turkish Nauy being very resolute to incounter the Christians and to shut them vp in the chanell of Cephalonia being small wheras Caracossa had viewed them had newly fortified their army with tenne thousand Ianisaries Spahies voluntaries which Mehemet Bet had broght with great store of victuals munition and 100 Sangiacs Alobei which are men of title a degree vnder a Sāgiac But the Christians parted from Cephalonia and Val d' Alexandria towards the Curzolares where the sea is verie streit ful of shelfs rocks which the Turks took for an aduātage Thus both armies were resolued to fight were put in batel inform of a Croisant In the right wing of the Christians armie where fiftie and three gallies Order of the Christian armie whereof Iohn Andrew Doria had charge hauing before him two Venetian galleasses and at his backe the admirall galley of Sauoy in the which was the duke of Vrbin On the left wing were the like nūber of gallies galleasses commanded by Augustin Barbarigo Proueditor general for the Venetians being assisted by the admirall galley of Genoua in the which was the prince of Parma Betwixt these two wings was the bodie of the battell consisting of 70 gallies and two galleasses and in the middest or center thereof the three generalls with their royall gallies D. Iohn in the middest Sebastian Veniero generall for the Venetians on the left hād and Marc Antonio Colonna general of the Popes gallies on the right behind thē as it were in the reereward where D. Aluaro Bassan Marquesse of Saint Cruz with thirty gallies and in the front of them was D. Iohn of Cardona with eight gallies as a forlorne hope On the other side Aly opposed against Iohn Andrew Doria 96 gallies commanded by Vluccialy Order of the Turkes army against the Proueditor Barbarigo he set 55 gallies vnder the charge of Mehemet Bei and Sirocco and Aly himselfe with Portau Bassan who was general of the land forces were in the middest against D. Iohn with 96 gallies and the rest of the gallies were appointed in the reere to succour them with many foistes and brigandins to passe from place to place with the Generals commandements D. Iohn went in person to view the armie being accompanied by Lewis de Cardona and Iohn Soto hee was in white armour hauing in his hand a Crucifix D. Iohns speech to the armie going from place to place in a most swift fregat animating the souldiers and telling them that they had not him for their Captaine and leader but that great God alone whose humane shape being dead vpon the crosse to saue the whole world they saw in his hands Hee put them in minde that they did fight for the the great God of victories to whome all humane powers yeeld obedience that hee was their Generall and their guide and the gouernour of euerie mans actions promising to euerie man that day an honourable and glorious victorie whereof nothing could depriue them vnlesse they distrusted to obtaine it 1571 His words were short but deliuered with such efficacie as it made all them that heard him weepe for ioy who with a presage of their future successe beganne to crie victorie wherewith hee was much contented and so hauing saluted the Generall Veniero verie courteously reioycing to see that reuerent old man of seuenty and fiue yeares old in an action where hee must fight as well as command The battell of Lepanto hee retyred to his galley and then hee set vp the standard of the league which was a Crucifix in a red field in signe of battell Whereupon Aly did presently discharge a canon and D. Iohn answered him in like manner Iohn Andrew Doria did an act of iudgement stretching forth his right wing into the sea giuing meanes to the rest to doe the like to the end they should not be compassed in by the Turkes gallies who were in all places more in number the which did auaile them much Barbarigo Anthonie Canale Marc Anthonie Quirin and others which did assist him kept as neere the land as they could so as they could not bee charged in flanke but onely in front the which Sirocco and Aly a renegado of Genoua sought to doe and when they were put to rout which began among the enemies which Barbarigo had in front hee kept them that they could not escape and made a wonderfull spoile of them The fight grew hot and the Canon of either side plaied furiously wherein the Christians were somewhat fauoured by the wind the which in the beginning being in their faces Aly Bassa slaine changed instantly as the battell begunne and carried the smoake into their enemies eies In the beginning the two Generals Gallies of D. Iohn and Aly Bassa affronted one another about the which the combat was very hot In D. Iohns gallies there were foure hundred Harquebuziers and Musketiers vnder D. Lope de Figueroa their Commander Victory of the Christians in the prow
cause giuen him to doubt a warre in Afrike for that in Tunis the people had taken armes and expelled the Turkes that were there in gard calling home their old King Amida who had beene expelled and liued at Malta wherevpon Amurath did presently send Vluccialy with some gallies who attempted to land some men but the King of Fez opposed himselfe hauing no wil that the Turkes should grow potent in Afrike And the Catholike King who had made a league with the Moore would not haue the Turke aduance on that side protesting to Vluccialy that by reason of the truce formerly made betwixt him and the great Turke he could not attempt war against him of Fez vnlesse he would breake the truce and therefore if he attempted any thing hee would send his gallies against him which threats made Vluccialy resolue hauing past thether wel prouided not to alter any thing this yeere The disorders at the Tercera's increased daily many comming thether for refuge after they had beene spoyling at sea whereof some were French And King Phillip being aduertised that in France they prepared many ships of warre and leauied souldiers publikly vnder the fauour of the Queene mother to come vnto those Islands there to fortifie themselues against the Spaniards to cut off their nauigation to the Indies and to assure them against the enterprises of the King of Spaine and depriue him of the vse of them he had already commanded D. Aluar de Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz to carry 5000. men thether when as hearing that D. Antonio had set saile with aboue 70. ships and 7000. soldiers as reports are alwaies greater then the effects he prest the Marquis to be gonne and seemed to be somewhat discontented with him for his slacknesse in making ready the ships of Andaluzia whereof there were a good number appointed for this voiage so as hee was forced to goe from Lisbone on the tenth of Iuly with eight and twenty ships only some Biscains the rest Flemings and Esterlings appointing the rest which were at Saint Lucar Santa Maria and other ports to follow him This Castillan army beeing come to the Island of Saint Michel Armies of French and Spaniards in the Island of Saint Michel they found that the French were already landed and did spoile it So as they came happely to preserue the Island and the chiefe fort of it called Puncto Delgada Hee was glad that whilest the French were busie about the spoile of that poore Island they had suffred a great ship and very rich comming from the Indies to escape the which had come vnwittingly vnto those Islands beeing ignorant how the affaires of Portugal had past These two enemies fleets were at anchor some thirty miles one from an other beiug couered with points of Land which runne into the sea The French being about Laguna towards the West and the Spaniards at Morro which is to the East with this disaduantage that the Marquis sayling along the Island to finde a fit place to land the army had beene fully discouered by the French which hee could not doe of theirs lying couered and hidden besides the French had taken a Caruell of aduice the Marquis hauing sent two vnto the Gouernor of the Island to aduertise him of his comming and of the number of ships and souldiers which hee brought with him and of those which should follow him Beeing therefore hard to discouer the French army by sea the Marquis was desirous to land some men to learne some certentie but they were forced to returne without any certaine knowledge Wherefore to bee better assured he waied anchor and put to sea with all his fleet in order to fight meaning to passe in that manner along the South part of the Island where the enemy lay for the other side of the Island was desart and had no landing and by that meanes see what their strength might be where at the breake of day there came a smal barke vnto him in the which was the Master of a Biscain ship with letters from Iohn de Castillo who commanded in the fort of the city by the which he did aduertise him of all that had past since the comming of D. Antonio and his army vnto the Island That the French had in all 58. sailes whereof 28. were great ships and 6000. souldiers that they had sackt the village of Laguna and put to rout Pedro Pexot and Laurence Noghera who went to incounter them with 3000. men part Islanders and part Spaniards and then had entred into the city which they had found empty and that they sought to winne the fort into the which they were fled that had escaped at the defeat That Laurence Noghera was dead of a wound which hee had receiued in the fight and that Pexot went away soone after in a Carauel towards Lisbone leauing many of his vessels in the Port which had beene taken or brothen by the French and that hee was straightly beseeged in the fort and therefore hee should take counsell whether hee should fight or retire with all his ships vnder the fort to fauour it The Marquis beeing glad of this aduice sent the Master backe to Iohn de Castillo with this answere That hee should not trouble himselfe but hold good for hee was resolued to fight with hope to vanquish the enemy This report came neere the truth for the number of their ships for the French fleet at their comming from Belille in Britan consisted of fiue and fifty sailes whereof there were fiue and thirty ships of warre and twenty pinaces Number of the French army at the Terceres tarrying seuen and thirty companies of foote which might make some foure thousand souldiers whereof Saincte Solene was Collonel of fifteene Ensignes nine were vnder the command of the Siegneur of Buz eight vnder Beaumont and fiue vnder Fumee ouer which Philip Strossy was Generall and the Earle of Brissac was his Lieutenant The Marquis hauing spent that day in consultations and in ordring all things necessary for the army the next day which was the three and twentith day of Iuly the two fleets were at sea their prowes turned as if they ment to fight which it is verie likely they had done instantly if so bee that a calme had not kept them from ioyning After dinner the vvinde grovving somevvhat fresh the Marquis thinking that the French vvho had the vvinde vvould haue charged him and hee preparing to receiue them hee saw them bend their course towards the Island of Santa Maria fifty miles distant from that of Saint Michel the which the Spanish fleet did in like manner coasting one an other and turning their sailes sometimes on the one side sometimes on the other vntill that night came which was very calme so as the French could not execute their deseigne which was to haue sent ten ships of warre along the Island to get behind the Spanish fleet with an intent to charge them the next day in front and 〈◊〉 â—ithier side
two daies before the battaile to attend the issue thereof out of danger by the aduice of the French captaines D. Antonios estate after the defeat of the French at sea the vnfortunate successe whereof made the triumphs to cease and when as after the defeat he saw the Marquis lie houering vp and downe he grew afraide causing a light barke to lie ready for his flight if he should be assailed but hearing afterwards of his departure he grew assured This poore Prince falne from all his hopes staied their a while and was perswaded by Emanuel de Sylua whom he had made Gouernor of those Islands to commit many insolencies to get money wherevnto he willingly gaue â—are for he fore-saw his future necessity He caused mony of a base standard to be coined and set it at a high rate Yet would he not imitate the Marquis of Santa Cruz in cruelty being sollicited to put to death fifty Castillans which were in prison at Angra to reueng the death of those that had beene executed in the Island of Saint Michel which shewed his generous minde About the midest of October he resolued to returne againe to France for danger and want would not suffer him to liue any longer in the Island of Tercere Hauing therefore recommended vnto Emanuel de Silua that which concerned the gouernment of those Islands for the gard whereof he left him fiue hundred French soldiers His 〈◊〉 into France besides those he had before he parted with about thirty saile And for that he would not arriue in France whilest that the memory of the losse of so many gallant men was fresh whereof they imputed the cause to him he directed his course towards the Canaries and the Island of Madera to spend the time and to get some spoile to content his souldiers some ships both French and English abandoned him in a storme which disperst them about the Island of Saint Michel The Marquis of Santa Cruz being arriued at Lisbone he was welcome to the King who told him that seeing he had beene so fortunate in that voiage he would send him the next sommer to the Tercera's with a stronger army and that he should carry some gallies with him to make an absolute conquest of those Islands and to chase away the French and D. Antonios partisans and euen there he gaue order for that voiage We haue formerly made mention that the King of Spaine after the returne of captaine Drake from the South sea An. 1582. had sent D. Diego Florens de Baldes with 25. ships King of Spaines fortifies the straights of Magellan to fortifie and plant in the Straights of Magellan to stop the passage of any other Englishmen that should attempt the like and that fiue of his ships had beene cast away in a storme vpon the coast of Spaine notwithstanding the King sent commandement that he should proceed in his voiage the which he did with sixteene saile but he could not get into the straights that yere so as leauing Diego de Ribera his Lieutenant Pedro Sarmiento who should be the Gouernor of those forts to attempt it the next yeere he returned for Spaine And they happily got into the Straights where they landed 400. men with their victuals and munition which done Diego de Ribera left Pedro Sarmiento with 400. men thirty women and a ship with victuals for eight months and returned with three ships hauing staied but eight daies in the Straights Pedro Sarmiento built a towne in the mouth of the Straight to the Northward in the which he put a hundred and fifty men calling it Nombre de Iesus Sarmiento fortifies in the straights of Magellan from whence he went by land and sent the ship some fiue leagues within the Straights where in the narroest part he found a very good port and built an other towne which he called Ciudad del Rey Philippo or King Phillips towne but the snow and extreme cold of the Winter would not suffer him to finish his fort Wherevpon pretending to goe to his other towne hee sailed to the Straights mouth to his first built towne where hauing staied a day or two he brake his cable in a storme as hee said and went to the riuer of Ienero and then to Fernambuck to seeke for some supplie of victuals where he obtained what he desired But Sarmiento sayling towards his Colony his ship with all his prouision was cast away three of his men were drowned and himselfe hardly escaped At Baya the Gouernor of Bresil fitted him with a barke furnished him with clothes and victuals for his people but vpon the way he was surprized with so furious a storme as he was forced to cast all his fraight ouer bord to return againe to the riuer of Ienero where attending a whole yere he neither receiued succors nor letter from the King who was offended with Pedro Sarmiento for that he had giuen him wrong informations touching the straights and put him to a needlesse charge and losse of men so as Sarmiento hauing no meanes to releeue his people was forced to saile towards Spaine where at sea he was taken by certaine Englishmen so as in foure yeeres those poore Spaniards which hee had left in the Srtaights had no succors This yeere D. Diego the Kings sonne Death of D. Diego Prince of Spaine Prince of Spaine died for the which he was very sorrowfull but he did not much regard the death of the Duke of Alba which followed soone after at the least he made no shew of it whereat the Portugueses who had seene their Kings retire themselues for priuat men wondred Death of the Duke of Alba. They remembred that King Emanuel had shut himselfe vp three daies for the death of a Pilot. The Duke of Alba was 74. yeeres old when he died in the Kings lodging at Lisbone of whose deeds and disposition we haue spoken sufficiently D. Sancho de Autla accounted by the Spaniards for one of the best captaines of his time died soone after the Duke being hurt with a horse he sought to be cured by a souldier Death of D. Sancho de Auila with charmes and neglected the Art of Surgery Among other Acts of his the sacke of Antwerp is memorable in the yeere 1576. King Philip being prest to returne into Castile to consider of a marriage which was treated of betwixt the Emperour and one of his daughters being also to goe to the Estates of Arragon he made hast before his departure out of Portugal for that which was necessary for the gouernment of the realme and for the firme vnion thereof with Castile He therefore sommoned the Estates for the 26. day of Ianuary the yeere following 1583. An. 1583. and there he caused his sonne D. Philip to be sworne lawfull successor to the crown of Portugal D. Philip the Kings sonne sworne at the Estates of Portugal he caused the funeral of the deceased King D. Henry to be
to recouer the reputation which he had lost but the King of Spaine stayed this rigour sending a generall pardon concerning this murther The Deputies of the generall Estates beeing returned from France with many good words Deputies sent from the Estats of the â—â—wcountries into England but no effects by reason of the league which hindred the Kings desire to embrace their cause they had recourse vnto the Queene of England vnto whom they also sent their Deputies seeking to perswade her to vndertake their protection against the king of Spaine in regard of her owne priuate interest and the good of both the Estates This matter was weightie and required a graue and deliberate consultation Shee called her Councell and demanded their opinions whether shee should voluntarily ingage her selfe in a warre without constraint which she must needes do in taking vppon her the protection of the Low-countries Whereupon they concluded that she might not with her owne safetie abandon the vnited Prouinces of the Netherlands vnlesse she would neglect the preseruation of her owne Estate Reasons why the Queene of England shold take protection of the Low-countries They layed before her the King of Spaines hatred against her hauing changed the religion which he had planted in England which appeared by his denying passage to her Merchants throughout the Low-countries with armes powder and munition which he had bought in Germany That he had refused to renue the auncient contracts made betwixt the Emperour Charles his father and her predecessours And to shew his hatred to her Maiestie he had suffered the Inquisitors of Spaine to persecute her poore subiects with all crueltie and had dismissed her Ambassadour out of Spaine vppon colour of Religion That the Duke of Alba his Gouernour in the Low-conntries had in hostile manner arrested the bodies and goods of her subiects contrarie to the ancient contracts That he had sent forces to invade her realme of Ireland and to ayde her rebels Besides these and many other iniuries the Lords of her Councell layed before her how dangerous it would be for her Estate if the Spaniard should become absolute Lord of those countries that he would alter their religion disanuâ—ll their auncient Priuiledges and liberties and make them subiect to his will and pleasure which done he might easily inuade England hauing so much shipping and so many marriners at his command and his Indian treasure to supply all other wants He would ouerthrow all trade betwixt her subiects and the Netherlanders and would breed factions within the heart of her countrie These reasons sayd they should mooue her Maiestie to embrace the present occasion and not suffer the Low-countries to be planted with Spaniards and Italians considering that the warre was not vndertaken against those Prouinces but with an intent to make a greater conquest Whilst that the Queene of England resolues to vndertake the protection of the generall Estates of the vnited Prouinces it was concluded to arme out a Fleete to annoy the King of Spaine vpon his owne coast Sir Francis Drake with â— fleet vpon the coast of Spaine or at the Indies whence his treasor came Wherefore this yeare 1585. in September Sir Francis Drake was sent out of England with a fleet of 25. ships and pinaces and about 2300. souldiers and mariners Master Christopher Carlile was his Lieutenant generall with many other gallant Captaines and Gentlemen whose names for breuitie sake I omit being written at large by others After some daies this Fleet came to the Ilands of Bayonne vppon the coast of Spaine where the Generall putting his men into boates and pinaces went into his Galley with an intent to surprize the towne but vpon the way there came an English Merchant vnto them from the Gouernour to see what Fleet it was who after some speech with the Generall was returned backe and one Captaine Sampson with him to demaund of the Gouernour if there were any warres betwixt Spaine and England and why they did arrest the English Merchants and their goods To whome the Gouernour made this answer that he knew not of any warre and that it was not in his owne power to make any and as for the stay of the Merchants it was the kings pleasure but not with any intent to preiudice them and that hee had receiued a countermaund to discharge them the which hee did presently The lying of this Fleete at those Ilands did much trouble them in Spaine beeing ignorant of their intent Whereuppon Don Aluaro de Baçan Marquis of Santa Cruz Admirall of Spaine beeing then at Lisbone did set downe in writing what harme this Fleete might do if it should go to the West Indies and enter into the South sea as Drake had formerly done and what course was to bee taken to preuent those inconueniences and dangers The English Fleete stayed not long vppon the coast of Spaine but directed their course towards the VVest Indies S. Iago taken passing by the Canaries and the Ilands of cape Verde where they tooke the towne of S. Iago which they spoiled and burnt they came to the Island of S. Dominica from whence they past to the Island of Hispaniola where they tooke that gallant Cittie of S. Domingo by force which after they spoyled and burnt a third part S Domiâ—gâ— taken the Spaniards made a composition for the rest paying fiue and twenty thousand Duckets at fiue shillings sixe pence the peece In this Island they found great store of good prouision but little siluer or plate yet in their furniture they were very rich and costly From Saint Domingo they put ouer to the mayne land and came within sight of Carthagena which stands vppon the sea side where they made a gallant attempt vppon the towne and tooke it they landed their troupes fiue miles from the towne whither they marched in battell comming within halfe a mile of the towne they were to passe vpon a narrow causey not fiue paces ouer lying betwixt the sea and the harbour This streight was crost ouer with a wall well flanked and a good ditch hauing onely a passage for horsemen and carriages if need required which breach had a good barricado and here there were sixe peeces of Ordinance planted which scoured along the causey and in the harbor or inner water they had layd two gallies with their prowes to the shore hauing eleuen peeces of Ordinance in them which did beate crosse this streight and three of foure hundred small shot notwithstanding all this preparation to receiue them the Lieutenant generall it beeing very darke and not yet day marched by the sea shoare so as they receiued little harme by their shot and comming close vp to the wall after some resistance they ouerthrew the Barricado and forced the Spaniards to retire they entred pel mel with them into the towne and wan the market place where the Spaniards made head awhile after which they abandoned the towne and retired to other places whither they had
in Spaine of a great army preparing in England to send into Portugall Prouision for defence of Portugal for the restoring of Don Antonio wherevpon the King made prouision for the defence thereof sending the Earle of Fuentes for Generall into Portugall with good troupes hee augmented the number of their horse giuing the charge to D. Alphonso Vargas he made D. Francis de Padiglia Camp-master General Andreas d' Alua Pouruoier and Iohn Maldonado Auditor The prouisions for this enterprise beeing made Voiage of Portugal they went from Plimouth in Aprill Sir Iohn Norris and Sir Francis Drake being Generalls they had with them sixe of the Queenes twenty ships of warre and as some write a hundred and forty for transportation hauing when they tooke shipping a eleuen thousand souldiers and two thousand fiue hundred marriners within sixe daies after their departure from England being the twentith day of Aprill the army landed in a bay within a mile off the Groine without impeach from whence they marched presently towards the towne approching within halfe a mile they were incountred by the enemy who beeing charged retired to their gates and then the Generall lodged the army in the villages and houses thereabouts Generall Norris hauing viewed the towne before daie resolued for to attempt it by scaladoe and to land some Artillerie to beate the shippes and gallies which did play vpon their troupes Groine the base towne surprized the which was effectually performed so as the Gallies were forced presently to abandon the roade and goe to Farrol and then they prepared with all speed to surprize the base towne the which was done the next day after they entring it in three seuerall places where after good resistance in one place they were forced to abandon it they all retyring into the high towne the which they might easily doe for that the English knew not their passages The rest that were not put to the sword in the fury fled to the rockes in the Island where they did hide themselues in caues whereas many were daily found out D. Iohn de Luna a man of great command hauing hidden himselfe in a house came forth the next morning and yeelded himselfe Iohn de Vera a Commissary of the victuals was also taken that night who confessed that at the entry of the English into the towne there were fiue hundred Spainards in seuen companies as it seemed returned weake from the voyage of England all vnder D. Iohn de Luna the captaines names were D. Diego Baçan base sonne to the Marquis of Santa Cruz. D. Antonio de Herera D. Pedro Manriques brother to the Earle of Paredes D. Ieronimo Mouray of the Order of Saint Iohn hee was in the fort D. Gomes de Caruajal captaine Mouçon and Caucasa de Socas And that the day that the English landed there came from Retenzas the companies of D. Iohn de Mosale and of D. Pedro Ponce de Leon. He confessed moreouer that there was order giuen for the baking of 300000. of biscuit that there was two thousand pipes of wine in the towne and a hundred and fifty in the ships That there was lately come 300000. ducats from the Marquis of Seralba That there was a thousand Iarres of oyle with great store of beanes pease wheat and fish That there were three thousand kintals of beefe and not twenty daies before there entred three barkes laden with mach and harguebuses There were some others taken and there were slaine by the common souldiers about fiue hundred At their first entry into the towne the souldiers finding three sellars full of wine distempred themselues so as many beeing drunke were hurt from the high towne and this disorder was the cause of a great mortality which fell in the English army There was aboundance of victuals and prouision for shipping and warre which the Commissary confest to be for a new voyage into England After the taking of the base towne there came some two thousand men out of the country downe to the very gates as resolutly as if they would haue entred but the English that were in gard making head against them they fled away disordredly hauing lost some eighteene of their men The Generall attempted the high towne both by mine and battery and going to the assault the loose rubish vnder their feete failed them so as they could not stand They had diuers men hurt in their retreat and they lost some twenty or thirty vnder the ruines of a tower which fell The day after that the English had offred an assault Succors come to releeue the Groyne the General vnderstood by a prisoner that the Earle of Andrada had gathered an army together of eight thousand men at Puente de Burgos six miles from the towne which was but the beginning of an army there being a greater leauy ready to come vnder the conduct of the Earle of Altemira either to releeue the Groyne or to incampe neere vnto the place where the English should imbarke and to hinder there shipping for to that end the Marquis of Seralba had written vnto them both the first night of their landing as the Commissary had confest or else to stop their passage into the country whether they went daily by troupes and burnt spoiled and tooke great booties The Generall resolued the next day to goe and visit these forces leading nine Regiments with him In the foreward were the regiments of Sir Edward Norrys Master of the Ordinance Sir Roger Williams and Collonel Sydneys In the battaile that of the Generall of Collonel Lane and Collonel Medkerke And in the reereward Sir Henry Norrys Collonel Huntleys and Collonel Brets Regiments leauing the other fiue Regiments with Generall Drake for the garde of the Ordinance Vpon the sixth day of May in the morning they discouered the enemy within halfe a mile off their campe against whom the shot of the foreward skirmished and forced them to retire vnto their bridge which was of stone built vpon Arches ouer a creeke that came from the sea At the foote whereof on the other side the enemy lay verie strongly intrenched who beeing with his shot at the further end of the bridge Sir Edward Norris who ledde the foreward and marched in the head of the pikes past the bridge without any stay at all beeing accompanied by Colonell Sydney Captaine Hinder Captain Fulford and others The way was euen but they must passe thorough a storme of small shot for the bridge was flanked on both sides with their shot at the farther end there was a barricado but they that had it in gard seeing the proud approch of the English Sir Edward Norris nurt forsooke it where Sir Edward Norris entred and charging the first he encountred with his pike ouer-thrusting himselfe hee fell and was sore hurt on the head at the sword but was honorably rescued by the Generall his brother Colonell Sidney and some other Gentlemen Captaine Hinder hauing his cask shot off had fiue wounds in the
head and face at the sword This â—â—empt full of difficulty Spaniards defeated at Pâ—â—ente de Burgos beeing seconded by the Generall their brauest men which defended that plaace being ouerthrown their whole armie fell presently to rour and the English had 〈◊〉 chase three miles foure sundrie waies The Generals Standard with the Kings armes was taken what number of the enemy was slaine was not certain but only by coniecture how many two thousand men for of so many consisted the foreward in such a poursute might kill And to increase the number hauing giuen ouer the execution and returning to their stands they found many hidden in the vineyards and hedges whom they slue And Colonell Medkerke beeing sent with his Regiment three miles farther to a cloyster which he burnt and spoyled he found two hundred men there which he put to the sword The English lost onely one Captaine Cooper and a priuate souldier The execution beeing past the Generall sent three parts of the armie three seurall waies to spoyle and burnt so as the countrie round about was on fire They found good store of victuals and munition in the campe with some plate rich apparell and other booties which they had left behind them Thus the English armie returned to the Groine bringing small comfort to the Spaniards that were within it and the next day the shipt their Ordinance and then they set fire vppon euery house in the base towne and on the Cloister so as they left not any one standing And on the eight of May the English imbarked their armie without losse of one man which had they not beaten the Spaniards at Puente de Burgos they could not possibly haue done they hauing as it seemed an intent to charge the English when they should imbarke the Commissarie confessing that the first night of their landing the Marquis of Seralba did write vnto the Earle of Altemira the Earle of Andrada and to Terneis de Sentisso to bring all the forces they could rayse wherewith they might either beseege the English in the base towne if they tooke it or lye betwixt them and their imbarking place and so fight with them vppon an aduantage they hauing aboue 25000. souldiers vnder their commands The English armie leauing the Groine English leaue the Groine on the thirteenth of May there came vnto the Fleete the Earle of Essex his brother Master VValter Deuereux Sir Roger Williams Colonell generall of the foote Sir Philip Butler and Sir Edward Wingfield The Earle hauing put himselfe into that action contrarie to the opinion of the world and with the hazard of his fortune yet much to his honour After which the armie went and landed at Penecha in Portugall within shot of the castle The enemie beeing fiue companies of Spaniards vnder the commaund of the Earle of Fuentes sallyed out of the towne and came to the water side as the English landed But the Earle of Essex with his brother and Sir Roger Williams hauing landed men enough to make two troupes they left one to go by the waters side leading the other ouer the sand-hilles which the enemie discouering they retired further into the land that they might haue the better meanes to passe away yet they did it in such sort as beeing charged they came to the push of the pike where they slue an English Captaine These Spaniards beeing fledde the English entred the towne which was neither fortified nor defended by any man The Generall summoned the Castle that night which was held by a Portuguese called Antonio d' Aurid who promised to yeeld it so as he might bee assured that Don Antonio was landed and so he did Thither came some Friars and poore men to their new king promising within two dayes good supplies of horse and foote Hauing stayd at Penecha one day the Generals resolued that the armie should march by land to Lisbone vnder the conduct of Generall Norris and that Generall Drake should meete him in the riuer with the Fleete that there should bee a companie left to guard the Castle and fiue in the shippes After which conclusion hee marched with fourteene Regiments towards Lisbone commandement beeing giuen from the Generall that no man should spoyle the countrie nor take any thing from a Portuguese the which was very streightly obserued so as the souldiers grew to some want of victualles in their march but vppon complaint made vnto the King it was better supplyed In sixe dayes march the armie came to Lisbone without any incounter of the enemie who was betwixt them and the cittie but they dislodged as they approched Beeing come to the suburbes of Lisbone English armie comes to Lisbone Sir Roger Williams and Captaine Anthony Wingfield with some thirtie shotte scowred the streetes neere vnto the Towne where they found not any but old folkes and beggers crying Viua el Rey Don Antonio and their houses shut vp the inhabitants hauing carried much of their wealth into the town and fired some houses by the water side full of Corne and other prouision for that the English should not make vse of it The whole armie beeing quartred in the suburbes the souldiers beeing tyred with their sixe dayes march and desirous of rest that night the enemie beeing aduertised thereof sallyed foorth about one of the clocke and came vppon the English by three seuerall streetes but especially vppon Collonell Brets quarter who beeing as most of the Companies at his rest made all the hast hee could to draw his men into armes in which charge hee was slaine with some other Captaines of his Regiment but there was such resistance made in all quarters as they were suddenly put to a foule retreate and chased euen to the Cittie gates where they loft many of their best Commaunders In this salley the Spaniards lost treble the number of the English and some of good qualitie During their march Generall Drake came with the Fleete to Cascais where hee entred without any resistance the Inhabitants beeing fledde with their goods to the mountaines Cascais entred by the English but the Generall sent a Portuguese vnto them to offer them all fauour if they would acknowledge their king and supply the wants of his armie which offer they willingly embraced sending two chiefe men to signifie their loyaltie to Don Antonio and their loue to the English Whereuppon the Generall landed his Companies but the castle was held still by 65. Spaniards The day after the Spaniards salley Generall Norris called a Councell to aduise whether it were fit to attend there for the horse and foote which the King of Portugall had promised and to send some conuenient troupes to Cascais to fetch their Ordinance and munition which was with their shippes The opinions of the Commaunders were diuers some fedde with a vaine hope of Don Antonio thought it best to stay there and to send some three thousand men for the Ordinance Others despayring of all succours from Portugall perswaded to march away and
qualities the Deputies of the Realme and the Cleargie were least spared there were also many Ladies Gentlewomen and other women prisoners and Lieutenants of Soueraigne Iustice as Michel Claueria and Micer Spinosa whom they forced to renownce their Offices substituting others whom the King before for their offences had declared incapable to the blemish of his authoritie their election beeing against all right and law They did also confiscate contrary to the lawes of Arragon not onely the goods of the husbands but also of the wiues of such as were absent And aboue all the Soueraigne Iudge of Arragon was taken and within twenty houres lost his head without any other sentence but of a little scrowle written with the Kings hand in these termes Hauing read this you shall presently apprehend Don Ihon de la Nuca chiefe Iustice of Arragon and let mee haue newes of his death as soone as of his Imprisonment The which was done notwithstanding his appellations and Protestations without the priuitie of any man vntill hee came vnto the Scaffold to bee executed whereas many had gone before him and many followed after Thus the Realme of Arragon thinking to preserue their priuiledges and liberties lost them with the chiefe of the Nobility and a great number of men of good quality This yeare 1592. the King of Spaine hauing put many to death at Saragoça for that they had taken armes for the defence of their liberties and burnt Antonio Perez Image The Estates of the Country hauing assembled at Tarracone and giuen satisfaction vnto the King hee was content to send a generall pardon into the Prouince Wherevpon all Vargas Souldiers were drawne out of Saragoça except some fewe that were left to garde the Inquisition The Turke beeing in Armes and threatning especially the house of Austria the Catholicke King grew iealious that by this diuersion hee might bee much troubled in his warres of Flanders where as the vnted Estates were very strong beeing assisted from other Princes hee therefore sent Charles Cigala to Constantinople vnder coulour to visit his brother but it was generally thought that his going was to saue his country from inuasion but Cigala could not obtaine what hee desired for that the Turkes landing diuerse times carryed away many thousands of Christians and committed great spoyles vpon the coasts of Calabria and Apulia comming neere vnto Naples as also in Sicile Newes beeing come into Spaine Cont Fuentes sent into the Low countries that the Duke of Parma was returned very sicke from the Spawe and that the Physitions despaired of his life the Cont of Fuentes was presently sent into the Lowe Countries with Commission to command the armie after his death the which some imputed to the Spaniards whither he went in post but the Duke of Parma dyed before his arriuall in Arras and was much lamented This yeare there beeing a Commission granted by the Queene of England to Sir Walter Raleigh for an expelition to the west Indies he armed fourteene or fifteene good ships of warre whereof two were the Queenes and beeing accompanied by a troope of resolute Gentlemen hee began to bee ready to goe from the West Countries but hee was so long stayed there by contrary windes as the fittest season for Sayling was past his peoples mindes began to alter and his victuals consumed Wherevpon the Queene called home Sir Walter Raleigh in Maye commanding him to giue ouer his intended voyage and to leaue his charge to Sir Iohn Bourrough and Sir Martin Frobisher but hee finding his honor ingaged would not leaue the fleete beeing now vnder saile but beeing taken with a strange tempest on the 11. of May and in danger to be swallowed vp in the sea he resolued to returne and to leaue the charge to the aboue-named giuing them directions to diuide their fleet in two one to lye vpon the South Cape of Spaine and the other to attend at the Ilands which made the Admirall of Spaine to stay vpon that coast and to neglect the wafting of the Caracks Sir Iohn Bourrough sayling towards the Açores Carrake called Santa Cruz set on fire hee discouered a Carack called Santa Cruz comming from the East Indies which getting neere the land the Portugalls carried what goods they could out of her and set fire of the ship There they vnderstood by certaine prisoners of three other Carracks that were comming from the Indies which Sir Iohn with his consorts resolued to attend After sixe weekes patience they discouered a huge Caracke called Madre de Dios Carack called Mombre de Dios taken by the English one of the greatest belonging to the Crowne of Portugall which after a long and furious fight was in the end borded by the English they found the hatches strewed with dead carcases and with wounded men languishing Don Fernando de Mendoça was commander of this Caracke whom Sir Iohn Bourrough of an honorable disposition and pittying his estate sent away freely with most of his followers to his Country This Caracke was esteemed to be of a thousand sixe hundred tuns and did carry nine hundred tuns in bulke of Marchandize there were in her sixe or seauen hundred persons her chiefe commodities besides Iewels were Spices Drugs silks China silkes Callicoes with Pearle Muske Cyuet and Amber gris with diuerse other commodities the which at resonable rates was valued at an hundreth and fifty thousand pounds starling The losse of these two Caracks brought D. Alphonso de Baçan General with the Spanish fleet in disgrace with the King who imputed it to his negligence In the yeare 1593. the King of Spaine sent the Duke of Feria into France 1593. to offer all his forces to fauour the League Duke of Feria sent to the league in France and the election of a new King beeing assembled together at Paris to that end where it beeing propounded who should bee ealled to the Crowne the Duke of Feria did insist for the eldest daughter of Spaine who he sayd had most right the realme falling to the Masculine line of Capet the which hee maintained for many defects might not pretend so as the Infanta comming of the sister who was elder then Henry the third shee should also bee preferred to the Crowne and the rather for that shee should bee marryed to some Prince in France so as it should not passe to a stranger but this Prince should be chosen by the King of Spaine This proposition was distastfull to most of the assembly who sayd that it was against their Salike law King Philip hauing conquered Portugall which hee pretended to bee due vnto him in the right of his mother and expelled Don Anthonio who was held base hee gaue the gouernment thereof to Cardinall Albertus of Austria yonger sonne to the Emperour Maximilian the second a Prince endowed with many great vertues and therefore very acceptable to the Protugalls In which gouernment hee did so carry himselfe as hee gaue great satisfaction both to the King and his
should compell them to enter into churches vnlesse they would but if they did enter they should performe those dueties and reuerence which are vsed towards the holy Sacrament of the Altar being there and if they should see the Sacrament comming towards them in any street they shall doe reuerence by bowing their knees or else they shall passe aside by some other street or turne into some house 3 If any of the said persons being masters or masters mates or any other officers of ships which be not their owne doe exceed in any of these things the Inquisition proceeding against them by office is onely to sequester their own proper goods and are to leaue the ships and all other goods not belonging to the offenders free and the same was to be vnderstood for all traders and factors During this treatie betwixt England and Spaine Discomodities for the cessation of traffique the defence of traffique betwixt France and the dominions of the king of Spaine and the Archdukes was verie troublesome The French suffered great discommodities and the Spaniards found this restraint heauie and insupportable for that all things grew exceeding deere and the tradesmen murmured and grew almost desperat The Pope commaunded his Nuntio to deale in this businesse and to reconcile these princes but the French king would not yeeld to any thing vntill that the Spaniards who had first troubled the water had cleered it againe in reuoking the imposition of thirtie in the hundred which made the libertie of traffique a meere seruitude and the profit an assured losse This was verie seuere and rigorous It is in euerie kind bitter vnto the marchant couetousnesse hauing changed the first cause as well as the quantitie of customes and imposts At the first they were paied onely to haue free libertie and assurance of passage from one place vnto another and for that princes haue vnder their protection the highwayes for the which they are called Royall they did acknowledge this right of protection with some duetie Such impositions for so necessarie causes are just others are not and yet they must be borne being not lawfull for the subiect to murmure against the customes and imposts wherewith the prince doth charge him They said That the Spaniards which are long in their consultations and constant in their resolutions would neuer reuoke this imposition for that they would not loose the reputation of constancie in their lawes Coâ—merce set at liberty in France and bee noted of inconstancie and lightnesse by applying themselues to the time and affaires But there was no remedie the deputies of the two kings and Archdukes meeting tooke off the imposition and set the commerce free The peace being fully concluded betwixt England and Spaine and sworne by the king of England in the presence of the king of Spaines Commissioners Constable of Castille returns into Spaine the Constable of Castille hauing receiued great honour in England both in his entertainment and presents giuen him from the king returned into Flanders much satisfied in himselfe to carrie home with him such joyfull tidings From thence hee past into France where the French king vsed him so royally as hee afterwards said That hee had entertained him as a king and intreated him as a kinsman In the yeare a thousand six hundred and foure the king of Great Britaine sent the earle of Nottingham 1605 high Admirall of England Earle of Notingham sent into Spaine into Spaine to take the Catholike kings oath for the confirmation of the peace as hee did the earle of Hartford vnto the Archdukes to the same end The sayd earle of Nottingham being attended on by a gallant traine of noblemen knights and gentlemen arriued at the Groine where hee was no sooner discouered from the land but D. Lewis de Carilla de Toledo marquesse of Carascena Gouernour both of the towne and of the countrey of Gallicia gaue order for his entertainment the which was verie royally performed At his comming into the harbour a fort vpon the North side of the towne did first salute him with twentie peeces of ordnance then a fort lately built vpon a rocke with six and thirtie peeces and lastly from the towne and castle with aboue thirtie peeces of ordnance And the earles ship with the whole fleet beeing at an anchor requiâ—ed them with all their ordnance Presently after the Gouernour sent foure chiefe officers of the towne with D. Iohn de Pacheco his brother and D. Lewis de Carilla de Toledo his onely sonne to welcome the earle After some time spent in complements the Gouernour himselfe came aboord the earles ship in a barge the maâ—iners and rowers being in blew silke cassockes and cappes and the barge couered with blew veluet After hee had saluted the earle he told him That the king his master had giuen vnto him an especiall charge to haue a respect who he was that came embassadour from whom hee came and to whom hee was sent and that he should doe euerie thing for the honour of these three persons not sparing any thing that might be fit for his Lordships entertainment Wherefore hee did intreat the earle to goe to land the which he did forbeare vntill the next day so as that night hee sent vnto his Lordship a present of fish fruits bread and such commodities as the countrey yeelded On Tuesday He lands at the Groine the sixteenth of Aprill the earle of Nottingham prepared to goe to shore to his lodging which was appointed in the gouernours house The gouernour hauing taken care to receiue his Lordship in most honourable manner had vpon notice of his comming to the Groine caused a bridge of timber being aboue fortie yards long to be built and painted the which was garnished with many penciles of silke of diuers colours The way into the towne was set on either side with boughes of bayes and Orange trees and strewed with rushes and flowers The whole garrison of the towne and other companies that were drawne out of the countrey were there readie to make a gard for him His Lordship being readie to land the gouernour sent diuers of the Commaunders to let him vnderstand that he and the magistrats of the towne would attend him on the bridge Whereupon the earle tooke his barge and being followed by his whole traine went vnto the bridge where the Spaniards entertained the English as they landed the haultboyes and shagbots playing all the while Being all landed they entred into the towne an English man and a Spaniard marching together in verie good order At their entrance into the towne they were saluted with a great volley of shot both great and small and so they went on foot to the gouernours house where when the earle entred there were many chambers shot off During the earle of Nottinghams stay at the Groine hee solemnized Saint Georges feast the which was performed with the greater state for that the people came thither in troupes to see that
Inuention of Saint Iames Sepulcher 179 Indiscretion of D. Guttiere Fernandes 308 Interest of the French king to the crowne of Castile 352 Inhabitants of Pampelona refuse to doe homage to the king of Castile 387 Iniustice of D. Pedro king of Arragon to his brother 419 Insolencies of the French in Sicile ibid. Inuasion of Castile by the king of Granado 442 Integrity of D. Iohn Ramires of Areillan 573 Integrity of Leonora Queene of Castile 601 Intercession for D. Henry Infant of Arragon 684 Infants of Arragon loose all their land in Castile 704 Insolencies of the Constable of Castile made knowne vnto the king 716 Insolency of the commons punished 725 Ingratitude of Pope Calixtus 755 Insolency of the confederats in Castile against the Popes Legat. 800 Insolency of the Master of Saint Iames. 829 Inquisition in Spaine against Iewes and Moores and the fruits thereof 870 Integrity of king Fernand and Queene Isabel. 899 Inquisition in Arragon 927 Iniury don to the kings Receiuers 931 Indians gentle and tractable 946 Inuectiue made by the Constable Velasco against Cardinal Ximenes 926 Intreaty of the Infant D. Fernand to Cardinal Ximenes 954 Insolency against the kings Officers 961 Inigo of Loycla and his family 962 Inquisition of Spaine attempted at Mylan 1111 Inquisition reiected by the Arragonois 1120 Inquisitors what they be ibid. Imprisonment of the Prince of Spaine 1130 Inquisitors sharpe persecutors of Prince Charles 1134. they are chiefe of the councel of Spaine 1135 Insolency of the Spanish soldiers in Granado 1141 Insolency of the Spaniards makes the Moores reuolt 1149 Ioseph king of Granado poisoned 655 Ioane Queene of Nauar punished by the hand of God 764 Ioane Queene of Castile deliuered of a daughter vnlawfully begotten 767 Ioane Infanta of Castile newly borne declared heire of the realme 768 Ioane borne in Adultery the subiect of all the troubles in Castile 778. she is made sure to the king of Portugal 850 Ioane wife to the Archduke Philip heire to Castile and Arragon 963. toucht in her sences 882 D. Iohn of Austria opposite to Prince Charles 1134 he comes to Granado against the Moores 1146. his speech to the army at Lepanto 1168 Irone a chast Virgin 148 Saint Iren taken from the Moores 297 Ismael king of Granado slaine by his subiects 471 Isabel Queene of Castile fauors the Lords against the Constable 743 Isabella sister to king Henry reiects the title of Queene of Castile 805. shee procures a peace in Castile ibid. she is declared heire of the realme 806. she marries with Fernand of Arragon 817. her magnanimity 852. shee is sworne heire to the crowne of Castile 860. she is carefull to doe Iustice 867. she poursueth the rebels in Estremadura 875 Iulian an Earle brings the Moores into Spaine 153 Iudges chosen in Castile 196 Iustice and treasor the chiefe members of an Estate 846 Iustice established in Galicia 884 Iudgement of the Inquisitors against the Prince of Spaine 1131 D. Iohn affects to bee king of Tunes 1174. hee is made gouernor of the Netherlands 1180. he aspires to the crown of Eng. ibid. his death 1181 K KIngs of Spaine at the first what they were 7 Kingdomes erected in Spaine by the Arabians and Christians 24 1. Kings in the battaile whereas Attila was defeated 134 1. King forced by his children to leaue his crowne 191 1. King dispossest becomes his sons Lieutenant ibi 2 Knights of the Lilly in Nauar. 235 1. Kings of Spaine doe not acknowledge the Emperor 240 2. Knights Christians in pay with the Moores 247 1. Kings of Castile and Arragon spoile the heire of Nauar of his kingdome 249 2. Knights of Calatraua first instituted 304 1. Kings of Leon and Castile in quarrel 321 1. Kings of Nauar and Leon inuade Castile 330 1. King of Castile inuades Nauar. 335 1. King of Castile being young deliuered into the hands of them of Lara 350 1. King of Leon enters Castile with an army against his owne sonne 354 1. King of Seuile a Moore tributary to the king of Castile 363 1. King of Arragon asketh pardon of the Pope 370 1. King of Nauar confesseth himselfe vassal to him of Castile 387 1. Kings of Moores dispossest and chased out of Spaine 388 1. Kingdome of Tremissen 408 1. King of Maroc passeth into Spaine 409 King of Maiorca dispossest by his brother 422 King of Arragon set the Infants of Cerde at liberty 434 King of Granado deposed 455 King of Arragon makes warre against the Moores of Affrike 482 King of Castile inuades Portugal with an army 505 Knights in Castile executed 553 King of Nauarre sends for his wife 643 King of Castile beseeged by his own subiects 683 King of Nauarres lands in Castile for feited and giuen away 696 King of Arragon defeated and taken prisoner at sea by the Geneuois 709 Kings of Castile and Nauarre visit the Constable 724 King of Castile puts the Constable to death more through base feare then for the loue of Iustice. 745 King of Nauarre and the Lords pacified and reconciled to the new king of Castile 750 King of Castile contemned of his subiects 753 King of Castile makes warre against Nauarre 766 King of Castile reproched with the adulterat birth of his supposed daughter 781 King of Portugal abandons Zamorra 854 his base courage 864. he despaires 865 King of Manicongo becomes a Christian. 950 Kings of France and Arragon diuide the realme of Naples and dispossesse Frederic 966 King of Nauar and his wife in factions 885 King of Tremessen defeated by the Spaniards 1009 King of Tunes taken by his sonne 1010 King of Tunes expelled by Vluccialy 1160 King of Fez defeated by the Xeriffes 1185 King of Fez and Marocat warre 1187 King of Fez defeated and taken 1188. he is set at liberty ibid. Kings of Maroc electiue 1195 L LAnguage of the Spaniards at this day 30 Lauron taken by Sertorius in the view of Pompey 110 Lawes of king Sisebuth 146 Law made by the Gothes not to marry the kings widow 151 Law of defying a towne 246 Laurence Suarez betraies king Aben Hut who had entertained him in his exile 371 Lands called Beetries in Biscay c. 533 Lands of the crowne giuen in recompence of seruice 622 Lands confiscated being giuen away hinder the peace 715 Lamentation of Isabella of Castile 942 Landgraue of Hessen feared by the Emperour 1116 Lebrissa and the beginning 8 Leon taken by the Christians 171 League of Christian Princes and Moores in Spain against the French 181 Leon the Christians chiefe city taken by the Arabians 213 League betwixt the king of Castile and Prince of Arragon against Nauar. 289 Leira taken by the Moores 292 League against Nauar. 320 League against Castile made by Arragon Leon and Portugal 327 League betwixt the king of Arragon and the widow Queene of Nauarre 385 Lewis the French king quits his right to Castile 395 League and marriage betwixt Nauar and Arragon 491 Leonora de Guzman mistresse to the king
many being ingaged in one of his legions Some past from his campe vnto Caesar Ategua taken by Caesar. among the which were Q. Martius and C. Fundanius Ategua being sorely battered and well defended for many dayes in the end yeelded The which Pompey vnderstanding he marched towards Vcubis where he caused a search to be made for all the inhabitants which fauoured Caesar cutting off the heads of seuentie foure and casting many women and children ouer the walls which made many to flie to Caesars campe yea captaines and heads of bands and the souldiours of some legions with some townes Wherefore Pompey fearing that by his delaies he should loose both his allies his armie it selfe hauing spent some dayes in turning vp and downe in the end he resolued to giue Caesar battell neere vnto Munda In both armies besides Romanes and Italian allies and Spaniards there were many Moores Moores in both the armies of Caesar and Pompey for Boechus a Moorish king had sent two of his sonnes to succour Pompey and Bogud another king of the same nation was in person in Caesars armie yet the battell was fought in a manner by the Romanes alone On Caesars side the souldiours were encouraged by their Generals presence and did wonderfull deeds of armes In Pompeyes armie whereas the sugitiue legionaries were Battell betwixt Caesar and Pompey despaire to get their pardon made them to fight resolutely Being come to joyne the allyes of either part turned their backes presently so as the Romanes must trie it who should haue the better the which was done with great obstinacie on either side so as there could no grones nor lamentations be heard of any one that was dying or wounded but onely striking and killing one encouraging another and shewing themselues more prompt with their hands than tongues The battell was long doubtfull neither could Caesar or Pompey judge which had the better who after they had long beheld it in great perplexitie they came among them to encourage their souldiours whereof there was no great need King Bogud was the cause of Caesars victorie who standing without the battell with his Moores went vnto the trenches of Pompeyes campe to spoyle it the which Labienus perceiuing he went out of his ranke to make head against him but the rest of Pompeyes souldiours taking it to be a flight with the apprehension thereof they were all put to rout and although they did soone after find their owne errours A mistaking is the cause of Pompeyes ruine yet could they not rally themselues together againe but some fled to their campe and some towards the towne of Munde The slaughter was great on either side Great slaughter on both sides euen at the taking of the campe whereas Caesars men could neuer enter before they had slaine all those that defended it with like losse of their own men Caesar hauing gotten the victorie with great difficultie and danger he said vnto his souldiours That he had often fought for honour but now he had fought for his life There dyed of Pompeyes souldiours 30000. After this rout Cordoua being abandoned by Sex Pompeius yeelded in the which Scapula who had beene author of the souldiours sedition caused a slaue of his to kill him and to burne his bodie with all the treasure he had Seuill Munde and other places were some taken by force with great slaughter of the inhabitants and some by composition Many towns in Spaine flattering Caesar after these victories called themselues after his name Vcubis was called Claritas Iulia Ebora Libertas Iulia. At this time Caesar did not spare the treasure of Hercules temple in Gades being greatly distressed for money He took away many of their lands laid new taxes vpō those towns which had rebelled that he might reward his friends Pompey hauing escaped by flight he came to Carteia where he thought to make vse of the armie at sea which he had kept readie thereabouts but he was pursued and the ships after a great fight falling into the power of Didius were some of them carried away by him and the rest burnt so as Pompey sore wounded in the shoulder and leg seeking to flie by land was pursued ouertaken Cn. Pompeius the sonne slaine and slaine with many of his men by the horsemen and some companies of foot which were sent after him For these victories gotten in Spaine not against strangers but against citizens of Rome Caesar Q. Fabius and Q. Pedius did triumph at Rome to the great griefe of the people After that these things had been exploited by Caesar and all ciuile dissentions quenched as he thought to enjoy his Dictatorship suffering kingly honours to be done vnto him he was slaine by Cassius Brutus and other conspirators Then was the estate of Rome in greater confusion than euer by the diuision betwixt Octauius Caesar and M. Anthonie and afterwards by the cruell proscriptions of Octauius M. Anthonie and Lepidus which Lepidus had triumphed for Spaine in the yere 707 I know not for what victories It is certaine that he gouerned the hither part of Spain by Caesars gift Lepidus gouerns Spaine vnder Caesar. but it was by his lieutenants hauing neuer done any exploit of warre Dio saith That he persuaded Sex Pompeius to leaue Spaine promising him restitution of his fathers goods Domitius Caluinus C. Norbanus Flaccus and Asinius Pollio were afterwards Gouernours of Spaine of whose exploits there is no memorable mention In the yeare 713 Cornel. Balbus borne at Calis was Consull at Rome and in the yeare 714 the second diuision of the empire being made betwixt Octauius Caesar M. Anthonie and M. Lepidus after the reconciliation betwixt Octauius and M. Anthonie and the Perusine warre among other prouinces Spaine fell to Octauius and from that yere the Spaniards began to account their yeares by the Arke or rule of Caesar the which was 38 years before the comming of our Sauiour the which they did continue vntill the yeare 1383 of our saluation when as this custome was left as shall be said 20 In the yeare 726 of the foundation of Rome Augustus in Spaine Augustus being sole Emperour he vndertooke to subdue the Cantabrians Asturians and Gallicians who had alwayes held their libertie lawes and auntient customes to rob and spoyle their neighbours and would wholly subject them vnder his empire wherefore he resolued to goe in person into Spaine where he found those nations assured in their countenances and full of contempt relying in the strength of their mountaines from whence they made many sudden enterprises verie prejudiciall to the emperours armie the which camped at Sigisama the which some thinke was that which at this present they call Veisama in Guipuscoa or Biscaye and not Sigisama Iulia where he made three troupes of his forces Hauing spent many dayes there and nothing aduanced his affaires Augustus fell sicke with care and trauell wherfore hauing left the charge of the warre to C. Antistius he caused
himselfe to be carried to Tarracona The Cantabrians assailed both by land and sea towards Gaule Aquitaine came to fight with Antistius and Firmius by whom they were defeated in many encounters and their townes taken A great number of Gallicians hauing fortified themselues on a mountaine then called Medullius neere vnto the riuer of Minio Cruell 〈◊〉 of Barbarians they were besieged and so pressed as they must of necessitie either fight or yeeld but hauing not the courage to defend themselues and being loath to fall into seruitude they all slew themselues The Asturians being camped neere vnto the riuer which giues the name vnto their countrey thought to surprise the Romane armie and without doubt had defeated them if their enterprise had not beene discouered They were afterwards put to rout by P. Carisius but not without great slaughter of his men Hee also tooke Lancia the chiefe towne of Asturia being abandoned So the warre ended and at the same instant Augustus hauing dismissed the old souldiours hee gaue them leaue to build the towne of Emerita in Lusitania Emerita sounded by Augustus Saragâ—sse at this day it is Merida in Portugall Then also the towne of Salduba was first called Cesar Augusta in honor of Octauius Augustus it is now Saragosse the which he did much enlarge with buildings Fiue and twentie yeares before the birth of our Sauiour the way was paued from Cordoua to Astigi vpon the Ocean It appeares by this inscription which is at Cordoua on a pillar of greene stone whereon Augustus name is grauen and the number of twelue miles which is the distance from Cordoua to the sea Imp. Caesar. Diui. F. Augustus Cos. VIII Trib. Potest XXI Pont. Max. A. Baete Iano Augusto Ad. Oceanum C. XXI This Temple of Ianus was by all conjectures built by Augustus at Cordoua in signe of a perpetuall peace After Caesars returne Sextus Apuleius Proconsull shewed some proofes of his valour in Spaine for the which he triumphed and afterwards L. Aemilius suppressed the Cantabrians Gouernment of Spaine vnder the emperours and Asturians who rebelled againe After which time Spaine was gouerned by Pretors and Proconsuls the which are sometimes called in Latine Praesides vnto the time of Dioclesian and Maximin Strabo saith That in his time which was during the empires of Augustus and Tiberius the prouince of Betica was giuen vnto the people of Rome who appointed a Gouernour or Pretor hauing a Lieutenant and a Treasurer the rest of Spaine remaining at the emperours disposition who sent two lieutenants the one in qualitie of Vice-Pretor the other as Vice-Consull The Vice-Pretor with the helpe of a lieutenant or legat did justice and had jurisdiction ouer all Lusitania from the riuer of Betis vnto Duero the other part being Taracconese did obey the Vice-Consull who had a great armie entertained with three lieutenants the one commaunded the Cantabrians Asturians and the country of Gallicia the other gouerned along the Mediterranean sea and the third had charge of the inner countries The Generals place of residence was at Carthagene or Tarracone The emperours which came after made first two and then one Gouernour of Spaine and not alwayes of one sort About the time of Maximinian and Dioclesian the Gouernours were called Earles Earles and Vicars gouerning Spaine and their lieutenants Vicars and when as the Gothes began to erect a kingdome that small portion which held for the Romanes along the shore of the prouince of Carthagene and the mountains of the Cantabrians and Asturians Dukes called Prâ—fecti were gouerned by Dukes whom they called Praefecti Octauius Caesar surnamed Augustus The fiâ—st yere of Christ. 752 of Rome had held the empire about two and fortie yeares when our Sauiour Iesus Christ the eternall sonne of God was borne God and man of the virgine Marie of the tribe of Iuda in the citie of Beth-leem of Iuda which was in the yere 757 of the foundation of Rome The night when as the Lord of peace came vpon the earth was as some write as bright and cleere in Spaine as the noone day The computation of times shall hereafter be taken from the birth of our Sauiour An. 16 of Christ in the 16 yeare of whose life Augustus died Then Sextilius Hena a Poet of Cordoua flourished in Spaine being now brought wholly to the manners of the Romans 21 The Spaniards being much affected to Augustus did obtaine of C. Tiberius Nero his successour leaue to build a goodly temple in honour of him in the towne of Tarracone This emperour kept the Gallicians Asturians and Cantabrians vnder with strong garrisons hauing beene formerly subdued by Augustus In his time they of Lisbone gaue it out That they had seene and heard Triton in certaine hollow rockes Triton a diuelish illusion singing and playing vpon a comet as they painted him And Plinie reports that vpon the sea shore a Nereide had beene seene couered with scales yea whereas she caried a humane shape and that they had heard the grones and complaints she made dying Vibius Serenus a tyrannous gouernor punished Vnder Tiberius Vibius Serenus Proconsull of the further Spaine accused by his owne sonne and conuicted was condemned as a tyrant and banished into the island Amorgos one of the Cyclades Iunius Gallio brother to Seneca the Senator was also banished for that he had propounded in Senat to honour the old souldiours which had beene dismist with higher seats in the Theatre and at publique shewes hauing not first spoken thereof vnto the emperour Tiberius The Spanish flatterers doing idolatrie vnto princes would also haue made a temple vnto Tiberius and to his mother the which was prohibited Tiberius saying Tiberius doth madesâ—ly refuse diuine honours Anno 16. That he was a man and no god demaunding no other thing of them but that they would retaine a good and commendable memorie of him after his death The six and twentieth yeare of our saluation L. Piso a great oppressor of the people was slaine in the hither Spaine where he was Pretor An exacting gouernour slaine by a peasant by a peasant of Termes who being taken and tortured would neuer confesse who had made him to commit this murther This man slipping out of the officers hands which led him to the racke againe beat his own head so violently against a stone as instantly he lost both sence and life In those times one of the richest men of Spaine called Sextus Marius was accused to haue accompanied with his owne daughter carnally for the which he was cast downe headlong from the rocke Tarpeien but his great wealth was the cause of his death more than his crime Tiberius had raigned seuenteene yeares Anno 34. when as our Sauiour Iesus Christ suffered death for the redemption of mankind hauing finished the three and thirtieth yeare of his life 22 The healthfull doctrine of our redemption by him The Gospel preached in Spain in Tiberius time was