ever for peace and the restitution of Helena But Dionysius relateth out of Hellanicus that the lower part of the City being taken Aeneas with his associates that came from Ophyrynium and Dardanus to the aid of Ilium timely perceiving it retired into the Castle where were the Idols and much treasure protected by the most valiant Soldiers A. M. 2821. Hither also betook themselves such as escaped the fury of fire and sword and they easily repelled the force of the Enemy but Aeneas considering that the City could no way be preserved resolved to quit the Castle as might stand with the safety of the Company He therefore sent out with a guard the aged an infirm in the mean time diverting the Enemy and then marched out in order of battel when Neoptolemus and the Achaeans had now taken part of the Fortifications Whilst the Greeks were busied in plunder they all escaped to the Mount Ida where fortifying themselves the same night others flocked to them out of Dardanus Opyhrynium and the rest of the Trojan Towns expecting till the Enemy satisfied with the destruction of Ilium would draw off and return into his own Country 4. But the Achaeans having wasted the City and lesser Towns provided also to storm the Hills when a Treaty was desired by the Trojans It was there agreed that Aeneas and his Companions with such things as they had should depart out of the Country under safe conduct whereupon he first sent away his eldest son Ascanius with part of his associates whereof the greater number was Phrygians to the Lake Ascanius for that he was desired by the Inhabitants of that Country to be their King He continued not long with them for the Scamandridae with others of the family of Hector now dismissed out of Greece by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles coming to him he returned with them to Troy and restored them to their Father's Principality Aeneas with the rest of his children Anchises his Father and his houshold passed over the Hellespont into a Peninsula called Pallene whence he sailed to to the Island Delus thence to another named Cythera over against Peloponnesus Touching at the promontory Cinaethium so called for that Cinathus a Trojan was here buried they renewed their friendship with the Arcadians their kinsfolk and passed on to the Island Zacynthus which was so named from Zacynthus one of the sons of Dardanus Thence they came to Actium and so to Ambraciae from which Bay Anchises directed his course towards Batrotus an Haven of Epirus and Aeneas by land went two dayes journey to the Oracle of Dodoria which having consulted about new Seats in four dayes he came to the Navy at Batrotus From this Haven sailing towards Italy they touched upon some parts thereof but passing into the Straights of Sicilie they fell also upon that Island where leaving part of their Company they passed over and landed at Laurentum the place appointed to put an end to these wandrings This account Dionysius giveth us as most probable amongst others which he briefly toucheth Alexander the Ephesian as he is cited by Aurelius Victor wrote that Ilium being betrayed by Antenor Aeneas took his Father upon his back with his gods and his little son in his hand and thus loaded made towards Ida whither being suffered to come by the Greeks who were much moved at his piety he there built ships and by the advice of an Oracle came into Italy The piety of Aeneas is much spoken of and commended by many and amongst others by the pen of Xenophon that Attick Muse but some wrote that he joyned with Antenor in betraying the City 5. The Trojans landing at Laurentum there pitched their Tents in the place called Troy from this occasion distant from the Sea about half a mile Dionys l. 1. Livius l. 1. Taking their dinner on the ground some laid their meat on Parsley that there grew or as some said on crusts of Bread which afterwards they did also eat up and then understood that they had fulfilled the Oracle which bad them go so far Westward as till they should eat up their Tables and then take the conduct of a Sow which they should follow till she lay down and in that very place build a City Now was Latinus busie in War against the Rutuli his neighbours as some wrote he was first overcome by Aeneas and then made peace with him but others say he first sent to expostulate the injury offered him by these strangers in the invasion of his Kingdom and then understanding who they were agreed to give them all the ground lying five miles about the Hill where the Sow lay down upon their ingagement to assist him in his War against the Rutuli This accord made and Hostages delivered on both sides they soon utterly subdued the Rutuli and then built up the Trojan City which was called Lavinium as the Romans said Nam te jam septima portat Omnibus errantem terris fluctibus astaâ— Aen. 1. A. M. 3824. from the daughter of Latinus Virgil too much indulging his Poetick fancie in imitation of Homer bringeth Aeneas into Italy not till the eighth year after the destruction of Troy But Dionysius and Solinus out of the Annals of Cassius Haemina write that he arrived at Laurentum in the second year and the later saith with no more than 600 followers Aeneas succeedeth Latinus 6. Aeneas in the third year after his departure from Troy and the second of his abode in Italy reigned onely over the Trojans but the next brought him also the Kingdom of the Aborigines by the right of his wife Lavinia daughter to Latinus now deceased and the favour he had purchased of this people by his conduct against the Rutuli For they had again revolted through the procurement of a certain fugitive named Turnus who being the Nephew of Amata Latinus his wife out of indignation that a stranger should be preferred to the marriage of Lavinia before him at the instigation of Amata and others revolted to the Rutuli with a party of men which he commanded Livie maketh him King of the Rutuli and to have made War upon Latinus because he had first made him a promise of his daughter The Aborigines had the victory but lost Latinus in the battel Dionysius saith that Turuus was now also slain with many others but Livie will have him again to renew the War and to call in Mezentius King of the Hetruscans who was already jealous of the growing power of the Greeks Aeneas to oblige his new Subjects caused both them and his own Country-men to be called by the common name of Latini but ingaging in another great and bloody battel with Mezentius which night onely interrupted he was never seen more by some thought to be taken up to Heaven and by others drowned in the River Numicon This happened to him in the fourth year of his reign over the Latines and the seventh after the destruction of Troy He was honoured by
which the Priests from whom Herodotus had his information hid this and all other things that tended to the dishonour of their Countrey 19. Returning from Aegypt into Palaestine he besieged (p) 2 Chron. 32. 1 Kings 19. Esay 37. Lachish and thence removed to Libnah where he wrote a blasphemous Letter to Hezekiah For hearing that Tirhakah King of Aethiopia or Arabia by Josephus called Tharsices by Strabâ— Tearkon was coming against him in behalf of the Egyptians he removed for fear and God sent his Angel into his Camp who slew in one night 85000 men which thing as a plague was also recorded by (q) Apud Joseph ut supra cap. 2. Berosus Then returned he as God had promised Hezekiah with great consternation into his own Land where raging against the Jews that dwelt at Niniveh if credit be to begiven to the book of â—obâ— he was after 44 dayes slain in the Temple of his idol Nisroch by his two sons Adâ—amelech and Sharezer who fled for it into the Land of Ararat or Armenia and Esarchaddon his son reigned in his stead Esarchaddon the same with Assaradinus 20. This Esarchaddon is thought and that probably to be the same with Assaradinus mentioned by Ptolomy in his Catalogue of Kings and who subdued Babylon It is also thought that (r) 2 Kings 17. this is he who when he brought a new Colony into Samaria from Babylon Cathah Ana Hamath and Sepharvaim at the same time making an inroad into Judaea as 't is very probable took (Å¿) 2 Chron. 33. Menasseh the King thereof in the Thorns and carried him in Captivity into Babylon for it appeareth from both these passages mentioned in Scripture that at this time that Citie was subject to the King of Assyria After Esarchaddon or Assaradinus had reigned thirteen years Saosduchinus succeeded him according to Ptolomy Saosduchinus and not Meroâ—ach whom the general opinion will have being King of Babylon to have killed him and again overthrown the Empire of the Assyrians For this succession is founded upon a feigned (t) Pseudo-Metasthenes apud Annium vit Eâ—bensem fol. 221. De cujus fictis Authoribus vide Joh. Goropium Biblioth Hispan Tom. 2. pag. 356. Gaspar Barterium ibid. pag. 386. 407. 417. 431. Seth. Calvis Isagog Chronil cap. 28.29 Chron. p. 171. A. Non est germanum opus Pam. in Tert. Apol. n. 287. Author imposed on the World with several others of the same credit and therefore deserveth to be rejected The time of this Saosduchinus falling in with that of Deioces who according to Herodotus built Ecbatane the Metropolis of Media if any credit be to be given to the book of Judith we may judge him to be that Nabuchadonosor mentioned there to have overthrown Arphaxad King of the Medes and builder of that Citie in the great plains of Ragan After he had taken him in the Mountains he slew him plundred Ecbatane and then returned victoriously unto Niniveh where he feasted his Army for 120 dayes The year after entring into Consultation how to subdue the several Nations about him he ordained Holophernes his General who straitly besieging Bethsara a Town of Judaea by the wisdom and courage of Judith the Widdow of one Manasses of the Tribe of Ephraim was circumvented and had his head cut off in his Tent. Chuniladanus 21. Saosduchinus or Saosducmus having reigned twenty years Chuniladanus succeeded him thought also to be the same with Saracus mentioned by Alexander Polyhistor Against him came (u) Herodotus lib. 1.102 c. Phraortes the son of Deioces in revenge of his father's death after he had first of all others subdued the Persians and the rest of Asia But his good fortune here forsook him and he perished with the greatest part of his Army in the 22 year of his reign His son Cyaxares succeeding is said to have been more puissant then his Ancestors and the first that distinguished the people of Asia into several Provinces and Souldiers into their several ranks of Pike-men Horsmen and those that used Darts He fought with the Lydians at which time so great an Eclipse of the Sun hapned that the day seemed to be turned into night Having brought to his obedience all Asia beyond the River Halys he gathered his forces together and went against Nineveh with intentions to destroy the Citie He overthrew the Assyrians in battel and besieged the place but it hapned at this time that a great Army of Scythians having driven the Cimmerians out of Europe The Scythians obtain Asia 28 years under conduct of Madyes the son of Protothya called otherwise Judathyrsus their King still followed them and from the Lake Maeâ—is leaving the Mountain Caucasus on their right hand pierced into Media 22. Cyaxares hereby was constrained to raise his siege went and gave them battel but was overthrown and lost the Dominion of Asia which the Scythians having obtained marched straight for Egypt Psammetichus the King met them on their way when they had new entred Palaestine and by good words backed with money prevailed with them to go no further They enjoyed the Dominion of Asia 28 years after the expiration of which term managing their affairs with as great neglect as formerly they had used diligence in polling and rifling the Countrey the greatest part of them being entertained by Cyaxares were made drunken and slain and the King recovered his Dominion Loose it During these things (x) Polyhistor apud Cedrenum vide Usserium in Annot. vet Test ad A. M. 3378. Nabopolassar a Babylonian and General to the Assyrian King contracted affinity with Astyages the son of Cyaxares and Governour of Media Nebucadnesar the son of Nabopolassar marrying Amylis daughter to Astyages The effect of this alliance was that they joyntly set upon Baracus or Chynaladanus in Niniveh and taking the Citie slew him therein after he had reigned 22 years At this time the Prophecies against Niniveh seem to be fulfilled in its destruction For in the latter end of the Greek book of Tobiaâ— it is written that Nebuchadonosor and Assuerus took Niniveh Tobias being yet alive who is said to have lived 127 years or as the Latine hath it 99. 95 having already passed from the taking of Samaria at which time he was carried Captive with his father into Assyria by Salmanasar Nabopolassar 23. Chynaladanus being dead Nabopolassar or Nabulassar obtained his Kingdom in the 123th year of Nabonasar according to (y) Magn. Syntax l. 5. c. 14. Ptolomy whose Canon of Kings also as to the term of years collected from the particular reign of each directly answereth to this account (z) 2 Kings 23. 2 Chron. 35. Against him came up Pharoh Necho and took Carchemish a Citie situate upon Euphrates killing Josiah the King of Judah who attempted to stop his passage He holding this Town the (a) Berosus apud Joseph lib. 1. contra Apionem Governour of Coelosyria and Phoenicia revolted from the
exceeding rich and therefore requiring large room Esau departed to his former possession of Mount Seir Providence so ordaining it that when the Israelites should afterwards come to inherit Canaan his posterity might neither be destroyed nor displaced He was otherwise called Edom Edom. and from him Idumaea took it's name which seemeth from Strabo to have also included the Country of the Nabataeans And likely enough it is that he who married the Sister of Nebaioth might joyn himself to them and praeside over them This is the famous Heroe Vide Fulleâ— Miscell 4. c. 20. from whom not onely Idumaea but also the adjoyning Erithraean Edomaean or Red Sea all signifying the same thing was so called being known to the Greeks by the name of Erythras the same with Edom. 15. Gen. 41. But two years after Joseph had interpreted the Dreams of the servants of Pharaoh he was called up out of prison to explain the meaning of one which the King himself had dreamed This A. M. 2290. betokening 7 years of great plenty to come and after them as many of famine and it being necessary as he hinted to Pharaoh to chuse out some wise Man who being set over the Land should gather and preserve the fruits of the Earth against the time of want Pharaoh made choice of him being about 30 years old for this purpose he appointed him next to himself Joseph advanced and gave him in marriage Asenath the Daughter of Potipherah Priest of On or Heliopolis where Strabo writeth that the Priests of old time had their habitation on which be begat Ephraim and * A. M. 2297. Manasses According to his praediction 7 most plentiful years ensued wherein he gathered into store-houses the Corn that abounded and after them came 7 other of famine which praevailed sore both in Aegypt and the neighbouring Countries of Canaan and Arabia Chap. 42 43 c. Jacob amongst others wanting provisions in the 2d year of the famine sent his Sons down into Aegypt to buy Corn. Joseph knowing them though undiscovered accused them for coming as Spies cast them into prison and dismissed them not till Simeon the eldest of those which conspired against his life was bound and left as an Hostage for their bringing down of Benjamin that so their story might be confirmed of their being one Man's Sons and that their youngest Brother was left behind The next year being pressed with famine they returned and Benjamin with them whom their Father was constrained to let go Now after some further terrifying of them he made himself known and sent for his Father down into Aegypt Jacob understanding of his Son's life and promotion whom he had given over of a long time Jacob goeth into Aegypt A. M. 2298. for dead gladly went down and with him 66 Souls besides his Sons Wives in the 3d year of the famine of the World the 2298th aged 130 years 16. By Pharaoh's consent Joseph placed them in the Land of Goshen Chap. 47. and there nourished them during the famine He sold to the Egyptians the Corn formerly treasured up and therewith purchased for the King all their Money Goods and Lands except the Lands of the Priests which were not alienated The grounds he afterwards granted to the former owners Chap. 48 49. paying the fifth part of the profit to Pharaoh's use After Jacob had lived in Aegypt 17 years he adopted the two eldest Sons of Joseph viz. Manasses and Ephraim of whom the younger he preferred before the elder He called his Sons together blessed them and told them apart what should befall them in their posterity From Reuben his first born he took the preheminence because he had defiled his bed and gave it to Judah A. M. 2315. He prophecied of Christ's coming Dieth commanded them to bury him in the Cave of Machpelah in the Land of Canaan with his Ancestors and then died at the age of 147 years in the year of the World 2315. Joseph caused his servants the Physitians to embalme Israel and a mourning of 70 dayes or 72 was observed for him which number in that Country was onely proper to Kings Then obtaining leave of Pharaoh he and his Brethren with a great company of Courtiers carried him into the Land of Canaan Gen. 50. and buried him there according to his will where they also mourned for him 7 dayes 17. Being returned into Aegypt Joseph forgave his Brethren the fault they formerly had committed against him which now they feared he would revenge after their Father's death and as long as he lived he nourished them and their children This space of time was 54 years after his Father's death at the end whereof having exhorted them to Unity and Concord foretelling them their departure out of Aegypt Joseph dieth and commanding them thence to carry his Bones he dyed at the age of 110 years A. M. 2370. when he had governed Aegypt under severall Kings the space of 80. Trogus Pompeâ—us as appeareth out of Justin * Lib. 36. c. 2. his Epitomizer wrote many things concerning him partly taken out of the Sacred History partly mixed with such Fables as the Heathen were not wanting to invent concerning the Jews Abram Moses and Israel are made by him Kings of Damascus which City took it's name from their Predecessor Israel had ten Sons to whom he committed the Kingdom and commanded them to call themselves Jews from Judah who died before the division and whose portion was divided amongst them all The youngest of the 10 Sons was Joseph whose excellent wit his Brothers fearing they sold him to some Marchants that carried him down into Aegypt Here learning the Magick Arts he became very dear to the King having skill in working Wonders and interpretation of Dreams moreover nothing either Divine or Humane was beyond his reach insomuch that he foretold the barrennesse of the ground severall years before it hapned and all Aegypt had perished with famine but that the King by his advice caused Corn to be treasured up many years finally such was his knowledge that his answers seemed rather the Oracles of a God then the replies of a Man Then followeth that Moses was his Son who being both wise and beautiful became a leader to such Aegyptians as were infected with scab and itch and so returned to Damascus the Country of his Ancestors Which lyes with others hereafter to be mentioned are to be attributed to the malice of the Aegyptians With the life of Joseph endeth the first Book of Moses his history called by the Greeks Genesis which containeth the account of 2369 years of the World The next to it in order of time the Book of Job is thought to be of which Moses also is reputed Author by the common consent and opinion of the Hebrews 18. After the death of Joseph and all that generation Exod. 1. the Children of Israel increased abundantly and grew exceeding mighty so
it need not seem incredible that from about 70 persons in the space of 210 years so many should proceed For if but one man in the thirtieth year of his Age should begin to be a father and had but in all ten Children Vide Jacob. Cappell ad A. M. 2293. who also with their posterity should beget at the same Age that one man before 200 years would have descended from him of the sixth Generation 1000000. of the fifth 100000. of the fourth 10000. of great Grand-Children 1000. of Grand-Children 100. and of Children 10. But that the Israelites began to be fathers before the Age of thirty is more then probable nature * Mea memoria in civitate Lactoratensi Novempopulaniae puer minor annorum duodecim genuit ex puella consobrina sua quae nondum decimum annum expleverat Rem notam narro cujus memoria adhuc recens est in Aquitania Pater hoc ipse de se patri meo testatus est quod alioqui tunc ne pueri quidem ignorabant Scaliger in Parei Deut. 1. sometimes not requiring half that time and there is ground sufficient to think that they often exceeded the number of ten Children The Scripture relateth Abdon to have had fourty sons Abizara thirty and as many daughters Gideon seventy sons and Ahab as many Aegyptus Danaus Priamus and Darius are reported to have had fifty Children Artaxerxes Justin relateth to have had 115. and Hierotimus 600. These things to add no more prove the great increase of the Israelites to have been possible in the course of Nature although not without an especial providence 2. Moses had gathered the people together as Josephus writeth about Ramesses the chief Citie of Goshen that they might be in a readinesse and thence they came to Succoth where was their second station Here Moses propounded the command of God concerning the annual observation of the Passeover The Passeover annually to be observed and the Consecration of the first born A ready way hence to the Land of Canaan would have been through that of the Philistins but because the Israelites were born in slavery and therefore had but low and poor spirits to exercise them to stir them up and lest for want of experience they should be so terrified as to return God lead them another and longer way From Succoth therefore they came to Etham in the end of the Desart in two dayes whither God conducted them by a Pillar of a Cloud by day and Pillar of fire by night that never forsook them till they came to the Borders of the promised Land From Etham they journeyed to Pihahiroth and thence to the Red-sea Hither Pharoh pursued them with all his Forces repenting he had let them go They were there exceedingly struck with terrour and murmured against Moses for bringing them out of Egypt In this extremity God divided the waters of the Red-sea which being as a Wall on both sides to them they passed over on dry ground The Egyptians essayed also to pursue them in this place but the Pillar then removed from before them and placed it self between them giving light to the Israelites The Israelites passe the Red-Sea but causing great darknesse to their Enemies Hereupon ensued great consternation and a pannick fear amongst the Egyptians which causing great disturbance the Lord also fought against them and they fled But then the waters returned to their place and overwhelmed them all so that neither Pharoh nor any one of his men escaped This place of the Red-sea being here not at all fordable the sole power of God procured their passage though Josephus to gain credit to the story from the incredulous Heathen Vide Strabonem l. 14. p. 666. D. taketh off from the miracle by an unsutable comparing of it to Alexander the Great his passing the shoar of the Pamphylian-Sea which at low water was ever bare and at other times not very deep 3. From the Red-Sea they journeyed three dayes through the Wildernesse of Etham which as it seemeth stretcheth forth it self to both the sides of the Sea where they found no water Thence they came to Marah where they found water but bitter and thence the place had its name which bitternesse was removed by the casting in of a certain Tree which God shewed to Moses From Marah they came to their fifth station at Elim where were twelve Fountains of water and seventy Palm-Trees and thence to the Red-Sea which name seemeth to be applied to some Bay or Creek thereof From the Sea they came into the desart of Sin where they pitched their Tents on the fifteenth day of the second moneth after their departure Quails and Manna Here murmuring for flesh Quails were rained down upon the Camp at evening and in the morning was there found Manna which continued every morning to fall all the fourty years they abode in the Wildernesse This Wildernesse of Sin being very large and reaching as far as Mount Sinai they had several stations in it The ninth was at Diphka the tenth at Alush the eleventh at Rephidim where the people again murmuring for water the Rock being struck by Moses gushed out into streams Whil'st they here continued Exod. 17. the Amalekites descended from Amalek who was the son of Eliphaz and Grand son of Esau fell in upon their rear and made slaughter of the weaker sort Moses against them sent Joshua the son of Nun he himself in the mean time praying to God in the Mount And as long as his hands were lifted up the Israelites overcame but when he let them down the Amalekites prevailed so that Aaron his brother and Hur his sister Miriam's husband bore them up till the going down of the Sun 4. In the third moneth they removed Chap. 19.20 and took up their station in the desart of Sinai over against the Mountain Horeh which 't is thought was some part of Sinai and here they continued almost a year to the 20th day of the second moneth of the next year Upon this Mountain God gave the Law of the ten Commandments in a terrible manner on the 50th day after their coming out of Egypt The Decalogue as * Hieronymus ad Fabiolum Leo Serm. 1. de Pentecoste some of the Ancients apprehended The day after several other Laws were promulgated as it were Commentaries upon the Decalogue both Judicial and Ceremonial Then Moses having Offered Sacrifice read the book of the Law to the people and made a Covenant betwixt God and them and went up into the Mount where he remained fourty dayes six in the lower and cloudy and 34 in the highest and fiery part In this space of time he received advice concerning the structure of the Tabernacle the Ornaments and Consecration of Priests c. From this familiar Conversing of God with Moses the Heathen Law-givers took occasion to feign such a priviledge to themselves As amongst the Getes Zamolxis gave out he received
two Laws from Vesta Zathraustes amongst the Arimaspians from a good Doemon Mneves amongst the Egyptians from Mercury Minos the Cretian from Jupiter Lycurgus the Lacedaemonian from Apollo and Numa the Roman from the Goddesse Egeria To this number * Biblioth l. 1. p. 59. B. in Margine Notat Diodorus out of Ethnick ignorance addeth Moses himself writing that he counterfeited conference with the god Jaus 5. But the people missing Moses so long a time and not knowing what was become of him raised a tumult and caused Aaron to make them a god that might go before them The Hebrews have a Tradition that Hur opposing this was slain but Aaron overcome with their furious importunity made them a molten Calf of Gold The molten Calf after the fashion of the Egyptians who Worshipped two Heifers Apis and Mnevis which they accounted gods Fourty dayes and as many nights being ended God gave Moses two Tables of stone wherein was written the Decalogue by his own finger Chap. 31. c. and sent him down telling him wherein his people were employed Moses something appeasing Gods wrath came down from the Mount SECT 2. but seeing them dance before the Calf in a great rage cast the Tables out of his hands and brake them He put the Calf into the fire and grinding it to pouder threw it into the Brook and made them to drink of the water then commanded the Levites to take every man his sword and slay his Neighbour so that of the people fell that day about 3000 men After this going up into the Mount the second time he interceded for the people and at his return removed the Tabernacle or Tent wherein he used to speak with God out of the Camp in token of the Lords displeasure He hewed two new Tables of stone like to the former and having given order for the making of an Ark of Wood and all things about the Tabernacle according to the pattern shewed him in the Mount he went up the third time and continued there fourty dayes and as many nights without eating any thing as before In this time God wrote anew the ten Commandments and being pacified renewed the league conditionally and proposed other Laws to the people When Moses returned his face shone so that he put thereon a vail when he spake to the multitude to which he declared Gods commands urged the observation of the Sabbath and the offering for making of the Tabernacle in the work whereof the latter part of this year was spent by Bezaleel and his Companions The Tabernacle reared 6. On the first day of the first moneth of the second year Chap. 40. was the Tabernacle reared and in this moneth were these things done which are spoken of in the third book of Moses called Leviticus On the fourteenth day was the passeover celebrated in the Wildernesse of Sinai Num. 19. On the first of the second moneth God commanded Moses to number all the Israelites Num. 1. except the Tribe of Levi from twenty years old to sixty the number of whom amounted to 603550. just so many as had been found seven moneths before when the contribution was to be made for the Tabernacle Chap. 10. On the 20th of the same moneth the Cloud which rested on the Tabernacle removed and they following it in four Armies came from the Wildernesse of Sinai to that of Paraâ— where they stayed 23 dayes in their 13th Mansion of Kibroth-Hattaavah Here the people weary of their Heavenly bread Chap. 23. lusted after the flesh of Egypt and were punished with a sudden fire which devoured many and was at length quenched by the prayer of Moses Chap. 11. Here also Moses complaining to God of the great burthen which lay upon him The Sanhedrim the Sanhedrim of the seventy Elders was instituted In this place moreover God gave the people Quailes for a whole moneth on which they surfeited so that a plague arose whil'st the flesh was yet betwixt their teeth and many perished Hence the place had its name of Kibroth-Hattaavah or the Sepulchers of concupiscence 7. From Kibroth-Hattaavah they removed to Hazeroth Chap. 12. where Aaron and Miriam spake against Moses about his wife Miriam struck with Leprosie Miriam for that was struck with Leprosie and cast out of the Camp till Aaron confessing their fault and interceding to Moses for her he prayed to God and she was healed She being after seven dayes received again into the Camp they removed Chap. 13. and came to Rithma near unto Cades-barnea in the same desart of Paran In the fifth moneth of the second year and the time of Vintage Caleb the son of Jephunne Joshua the son of Nun and ten other principal men were hence sent to spy the Land of Canaan The Spies search the Land After fourty dayes they returned bringing with them of the fruit of the Land Caleb and Joshuah incouraged the people but the rest utterly disheartned them causing them to dispair ever to possesse it because of the strength of the walled Towns and the Gyants which there lived This raised such a mutiny that they not onely murmured against Moses but spake of making them a Captain Chap. 14. and of returning into Egypt threatning to stone Caleb and Joshua who laboured to the contrary This so highly provoked the Lord that he threatned suddenly to destroy them and being prevailed with by Moses to mitigate his wrath denounced that none of twenty years and upwards should ever enter into the promised Land but wander up and down till their Carkeises fell in the Wildernesse except Caleb and Joshua And this sentence was presently executed upon the ten which had caused the sedition 8. When they had therefore now arrived at the borders of the promised Land they were commanded to turn back again into the Wildernesse towards the Red Sea But to make some amends as they thought for their late fear and cowardise The Israelites commanded to turn back they arose in the morning and against the expresse command of Moses went up into the Mountain to fight where the Amalekites and Canaanites that there inhabited smote and discomfited them even unto Hormah At their return they wept before the Lord but were not heard and upon this occasion and the death of those that fell daily in the Desart Moses as it 's thought composed the 90 Psalm wherein complaining of Humane frailty and shortnesse of life he signifieth that Man's age was reduced to 70 or 80 years and so now the third time was it as it were cut shorter by the halfe the two former having been immediatly after the Flood and again in the time of Phaleg at the division of the Earth 9. Thenceforth from their departure from Cades-Barnea are numbred 17 more stations in the Wildernesse of Paran wherein they spent 38 years wandring about till all the rebellious ones were consumed The things which hapned in those years cannot certainly
and fell by the Sword being added advance the number to 24000. Phineas the Son of Eliazar the Priest executing judgment upon Zimri an Israelite and Cozbi a Madianitish Woman in the act of Fornication the Wrath of God was thereby appeased and the Plague staied Moses numbereth the people 14. A little after God commanded Moses the third time to number the people In this space of 40 years all the Men of War were perished except Caleb and Joshua which amounted to the number of 603000. Yet was there by this time such a supply of young ones grown up that they almost equallized the number of their Fathers there being found 601730 from 20 years old and upwards besides 23000 Levites reckoned from a moneth old After this Moses by Gods command sent Phineas with 12000 Men against the Midianites who had conspired with the Moabites against them Chap. 31. He destroyed them and amongst them Balaam the Soothsayer Balaam slain who as it appeareth was not yet returned The Women they brought away Captives whereof the Married-ones they slew and kept the Virgins for themselves Now were the Lands of Sihon King of the Ammorites and Og King of Bashan Chap. 32. divided amongst the Reâ—benites The land beyond Jordan divided Gadites and the half Tribe of Manasses on this condition that they should accompany their bretheren over the River Jordan and assist them in the conquest of the Land of Canaan so long as need should require 15. The time now drew near that Moses must dye being not to passe over into the Land of Canaan Therefore in the 11th moneth of the 40th year he made a repetition of the Law to the people Deut. 1 c. related God's benefits bestowed on them and exhorted them to obedience The Law he wrote in a Book and commanded it to be read every 7th year at the Feast of Tabernacles He also at the command of God wrote a Song concerning the future Idolatry and afflictions of the Israelites Joshua being then ordained Captain of the people in his stead he ascended from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo part of the Mountains of Abarim Deut. Ult. and whose top is called Phasga or Pâ—sgah looking towards Jericho There God having shewn him the Land of Canaan from the one side to the other Moses dieth A. M. 2548. he died some 5 months after Aaron being 120 years old the third part of which time saving one moneth he spent as * Antiq. l. 4. Josephus writeth in Government in the 40 year ending after he had brought the Israelites out of Aegypt the year of the World 2548. God buried him in the Valley of Moab over against Beth-Peor and no Man knoweth of his Sepulcher to this day Concerning his body a contest hapned between Michael the Arch-Angel and the Devill the reason of which is thought to be because Satan would have had the place thereof known that the people might be drawn to Idolatry out of reverence to so great a person The Israelites mourned for him 30 dayes and with his life endeth the Pentateuch or his five Books The Book of Joshua followeth taking it's beginning from the 41th of the departure out of Aegypt and the 2549th year of the World 16. Whilst the Israelites were still mourning for Moses Josh 1 2 3 4 Chapters the two Spies were sent over Jordan as some think to search the Land The next morning after their return the whole Host removed from Shittim and came to Jordan where they lodged that night and the next day passed over the River As soon as the feet of the Priests which bare the Ark touched the water it fell off on both sides and made a way so that they went over on dry ground the floods not returning to their place so long as the Ark remained in the channel On the 10th day of the first moneth Nisan they arrived in the Land of Canaan The Israelites passe over Jordan into the Land of Canaan and took up their first Mansion at Gilgal A. M. 2549. ineunte Chap. 5. not far from Jericho Here it 's thought the next day God commanded that all the Males should be circumcised this Sacrament being omitted ever since they left Mount Sinai because they were in constant expectation of travell upon which account neither had they kept the Passeover since that time Three dayes they rested and on the fourth they did ear the Passeover and the day following unleavened bread of the Corn of the Land at which time Manna ceased after it had continued 40 years 17. The first place they fell upon with War was the City of Jericho Chap. 6. which having compassed with the Ark seven dayes on the seventh the walls fell down of their own accord the City was taken and all therein put to the Sword except the Family of Rahab she having harboured the Spies had security promised from them whom Salmon of the Tribe of Judah married to whom she bare Boaz. Jericho destroyed All the goods found therein were also accursed nothing thereof to be made prey which Law Achan transgressing Chap. 7 8 9. caused Israel to be discomfited at Ai and for that was first stoned and then burnt with all that belonged to him The Kings of Canaan startled at Josua's successe combined against him but the Gibeonites fearing the worst counterfeited a Message to him as from a far Countrey and procured safety to themselves and posterity yet such as slavery was joyned therewith Adonsedek King of Jerusalem and the Kings of Hebron Jarmuth Lachish and Deber enraged hereat conspired against them and fell upon their Citie to the relief whereof Joshua being called raised the siege and prosecuting his victory against the Kings at his command the Sun stood still over Gibeon Chap. 10. and the Moon in the Valley of Ajalon The Sun and Moon stand still Upon which strange miraculous accident this is observed that Ajalon being scarce a German mile Westward of Gibeon the Moon as 't is probable was then decreasing or in the wane and Codomannus these two Luminaries standing still and moving together the Astronomical account was thereby nothing at all disturbed 18. Joshua drave the five Kings to that streight that they hid themselves in a Cave at Makkeda where after he had utterly vanquished and destroyed their Armies Joshua vanquisheth the Kings he took them and killing them hanged their Carcases on five Trees till Sun-set then cast them into the Cave and laid a great heap of stones thereon Chap. 11. c. After their death he warred with many other petty Kings as with the King of Libnah Lachish Gezer Eglon Hebron and the rest there was not one Citie that made peace with Israel save the Hivites the inhabitants of Gibeon all others they took in battel and utterly destroyed except such as it pleased God to reserve for a lash and scourge wherewith to reduce them
reigned seventeen years he died and left his Kingdom to his Son Ioash Joash who also reigned with him about three years for that he began his reign in the 37th year of Ioash King of Iudah A. M. 3159. Joasi 37. and is held by the Jews to be that Deliverer mentioned to have been sent by God He overcame the Syrians thrice as dying Elisha foretold him whom he visited and consulted about the affairs of his Kingdom and thereby recovered the Cities lost to Hazael by his Father Upon the occasion formerly mentioned he took Ierusalem with Ahaziah the King of Iudah and breaking down the wall of the City 400 cubits plundred the House of the Lord and the Kings house He also was guilty of Ieroboam's sin and died after he had reigned together with his Father and by himself sixteen years Jeroboam the Second 10. His Son came after him Ieroboam by name Chap. 14. whom God made instrumental to preserve Israel nay to raise it to the highest top of greatnesse it arrived at For he recovered Damascus and Hamath A. M. 3175. Amatziae 16. which had by right belonged to the Tribe of Iudah with whatsoever the Syrians had taken from his Predecessors from the antient border of the entrance of Hamath to the Sea of the Plains or the Lake Asphaltites as Ionas the Prophet the Son of Amitthai had foretold the same with him that prophecyed against Ninive being of Gath-Hepher a Town of the Tribe of (k) Josh 19.13 Zebulon in (l) Isa 9.1 Galile of the Gentiles out of which therefore arose a Prophet though the learned Pharisees so earnestly urged the contrary to Nicodemus In this King's dayes also prophecied Hosea and Amos called from the Herd in Iudaea to prophecy to the people of Israel Notwithstanding all that God did for Ieroboam he did evil also in his sight accompanying his Ancestors in the sin of Ieroboam the son of Nebat He reigned 41 years 2 Kings 25. and after his death the affairs of his Kingdom fell to decay way being made for the ruine of his house and an Anarchie insuing for 24 years For so it must be if Zacharias his Son began not his reign till the 38th of Uzziah King of Iudah Zachariah A. M. 3238. Hazariae 38. the last of Ieroboam falling in with the 14th of this King seeing Uzziah is said to have begun his reign in the 27th of his and he reigned 41 years This may well seem strange in this Kingdom where Princes were often made away by Usurpers but God had promised Iehu that his Children should reign to the fourth Generation and this Zacharias might be a posthumus or however very young and therefore not admitted by the Nobility to govern till he had attained to such ripenesse as was convenient for so great a charge 11. Zachariah doing evil in the sight of the Lord as did his Ancestors reigned but six moneths Shallum being then slain by Shallum the Son of Iabesh who reigned in his stead in the 39th year of Azariah King of Iudah He enjoyed his usurped royaltie but a short space being after two moneths served so himself by Menahem the Son of Gadi Menahem who also reigned in his stead Menahem smote Tiphsah and all that were therein with the Coasts thereof from Tirzah because they opened not to him and ripped up the Women with child He did evil in the sight of the Lord not departing from the sin of Ieroboam all his dayes wherefore God stirred up the Spirit of Pul King of Assyria Pul King of Assyria invadeth Israel who invaded the Land but he gave him 1000 talents of Silver which he wrested from the richest of his Subjects to confirm the Kingdom in his hand After he had held it ten years he died and his Son Pekahiah reigned in his stead in the 50th year of Azariah so that Menahem having begun his reign in the 39th of that King and reigning but ten years here seemeth an Inter-regnum of a year or more to have happened after his death except that be admitted which some think viz. that Menahem did not peaceably enjoy the Kingdom till about a year after Shallum's death Pekahiah purchasing it then of Pul so that beginning his reign in the 39th of Azariah or Uzziah A. M. 3250. Haraziae 50. must be understood peaceably and in that year ending Then must Pekahiah have begun his reign in the very beginning of the 50th year and so a few moneths being added to the ten years of Menahem at the furthest there will be no need of an Inter-regnum Pekahiah treading in the wicked steps of his Praedecessors reigned two years and then was slain by Pekah the Son of Remaliah one of his Captains who possessed himself of his Seat Pekah 12. Pekah joyned with the King of Syria against Ahaz King of Judah slew in Judah 120000 in one day all valiant Men because they had forsaken the Lord God of their Fathers Zichri a mighty Man of Ephraim 2 Chron. â—8 slew Maaseiah the King's Son Azrikam the Governour of the house and Elkanah that was next the King Two hundred thousand were also carried Captive with much spoil all which Oded the Prophet when they came to Samaria procured to be sent back This made Ahab purchase the help of Tiglath-Pileser King of Assyria 1 Chron. â— 26 who first destroying the King and Kingdom of Damascus caried the inhabitants thereof into Captivity and then came against Pekah and transported the Reubenites The Reubenites Gadites and the half Tribe of Manasses carried Captives into Assyria Gadites and the half Tribe of Manasses into Halah Habor Hara and to the River Gozan then crossing Jordan he set upon Galilee and caried away the Inhabitants thereof with all the Napthalites which remained of those that were left by Benhadad into Assyria Pekah doing evil in the sight of the Lord after he had reigned twenty years was slain by Hosea the Son of Elah who usurped the Kingdom 13. Hoshea the 19th King of Israel began his reign in the 12th year of Ahaz King of Judah who reigned seven or eight years with his Father Jotham 2 Kings 17.18 A. M. 3272. Achazi 12. and began to reign by himself in the 17th year of Pekah Hoshea the nineteenth last King of Israel so that Hosea may truly be said to have began his reign in the 20th year from the inauguration of Jotham which we must say except we allow of a kind of Inter-regnum for eight or nine years during which time Hoshea for the stirs that hapned could not peaceably enjoy the Kingdom and then must we lenghthen out the time of this Kingdom longer by so many years Hoshea did evil in the sight of the Lord but not as the Kings of Israel which were before him Against him came up Salmanasser King of Assyria and made him his tributary Vassal which he continued for
seem to be removed out of its place A Navy he provided out of all the Sea-Coasts of his Empire to the number of above 1200 Vessels which he commanded to meet at Cuma and Phocaea and having out of all his Provinces gathered great multitudes of horse and foot at length he moved from Susa in the fourth year of the 74th Olympiad and in the fifth year not after the Egyptian expedition as Herodotus hath it but of his reign All the land forces met at Critalae with which he passed the River Halys and came to Celaenae a Citie of Phrygia where Pythius the Lydian or Biâ—thynian as Pliny will have him entertained him and his Army presented him with a vast summe of money which he returned with advantage And so at length he came to Sardis whence he sent into Greece to demand earth and water as Symboles of subjection Idem ibid. Capp 22 23 c. The Navy was come to the Chersonesus by this time which that it might shun the inconvenience which that formerly Governed by Mardonius had incurred by sayling about the Mountain or Promontory of Athos he caused the Mountain to be cut off from the main by a Ditch so broad as two Vessels might sayl a breast through which the whole Navy passed And wintring this year at Sardis He wintereth at Sardis he commanded a Bridge to be laid over the Hellespont a mile over wanting an 8th part which being shattered and broken by a great Tempest he took so hainously as he commanded 300 stripes to be given the Sea and a pair of Fetters to be cast into it in token of servitude and causing the heads of the work-men to be cut off ordered other Bridges to be made 31. In the beginning of the Spring he moved from Sardis with his whole Army and came to Abydus Ibid. Capp 37 38 c. the day being turned into night by a sudden darknesse though no stars appeared at his setting forth with which portentous thing being no true eclypse Pythius who formerly entertained him was so terrified that of his five sons listed in the Army he desired the eldest as the comfort of his old age might be left to him at which the King was so angry that he commanded the young man to be cut in two and the parts so to be laid asunder that the Army might passe betwixt them When he was come to Abydus he had an extream desire to view all his forces for which purpose he had an high ascent raised for him where he also desired to see a Sea-fight which in shew was performed and wherein the Sidonians had the better with the sight hereof and all his Land forces on the shore he was elevated into a great passion of joy apprehending of how many thousands he was Master and then presently again into another of weeping the cause of which Artabanus his Uncle demanding who had thus far accompanied him he told him it was in thinking that of so many thousands not a man should be alive 100 years after Hence that wise old man took occasion to discourse to him most gravely of the vanity and miseries of this life and being again importuned to tell his opinion concerning the expedition did it with the same faithfulnesse as formerly after which he sent him back to Susa to Govern as his Deputy in his absence Passeth over into Europe 32. Then prepared he for his passage into Europe Ibid. Capp 52 53 c. and having performed his Heathenish Devotions to the Sun by one of the Bridges bending towards the Euxine passed over his horse and foot and by another inclining towards the Aegean his slâ—ves and beasts seven dayes and as many nights being taken up in the passage The Fleet sayled Westward to the Promontory of Sarpedon the Land forces marching through the Chersonesus of Thrace to Agora and so bore down towards the Bay of Melana A.M. 3525. Olymp. 75. an 1. V.C. 274. Xerxis 6. where a River of the same name failed them in drinking as Scamander and several others in Asia are said to have done before Passing over and moving Westward they came to Doriscus where being a vast plain watered with the great River Hebrus there they pitched their Tents and Xerxes mustered his whole Army both by Land and Sea 33. The greatest number of men it contained that ever were seen listed under the Banners of one man Herodotus lib. 8. cap. 60 87. Diodorus l. 11. ad Olymp. 75. an 1. Ctesias in excerptis Orosius lib. 1. cap. 10. Aelian lib. 13. cap. 3. Corn. Nep. in Themistoc Plin. lib. 33. cap. 10. Isocrat in Paratheniaco but yet great is the variety found in Writers about the true number Herodotus writeth of 1700000 foot and 80000. Horse besides Camels and Chariots Diodorus Siculus not half so many foot viz. 800000. and yet what he assigns to the foot Ctesias attributeth to the whole Army which he writeth to have consisted of 80 Myriads besides Chariots Justin from Trogus and Orosius out of him reckons 700000 men out of his own Dominions and 300000 Auxiliaries Aelian writeth of 700000 in all Corneliu Nepos of 700000 foot and 400000. perhaps rather 40000 Horse Pliny 788000 for the name of Darius Xerxes being to be read and Isocrates agreeth with Aelian mentioning onely 700000 in all As for the Navy there were found 1207 beaked ships and other Vessels for carrying of Horses and for other uses 3000. according to Herodotus from whom Diodorus little dissenteth as to the number of the Gallies writing there were found above 1200 of them to which he addeth 850 Horse-boats and other Vessels of burthen of 30 Oars a piece 3000. with the former agreeth Ctesias though often dissenting and Cicero with the later Isocrates and Lysias Orosias mentions 1200 beaked Gallies and 3000 Vessels of burthen and as for that place in Justin which encreaseth the number of the Fleet to 10000. there is no doubt of its corruption Herodotus by giving 200 men to every Gally and furnishing all the other Vessels conjectures 517610 men to have been bestowed in the whole Fleet so that at this muster the Land and Sea-forces being added together with the 20000 Arabians that drove Camels and the Libyans the Chariots at this rate would amount to 2317610. besides slaves and others that followed the Camp 34. Notwithstanding all this number he commanded all the Nations in his passage from Doriscus towards Greece to march along with him so that hereby came an accession of 120 ships to his Fleet to which giving 200 men a piece the number will amount to 24000. and to his Land Army another of 30 Myriads or 300000 men as Herodotus gathereth though Diodorus thinketh lesse something then 20 Myriads and so the whole number of his Asian and Europaean Souldiers would on this account amount to 2641610. and yet he thinketh the number of slaves and attendants to have rather exceeded this so that if it onely be doubled
her breasts nose ears lips and tongue and in this case sent her home Masistes inraged at this barbarous usage conspired vvith his Children how to be revenged and resolved to fly into Bactria of vvhich he vvas Governour then to stir up that Province and the Sacae vvith vvhom he vvas very gracious into rebellion against his brother But Xerxes coming to the knowledge of the matter sent a party after him vvhich cut him off vvith his Children and all his retinue These things hapned about a year after his return with which endeth the history of Herodotus the Father of history as Cicero called him seeing he is the most antient of all Heathen Writers now extant 70. The same year being the third of the 75th Olympiad Diodorus ad Olymp. 75. an 3. Thucid. lib. 1. and the eighth of the reign of Xerxes a year after the finishing of the Median War so called by the Graecians the Lacedaemonians sent Pausanias famous for his Generalship at the battel of Plataea to set at liberty such Greek Cities as yet were under the Persian who accordingly with 50 Gallies set sail out of Peloponnesus and taking 30 more out from Athens commanded by Aristides first went to Cyprus where he set at liberty such Towns as were yet held by Persian Garrisons and thence to the Hellespont where he took Byzantium and therein many Noble prisoners of the Persians whom he delivered to one Gangylus an Eretrian to be kept as he pretended to be put to death but indeed to restore them to Xerxes For he sent this man secretly to the King and bargained for his daughter to be given him in marriage to betray Sparta and all into his hands He gladly received the message and wrote back again to him by Artabazus the son of Pharnaces whom he sent to the Sea-Coasts to hold intelligence with him and for that purpose gave him the Government of Dascylis recalling Magabates who was over that Province But Pausanias growing more insolent hereupon was suspected and afterwards at length discovered and punished for his treason as farther is to be discovered in it's proper place 71. In the third year of the 77th Olympiad and the sixteenth of Xerxes Diodorus ad Olymp. 77. an 3. Demotion beng Archon or chief Magistrate at Athens the Athenians made choise of Cimon the son of Miltiades for their General and with a considerable force sent him into the Maritime Coasts of Asia with order to relieve the Associates and set at liberty such as were still under the slavery of Persian Garrisons He bends his course towards Byzantium and took Eione and Scyrus inhabited by Pelasgians and Dolopians and divided the grounds thereof by lot then casting in his mind greater designes sailed back to the Piraeus and furnishing himself with more ships increased his Navie to the number of 200 to which he added of the associates 100 more and with all this power sailed towards Caria Here all the Maritime Greek Cities revolted to him and what did not he subdued by strong hand which having done he sailed to Lycia where he had the same successe and now requiring ships to be provided by such as had joyned themselves in society with the Athenians he thereby mightily increased his Navie 72. The Persians now levied both a Land and Sea-Army the former within themselves and the latter out of Phoenicia Cyprus and Cilicia Vide Plutarch in Cimone the General being Tithraustes the base son of Xerxes who by some other is said to have only had command of the Fleet and that Phaerendates was over the Land-forces though this place by another is given to Ariomandes the son of Gobryas Cimon having made discovery that the Persian Fleet rode nigh to Cyprus sailed thither and with 250 ships made head against 340 whereupon ensued a sharp fight both parties fighting with great courage and animosity till at length the Athenians overpowerd the other and spoiling many of their Vessels took about 100 with the men in them the rest escaping to Land at Cyprus the men saved themselves by flight but the ships fell into the hands of the Graecians Cimon not contented with this Victory sailed towards the Land-Army of the Persians then lying upon the River Eurymedon Idem ibid. Diodorus ut prius Polyaenus l. 1. Frontinus Stratag lib. ult cap. ult exempl ultim To deceive the Enemy he put his most valiant men aboard those Vessels lately taken in the fight adorned and clothed after the Persian fashion so that the Persians not doubting at all but that it was their own Fleet kindly welcomed these counterfeits as their friends Hereby Cimon received as such landed his men by night and fell upon the Enemies Camp whence ensued great fear and tumult his men presently killing all they meet and amongst the rest Pheredates Nephew to the King by his brother Of the common sort many were slain others sorely wounded and shortly all put to flight yet they knew not by whom not suspecting the Graecians to have any Land-Army and therefore concluding themselves surprized by the Pisidians upon whom they bordered 73. Suspecting therefore this storm to come from the continent they betook themselves to their ships and the Moon then not shining and the night being very dark the error was the more increased so that not discerning any thing they ran upon their own ruine and great slaughter was made of them on all sides All things being thus in confusion the Graecian General fearing the straggling of his Soldiers too far for booty according to former order that when he set out a Light they should all come back to that place gave out that sign by the ships upon sight of which they withdrew themselves thither Notwithstanding these two Victories which in some sence seemed to excel those of Salamina and Plaâ—aea being fought on the same day yet would he add one thing more as a supplement to them Plutarch ibid. Understanding that 80 Phoenician ships expected as Plutarch saith by the Navy at Eurymedon which was the cause why he set upon it so soon being unwilling they should joyn to be arrived at Hydrus he sailed hastily thither where as yet the news had not arrived but now the Phoenicians suspecting the truth and thereby discouraged he easily overcame took and sunk all their ships and therein the greatest part of themselves miscarried Hereupon ensued a certain agreement betwixt the King and the Graecians 74. The next thing considerable concerning Xerxes is his death Diodorus ad Olymp. 78. an 4. Justin lib. 3. cap. 1. Ctesiac placed in the fifth year after the former transactions by Diodorus There was one Artabanus an Hyrcanian by birth of great power about him as Captain of his Guard who consulted about making him away and transferring the Kingdom to himself and for that purpose inveagled Mithridates the Eunuch the King's Chamberlain by whom being let in by night with his seven sons they strangled him in his bed Hee reigned 21
departed with his men towards Ionia another way The Carducians a warlike Nation and at Enmity with the King and much exercised in slinging of great and massie stones Xenoph. lib. 4 Diorus much disturbed the Graecians in their passage of their Country and in the passing the Mountains thereof were spent seven dayes With great difficulty and danger having passed it they went over the River Centritis into Armenia of which Artabazus being then Governour entred into league with them and suffered them quietly to passe but in travelling thorow the Mountains they were near all being overwhelmed in the snow the discerning of wayes being taken away thereby The whole Army had perished also by extream cold had they not light upon some Villages near hand wherein being furnished with plenty of necessaries they refreshed themselves The houses stood within the ground into which the Men descended by stairs and their Cattel by desents made for that purpose Having here stayed eight dayes they journyed thence to the River Phasis 46. Having continued four dayes at this River they marched through the Country of the Tacchi and Phasiani by whom being opposed they fought and made great slaughter of them and then seized upon their Villages which were plentifully furnished with such things as they wanted they there rested fifteen dayes Thence marching through the Territories of the Chalcidensians in seven encampings they came to the River Harpasus and thence coming into the Plains of the Tascutin they there refreshed themselves three dayes and proceeding in four encampings they arrived at a great City called Gymnasia The Prince of this Country entring into a League with them furnished them with Guides to the Sea of which after fifteen dayes being got up to the hill Chenius they got a sight afar of at which the Front shouted so for joy that those in the Rear thinking they had been set upon by some Enemy prepared themselves for a Fight and there laid they a great heap of stones as a Monument to Posterity of the spoils obtained from the Barbarians and the immortal memory of their Expedition 47. Then came they into the Country of the Macri with whom they made a League by taking and receiving a Spear according to the custom of these Barbarians Having got over their Mountains they came into the Territories of the Coleti where a great multitude opposing them they made no small slaughter of the Inhabitants and made great spoil where they found a kind of Honey of which whosoever did eat became according to the quantity eaten drunken mad or as dead but the next day at the same hour returned to their right Senses and after three or four dayes arose as having received some Medicine Thence in two encampings they come to Trapezond a Graecian City well inhabited They came to Trapezond upon the Euxine Sea situate upon the Euxine Sea being a Colony of the Sinopeans placed in the Colchian Country Here Jason with his Companions are reported to have arrived with their ship Argos They sacrifized to Hercules and Jupiter and celebrated Games of Exercise Exped Cyri l. 5. and hence was Cherisophus sent to Byzantium to provide ships for the transportation of them home and for him here they staied thirty dayes but after that term he returning not their provisions growing scarce Diodorus ut suprà though they had made excursions both by Sea and Land they put on shipboard having obtained a little shipping of the Trapezuntans the sick all those above forty years of age with the women and children and passed in three dayes to Cerasunt a Graecian City situate upon the Sea being also a Colony of the Sinopeans in the Colchian Country Here they remained ten dayes and taking a muster found 8600 remaining of those that ascended with Cyrus into Persia the rest being consumed by the Enemies hand or Snow or sicknesse Here also they divided the money that arose out of the sale of Captives the tenth part of which the Officers took into their hands being severed as an offering to be made to Apollo and Diana of Ephesus every one keeping and preserving a share for his gods 48. From Cerasunt they came into the Country of the Mesynecans the veriest Barbarians they had met with in the whole journy which they passed by force in eight encampings and in three more that of the Tibarenes through which they came to Cotyora a Graecian Colony also of the Sinopaeans Thus far the Army marched on foot the whole length of the retreat from the place of the battel in the Babylonian Territories hither being 122 encampings 620 parasangs 10820 furlongs 1352 miles and something more At Cotyora they continued 50 dayes making encursions upon the neighbouring people of Paphlagonia Then the Heracleans and Synopeans a Colony of the Milesians in Paphlagonia furnished hem with shipping into which they put themselves and their baggage and sailed away Xenoph. lib. 6. Diodorus Cherisophus meeting them with a few Vessels Holding on their course they sailed by Jason's shore where the Ship Argo is said to have anchored and by the mouths of the Rivers Thermodon Halys Parthenius by which after they had passed they arrived at Heraclea a Graecian City and Colony of the Megaraeans situate in the Territory of the Maryandens and came to anchor near the Cherronnesus or Peninsula of Acherousia where Hercules is said to have fetcht the Dog Cerberus out of Hell the marks being there shewn of his descent and the depth of the place being more than two furlongs 49. Here the Soldiers through the perswasion of Lycen an Achaian making unreasonable demands of money from the Heracleans they shut their gates upon them They part asunder at Heraclea and provided for their own defence which bred a sedition in the Army so that they parted asunder The Arcadians and Achaeans being more than 4500 all heavy armed sailed away first having got shipping of the Heracleans that falling sodainly upon the Bithynians they might prevent the rest and make the greatest prey Cherisophus a little before chosen General having 1300 armed and 700 Peltasts who were the Thracians that followed Clearchus marched on foot from Heraclea and as soon as he entred Thrace led along by the Sea-coast being now sick and presently dead of a Medicine he took in an Ague Xenophon with 1700 Armed 300 Peltasts and 40 Horse taking shipping landed in the confines of Thrace and marched through the midst of the Land With great difficulty passed they through the Country on foot the Thracians of Asia and the Bithynians grievously afflicting them till meeting together again they resolved no more to part and decreed it should be death for any one to move such a thing Then came they safe though with great difficulty to Chrysopolis a City in Chalcedonia whence without much trouble some returned home Xenoph. l. 7. Diodorus others were employed by Seuthes the King of Thrace and after that Thymbro joyning them to the rest
whom he was honourably received and bountifully entertained having three Cities given him one for bread another for wine and a third for victuals to which others add two more for Clothes and Linnen and died at length at Magnesia a natural death though some wrote that seeing he was not able to perform his promise to the King of Conquering Greece which by this time had many expert Captains amongst whom of most especial note was Cimon he poysoned himself And of Aristides 8. (a) Corn. Nepos Plutarch in Aristide Four years after the banishment of Themistocles died Aristides whose moderation and abstinency herein appeared that having born such Offices SECT 1. yet he died so poor that he scarcely left wherewith to be buried Thucyd. lib. 1. yet so gratefull was the State towards his memory that his Children were provided for at the publick charge Eight years after the battel of Plataea Cimon being sent out by the Athenians obtained in one day two notable victories at Sea and Land over the Persians at Eurymedon a River in Pamphylia which brought him and the State no little credit After this they fell out with the Thasians who by their Colonies had taken possession of the rich Mines of Silver and Gold The Thasians envied by the Athenians for the Mines which were in that part of Thrace lying upon Macedonia betwixt the two Rivers Strymon and Nyssus For these Mines the Athenians envied them and raised such a contention that they withdrew themselves from the association whereupon they presently commenced War against them and overthrew them in a Sea-fight and afterwards besieged them by Land The Lacedaemonians distressed The Thasians besieged sent to the Spartans desiring them to invade Attica thereby to divert the Athenians from them and having promised they were ready to perform it but that they were hindred by an Earth-quake which sorely afflicted them and whereupon the publick slaves called Helotes of the posterity of the Messenians took their opportunity Diodorus ad Olymp 77. ann 4. Thucyd. and rebelling seized upon Ithome in the Territories of Messenia being acted by that impression which Pausanias not long before had made upon them 9. The Spartans much distressed by this rebellion having lost 2000 men by the Earth-quake besides a great losse in their buildings after three years the Thasians were no longer able to hold out and yielded to such hard conditions as the Athenians laid upon them The Lacedaemonians proceeding but slowly in their War sent to the Athenians for aid which was sent them but through sinister suspicions they sent it back again and this was taken as an affront by the Athenians The beginning of malice betwixt the Athenians and Lacedaemonians who were very much moved at it This was the beginning of that mutual malice and enmity which thenceforth passed betwixt these two States and proved the rise of abundance of mischief For the Athenians presently after the return of their men forsook the League which they had entred into with the Spartans against the common Enemy and made an Alliance with the Argives their Adversaries in which they also comprehended the Thessalians And they that were besieged in Ithame at length in the tenth year being forced to yield and banished Peloponnesus by the Spartans the Athenians kindly received them with their Wives and Children and gave them Naupactus to inhabit which they had lately taken from the Locrians called * Vide Strah lib. 9. pag. 427. Ozolae A little after this another great accession was made to the strength of the Athenians and that with the detriment of the Spartans for the inhabitants of Megara Neighbours to the former being falln upon with War by the Corinthians betook themselves to them for aid though heretofore they had been the Allies of Sparta This opportunity the Athenians imbraced The beginning of the hatred betwixt Corinth and Athens and thereby got Megara into their hands with Paga a Mart-Town adjoyning to it and fortifying Megara as far as Nisaea upon the Sea therein placed a Garrison of their own And this was also the beginning of that inveterate hatred betwixt Corinth and Athens 10. During the War betwixt the Lacedaemonians and their slaves Diodorus ad Olymp. 78. ann 1. hapned another in Peloponnesus betwixt the Argives and the inhabitants of Mycenae upon this occasion The Mycenaeans standing high upon the antient Eminency of their Citie would not be subject to the Argives as the other Cities of Argolis were but would live according to their own Laws and Customs The Mycenaeans and Argives fall out having nothing to do with the Commonwealth of Argos Moreover they contended with them about the Temple and Rites of Juno challenged to themselves the Right of Administring the Nemaean Games and whereas during the War with Xerxes the Argives had made an order not to help the Lacedaemonians at Thermopylae except they would yield them part of the Command the Mycenaeans alone joyned themselves to them These things made the Argives jealous that their power increasing with the return of their antient spirit they would contend with them for Empire it self and therefore of a long time they desired to destroy their Citie SECT 2. Now seeing they had a good opportunity whilest the Spartans being busied at home could affoard them no relief they raised a great Army out of their own and the Neighbouring Cities and therewith setting upon them overthrew them Mycenae destroyed and laid close siege to Mycenae They stoutly resisted for some time but being exhausted by the War and the Lacedaemonians being busied with the Helotes and lately distressed by the Earth-quake not being able to relieve them the Defendants being most spent the Citie was taken and levelled with the ground the inhabitants being made slaves and the tenth part of them consecrated to the god of Argos So this Citie happy in more antient times a Nurse of famous men and renowned for worthy exploits was brought to destruction and continued desolate to the time wherein our Author lived 11. The difference raised betwixt the Athenians and Corinthians Thucyd. lib. 1. about Megara proceeded so far as the former invaded Peloponnesus and joyning battel with the Corinthians and Epidaurians were worsted Diodorus ad Olymp. 80. ann 2. 3. but engaging the second time at the Island Cecryphalea obtained a victory Not long after the War betwixt the Athenians and the inhabitants of Aegina was again renewed wherein the former obtained a great victory at Sea and took seventy Vessels from the Islanders and then besieged the Citie to the relief of which 300 men were sent out of Peloponnesus Now the Corinthians judging it a fit season to be doing something The difference betwixt the Athenians and Corinthians about Megara renewed for that they were both occupied in the War of Aegina and Egypt also where their Forces were assisting Inarus the son of Psammitichus against Artaxerxes invaded the
grounds being seized on by the Thebans This was the fortune of the Plataeans who thought they might have had some favour shewed them for the merits of their Ancestors in the Median War after they had continued 93 years in the society with Athens and no more is to bee heard of them till Plataea was rebuilt by Alexander the Great A lamentable sedition at Corcyra 17. During these things a most lamentable sedition hapned at Corcyra part of the Citizens being for Popular Government and the rest for that of a few or the most potent the former trusting to the aid of the Athenians as conformable to their policy and the other to the Peloponnesians Twice within the City did they fight and both the Athenians and Peloponnesians sent their Fleets to the assistance of their Friends but the Athenians being stronger at Sea and sending 60 Gallies more to the help of the former Navy the Peloponnesian withdrew themselves having onely lightly skirmished with the Enemy in the sight of Corcyra before the latter Fleet arrived Then those for the Popular Government strengthned by the assistance of the Athenians cruelly raged against their adversaries no mercy being shewn to such as took Sanctuary or hung upon the Altars neither from Parents to their own Children insomuch that the City was almost shaken to pieces and made desolate and a grievous Sedition indeed came afterwards proverbially to be termed a Corcyraean And it was not onely fatal to Corcyra but to all Greece besides being drawn into example by other States which afterwards broke out into factions Stirs in Sicilie of which the Athenians make advantage 18. At the same time the Greek Cities in Sicilie fell into dissentions some being of the Dorick and others of the Ionick faction the head of the former Syracuse and of the latter Leontium which two made War upon each other The Leontines craved aid of the Athenians for that they were not onely of the Ionian stock but conjoyned with them in an ancient League of confederacy The Athenians willingly took the opportunity to get some footing in Sicilie to hinder thereby the exportation of Corn thence into Peloponnesus and especially to make way for their power and dominion there At the end of Summer they sent thither twenty Gallies In Winter these ships assisted with ten more from Rhegium in Italy invaded the Aeolian Islands near to Sicilie and wasted such as refused to yield At the same Season the Plague began again at Athens which took away a great number of Soldiers but much greater of the common people Earthquakes also hapned in several places And with this Winter the fifth year of the Peloponnesian War ended 19. In the beginning of the next Summer the Peloponnesians came the sixth time to the Isthmus The sixth Summer of the War with intent to invade Attica under the conduct of Agis the Spartan King but being affrighted with the frequent Earthquakes they returned In the mean while the War in Sicily variously proceeded Laches the Athenian Captain taking some Towns The Athenians sent out one Fleet to infest Peloponnesus and another the Island Melus which stubbornly withstood their commands both which did nothing of very great concernment The Spartans planted the Colony of Heraclea in the platform of old Trachinia a City in Thessalie being for the convenience of it's situation upon the Sea and the Haven very fit for carrying on the War against the Athenians These received a great losse from the Aetolians but in Winter thrice overthrew the Ambraciots who were forsaken by their friends the Peloponnesians which made them now imbrace a Peace with their adversaries the Acarnanians and Amphilochians who called in the Athenians against them and entred into a league and society for ten years with them The war proceeding all this while in Sicily a greater Fleet was sent under conduct of Eurymedon and Sophocles Aetna breaketh out into flames to oppose the Syracusians towards the end of Winter at which time the Hill Aetna belched out great store of fire into the Territories of Catana 50 years after it had the last time so done Thus the sixt year of the Peloponnesian War ended 20. In the beginning of the next Thucyd. lib. 4. the Peloponnesians under the command of Agis the Son of Archidamus the Spartan King again invaded Attica The Athenians having furnished 40 ships for Sicilie gave order to the Captains in their way to have an eye to the Corcyraeans who were much infested by their own exiles Attica the sixth time invaded and were in fear of 60 Peloponnesian Gallies sent thither and to Demosthenes was given the command of some ships wherewith he should infest Peloponnesus As all the ships sailed by Laconia Demosthenes a man of a prompt and earnest disposition advised the other Captains to fortifie Pylus which is a ragged Promontory joyned to the main by a little neck of Land Before it lies a small barren Island of lesse than two miles compasse and within that a Creek which is a good harbour for ships the force of weather being born off by the head-land and Isle The Promontory having anciently belonged to the Messenians and now desolate he pressed sore that they might seize upon and make their own being very convenient for the wasting of Laconia but the other Captains dissented from him hasting for Corcyra when in the mean time such a tempest arose as forced them to take into the Harbour Pylus fortified â—y Demosthenes â—he Athenian Then did he again urge his former advice and though he nothing more profited with the Captains yet the Soldiers desirous to make some stay there and seeing the commodiousnesse of the Haven fell upon fortifying the place and with wonderful diligence and pains perfected the wall in six dayes Then was Demosthenes left there to keep it with five ships and the rest directed their course for Corcyra 21. The news of these doings at Pylus drew the Peloponnesians in all hast thither out of Attica fifteen dayes after their arrival and they brought their whole Force both by Land and Sea to recover this piece of ground which they well foresaw how bad a neighbour it might prove in time Draweth the Peloponnesians out of Attica and being sorely laid at the Peloponnesians are worsted In the Island named Sphacteria they placed a number of men all Spartans which were to keep it by their turns and stopped up the Haven on both sides that there might be no entrance in for the Athenian ships then furiously did they assault Pylus both by Land and Sea but it was as valiantly defended by Demosthenes So that with several new onsets the storm was continued till the next day and then the Peloponnesians drew off to recruit themselves and provide for a new onset In the mean time came in fourty Athenian ships to which Demosthenes had before-hand sent to acquaint them with his condition and with them some belonging to their Allies which
with all his might against the War now pressed earnestly that it was for the honour and interest of their Countrey to stay and carry on the siege and though Eurymedon was of the same opinion with Demosthenes yet could not Nicias be removed from his so that their departure was deferred till they understood that Gylippus was come with new supplies out of Peloponnesus and Silicy This resolution he stuck to so much for that he knew the multitude rather to look at successe than the reason of things and was unwilling to hazard his life and reputation in the hands of those who would be ready to condemn before they heard him as they had done Sophocles and Pâ—hiodorus the former Generals pretending they had taken money for making peace when indeed there was not any possibility of making War 57. But upon the report of Gylippus his coming Nicias was content and order was given for the Army to dislodge with the greatest secrecie when in the mean time fell out an Eclypse of the Moon By this which was accounted an ill Omen was Nicias again so terrified that out of a superstitious conceit he would not have the Camp break up till 27 dayes were past The Syracusians much rejoyced hereat and resolved to hinder their flight or force them to transfer themselves to some other place They first beat up their Camp and the next day provoked them to fight both at Land and Sea and in the mouth of the Haven ingaged in a great and bloudy battel wherein Eurymedon one of the Athenian Generals was slain and though the Squadron of Gylippus was worsted which made the Athenians Erect a Trophy yet had they the worst of it Again at Sea all considered They made them too late repent that they had so ambitiously and unjustly undertaken a War with a Citie as great as Athens it self and one of the same kind of Government Enemy to Oligarchy But the Syracusians were more and more animated conceiving now great hopes of obtaining much glory and favour amongst the Graecians of whom some they might free from slavery and others from the fear of it for the time to come by chastising their Tyrants as they were accounted As a way hereto they resolved to block up the mouth of the Haven that the Athenian Fleet should not passe out thence by stealth 57. The Athenians seeing themselves in this straight concluded it the best for them to make a new and a more narrow Camp near to their ships and attempt another battel at Sea in which if they had the better then to remove to Catana but if not to burn their Vessels and depart by Land to some convenient place Sorely straightned This was attempted with all care and expedition but the Syracusians opposed them and in the straight of the Haven was such a dispute as scarce ever before had hapned which was beheld by the land armies with passion suitable to the condition of their friends Notwithstanding the Syracusians lost almost as many Vessels yet the other were so weakned and the Sea-men so discouraged that though the Generals would have attempted to break out another time yet they refused any more to go aboard so that they concluded of going away by Land the next night If this had been done it might have falln out well for the Army but by the cunning device of Hermocrates they were circumvented and perswaded to stay till the third day after 59. Their departure was most full of out-cries sorrow and misery set out to the life by Thucydides so that none can read it without compassion Gylippus seized upon their 130 ships left in the Haven They fly then pursued them and set upon them behind before and on all sides so that distressed for all necessaries they took another way than that which lead to Catana otherwise than they had intended and they were divided into two bodies whereof that with Demosthenes soon yielded upon promise of their lives Nicias required better terms Are forced to yield to mercy and refused to submit but at length was forced to it craving favour for himself and men at the hands of Gylippus and the Spartans 18000 in one day were slain 700 taken and condemned to Mines were after sold The two Generals were contrary to the utmost endeavour of Gylippus who would fain have had the honour of carrying them to Sparta put to death or as Diodorus saith killed themselves in prison This was the end of the Sicilian War so indiscreetly overtaken by the Athenians who when they had those already that gave them enough to do would needs make to themselves more Enemies and so by labouring to grasp lost all Meton (a) Aelian Var. Hist lib. 13. cap. 12. the Astronomer mentioned before was so certainly perswaded of the danger of this expedition that when he was enrolled amongst those that were to undertake it to prevent his going he counterfeited himself mad to confirm the belief of which he set fire on his own house But (b) Vide Simpson in Chron. ad ann M. 3590. Hippocrates the Coan Prince of Physicians is said to have set out his own son at his own charge as Physician to the Athenian Army 60. Thucyd. lib. 8. The Athenians were loath to give credit to the first report of the losse of their Army and Fleet because of the greatnesse of it but then knowing it to be so indeed were much incensed against those that perswaded them to undertake the War and for that they feared the Sicilians would now come upon them whilest they were destitute of all things the Citie was filled with great consternation Yet within awhile they took courage and making all provision for defence gave Commission to some few of the most ancient and experienced amongst them to consult and provide fit matter for the multitude to decree Great joy in Greece In Winter following all Greece was elevated upon this their bad successe They who were neuters before now offered themselves to joyn in suppressing those of whom formerly they stood in fear the Confederates of Lacedaemon more vigorously provided against them and all those that had been subject to them were earnest to shake off the yoak The Lacedaemonians having such encouragement set themselves very seriously to the War Agis their King went into Thessaly to raise money and a Fleet of 100 Gallies was prepared amongst the Confederates Pharnabazus one of the Satrapaes of Persia and Lieutenant of those parts of Asia about the Hellespont and Tissaphernes another of the Satrapaes sent to Sparta and offered them assistance These designs were carried as secretly as could be that the Athenians might get no knowledge of them who laboured also at the same time about the Rigging of a new Fleet. With these preparations the 19th year of the War ended 61. The next year the Athenians were at the beginning somewhat encouraged by some successe at Sea and thereby the Lacedaemonians so far discouraged again
at length both the Fleets joyned battel being inlarged since they came into the Hellespont by the accesse of other ships At first the Peloponnesians put to flight the middle battel of the Athenians and driving the ships to Land had the better of it there but being too eager in the pursute The Athenians obtained aâ— Victory at Sea they brake their ranks which Thrasybulus and those with him observing in his wing wound about and sell upon them with such violence as forced them to flie They took 21 ships the rest by reason of the straightnesse of the Sea getting into some Harbour or other and though they lost fifteen of their own yet obtained they a seasonable Victory which made them lift up their heads having been dejected by so many disasters and cease to complain of their Fortune 76. The report of it at Athens as of an unexpected thing mightily incouraged the people also so that notwithstanding the revolt of Euboea and intestine Seditions they had hopes still if they prosecuted the War with diligence to have the better Four daies after the fight the Fleet removed from Sestus towards Cyzicus where in their way they took eight Gallies that came from Byzantium and taking the Town which then for want of walls could make no resistance fined the Inhabitants the Peloponnesians at the same time endeavouring to recruit their Navie In the mean while Alcibiades having been with Tissaphernes returned to Samus with thirteen Gallies bringing word that he had stopped the Phoenician Fleet from joyning with the Peloponnesians and had rendred the Satrapa more friendly towards the Athenians Then presently adding nine ships to the former he constrained the Halicarnasseans to pay a great sum of money and fortified Cos. Tissaphernes when he heard that the Peloponnesian Fleet was gone towards the Hellespont hasted from Aspendus into Ionia where understanding that the Inhabitants of Antandrus had received a Garrison from the Peloponnesians of Abydus because they had been ill dealt withall by Astacus whom he had made his Lieutenant in those parts as also that the Peloponnesians had cast his Garrison out of Miletus and Cuidus which they did to affront him laying grievous matters to his charge lest they should proceed any further and grieving that Pharnabazus in a lesse time and with lesse expence should make more use of them against the Athenians he determined to follow them into the Hellespont to expostulate with them about Antandrus and purge himself as well as he could of those things laid to his charge about the Phoenician Fleet and other matters And when he came to Ephesus he sacrifized to Diana Here the history of Thucydides (a) Diodorus ad Olymp. 92. ann 2. endeth with the Summer of the 21st year of the War which afterwards was continued by Theopompus for seventeen years but by Xenophon for 28. The work of the former is lost and that of the latter extant but without a beginning in the judgement of a learned man who besides the proeme will have the history of two years to be wanting (b) Usserius in Annal. Vet. Test pag. 216. from the end of that Summer at which Thucydides left to the conclusion of the Summer of the 23 year of the War But Diodorus placing the last things of Thucydides in the second year of the 92 Olympiad in the very next relateth those which are mentioned in the begining of the first Book of Xenophon so that if the whole was extant in his time he either missed these two years and so inverted the Chronology of all his history succeeding or else onely the proeme of the first Book of Xenophon is lost if there was any and the History entire 77. Not long after the Athenians and Lacedaemonians engaged thrice in fight at Sea Xenoph. Hellanic l. 1. wherein the Athenians had the better first and last the second having been fought to no great purpose on either side Tissaphernes Plutarch in Alcibiade after this coming to the Hellespont Alcibiades went to visit him whom he secured and committed to close custody pretending he had orders from his Master to make War against the Athenians but rather for that he feared he should be accused by the Peloponnesians to the King and therefore thought by this enterprise to redeem his credit Tissaphernes secureth Alcibiades But after he had been secured thirty dayes he made his escape to Clazomenae where pretending to have been sent by Tissaphernes he sailed thence to the Athenian Army lying at Cardia Sailing thence to the Hellespont or Cyzicus Alcibiades overthroweth Mindarus the Spartan he overthrew Mindarus both at Sea and Land who died also in the fight taking all the Peloponnesian ships after which he forced from the Town a great sum of money and prosecuted the Victory by fineing and securing other places In the mean while letters were intercepted and sent to Athens which were to Sparta written from Hippocrates Lieutenant to Mindarus and found to contain the distresse of the Fleet in these few words according to the Lacedaemonian custom A. M. 3594. Ol. 92. an 2. V.C. 343. Darii Nothi 13. Belli Pelop. 21. All is lost Mindarus is slain the Soldiers are famished we know not what to do But Pharnabazus laboured with all his might to encourage the Lacedaemonian Army telling them they had lost nothing but woodden ships their men being saved and that new ones should be built at his Masters cost who had wood enough on the Mount Ida in which work he was very diligent and relieved the Chalcedonians then distressed 78. The news of the successe with the letter of Hippocrates coming to Athens filled the People with excessive joy Diodorus ad Olymp. 92. an 3. who offered sacrifice to their gods and kept holy day They chose then 1000 of the most valiant Foot and 100 Horse for prosecuting the War and sent thirty Gallies more to Alcibiades that he might with greater successe set upon the allies of Sparta now the Sea was in his power The Lacedaemonians when they understood how things went dispatched away Ambassadors the chief of which was Endius unto Athens about a peace They offered that both States might retain such places as they had already in their power that the Garrisons might be dismissed on both sides and the prisoners redeemed man for man and much in a little was said by Endius The Lacedaemonians send to Athens about Peace to shew that the Athenians were more concerned to be for peace though he denied not but that the War was hurful to Sparta The most moderate men amongst the Athenians were willing to hear of an accommodation but such as made their own markets out of the publick losse and gained by the War withstood the proposition Amongst these as principal was Cleophon the most eminent of the Daemagogi or leaders of the People at this time though formerly a maker of Harps whom many remembred to have been bound with fetters but he
Samus whence he went and gathered up 100 Talents amongst the Carians and returned thither Thrasybulus with thirty ships going into Thrace reduced several places into his power and Thasus amongst the rest sorely at this time distressed with Seditions Famine and Pestilence Thrasybulus with the rest of the Army sayled to Athens before whose coming the people had created anew three Generals Alcibiades and Thrasybulus Alcibiades returneth to Athens who were absent and Conon present in the Citie Alcibiades encouraged hereby sayled to the Citie where at his landing multitudes of people came to meet him admiring his person and the present posture of affairs which they ascribed to his good conduct whom they now acquitted from what was laid formerly to his charge and excused him for siding with the Enemy seeing he was thereunto led by necessity He spoke to the Senate and people in his own defence and gave such satisfaction no body opposing that he was created General with full power as able to restore the Commonwealth by his own industry to its antient power He first on Land which of late had not used to be done for fear of the Enemy celebrated the Eleusinia and then in the third moneth after his arrival with a Fleet of 100 Gallies aboard of which were 1100 foot of heavy Armour and 150 Horse he sayled to Andrus the Inhabitants of which he worsted in fight and thence departed to Samus Lysander made Admiral by the Lacedaemonians obtaineth pay of Cyrus for his Seamen intending to make use of that Island as the Seat of War At this time Lysander was sent from Sparta to succeed Cratisippidas in the Fleet who went to Cyrus to desire him in earnest to undertake the War blaming the backwardnesse of Tissaphernes Cyrus promised him his utmost assistance but he desired that the saylers might have a drachm a day assigned as their wages thereby to entice the Athenian Mariners to forsake their Masters He answered he could do nothing against his fathers order who had appointed for every ship 30 Minae a moneth it being in the power of the Lacedaemonians to furnish out as few or as many ships as they pleased but afterwards he condescended to increase their pay to four Oboli a day Moreover he paid them all their Arrears and gave them a moneths pay before-hand which made them very chearfull and ready for all duty Who refuseth to meddle with the Athenians 84. The Athenians were much troubled hereat and sent also to Cyrus to obtain his favour but could not be admitted though Tissaphernes used all his interest in their behalf Alcibiades going to speak with Thrasybulus leaveth his Fleet with his Pilot who fightng with Lysander contrary to his expresse command is defeated slain relating that his design had been according to the wise Counsel of Alcibiades not to promote the Affairs of either but to suffer them to destroy one another Alcibiades understanding that Thrasybulus being gone from the Hellespont fortified Phocaea went thither to speak with him leaving the Fleet with Antiochus his Pilot whom he commanded expresly not to fight no not although he were provoked to it untill his return But he being not at all used to command any thing except the Helm of a ship could not bear his new power without making tryal of it and with two Gallies went and provoked Lysander in the Haven of Ephesus where he was intent upon mending his Fleet consisting of 90 sayl who first sent out some particular ships against him but the whole Athenian Fleet coming in to his aid he was also forced to carry out his and so ingaging with it there ensued a sharp conflict upon uneven terms For the Athenians came on without order and so within a short time were discomfited Antiochus slain and fifteen ships lost the other returning back to Samus Alcibiades returning within awhile in great chafe for what had hapned went and offered battel again to Lysander but he contenting himself with his former victory would not stir not long after the Lacedaemonians took Delphinium and Eion two Towns in Thrace For which Alcibiades is discarded This losse was at Athens by Thrasybulus imputed to the neglect and luxury of Alcibiades who thereupon by the people was outed of his Command and ten other Captains chosen for the management of the War amongst whom was Thrasybulus himself Conon and Pericles the son of Pericles the Great He then went and made War upon the Thracians that were not under the command of that King and thereby enriched himself with great Treasure having built a Castle for his security called Bisanthe in those parts Conon who at this time was Governour of Antandrus Phanisthanes being assigned his Successor according to the decree of the people went to Samus took Thuria and made excursions into the Territories of the Enemy So this year ended in which the Carthaginians with a Fleet of 120 Gallies and 120000 men invading Sicily overthrew the Agrigentines whom after a seven moneth 's siege they also forced to a surrender An Eclypse of the Moon 85. The year following wherein the Moon was Eclypsed in an evening April the 25. some three hours after Sun-set as the Astronomical Table demonstrates and the old Temple of Pallas was burnt at Athens Pitaeus being Ephorus at Sparta and Callias Archon at Athens the 26th year of the War commencing Callicratidas was sent from Lacedaemon as Successor to Lysander whose time was now expired He having furnished himself with money subdued Methymna and charged Conon the Athenian General to depart out of those Coasts and when he perceived him putting out to Sea made after him Callicratidas succeeding Lysander defeateth and besiegeth Conon in Mitylene intending to stop his passage to Samus He pursued him to the Haven of Mitylene where he worsted him took thirty of his ships and then besieged him in the Town from which he cut off all provisions Conon sent out two Gallies to carry word hereof at Athens one of which escaping clear from the Enemy came thither with the news whereupon relief was presently decreed to be sent Callicratidas in the mean time overthrew Diomedon who came to relieve Conon with twelve ships ten whereof he took but when he heard that the Athenian Fleet was now come to Samus consisting in all of 150 sayl he left Eteonicus with fifty ships to continue the siege and with the other 120 betook himself to Malea a Promontory of Lesbus over against Mitylene The Athenian Generals overthrew Callicratidas where he supped and it hapned that the Athenian Fleet coming to Arginusae a place also over against Lesbus supped there the same night Here they fought the next morning a long and earnest battel wherein at length Callicratidas his ship being sunk and he in it his men began to flie towards Chius and Phocaea The Peloponnesians lost 79 ships and the Athenians 19. with most of the men in them 86. The Athenian Generals
and built three Forts upon the Sea wherein he put his provisions and sent into Sardinia and Africk for more Afterwards Polyxenus father-in-law to Dionysius returning out of Peloponnesus and Italy with 30 long ships and Pharacidas the Lacedaemonian to the assistance of the Syracusians they took a victualling ship from the Carthaginians They doing their endeavour to rescue it the Syracusians drew out their whole Fleet and ingaging took the Admiral Gally and spoyled 24 Vessels After this the Carthaginians durst not stir abroad and the Syracusians puffed up with this victory thought of recovering their former liberty Dionysius coming in at the Port called them together incouraged them in the War and gave them hopes of finishing it shortly to their satisfaction Another attempt against him Here before his face one Theodorus in many words exhorted his fellow Citizens to throw off the yoak and either take the Militia into their own hands according to the Laws or deliver it up to the Lacedaemonian General But Pharacidas the Lacedaemonian according to his instructions from his Superiours who had now established an Oligarchy wherever they could agreeable with their own Government and interest or gave way to the power of a single man rather than that of the people said openly that he was sent to help them against the Carthaginians and not to overthrow the power of Dionysius so that the people were at so unexpected a thing utterly quelled murmuring much against the Lacedaemonians who had now twice deceived them in the recovery of their freedom Frustrated Dionysius afrighted hereat made shew afterwards of great humanity to gain the affections of the people 32. The Carthaginians were at this time seized with a most grievous Plague which Diodorus attributeth to their rifling the Temples of Proserpina and Ceres as the Meritorious cause and to the unwholesomnesse of the place beset with Fens as the effectual means that wrought the distemper A grievous disease had formerly falln upon the Athenians in the same place A grievous plague seizeth on the Carthaginians For before Sun-rise because of a cold vapour that rose from the Fens a cold and shaking seized on the body then at noon a suffocating heat So many men being gathered together into one place the contagion first began with the Africans who though they died in great numbers were at first all buried Afterwards the number increasing such as looked to the sick dying also shortly after them none would venture to come near the infected But besides want of attendance no remedy could be had for the evil For from the stench of the dead and putrefaction of the Fennish aire in the beginning of the disease a Catarrhe and then presently an Angina or swelling of the neck took the patient These were followed by a Feaver pains in the Spina and numnesse of the legs which drew after them a Dysentery and Spots over all the body Some were taken with madnesse and abolition of memory who wandring up and down the Camp beat all they met At length all the endeavours of Physicians were void through the vehemence of the disease and suddennesse of death for on the fifth or at furthest on the sixth day they died in great torment Dionysius understanding this sad condition of the besiegers thought it convenient to sally out upon them and sent 80 ships to fall on their Navy The Land Army first arriving took two of their Forts and diverted them from their ships which as soon as they saw in danger they again retired to them but with little advantage For the Syracusians boarded and slaughtered them in great numbers and Dionysius with his Land Army fired 40 of their Gallies that rode at Anchor in the Haven of Dasco The night approaching broke off the fight and then the Carthaginians sent to Dionysius 300 Talents begging leave to depart which he granted with exception to all Sicilians and other Mercenaries being unwilling they should be quite defeated that through fear of them his subjects might be the better contained in obedience After the flight of the Carthaginians the Sicilians departed home and all the rest were slain or taken except the Spaniards who gathering themselves into a round body sent to Dionysius to enter into Alliance with him which he accepted 33. Dionysius being secure of the Carthaginians for some considerable time provided against his Mercenaries which badly affecting him he prevented by taking of their Leader and bestowing on them the Citie and Territories of Leontium Then did he make new Leavies and replanted Messana with its antient Inhabitants the Messenians but seeing the Lacedaemonians his friends offended with it he removed them to another place near the Sea which they called Tyndarides and wherein they did thrive exceedingly Diod. ad Olymp. 96. ann 3. Conquering and laying several places to their demesnes Having fortified Messana the Inhabitants of Rhegium who formerly jealous of his growth had shown their bad affection to him conceived it to proceed from some design against their Citie which stood over against it in Italy upon the very Crag of the Promontory where Sicily was supposed to have been broken off from the Continent whence it had the name of Rhegium They sent Heloris to besiege Messana whereupon he determined to make War against them but the Sicilians seizing upon Tauromenium he first resolved to recover it He continuing his siege all Winter in a dark night got a certain Fort into his hands and made way for all his Army into the Town but the Inhabitants gathering together and resisting from the higher ground beat back his men whereof 600 were slain and he himself escaped very narrowly after which the Agrigentines and Messenians forsook him Dionysius setteth upon Rhegium The year after Idem ad ann 4. he set upon Rhegium on a sudden burnt the Gates and set Ladders to the Walls but was repulsed by the strong opposition of the Citizens By this the Inhabitants of these Sea-Coasts of Italy seeing how far his covetousnesse and ambition extended made a League amongst themselves and appointed a common Council both for the resistance of him and the Lucanians who made War upon them at the same time Mago 34. Mago was yet in Sicily and was once overthrown in battel by Dionysius The year following his Superiours sent over great supplies gathered as well out of Sardinia and Italy as Africk to the number of 80000 men Idem ad Olymp. 97. ann 1. wherewith he overran the Countrey and withdrew most of the Cities from their obedience till he came to the Agyrinaeans whom he could neither remove by fair nor foul means from their resolution Dionysius with his Mercenaries and Syracusians marched out against him sending before to the Agyrinaeans to be in readinesse who thereupon met him and joyned their Forces with his Army Mago now in an Enemie's Countrey was sore straightned for provisions which made the other resolve to draw out the War in length and not
paint themselves as many Writers do testifie Now the ancient Greeks who sayled by the Coasts understanding that the Nation was called Brith might unto it add Tania which word in Greek as the Glossaries shew betokeneth a Region and thereof made the compound name 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is Britons-Land which is corrupted into 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 but by Lucretius and Caesar the two first Romans that make mention thereof is truely called Britania In confirmation of this opinion Cambden observeth that in the names of well-nigh all the antient Britains there appeareth some signification of a colour which no doubt he saith arose from this kind of painting The Red colour is of the Britans called Coch and Goch which in his judgement lieth Couched in these names Cogidunuâ— Argentocoxus and Segonax The Black colour called Dù sheweth it self in Mandubratius Cartimandua Togodumnus Bunduica Cogidunus The White collour called Gwin in Venutius and Immanuentius The Waterish called Gwellwe in Vellocatus Carvilius and Suella The Blew which they call Glass in Cuniglasus and he proceedeth further But this Learned man coming to speak of the time wherein Britain came to be known abroad denieth that the Britains were with Hercules at the rape of Hesione that Ulysses was ever in Britain that the Britans bestowed any Presents upon Cato that King Alexander the Great or Hannibal was ever in the Island he doubteth whether ever the ship of Hiero mentioned by Athenaeus came hither yet thinketh that the Britans were mingled with the Câ—mbri and Galls in their expeditions into Italy and Greece Cambdens arguments that Britain was but known lately 12. But as the Romans Galls and Spaniards were unknown to Herodotus and the antient Greek Geographers so of this mind he ever was that it was late ere the Greeks and Romans heard of the Britans name For he judgeth that little book of the World which goeth abroad under the name of Aristotle and maketh mention of the Britans of Albion and Hierne to be of later dayes by far than that Philosopher as the best learned men saith he have judged He accounteth Polybius the antientest Greek vvriter that mentioneth the British Isles who yet knew nothing of them then doth he in reference to other Nations count it but a fable that Himilco the Carthaginian being commanded by his Superious to discover the Western Sea-Coasts of Europe entred into this Isle many years before that time And the first Latin Author to his knowledge that made mention of Britain was Lucretius in his Verses concerning the difference of aire Now that Lucretius lived but a little before Caesar no man denieth at what time we are taught out of Caesar himself that Divitiacus King of the Soissons and the most mighty Prince of all Gall Governed Britain which as also appeareth from Caesar is onely to be understood of the Maritime Coasts Howbeit Diodorus Siculus writeth that Britain had experience of no foreiners rule for neither Dionysus or Bacchus nor Hercules nor any other worthy or Demigod have we heard saith he to have attempted War upon that people Now Caesar who for his noble acts is called Divus was the first that subdued the Britans and forced them to pay a certain Tribute From his time saith Cambden and no further off must the Writer of our History fetch the beginning of his work if he throughly weigh with judgement what the Learned Varro hath in time past written viz. of the three distinctions of times which we have formerly mentioned uncertain before the Flood Fabulous before the Olympiads and Historical since the beginning of them and my self already heretofore signified This most learned man mentions this division of Varro because that the British History of Geffrey of Monmouth taketh its beginning 333 years before the first Olympiad This History we must absolutely disclaim as utterly Fabulous in reference to King Brutus and other fictions depending on his story But whether or no Britain was not known abroad till so late time as our Anquary judgeth must be examined for the honour of our Countrey saving ever that respect which is due and that justly unto his name and vvill not be at all dimished seeing the contest is betwixt him also and Bochartus himself 13. The controversie is decided clearly against Cambden if two things can but be made out 1. That the Cassiterides or Islands ef tinne were known very antiently The contrary asserted and 2. That the Cassiterides are no other than the British Isles The first is proved from the testimony of many that the Phoenicians were wont to trade to the Cassiterides and thence to fetch plenty of Tinne * Strabo affirmeth it and that they first traded thither alone from Gades Lib. 3. p. 175. hiding from others this course of traffick insomuch that a certain Phoenician Sailor being chased by a Roman Vessel chose rather to run his ship aground and suffer shipwrack to cause his pursuers to miscary than to reveal the matter for which fidelity having escaped himself he had his losse made up out of the publick Treasury at his return to Carthage Pliny also writeth (b) Lib. 7. c. 56. in the Chapter of the first inventors that Midacritus first caried Lead from the Island Cassiteris For Midacritus is to be read Melcarthus or Melicartus the Phoenician Hercules according to Sanchoniathon whom the Phoenicians make Author of the Western voyages (c) Lib. 3. c. 115. Herodotus acknowledgeth he knew not where the Cassiterides were but that there were some then he acknowlegeth also whence Tinne came to them the Greeks and from him it appeareth that they were situate in the utmost limits of Europe The Phoenicians being unwilling that any should know them but themselves the Greeks bought Tin and Lead either of them or the Venets or Narbonenses to whom it was wont to be caried by Land in a journy of thirty dayes as Diodorus telleth us (d) Videsis apud Bocharti Canaan l. 1. c. 39. Dionysius Paeriegetes mentioneth them under the name of Hesperides and so doth â—zetzes Festus Anienus speaketh of them under the name of Cestrymnedes expresly of the sailing of the Phoenicians to them and that Hamilco who was sent from the Senate of Carthage to discover the West came thither as he himself recorded whom Festus professeth to follow in the description of the West having made his collections out of the depth of the Punick Annals These things considered prove sufficiently that the Cassiterides were known in very ancient times 14. For the second that the British Isles are those Cassiterides or Stannaries there needs no proof Cambden himself confessing nay proving by many arguments that the Islands of Silly lying off from the Promontory of Cornwal eight leagues and in number 145 are the very same that from the plenty of Tin were called Cassiterides from their site Hesperides and Oestrymnides from Oestrymnis the Promontory of the Artabri now Gallitia in Spain over against which they lye
Now for the consequence of the thing can any imagine that these Islands should be so long known and not Britain it self to which they lye so close and from which they are deservedly called British Isles And what reason is there to think as Camden doth that such dream as believe that Hamilco came hither It 's a wonder he should say that there 's nothing for it but a Verse or two of Festus Anienus when Festus saith that he read the story of the whole Navigation described by Hamilco himself in the Punick Annals Cambden himself contendeth that from the Cassiterides was Lead first of all caried into Greece His arguments refuted whence it followeth that they were known before the time of Homer who maketh mention of that metal As for what he urgeth concerning Polybius that he was utterly ignorant of these parts if it were granted that he was yet the Phoenicians who in the Heroick times sent out Colonies into the Ocean beyond Gades knew these Coasts sufficiently But Cambden mistook the Historian as may appear from all that passage read together which onely importeth that as it was not known whether Asia and Africk on the South side were terminated by the Sea so neither whether the Sea flowed about the Northern parts of Europe that lye above Narbon which truly at this day we know not certainly though in so much light That this interpretation is to be made and that Polybius did not mean that in his age whatever lay above Narbon was unknown and that they dreamed who spoke or wrote any thing of it hence appeareth For he himself accurately described the Fountains of Rhodanus with Corbilon upon Ligeris and many other places of Gall above Narbon And in his third book he promiseth he would write of what lay beyond the Sea and what was there remarkable nay which is especially to be noted of the British Isles and making of Tin That he performed his promise in the Books that are lost appeareth from * Lib. 2. p. 104. Strabo who telleth us that Polybius describing the regions of Europe said he would let passe the ancients and inquire into such as reprehended them as Dicaearchus and Eratosthenes who last of all had handled Geography and Pytheas who had imposed upon many For he Pytheas said he had not viewed all the soil of Britain but the Island was above 40000 stadia or furlongs I suppose in compasse 15. From this place it appeareth that several whom Polybius calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or ancients wrote of these parts before either Dicaearchus or Eratosthenes Pythaeas or himself Now Eratosthenes who as he saith was the last that handled Geography Suidas writeth to have been born in the 126 Olympiad which was celebrated in the 37 year of the Seleucidae the seventh of Antiochus Soter the ninth of Ptolomy Philadelphus and the 478 year of the City when Q. Fabius Gurges and C. Genutius Clepsina were Consuls Pyrrhus then warring in Sicily 274 years before the birth of Christ But Dicaearchus bosteth in Athenaeus that he had Aristotle for his Master and then Pytheas who was cited by both must needs have preceded them Yet these Writers were but of late in comparison of Orpheus the most antient Poet one of the Argonautae by whom Cambden himself affirmeth Britain to have been described Although in truth Orpheus was not Author of those Poems fathered on him but Onomacritus an Athaenian Poet who lived under the Pisistracidae as both (a) Stromat l. 1. Clemens Alexandrinus and (b) Orat. contra Graecos pag. 173. Edit una cum Athenagora Theophylo Tatianus inform us yet two advantages we have hereby For first Cambden is inconstant denying that Britain was known to the ancient Greeks and secondly this Island must have been known then long before the former Geographers for the Pisistratidae were banished Athens in the third year of the 67 Olympiad the twelfth of Darius Hystaspis the 244 of the City at the same time that Tarquinius was banished 508 years before the birth of Christ though they write that he flourished in the 50 Olympiad in the first year whereof Pisistratus indeed got the Soveraignty over that City These things sufficiently prove that Britain was known of old to several Nations though we mentioned not what Bochartus probably conjectureth concerning the Etymology of the name The Phoenicians trading hither for Lead or Tin might justly call it Barat-Anac that is The Land of Lead or Tin as the Greeks Cassiteris and this might easily be changed into Bretanica Anac signifieth both Lead and Tin no places in the World are so fruitful of either as the British Isles And it may seem no wonder that the Word should be so altered seeing that from Phoenice are derived Poenicus Punicus Puniceus and Poenus He also giveth other marks of the Phoenicians their planting in those Islands in the 39 Chapter of the first Book of that excellent Work entituled Canaan concerning the Colonies and Language of that People to which wee refer the studious in Antiquity having thus farre in some sort seemed to vindicate the honour of our Country yet with submission to the impartially Learned Reader Now to return to the course of our History 16. The occasion of this Expedition was given by the Britains Caesar Comment lib. 4. They had sent a continual supply to the Galls almost in all their Wars against the Romans and therefore he resolved to use this advantage and passe over this Summer though it was well spent judging it would be worth his labour though he but viewed the country and took notice of the Havens and Natives of any whereof the Galls could give him but very small intelligence Caesar passeth over into Britain A. M. 3950. V. C. 699 Ante Christum 53. Cn. Pompeio M. 2. M. Licinio Crasso 2. Coss He sent Voluseus beforehand to make what discovery he could after whose return having received the Morini into friendship that he might have no Enemies at his back about two of the clock at night he put forth to Sea and at ten in the morning got to the Coasts of Britain where he might see all the shoar full of men to oppose him for they had received intelligence of his coming He perceived there was no good landing place where he was and therefore staying for the Fleet till three of the clock he sailed eight miles further Here though on an even shoar was he so opposed that his Soldiers fought not with their wonted alacrity because their ships being great and deep could not come near the Land untill he got more shallow Vessels and the Ensign-bearer of the tenth Legion leaping out drew others moved with shame after him No order was kept in the fight but every one as he leaped forth into the water joyned himself to the next Ensign Caesar sending out continually fresh supplies of men at length landed all his Army and the Britains fled 17. His horse being not
Caesar though to the Senate he had acknowledged him for his own son Antony bewitched by Cleopatra so far as not to be able to rule himself wrote to the Senate to have those things confirmed which he had setled upon her and her children The two Consuls Cn. Domitius and C. Sosius being much for him were forced to leave the City and get over to him who now also having raised great forces sent to Rome to drive Octavia out of his house and if taking his opportunity he had this Summer invaded Italy he might in all probability have put an end to the quarrel For Caesar was not yet provided wanting money exceedingly which he now exacted throughout Italy But this delay herein helped him that men's minds were more and more bent against Antony especially after Caesar had published his Testament A. M. 3973. Ol. 187. an 1. V. l. 722. Herodis 8. wherein he disposed as formerly to his and Cleopatra's children and ordained that though he should dye at Rome his body should be sent to her at Alexandria it was also reported that he meant if his matters prospered to give her Rome and transfer the seat of the Empire into Aegypt Hereupon the Warre was decreed against her and he was devested of his Triumvirate Vide Dionem ubi supra but not declared an Enemy for fear of those with him For then must they necessarily have been included in the same capacity and so driven upon desperate Councils to them therefore rewards were promised if they would forsake him and hereby was he thought rendred more inexcusable in that being unhurt he should make War for an Egyptian woman against his Countrey Then did the one draw all the East and the other the West to his party Caesar had ready 250 ships of War 80000 foot and 12000 horse Antony had 500 such like ships Their preparations for war very big and stately with 100000 foot and also 12000 horse The King of the Medes also sent him aid which being not sent back and Antony also recalling his forces he had left with him for the protection of that Countrey the Parthian became Master of that Kingdom and Armenia also was lost 26. The following year Agrippa being sent before by Caesar Idem Plutarch in Antonio took divers ships coming to Antony with Provisions Antony worsted and molested him exceedingly upon the Sea wherewith Caesar incouraged passed from Brundusium into Epirus to a Promontory whereof that lieth near the Bay of Ambracia sending his forces he took in Corcyra so did Agrippa the Island Leucas near to Actium with Patrae and Corinth Titius also and Taurus routed Antonies horse Then several persons of note fell off from Antony Sosius was beaten and lost his life at Sea and Antony himself was also worsted by a guard of Caesars Being much troubled hereat Canidius would have perswaded him to send away Cleopatra and decide the quarrel either in Thrace or Macedonia for that he was stronger in Land forces But though his navy had been twice worsted and he had lost many ships yet she obtained of him to fight at Sea providing withall all things as for a fight For four dayes the Sea was so rough with winds that it hindred them from fighting but on the fifth they joyned and then Caesar's ships being light could easily tack about and invade Antonies which were unwieldly and of little use Cleopatra wearied with long expectation ere it could certainly be known how things would go with her gilded deck Purple sayls A. M. 3974. V. C. 723. Herodis 9. Ante Christ 29. and sixty light Egyptian Gallies fled away which Antony seing presently followed forsaking his men and running away who ought to have animadverted upon such as did so Overthrown at Actium in a Sea-fight His Soldiers fought most valiantly notwithstanding the basenesse of their General who getting into Cleopatra's Gally went and sate by himself in a deep silence Patercul l. 2. c. 85. holding his head with both his hands till at the tenth hour they were partly perswaded and partly constrained to submit it being confessed that in this fight they behaved themselves like to and executed the Office of the best General and their General played the part of a run-away Soldier From this victory of Caesar at Actium a Promontory of Epirus Several * Dio. Suetonius Aurelius Victor Authors date his Monarchy which lasted from the second of September whereon the battel was fought to the 19th of August on which he died 44 years wanting 13 dayes Now was hee himself the third time Eutropius and M. Valerius Messala Consuls in the 723th year of the Citie the second of the 187 Olympiad and the seventh of Herod King of Judaea as Josephus gathereth the 29th before the Aera of Christ A. M. 3974. 27. His Land forces could scarcely believe his flight Plutarch in Antonio having such an Army left to him intire and for seven dayes were so constant to him that though the thing was clearly known they rejected Caesars messages but being now over-taken by him and forsaken of their Leader Canidius Patercul lib. 2. cap. 87. Dio lib. 51. who had posted away after Antony they yielded and were taken into Caesar's Army Then did Caesar go to Athens His Land forces yield to Caesar where he put to death Cassius Parmensis one of those that slew his Uncle and setling the affairs both of Greece and Asia determined to vvinter in Samus but was called into Italy by Agrippa to quiet his Soldiers who now mutinied He sailed then to Brundusium but the Senate meeting him there he went no further and having dispatched his businesse within thirty dayes returned into Asia Antony for some time lived disconsolately by himself Cleopatra conveyed ships over into the Red-Sea intending there to seek her fortune she had thought also of flying into Spain They both sent to Caesar she that her Children might have Egypt granted them and he that he might be permitted to live privately at Athens She sent him a Golden Crown and Scepter with a royal seat privily to curry favour and he though openly he threatned her secretly promised her safety and her Kingdom if she would kill Antony who was also advised by * Joseph Antiq l. 15. c. 10. Herod of Judaea to do as much by her 28. They sent again to him the first and second time and he gave up to him Turullius a Senator and one of the murderers of Julius Caesar He putting the man to death returned no answer neither the second time when he sent Antyllus his son to him with much Gold which he received Dio lib. 5. Plutarch in Antonio But with her he still dealt sending Thyrsus his Freed-man to her to make her believe that he was in love with her hoping she might kill Antony and preserve her Treasures which she threatned to burn if she came into any danger Now going down into
India to beg his friendship Returning home he shut the Temple of Janus the second time having formerly so done after his Triumph over Antony and his return out of Egypt which shutting was the third from the foundation of the Citie Strabo lib. 2. But after his return out of Spain it continued not long shut For Aelius Gallus made War against the Arabians and piercing far into their Countrey had subdued all Arabia Foelix but that he was betrayed At the same time also Candace Queen of Aethiopia sent her Captains to invade Egypt but they were repulsed by Petronius Governour of that Countrey for Cornelius Gallus having bespattered Augustus Lib. 17. and for that being condemned by the Senate had killed himself who also pursued them and taking divers Towns forced the Queen to beg peace and returned inriched to Alexandria Dio l. 17. Augustus some time after went into Greece and thence into Syria whither the Parthian now affrighted sent the Ensigns taken at the overthrow of Crassus and flight of Antony and now again did the two Kings of India Pandion and Porus send Ambassodors with presents As he returned home Virgil the Poet met him at Athens who now out of a desire to finish his Aeâ—eiados had resolved to withdraw himself out of the way into Greece and Asia but meeting here with Augustus in whose especial favour he flourished he was drawn back with him and viewing Megara in a very hot season contracted a distemper which was so much increased with sayling that growing still worse Vide vitam Virgilii A. M. 3990. V. C. 735. he died at Brundusium within a few dayes after his landing Virgil dieth in the 52th year of his age on the 12th of September and the 735th year of the Citie C. Sextius and Q. Lucretius being Consuls 37. Augustus his first wife was Scribonia which had been married to two persons of Consular Dignity and by one was a Mother Of her he begat his daughter Julia but within a short time divorced her as he pretended Sueton in Octavio cap. 62. 63 64. because of the perversity of her disposition Then did Nero who had followed L. Antonius to Perusium Augustus his wives and issue but afterwards was reconciled freely yield unto him Livia Drusilla though he had had one son already by her named Tiberius and she was big with another which being born three moneths after she had married Caesar was called Drusus By Livia Augustus had no Children but abortive His daughter Julia he married to Marcellus his sister Octavia's son and after his death to Agrippa making him put away his wife the daughter of Octavia for in a consultation Macenas took the liberty to tell him that he must either marry his daughter to Agrippa or take away his life there was no third way he had made him so great By Agrippa she had three sons Caius Lucius and Agrippa Posthuâ—â—us and two daughters Agrippina and Julia. The three sons were adopted by their Grand-father but the two former died before and the later was killed by Tiberius after the death of Augustus Dio lib. 54. Tiberius and Drusus subdued the Rhatians and Vindelicians People of Germany and afterwards the Pannonians and Frisians apart Agrippa was made partaker of the Tribunitial power by Augustus amongst other honours and ruled Syria by himself and Agents ten years Being sent into Pannonia of which Hungaria is part he stilled the Natives by the rumour of his coming and returning into Campania died shortly after Then was Tiberius compelled to mary Julia although he had already to wife Agrippina the daugher of Agrippa Within two or three years after Sueton. in Claudio Drusus having pierced very far into Germany and entered his Consulship together with L. Quintius Crispinus died also leaving two sons viz. Germanicus and Claudius in the 746 year of the City 38. The same year that Drusus died by a fall from his Horse as Livy wrote Sueton in Octavio Plinius l. 18. c. 25. Orosius lib. 6. cap. 21. Dio l. 55. p. 552. A. M. 3996. V. C. 745. Sueton in Tiberio Seneca de beneficiis l. 32. Tacitus Annal. lib. 1. who intended his History just so far Augustus being High-Priest which Office he took not upon him till the death of Lepidus amended the Calendar He amendeth the Calendar corrected formerly by his adoptive Father For in those 36 years there had been made an intercalation of twelve dayes whereas there ought to have been but of nine therefore he commanded that the twelve years following should passe without any intercalation at all that so the three dayes might be swallowed up Now he named August after himself the moneth Sextilis because in it he entered his first Consulship and had the first ensigns of Victory and Power rather than September wherein he was born The moneth â—â—â—ilis called 〈◊〉 hâ—m Aâ—gâ—sâ— Not long after did Tiberius rather by craft than force of Arms again subdue the Germans who maintained a most difficult Warre After his Triumph he withdrew himself into the Island Rhodes either because of Caius and Lucius or by reason of the intolerable dishonesty of his wife Julia for she was so abominably wanton that her father at length banished her into the Island Pandataria and very imprudently in his anger revealed her naughty cariage in way of complaint to the Senate of which indiscretion being afterward sensible he would often say that if either Agrippa or Maecenas had lived no such thing had hapened to him 39. Agrippa as we said having quieted Pannonia died after his return into Campania in the 743 year of the City three years before Drusus A. M. 3993. V. C. 743. Lib. 7. c. 8. Pliny telleth that they were first called Agrippae which were born with the feet forward as if a man should say born hardly or with much adoe And in this manner The death of Agrippa saith he as they say M. Agrippa came forth of his mothers womb the onely man almost known to have brought any good fortune with him and prospered in the World of all that were in that sort born Yet he was much pained with the Gout and passed all his youth and many a day after in bloody Wars and in danger of a thousand deaths Unfortunate he was in his children and especially in his two daughters the Agrippinae who brought forth two children pernicious to the whole Earth namely C. Caligula and Domitius Nero Emperours He died in the 51 year of his age A. M. 3997. V. C. 746. Velleius l. 2. c. 88. Dio l. 55. p. 552. tormented and vexed with the adulteries of his wife and oppressed with the intolerable servitude in which he lived under her father Four years after him and the year after Drusus died Maecenas the other favourite of Augustus Of Maecenas and the great Patron of Learned men He was in as great grace with Caesar as Agrippa though lesse honoured