Who so would neerely looke into what hath bin spoken may likewise vnderstand that going from the West to the East in altitude beyond the Tropikes we shall finde Westerne windes for that the motion of the Equinoctiall being so swift it is a cause that the ayre moueth vnder it according to this motion which is from the East to West drawing after it the vapours and exhalations that rise of either side the Equinoctiall or burning Zone in countring the course and motion of the Zone are forced by the repercussion to returne almost to the contrary whence grow the South-west windes so ordinary in those parts Euen as we see in the course of waters the which if they be incountred by others of more force returne in a manner backe So it seemes to be like in vapours and exhalations whereby it growes that the windes doe turne and separate themselues from one part to another These Westerly windes doe commonly raine in a meane altitude which is from twenty and seuen to thirty and seuen degrees though they be not so certaine nor so regular as the Brises that are in a lesse altitude The reason is for that the South-west winds are no causes of this proper and equall motion of the heauen as the Brises are being neere to the Line But as I haue said they are more ordinary and often more furious and tempestuous But passing into a greater altitude as of fortie degrees there is as small assurance of windes at Sea as at Land for sometimes the East or North winde blowes and sometimes the South or West whereby it happeneth their nauigations are more vncertaine and more dangerous That which we haue spoken of windes which blow ordinarily within and without the Zone must be vnderstood of the maine Sea and in the great gulphes for at land it is otherwise where we finde all sorts of windes by reason of the inequalitie which is betwixt the Mountaines and the vallies the great number of Riuers and Lakes and the diuers scituations of Countries whence the grosse and thick vapours arise which are moued from the one part or the other according to the diuersitie of their beginnings which cause these diuers windes the motion of the ayre caused by the heauen hauing not power enough to draw and moue them with it And this varietie of windes is not onely found at land but also vpon the Sea coast which is vnder the burning Zone for that there be forraine or land windes which come from the land and many which blow from the Sea the which windes from the Sea are commonly more wholesome and more pleasant then those of the land which are contrariwise troublesome and vnwholesome although it be the difference of the coast that causeth this diuersitie commonly the land windes blow from mid-night to the Sunne rising and the Sea windes vntill Sunne setting The reason perhaps may be that the earth as a grosse substance fumes more when as the Sunne shines not vpon it euen as greene wood or scarse dry smoakes most when the flame is quenched But the Sea which is compounded of more subtile parts engenders no fumes but when it is hot euen as straw or haâ—e being moist and in small quantitie breedes smoake when it is burnt and when the flame failes the fume suddenly ceaseth Whatsoeuer it be it is certaine that the Land winde blowes by night and that of the Sea by day So that euen as there are often contrary violent and tempestuous windes vpon the Sea coast so doe we see very great calmes Some men of great experience report that hauing sailed many great passages at Sea vnder the Line yet did they neuer see any calmes but that they alwayes make way little or much the ayre being moued by the celestiall motion which is sufficient to guide a Shippe blowing in poope as it doth I haue already said that a Shippe of Lima going to Manilla sailed two thousand seuen hundred leagues alwayes vnder the Line or not aboue twelue degrees from it and that in the moneths of February and March when as the Sunne is there for Zenith and in all this space they found no calmes but alwayes a fresh gale so as in two moneths they performed this great voyage But in the burning Zone and without it you shall vsually see great calmes vpon the coasts where the vapours come from the Ilands or maine land And therefore stormes and tempests and the sudden motions of the ayre are more certaine and ordinary vpon the coasts whereas the vapours come from the Land then in full Sea I meane vnder the burning Zone for without it and at Sea there are both calmes and whirlewindes Notwithstanding sometimes betwixt the two Tropickes yea vnder the Line you shall haue great raine and sudden showers yea farre into the Sea for the working whereof the vapours and exhalations of the Sea are sufficient which mouing sometimes hastily in the ayre cause thunder and whirlewindes but this is more ordinary neere to the Land and vpon the Land When I sailed from Peru to new Spaine I obserued that all the time we were vpon the coast of Peru our voyage was as it was ordinary very calme and easie by reason of the Southerne winde that blowes hauing alwayes a fore winde returning from Spaine and new Spaine As we passed the gulph lanching farther into the Sea almost vnder the Line wee found the season coole quiet and pleasant with a full winde but comming neere to Nicaragua and to all that coast wee had contrary windes with great store of raine and fogges All this Nauigation was vnder the burning Zone for from twelue degrees to the South which is Lima we sailed to the seuenteenth which is Gautâ—lco a port of new Spaine and I beleeue that such as haue obserued their nauigations made vnder the burning Zone shall finde what I haue said which may suffice for the windes which raigne at Sea vnder the burning Zone It were a very difficult matter to report particularly the admirable effects which some windes cause in diuers regions of the world and to giue a reason thereof There are windes which naturally trouble the water of the Sea and makes it greene and blacke others cleere as Christall some comfort and make glad others trouble and breede heauinesse Such as nourish Silke-wormes haue great care to shut their windowes when as the South-west windes doe blow and to open them to the contrary hauing found by certaine experience that their wormes diminish and dye with the one and fatten and become better with the other and who so will neerely obserue it shall finde in himselfe that the diuersities of windes cause notable impressions and changes in the body principally in sicke parts and ill disposed when they are most tender and weake The holy Scripture calleth one a burning winde another a winde full of dewe and sweetnesse And it is no wonder if we see such notable effects of the winde in Plants
Shewing the reason why the Sunne without the Tropicks causeth greatest quantitie of waters when it is farthest off and contrariwise within them it breedeth most when it is neerest l. 2. chap. 7. Exceptions to generall rules The Authors experience Various and diuersified tempers of the Torrid Zone Causes of temperatenâ—sse vnder the Line and within the Tropicks Second cause That there bee other reasons besides the former mentioned which shew that the burning Zone is temperate especially alongst the Ocean Chap. 11. Arist. 〈◊〉 Dionys. c. 15. 〈◊〉 câ—â—l â—ierar That the cold windes bee the principal cause to make the burning Zone temperate Chap. 13. It is noted by trauellers that there is a hot winde sometimes neere to Balsara and Ormus which swalloweth mens breath and suddenly kils them Linschoten obserue at Goa the wind to blow twelue houres from the Sea and other twelue constantly from the land Temper of the Indies Of the windes their differences properties and causes in generall lib. 3. cap. 2. * We haue abbreuiated and to preuent tediousnesse cut off a great part of Acostas obseruations in the two former bookes as hauing handled the same in our Pilgrimage l. 8. where we haue shewed whence men and beasts might come thither and that the opinion of the worlds vnhabitablenesse betwixt the Tropicks is false for the daily raines when the Sunne is neerest the long nights therein great dewes the breezes and constant course of the windes the great Lakes Riuers height of Hills c. make those parts not onely habitable but more temperate then others and fitter for mans life there being more heat at and on this side the Tropicks then vnder the Line We here doe but cull ouâ— choise things for better vnderstanding the naturall historie of those parts for other things referring the Reader to the Authour himselfe Occasionally our notes shall elucidate those things also which are in the Text omitted * Vulcans as Aetâ—â— Hecla c. sulphurous earth whence â—â—re issueth Generall windes Monsoâ—â— Windes receiue their qualities from the places by which they passe Psalme 134. Ieremie 10. Herera hath shewed the height of the Hills to bee the cause of the windes constancy and raines raritie Eastern winde raineth betwixt the Tropicks That the burning Zone the Brises or Easterly windes doe continually blow and without the Zone the Westerne and that the Easterly are ordinarie alwayes there Chap. 4. Iuan de Gacos in Decade 1. lib. 4. cap. 6. They goe one way to the Indies and return another why Sayling 2700. leagues without sight of Land in two moneths See Candishes voyage Cause of the Brises Motion of the Primum Mobile carrieth the inferiour aire with it The Comet 1577. seene eight dayes sooner in Peru then in Spaine The Brize or motion of the air with the heauens is a winde Why withouâ— the Zone in a greater altâ—tude we finde alwaies Westerly windes Chap. 7. 〈◊〉 windes Of the exceptions to the foresaid Rules of the winds and calmes both at Land and at Sea Chap. 8. Cause of the variety of windes Simile Note Of some maruellous effects of the windes which are in some parts of the Indies Chap. 9. Silkewormes killed with South-west windes Exo. c. 10. 14. Iob 17. Ioan 4. Osâ—e 13. Dan. 3. The like Linschoten obserueth in the Terceras Sea sicknesse whence Agitation and Sea ayre Strange passion at Pariacaca by the ayre there Height of Pariacaca 〈◊〉 too subtile for mens bodies So we see Horses to beate the water with their feete to make it more grosse and thereby more agreeable to their bodies Vicunos Great Desart Punas ayre kilâ—ing Strange Story The same confirmed by a Iesuites report and a Dominicans Such effects of cold wâ— haue obserued in Russia and other Northern parts and the like Master Kniuet will tell vs at the Maggelan Straits No Mediterranean Sea of great note in America Terra firme Straight of land but eight leag betwixt North South Seas Herodotus Iouius Experience in Drakes and Maires voyage haue found them no straights but broken Ilands to the South contrary to our Author here See of this Sir Francis Drakes Voyage to 1. l. 2 I haue omitted Sarmientoes voiage c. The supposed Straight in Florida Of the ebbing and flowing of the Indian Ocean Chap. 14. The Philosophers in searching the cause of ebbing and flowing haue easily erred following the Greekes and Latines which knew not the Ocean and could not therfore know the cause * Hernando Alonso which with Sarmiento had gone to the Straights to seeke Captaine Drake At the Downes on our coast two tides meet one from the Westerne Sea or slewe the other from the North which there cause much varietie Of sundry Fishers and their manner of fishing at the Indies The Manati a strange fish The Whales also bring forth their yong aliue and nourish them with their brests being in that huge creature scarce twice so big as the breasts of a woman and farre lesse then those of many women Their foode is also Sea weedes Sharking sharkes They haue rough heads whereby they cleaue and sticke fast to the Sharke which thus are forced to caâ—ry them with their swift motion of whose off all also they liue Crocodiles * Yet so as euer and anon hee dips it in the water his tongue being so short that otherwise he could not swallow it Tigre kils a Crocodile Indians exploit on a Crocodile Whale killed by the Sauages Of Lakes and Pooles that be at the Indies Chap. 16. Thicke water Fishes and fishing Originall of Lakes Greatest riuers flow from Lakes Hot Lake and many wonders thereof Lakes of Mexico salt and fresh Râ—ch Lake Of many and diuers Springs and Fountains Chap. 17. Hot Spring turning into Stone Fountaine of Pitch Cold and hot Springs together Salt Spring which yeeldes Salâ— without boiling Pocke-â—pring Smoak Spring Inke c. Of Riuers Chap. 18. Maragnon or Amazons Water-fall Golden thirst Riuer of Plata increasing as Nilus How they passe their Riuers Haire and Straw Bridges L. 3. C. 19 Decay of people in the Indies by the Spaniards Corn groundâ— The Indies mountainous and thereby temperate Of the properties of the land of Peru. Chap. 20 One winde onely The Plaines the hils and the Andes See sup in Herera Raine almost euer and almost neuer Diuers Beasts Their bread The reason why it raines on the Lanos along the Sea coast Chap. 21. Of the propertie of new Spaine of the Ilands and of other Lands Chap. 22. Peru wine Sugar workes and Hides Indians wasted Of the vnknowne Land and the diuersitie of a whole day betwixt them of the East and the West Chap. 23. Of the Volcans or Vents of fire Chap. 24. Terrible earthquake at Guatimala Couetous Priest Causes of this burning Basil. Psal. 28. in exaâ— Of Earthquakes Cap. 26. Great earthquakes Noyse before the earthquake Why the Sea coast is subiect to earthquakes Earthquake at Ferrara terrible Aâ— Angoango Metals grow as
shape our course from thence North-west Heere is to bee noted that although we ranne along neere the shoare we found no great cold which made vs thinke that if we had beene on shoare the place is temperate Holding this North-west course about ten of the clocke at night we saw great store of Ice on head off vs bearing Wester off vs which we could not goe cleere off with the foresayd course Then we tact about and stood away betweene the South and the South-east as much desirous to leaue this Land as we were to see it The eight and twentieth was a hard gale of wind all the fore-noone betweene the South and the South-west We shaped our course we did it to bee farther from the Ice and Land It pleased God that about twelue of the clocke this night it cleered vp and we found that we were betweene the Land and the Ice Vogel Hooke then bearing nearest hand East off vs. Then we tacked about and stood in for the shoare hauing Sea-roome between the Ice and the Land The nine and twentieth at foure in the morning the wind at North-east a pretie gale we thought best to shorten our way so we tacked about and stood North North-west the wind a little increasing About twelue at noone we saw Ice a head off vs we cast about again and stood away East South-east with very much wind so that we shortned our sayles for the space of two Watches Then about eight this Eeuening we strucke a Hull and it proued the hardest storme that we had in this Voyage The thirtieth in the morning was stormie about noone it ceased at seuen in the Eeuening it proued almost calme The first of Iuly all the fore-noone the wind was at South-east we stood North-east for the shoare hoping to finde an open Sea betweene the shoare and the Ice About noone wee were embayed with Ice lying betweene the Land and vs. By our obseruation we were in 78. degrees 42. minutes whereby we accounted we were thwart of The great Indraught And to free our selues of the Ice we steered betweene the South-east and South and to the Westward as we could haue sea And about six this Eeuening it pleased God to giue vs cleere weather and we found we were shot farre into the Inlet being almost a Bay and enuironed with very high Mountaynes with low Land lying betweene them wee had no ground in this Bay at an hundred fathoms Then being sure where we were we steered away West the wind at South-east and calme and found all our Ice on the Norther shoare and a cleare Sea to the Southward The second it pleased God to giue vs the wind at North-east a faire gale with cleere weather the Ice being to the Northward off vs and the weather shoare and an open Sea to the South-wards vnder our Lee. We held on our course North-west till twelue of the clocke hauing sayled in that course 10. leagues and finding the Ice to fall from vs to the we gaue thankes to God who maruellously preserued vs from so many dangers amongst so huge a quantitie of Ice and Fogge. We steered away North-west hoping to be free from Ice we had obseruation 78. degrees 56. minutes we fell with Ice againe and trended it as it lay betweene the West and South South-east The third we had obseruation 78. degrees 33. minutes This day wee had our shrouds frozen it was searching cold we also trended the Ice not knowing whether we were cleare or not the wind being at North. The fourth was very cold and our shroudes and sayles frozen we found we were farre in the Inlet The wind being at North we beare vp and stood South South-east and South and South-west by West till ten this night The fift was very much wind at North Easterly at twelue we strooke a Hull hauing brought our selues neare the mouth of the Inlet The sixth in the morning the wind was as before and the Sea growne This morning we came into a very Greene Sea we had our obseruation 77. degrees 30. minutes This after-noone the wind and Sea asswaged About foure of the clocke we set sayle and steered North-west and by West the wind being at North North-east This day proued the clearest day we had long before The seuenth at foure in the morning was very cleare weather and the fairest Morning that we saw in three weekes before we steered as afore being by our account in 78. degrees nearest hand and out of the Sacke We found we were compassed in with Land and Ice and were againe entred into a Blacke Sea which by proofe we found to be an open passage Now hauing the wind at North North-east we steered away South by East with purpose to fall with the Southermost part of this Land which we saw hoping by this meane either to defray the charge of the Voyage or else if it pleased God in time to giue vs a faire wind to the North-east to satisfie expectation All this day and night afterward proued calme The eight all the fore-noone proued calme and very thicke fogge This morning we saw many peeces of Drift-wood driue by vs we heaued out our Boate to stop a leake and mended our riggings This day wee saw many Seales and two Fishes which we iudged to bee Sea-horses or Morses At twelue this night we had the winde at East and by South wee stood away North-east The ninth all the fore-noone was little wind at South-east with thicke fogge This day we were in amongst Ilands of Ice where we saw many Seales The tenth in the morning was foggie afterward it proued cleere we found we were compassed with Ice euery way about vs wee tacked about and stood South and by West and South South-west one Watch fiue leagues hoping to get more Sea-roome and to stand for the North-east we had the wind at North-west The eleuenth very cleere weather with the winde at South South-east we were come out of the Blue Sea into our Greene Sea againe where we saw Whales Now hauing a fresh gale of wind at South South-east it behooued mee to change my course and to sayle to the North-east by the Souther end of Newland But being come into a Greene Sea praying God to direct mee I steered away North ten leagues After that we saw Ice on our Larboord we steered away East and by North three leagues and left the Ice behind vs. Then we steered away North till noone This day wee had the Sunne on the Meridian South and by West Westerly his greatest height was 37. degrees 20. minutes By this obseruation we were in 79. degrees 17. minutes we had a fresh gale of wind and a smooth sea by meanes whereof our ship had out-runne vs. At ten this Eeuening cleere weather and then we had the company of our troublesome neighbours Ice with fogge The wind was at South South-west Heere we saw plentie of Seales
on their garments which greatly trouble them for want of linnen if thy see any each taketh them from the other and as often as he taketh away one so often doth he thanke him with his head discouered and this they doe one to the other as long as they see one By night the Master of the house with all his family his wife and children lye in one roome couered with a cloth made of Wooll which they make And the like clothes they lap vnder them without straw or hay put vnder All of them make water in one chamber-pot with the which in the morning they wash their face mouth teeth and hands they alledge many reasons thereof to wit that this makes a faire face maintaineth the strength confirmeth the sinnewes in the hands and preserueth the teeth from putrifaction If Catâ—le perish in the waters or snow which often commeth to passe they say they are killed of God and are accounted among the delicates And it happened in the yeere 1564. in a place called Ackermisse that in the month of Ianuary some Kine strayed in the darke and the fogge was so great and the depth of snow that they could not be found In the moneth of April they were first found vntainted and without any euill smell and being distributed among the neighbours some part was brought to the Gouernour with whom I liued at that time which was not lawfull for him to despise yet he commanded it to bee giuen to the poore In the Winter time before and after the Solstitium when the Sunne declineth and being in Sagitarius Capricornus and Aquarius it departeth from them neither doth it ascend aboue the Horizon while it touch Pisces therefore they haue no light but of the Moone and Starres In like manner about the Summer Solstitium when the Sunne ascendeth to Gemini Cancer and Leo it neuer goeth downe vnder the Horizon therefore at that time they haue no Night In the Winter time they keepe their Beds many dayes and exercise themselues in the game of Chesse the inuention wherof is due to Xerxes the Philosopher the meane while the seruants bring them their meate dressed to their beds They keepe Lampes of the oyle of Fish continually burning others burne Tallow candles In the moneth of Februarie as soone as the Sunne ascends aboue the Horizon by little and little the dayes grow longer then they begin to Fish whereof there is so great plentie that it is scarce credible for the Fishes which for three whole moneths swamme in the darke as soone as they see a fish of Tinne fastened to an Iron they ranne to it in schoales that they are not onely drawne vp by the jawes but wheresoeuer the Iron toucheth them Hauing taken them they plucke out the bones and lay vp their bowels and make Fat or Oyle of them They heape vp their Fish in the open ayre and the puritie of the ayre is such there that they are hardened onely with the winde and Sunne without Salt better surely then if they were corned with salt And if they kill any Beasts they preserue the flesh without stinke or putrifaction without salt hardened onely with the winde Of the wonderfull standing Pooles Lakes and Fountaynes in Iseland IN diuers places almost throughout the whâ—le Iland are Bathes and scalding Fountaynes which flow out in great abundance This water as soone as it begins to coole hath a Sulphurie substance in the top thereof In these scalding waters wherein I could scarse dippe my finger red Diue-doppers are seene afarre off if you come neerer they vanish if you depart they appeare againe so all day long if any please they play boe-peepe with men Whether they bee Diue-doppers indeed I leaue it to others to decide At the West of this Iland there is a huge smoakie Lake and very cold which turneth all things that are cast into it into stones and that in few dayes and which is worthy of great admiration if you put a sticke vpright into the bottome the lower part which is stucke into the earth hath the resemblance and hardnesse of Iron after two dayes that which was in the water hath the hardnesse and shew of a Stone the vpper part which remayned aboue the water keepeth his wonted forme And I twice proued the truth of this thing but when I put the lower part which represented Iron to the fire that it might melt it burned like a Coale There are two Fountaynes of most different qualitie in a place vpon the Sea coast which is called Turlocks Hauen the one cold the other hot these Fountaynes by pipes are drawne into one place and tempered for bathing they make a most wholesome Bath Not farre from these Fountaynes there is a certaine other Fountayne which bubbles foorth liquor like Wax which notably cureth the French disease which is very common there Not farre from the Hauen Haffnefordt there is a cleft in a Rocke like to a Fountayne of vnmeasurable depth If you looke into it you cannot see the water but if you cast in a stone halfe an houre after you shall heare it falling as if it fell into brazen Vessels and forthwith the water ariseth and it is filled to the top of the Wels brimme and it is a most cleere water which notwithstanding no man dare touch nor taste neither doth it flow out but so long after as the stone which is cast in sinketh to the bottome There is another Lake in the middle of the Iland which casteth forth a pestiferous fume insomuch as it killeth Birds flying ouer it with the poyson thereof Of the wonderfull Mountaynes in Island THere are three Mountaynes in Island very admirable the one is called the Mountayne of the Crosse the other Sneuelsiockell These two pierce the cloudes with their heigth whose heads or tops no man euer saw nor are they euer seene without Ice and Snow in those Lightnings and horrible Thunders are daily heard when neuerthelesse in the neighbouring Valleyes the Aire is faire and cleere as in Summer time The third Mountayne lyeth on the North of the Iland and not very high but it hath burned very many yeeres with what fire or matter it is vnknowne but seeing Brimstone is digged out of the Earth throughout the whole Land it seemeth that the Sulphurie matter is sometime inflamed This Mountayne is not farre from the Sea and the Sea on one side beates vpon it it is called Hecla sometimes it casteth forth flame sometimes fierie water then blacke ashes and Pumis stones in so great abundance that it darkeneth the Sunne No man also can dwell neere it by sixe mile neither are there any pastures about it Sometimes bold men and such as regard not their liues cast stones into the hollow places for sometimes there is a wonderfull calme in the Mountayne especially when the Westerne wind blowes it casteth backe the stones flung into it with an horrible noyse and
her selfe among the Rocks till the other had told her how well wee had vsed them in giuing them pieces of Iron and such like which they highly esteeme in change thereof they giue vs Seales skinnes other riches they had none saue dead Seales and fat of Seales some of which fat or blubber afterward we carried aboord the poore women were very diligent to carry it to the water side to put into our caske making shew that the men were ouer at the Mayne and at an other small Iland something more Eastward Then making signes to them that wee would shew them our ship and set them where the men were the foure youngest came into our Boate when they were aboord they much wondred to see our ship and furniture we gaue them of our meat which they tasting would not eate Then two of them wee set on the Iland where they supposed the men to be the other two were carried to their Tents againe Those that went to seeke the men could not finde them but came as neere the ship as they could and at euening wee set them ouer to the other This place wee called Womens Ilands it lyeth in the latitude of 72. degrees 45. minutes here the Flood commeth from the Southward at nep Tydes the water ariseth but sixe or seuen foote and a South South-east Moone maketh a full Sea The Inhabitants very poore liuing chiefly on the flesh of Seales dryed which they eate raw with the skinnes they cloathe themselues and also make couerings for their Tents and Boats which they dresse very well The Women in their apparell are different from the men and are marked in the face with diuers blacke strokes or lines the skin being rased with some sharpe instrument when they are young and blacke colour put therein that by no meanes it will be gotten forth Concerning their Religion I can little say onely they haue a kinde of worship or adoration to the Sunne which continually they will point vnto and strike their hand on their breast crying Ilyâ—nt their dead they burie on the side of the Hils where they liue which is commonly on small Ilands making a pile of stones ouer them yet not so close but that wee might see the dead body the aire being so piersing that it keepeth them from much stinking sauour So likewise I haue seene their Dogs buried in the same manner Vpon the fourth day we set sayle from thence hauing very faire weather although the winde were contrary and plyed to and fro betweene the Ice and the Land being as it were a channell of seuen or eight leagues broad then on the ninth day being in the latitude of 74. degree 4. minutes and much pestered with Ice neere vnto three small Ilands lying eight miles fromth shore we came to anchor neere one of them These Ilands are vsed to be frequented with people in the latter part of the yeare as it seemed by the houses and places where the tents had stood but this yeare as yet they were not come here the tides are very small especially the floud which ariseth not aboue fiue or six foot yet the ebbe runneth with an indifferent streame the cause thereof in mine opinion is the great abundance of Snow melting on the Land all this part of the yeare The tenth day wee set sayle from thence and stood through much Ice to the Westward to try if that further from the shoare wee might proceede but this attempt was soone quailed for the more Ice we went through the thicker it was till wee could see no place to put in the Ships head Seeing that as yet we could not proceede we determined to stand in for the shoare there to abide some few dayes till such time as the Ice were more wasted and gone for we plainely saw that it consumed very fast with this resolution we stood in and came to anchor among many Ilands in the latitude of 73. degrees 45. minutes On the twelfth day at night here wee continued two dayes without shew or signe of any people till on the fifteenth day in the morning about one a clocke then came two and fortie of the Inhabitants in their Boates or Canoas and gaue vs Seale skinnes and many peeces of the bone or horne of the Sea Vnicorne and shewed vs diuers peeces of Sea Mors teeth making signes that to the Northward were many of them in exchange thereof we gaue them small peeces of Iron Glasse Beads and such like at foure seuerall times the people came to vs and at each time brought vs of the aforesaid commodities by reason thereof we called this place Horne Sound Here we stayed six dayes and on the eighteenth day at night we set sayle hauing very little winde and being at Sea made the best way we could to the Northward although the winde had beene contrary for the most part this moneth but it was strange to see the Ice so much consumed in so little space for now we might come to the three Ilands before named and stand off to the Westward almost twenty leagues without let of Ice vntill we were more North as to 74. degrees 30. minutes then we put among much scattered Ice and plyed to and fro all this month still in the sight of shoare and many times fast in the Ice yet euery day we got something on our way nothing worthy of note happening but that at diuers times we saw of the fishes with long hornes many and often which we call the Sea Vnicorne and here to write particularly of the weather it would be superfluous or needelesse because it was so variable few dayes without Snow and often freezing in so much that on Midsummer day our shrowds roapes and sailes were so frozen that we could scarse handle them yet the cold is not so extreame but it may well be endured The first of Iuly we were come into an open Sea in the latitude of 75. degrees 40. minutes which a new reuiued our hope of a passage and because the winde was contrary wee stood off twenty leagues from the shoare before we met the Ice then standing in againe when we were neere the Land we let fall an anchor to see what tyde went but in that we found small comfort Shortly after the winde came to the South-east and blew very hard with foule weather thicke and foggie then we set sayle and ran along by the Land this was on the second day at night The next morning we past by a faire Cape or head land which wee called Sir Dudley Digges Cape it is in the latitude of 76. degrees 35. minutes and hath a small Iland close adioyning to it the winde still increasing we past by a faire Sound twelue leagues distant from the former Cape hauing an Iland in the midst which maketh two entrances Vnder this Iland we came to anchor and had not rid past two houres but our Ship droue although we had two
Beasts and Men seeing that we see it visibly in Iron which is the hardest of all mettals I haue seene Grates of Iron in some parts of the Indies so rusted and consumed that pressing it betwixt your fingers it dissolued into powder as if it had beene hay or parched straw the which proceedes onely from the winde which doth corrupt it hauing no meanes to withstand it But leauing apart many other great and notable effects I will onely make mention of two The one although it causeth pangs greater then death it selfe yet doth it not breede any further inconuenience The other takes away life without feeling of it The sicknesse of the Sea wherewith such are troubled as first begin to goe to Sea is a matter very ordinary and yet if the nature thereof were vnknowne to men we should take it for the pangs of death seeing how it afflicts and torments while it doth last by the casting of the stomacke paine of the head and other troublesome accidents But in truth this sicknesse so common and ordinary happens vnto men by the change of the ayre and Sea For although it be true that the motion of the Ship helpes much in that it moues more or lesse and likewise the infections and ill sauours of things in the Ship yet the proper and naturall cause is the ayre and the vapours of the Sea the which doth so weaken and trouble the body and the stomacke which are not accustomed thereunto that they are wonderfully moued and changed for the ayre is the Element by which we liue and breath drawing it into our entrailes the which we â—athe therewithall And therefore there is nothing that so suddenly and with so great force doth alter vs as the change of the ayre we breathe as we see in those which dye of the plague It is approued by many experiences that the ayre of the Sea is the chiefe cause of this strange indisposition the one is that when there blowes from the Sea a strong breath we see them at the Land as it were Sea-â—â—cke as I my selfe haue often found Another is the farther wee goe into the Sea and retyre from Land the more wee are touched and dazeled with this sicknesse Another is that coasting along any Iland and after lanching into the maine we shall there finde the ayre more strong Yet will I not deny but the motion and agitation may cause this sicknesse seeing that we see some are taken therewith passing Riuers in Barkes others in like sort going in Coaches and Caroaches according to the diuers complexions of the Stomacke as contrariwise there are some how boisterous and troublesome soeuer the Sea be doe neuer feele it Wherefore it is a matter certaine and tried that the ayre of the Sea doth commonly cause this effect in such as newly goe to Sea I thought good to speake this to shew a strange effect which happens in some parts of the Indies where the ayre and the winde that raigns makes men dazle not lesse but more then at Sea Some hold it for a fable others say it is an addition for my part I will speake what I haue tried There is in Peru a high mountaine which they call Paâ—â—acaca and hauing heard speake of the alteration it bred I went as well prepared as I could according to the instructions which was giuen me by such as they call Vaguianâ—s or expert men but notwithstanding all my prouision when I came to mount the degrees as they called them which is the top of this mountaine I was suddenly surprized with so mortall and so strange a pang that I was ready to fall from the top to the ground and although we were many in company yet euery one made haste without any tarrying for his companion to free himselfe speedily from this ill passage Being then alone with one Indian whom I intreated to helpe to stay me I was surprized with such pangs of straining and casting as I thought to cast vp my heart too for hauing cast vp meate flegme and coller both yellow and greene in the end I cast vp blood with the straining of my stomacke To conclude if this had continued I should vndoubtedly haue dyed but this lasted not aboue three or foure houres that wee were come into a more conuenient and naturall temperature where all our companions being foureteene or fifteene were much wearied Some in the passage demanded confession thinking verily to dye others left the Ladders and went to the ground being ouercome with casting and going to the stoole and it was told me that some haue lost their liues there with this accident I beheld one that did beate himselfe against the earth crying out for the rage and griefe which this passage of Pariacaca had caused But commonly it doth no important harme onely this paine and troublesome distaste while it endures and not onely the passage of Pariacaca hath this propertie but also all this ridge of the Mountaine which runnes aboue fiue hundred leagues long and in what place soeuer you passe you shall finde strange intemperâ—â—ures yet more in some parts then in other and rather to those which mount from the Sea 〈◊〉 from the Plaines Besides Pariacaca I haue passed it by 〈◊〉 and Soras in another place by Collegâ—â—â— and by 〈◊〉 Finally by foure different places going and comming and alwayes in this passage I haue felt this alteration although in no place so strongly as at the first in Pariacaca which hath beene tried by all such as haue passed it And no doubt but the winde is the cause of this intemperature and strange alteration or the ayre that raignes there For the best remedy and all they finde is to stoppe their noses their eares and their mouthes as much as may be and to couer themselues with cloathes especially the stomacke for that the ayre is subtile and piercing going into the entrailes and not onely men feele this alteration but also beasts that sometimes stay there so as there is no spurre can make them goe forward For my part I hold this place to be one of the highest parts of land in the world for we mount a wonderfull space And in my opinion the Mountaine Neâ—ade of Spaine the Pirences and the Alpâ—s of Italie are as ordinary houses in regard of hiâ— Towers I therefore perswade my selfe that the element of the ayre is there so subtile and delicate as it is not proportionable with the breathing of man which requires a more grosse and temperate ayre and I beleeue it is the cause that doth so much alter the stomacke and trouble all the disposition The passages of the mountaines Neâ—ade and other of Europe which I haue seene although the ayre be cold there and doth force men to weare more cloathes yet this colde doth not take away the appetite from meate but contrariwise it prouokes neither doth it cause any casting of the stomacke but onely some paine in the feete
also other strange Countries make sumptuous buildings therewith The Indians doe draw from these flouds that runne from the Mountaines to the Vallies and Plaines many and great Brookes to water their Land which they vsually doe with such industrie as there are no better in Murcia nor at Millan it selfe the which is also the greatest and onely wealth of the Plaines of Peru and of many other parts of the Indies §. III. Of the qualitie of the Land at the Indies in generall Properties of Peru and of new Spaine and other parts Of Vulcanes and Earthquakes WE may know the qualitie of the Land at the Indies for the greatest part seeing it is the last of the three Elements whereof we haue propounded to treate in this Booke by the discourse we haue made in the former Booke of the burning Zone seeing that the greatest part of the Indies doth lye vnder it But to make it knowne the more particularly I haue obserued three kindes of Lands as I haue passed through those Regions whereof there is one very low another very high and the third which holds the middle of these two extreames The lower is that which lyeth by the Sea coasts whereof there is in all parts of the Indies and it is commonly very hot and moist so as it is not so healthfull and at this day we see it lesse peopled although in former times it hath beene greatly inhabited with Indians as it appeareth by the histories of new Spaine and Peru and where they kept and liued for that the soile was naturall vnto them being bred there They liued of fishing at Sea and of seeds drawing brooks from the Riuers which they vsed for want of raine for that it raines little there and in some places not at all This low Countrie hath many places vnhabitable as well by reason of the Sands which are dangerous for there are whole Mountaines of these Sands as also for the Marishes which grow by reason of the waters that fall from the Mountaines which finding no issue in these flat and low Lands drowne them and make them vnprofitable And in truth the greatest part of all the Indian Sea coast is of this sort chiefly vpon the South Sea the habitation of which coasts is at this present so wasted and contemned that of thirty parts of the people that inhabited it there wants twenty nine and it is likely the rest of the Indians will in short time decay Many according to the varietie of their opinions attribute this to diuers causes some to the great labour which hath beene imposed vpon these Indians others vnto the change and varietie of meates and drinkes they vse since their commerce with the Spaniards others to their great excesse and drinking and to other vices they haue for my part I hold this disorder to be the greatest cause of their decay whereof it is not now time to discourse any more In this low Countrie which I say generally is vnhealthfull ond vnfit for mans habitation there is exception in some places which are temperate and fertile as the greatest part of the Plaines of Peru where there are coole vallies and very fertile The greatest part of the habitation of the coast entertains all the traffike of Spain by Sea whereon all the estate of the Indies dependeth Vpon this coast there are some Towns well peopled as Lima and Truxillo in Peru Panama and Carthagena vpon the maine Land and in the Ilands Saint Dominique Port Ricco and Hauana with many other Towns which are lesse then these as the True Crosse in new Spain Yâ—a Arigua and others in Peru the Ports are commonly inhabited although but slenderly The second sort of Land is contrary very high and by consequent cold and dry as all the Mountaines are commonly This Land is neither fertile nor pleasant but very healthfull which makes it to be peopled and inhabited There are Pastures and great store of Cattle the which for the most part entertaines life and by their Cattell they supply the want they haue of Corne and Graine by trucking and exchange But that which makes these Lands more inhabited and peopled is the riches of the Mines that are found there for that all obeys to Gold and Siluer By reason of the Mines there are some dwellings of Spaniards and Indians which are increased and multiplied as Potozi and Gancanelicqua in Peru and Cacatecas in new Spaine There are also through all these Mountaines great dwellings of the Indians which to this day are maintained yea some will say they increase but that the labour of the Mines doth consume many and some generall diseases haue destroyed a great part as the Cocoliste in new Spaine yet they finde no great diminution In this extremitie of high ground they finde two commodities as I haue said of Pastures and Mines which doe well counteruaile the two other that are in the lower grounds alongst the Sea coast that is the commerce of the Sea and the abundance of Wine which groweth not but in the hot Lands Betwixt these two extreames there is ground of a meane height the which although it be in some parts higher or lower one then other yet doth it not approach neither to the heate of the Sea coast nor the intemperature of the Mountaines In this sort of soyle there groweth many kindes of Graine as Wheate Barley and Mays which growes not at all in the high Countries but well in the lower there is likewise store of Pasture Cattell Fruits and greene Forrests This part is the best habitation of the three for health and recreation and therefore it is best peopled of any part of the Indies the which I haue curiously obserued in many Voyages that I haue vndertaken and haue alwayes found it true that the Prouince best peopled at the Indies be in this scituation Let vs looke neerely into new Spaine the which without doubt is the best Prouince the Sunne doth circle by what part soeuer you doe enter you mount vp and when you haue mounted a good height you begin to descend yet very little and that Land is alwayes much higher then that along the Sea coast All the Land about Mexico is of this nature and scituation and that which is about the Vulcan which is the best soile of the Indies as also in Peru Arequipa Guamangua and Cusco although more in one then in the other But in the end all is high ground although they descend into deepe Vallies and clime vp to high Mountaines the like is spoken of Quitto Saint Foy and of the best of the New Kingdome To conclude I doe beleeue that the wisedome and prouidence of the Creator would haue it so that the greatest part of this Countrie of the Indies should be hillie that it might be of a better temperature for being low it had beene very hot vnder the burning Zone especially being farre from the Sea Also all the Land I haue seene at the Indies is neere
is the Realme of Chille which is without the generall rule of these other Prouinces being seated without the burning Zone and the Tropicke of Capricorne This Land of it selfe is coole and fertile and brings forth all kindes of fruits that bee in Spaine it yeelds great abundance of bread and wine and abounds in Pastures and Cattell The aire is wholsome and cleere temperate betwixt heat and cold Winter and Summer are very distinct and there they finde great store of very fine gold Yet this Land is poore and smally peopled by reason of their continuall warre with the Auricanos and their Associates being a rough people and friends to libertie There are great coniectures that in the temperate Zone at the Antartike Pole there are great and fertile Lands but to this day they are not discouered neither doe they know any other Land in this Zone but that of Chille and some part of that Land which runnes from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope as hath beene said in the first Booke neither is it knowne if there bee any habitations in the other two Zones of the Poles and whether the Land continues and stretcheth to that which is towards the Antartike or South Pole Neither doe we know the Land that lyes beyond the Straight of Magellan for that the greatest height yet discouered is in fiftie sixe degrees as hath beene formerly said and toward the Artike or Northerne Pole it is not known how farre the Land extends which runnes beyond the Cape of Mendoçin and the Caliphornes nor the bounds and end of Florida neither yet how farre it extends to the West Of late they haue discouered a new Land which they call New Mexico where they say is much people that speake the Mexican tongue The Philippines and the following Ilands as some report that know it by experience ranne aboue nine hundred leagues But to intreat of China Cochinchina Siam and other Regions which are of the East Indies were contrarie to my purpose which is onely to discourse of the West nay they are ignorant of the greatest part of America which lyes betwixt Peru and Bresil although the bounds be knowne of all sides wherein there is diuersitie of opinions some say it is a drowned Land full of Lakes and waterie places others affirme there are great and flourishing Kingdomes imagining there be the Paytiti the Dorado and the Caesars where they say are wonderfull things I haue heard one of our companie say a man worthy of credit that he had seene great dwellings there and the wayes as much beaten as those betwixt Salamanca and Villadillit the which he did see when as Peter d'Orsua and after those that succeeded him made their entrie and discouerie by the great Riuer of Amazons who beleeuing that the Dorado which they sought was farther off cared not to inhabit there and after went both without the Dorado which they could not finde and this great Prouince which they left To speake the truth the habitations of America are to this day vnknowne except the extremities which are Peru Bresil and that part where the Land begins to straighten which is the Riuer of Siluer then Tucuman which makes the round to Chille and Charcas Of late we haue vnderstood by Letters from some of ours which goe to Saint Croix in the Sierre that they goe discouering of great Prouinces and dwellings betwixt Bresil and Peru. Time will reueile them for as at this day the care and courage of men is great to compasse the World from one part to another so we may beleeue that as they haue discouered that which is now knowne they may likewise lay open that which remaynes to the end the Gospell may bee preached to the whole World seeing the two Crownes of Portugal and Castile haue met by the East and West ioyning their discoueries together which in truth is a matter to be obserued that the one is come to China and Iapan by the East and the other to the Philippines which are neighbours and almost ioyning vnto China by the West for from the Ilands of Lusson which is the chiefe of the Philippines in the which is the Citie of Manille vnto Macaeo which is in the I le of Canton are but foure score or a hundred leagues and yet we finde it strange that notwithstanding this small distance from the one to the other yet according to their account there is a dayes difference betwixt them so as it is Sunday at Macao when as it is but Saturday at Manille and so of the rest Those of Macao and of China haue one day aduanced before the Philippines It happened to father Alonse Sanches of whom mention is made before that parting from the Philippines hee arriued at Macao the second day of May according to their computation and going to say the Masse of Saint Athanasim he found they did celebrate the feast of the Inuention of the holy Crosse for that they did then reckon the third of May. The like happened vnto him in another voyage beyond it Some haue found this alteration and diuersitie strange supposing that the fault proceedes from the one or the other the which is not so but it is a true and well obserued computation for according to the difference of wayes where they haue beene we must necessarily say that when they meet there must be difference of a day the reason is for that sayling from West to East they alwayes gaine of the day finding the Sunne rising sooner and contrariwise those that saile from East to West doe alwayes lose of the day for that the Sunne riseth later vnto them and as they approach neerer the East or the West they haue the day longer or shorter In Peru which is Westward in respect of Spaine they are aboue sixe houres behinde so as when it is noone in Spaine it is morning at Peru and when it is morning here it is mid-night there I haue made certaine proofe thereof by the computation of Eclipses of the Sunne and Moone Now that the Portugals haue made their nauigations from West to East and the Castillans from East to West when they came to ioyne and meet at the Philippines and Macao the one haue gayned twelue houres and the other hath lost as much so as at one instant and in one time they finde the difference of foure and twentie houres which is a whole day Although we finde vents of fire in other places as Mount Aetna and Vesunio which now they call Mount Soma yet is that notable which is found at the Indies Ordinarily these Volcans be Rocks or Pikes of most high Mountaines which raise themselues aboue the tops of all other Mountaines vpon their tops they haue a Playne and in the midst thereof a pit or great mouth which descends euen vnto the foote thereof a thing very terrible to behold Out of these mouthes there issues smoake and sometimes fire some cast little smoake and haue in a manner no force
lancheth or cutteth the same while in the meane time it can neither be seene nor taken that from some it hath cut off their hands and from other their feete vntill the remedy was found to annoint the place with Oyle and scrape it with a Rasor In the firme Land in golden Castile or Beragua there are many Vipers like vnto them of Spaine they that are bitten of them dye in short space for few liue to the fourth day except present remedy Of these some are of lesse kinde then other and haue their taile somewhat round and leape in the aire to assaile men and for this cause some call this kinde of Vipers Tyro their biting is most venomousâ— and for the most part incurable One of them chanced to bite an Indian Maide which serued me in my house to whom I caused the Surgians to minister their ordinary cure but they could doe her no good nor yet get one drop of blood out of her but onely a yellow water so that she died the third day for lacke of remedie as the like hath chanced to diuers others This Maide was of the age of foureteene yeares and spake the Spanish tongue as if she had beene borne in Castile she said that the Viper which bit her on the foot was two spans long or little lesse and that to bite her she leapt in the aire for the space of more then six paces as I haue heard the like of other credible persons I haue also seene in the firme Land a kinde of Adders very small and of seuen or eight foot long these are so red that in the night they appeare like burning coles and in the day seeme as red as blood these are also venemous but not so much as the Vipers There are other much lesse and shorter and blacker these come out of the Riuers and wander sometimes farre on the Land and are likewise venemous There are also other Adders of a russet colour these are somewhat bigger then the Viper and are hurtfull and venemous There are likewise another sort of many colours and very long of these I saw one in the yeare of Christ 1515. in the Iland of Hispaniola neere vnto the Sea coasts at the foote of the Mountaines called Pedernales When this Adder was slain I measured her found her to be more then twenty foot long and somewhat more then a mans fist in bignesse and although she had three or foure deadly wounds with a Sword yet dyed she not nor stunke the same day in so much that her blood continued warme all that time There are also in the Marishes and desarts of the firme Land many other kindes of Lysarts Dragons and diuers other kindes of Serpents whereof I intend not here to speak much because I haue more particularly entreated of these things in my generall historie of the West Indies There are tlso Spiders of marueilous bignesse and I haue seene some with bodie and legges bigger then a mans hand extended euery way and I once saw one of such bignesse that onely her body was as bigge as a Sparrow and full of that Laune whereof they make their webbes this was of a darke russet colour with eyes greater then the eyes of a Sparrow they are venemous and of terrible shape to behold There are also Scorpions and diuers other such venomous wormes Furthermore in the firme Land there are many Toades being verie noious and hurtfull by reason of their great multitude they are not venemous they are seene in great abundance in Dareena where they are so big that when they die in the time of drought the bones of some of them and especially the ribs are of such greatnesse that they appeare to be the bones of Cats or of some other beasts of the same bignesse But as the waters diminish the moisture consumeth in the time of drought as I haue said they also consume therewith vntill the yeare next following when the raine and moisture encrease at which time they are seene againe Neuerthelesse at this present there is no such quantitie of them as was wont to be by reason that as the Land is better cultured by the Christians as well by the felling of Woods and Shrubs as also by the Pasture of Kine Horses and other beasts so is it apparant that this poison diminisheth daily whereby that region becommeth more holesome and pleasant These Toades sing after three or foure sort for some of them sing pleasantly other like ours of Spaine some also whistle and other some make another manner of noise they are likewise of diuers colours as some greene some russet or gray and some almost blacke but of all sorts they are great and filthie and noious by reason of their great multitude yet are they not venemous as I haue said There are also a strange kinde of Crabbes which come forth of certaine holes of the earth that they themselues make the head and bodie of these make one round thing much like to the hood of a Faulcon hauing foure feete comming out of the one side and as manie out of the other they haue also two mouthes like vnto a paire of small Pincers the one bigger then the other wherewith they bite but doe no great hurt because they are not venemous their skin and bodie is smooth and thinne as is the rkinne of a man sauing that it is somewhat harder their colour is russet or white or blew and walke sidelong they are verie good to be eaten in so much that the Christians trauailing by the firme Land haue beene greatly nourished by them because they are found in manner euerie where in shape and forme they are much like vnto the Crabbe which we paint for the signe Cancer and like vnto those which are found in Spaine in Andalusia in the Riuer Guadalchiber where it entreth into the Sea and in the Sea coasts there about sauing that these are of the water and the other of the land they are sometimes hurtfull so that they that eate of them dye but this chanceth onely when they haue eaten any venomous thing or of the venemous apples wherewith the Caniball archers poison their arrowes whereof I will speake hereafter and for this cause the Christians take heede how they eate of these Crabbes if they finde them neere vnto the said apple trees Furthermore in these Indies as well in the firme land as in the Ilands there is found a kinde of Serpents which they call Yuanas which some call Iuannas these are terrible and fearefull to fight and yet not hurtfull they are verie delicate to be eaten and it is not yet knowne whether they be beasts of the land or fishes because they liue in the water and wander in the woods and on the land they haue foure feet and are commonly bigger then Connies and in some places bigger then Otters with tailes like Lysarts or Eutes their skinne is spotted and of the same kinde
frozen and passed ouer wiâ—h Sleds 518.20 Sea-kytes relieuing of Portugals 256.20 Seas blacke blue and greene 570 Sea-sicknesse whence caused 926 60. c. Sea somewhere barren and somewhere fertile as the Land 988 â—40 Sea-horses endanger a Mans life 703.20 Their Hâ—des tanned in England 709 Sea the nâ—arenesse of it to the Torride Zone tempers the heate 921.1 Sea-monsterâ— in Island 649.60 650. Seuerall descriptions of them ibid. Sea of Sand by China 404.40 Sea of Sand 362.40 Sea of Pontus called the great Sea 1.50 The length of it ibid. Two Prouinces of Synopolis and Cassaria in it ibid. Sea the neerenesse to it dissolues Snow and temperâ— the winter 724 30. Frozen in what Latitude 473 5â— Sea-water good against poyson 985 40 Sea-horse or Morse described 476 30 40. Their care of their young and courage to reuenge her selfe Their teeth as good as Iuory ibid 512.60 Sea-coale in Greenland 705.60 Seale-fishes the chiefe sustenance benefit of Groneland 817.40 50. Fishermen clad in Seale-skinnes to 〈◊〉 the Fishes 818.1 Seales in China the fashion 383 40. Not imprinted in Waxe but with Inke ibid. Cut in seuerall matters ibid. Seales of China Magistrates 3â—5 1 Kept as warily as our Lord Keepers ibid. Seale fish how hunted for 416.60 Their naturall policy to breake the Ice 417.1 Seale the Muscouites is the George 221.40 Pendant to their Patents ibid. Seasons of the returne of the Spanish Fleets from the Indies 859 20 30 Seates of women knowne from the mens 395.1 Sebastian de Guetaria his Voyage 282 Sebastian Cabota Gouernour for Discoueries 249.20 Sebastian Cabot his Mappe at White-hall his attempt to discouer 807. His course at Sea in English ships the occasion why King Henry the Seuenth neglected the second Discouery Hee is set forth againe by the King of Spaine discouers the Riuer of Plate Made Grand Pilot of England his Pension 808 Seâ—astâ— the City in Armenia the lesse 51.10 Sebastoâ— or Sebaste the Royall Citie in Armenia the lâ—sse 69.30 Secanunga the true name of Groneland 825.10 Secretaries of Townes in Russia 425.50 Their Authority 426.30 Segin a City of Cathay and a Nestorian Bishopricke 24.1 Segouia the New in the West Indies its Iurisdiction Villages Parts c. 881.1 Selfe-vpholder a Tytle of the Russian Emperours 755.40 Seleâ—ciâ— the City nâ—w Mosul 110 50 Selizure a Castle 236.40 Sentence of Iustice giuen by the King of China the 〈◊〉 as large 193. 194. c. Sentence the vsuall one in China iâ— whipping 372.50 Septuagesima Sunday iâ— like Easter to the Armenians 31.10 Sepulchres of the China Kings visited 393.10 Sepulchres of the Chinois 393 50 Seres the people of Cataya the greater whence came the Seriâ—um or Silke 23.40 Sergeants at Armes in China 300 60 Sericum or Silke whence deriued 23.40 Serpents delicate meate where 976 50 Serpents deuouring whole Stagges 410.40 A tale of one of them ibid. Serpents nourished in the Mexican Kings Court 1129.1 Fed with mans flesh ibid. Serpents why the Mexicans feare them 〈◊〉 1043.10 Seruants cheape in China and why 367.20 Seruants in Russia killed and not answered for 435 Seruice in the Mother tongue 217 40. 229.10 Seruice in the Mother tongue 217 40. Before day light in Russia 218.10 Seueria a Russian Prouince 756 60 Seuerity too much of it breeds neglect of authority 186.20 Sexes vndistinguished by Apparell 646.10 Seyserach strange Birds that giue Intelligence of the Enemies approach 126.60 Seynam Iland 212.20 Shalcan Tartars by the Caspian Sea 442. Neere to Astracan Media 442.50 Shallownes a sure token of Land neere 291.10 Shambles of mans flesh where 890 50 Shar the Kingdome of the Iron King 800.10 Rich in Diamonds where ibid. Sharke fishes deuoure Iron hornes anything smell from sea to land and goe on land for their prey Their quicknes 930.50 60. How troubled with the Raâ—bos Sharke fishes described how taken they are good meate 987.40 50 Shauing of heads close vsed by the Russians 459.30 Shâ—epe of India their profitablenes 968.10 〈…〉 vsed for carriages vsages of them thâ—ir conditions ibid. 969 Sheepe in the Indies vsed for beasts of carriage 990.10.957.1 Sheepe of Gold and Siluer in Peru 1055.1 Sheepe sacrificed in Peru 1045 Sheepe as bigge as Asses 71.10 Sheepmasters that haue 100000. sheepe in the West Indies and yet poore 962.30 Sheepe weighing 80. pounds 237 20 Sheepe with most mightie hornes 74.20 Sheromogula the Countrey where 798.40 Shifts of the Indians to passe Riuers 888.60 934 40 50 Shin-beating for debt 434.30 Ships a thousand in one Riuer 295 40 Shipping of China see pag. 173. 174. c. Shipping on the fresh water as many in China as in all the World besides 381.50 Shipping of India described 102.1 10 20 Ships sewed with Osiers 628.40 Ship a glorious one 349.30 354 10 Ships strangely made in Ormuz 71 50 Ships with one sayle 97.20 Ships of Leather of Osiers 652 20 Shipsâ—alked â—alked with Mans grease by the Spaniards in the Indies 1â—22 1 Ships of the Spaniards accounted Gods of the Ayre with Temples on their backes by the Indians 1119.20 Ships people dwelling in them 364 10. As many as on the Land 381.50 Ships in Tartary with foure masts and nine Sayles apiece 68.20 Shiroan Citie in Catay 801.1 Described Shirokalga City in Catay 800.20 Shirtâ— the Chinois weare not 394 40 Shoes of Silke in China 367.1 Shoes of Silke embroydered 394.40 A Shoemaker a Christian plucke out his owne eye 70.40 Hath the faith of Mâ—racles ibid. Shoes of Rugge and Felt 503.60 Shooâ—â—ng the prize for it 201â—40 Shorne why Monkes are 448.60 Shotland Iles their Altitude 〈◊〉 Variation of the Compasse there 30.â—â—lfe â—â—lfe set downe in the Sea-card 596 Shoulder bones of Sheepe diâ—iâ—ed by 238.10 Found true ibid. Shâ—gano a Riuer 243.20 Sâ—am the Kingdome called Sornau 254.10 Siam the King called the Sornau of 1. Odiaâ— 280 Sianâ—u three yeares besieged by the Tartars 96.60 Taken 97.1 Siberia iâ— the Samoieds Countrey 524.50 See Samoieds conquered by the Russe 439.20 743.1 Sibierskie Samoeds on the Ob 805.1 Sickeâ—en â—en in Tartary charmed and a strange tale of that 44 20 Sicke 〈◊〉 strangled vpon custome and eaten 10â— 60 Sidon destroyed by the Tartars 117 50 Siequia the China Sect the opinions 397.50 〈◊〉 likelihood with the Romish Rites ibid. Disgraced 39â— 1 Their Colledges ibid. Sigismund the third King of Poland breakes his league with Russia an assists an Impostor to get the Crowne 766.767 But denies it ibid. Assists another Demetrius 770. His claime title to Sweden 770.50 Enters Russia with a huge Army ibid. Reiects Demetrius 779. Takes 〈◊〉 Moseo and Sinolensko 780 Silke the abundance of it in China 380.20 They haue store and good yet cannot dresse it well 366.40 Silke much growes in the West Indies 873.874 Silke-wormes their ordering in China 411.20 What winde is good or bad for them in the Indies 926.40 Reuiued by hanging vnder Childrens armes 442.50 Siluer where 255.20 30. 256 40
44. minutes ofâ—sland â—sland Snaeland Naddoc first Discouerer Farre Ilands Gardar second Discouerer A.D. 864. Gardarsholme Floco third Discouerer Rauen Guides The name Island of Ice Island is not Thule Thule furthest of the Brittish Iles. * The Author proceedeth in this disputation further then our Reader perhaps would permit vs. The learned and curious may there find enough and more yet in Ortelius his both Thesaurus and Theatrum who proueth out of Pompenius Ptolemaeus and Procopius that Island is not Thule but as the name sounds Tylemarke a Region in Norway or all Scandia of which that is a part still retaining the name The Circuit * Harald Harefagre finding many pâ—ttie Princes made an absolute Monarchy of Norway wherupon some sought to free themselues by new discoueries and hence arose the plantation of Island A.D. 874. Ingulfus Rash vowes and bloudie quarrells ensuing Island first inhabited A 874 Superstition First houses Island had anciently fairer houses then now hauing Timber from Norway c. likewise Tillage was then in vse Hiorleifus slain Westmafrar and Westmen Woods Bels and Crosses Chap. 3. Of the language of the Nation Islanders only retaine the ancient Gottish Two kindes of letters Island Grammarian Norus of whom Norway is named Chap. 4. Of the first Inhabitants of the North parts of the world Thorro Fermotus Goe Gorus * This Odinus is said to haue made his plantation with his Asian followers about four and twentie yeeres before Christ was borne Earth-bred or Land-sprung men which had their originall in that Land Giants first inhabiters of the Northerne parts of the World Their originall from the Cananites A long discourse of the Authour to proue that there haue bin Giants iâ— omitted Giants in the time of Haraldus Harefayre and since 1338. a Giant reported of 15. Cubits Iuâ—land Chap. 5. Of their Customes and manner of life Separate dwellings Houses Fewell Turfes of two sorts both vsed in England the one in fennie the other in heath grounds Einarus the Inuenter of Turfe-fewel in the Orcades Stoues Greater houses in Island in old times Victuals and Husbandry Tillage anciently in vse Beasts Fowle Fish Drinke Whay Mead. Ale Chap. 6. Of their Common-wealth Religion Seats of Iustice and Religion Idols Por and Thors day Freyr Niordur and As. Odinus the same that Woden in our Saxon storie Odinus Odin or Oden by his Sorcery which made him a Deuill made a God Wodnesday or Wednesday The Altar Holy water sprinkle Holy Ring Sacrifices Humane-inhumane sacrifices Deuill-circle Of this place and these cries of the children confused with sounds of instruments and the vnnaturall horror Hell was called Gehenna and Tophet Chap. 7. Of Magistrates and Courts A Magistrate who Care of the Poore Lawes against Beggars Inordinate men Our tithings and hundreds in their originall had some resemblance thereof Lawes of Almes A.D. 1609. Secund. Comput Ang. * The Main-sayle without a Bonnet * The Fore-sayle without a Bonnet Hamersound in Shotland North Cape in 71. degrees 20. minutes May the second Chery Iland Ice The sixt day of May wee were in 74. degrees 7. minutes Abundance of Ice 74. degrees 15. minutes variation 13. degrees 30. minutes The Lyonesse was sent to Chery Iland * As Cobodines wildgeese and Willocks Ice Much raine Land the 16. day of May. Note 76. degrees 50 minutes Pole height Variation 16. degrees The North point westerly Rockes Mohorses or Morses Hornsound Muscouy Mount For these places see Captain Edges Map Ice point Bell point Point partition The ayre temperate· Lownesse I le Lowsound The Sounds season Very thicke fogs Extreame cold weather Sailes frozen Black-point I le Cape-cold Ice-sound Faire weather Fayer-forland No fish In all this land by the sea side is good store of Drift-wood but none groweth here N. Wood cock Whale-fins Hope of a Polate passage Knotty-point Thirty day of May. Foule-sound Deere-sound Close-Coue Ice Gornerd-nose Note Iune A Beare slaine Foure Deere slaine His name was Tho. Whiteman A Beare slaine A crosse set vp Crosse-road A good Road for all winds There is great store of Fowle in this Land A Buck slaine Three Deere slaine A fawne taken Beares slaine Mohorses White fishes Fiue Deere * Isa. 45.18 Two Beares and two Deere slaine Crosse-road in 79. degres 15 minutes Compasse vary 18. degrees 16. minutes Ice Great store of Whales Fiue Deere slaine Faier-Hauen Abundance of Ice 79. degrees 50. minutes the Latitude of Gornerds nose The fâ—rthest place of my being this Voyage This Vnicorns horne is the Horne of a fish of which sâ—e after in Baffins discouery Ten Beares slaine Fiue Deere slaine A yong beare taken A Beare slaine Take heede of this point A Bucke slaine A Beare slaine A Bucke Iuly the first 78 degrees 24. mitutes var. 17. W. Two Deere slaine Greene-harbour one Deere slaine Ice A Beare slaine two yong ones taken Ice A dead Whale Three Beares slaine Three Deeres slaine A Beare with two young ones taken Fiue Deere slaine Two Beares slaine Sea-coales Three Bucks slaine No good chanell A Beare slaine A fat Bucke And although I haue not written of the farnesse of the rest yet the most of them were two and three inches thicke of fat My departure from the land Ice A fish seene Ice fogs two of the greatest hinderances in the Northerne Nauigations I stood 〈◊〉 England In 62. degrees 15. minutes The Coluidine is as big as a Mallard the male is neerer of the colour and the female browne Poole entertayned by a certaine stipend He was as I haue heard miserably and basely murthered betwixt Ratclâ—ffe and London after his returne from this Voyage Further discouerie to the North. Thomas Edge See sup l. 3 c. 2. Cherie Iland Agreement with a Tanner for Morses hides Aduentures and losses in first Discoueries Sixe Biscainers procured for killing of the Whale as I haue heard by Woodcocks aduise who had liued and been imployed with them in Grand Bay c. * This was a conceit as if all places had choiâ—e of all kindes which experience hath since taught otherwise See of the kinds of Whales sup· 471. I haue added this to be compared with that for further light Spermaceti or Permaciti as the vulgar call it Ambergreese The rest as not so necessary to the publike is omitted Foure Ships See Sup. l. 3. The Ships separated Cherie Iland Crosse Rode Ice a hinderance to Whale killing and discouery 80. Degrees New discouery Hold with Hope Sâ—ore of Whales Cherie Iland Three hundred Moâ—ses Mary Margaret lost Ship of Hull Double danger They returne homeward September 3. Orkney Ilands Pentlow Fryth in 58. degrees 36. minutes Many fat Deere white Beares white grey and dun Foxes Abundance of sundry Fowles Allen a deuouring Fowle Many huge Morses Chery Iland Blacke point Great store of Whales Cape Cold. Foule Sound Faire Foreland The Diana of London Dutch Merchant brake his necke Six Biscayners Iune The Marmaduke Marmadukes Discouerie to 82. degrees Woodcock Pilot
before 1605. Captaine of a Pinnasse of the King of Denmarke for the Discouery of the North-west passage begunne the eighteenth of Aprill 1606. H. pag. 827. CHAP. XVII The fourth Voyage of Iames Hall to Groaneland wherein he was set forth by English Aduenturers Anno 1612. and slaine by a Greenelander Written by William Baffin H. pag. 831. CHAP. XVIII A true Relation of such things as happened in the fourth Voyage for the Discouerie of the North-west Passage performed in the yeere 1615. written by William Baffin H. P. pag. 836. CHAP. XIX A briefe and true Relation of Iournall containing such accidents as happened in the fift Voyage for the discouery of a passage in the North-west set forth at the charges of the right Worshipfull Sir Thomas Smith Knight Sir Dudly Digges Knight Master Iohn Mostenholme Esquire Master Alderman Iones with others in the goodship called the Discouery of London Robert Bileth Master and my selfe Pilot performed in the yeere of our Lord 1616. pag. 844. CHAP. XX. A briefe Discourse of the probability of a passage to the Westerne or South Sea illustrated with testimonies and a briefe Treatise and Map by Master Brigges H.P. pag. 848. The Contents of the Chapters and Paragraphs in the Fifth Booke of the second part of Purchas his PILGRIMS CHAP. I. A Description of the West Indies by Antonio de Herrera his Maiesties chiefe Chronicler of the Indies and his Chronicler of Castile H. P. pag. 855 The Presidents Counsellors Secretaries and Attourneys which vnto this present day haue serued and doe serue in the supreme Councell of the Indies from their first Discouerie pag. 916. The Gouernours and Vice-royes which haue gouerned vntill this time the Kingdomes of New-Spaine and of Peru. pag. 917. CHAP. II. Obseruations gathered out of the First Second Third and Fourth Bookes of Iosephus Acosta a learned Iesuite touching the naturall historie of the Heauens Ayre Water and Earth at the West Indies Also of their Beasts Fishes Fowles Plants and other remarkeable rarities of Nature pag. 918. § 1. Of the fashion and forme of Heauen at the new-found World and of the Ayre and Winds ibid. § 2. Of the Ocean that inuirons the Indies and of the North and South Seas their ebbing flowing Fishes fishing Lakes Riuers and Springs pag. 928. § 3. Of the qualitie of the Land at the Indies in generall Properties of Peru and of new Spaine and other parts of Vulcanes and Earthquakes pag. 935. § 4. Of Metals in the Indies and especially of the Gold and Siluer and Quick-siluer pag. 941. § 5. Of Emeralds Pearles Indian Bread Trees Fruits Flowers naturall and carried thither from Spaine pag. 952. § 6. Of Beasts and Fowles in the Indies pag. 962. Of Fowles that are proper to the Indies and Venison pag. 965. CHAP. III. Extracts of Gonzalo Ferdinando de Ouiedo his Summarie and the generall Historie of the Indies pag. 970. Of the Mynes of Gold and the manner of working in them ibid. Of the manner of fishing for Pearles pag. 972. Of the familiaritie which certaine of the Indians haue with the Deuill and how they receiue answere of him of things to come and other superstitions pag. 973. Of diuers particular things as Wormes Serpents Beasts Fowles Trees c. pag. 975. Of Trees Fruits and Plants pag. 981. Of Reedes or Canes pag. 983. Of venemous Apples wherwith they poyson their Arrowes pag. 985. Of Fishes and of the manner of fishing p. 986. Of the increase and decrease that is rising and falling of our Ocean Sea and South Sea called the Sea of Sur. pag. 989. Of the straight or narrow passage of the Land lying betweene the North and South Sea by the which Spices may much sooner and easilier be brought from the Ilands of Molucca into Spaine by the West Ocean then by that way wherby the Portugals saile into the East India ibid. How things that are of one kinde differ in forme and qualitie according to the nature of the place where they are engendred or grow and of the beasts called Tigres pag. 990. Of the manners and customes of the Indians of the Firme Land and of their Women pag. 991. Of the chiefe Ilands Hispaniola and Cuba pag. 993. CHAP. IIII. Mexican Antiquities gathered out of the writings of Iosephus Acosta a learned Iesuite pag. 1000. § 1. Of the ancient Inhabitants of new Spain and of the sixe Linages of the Nauatlacas Of the Mexican Exodus and aduentures by the way the foundation of Mexico their first King and Tribute ibid. § 2. Of the second King Vitzilouitli and of his successours and their Acts vntill the reigne of Motezuma their last King pag. 1009. § 3. Of the election of great Motezuma the last King of Mexico his pompe and manner of gouernment prodigious fore-warnings of his ruine and the Spanish conquest pag. 1018. CHAP. V. Of the ancient superstitions of the Mexicans and Indians of America gathered out of the fifth booke of Iosephus Acosta pag. 1026. CHAP. VI. Ciuill Customes and Arts of the Indians taken out of Acostas 6. Booke pag. 1050. CHAP. VII The Historie of the Mexican Nation described in pictures by the Mexican Author explained in the Mexican language which exposition translated into Spanish and thence into English together with the said Picture-historie are heere presented H. pag. 1066 § 1. The Mexican Chronicle ibid. § 2. The second part of this Booke contayning the particular Tributes which euery Towne subdued payed vnto the Lords of Mexico pag. 1080 § 3. The third part of this Booke contayneth the priuate behauiour in Marriages education of Children and Trades with the Martiall Ecclesiasticke and Ciuill policie of the Mexican people pag. 1102. CHAP. VIII Conquest of Mexico and New Spaine by Hernando Cortes pag. 1118. CHAP. IX Larger Relations of things most remarkeable obserued by the Spaniards at their first comming Cholallas holies Popocatepecs ashes Mutezumas multiforme Magnificence and Maiestie Mexican Citie and Temple with other Antiquities gathered out of the Third part of the Historie of Francis Lopez de Gomara pag. 1123. The Hill called Popocatepec ibid. Description of Mexico as it flourished in those times pag. 1131. Other Mexican Antiquities Letters Numbers Yeeres Dayes Weekes c. pag. 1135. Their reckoning by numbers ibid. The Contents of the Chapters and Paragraphs in the sixth Booke of the Second part of Purchas his PILGRIMS CHAP. I. A Briefe Relation of the seuerall Voyages vndertaken and performed by the Right Honourable George Earl of Cumberland in his owne person or at his owne charge and by his direction collected out of the Relations and Iournals of credible persons Actors therein pag. 1141. CHAP. II. The Voyage to Saint Iohn de Porto Rico by the Right Honourable George Earle of Cumberland written by himselfe H. pag. 1150. CHAP. III. A large Relation of Port Ricco Voyage written as is reported by that learned man and reuerend Diuine Doctor Eglambie his Lordships Chaplaine and Attendant in that Expedion very much abbreuiated H. pag.
away all the filth of the Citie and so runneth into that Lake thence continuing his course to the Ocean which causeth a good ayre and commodious passage both by land and by these channels There may goe both Carts and Barkes to carrie necessaries and the report is that there are twelue thousand Bridges great and small and those on the chiefe channels are so high that a ship without her Mast may passe vnder and aboue Chariots and Horses On the other side the Citie is a Ditch about fortie miles long which encloseth it on that side large and full of water from the Riuer made by the antient Kings of that Prouince both to receiue the ouerflowings of the water and to fortifie the Citie the earth which was taken out being layd within as a banke or hill encompassing There are ten chiefe Market-places besides infinite others along the streets which are square halfe a mile in each square And from the forepart of them is a principall street fortie paces wide running right from one end of the Citie to the other with many Bridges trauersing it And euery foure miles is found such a Market-place two miles as is said in compasse There is also one large channell which runnes against the said street behind the Market-places on the next banke whereof are erected great Store-houses of stone where the Merchants from India and other parts lay vp their Merchandise at hand and commodious to the Market-places In each of these Market-places is a concourse three dayes in the weeke of persons betwixt fortie and fiftie thousand which bring thither all things that can be desired for mans life of all beasts of game and fowles that Lake yeelding such commodiousnesse to bring them vp that for a Venetian groat you may haue two Geese and foure Duckes for as much Then follow the Butcher-rowes of Veale Beefe Kid and Lambe which the great and rich men eat for the poore eat vncleane meats without respect There are all sorts of herbs and fruits continually and amongst the rest huge Peares weighing ten pounds a piece white within like paste and very fragrant Peaches yellow and white very delicate Grapes grow not there but are brought from other places dried very good and Wine also but not so esteemed in those parts that of Rice and Spices contenting them Euery day from the Ocean is brought vp the Riuer which is the space of fiue and twentie miles great quantitie of fish besides that of the Lake so much as a man would thinke would neuer be bought and yet in a few houres is gone All those Market-places are encompassed with high houses and vnderneath are shops of Artificers and all sort of Merchandises Spiceries Iewels Pearles and in some onely Rice-wine Many streets answere one another in the said Market-places In some of them are many Baths of cold waters accommodated with attendants of both sexes a thing which from children they vse themselues vnto There are chambers also in the said Baths with hot waters for strangers which are not accustomed to the cold waters They wash euery day neither doe they eat before they haue washed In other streets are mercenarie Prostitutes in such number that I dare not report it and not onely neere the Market-places where they haue their places appointed but thorow all the Citie they stand very pompously with great odours many seruants and their houses adorned These are very practike in making sports and daliances and sweetest pleasures rauishing fooles forth of themselues In other streets are the Physicians the Astrologers they which teach to reade and write and infinite other Trades At each end of euery Market-place is a Palace where Lords and Gouernours are appointed by the King to deternine difficulties which happen betwixt Merchants or others as also to looke to the Guards on the Bridges punishing the negligent Alongst the principall Street whereof wee spake on both sides are great Palaces with Gardens and neere them houses of Artificers and such multitudes of people continually going to and fro that a man would wonder whence such multitudes should bee prouided of victuals And Master Marco learned of an officer of the Custome-house in Quinsai that by reckonings appeared the daily expence of Pepper in Quinsai to be three and fortie Some and euery Soma is two hundred twentie three pounds Hence may be ghessed the quantitie of Victuals Flesh Wine Spiceries were there spent The Inhabitants are Idolaters spend Paper money are white and faire complexion apparelled for the most part in Silke which growes in all that Territorie abundantly besides that which is brought from other places There are twelue principall mysteries each of which haue one thousand shops and in each shop or standing are ten men fifteene or twentie at worke and in some fortie vnder one Master The rich Masters doe no worke with their hands but stand ciuilly adorned or rather pompously especially their wiues with Iewels inualuable And although the antient Kings ordayned that the child should bee of the fathers Trade yet the rich are permitted not to worke but to keepe shop and men working in the same Trade Their Houses are well ordered and wrought richly adorned with Pictures and other stupendious costs The Natiues are peaceable know not to manage Armes nor keepe them in their Houses nor is there strife and debate amongst them They make their workes with great sinceritie They loue in such amitie that one Street seemes as one House without jealousies of their Wiues which they hold in great respect and it would be reputed great disgrace to speake a dishonest word to a married Woman They entertayne Merchant-strangers kindly both in their houses and with best aduice for their affaires But they are loth to see Souldiers and the Guards of the Grand Can as by whom they are bereft of their naturall Lords and Kings About the Lake are built faire Buildings and great Palaces of the chiefe men and Temples of their Idols with Monasteries of many Monkes In the midst of the Lake are two Ilands vpon each of which is a Palace with incredible numbers of Roomes whither they resort vpon occasions of Marriages or other Feasts where Prouisions of Vessels Naperie and other things are maintayned in common for such purposes one hundred sometime accommodated at once in seuerall Roomes In the Lake also are Boates and Barges for pleasure adorned with faire Seates and Tables and other prouisions for Bankets couered aboue and plaine vpon which men stand with Poles to make the Boat goe the Lake being but shallow Within they are painted without are windowes to open and shut at pleasure Nor can any thing in the World seeme more pleasant then in this Lake to haue such an obiect the Citie so fully presenting it selfe to the eye with so many Temples Monasteries Palaces Gardens with high Trees on the Waters Barges People for their custome is to worke one part of the day and to dispense
heathie grounds in the North parts of England which we call Heath or Ling. This groweth when the snow melteth and when the ground beginneth to be vncouered And on this doe the Deere feed in the Summer time and become very fat therewithall in a moneths space but how they liue in the Winter time it is not easily to be imagined For seeing at the end of May wee find the ground all couered with snow it is very like that in the time of Winter there is no part bare where any thing can grow especially during the time that the Sunne is altogether depressed vnder the horizon which in the latitude of 77. degrees continueth from the eighteenth of October till the fourth of Februarie This Countrey by all probabilities hath neuer been inhabited by any people notwithstanding I thinke men might liue there carrying thither good store of prouision of victuals and other things necessary against the cold which perhaps will be vehement in the Winter time by the former reasons namely because the Sunne remayneth so long vnder the Horizon Neuerthelesse there will not be any continuance of darknesse because the Sunne in his greatest declination will be but 10. degrees vnder the Horizon at this time of his being in the South of the Meridian in the former latitude of 77. degrees which is once in foure and twentie houres and therefore the time of their Noone will bee much lighter then our Night here in England when the dayes are at the longest for then is the Sunne 15. degrees vnder the Horizon at midnight and yet the greatest darknesse is but like twi-light And although it bee a generall saying and a common receiued opinion that the further North the greater cold yet experience teacheth that it is not alwaies true For at Mâ—sco and thereabouts in the Winter time there is extreme frosts and cold weather insomuch that oftentimes men are brought home dead being starued with cold and many haue their noses and eares caused to fall off through the extremity of the piercing aire yet at Edenborrow which is more Northerly by one degree and an halfe and in all places neere vnto it the aire is temperate and the cold tolerable the snow neuer lying any long time on the ground after it is fallen Notwithstanding wee haue snow remayning all the yeere long in diuers places of England but the reason of this is because the aire is euer warmest neere vnto the Sea shoare as Edenborrow standeth and contrariwise the cold is most vehement in places which are farthest remote from the Sea as Mosco is situated All the Creatures that appeare vnto vs vpon the Land are Deere Beares and Foxes and sundrie sorts of wilde Fowle as Cuthbert Duckes Willockes Stints Sea-pigeons Sea-parrets Gulls Noddies c. The Author addes a discourse of sending condemned men to inhabite there with diuers proiects for their seruice there for the further discouerie how best to bee effected for such things as are most necessary for this employment of Whale-killing c. but because experience hath giuen best instructions already and destructions must otherwise be preuented I haue forborne to detayne the Reader in those otherwise iudicious speculations A Whale is ordinarly about 60 foote longe When the whale comes aboue water the shallop rowes towards him and being within reach of him the harpoiner darts his harpingiron at him out of both his hands and being fast they lance him to death The whale is cut up as hee lyes floating crosse the stearne of a shipp the blubber is cut from the flesh by peeces 3 or 4 foote long and being rased is rowed on shore towards the coppers They place 2. or 3. coppers on a râ—â— and the chopping boat on the one side and the cooling boate on the other side to receiue the oyle of the coppers the chopt blubber being boyled is taken 〈◊〉 out of the coppers and put in wiker baskets or barowes throwgh which the oyle is dreaned and runÌ„es into the cooler which is fall of water out of which it is convaied by troughs into buts or hogsheads The manner of killing the Seamorces The manner of killâ—â—â— beres The Seamorce is in quantity as bigg as an oxe When the whale is killed hee is in this maner towed to the shipps by twoe or three shallops made fast one to another The peeces of blubber are towed to the shore side by a shallop and drawne on shore by a crane or caried by twoe menn on a barrowe to the twoe cutters which cutts them the breadt h of a trencher and very thinÌ„e by twoe boys are caried w th handhooks to the choppers Thus they make cleane and scrape the whale fins A tent and Coopers at worke REader I present thee here three admirable Voyages of Discouery made by the Dutch no whit enuying their due prayse but honouring their worthy Acts and Arts. They haue formerly beene published in Dutch and translated by W. Philip. I haue heere abbreuiated them as my vse is with others to auoid prolixitie The Dutch themselues write that after the English Russian Trade one Oliuer Bunell moued with hope of gaine went from Enckhuysen to Pechora where he lost all by shipwracke hauing discouered Costinsarca in Noua Zemla These Nauigations of the English and that of Bunell and the hopes of China and Cathay caused the States Generall to send forth two shippes vnder the command of Hugo Linschoten to the Streights of Wey-gates and two others vnder William Bernards by the perswasion of P. Plancius to goe right Northwards from Noua Zemla Linschot went fiftie miles beyond the Streights the Northerly winds and late season forcing him backe Bernards Iournall here followeth of that and his two later Voyages the two later written by one employed therein CHAP. III. The first Nauigation of WILLIAM BARENTS alias BERNARDS into the North Seas Written by Gâ—RAT de VEER IT is a most certayne and an assured Assertion that nothing doth more benefit and further the Common-wealth specially these Countryes then the art and knowledge of Nauigation in regard that such Countreyes and Nations as are strong and mightie at Sea haue the meanes and ready way to draw fetch and bring vnto them for their mayntenance all the principallest commodities and fruits of the Earth In these Nauigations we must not be dismayed if some mislike or if we cannot perfect a Discouery in the first second or third Voyage Alexander Magnus after he had wonne all Grecia and from thence entred into little and great Asia and comming to the farthest parts of India there found some difficultie to passe said If wee had not gone forward and persisted in our intent which other men esteemed and held to be impossible we had stil remayned and stayed in the entry of Cicilia where as now we haue ouer-runne and past through all those large and spacious Countreyes for nothing is found and effected all at one time neyther is any thing that is put in practice presently
company one But when I came to the rocke the Ice that the beasts lay on was hollow and the rocks that was betwixt the Ice and the sea stood sloping toward the Sea the which when I saw I determined to go aboord and let them alone yet afterward I went on the rocke betwixt the Ice and the Sea and as I with the rest of my company were killing them the Ice brake and Ice and beasts slid into the Sea together and carryed one of the men with them so that he escaped out of that danger very hardly for besides the weight of dead Mohorses and Ice that bruised him the beasts that were aliue strook at him in the water and bruised him very soare I had beene in the same case if I had not beene the nimbler and slipt on one side I killed three Morses whose teeth I tooke off Then I espied the Beare which my Mate had hurt before with a shot hee went into the Sea when hee saw the Boate where I slue him with a Lance and brought him aboord The second day at a North and by East Sunne At a South Sunne I went to the South shoare of Deere-sound where I found a good quantitie of Fins and came aboord at a North North-west Sunne The third day being Sunday I rid still hauing the wind at West South-West much wind Then vpon the side of a Hill a mile to the Westwards of the Road I set vp a Crosse with a writing vpon it signifying the day of my arriuall first in this Land by whom I was set out and the time of my being heere This Road I called Crosse-road At a South-east sunne the fourth day I wayed the wind at West South-west and when I was almost out the wind increased with fogs which made me put back into the Road where I anchored the same day at six of the clocke at afternone The fifth day at a North-east and by East sunne I wayed and it fell calme then I went to the East side and killed some Fowle which I found in great abundance and when I was readie to go aboord I saw fourteene Deere at which time I spent all my powder and shot but one shot with the which I slue a fat Buck. The same day at a South sun I went on Land and slue two Deere more And at a South-west sun I went on Land and slue a Dog and took the Faune aliue and brought it aboord but it dyed the next day The calme continued till the sixth day at an East North-east sunne and we droue in the Bay with a little soaking tyde that runneth there Then I sent the skiffe to the rocke aforesaid to see what store of Mohorses were there at three of the clocke they came aboord and told mee there was neere two hundred beasts I tooke both the boat and skiffe with all my company and went to the rock and in going thither I slue a Beare but when I came to the rocke the beasts began to goe into the sea then I presently went on land with all my company and slue eightie beasts whose teeth I tooke and in going aboord slue another Beare and came aboord the seuenth day at a North-east sun Then I saw two white fishes which at the first fight I supposed to be Beares they had long snouts like Scurgeons two flat Fins close by their gils flat bodied small towards their tailes and a broad taile The tenth day I went on shoare and slue fiue Deere with the which and them that I slue before I haue lengthened out my victuals blessed be the Creator of the World which hath not made any part thereof in vaine but so that in these parts which hath seemed vnpossible to our Ancestors to bee trauelled vnto by reason of the extreame cold which they supposed to bee here I find the ayre temperate in the Lands and nothing so cold as I haue found at Chery Iland in fiue seuerall Voyages Moreouer in this Land I haue seene great store of Deere which haue neither bush nor tree to shelter them from the nipping cold of Winter nor yet any extraordinarie pasture to refresh them If these I say hauing nothing but the Rockes for a house and the Starry Canopie for a couering doe liue here why may not man which hath all the gifts of God bestowed vpon him for his health and succour The eleuenth day in the morning I sent the skiffe to a Beach that lyeth Northwards from the Rocke where we slue our beasts but when they came to the Rocke it beganne to blow hard at North North-west that they could not proceed any further vpon the Rocke they found a Beare and slue him and came aboord In which time I tooke the boate and went to the East side and slue two Beares and two Deere The twelfth day at a North-east sunne I wayed and hauing very little wind I sent the skiffe to goe to the place abouesayd at a North sunne they came aboord and brought some Whales Finnes and a Beare and told mee that it did blow very much wind at Sea yet I had it all this time calme in the Bay Yet before I could get out of the Sound the wind came to the North-west and blew very hard which made mee to put roome for Crosse-road where I rid till the fourteenth day in which time I caused both the boates to bee trimmed and the thirteenth day at noone I obserued on Land in this place and found the Poles height 79. degrees fifteene minutes and the variation of the Compasse 18. degrees 16. minutes North-west the same day I slue a Bucke The fourteenth day at a South-east Sunne I wayed the wind at South-west foggie weather at a South-west Sunne I went on Land and slew a Buck. The fifteenth day at East Sunne I got out of the Bay at which time I saw abundance of Ice to the Sea-wards but the wind came to the South-east and I sayled betwixt the Ice and the shoare At a North-west Sunne I sent the skiffe with seuen men in it to the Land vnder Knottie-point at which time the wind came to the North-east and I stood to the North-wardes where I had these depths fifteene thirteene and eleuen fathomes foule-ground These depths were about a league and to the Northwards of Knottie-point I saw great store of Whales the like I saw in Deere-sound The sixteenth day the Skiffe came aboord and brought a few Finnes and fiue Deere and they told mee that within the Bay that lyeth betwixt Knottie-point and Gurnerds-nose is a Hauen in the entrance whereof is an Iland and seuen fathomes going in but within eight nine fifteene and twentie fathomes good ground This maketh Gurnerds-nose an Iland for this Hauen goeth out on the North-west side of Gurnerds-nose I named this Hauen the Fayre-hauen I found a great tyde heere which runneth South South-west the floud commeth from the Southwards Then
said means they catch them So comming aboord our ships hauing left certaine trifles behind vs in their Tents and taking nothing away with vs within halfe an houre after our comming aboord the Sauage to whom wee had giuen the Knife with three others which we did suppose to be them which we saw first came rowing to our ships in their Boats holding vp their hands to the Sunne and striking of their brests crying Yota We doing the like they came to our shippe or Captaine giuing them bread and Wine which as it did seeme they made little account of yet they gaue vs some of their dryed fishes at which time there came foure more who with the other bartered their Coats and some Seale skinnes with our folke for old Iron Nailes and other trifles as Pinnes and Needles with which they seemed to be wonderfully pleased and hauing so done holding their hands towards the Sunne they departed The thirteenth there came fourteene of them to our ship bringing with them Seale skinnes Whale Finnes with certayne of their Darts and Weapons which they bartered with our people as before This day I made obseruation of the latitude and found this Roadsted in the latitude of 66. degrees 25. minutes and the mouth of this Bay or Sound lyeth in the latitude of 66. degrees 30. minutes Also here I made obseruation of the tydes and found an East and West Moone to make a full Sea vpon the Full and Change more it floweth three fathome and an halfe water right vp and downe The fourteenth and fifteenth dayes we rode still the people comming to vs and bartering with vs for pieces of old Iron or Nailes Whale Finnes Seales Skinnes Morse Teeth and a kind of Horne which we doe suppose to be Vnicornes Horne at which time the Captaine went with our Boat to the place where we had seene their Tents but found them remoued and the other fish and the Seale fish lying still a drying the Captaine taking a quantitie of the Sea fish into the Boat caused some of the Mariners to boyle it ashoare the Sauages helping our men to doe the same the Captaine vsing them very friendly they hauing made about a barrell and an halfe of Oyle leauing it aland all night thinking to bring the same aboord in the morning But the Sauages the same night let the same forth Yet notwithstanding the Captaine shewed no manner of discontent towards them The sixteenth day I went into the Pinnasse to discouer certaine Harbours to the Northwards the wind being at East South-east I loosed and set saile but instantly it fell calme and so continued about an houre When the wind came opposite at the West North-west a stiffe gale we spending the tide till the floud being come I put roome againe and came to an Anchor a little from the Frost in twelue fathomes sandie ground About one in the afternoone the Frost departed from vs further vp the Bay which we did suppose to be a Riuer promising to abide our returne two and twentie dayes The seuenteenth day the wind continuing at the West North-west blowing very hard wee rode still the people comming and bartering with vs. The eighteenth day the winde and weather as before wee riding still This forenoone there came to the number of thirtie of them and bartered with vs as they had done before which done they went ashoare at a certaine point about a slight-shot off vs and there vpon a sudden began to throw stones with certaine Slings which they had without any iniury offered at all yea they did sling so fiercely that we could scarce stand on the hatches I seeing their brutish dealing caused the Gunner to shoot a Falcon at them which lighted a little ouer them at which time they went to their Boates and rowed away About one a clocke in the afternoone they came againe to vs crying in their accustomed manner Yliâ—nt they being sixtie three in number the shripper inquired of me whether they should come to vs or not I willed him to haue all things in a readinesse they comming in the meane time nigh to the Pinnasse I did perceiue certaine of them to haue great bagges full of stones they whispering one with another began to sling stones vnto vs. I presently shot off a little Pistol which I had for the Gunner and the rest of the folke to discharge which indeed they did but whether they did hurt or kill any of them or not I cannot certainly tell but they rowed all away making a howling and hideous noise going to the same point whereas in the forenoone they had beene being no sooner come on Land but from the Hils they did so assaile vs with stones with their slings that it is incredible to report in such sort that no man could stand vpon the Hatches till such time as I commanded for to lose sailes and bonnets two mens height to shield vs from the force of the stones and also did hide vs from their sight so that we did ply our Muskets and other Peeces such as wee had at them but their subtiltie was such that as soone as they did see fire giuen to the Peeces they would suddenly ducke downe behind the Cliffes and when they were discharged then sling their stones fiercely at vs againe Thus hauing continued there till foure a clocke they departed away The nineteenth day in the morning about foure a clocke it beeing calme I departed from this Roadsted so causing our men to row alongst the shoare till the tide of the ebbe was bent at which time it began to blow a fresh gale at North-west and by West we turning downe till about two a clocke when the tide of â—loud being come when I came to an Anchor in an excellent Hauen on the South side of Cunninghams Mount which for the goodnesse thereof I named Denmarkes Hauen The twentieth day in the morning the weather beeing very rainie with a little aire of wind I loosed and caused to row forth of the foresaid Harbour and comming forth betweene the Ilands and the maine the people being as it seemed looking for vs espied vs making a hideous noise at which time at an instant were gathered together about seuentie three Boats with men rowing to vs. I seeing them thought it best to preuent the worst because we were to come hither againe therefore to dissemble the matter I thought it best to enter into barter with them for some of their Darts Bowes and Arrowes wee finding euery one of them to bee extraordinarily furnished therwith so rowing forth to Sea amongst the Ilands there stil came more Boats to the number of one hundred and thirtie persons they still rowing by vs made signes to vs to goe to anchor amongst some of the Ilands but I preuenting their deuices made certaine Skonces with our sailes to defend vs from their Stones Arrowes and Darts They seeing this went certaine of them from vs rowing to certaine Ilands to
three apparant and certaine causes and a fourth more obscure and darke The apparant and certaine causes bee The first is the Ocean the second the situation of the Land and the third the nature and propertie of many and sundrie windes Besides these three which I hold for manifest I beleeue there is a fourth hidden and lesse apparant which is the propertie of the same Land inhabited and the particular influence of the Heauens Among the speciall causes and reasons I haue first placed the Sea for without doubt the neernesse thereof doth helpe to temper and coole the heat for although the Water be salt yet is it alwayes water whose nature is cold But if wee shall yet search more particularly wee shall not finde in all this Land an equall temperature of heate although it bee in equall distance from the Sea and in the same degree seeing that in some partâ— there is great heate and in some very little Doubtlesse the cause thereof iâ— that the one is lower and the other higher which causeth that the one is hot and the other cold It is most certaine that the tops of the Mountaines are colder then in the bottome of the Vallies the which proceedes not onely for that the Sunne beames haue greater repercussions vpon lower places although it be a great reason yet there is another which is that the Region of the aiâ—e is colder when it is farthest from the ground The cause why the middle Region of the aire is more cold hath beene shewed before for that the Region of the aire next to the fierie exhalation the which according to Aristotle is vpon the Spheare of the aire repells and thrusts backe all the cold the which retires it selfe into the middle Region of the aire by Antiparistasis as the Philosophers speake Now if any one should question with me in this manner If it be so that the aire is hot and moist as Aristotle holds and as we commonly say whence then proceedes the cold which is congealed in the middle Region of the aire seeing it cannot come from the fierie Spheare For if it come from the Water or the Earth by this reason the lower Region of the aire should be colder then the middle To answere truly what I thinke I will confesse that this Argument and Obiection is so difficult as I am almost readie to follow the opinion of such as reproue the qualities agreements and disagreements which Arâ—stotle giues vnto the Elements â—aying they are but imaginations who for this occasion hold the aire to bee cold by nature And to this end they vse many arguments and reasons whereof we will propound one very familiar and well knowne leauing the rest apart In the Canicular dayes we are accustomed to beate the aire with a fan and wee finde that it doth refresh vs so as these Authors affirme that heate is no priuate propertie of any other Element but of fire onely which is dispersed and mingled with all things as the great Denis doth teach vs. But whether it be so or otherwise for I will not contradict Aristotle but in that which is most certaine in the end they agree all that the middle Region of the aire is colder then the lowest next to the Earth as experience doth shew vs seeing that in this middle Region are congealed Snow Haile Frosts and other signes of extreme cold The middle Region then which they call the burning Zone hauing on the one side the Sea and on the other the Mountaines we must hold them for sufficient causes to temper and coole the heate The temperature of this Region ought chiefly to be attributed to the propertie of the winde that blowes in that Country the which is pleasant and fresh The prouidence of the great God Creator of all things hath beene such as he hath ordayned fresh and coole windes in that Region where the Sunne makes his course which seemes should be burnt vp that by their coolenesse the excessiue heate of the Sunne might be qualified Wee see in one climate some Regions and Cities hotter then others onely for that they feele lesse winde to refresh them The like is in other Countries where no winde blowes the which are all on fire like vnto a furnace If we shall neerly looke into the consideration of the winde whereof we haue spoken we may resolue many doubts which some obiect and which seeme strange and wonderfull wherefore the Sunne casting his beames vpon the burning Zone and particularly at Peru and that more violently then in Spaine in the Canicular dayes yet they defend the heat with a light couering so as with a slender couering of mats or straw they are better preserued from the heate then in Spaine vnder a roote of wood or a vault of stone Moreouer why are not the nights in Summer at Peru as hot and troublesome as in Spaine Wherefore on the highest tops of Mountaines euen amongst the heapes of snowe you shall sometimes feele great and insupportable heat Wherefore in all the Prouince of Colao when yee come into the shade how little soeuer you feele cold But comming into the Sunne beames you presently finde the heate excessiue Euery morning the winde from the Sea doth cease and the Sunne begins to cast his beames and for this reason they feele the greatest heat in the morning vntill the returne of the same windes which otherwise they call the tyde or winde of the Sea which makes them first to feele cold Wee haue tried all this whilest wee were at the Ilands of Barlouante where in the mornings wee did sweat for heat and at noone we felt a fresh aire for that then a North Easterly winde which is fresh and coole doth commonly blow Considering with my selfe the pleasing temperature of many Countries at the Indies where they know not what Winter is which by his cold doth freeze them nor Summer which doth trouble them with heat but that with a Mat they preserue themselues from the iniuries of all weather and where they scarce haue any neede to change their garments throughout the yeere I say that often considering of this I find that if men at this day would vanquish their passions and free themselues from the snares of couetousnesse leauing many fruitlesse and pernicious designes without doubt they might liue at the Indies very pleasant and happily for that which other Poets sing of the Elisean fields of the famous Tâ—â—pâ— or that which Plato reports or feignes of his Atlantike Iland men should finde in these Lands if with a generous spirit they would choose rather to command their siluer and their desires then to remayne to it slaues as they are Hauing discoursed in the two former Bookes of that which concernes the Heauens and the habitation of the Indies in generall it behooues vs now to treat of the three elements Aire Water and Land and their compounds which be metals plants and beasts for as for the fire I
and hands Finally their operation is outward But that of the Indies whereof I speake without molesting of foote or hand or any outward part troubles all the entrailes within and that which is more admirable when the Sunne is hot which maketh me imagine that the griefe wee feele comes from the qualitie of the ayre which wee breathe Therefore that is most subtile and delicate whose cold is not so sensible as piercing All this ridge of mountaines is for the most part desart without any Villages or habitations for men so as you shall scarce finde any small Cottages to lodge such as doe passe by night there are no Beasts good or bad but some Vicunos which are their Countrie Muttons and haue a strange and wonderfull property as I shall shew in his place The Grasse is often burnt and all blacke with the ayre and this Desart runs fiue and twenty or thirty leagues ouerthwart and in length aboue fiue hundred leagues There are other Desarts or places inhabited which at Peru they call Punas speaking of the second point we promised where the qualitie of the ayre cutteth off mans life without feeling In former time the Spaniards went from Peru to the Realme of Chille by this Mountaine but at this day they doe passe commonly by Sea and sometimes alongst the side of it And though that way be laborious and troublesome yet is there not so great danger as by the Mountaine where there are Plaines on the which many men haue perished and dyed and sometimes haue scaped by great hap whereof some haue remained lame There runs a small breath which is not very strong nor violent but proceeds in such sort that men fall downe dead in a manner without feeling or at the least they loose their feete and hands the which may seeme fabulous yet is it most true I haue knowne and frequented long the Generall Ierome Costilla the auncient peopler of Cusco who had lost three or foure toes which fell off in passing the Desart of Chille being perished with this ayre and when he came to looke on them they were dead and fell off without any paine euen as a rotten Apple falleth from the tree This Captaine reported that of a good armie which he had conducted by that place in the former yeares since the discouery of this Kingdome by Almagro a great part of the men remained dead there whose bodies he found lying in the Desart without any stinke or corruption adding thereunto one thing very strange that they found a yong Boye aliue and being examined how hee had liued in that place hee said that he lay hidden in a little Caue whence hee came to cut the flesh of a dead Horse with a little Knife and thus had he nourished himselfe a long time with I know not how many companions that liued in that sort but now they were all dead one dying this day another to morrow saying that he desired nothing more then to dye there with the rest seeing that hee found not in himselfe any disposition to goe to any other place nor to take any taste in any thing I haue vnderstood the like of others and particularly of one that was of our company who being then a secular man had passed by these Desarts and it is a strange thing the quality of this cold ayre which kils and also preserues the dead bodies without corruption I haue also vnderstood it of a reuerend religious man of the Order of Saint Dominicke and Prelate thereof who had seene it passing by the Desarts and which is strange â—e reported that trauelling that way by night was forced to defend himselfe against that deadly winde which blowes there hauing no other meanes but to gather together a great number of those dead bodies that lay there and made thereof as it were a rampire and a bolster for his head in this manner did hee sleepe the dead bodies giuing him life Without doubt this is a kinde of colde so piercing that it quencheth the vitall heate cutting off his influence and being so exceeding colâ—e yet doth not corrupt nor giue any putrifaction to the dead bodies for that putrifaction groweth from heate and moistnesse As for the other kinde of ayre which thunders vnder the earth and causeth earthquakes more at the Indies then in any other Regions I will speake thereof in treating the qualities of the Land at the Indies We will content our selues now with what we haue spoken of the winde and ayre and passe to that which is to be spoken of the water §. II. Of the Ocean that inuirons the Indies and of the North and South Seas their ebbing flowing Fishes fishing Lakes Riuers and Springs AMong all waters the Ocean is the principall by which the Indies haue beene discouered and are inuironed therewith for either they be Ilands of the Ocean Sea or maine Land the which wheresoeuer it ends is bounded with this Ocean To this day they haue not discouered at the Indies any Mediterranean Sea as in Europe Asia and Affrica into the which there enters some arme of this great Sea and makes distinct Seas taking their names from the Prouinces they wash and almost all the Mediterranean Seas continue and ioyne together and with the Ocean it selfe by the straight of Gibraltar which the Ancients called the Pillers of Hercules although the Red Sea being separated from the Mediterranean Seas enters alone into the Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea ioynes not with any other so that at the Indies we finde not any other Sea then this Ocean which they diuide into two the one they call the North Sea and the other the South for that the Indies which were first discouered by the Ocean and reacheth vnto Spaine lies all to the North and by that Land thereafter discouered a Sea on the other side the which they called the South Sea for that they decline vntill they haue passed the Line and hauing lost the North or Pole-articke they called it South For this cause they haue called all that Ocean the South Sea which lyeth on the other side of the East Indies although a great part of it be â—eated to the North as all the coast of new Spaine Nuaragna Guatimala and Panama They say that he that first discouered this Sea was called Blascowunes of Bilbo the which he did by that part which we now call Maine Land where it growes narrow and the two Seas approach so neere the one to the other that there is but seuen leagues of distance for although they make the way eighteene from Nombre de Dios to Panama yet is it with turning to seeke the commoditie of the way but drawing a direct line the one Sea shall not be found more distant from the other Some haue discoursed and propounded to cut through this passage of seuen leagues and to ioyne one Sea to the other to make the passage from Peru more commodious
better nor fairer For that it is rare and extraordinarie to see a Country where it neuer raines nor thunders men desire naturally to know the cause of this strangenesse The reason which some giue that haue neerly looked into it is that vpon that Coast there rise no vapours sufficient to engender raine for want of matter but onely that there bee small and light vapours which cannot breede any other then mists and deawes as wee see in Europe oftentimes vapours doe rise in the morning which are not turned into raine but into mists onely the which growes from the substance which is not grosse and sufficient enough to turne to raine They say the reason why that which happens but some times in Europe falls out continually vpon the Coast of Peru is for that this Region is very drie and yeelds no grosse vapours The drinesse is knowne by the great abundance of Sands hauing neither Wells nor Fountaines but of fifteene Sâ—ades deepe which is the height of a man or more and that is neere vnto Riuers the water whereof piercing into the Land giues them meanes to make Wells So as it hath beene found by experience that the course of Riuers being turned the Wells haue beene dried vp vntill they returned to their ordinarie course and they giue this reason for a materiall cause of this effect but they haue another efficient which is no lesse considerable and that is the great height of the Sierre which comming along the Coast shadowes the Lanos so as it suffers no winde to blow from the Land but aboue the tops of these Mountaines By meanes whereof there reignes no winde but that from the Sea which finding no opposite doth not presse nor straine forth the vapours which rise to engender raine so as the shadow of the Mountaines keepes the vapours from thickning and conuerts them all into mists There are some experiences agree with this discourse for that it raines vpon some small Hills along the Coast which are least shadowed as the Rocks of Atico and Arequipa It hath rained in some yeeres when as the Northerne or Easterly windes haue blowne yea all the time they haue continued as it happened in seuentie eight vpon the Lanos of Trugillo where it rained abundantly the which they had not seene in many ages before Moreouer it raines vpon the same Coast in places where as the Easterly or Northerne windes be ordinarie as in Guayaquil and in places where as the Land riseth much and turnes from the shadow of the Mountaines as in those that are beyond Ariqua Some discourse in this manner but let euery one thinke as he please It is most certaine that comming from the Mountaines to the Vallies they doe vsually see as it were two Heauens one cleere and bright aboue and the other obscure and as it were a gray vaile spread vnderneath which couers all the Coast and although it raine not yet this mist is wonderfull profitable to bring forth grasse and to raise vp and nourish the seed for although they haue plentie of water which they draw from the Pooles and Lakes yet this moisture from Heauen hath such a vertue that ceasing to fall vpon the Earth it breedes a great discommoditie and defect of graine and seedes And that which is more worthy of admiration the drie and barren Sands are by this deaw so beautified with grasse and flowers as it is a pleasing and agreeable sight and very profitable for the feeding of Cattell as we see in the Mountaine called Sandie neere to the Citie of Kings New Spaine passeth all other Prouinces in pasturâ—s which breedes infinite troopes of Horse Kine Sheepe and other Cattell It abounds in fruit and all kinde of graine To conclude it is a Country the best furnished and most accomplished at the Indies Yet Peru doth surpasse it in one thing which is Wine for that there growes store and good and they daily multiply and increase the which doth grow in very hot Vallies where there are waterings And although there be Vines in new Spaine yet the grape comes not to his maturitie fit to make Wine The reason is for that it raines there in Iuly and August when as the grape ripens and therefore it comes not to his perfection And if any one through curiositie would take the paines to make wine it should be like to that of Genua and Lombardie which is very small and sharpe hauing a taste like vnto Verjuyce The Ilands which they call Barlouente which bee Hispaniola Cuba Port Ricco and others thereabouts are beautified with many greene pastures and abound in Cattell as Neat and Swine which are become wilde The wealth of these Ilands bee their Sugar-workes and Hides There is much Cassia fistula and Ginger It is a thing incredible to see the multitude of these merchandizes brought in one fleete being in a manner impossible that all Europe should waste so much They likewise bring wood of an excellent qualitie and colour as Ebone and others which serue for buildings and Ioyners There is much of that wood which they call Lignum sanctum or Guage fit to cure the pox All these Ilands and others thereabouts which are many haue a goodly and pleasant aspect for that throughout the yeere they are beautified with grasse and greene trees so as they cannot discerne when it is Autumne or Summer by reason of continuall moisture ioyned to the heat of the burning Zone And although this Land bee of a great circuit yet are there few dwellings for that of it selfe it engenders great Arcabutos as they call them which be Groues or very thicke Coppises and on the Playnes there are many marishes and bogs They giue yet another notable reason why they are so smally peopled for that there haue remayned few naturall Indians through the inconsideratnesse and disorder of the first Conquerors that peopled it and therefore for the most part they vse Negros but they cost deare being very fit to till the Land There growes neither bread nor wine in these Ilands for that the too great fertilitie and the vice of the soile suffers them not to seede but casts all forth in grasse very vnequally There are no Oliue trees at the least they beare no Oliues but many greene leaues pleasant to the view which beare no fruit The bread they vse is of Caçaue whereof we shall hereafter speake There is gold in the Riuers of these Ilands which some draw forth but in small quantitie I was little lesse then a yeere in these Ilands and as it hath beene told me of the mayne Land of the Indies where I haue not beene as in Florida Nicaragua Guatimala and others it is in a manner of this temper as I haue described yet haue I not set downe euery particular of Nature in these Prouinces of the firme Land hauing no perfect knowledge thereof The Country which doth most resemble Spaine and the Regions of Europe in all the West Indies
their authority in China 349.20 348.40 Their basenesse 353.20 And couetousnesse 355.10 20 Euphrates the head of it 49.40 Euphrates bends Southward at Camash 51.1 Europe when first peopled 661.50 And whence ibid. Europe parted from Asia by the Don. 415 Examination in Russia is all by torture 434. The cruelties ibid. Examinations how taken in China 188.20 192.50 202.50 Excesse in luxury dyet and apparell vnknowne to the Tartars 639.1 Execution done by freezing to death 373.10 Executions of death in Russia 435.1 Exorcisme in Baptisme vsed in the Russian Church 451.10 Exorcising of Deuils in China the manner 398 Extreme-vnction a Russian Sacrament 453 Extreme-vnction not knowne to the Nestorians or Armenians 38.20 Eye-salue a present one 967.50 Eyes all the Chinois haue blacke 367.10 Their opinion of grey eyes ibid. Ezina the Citie where 77.20 F FAces square 394.20 Factio is in Russia raysed by the Emperour 424.1 The wicked vse he made of it and his reason for it ibid. Falanks what in Chinese 319.20 Fâ—lcons the best in the World 71 1 Fall of a Riuer very terrible where 902.20 Famine a mighty one in Russia 752 20 Fanfur a Kingdome of Iaua 104 Fans vsed in China 383.50 How made ibid. The ordinary present ibid. Faria his Aduentures 252. to 263 Wracked and relieued by a Kyte 256. Escapes admirably Fast of the Nestorians three weekes before Lent 31.1 When beganne and ended ibid. They eate flesh on Frydayes ibid. Other of their Rites ibid. Fast of the Armenians fiue dayes before Lent for Saint Sorkis 31.1 Fasting from flesh not obserued in Magalla 800.1 Fasting in China from flesh fish c. 398.30 Fasting before visitation of Sepulchres 393 Fasting broken by necessitie 19.30 Fastings of the Mexicans in honour of their Gods the extreame strictnesse 1035 Fasts in time of drought in China 406.10 Fate all assayled to it in China 396.1 Faxiba Cicugendono vsurps all in Iapon his doings and intended conquest of China 324.20 His Letters to the Spanish Viceroy ibid. Vnites the Iaponian Dominions ibid. He forbids the Iesuits to preach 325.1 Calls himselfe Taicosoma 325.30 Musters his men for China ibid. His crueltie to his Nephew ibid. Defeats the Coraians by his Lieutenant Augustine ibid. Sends 200000. Iaponians to inhabit Corai ibid. And is yet faine to giue it ouer 325.60 Receiues the China Ambassadours with state 326. Builds most huge Palaces ibid. His policie to keepe the Iaponian Lords about him 326.50 His buildings ouerthrowne with Earthquakes 326. Receiues a Crown sent by the Chinois ibid. Refuses to restore the Kingdome of Corai 327.1 Dyes 327.1 Would be made a God His Image and Temple ibid. His posteritie rooted out ibid. Faire-foreland in Greenland the latitude 719. Sunnes refraction there ibid. 720.1 Fayre-hauen and Whale-fishing there 467 1 Fayers begun in the New Moone 270.50 Feasts the order of the Tartar Princes at them 84.10.20 30 Serued on the knee ibid. Musicke whilest he drinkes ibid. They feast euery New Moone 84.40 The Tartarian Princes giue change of Rayments when they feast 45.30 Feasts their fashion in China 180 30 60 Feasts in China vid. Banquets Feats of Actiuitie 349.40 Feathers the trade for them in Russia 805.30 Feather-pictures see Pictures Feathers rich ones at the West Indies 965 Feather works of the Indians 1132 40 Feauers gotten by the byting of an Ant 995.10 Feet how warmed in Groneland 65â— 30 Feet a great beautie for women to haue them little in China and why 376.1 How the Chinois make them little 182.20 Felons goods confiscate 429.40 Felt much vsed in Tartaria 3.40 4.20 6.40 Images of it 4.30 How made 6.40 Ferdinandus the Iesuite recouers Goez his goods by eating of Porke 316.20 Fertilitie without raine 895.40 Festiuall dayes in Peru the occasions of them The Sacrifices offered 1045. And in Mexico 1046 1047. c. Fidelity of an Infidell 238.50 Fight of the Indian fowles for fish 979 Finmack Coast described 223.1 Firre-tree most vsefull for Russia 419.30 Fishes and fishing of the West Indies 986.987 The varietie 930 Fish liued vpon 223.20 Fish vsed for Bisket and Beasts-meate 106.60 Fish fatned with Oxe dung in China 205.60 Powdred with Pepper 206.60 Fish for feeding of Cattle 649.40 Fish that giue sucke ibid. in marg Fishes that flye 931 Fishes strange ones 260.60 How bred 261.1 Fishes charmed for deuouring of Pearle-fishers 104.40 Fishes delight in the light 647.30 The abundance in Island with the manner of preseruing them ibid. Fishing with a fish in India 994.20 Fishing with a fish of tinne in Island 647.30 Fishing for the Whale in India the strange manner other fashions of Indian Fishings 931.50.932.1 10 Fish skins for couers of houses they giue a lustre 617.20 marg Fifty Cuffes the Chinois end their quarrels withall 181.50 Fiunga the Kingdome 322.30 Flaying of men and putting others in their skins vsed in Mexico 1031.30 1038.40 Flushingers head where 488.20 Flutes of earth in Mexico 104.50 It made malefactors confesse their sinnes 1047.1 Floco discouers Island by Rauens 654.50 Flokawogur a Hauen in Sheltland 654.40 Flood knowne to the Chinois 376 10 Florida discouered first by the Engglish 808 Florida the extent of the gouernment of it the altitude discouered and peopled A firme Land next to Europe of all the Indies yeares iourney by Land thence into Spaine occasion of the name fable of a Spring in it that restores youth the Aire Soyle Pearles no Gold Forts c. 868.40 c. The Hauens Ports distance from Los Martyres and Cuba altitudes of places the places where neither Gold nor People is the Riuers and Iles of it 869. Beginning of that Countrey properly called Florida No passage that way out of the North into the South Seas 870.1 10 Flowers the plenty in China 381 30 Flowers much esteemed in the West Indies Flowers of Europe thriue better there the varietie there 959.1 10 Flyes infinite store come to the fish 233.30 Flyes Waspes c. Of the West Indies 996.10 Flying fishes described 988.50 A prety battle betwixt them the Guilt-heads and Cormorants 989.10 Flying in the Aire the Mexican Sorcerers belieue they doe 1043 60 Fogge proceeding from Ice 521.10 Fogges at Sea looking like the land 566.50 Fogo Ilands the latitude 831.30 Foolish Sparrowes of India described their admirable Nests to keepe off the Monkeyes 980 40 Foot-posts of the Indians 1054 1058 For-doers of themselues how buried in China 189.1 Forfeitures extreme ones 282.50 Fortifications in China the manner 301.50 c. Fortune-telling in China 395.50 Fos Bay in Groneland 824.50 Fount of Baptisme the blessing 229.30 Fount of Baptisme wherein the Emperours vse to be christned kissed sworne vpon in Russia 783.20 Why 783.40 50 Fowles a story of strange flights of theirs 998.60 c. Fowles carefully kept by the Mexican Kings and why 1128.40 Fowles of the West Indies their kinds 963 Fowles proper to the West Indies 965 Foxenose headland 223.40 Foxes white good meate 494.10 The times of their roâ—ing abroad
Iasdi a great Citie of Trade in Persia 71.1 Iaspar deare sold in China 362.20 Iassi the chiefe Towne in Walachia 633.1 Iaua maior the greatest Iland of the World 103.10 Gold there ibid. The description and Commodites ibid. Iauolgenses ancestors to the Crim Tartars 637 Ice passed ouer in Sleds 107.10 Ice with Ponds of sweet water in them at Sea 598.40 Ice one hundred and fortie fathome deepe ibid. Ice at Sea the originall cause of it 726.40 Ice 1680. foote thicke 837. The English trauell ouer it 248.10 Ice fiue and fiftie fathome thicke 487.10 Makes a thunder as it breakes ibid. Lifts vp Ships 488.10 Ice as bigge as Townes 504.40 Ice breaking like a Thunder clap 812. It makes a loathsome noyse 811.40 Ice a Market vpon it 225.30 Condemned persons thrust vnder 435.1 Ice preserued in China and why 341.30 Icoxos what in Iaponian 323.60 Idifa in Tartary 30.30 Idlenesse not permitted in Peru 1055.20 Idlenesse inueighed against 666.40 Idlenesse loated in China 175.30 Idolaters all are betwixt the Mountaines of Caucasus c. 24.1 Idolaters in Catay 20.60 Idolaters in Colchis 636.30 Idolaters diuers in the Persian Prouinces 74 Idolaters in Curland and Prussia 628.10 Idolaters in Tanguth their Ceremonies 77.10.2 Idols are the Oldest men in the house where 92.30 Idols seene two dayes Iourney off 20.30 Idols of the Mexicans their beastly shapes 1030.20 And deckings ibid. c. Idols their Temples Sacrifices of old in Island 664.40 Altars c. 665.1.10 Idols bellies filled with Iewels 408.20 How the Chinois maintaine their Idolatry Idol-Sacrifices of China 369.1 In filthy stinking houses ibid. Idols one hundred and eleuen in one Chappell 302.60 Idols huge ones 77.1 Idols men kill themselues in honour of them 104.60 Idols of the Groenlanders 838.30 Idols in Myters wheeles 263.20 Idols of the Moall Tartars 799.40 Idols made to speake by Magicke 74.1 Idols why vsed in China 334.30 Iegur a strange Corne 236.40 Ienisce a mighty Riuer 527.30 Ouerflowes like Nilus ibid. Two Riuers of that name 530.10 The Iourney thither out of Russia ibid. See Yenisce Ieraslaue in Russia 214.10 Iesuites liued twenty yeares in China 410 Iesuites in China 314.30 In Iapan 316. Their Conuersions discussed 317 Iesuite whipt to death in China 406.40 Iesuites change their Names 339.30 Iesuite set on the Pillorie in China 339.40 Iesuites Colledges in Brasill 903.20 Iesuites make Conuerts in China 320.40 Their first Station there 321.50 Iesuites the Abetters of an Impostor in Russia 756.10.40 768.1 Iesuites in China their proceedings See in Ruggierus in Ricius Iewels of the Mexicans buryed with them 1029 Iewes kept within inclosures 49.10 Igla the Iland 285.50 Ilacians or Blacians 18.60 Ilands of Men alone and of Women alone 106.30 Ilands 12700. in the Indian Sea ibid. Ilands of Hispaniola 862.40.50 Iland Santa Maria one of the Azores the Latitude 859.40 Iland of Saints in Norway subiect to Denmarke not Inhabited 614.20 The Latitude ibid. in marg Fiue miles from Rustene 615.20 Ilands of Theeues or Ladrones in the West Indies their Latitude number pouertie neerenesse to the Philippinaes the People names Diuers other Ilands there abouts and their Latitudes 907.30 Ilands of Farre on the South-east part of Island 597.30 Ilands of Moluccas their seuerall name and Latitudes 904 Ilands of Matfloe and Delgoy 477.50 Ile of Resolution the Latitude 837.10 The variation and longitude from London 838.1 Ile of Merchants 232.20 Ile of Saint Iohn of Porto Rico in the West Indies the first name distance from Hispaniola c. Commodities temperature of the Ayre Townes first Dicouerie Ports Riuers c. 864.865 Iles of Gods Mercies 596.50 Iles of Farre their Latitude 574.1 Misplaced in the Care 582.1 Illiricum when first peopled 662.20 Illocos the Ilands 283.10 Images of Christ our Lady and the Apostles mistaken by a Iew worshipped 400.40 Images with three Heads in China 303.1 And with eight Armes and other Monsters ibid. Image in China like that of our Lady 195.50 Image of Christ most solemnely honoured in China 340 Images of their Kings worshipped by the Indians 1028.50 Images Painted and not Carued honoured 217.30 Christened ibid. Images offered in Temples of China 271.1 Image Point 479.10 Images of the Tartars made of Felt 4.30 Many in one house ibid. The Tartars Lar or houshold God 4.30 Images great store in Russia prayed vnto 228. Very rich ibid. 20. 229.1 Children committed to them ibid. 20 Images worshipped with diuine honour 452. Painted not carued in the Greeke Church ibid. Called Miracle-workers 453.1 Image made without hands 456.1 Imagination the strength of it 395.60 Imperiall Ensignes of the Russe 741.20.30 Incense where it growes 959.40 Incense vsed by the Mexicans in giuing of Welcomes and in Sacrifices 1004.10.1013.60 c. Incestuous Marriages of the Kings of Peru 1054.50 1058.60 The Successe 1059.1 India the bounds of it 110.1 Indians white and faire where 893.20 Indies of the West are not the West Indies the Countries which they containe properly 903.60 in margine Their temper colours of the Indians c. 904.1 Indian delayes for aduantage 285.50 Indians 60000. to Guard the passages in Persia 68.30 Indians of the West their Stature and Complexions 992.50 Indies why they goe to them one way and returne another 923.40.50.60 The going thither shorter then the returne The Spaniards courses in Nauigation thither c. 924. And to the Philippinaes ibid. The Seasons of the seuerall Flâ—ets 859 Indies of the South described 887. Their extent Prouinces Gouernments ibid. Indian Seas haue diuers Kingdoms see page 168.10.20.30.40 Indico or Anill how it growes 957.50 Industan the Kingdome the old Names 397.50 Inferiour layes aside his State in presence of his Superiour 297.1 Inferiour natures made for the seruice of their next Superiour 942.1 Infants consulted as Oracles 395.60 Information of all monethly giuen to the King of China 189.30 His Spies ibid. Ingermanland the Title of Sweden discust 795 Ingermenum in the Crim Tartars built by the Greekes 633.50 Inhabited by Greeke Christians ibid Inger-Sound 223.10 Inguas the Kings of Peru. See Peru. Their Diadem Greatnesse Riches Honours after death c. 1054. Their Coronation ceremonies exact Iustice Policy c. 1055. Their publicke buildings reuenues c. 1056. They haue the third part of the Land 1957. Their Originall Conquests and Storie 1059. c. Euery Ingua builds a new Palace c. 1060.10 Their Succession for 3. hundred yeares together 1062.10 Their Attire Diet c. 1126.40 See pag. 1130 Ingulsus of Norway his fortunes 656.657 Peoples Island first 657. The Story ibid. Inheritance the manner of it in China 371 Inheritances in Peru went to the Brother and not to the Sonne 1054.50 Inke-making a liberall Art 383.50 Innes in China 185.50 Innes or Lodging in Tartarie none 9.10 Innes in Tartarie the prouision for them 87.10.20 c. Seuerall Stages ibid. Inquisition Spanish in the West Indies where exercised and how 910.911.871 50 Inquisition Spanish gotten into the West Indies 871.50 Inquisition
Pancakes at Shroâ—etide in Russia 227.1 Panghin the City 96.30 Pannonia when first peopled 662 20 Panouras or China Shippes 260 30 Pantogia his being in China 407 Panuco Prouince in the West Indies the extent the difference of Soyle the Townes and Latitudes of them 872.10 20 Papa the Samoits Priests 443 40. And the Russians 447 40 Papas Roots are the bread of Peru 894.30 Paper made of the second barke of the Mulbery Trees 874.10 Paper of diuers matters made in China 175.60 Papers or notes sent before in Visitations and sending of Presents 391.30 Paper-sacrifice of China 369.1 Paper of Iapon 325.10 Papey or East Island whence so called 657.40 Pâ—pions skins vsed for clothing in Tartary 30.10 Pappa and Pappas what 657 50 Paps how the Indian wiues bearâ— them vp 992.40 Paquin described 272.20 Besieged by Tartars 280.10 Paradice the Chinois would go vnto 349.1 Pardoner an Officer in China 335 40 Parents honoured in China 393 30 Parents much respected in China 368 Parents selling or eating their owne Children 738.40 Pariacaca Mountaine in the West Indies the strange subtlenesse of the Aire there and the admirable effects One of the highest Lands in the World 926.20 30 c. Parishes vnequally diuided the inconueniencie 447.60 Parity a Peace-breaker 277.20 Parliaments their order in Russia 422.50 Begun commonly on Friday ibid. The meeting sitting and consulting 423 Parrots breed on the Mountaines of Peru 936 Parrots still flye by couples 995 40 Parâ—henium the Promontory 634 10 Parthia is now called Sachetay Zagetai or Sochtay 141.10 Partridges of the West Indies described how taken 996.1 Partridges white and plenty in Russia their Feathers sold 536 50 Partridges flying into a Ship 247 50 Paruam the bounds of the Mogores Dominion towards Catay 312 1 Pâ—scatir speake the Hungarian tongue 18 50. Their trades and borders ibid. The Hunnes came out of it ibid. Pascatir that is Hungaria the greater 6.30 Pascha a Christian Woman of Mentz found in Tartary 28 40 Pasius the Iesuite his trauels 321 His fortunes and death 322.1 Pasport to Hell 406.30 Passage by the Pole the hopes 702 20 Passage probable betwixt New Spaine and Asia or Tartaria 806.30 Passaur a City 311.40 Passe for Trauellers the forme vsed in Russia 758.40 Patanes the people and Kingdome 169.50 Patching of clothes one of Tartarian Commandements the reason 443.10 Patient hearing in Iudges 203.1 Pâ—triarch of Constantinople negotiates a league against the Turk 445. A league betwixt Spaine and Moscouia That how broken off ibid. He colourably resigneth his Patriarchate to the Metropolitan of Mosco ibid. Goes away enriched ibid. Patriarch of Mosco the Emperours Father chosen to be 791.10 Patriarch of Mosco signes Patents with the Emperour c. 802.20 30 Patriarch of Russia made to play on a Bagpipe 739.40 Crownes the Emperour 743.10 Patriarch of Mosco when first made 445. His Iurisdiction ouer the Russian Metropolitanes Archbishops c. 446.30 His reuenues 446.60 His habit 447 1. The Emperour holds his horse bridle 456.10 Pauing with Pitch 199.40 Paynting vpon Past-board in Catay 800.10 Paynting in China without shadowing 371.1 Paynting in China 357.1 10 20 Paynting of their bodies vsed by the Indians 992.10 Paynting vsed by the Russe women they haue allowance from their Husbands to buy their Colours 459.30 Paynted women 230.30 Peacockes of the West Indies described 995.50 Peace mediated betwixt the Russes and Poles and the Russes and Sweden and by whom 791 Peace betwixt the Russe and Sweden 792. The conditions of the accord as followeth Forgetfulnesse of iniuries 2. The Sweden yeilds vp the Castles before taken 3. Sweden was to restore Church Ornaments Bells 4. Persons and goods to bee freed on both sides 5. The time for Swedenâ— deliuery of the Townes set downe 6. Lodia Castle to bee rendred and Odoro to remayne Cautionary to Sâ—eden 7. Sweden not to ayde his brother in his clayme to Nouogrod c. 8. What places the Russe yeilds to Sweden 9. And what money 10. Sweden to keepe the Ordnance which hee had taken 11. Sweden to retaine the Signiory of Corelia 12. Where the Commissioners on both sides are are to meete determine of the bounds and confirme the Articles 13. The Russe to giue ouer his title to Liefland the titles of both Princes to be agreed vpon 14. Commerce of trade to continue 15. Merchants on both sides to haue free exercise of Religion 16. Personall wrongs c. And Ambassages how to bee ordered From the 16. to the 29. Article 30. Ambassages where to meete 31. Wrecks by Sea not to be taken of each others Subiects 32. Neyther partie to ayde the Pole but to treat of a ioynt league against him 33. The Confirmation and names of the Commissioners All which is acknowledged to be effected by the mediation of our King Iames. Peace betwixt Denmarke and Sweden and the Conditions 797.10 Peaches weighing two pounds a piece 95.1 Peares weighing ten pounds apiece 98.30 Pearle-fishing largely described 972. The Oyster they are found in naught Whither they grow where they are found or remooue thither where the best Pearles are found ibid. Mention of great and round Pearles most are fashioned like a Peare 973 1 10 Pearles found in shels two seldome of one bignesse Stories of some Pearles Where in the Indies are the most and best 952.50 60. The manner of diuing for them 953.1 Pearle-fishing in Margarâ—ta 866 20. And in Florida 868.60 Pearles found in two seuerall Shel-fishes and which is best 999 30 Pearles great store 91.1 Pearles whence they come 70.20 Pearle-fishing 254.50 Ships of Strangers burnt that come then ibid. Pearles the fishing for them and the manner 104.40 Vsed like Beads to pray vpon ibid. Pechincow Monastery 223.20 Pechingo in Lapland 558.10 Pechora the trade for Furres there 546. The way thence ouer-land to Ob 551.60 And the head and course of the Riuer 552.1 The Riuers that fall into it 553 554. The way thence to Tumen in Tartary 556.20 Pechora 530. It hath 22. mouthes 533.1 The Russes that trade thither 534.20 The Commodities there to be had 535.30 Conueniencie of transportation ibid. The Inhabitans feare to trade with Strangers ibid. The way from thence to Mongozey 539 543 Pechora the Towne described and how they liue there 536. Frost there in August 542.30 Sunne at Christmasse scarce seene Pechora wonne by the Russe 439 20. Their Language diuers from the Russe ibid. Pechora the Riuer discouered 463 20 Peibus the Lake in Liefland 628 40 Peim their adulterous liberty and custome 75.1 Penance of the Mexicans 1035 40 Pencils of haires haire for writing 383 People decayed in the Indies by the Spaniards 935. 938.10 Pensions taken away from vnseruiceable men 216.10 Pentle-frith Sound in Orkney 827.20 Pentlow-frith in Orkney Ilands the latitude 713. The course and tydes there ibid. Pepper infinite store of 101.30 Pepper the daily expence in one City 98.50 Pepper Tree described 138.50 Pepper of West India the seuerall sorts qualities and vses 955.50.60
carried a Gossipping 300 Presents the fashion of sending them 374.20 Prester Iohn of Asia 404.50 Presbiter Iohns Countrey in Cathay the black or Kara-Cathaya 56.50 But falsely and as little true as these tales of him in Aethiopia ibid. in marg Prester Iohn of Tartary or Vâ—chan 77.40 Presbyter Iohn in Tartarie 14.60.22.50 Prester Iohn of Tartarie tributarie to the Successours of Chingis Chan 80.20 His successours name is George he is a Christian Priest 80.20 Primum Mobile a Phylosophicall discourse of it 924.50 c. Prince Charles his Iland the Latitude 722 Princes of the Blood how vsed in China 391.1 Their number c. 396.30 Princes of the Blood restrained in China 208. They onely are styled Lords ibid. Prince dying no man lyes in his Lodgings a long while after in Russia 750.30 Prince of Russia his State and habite 748.60 750.1 Princes venerated as Gods by the Tartars 639 Printing in China 340.10 Printing the fashion in China 370.40.50 Printing white Letters ibid. Printing brought into Russia 447.40 The Printing house burnt ibid. Printing first carried into Island 645.10 Prinâ—ing 500. yeares old in China 382.60 The manner of it ibid. 383.1 10 Priâ—ma or a Triangular Glasse admired in China 321.50 Prisma dearely prized 343.30 Prison a gallant one 273.30 Probar missur Prolacussur Praissur Praput praâ—ur metri the Bâ—amenes Gods 166.40 Processions solemnely vsed by the Mexicans 1046.1047 Processions vnto the Court of Mangu-Chan c. 31.20 Processions in China 406.10 Prodigies before the ruine of the Mexican Empire by the Spaniards 1020.1021.1 Proclamations the Empresse of Russia sâ—ts out in her owne name 422.20 Proper name for a man to speake in is the lowest complement in China 391 Prophecying legends their effects 1021.60 Prophets not read in the Russian Church 452 Prucheni a people 62.1 Prussiâ— how diuided betwixt the Pole the Dutch Knights 627. c. Prut or Hieras a Riâ—er of Moldaâ—â—a 633.1 Pruteni Curlandi Liuonij Estonij Semigalli Leuconij all Pagans 54.20 Prutum Techina a Fort of the Turkes in Walachia 633.1 Psnytha 416.1 Puddings of Horse-flesh eaten by Tartars 5.10 Pulisangan a Riuer in Tartary 89.1 Pullo Quiâ—im 256 Pullo Hinhor 259 Pullo Cambim a Riuer where 253 30 Pullo Champeiloo an Iland 254 20 Pumice-stones built withall 651 40 Pumps for ships that goe with the feet 176.10 Punaâ— Mountayne in the West Indies the Ayre of it kils Passengers 926.10 Punnus inhabits Island and giues them Lawes 520.50 Purse not iniustice quarrelled against 435.10 Purgatory Mountaine of the West Indians 1120.50 The description 1123.40 Purgatory a resemblance of it in China 398.1 Pustozera the way from thence to Colmogro by Sea 545.546 By land 547 Pustoreza the Towne vpon the Riuer of Pechora in Russia 533 20. Neâ—re Russia but not in it 543.60 The altitude 544 Pyramides couered with Gold 93 60 Pyramide of fire seene at Mexico 1020 Q QVabacondono vsurpes in Iapon 323.50 What his name signifies 324.20.325.30 Made to cut out his owne bowels 325.40 Quangeparu a City 255.30 Quansy taken by the Tartars 278.1 Quaon the Iaponian God 323.60 Christian Festiuals vsed to him 324.1 Quarrels in China 370.10 Soone ended in China 344.40 Quass drinke in Muscouia 218.10 228. How made 459.1 Quayles sacrificed in Mexico 1047 50 Queene of France stirres her Sonne against the Tartars 61.20 Queene of Heauen in China 274 30 Queenzanfu the City the Commodâ—ties there 89.50 Quetzalcoalt the Mexicans God of riches honoured by the Merchants 1048. His Festiuall Ceremonies 1049 Quian the great Riuer 90.10 Quicksiluer Mynes the manner of them How it growes and is gotten c. 894.10 20. Where 269.10 Quicksiluer refines that Metall which fier cannot 944.10 947 40. A Philosophicall Discourse of Quicksiluer 947.648 All Metals but Gold swimme in it its sympathy with Gold refining with it vnknowne to the Ancients it is the poyson of all Metals but Gold and Siluer strange properties of it Places where it is found 948. Found in Vermilion 948. How the Mynes were first discouered Richnesse of one Myne how it is drawne out of the Myne 949. The danger in melting it melted with Straw kept best in Leather manner of refining with it how after refining it is separated from Siluer 950 Quinquagesima Sunday is the second Lent time to all the people of the East 34.20 Quinsay called Nanquin described 338. Not comparable to the Europaean buildings the chiefe of China how fortified ibid. Two dayes iourney about ibid. Quinsay described 162.20 The King why hee comes thither but once in ten yeares 162.60 Quinsay a discussion whither it bee Hamceu or no 409.50 The tribute it payes 100.50 Quinsay is the City of Heauen 97 50. Described 98.1 10 20 c. The Citizens described 98.60 Their riches and vnitie 99.1 20. The gouernment of it 99.40 50. It hath a Garrison of 30000. 100.1 Quippos or Registers of Peru made of knots 1053.20 Quitasol what in Chinese 306 10 Quitirâ—an the Kingdome 253.30 Quito in the West Indies the Iurisdiction and extent Gouernments vnder it vnder the Aequinoctiall the Ayre Seasons and Townes 887.40 50. Townes vnder it Heards of Cattle Râ—ine wondred at Ports their latitude high wayes admirable Riuers and how the Indians passe them 888. Emeralds Ports Iles Points Tales of Giants 889 Quiuira false placed in the Maps 849.1 Quixoâ— and Canela Prouince in the West Indies the Spanish Townes in it the soyle c. 891 50 Quoaman where 256.40 Siluer there Quoo is Yes in Chinese 187.1 Quocum the Nobility of China 346.50 R R the Chinois cannot pronounce they call the Tartars Tatos 170.20 319.20 Racke the Indian word for drinke of Rice 27.50 in marg Rambos a Fish that cleaâ—es to the Sharkes their description 930.931.1 Ramels Foord in Groneland the Latitude and variation there 833.20 Ramusius taxed and defended 856 Rapes our word of Politiâ— the Etymon 664.30 666.10.50 667 Rasors flung vpon Darts by the Mexicans the danger of the weapon 1023.60 Vsed by them iâ— Sacrifices 1035.40 Rauens as out of Noahs Arke sent out of a Ship to discouer Land 654.50 Island called Rafnafloke of those Rauens 655.10 Raw Fish the Gronelander food 836.20 Rawe meate serued in in China 298.40 Raine the Chinois fable of it 274.30 Iâ— is Gods Almes ibid. Raine where seldome or neâ—er 898.50 Raine the â—ricke in Peru to keepe it off or to procure it 1045.6 1046.10.20 Rogations for it 1047.20 Raine nor Hayle where it neuer does 881. Occasioned by the Mountaines 892.30 And where it does continually ibid. Raine very scalding hote 198.40 Raines the reason of much or little vnder the Aequinoctiall Torride Zone within or without the Tropickes 918.40 Why vnder the Torride Zone in the Afternoones and at the full Moone some Phylosophicall discourses about these 918.40.50.60 c. Raine when most heate vnder the Torride Zone 919.40 They allay heate vnder the Torride Zone 921.1 Raining of Fleas Frogges c. the reason 922.30 Where caused by Northerâ—â—
fall from the Mountaine which moisten these Sands or else it is the moistnesse of the Sea as others suppose which passing ouer this Sand is the cause why it is not barren nor vnprofitable as the Philosopher teaches The Vines haue so increased there as for this cause onely the tithes of the Churches are multiplied fiue or six times double within these twentie yeares And it is strange that in the Citie of Cusco you shall finde ripe Grapes all the yeare long the reason is as they say for that those Vallies bring forth fruits in diuers moneths of the yeare either for that they cut their Vines in diuers seasons or that this varietie proceedes from the qualitie of the soile but whatsoeuer it be it is most certaine there are some Vallies which carrie fruite all the yeare If any one wonder at this it may be he will wonder much more at that which I shall say and perchance not beleeue it There are Trees in Peru whereof the one part yeeldes fruite one sixe moneths of the yeare and the other halfe part yeeldes fruite the other six moneths In Malla which is thirteene leagues from the Citie of Kings there is a Figge tree whereof the one halfe which is towards the South is greene and yeeldeth his fruite one season of the yeare that is when it is summer vpon the Sierre and the other moitie towards the Lanos or Sea coast is greene and yeeldes his fruite in the other contrarie season when it is summer vpon the Lanos which groweth from the diuers temperature and the ayre which commeth from the one part and the other The reuenue of Wine there is not small but it goeth not out of the Countrie But the Silke that is made in new Spaine is transported into other Countries as to Peru. There were no Mulberrie trees in the Indies but such as were brought from Spaine and they grow well especially in the Prouince which they call Mistecqua where there are Silke-wormes and they put to worke the Silke they gather whereof they make verie good Taffataes yet to this day they haue made neither Damaske Sattin not Veluet The Sugar yet is a greater reuenue for they not onely spend it at the Indies but also they carrie much into Spaine for the Canes grow exceeding well in manie parts of the Indies They haue built their engins in the Ilands in Mexico in Peru and in other parts which yeeldeth them a very great reuenue It was told me that the engine for Sugar in Nasca was worth yeerly aboue thirtie thousand pieces of reuenue That of Chicaâ—a ioyning to Truxillo was likewise of great reuenue and those of new Spaine are of no lesse and it is strange thing to see what store they consume at the Indies They brought from the Iland of Saint Dominique in the fleet wherein I came eight hundred ninetie eight chests of Sugar which being as I did see shipped at Port Ricco euery chest in my opinion weighed eight Arobes euery Arobe weighing fiue and twentie pounds which are two hundred weight of Sugar is the chiefe reuenue of these Ilands so much are men giuen to the desire of sweet things There are likewise Oliues and Oliue trees at the Indies I say in Mexico and in Peru yet hath there not beene to this day any Mill for Oile for that they eate all their Oliues and dresse them well they finde the charge is greater to make Oile then the profit and therefore they carry all the Oile they doe spend from Spaine And here we will end with plants and will passe to such beasts as be at the Indies §. VI. Of Beasts and Fowles in the Indies I Finde there are three kindes of beasts at the Indies whereof some haue beene carried from Spaine others are of the same kinde we haue in Europe and yet not carried by the Spaniards and others are proper to the Indies whereof there are none in Spaine Of the first kinde are Sheepe Kine Goats Swine Horses Asses Dogs Cats and other such beasts for there are of all these kindes at the Indies The smaller Cattell haue greatly multiplyed and if they could make profit of their woolls by sending them into Europe it were one of the greatest riches the Indies had for there the flocks of sheepe haue great pastuers where as their feeding failes not In Peru there is such store of pastures and feedings as no man hath any proper to himselfe but euery man feedes his troups where he pleaseth For this reason there is commonly great store of flesh and very good cheape and all other things that come from sheepe as Milke and Cheese For a time they lost their woolls vntill that some began to husband it and to make cloth and couerings which hath beene a great helpe for the poorer sort of the Countrie for that the cloth of Castile is very deare there There are many Clothiers in Peru but more in new Spaine yet the cloth that comes from Spaine is farre better whether the wooll bee more fine or the workmen more expert In former times there were men that did possesse threescore and ten yea a hundred thousand sheepe and at this day they haue not many lesse If this were in Europe it were a very great substance but in that Countrie it is but a meane wealth In many parts of the Indies and I thinke in the greatest part small Cattell doe not increase and profit well by reason that the grasse is high and the soile so vicious that they cannot feede so well as great Cattell And therefore there is an infinite number of Kine whereof there are two kindes Some are tame and goe in troups as in the land of Charca and other Prouinces of Peru as also in all new Spaine from these tame Kine they draw such profit as they doe in Spaine that is the Flesh Butter Calues and Oxen to till the ground The other kinde is wilde which liue in the Mountains and Forests and therefore they tame them not neither haue they any master to whom they are proper both for the roughnesse and thicknesse of the Forest as also for the great multitude there is and he that first kills them is the master as of any wilde beast These wilde Kine haue so multiplyed in Saint Dominique and thereabouts that they troupe together in the fields and woods by thousands hauing no master to whom they appertaine They hunt these beasts onely for their hides they goe to the field on horse-backe with their weapons to hough them coursing the Kine and when they haue strucken any and stayed them they are their owne they slay them and carry the hides home leauing the flesh which euery one neglects for the abundance there is so as some haue testified in this Iland that in some places the aire hath beene corrupted with the abundance of these stinking carkasses The hides they bring into Spaine is one of the best reuenues of
the Ilands and of new Spaine In the fleet the yeere 1587. there came from Saint Dominique 35444. hides and from new Spaine 64350. which they value at 96532. pieces so as when they discharge one of these fleets it is admirable to behold the Riuer of Seuile and in the Arcenall where they vnlade so many hides and so much merchandize There are also great numbers of Goats whose chiefe profit is their tallow besides their Kid-milke and other commodities for that both rich and poore vse this tallow for lights For as â—â—ere is a great quantitie so doe they make very good account of it yea more then of oile but all the tallow they vse is onely of the Males They vse their skins for shooes yet I hold them not so good as those which are carried from Castile Horses haue multiplyed there and are very excellent in many places yea in many parts there are Races found as good as the best in Spaine as well for passing of a Carrier and for pompe as also for trauell and therefore they vse Horses most commonly although there bee no want of Moyles whereof there are many especially where they make their carriages by land There is no great numbers of Asses hauing no great vse for them neither for trauell nor seruice There are some few Camels I haue seene some in Peru that were brought from the Canarâ—es and haue multiplyed there a little In Saint Dominique Dogs haue so multiplyed in number and bignesse as at this day it is the scourge and affliction of that Iland for they eate the Sheepe and goe in troupes through the fields Such that kill them are rewarded like to them that kill Wolues in Spaine At the first there were no Dogs at the Indies but some beasts like vnto little Dogs the which the Indians call Alâ—o and therefore they call all Dogs that goe from Spaine by the same name by reason of the resemblance that is betwixt them The Indians doe so loue these llitle Dogs that they will spare their meat to feed them so as when they trauell in the Country they carry them with them vpon their shoulders or in their bosoms and when they are sicke they keepe them with them without any vse but onely for companie It is certaine that they haue carried from Spaine all these beasts whereof I haue spoken of which kindes there were none at the Indies when they were first discouered about a hundred yeeres since for besides that it may be well approued by witnesses at this day liuing It is also a sufficient argument to see that the Indians in their tongue haue no proper wordes to signifie these beasts but they vse the same Spanish names although they be corrupted for being ignorant of the thing they tooke the word common to those places from whence they came I haue found this a good rule to discerne what things the Indians had before the Spaniards came there and what they had not for they gaue names to those they had and knew before and haue giuen new names to these that are newly come vnto them which commonly are the same Spanish names although they pronounce them after their manner as for a Horse Wine and Wheat They found of some sorts of beasts that are in Europe and were not carried thither by the Spaniards There are Lions Tigres Beares Boares Foxes and other fierce and wilde beasts whereof we haue treated in the first Booke so as it was not likely they should passe to the Indies by Sea being impossible to swim the Ocean and it were a folly to imagine that men had imbarked them with them It followes therefore that this world ioynes with the new in some part by which these beasts might passe and so by little and little multiplyed this world The Lions which I haue seene are not red neither haue they such haire as they vsually paint them with They are grey and not so furious as they seeme in pictures The Indians assemble in troupes to hunt the Lion and make as it were a circle which they doe call Chaco wherewith they inuiron them and after they kill them with stones staues and other weapons These Lions vse to climbe trees where being mounted the Indians kill them with Lances and Crosse-bowes but more easily with Harquebuzes The Tigres are more fierce and cruell and are more dangerous to meet because they breake forth and assaile men in treason They are spotted as the Historiographers describe them I haue heard some report that these Tigres were very fierce against the Indians yet would they not aduenture aâ— all vpon the Spaniards or very little and that they would choose an Indian in the middest of many Spaniards and carry him away The Beares which in Cusco they call Otoioncos be of the same kinde that ours are and keepe in the ground There are few swarmes of Bees for that their hony-combs are found in Trees or vnder the ground and not in Hiues as in Castile The hony-combs which I haue seene in the Prouince of Charcas which they call Chiguanas are of a grey colour hauing little juyce and are more like vnto sweet straw then to hony-combs They say the Bees are little like vnto Flies and that they swarme vnder the earth The hony is sharpe and blacke yet in some places there is better and the combs better fashioned as in the Prouince of Tucuman in Chille and in Carthagene I haue not seene nor heard speake of wilde Boares but of Foxes and other wilde beasts that eate their Cattell and Fowle there are more then their Shepherds would willingly haue Besides these beasts that are furious and hurtfull there are others that are profitable and haue not beene transported by the Spaniards as Stags and Deere whereof there is great abundance in all the Forests But the greatest part is a kinde of Deere without hornes at the least I haue neuer seene nor heard speake of other and all are without hornes like vnto Corcos It seemes not hard to beleeue but is almost certaine that all these beasts for their lightnesse and being naturally wilde haue passed from one World to another by some parts where they ioyne seeing that in the great Ilands farre from the mayne land I haue not heard that there are any though I haue made diligent inquirie We may more easily beleeue the same of birds and that there are of the same kindes that wee haue as Partridges Turtles Pidgeons Stock-doues Quailes and many sorts of Falcons which they send from new Spaine and Peru to the Noblemen of Spaine for they make great account of them There are also Herons and Eagles of diuers kindes and there is no doubt but these birds and such like haue sooner passed thither then Lions Tigres and Stags There are likewise at the Indies great numbers of Parrots especially vpon the Andes of Peru and in the Ilands of Port Ricco and Saint Dominique where they flie