lord_n or_o peer_n of_o parliament_n and_o that_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o lesser_a or_o low_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la sometime_o style_v barones_n minores_fw-la be_v for_o some_o time_n before_o this_o summon_v by_o general_a writ_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n or_o bailiff_n as_o appear_v by_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la 18._o now_o whether_o these_o man_n be_v ever_o real_o peer_n or_o not_o i_o have_v reason_n to_o doubt_v since_o i_o do_v not_o find_v but_o it_o be_v they_o alone_a who_o for_o some_o year_n after_o the_o conquest_n serve_v upon_o jury_n in_o county_n court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o the_o public_a business_n of_o the_o country_n which_o be_v then_o as_o at_o this_o day_n a_o drudgery_n beneath_o the_o peer_n to_o perform_v and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v not_o insist_v upon_o it_o but_o thus_o much_o i_o think_v be_v certain_a that_o they_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o person_n much_o above_o any_o other_o layman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n since_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n immediate_o from_o the_o king_n and_o be_v so_o considerable_a as_o that_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o clarendon_n they_o be_v not_o to_o be_v excommunicate_v without_o the_o king_n leave_n and_o so_o be_v then_o in_o some_o sort_n of_o the_o same_o order_n ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la with_o the_o great_a baron_n or_o peer_n be_v common_o style_v barones_n and_o make_v up_o but_o one_o estate_n or_o order_n of_o layman_n in_o parliament_n and_o from_o thence_o i_o suppose_v proceed_v that_o common_a error_n of_o sir_n ed._n coke_n that_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o do_v ancient_o sit_v together_o and_o make_v but_o one_o house_n now_o if_o you_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o object_n against_o this_o notion_n pray_v let_v i_o hear_v it_o f._n i_o think_v you_o and_o i_o be_v come_v pretty_a near_o a_o issue_n in_o this_o question_n for_o you_o confess_v that_o these_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o who_o you_o comprise_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n be_v not_o true_o and_o proper_o baron_n and_o so_o far_o you_o be_v in_o the_o right_n but_o yet_o you_o will_v have_v they_o to_o be_v somewhat_o more_o than_o mere_a commoner_n as_o if_o there_o have_v be_v some_o degree_n or_o order_n of_o man_n in_o england_n in_o those_o time_n who_o be_v neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o but_o a_o amphibious_a race_n between_o both_o but_o to_o prove_v that_o they_o be_v indeed_o no_o more_o than_o commoner_n and_o not_o lord_n nor_o peeâ—s_n at_o all_o nor_o equal_a with_o they_o we_o need_v go_v no_o far_o than_o their_o way_n of_o trial_n in_o case_n of_o treason_n or_o felony_n which_o be_v by_o mere_a commoner_n who_o be_v not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o be_v so_o that_o a_o person_n who_o be_v no_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o may_v serve_v upon_o a_o jury_n of_o life_n and_o death_n upon_o they_o and_o as_o well_o as_o the_o dr._n in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n as_o you_o assert_v that_o they_o only_o serve_v in_o the_o country_n upon_o all_o jury_n and_o that_o before_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n so_o after_o all_o this_o noise_n of_o none_o but_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v for_o the_o whole_a commons_o of_o england_n we_o find_v by_o your_o own_o show_v that_o three_o part_n in_o four_o of_o the_o lay_v member_n of_o that_o council_n be_v as_o mere_a commoner_n as_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o baron_n of_o the_o five_o port_n at_o this_o day_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v any_o reason_n why_o these_o latter_a may_v not_o be_v as_o well_o comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n barones_n as_o the_o former_a who_o be_v mere_a commoner_n likewise_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v neither_o nobility_n nor_o birth_n nor_o the_o king_n writ_n of_o summons_n but_o only_o the_o mere_a tenure_n of_o their_o land_n that_o give_v they_o a_o particular_a right_n to_o a_o place_n in_o that_o assembly_n in_o those_o age_n or_o if_o a_o mere_a citizen_n can_v get_v money_n enough_o to_o purchase_v such_o a_o estate_n in_o capite_fw-la he_o be_v as_o good_a a_o member_n of_o parllament_n as_o the_o best_a of_o they_o all_o so_o that_o the_o question_n than_o amount_v to_o no_o more_o than_o this_o whether_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n be_v then_o represent_v by_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o by_o knight_n of_o shire_n and_o other_o as_o they_o be_v now_o but_o since_o you_o will_v have_v none_o commoner_n but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v have_v place_n therein_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o you_o allow_v that_o privilege_n to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o m._n yes_o i_o allow_v it_o to_o all_o who_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o who_o also_o enjoy_v a_o whole_a knight_n fee_n or_o so_o much_o as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o render_v they_o able_a to_o sustain_v the_o dignity_n of_o that_o place_n not_o but_o that_o the_o king_n have_v also_o a_o prerogative_n of_o summon_v or_o omit_v who_o of_o they_o he_o please_v to_o his_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n till_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la think_v it_o a_o wrong_n to_o they_o it_o be_v provide_v by_o king_n john_n charter_n that_o all_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v summon_v by_o one_o general_n write_v of_o summons_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n but_o i_o exclude_v from_o this_o council_n all_o tenant_n by_o petit_n serjeanty_n who_o tho_o it_o be_v true_a hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o be_v it_o not_o by_o knight_n service_n so_o likewise_o i_o exclude_v all_o city_n and_o town_n though_o the_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n of_o divers_a of_o they_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o tenement_n by_o that_o tenure_n since_o be_v neither_o noble_a by_o blood_n nor_o have_v estate_n sufficient_a to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o gentleman_n or_o knight_n they_o have_v no_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o in_o person_n among_o the_o other_o tenant_n who_o be_v owner_n of_o one_o or_o more_o knight_n fe_n yet_o do_v i_o not_o affirm_v that_o the_o commons_o be_v not_o after_o some_o sort_n represent_v in_o parliament_n by_o their_o superior_a lord_n deim_fw-ge though_o not_o as_o commoner_n since_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o baron_n do_v then_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n not_o only_o for_o themselves_o but_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n also_o though_o of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o tenure_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freehold_a of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o tenant_n by_o it_o as_o the_o only_a true_a freeholder_n f._n i_o shall_v show_v you_o by_o and_o by_o the_o falsity_n of_o this_o notion_n but_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n pray_v tell_v i_o when_o a_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n be_v call_v who_o represent_v those_o person_n who_o you_o say_v do_v not_o appear_v there_o and_o make_v general_a law_n and_o grant_v general_n tax_n for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n when_o there_o be_v occasion_n for_o i_o see_v you_o shut_v out_o the_o great_a part_n even_o of_o these_o your_o true_a freeholder_n from_o this_o assembly_n m._n as_o for_o the_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n i_o at_o present_a conceive_v though_o i_o be_o not_o sure_a of_o it_o that_o many_o of_o they_o may_v hold_v land_n and_o perhaps_o divers_a knight_n fee_n by_o grand_a serjeanty_n or_o knight_n service_n also_o since_o those_o estate_n which_o be_v give_v by_o the_o conqueror_n to_o his_o servant_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o such_o and_o such_o petit_fw-fr service_n may_v in_o process_n of_o time_n fall_v by_o purchase_n or_o descent_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o such_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o have_v sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v that_o dignity_n and_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n they_o may_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v before_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la have_v be_v tax_v by_o the_o king_n writ_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o knight_n fee_n or_o part_n of_o knight_n fee_n which_o they_o then_o hold_v and_o according_a to_o the_o rate_n of_o the_o sum_v impose_v in_o parliament_n either_o by_o way_n of_o aid_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n or_o else_o by_o way_n of_o subsidy_n by_o so_o much_o a_o yard_n or_o plough_v land_n throughout_o all_o england_n which_o have_v be_v the_o only_a way_n of_o tax_v ever_o since_o that_o of_o knight_n fee_n have_v be_v disuse_v f._n then_o i_o find_v after_o all_o you_o have_v say_v that_o scarce_o half_a your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o vote_n in_o prrliament_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n and_o so_o have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o be_v tax_v at_o the_o king_n will_n be_v as_o
have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o whole_a parliament_n as_o well_o the_o lord_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a as_o commons_o be_v both_o before_o and_o after_o this_o time_n comprehend_v under_o these_o word_n nobilitas_fw-la angliae_fw-la and_o if_o you_o yet_o doubt_v of_o it_o i_o can_v give_v you_o a_o plain_a authority_n out_o of_o walsingham_n for_o it_o be_v in_o his_o life_n of_o edw._n ii_o anno_fw-la 1327._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o that_o king_n deposition_n he_o tell_v we_o that_o when_o the_o queen_n and_o prince_n come_v to_o london_n there_o then_o meet_v tota_n regni_fw-la nobilitas_fw-la to_o depose_v the_o king_n and_o choose_v his_o son_n in_o his_o stead_n and_o then_o there_o be_v send_v to_o the_o king_n be_v prisoner_n in_o kenelworth_n castle_n on_o behalf_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n two_o bishop_n two_o earl_n two_o abbot_n and_o of_o every_o county_n three_o knight_n and_o also_o from_o london_n and_o other_o city_n and_o great_a town_n especial_o the_o cinque_fw-fr port_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o person_n who_o inform_v he_o of_o the_o election_n of_o his_o son_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v renounce_v the_o crown_n and_o royal_a dignity_n etc._n etc._n this_o proof_n be_v so_o plain_a it_o need_v no_o comment_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o argument_n the_o strength_n of_o it_o chief_o consist_v in_o this_o that_o the_o tax_n there_o mention_v be_v say_v to_o be_v grant_v à _fw-la militibus_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o of_o three_o mark_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n but_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o desire_v you_o to_o take_v notice_n that_o this_o scutage_n be_v not_o scutage_n service_n but_o a_o general_a land_n tax_n or_o manner_n of_o tax_v according_a to_o knight_n fee_n and_o which_o be_v continue_v long_o after_o hen._n iii_o reign_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o this_o passage_n in_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n scutagium_fw-la edwardus_fw-la primus_fw-la habuit_fw-la 40_o soli_fw-la de_fw-la quolibet_fw-la 〈◊〉_d anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 13_o dom._n 1285._o pro_fw-la expeditione_n contra_fw-la wallos_n and_o it_o be_v also_o grant_v by_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o after_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n when_o you_o and_o the_o dr._n suppose_v the_o commons_o to_o have_v then_o come_v to_o parliament_n and_o if_o so_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v why_o a_o militibus_fw-la here_o mention_v by_o this_o author_n must_v only_o signify_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o not_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n since_o it_o be_v not_o here_o say_v a_o militibus_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenuerunt_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o force_a interpretation_n of_o the_o dr.'s_n and_o without_o any_o authority_n to_o limit_v these_o word_n militibus_fw-la &_o libere_fw-la tenentibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la which_o you_o omit_v with_o a_o etc._n etc._n as_o also_o the_o omnibus_fw-la hominibus_fw-la liberis_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la only_o to_o the_o arch-bishop_n bishop_n and_o other_o prelate_n of_o england_n and_o to_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free_a tenant_n or_o tenant_n in_o military_a or_o knight_n service_n because_o they_o be_v only_o such_o as_o pay_v scutage_n whereas_o you_o have_v already_o acknowledge_v that_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la be_v grant_v to_o all_o the_o people_n of_o england_n who_o have_v all_o a_o benefit_n by_o it_o and_o who_o pay_v towards_o the_o aid_n there_o grant_v as_o well_o as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o if_o knight_n fee_n alone_o be_v tax_v and_o that_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o i_o desire_v to_o know_v by_o what_o right_a all_o tenant_n in_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o by_o burgoge_n oâ—_n sâ—occage_n tenure_n who_o make_v a_o great_a body_n of_o man_n in_o this_o kingdom_n in_o those_o time_n can_v pay_v this_o scutage_n since_o they_o hold_v not_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o by_o certain_a rent_n or_o other_o service_n and_o so_o not_o appear_v in_o person_n can_v have_v no_o representative_n in_o this_o or_o any_o other_o parliament_n of_o those_o time_n but_o if_o you_o will_v tell_v i_o they_o may_v pay_v according_a to_o the_o value_n that_o knight_n fee_n be_v then_o reckon_v at_o viz._n for_o every_o 20_o l._n a_o year_n estate_n i_o desire_v to_o know_v how_o this_o can_v be_v call_v scutage_n or_o how_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o lord_n from_o who_o they_o hold_v those_o land_n can_v give_v away_o their_o money_n for_o they_o and_o in_o the_o next_o place_n i_o desire_v also_o to_o know_v how_o all_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n in_o england_n can_v be_v charge_v with_o this_o tax_n a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o be_v you_o yourself_o grant_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o else_o of_o bishop_n abbot_n or_o other_o mesâ—e_a lord_n by_o soccage_n or_o bargage_v tenure_n so_o that_o this_o tax_n if_o grant_v only_o by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n can_v reach_v they_o and_o no_o other_o person_n but_o if_o by_o this_o word_n a_o militibus_fw-la may_v be_v understand_v knight_n of_o shire_n than_o the_o tax_n be_v general_a as_o well_o upon_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o those_o by_o knight_n service_n but_o for_o the_o other_o word_n you_o insist_v upon_o viz._n the_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la which_o you_o translate_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n if_o that_o have_v be_v the_o meaning_n of_o these_o word_n than_o they_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a since_o you_o have_v already_o tell_v i_o that_o the_o â—â—lites_n be_v so_o call_v non_fw-la a_o militari_fw-la cingulo_fw-la sed_fw-la a_o feodo_fw-la and_o if_o it_o be_v no_o name_n of_o dignity_n then_o certain_o the_o word_n milites_fw-la will_v have_v serve_v to_o comprehend_v all_o your_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la without_o any_o other_o addition_n but_o that_o these_o word_n laberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la do_v not_o here_o signify_v tenant_n by_o military_a service_n pray_v see_v sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n libre_fw-la homo_fw-la &_o libre_fw-la tenens_fw-la where_o he_o there_o give_v we_o a_o more_o general_a signification_n of_o theseword_n thus_o ad_fw-la nobilesolim_n spectabant_fw-la isti_fw-la 〈◊〉_d à _fw-la majoribus_fw-la ortos_fw-la omnino_fw-la liberis_fw-la and_o then_o end_v thus_o vide_fw-la ingenuus_n legalis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d francus_n tenens_fw-la liberè_fw-la alius_fw-la libre_fw-la tenent_n quo_fw-la etiam_fw-la sensu_fw-la occurrit_fw-la interdum_fw-la homo_fw-la 〈◊〉_d which_o upon_o every_o one_o of_o these_o title_n he_o make_v to_o signify_v all_o one_o use_v the_o same_o thing_n viz._n a_o ordinary_a freeholder_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o very_a force_a interpretation_n of_o you_o to_o limit_v these_o word_n communitas_fw-la populi_n only_o to_o the_o community_n or_o body_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la though_o i_o confess_v you_o be_v very_o kind_a in_o one_o main_a point_n in_o únderstand_v the_o communitas_fw-la populi_n to_o mean_v the_o community_n of_o the_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o be_v no_o baron_n and_o then_o do_v what_o you_o can_v these_o word_n must_v here_o signify_v mere_a commoner_n or_o commons_o unless_o you_o can_v show_v we_o a_o three_o sort_v of_o man_n who_o though_o neither_o lord_n nor_o commons_o yet_o have_v a_o place_n in_o parliament_n so_o that_o these_o gentleman_n notwithstanding_o their_o tenure_n be_v no_o more_o noble_a than_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavafor_n themselves_o my_o than_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n be_v at_o this_o day_n and_o then_o grant_v as_o i_o doubt_v not_o but_o i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o prove_v that_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n have_v then_o also_o their_o representative_n there_o i_o pray_v tell_v i_o whether_o or_o no_o there_o be_v not_o commons_o in_o parliament_n before_o 49_o hen._n iii_o or_o not_o which_o be_v contrary_a to_o your_o dr.'s_n assertion_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n and_o that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la must_v here_o signify_v the_o commons_o and_o not_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n appear_v plain_o by_o this_o place_n you_o have_v quote_v since_o it_o be_v restrain_v by_o yourself_o to_o mean_v not_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o only_o the_o community_n of_o lesser_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v not_o lord_n but_o that_o matt._n paris_n do_v also_o in_o another_o place_n take_v the_o word_n populus_fw-la for_o the_o commoner_n and_o not_o for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laity_n pray_v again_o remember_v what_o he_o say_v in_o anno_fw-la 1225._o where_o relate_v the_o manner_n how_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la come_v to_o be_v confirm_v in_o 9th_o hen._n iii_o he_o tell_v we_o rex_fw-la henricus_fw-la ad_fw-la natale_n tenuit_fw-la curiam_fw-la svam_fw-la apud_fw-la westm_n
communitate_fw-la regni_fw-la can_v mean_v as_o you_o will_v have_v they_o viz._n that_o the_o lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v grant_v it_o for_o themselves_o and_o the_o community_n of_o their_o tenant_n by_o military_a service_n only_o who_o say_v you_o represent_v the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o then_o as_o i_o have_v already_o observe_v this_o need_v not_o to_o have_v be_v grant_v in_o parliament_n at_o all_o but_o at_o this_o rate_n no_o tenant_n of_o those_o abbey_n and_o monastery_n which_o be_v a_o great_a many_o who_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la will_v have_v pay_v any_o thing_n to_o this_o tax_n nor_o yet_o the_o king_n tenant_n who_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la but_o of_o some_o castle_n or_o honour_n nor_o last_o any_o tenant_n in_o socage_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o kent_n as_o well_o as_o in_o other_o county_n as_o mr._n taylour_n prove_v in_o his_o history_n of_o gauâ—l-kâ—nd_a so_o that_o if_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o other_o under_o tenant_n by_o military_a service_n have_v be_v then_o the_o community_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n this_o community_n have_v not_o consist_v of_o above_o one_o half_a or_o at_o most_o a_o three_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o in_o my_o sense_n of_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la here_o will_v be_v no_o difficulty_n at_o all_o for_o these_o magnate_v mention_v in_o this_o record_n be_v take_v as_o i_o have_v proveâ—_n they_o often_o be_v for_o knight_n of_o shire_n than_o these_o word_n be_v thus_o to_o be_v understand_v viz._n that_o all_o the_o party_n mention_v in_o this_o record_n give_v for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n consist_v of_o all_o the_o free_a holder_n of_o england_n who_o all_o contribute_v to_o the_o marriage_n of_o the_o king_n daughter_n according_a to_o their_o respective_a estate_n and_o though_o the_o sense_n of_o this_o word_n have_v be_v otherwise_o in_o this_o place_n yet_o it_o will_v not_o have_v contradict_v my_o sense_n of_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la which_o i_o do_v not_o aver_v always_o to_o signify_v the_o commons_o but_o when_o it_o come_v immediate_o after_o the_o word_n comites_fw-la &_o barones_n as_o it_o do_v not_o in_o this_o record_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v m._n but_o pray_v tell_v i_o how_o this_o can_v be_v since_o the_o record_n say_v express_o that_o this_o aid_n be_v to_o be_v raise_v by_o 40_o s._n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n which_o can_v only_o extend_v to_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n nor_o can_v this_o word_n communitas_fw-la here_o signify_v the_o commons_o as_o now_o understand_v since_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v not_o at_o all_o mention_v who_o you_o know_v do_v at_o this_o day_n make_v up_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o representative_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n f._n this_o proceed_v from_o your_o not_o know_v or_o else_o not_o consider_v the_o ancient_a manner_n of_o reckon_a estate_n and_o consequent_o of_o tax_v by_o knight_n fee_n not_o only_o land_n hold_v by_o military_a but_o socage_n tenure_n also_o faciendis_fw-la as_o appear_v by_o those_o writ_n of_o the_o 24_o and_o 26_o of_o hen._n iii_o as_o they_o be_v still_o upon_o the_o close_a roll_n be_v both_o almost_o the_o same_o word_n for_o word_n which_o i_o give_v you_o at_o our_o last_o meeting_n yet_o since_o you_o may_v have_v forget_v they_o pray_v read_v they_o again_o rex_fw-la vicecomiti_a northampton_n saluâ—em_v praecipimus_fw-la tibi_fw-la quod_fw-la per_fw-la totam_fw-la ballivam_fw-la etiam_fw-la in_o singulis_fw-la bonis_fw-la villis_fw-la &_o similiter_fw-la in_o pleno_fw-la comitatu_fw-la tuo_fw-la clamari_fw-la faâ—ies_fw-la quod_fw-la omnes_fw-la illi_fw-la de_fw-la comitatu_fw-la tuo_fw-la qui_fw-la tenent_fw-la feodum_fw-la militis_fw-la integrum_fw-la vel_fw-la etiam_fw-la minus_fw-la quam_fw-la feodum_fw-la integrum_fw-la dum_fw-la tamen_fw-la de_fw-it tenemento_fw-it svo_fw-la tam_fw-la militari_fw-la quam_fw-la socagio_fw-it possint_fw-la sistentari_fw-la &_o milites_fw-la non_fw-la sunt_fw-la siâ—ut_fw-la tenementa_fw-la sus_fw-la diligunt_fw-la citra_fw-la festum_fw-la omnium_fw-la sanctorum_fw-la anno._n regni_n nostr_n xxv_o arma_fw-la capiant_fw-la &_o se_fw-la milites_fw-la â—iâ—ri_fw-la faciant_fw-la where_o you_o may_v note_n that_o all_o man_n who_o hold_v the_o value_n of_o a_o knight_n fee_n either_o by_o military_a or_o socage_n tenure_n be_v liable_a to_o be_v make_v knight_n provide_v they_o can_v maintain_v themselves_o of_o their_o estate_n which_o can_v never_o have_v be_v have_v not_o the_o custom_n of_o reckon_a and_o tax_v estate_n of_o all_o sort_n as_o well_o by_o knight_n service_n as_o otherwise_o according_a to_o the_o value_n of_o so_o many_o knight_n fee_n that_o be_v at_o 20â—_n per_fw-la an._n be_v then_o common_o use_v but_o as_o for_o your_o next_o objection_n that_o the_o citizen_n and_o burgess_n be_v not_o mention_v in_o this_o record_n and_o so_o can_v not_o be_v comprehend_v under_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la regni_fw-la this_o prove_v no_o more_o than_o that_o which_o will_v easy_o be_v grant_v you_o that_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la use_v in_o your_o record_n be_v there_o to_o be_v understand_v restrictive_o and_o according_a to_o the_o subject_a matter_n viz._n the_o community_n of_o freeholders_n or_o land-holders_n of_o the_o who_o kingdom_n only_o since_o this_o tax_n be_v whole_o upon_o land_n the_o commons_o of_o city_n and_o burrough_n then_o call_v communitates_fw-la civitatum_fw-la &_o buâ—gorum_n who_o estate_n lay_v in_o money_n or_o good_n can_v not_o be_v tax_v by_o knight_n fee_n nor_o do_v i_o doubt_v but_o that_o if_o we_o have_v the_o record_n of_o that_o parliament_n of_o the_o 18_o of_o edw._n i._n now_o leave_v we_o which_o be_v lose_v it_o will_v appear_v that_o they_o also_o contribute_v to_o this_o tax_n according_a to_o their_o estate_n as_o they_o do_v in_o the_o 34th_o year_n of_o this_o king_n to_o make_v the_o king_n be_v elder_a son_n a_o knight_n as_o for_o your_o record_n of_o the_o 20_o of_o edw._n iii_o it_o be_v but_o the_o same_o in_o effect_n with_o this_o of_o the_o 30_o of_o edw._n i._n and_o the_o same_o answer_n will_v serve_v for_o both_o only_o i_o can_v but_o observe_v that_o whereas_o you_o have_v often_o assert_v that_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la do_v only_o signify_v the_o community_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la now_o you_o fall_v a_o peg_n low_a and_o it_o must_v at_o last_o take_v in_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n whether_o in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o m._n well_o then_o you_o gâ—ant_v that_o this_o word_n communitas_fw-la do_v not_o always_o signify_v all_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o far_o that_o it_o must_v mean_v the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n only_o pâ—ay_o see_v this_o very_a record_n of_o the_o 34th_o of_o edw._n i._n which_o mr._n p._n have_v give_v we_o at_o large_a in_o his_o appendix_n 173._o which_o be_v long_o i_o shaâ—l_v trouble_v you_o with_o no_o more_o than_o what_o make_v to_o our_o present_a purpose_n viz._n that_o the_o king_n intend_v to_o make_v his_o son_n prince_z edward_z a_o knight_n summon_v the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_n prior_n earl_n baron_n and_o other_o great_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o appoint_v what_o aid_n they_o will_v grant_v the_o king_n towards_o it_o and_o than_o it_o follow_v thus_o that_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o other_o as_o also_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n being_n mer_o treat_v together_o with_o deliberation_n upon_o this_o matter_n consider_v that_o a_o aid_n be_v due_a to_o make_v his_o son_n a_o knight_n beside_o the_o burden_n that_o lie_v upon_o they_o king_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o scotch_a war_n at_o lengh_n they_o unanimous_o domino_fw-la regni_fw-la concâ—ssâ—runt_fw-la pâ—o_fw-la sâ—_n &_o â—â—tâ_fw-la communitate_fw-la râ—gni_fw-la â—ricesimam_fw-la partem_fw-la omnium_fw-la bunâ—â—um_fw-la suorum_fw-la â—â—mporalium_fw-la mobilium_fw-la for_o make_v his_o son_n a_o knight_n and_o towards_o his_o expense_n of_o his_o war_n in_o scotland_n aâ—d_v then_o the_o cives_fw-la &_o â—u_n genses_fw-la civet_fw-la â—â—um_fw-la ac_fw-la burgorum_n â—c_z caeteri_fw-la de_fw-fr dominiâ—s_fw-la râ—gis_fw-la congregati_fw-la treat_v about_o the_o premise_n and_o consider_v the_o burden_n lie_v upon_o the_o king_n not_o mention_v any_o aid_n for_o make_v his_o â—on_n knight_n as_o not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o knights-fee_n oâ—_n service_n and_o therefore_o none_o of_o the_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n nor_o liable_a to_o it_o dâ—mino_fw-la râ—gâ—_n un_fw-fr inimitie_n ob_fw-la cauâ—as_fw-la supra_fw-la dictas_fw-la concâ—sserunt_fw-la vic._n simâ—m_fw-la pariem_fw-la bono_fw-mi 〈…〉_z mobilium_fw-la here_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o great_a man_n with_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n consult_v together_o and_o give_v for_o themselves_o and_o the_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n a_o thirty_o part_n of_o their_o
thing_n be_v consider_v it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o the_o judge_n and_o clerk_n of_o parliament_n who_o be_v in_o those_o day_n entrust_v with_o the_o draw_v up_o all_o act_n of_o parliament_n be_v great_a master_n of_o the_o french_a than_o latin_a tongue_n choose_v rather_o to_o draw_v they_o up_o in_o the_o former_a and_o thus_o it_o continue_v until_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n the_o seven_o when_o our_o statute_n begin_v first_o to_o be_v draw_v up_o and_o enroll_v in_o english_a m_o i_o confess_v you_o have_v give_v i_o a_o great_a light_n in_o this_o matter_n than_o i_o have_v before_o yet_o i_o suppose_v you_o can_v deny_v that_o the_o tenure_n of_o knight_n service_n with_o those_o clog_n that_o belong_v to_o it_o of_o wardship_n marriage_n and_o relief_n be_v all_o derive_v from_o the_o norman_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o grand_a customer_n of_o normandy_n which_o i_o have_v already_o mention_v so_o that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o all_o these_o be_v now_o take_v away_o by_o a_o late_a statute_n of_o k._n charles_n the_o second_o yet_o since_o this_o tenure_n and_o those_o service_n be_v not_o find_v among_o the_o saxon_a law_n there_o can_v be_v a_o great_a proof_n of_o the_o ancient_a power_n of_o the_o conqueror_n or_o of_o the_o servitude_n impose_v upon_o the_o nation_n by_o he_o and_o therefore_o i_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o a_o very_a imprudent_a part_n of_o the_o late_a k._n charles_n to_o part_v with_o so_o great_a a_o tie_n which_o his_o father_n and_o all_o his_o predecessor_n have_v over_o the_o person_n and_o estate_n of_o all_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o the_o kingdom_n f._n i_o shall_v not_o take_v upon_o i_o to_o decide_v whether_o it_o be_v politic_o do_v or_o not_o of_o k._n charles_n the_o second_o to_o part_v with_o the_o wardship_n and_o service_n of_o his_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n but_o this_o much_o be_v certain_a that_o consider_v the_o abuse_n and_o corruption_n that_o have_v creep_v into_o that_o tenure_n by_o degree_n since_o the_o first_o institution_n both_o by_o the_o unfit_a marriage_n of_o the_o heir_n as_o also_o by_o the_o waste_n that_o be_v often_o time_n commit_v on_o the_o ward_n estate_n during_o his_o minority_n it_o be_v certain_o a_o very_a great_a grievance_n and_o burden_n to_o the_o subject_n and_o consider_v how_o many_o of_o those_o wardship_n be_v beg_v by_o hungry_a courtier_n they_o be_v of_o no_o considerable_a profit_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v they_o be_v a_o very_a great_a tie_n or_o rather_o clog_v upon_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o this_o kingdom_n yet_o it_o do_v not_o thereby_o produce_v any_o such_o love_n or_o obedience_n as_o will_v retain_v the_o tenant_n better_o in_o their_o duty_n before_o than_o since_o they_o be_v grant_v away_o for_o the_o forfeiture_n for_o treason_n and_o felony_n and_o also_o fine_n for_o alienation_n and_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o grow_v now_o as_o they_o be_v before_o and_o as_o for_o any_o love_n or_o respect_v which_o be_v ancient_o pay_v by_o the_o heir_n how_o can_v there_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n since_o the_o king_n grant_v away_o the_o custody_n of_o the_o heir_n and_o his_o land_n to_o person_n who_o for_o the_o most_o part_n make_v a_o mere_a prey_n of_o they_o so_o that_o they_o be_v often_o marry_v against_o their_o consent_n and_o their_o estate_n be_v deliver_v to_o they_o waste_v and_o spoil_v beside_o also_o what_o be_v exact_v from_o they_o for_o relief_n and_o ouster_n lismaine_v we_o need_v not_o wonder_v if_o it_o be_v rather_o a_o cause_n of_o secret_a discontent_n and_o hatred_n of_o the_o king_n prerogative_n than_o otherwise_o and_o therefore_o i_o can_v think_v it_o be_v not_o so_o unpolitick_o do_v by_o the_o king_n to_o render_v himself_o gracious_a and_o acceptable_a to_o his_o people_n upon_o his_o return_n to_o grant_v their_o request_n and_o pass_v that_o act_n for_o take_v away_o ward_n and_o livery_n and_o to_o accept_v of_o a_o revenue_n by_o excise_n of_o treble_a the_o value_n in_o stead_n of_o it_o but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o original_a of_o knight_n service_n itself_o i_o do_v not_o think_v it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o norman_n since_o we_o be_v certain_a there_o be_v thane_n land_n in_o england_n which_o be_v hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o that_o by_o knight_n service_n before_o king_n william_n come_v over_o and_o there_o be_v also_o middle_a thanes_z who_o hold_v of_o those_o lord_n above_o they_o by_o the_o like_a service_n insomuch_o that_o in_o the_o law_n of_o k._n knutâ—_n there_o be_v one_o concern_v the_o heriot_n 69._o which_o a_o earl_n the_o king_n thane_n as_o well_o as_o inferior_a thanes_z be_v to_o pay_v not_o only_o to_o the_o king_n but_o to_o other_o inferior_a lord_n which_o be_v almost_o the_o same_o as_o be_v afterward_o reserve_v by_o the_o law_n of_o k._n edward_n the_o confessor_n confirm_v by_o k._n william_n as_o you_o will_v find_v they_o in_o ingulph_n only_o there_o be_v no_o gold_n reserve_v but_o only_a horse_n and_o arm_n whereas_o by_o the_o law_n of_o k._n knute_n each_o e._n be_v to_o pay_v two_o hundred_o manenses_n of_o gold_n each_o king_n thane_n fifty_o and_o each_o inferior_a thane_n two_o pound_n only_a note_n that_o he_o who_o be_v call_v e._n in_o k._n knutes_n law_n be_v call_v a_o count_n in_o these_o the_o thane_n a_o baron_n and_o the_o inferior_a thane_n a_o vavasor_n and_o that_o which_o be_v there_o call_v a_o 〈◊〉_d be_v here_o term_v a_o relief_n and_o that_o this_o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n which_o be_v now_o call_v escuage_z or_o servitium_n scuti_fw-la be_v of_o ancient_a time_n name_v expeditio_fw-la hominum_fw-la cum_fw-la scutis_fw-la and_o be_v in_o use_n before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o dane_n 192._o be_v also_o as_o certain_a for_o sir_n e._n coke_n in_o his_o four_o inst._n tell_v we_o that_o we_o may_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o k._n kenulph_n who_o anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 821._o grant_v to_o the_o abbot_n of_o abbindon_n many_o manor_n and_o land_n and_o reserve_v quod_fw-la expeditionem_fw-la duodecim_fw-la virorum_fw-la cum_fw-la tantis_fw-la scutis_fw-la exerceant_fw-la antiqâ—os_fw-la pontes_fw-la &_o arces_fw-la renovent_fw-la and_o also_o he_o mention_n a_o like_a charter_n of_o k._n ethelred_n to_o a_o knight_n call_v athelâ—eâ—_n anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 995_o so_o that_o you_o see_v not_o only_o spiritual_a person_n and_o great_a thanes_z or_o baron_n but_o also_o knight_n hold_v land_n by_o the_o service_n of_o so_o many_o man_n before_o your_o conqueror_n and_o your_o dr._n also_o himself_o allow_v it_o for_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n in_o all_o ancient_a charter_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n he_o translate_v the_o word_n fidelâ—s_v by_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o military_a service_n m._n i_o will_v not_o deny_v that_o military_a fee_n be_v in_o use_n before_o the_o conquest_n and_o also_o that_o the_o feudal_a law_n do_v obtain_v here_o in_o many_o thing_n and_o therefore_o i_o be_o so_o far_o of_o the_o doctor_n opinion_n who_o in_o his_o gossary_a tit._n feudal_n law_n tell_v we_o the_o feudal_n law_n obtain_v to_o most_o nation_n of_o europe_n and_o in_o normandy_n be_v in_o its_o full_a vigour_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o come_n over_o of_o the_o conqueror_n 3._o but_o afterward_o grow_v more_o mild_a and_o qualify_v as_o also_o the_o tenure_n itself_o a_o perfect_a description_n of_o which_o with_o all_o its_o incident_n of_o homage_n relief_n ward_n marriage_n escuage_z aid_n etc._n etc._n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o grand_a customer_n cap._n 29.33_o 34_o 35._o and_o although_o there_o be_v military_a fief_n or_o fee_n here_o in_o the_o saxon_a time_n yet_o not_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o after_o the_o conquest_n establish_v here_o by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n and_o according_a to_o the_o usage_n in_o normandy_n when_o as_o it_o appear_v by_o doomesday-book_n in_o every_o county_n he_o divide_v most_o if_o not_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n among_o his_o norman_n and_o follower_n now_o that_o this_o custom_n of_o wardship_n be_v whole_o derive_v from_o the_o norman_a conquest_n you_o shall_v find_v in_o sir_n e._n cook_n four_o institutes_n in_o the_o same_o chapter_n you_o last_o cite_v 193._o as_o you_o may_v here_o read_v you_o have_v hear_v before_o de_fw-la regali_fw-la servitio_fw-la before_o the_o conquest_n but_o that_o regalâ—_n servicium_fw-la which_o be_v knight_n service_n draw_v unto_o it_o relief_n but_o neither_o wardship_n of_o the_o body_n or_o of_o the_o land_n as_o have_v be_v say_v it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o conqueror_n in_o respect_n of_o that_o royal_a service_n as_o a_o badge_n of_o the_o conquest_n take_v the_o wardship_n of_o the_o land_n and_o the_o marriage_n of_o the_o
he_o bring_v over_o with_o he_o have_v as_o you_o suppose_v the_o great_a share_n of_o all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n they_o will_v have_v be_v too_o powerful_a a_o body_n of_o man_n to_o be_v thus_o make_v slave_n at_o his_o pleasure_n but_o indeed_o his_o own_o law_n show_v the_o contrary_a for_o in_o that_o very_a law_n it_o appear_v otherwise_o whereby_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v to_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n free_a from_o all_o unjust_a exaction_n and_o taillage_n 55._o and_o that_o nothing_o shall_v be_v exact_v of_o they_o but_o their_o free_a service_n which_o they_o be_v bind_v to_o do_v according_a as_o it_o be_v appoint_v they_o by_o the_o k._n and_o it_o be_v grant_v they_o by_o a_o hereditary_a right_n for_o ever_o by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o they_o have_v their_o land_n and_o liberty_n grant_v they_o for_o a_o hereditary_a right_n not_o only_o by_o the_o k._n but_o by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o the_o k._n can_v not_o alter_v k._n edward_n law_n without_o their_o consent_n the_o charter_n of_o k._n henry_n i._o say_v express_o legem_fw-la regis_fw-la edwardi_fw-la vobis_fw-la reddo_fw-la cum_fw-la illis_fw-la emendationibus_fw-la quibus_fw-la pater_fw-la eam_fw-la emendavit_fw-la concilio_n baronum_fw-la suorum_fw-la therefore_o as_o for_o that_o authority_n you_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o h._n huntingdon_n that_o upon_o this_o king_n return_n from_o normandy_n he_o impose_v a_o heavy_a tax_n upon_o the_o english_a this_o be_v either_o to_o be_v understand_v of_o such_o a_o tax_n as_o they_o give_v he_o voluntary_o though_o perhaps_o they_o dare_v not_o do_v otherwise_o as_o the_o state_n of_o provence_n and_o languâ—doc_n be_v fain_o to_o do_v to_o the_o k._n of_o france_n at_o this_o day_n when_o he_o require_v it_o and_o yet_o he_o do_v not_o claim_v those_o country_n by_o right_a of_o conquest_n or_o if_o k._n william_n impose_v this_o tribute_n without_o their_o consent_n it_o be_v not_o only_o contrary_a to_o the_o law_n just_o now_o mention_v but_o also_o to_o his_o own_o coronation_n oath_n whereby_o he_o swear_v to_o prohibit_v all_o unjust_a rapine_n and_o that_o he_o shall_v behave_v himself_o equitable_o towards_o his_o subject_n with_o which_o certain_o his_o take_v away_o their_o money_n without_o their_o consent_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n consist_v but_o to_o answer_v that_o part_n of_o the_o coronation_n oath_n which_o you_o think_v make_v most_o for_o you_o that_o whereby_o he_o swear_v only_o to_o make_v right_a law_n which_o must_v have_v suppose_v the_o power_n to_o have_v be_v in_o himself_o because_o the_o parliament_n may_v have_v hinder_v he_o from_o do_v otherwise_o this_o be_v but_o a_o cavil_n for_o it_o be_v already_o prove_v that_o he_o be_v to_o make_v law_n and_o raise_v tax_n by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o therefore_o these_o word_n may_v very_o well_o bear_v another_o sense_n and_o do_v only_o give_v the_o k._n a_o negative_a voice_n of_o pass_v such_o law_n as_o the_o great_a council_n shall_v offer_v to_o he_o or_o else_o such_o as_o he_o may_v propose_v to_o they_o for_o their_o consent_n and_o i_o suppose_v you_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o that_o it_o be_v very_o possible_a that_o either_o the_o k._n or_o the_o parliament_n may_v propose_v such_o law_n as_o may_v not_o seem_v equitable_a or_o just_o and_o then_o certain_o both_o the_o one_o and_o the_o other_o have_v a_o negative_a vote_n and_o ought_v not_o to_o give_v their_o consent_n to_o they_o but_o to_o answer_v your_o last_o instance_n whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o this_o king_n as_o a_o conqueror_n impose_v what_o tax_n and_o service_n he_o please_v not_o only_o upon_o the_o laity_n but_o the_o clergy_n too_o by_o make_v the_o bishopric_n and_o great_a abbey_n liable_a to_o knight_n service_n which_o you_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o own_o sole_a authority_n without_o any_o consent_n of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o be_v only_o gratis_o dictâ—m_o and_o be_v indeed_o altogether_o improbable_a for_o if_o the_o k_o have_v do_v this_o by_o his_o sole_a power_n he_o will_v have_v impose_v this_o service_n upon_o all_o the_o abbey_n in_o england_n who_o land_n may_v have_v be_v as_o well_o reduce_v to_o knight_n fee_n as_o those_o that_o be_v put_v under_o that_o service_n and_o so_o may_v have_v be_v force_v to_o find_v as_o many_o soldier_n as_o they_o have_v fee_n as_o well_o as_o the_o bishopric_n and_o great_a abbey_n but_o indeed_o the_o clergy_n be_v too_o powerful_a a_o body_n to_o be_v thus_o arbitrary_o impose_v upon_o and_o they_o will_v soon_o have_v complain_v to_o the_o pope_n against_o the_o k._n for_o this_o new_a servitude_n he_o have_v impose_v upon_o they_o and_o therefore_o i_o think_v we_o may_v with_o much_o more_o safety_n conclude_v with_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n that_o this_o imposition_n of_o knight_n service_n upon_o the_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n be_v do_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v too_o great_a a_o matter_n to_o be_v do_v without_o it_o for_o it_o appear_v by_o eadmerus_n that_o the_o k._n hold_v a_o council_n this_o very_a year_n though_o the_o law_n and_o proceed_n of_o it_o be_v all_o lose_v and_o this_o be_v the_o more_o likely_a to_o be_v so_o because_o this_o imposition_n be_v not_o lay_v upon_o all_o the_o abbey_n in_o england_n but_o only_o upon_o the_o bishopric_n and_o such_o abbey_n as_o be_v of_o royal_a foundation_n and_o hold_v immediate_o of_o the_o king_n before_o your_o conquest_n and_o be_v only_o such_o as_o enjoy_v whole_a barony_n as_o mat._n paris_n there_o tell_v we_o i_o shall_v now_o come_v to_o your_o last_o head_n whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o your_o conqueror_n by_o his_o sole_a power_n alter_v the_o course_n of_o trial_n and_o introduce_v the_o custom_n of_o duel_n or_o single_a combat_n in_o civil_a as_o well_o as_o criminal_a cause_n the_o chief_a argument_n you_o have_v for_o this_o be_v that_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o this_o trial_n by_o duel_n in_o our_o english_a saxon_n law_n before_o the_o conquest_n which_o be_v but_o a_o negative_a argument_n at_o the_o best_a and_o you_o can_v show_v i_o no_o ancient_a author_n that_o say_v express_o that_o k._n william_n introduce_v it_o and_o though_o i_o grant_v it_o be_v first_o mention_v in_o his_o law_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v not_o here_o before_o since_o it_o be_v certain_o in_o use_n among_o the_o franc_n and_o longobard_n who_o be_v german_a nation_n as_o well_o as_o the_o saxon_n but_o admit_v it_o be_v first_o introduce_v by_o the_o conqueror_n this_o be_v no_o badge_n of_o conquest_n for_o the_o norman_n as_o well_o as_o the_o english_a be_v subject_a to_o this_o trial_n which_o be_v in_o use_n in_o france_n and_o normandy_n long_o before_o this_o king_n be_v come_v in_o so_o that_o admit_v he_o first_o establish_v it_o here_o it_o may_v not_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o sole_a power_n but_o by_o some_o law_n make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n though_o it_o be_v now_o lose_v as_o we_o have_v very_o few_o of_o the_o law_n that_o be_v make_v by_o this_o k._n now_o leave_v we_o beside_o those_o which_o be_v call_v the_o law_n of_o k._n edward_n with_o this_o king_n alteration_n of_o they_o all_o which_o be_v certain_o do_v in_o the_o common_a council_n the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v concern_v the_o alteration_n of_o punishment_n for_o deer_n steal_v and_o other_o crime_n which_o be_v either_o punishable_a by_o pecuniary_a mulcâ—s_n or_o else_o by_o death_n before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n since_o those_o alteration_n may_v be_v also_o make_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o great_a council_n but_o that_o the_o same_o forest_n law_n be_v in_o use_n before_o the_o conquest_n as_o after_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o forest_n law_n of_o king_n knute_n as_o you_o will_v find_v in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n glossary_a title_n foresta_n only_o the_o punishment_n be_v there_o pecuniary_a or_o else_o loss_n of_o liberty_n which_o after_o your_o conquest_n be_v change_v into_o the_o loss_n of_o eye_n and_o member_n but_o as_o for_o other_o lesser_a matter_n as_o his_o disarm_v the_o english_a and_o forbid_a night_n meeting_n if_o these_o thing_n be_v do_v as_o i_o do_v not_o find_v any_o express_a law_n for_o they_o for_o there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n mention_v in_o the_o law_n de_fw-fr nocturnis_fw-la custodiis_fw-la they_o be_v either_o practise_v by_o this_o k._n for_o his_o own_o security_n after_o the_o english_a have_v by_o their_o frequent_a
to_o the_o judgement_n of_o every_o indifferent_a person_n these_o than_o be_v the_o man_n the_o only_a legal_a man_n that_o name_v and_o choose_v jury_n and_o serve_v on_o jury_n themselves_o both_o in_o the_o country_n and_o hundred_o court_n and_o dispatch_v all_o country_n business_n under_o the_o great_a officer_n as_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o next_o law_n with_o a_o little_a explication_n ut_fw-la jura_n regius_fw-la illaesa_fw-la seruare_fw-la pro_fw-la viribus_fw-la câ—entur_fw-la subditi_fw-la statuimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la praedicti_fw-la sint_fw-la fratres_n conjurati_fw-la ad_fw-la monarchiam_fw-la nostram_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la regnum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la pro_fw-la viribus_fw-la suis_fw-la &_o facultatibus_fw-la contra_fw-la inimicos_fw-la pro_fw-la posse_fw-la svo_fw-la defendendum_fw-la &_o viriliter_fw-la servaâ—um_fw-la pacem_fw-la &_o dignitatem_fw-la coronae_fw-la nostrae_fw-la integram_fw-la observandam_fw-la &_o ad_fw-la judicium_fw-la recâ—um_fw-la &_o justitiam_fw-la constant_a omnibus_fw-la modis_fw-la pro_fw-la posse_fw-la svo_fw-la sine_fw-la dolo_fw-la &_o sine_fw-la dilatione_fw-la faâ—endam_fw-la now_o the_o judgement_n they_o be_v to_o give_v and_o the_o justice_n they_o be_v to_o do_v by_o this_o law_n beside_o that_o in_o their_o own_o court_n and_o jurisdiction_n be_v principal_o as_o they_o be_v juror_n or_o recognitor_n upon_o assize_n etc._n etc._n though_o some_o of_o the_o great_a of_o their_o milites_fw-la be_v often_o sheriff_n hundredary_n and_o other_o under_o judge_n and_o ministerial_a officer_n of_o justice_n in_o their_o several_a county_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o glanâ—ille_n every_o where_o but_o especial_o lib._n 2._o c._n 10_o 11._o lib._n 9_o c._n 7._o c._n 17._o &_o lib._n 13._o throughout_o this_o of_o be_v suitor_n to_o the_o county_n and_o hundred_o court_n etc._n etc._n be_v a_o service_n incident_a to_o their_o tenor_n and_o before_o they_o many_o time_n ancient_o in_o the_o county_n and_o hundred_o court_n and_o not_o private_o in_o a_o chamber_n be_v execute_v deed_n grant_n and_o donation_n of_o land_n contain_v in_o very_o small_a piece_n of_o parchment_n witness_v by_o thomas_n of_o such_o a_o town_n john_n of_o another_o richard_n of_o a_o three_o etc._n etc._n which_o be_v knight_n and_o liberi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la in_o military_a service_n in_o those_o town_n of_o considerable_a estate_n and_o not_o the_o low_a sort_n of_o people_n and_o this_o execution_n of_o sales_n and_o assurance_n in_o open_a court_n be_v as_o public_a and_o notorious_a and_o as_o secure_v as_o if_o at_o that_o time_n there_o have_v be_v a_o public_a register_n for_o they_o f._n before_o i_o answer_v your_o conclusion_n from_o king_n vvilliam_n law_n i_o must_v tell_v you_o i_o be_o not_o at_o all_o satisfy_v neither_o with_o the_o account_v you_o give_v how_o the_o commonâ—_n of_o england_n can_v come_v in_o to_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o parliament_n without_o any_o noise_n or_o notice_n take_v of_o it_o either_o by_o our_o act_n of_o parliament_n or_o historian_n since_o it_o be_v not_o only_o improbable_a but_o also_o quite_o contrary_a to_o matter_n of_o fact_n and_o history_n itself_o as_o i_o shall_v i_o hope_v make_v good_a when_o we_o come_v to_o treat_v of_o that_o subject_a nor_o be_v your_o argument_n of_o any_o weight_n since_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o william_n the_o conqueror_n so_o subject_v the_o land_n of_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n to_o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n that_o therefore_o this_o be_v do_v by_o his_o sole_a power_n without_o any_o law_n for_o it_o make_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n since_o i_o observe_v in_o the_o first_o law_n of_o king_n william_n which_o you_o have_v now_o cite_v that_o the_o very_a service_n which_o you_o say_v be_v reserve_v upon_o the_o land_n he_o have_v bestow_v be_v say_v to_o be_v so_o appoint_v or_o settle_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o therefore_o certain_o the_o service_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n must_v be_v so_o likewise_o and_o therefore_o i_o must_v confess_v myself_o to_o be_v of_o mr._n selden_n opinion_n in_o this_o matter_n who_o presume_v there_o be_v a_o law_n for_o it_o though_o now_o lose_v and_o can_v believe_v that_o this_o king_n how_o powerful_a soever_o shall_v attempt_v to_o introduce_v so_o great_a a_o yoke_n upon_o all_o the_o bishop_n and_o so_o many_o of_o the_o abbot_n and_o prior_n of_o england_n without_o their_o consent_n express_o give_v to_o a_o law_n and_o make_v in_o the_o great_a council_n concern_v it_o though_o that_o law_n as_o many_o other_o of_o this_o king_n be_v not_o now_o to_o be_v find_v but_o to_o come_v to_o the_o main_a design_n of_o your_o present_a discourse_n which_o be_v to_o show_v that_o none_o but_o tenant_n by_o military_a service_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v in_o the_o first_o time_n after_o the_o conquest_n proper_o the_o only_a true_a freeman_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n i_o shall_v show_v you_o that_o first_o the_o notion_n be_v quite_o new_a and_o never_o hear_v of_o till_o the_o dr._n from_o who_o you_o have_v borrow_v it_o first_o broach_v it_o neither_o mr._n lambard_n mr._n somneâ—_n nor_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n nor_o any_o of_o our_o english_a antiquary_n or_o lawyer_n ever_o discover_v any_o such_o thing_n before_o your_o dr._n arise_v to_o disperse_v these_o cloud_n every_o man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v no_o villain_n be_v look_v upon_o as_o a_o freeman_n and_o every_o owner_n of_o land_n of_o inheritance_n though_o of_o never_o so_o small_a a_o proportion_n reckon_v a_o freeholder_n and_o his_o estate_n call_v his_o franc_n tenement_n or_o freehold_n as_o well_o in_o our_o ancient_n as_o modern_a law_n and_o that_o freehold_n be_v not_o restrain_v only_o to_o military_a service_n within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o the_o conquest_n appear_v by_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la in_o which_o it_o be_v express_o recite_v that_o nullus_fw-la distriâ—â—tur_fw-la ad_fw-la faciendum_fw-la majus_fw-la servitium_fw-la de_fw-la feodo_fw-la militis_fw-la nec_fw-la de_fw-la alio_fw-la libero_fw-la tenemento_fw-it quâ—â—_n inde_fw-la debetur_fw-la and_o that_o socage_n tenant_n though_o by_o villain_n service_n be_v as_o much_o freeman_n as_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la see_v spelman_n glossary_a tit._n socman_n where_o he_o say_v thus_o socmannus_fw-la in_o natura_fw-la brevinan_n brevi_fw-la de_fw-fr recto_n propriè_fw-la talis_fw-la est_fw-la qui_fw-fr liâ—e_z est_fw-la &_o tenet_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la seu_fw-la de_fw-la alio_fw-la domino_fw-la in_o antiquo_fw-la dominico_fw-la terras_fw-la svas_fw-la seu_fw-la tenementâ—_n in_o villenagio_n libro_fw-la sancti_fw-la albani_n tit._n honcton_n chap_n i._o rege_fw-la angliae_fw-la manerium_fw-la de_fw-la hâ—â—cton_n tenuerunt_fw-la in_o dominico_fw-la omnes_fw-la tenentes_fw-la liberi_fw-la scil_n &_o custumarii_fw-la per_fw-la sokam_fw-la defendebant_fw-la tenementa_fw-la sua_fw-la etc._n etc._n ex_fw-la quo_fw-la patet_fw-la sokmans_fw-mi liberos_fw-la 〈◊〉_d significare_fw-la but_o since_o you_o seem_v to_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o freeman_n and_o freeholder_n proper_o or_o improper_o so_o call_v since_o king_n vvilliam_n law_n you_o have_v now_o cite_v do_v not_o warrant_v any_o such_o distinction_n i_o must_v beg_v your_o excuse_n if_o i_o be_o not_o of_o your_o opinion_n for_o the_o first_o law_n you_o have_v quote_v warrant_v no_o such_o thing_n it_o only_o say_v that_o all_o freeman_n in_o general_a shall_v take_v a_o oath_n of_o fealty_n to_o the_o king_n to_o maintain_v he_o his_o land_n and_o honour_n against_o 〈◊〉_d enemy_n and_o stranger_n now_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o this_o law_n extend_v to_o all_o freeman_n who_o be_v by_o the_o ancient_a saxon_a law_n recite_v in_o the_o addition_n to_o the_o law_n of_o king_n edward_n to_o take_v the_o very_a same_o oath_n in_o the_o folkmote_a as_o they_o be_v after_o your_o conquest_n to_o do_v according_a to_o this_o law_n either_o in_o the_o county_n court_v or_o sheriff_n turn_v nor_o will_v the_o next_o law_n do_v the_o business_n any_o more_o than_o this_o for_o the_o word_n be_v that_o all_o freeman_n of_o our_o say_a kingdom_n may_v have_v and_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n free_a from_o all_o â—njust_a taillage_n exaction_n etc._n etc._n which_o word_n possession_n extend_v not_o only_o to_o land_n of_o inheritance_n much_o less_o to_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n but_o also_o to_o estate_n for_o life_n and_o all_o other_o chattel_n or_o possession_n as_o well_o real_a as_o personal_a nor_o do_v the_o word_n servitium_n liberum_fw-la extend_v only_o to_o those_o service_n which_o be_v reserve_v upon_o land_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o also_o to_o those_o common_a service_n call_v trinoda_n necessitas_fw-la which_o i_o have_v former_o mention_v â—iz_o the_o building_n and_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n and_o expedition_n against_o foreign_a enemy_n
destrain_v for_o the_o escuage_z so_o assess_v by_o parliament_n or_o in_o some_o case_n they_o may_v have_v the_o king_n be_v write_v direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o the_o same_o county_n etc._n etc._n to_o lâ—vy_a such_o escuage_n for_o they_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o register_n but_o if_o either_o king_n john_n or_o king_n hen._n iii_o grant_v writ_n to_o levy_v escuage_z upon_o the_o under-tenant_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la without_o their_o own_o consent_n in_o parliament_n this_o aught_o to_o be_v no_o more_o cite_v as_o a_o precedent_n than_o any_o other_o illegal_a act_n commit_v by_o those_o king_n since_o as_o our_o record_n and_o history_n tell_v we_o it_o be_v such_o illegal_a proceed_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o the_o baron_n war_n and_o it_o be_v express_o against_o the_o word_n of_o this_o charter_n of_o king_n john_n which_o you_o have_v now_o quote_v viz._n nullum_fw-la seâ—â—agium_fw-la vel_fw-la auxilium_fw-la pâ—nam_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la nisi_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la so_o that_o notwithstanding_o all_o you_o have_v yet_o say_v it_o do_v not_o appear_v to_o i_o how_o scutage_n when_o give_v as_o a_o tax_n upon_o knight_n â—ees_v alone_o and_o to_o be_v levy_v not_o only_o from_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la themselves_z but_o their_o under-tenant_n as_o also_o from_o the_o tenant_n of_o they_o who_o though_o they_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la yet_o hold_v not_o by_o knight_n service_n such_o as_o be_v the_o tenant_n in_o peâ—â—y_a serjeanty_n and_o those_o who_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o chief_a as_o of_o several_a honour_n and_o not_o of_o hiâ—_n crown_n as_o in_o capite_fw-la can_v ever_o charge_v such_o tenant_n without_o their_o consent_n give_v either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o lawful_a representative_n much_o less_o can_v your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la tax_n or_o charge_v such_o as_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la themselves_z viz._n those_o abbot_n and_o prior_n who_o hold_v land_n in_o right_a of_o their_o monastery_n in_o franc_n almâ—igne_n and_o who_o together_o with_o their_o tenant_n make_v at_o least_o two_o three_o part_n of_o all_o the_o abby-land_n in_o england_n as_o also_o tax_v those_o who_o not_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n at_o all_o but_o by_o tenure_n in_o socage_n or_o fee_n farm_n do_v not_o hold_v their_o land_n as_o knight_n fee_n and_o therefore_o can_v never_o be_v tax_v by_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o so_o many_o knight_n fee_n or_o part_n thereof_o and_o braecton_n who_o live_v at_o this_o very_a time_n have_v distinguish_v to_o no_o purpose_n between_o those_o common_a service_n which_o all_o tenant_n owe_v their_o lord_n and_o the_o general_a tax_n or_o charge_n impose_v by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n 37._o the_o word_n be_v very_o remarkable_a pray_v read_v they_o sunt_fw-la quaedam_fw-la commune_v praestationes_fw-la quae_fw-la seruâ—cis_fw-la non_fw-la diâ—uâ—iâ—â—_n nec_fw-la de_fw-la consuâ—tudine_fw-la venâ—um_fw-la nisi_fw-la cum_fw-la necessitaâ—_n intervenerit_fw-la vel_fw-la cum_fw-la parliament_n rex_fw-la venorit_fw-la sicut_fw-la sunt_fw-la hidagia_fw-la corraagâ—â—_n carvagia_n &_o alia_fw-la plura_fw-la de_fw-la necessitate_v &_o ex_fw-la consensu_fw-la communi_fw-la torius_fw-la regni_fw-la introducta_fw-la &_o quae_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la feâ—di_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a and_o therefore_o i_o can_v see_v any_o reason_n why_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v ever_o have_v power_n to_o lay_v a_o general_a tax_n upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n not_o the_o ten_o part_n of_o which_o do_v then_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knight_n service_n so_o that_o nothing_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o than_o that_o there_o be_v we_o our_o ancient_a historian_n tell_v we_o a_o distinct_a court_n which_o be_v hold_v ancient_o three_o time_n every_o year_n viz._n at_o easter_n whitsuntide_n and_o christmas_n and_o then_o the_o king_n be_v attend_v by_o all_o the_o bishop_n great_a lord_n 131._o and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o this_o be_v call_v curis_n or_o concilium_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o if_o any_o difference_n of_o right_n do_v arise_v between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o tenant_n or_o between_o tenant_n and_o tenant_n here_o it_o be_v to_o be_v hear_v and_o determine_v and_o many_o other_o thing_n be_v there_o uâ—ted_v and_o do_v in_o relation_n to_o the_o king_n baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o but_o under_o favour_n this_o be_v not_o the_o commune_fw-la consillum_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o parliament_n as_o we_o now_o call_v it_o for_o the_o king_n hold_v this_o court_n ex_fw-la more_n or_o by_o custom_n without_o any_o summons_n as_o simon_n of_o durham_n and_o florence_n of_o worcester_n and_o divers_a other_o writer_n of_o the_o life_n of_o our_o first_o norman_a king_n do_v show_v we_o but_o when_o they_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la 680._o their_o expression_n after_o and_o then_o they_o say_v that_o rex_fw-la ascivi_fw-la as_o it_o be_v in_o ordericus_n vitalis_n exit_fw-la praecepro_fw-la regn_n convenerunt_fw-la or_o as_o eâ—â—merus_n rex_fw-la sanctione_n sua_fw-la adunavit_fw-la and_o mat._n westminster_n of_o late_a time_n take_v notice_n of_o this_o union_n or_o meet_v of_o this_o câ—ria_n or_o assembly_n of_o tenant_n in_o capit_fw-la together_o with_o the_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n in_o his_o history_n of_o hen._n iii_o where_o relate_v how_o the_o king_n again_o confirm_v the_o great_a charter_n in_o a_o parliament_n anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1252._o be_v the_o 37_o the_o of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v these_o word_n in_o quindene_a paschae_n adunato_fw-la magno_fw-la parliamento_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o that_o it_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o this_o unite_n of_o the_o great_a or_o whole_a parliament_n must_v be_v understand_v the_o conjunction_n of_o both_o council_n together_o and_o therefore_o when_o this_o council_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la that_o thus_o meet_v ex_fw-la more_fw-mi take_v upon_o they_o assess_v escuage_z and_o transact_v other_o matter_n of_o consequence_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o often_o fail_v to_o appear_v at_o these_o court_n or_o assembly_n hold_v ex_fw-la more_fw-it it_o be_v then_o and_o not_o before_o express_o provide_v by_o this_o charter_n of_o king_n john_n that_o escuage_z shall_v not_o be_v assess_v for_o the_o future_a without_o summons_n or_o notice_n give_v of_o it_o to_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o have_v right_a to_o be_v there_o m._n i_o see_v you_o will_v fain_o prove_v that_o there_o be_v a_o council_n or_o assembly_n of_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la distinct_a from_o the_o parliament_n and_o which_o meet_v ex_fw-la more_fw-it and_o that_o these_o be_v the_o person_n who_o be_v by_o this_o charter_n to_o assemble_v for_o the_o assess_n of_o escuage_z which_o be_v a_o mere_a precarious_a hypothesis_n nor_o can_v you_o or_o those_o from_o who_o you_o borrow_v this_o notion_n make_v it_o out_o from_o any_o good_a authority_n for_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o barones_n regis_fw-la &_o regni_fw-la be_v the_o same_o person_n and_o that_o usual_o the_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o what_o quality_n soever_o do_v repair_v to_o the_o king_n court_n at_o christmas_n easter_n 113._o and_o whitsunday_n do_v appear_v to_o have_v be_v the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n from_o the_o testimony_n of_o our_o ancient_a historian_n but_o to_o prove_v by_o example_n out_o of_o the_o author_n you_o yourself_o have_v make_v use_n of_o that_o the_o bishop_n great_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v then_o alone_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 20._o pray_v read_v eadmerus_n speak_v thus_o celebratum_fw-la est_fw-la concilium_fw-la in_o ecclesiâ_fw-la beati_fw-la peiri_n in_fw-la occidentali_fw-la parâ—e_fw-la juxta_fw-la lâ—nâ—inum_fw-la sita_fw-la communi_fw-la consensâ—â—_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la abbatum_fw-la &_o principum_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la &_o buiâ—_n conventui_fw-la assuerunt_fw-la primate_fw-la regni_fw-la utriuâ—que_fw-la ondinis_fw-la and_o at_o this_o meeting_n be_v present_a the_o prime_a man_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o both_o order_n in_o this_o council_n the_o bishop_n and_o baron_n be_v call_v the_o principal_a or_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o these_o be_v all_o the_o king_n baron_n they_o all_o hold_v of_o he_o in_o capite_fw-la and_o so_o do_v all_o the_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o likewise_o in_o another_o meeting_n under_o this_o king_n hen._n â—_o when_o archbishop_n anselm_n be_v to_o give_v his_o answer_n to_o the_o king_n according_a â—o_o the_o advice_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o of_o anselm_n 69._o that_o in_o pascha_fw-la ad_fw-la curiam_fw-la venit_fw-la communis_fw-la concilii_fw-la vocem_fw-la unam_fw-la
accepit_fw-la etc._n etc._n now_o pray_v tell_v i_o what_o common_a council_n be_v this_o of_o the_o bishop_n and_o chief_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o anselm_n refer_v himself_o to_o be_v it_o not_o ex_fw-la more_o by_o custom_n you_o can_v find_v in_o eadmer_n any_o summons_n to_o it_o neither_o rex_fw-la asâ—ivit_fw-la nor_o praecepâ—o_o regis_fw-la convenerunt_fw-la nor_o rex_fw-la sanctione_n suâ_fw-la adunavit_fw-la in_o short_a not_o to_o multiply_v example_n look_v where_o you_o will_v in_o eadmerus_n or_o any_o other_o of_o the_o ancient_a historian_n you_o have_v cite_v and_o you_o will_v still_o find_v that_o the_o person_n who_o meet_v ex_fw-la more_fw-it and_o without_o any_o summons_n be_v the_o same_o who_o assemble_v by_o the_o king_n summons_n at_o other_o time_n that_o be_v the_o principes_fw-la and_o episcoâ—i_fw-la regni_fw-la or_o terrae_fw-la or_o call_v more_o general_o priâ—ates_fw-la utriusque_fw-la ordinis_fw-la or_o the_o barones_n or_o majores_fw-la regni_fw-la who_o do_v at_o these_o great_a â—easts_n pro_fw-la more_o go_v to_o court_n and_o hold_v a_o solemn_a curia_n or_o great_a council_n there_o and_o that_o these_o make_v up_o the_o university_n or_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n pray_v see_v what_o matt._n paris_n say_v 40._o in_o die_v pentecostes_fw-la dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la anglorum_fw-la loâ—dini_fw-la festum_fw-la tenens_fw-la magnum_fw-la &_o serenissimum_fw-la â—unc_fw-la compositâ_fw-la per_fw-la regni_fw-la vniversitatem_fw-la eleganti_fw-la epistolâ_fw-la etc._n etc._n this_o be_v about_o the_o pope_n exaction_n as_o have_v be_v before_o deliver_v and_o hen._n iii_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o pope_n call_v the_o same_o person_n magnates_fw-la angliae_fw-la which_o in_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o cardinal_n about_o the_o same_o matter_n he_o call_v magnates_fw-la nostri_fw-la as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o former_a citation_n of_o they_o f._n but_o pray_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o ask_v you_o this_o question_n may_v not_o our_o first_o norman_a king_n often_o summon_v the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o one_o of_o the_o say_v usual_a feast_n since_o it_o be_v so_o much_o for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o bishop_n great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o i_o grant_v be_v then_o all_o member_n of_o the_o great_a council_n to_o meet_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o representative_n of_o the_o commons_o at_o the_o same_o time_n though_o the_o writer_n you_o have_v quote_v may_v not_o mention_v their_o be_v summon_v at_o all_o and_o as_o for_o the_o writ_n of_o summons_n those_o of_o much_o late_a parliament_n be_v lose_v how_o can_v it_o be_v expect_v we_o shall_v now_o prove_v their_o be_v summon_v so_o many_o year_n before_o m._n i_o confess_v it_o may_v be_v so_o that_o upon_o extraordinary_a business_n 115._o and_o when_o the_o occasion_n be_v great_a and_o the_o king_n desire_v a_o great_a and_o full_a appearance_n they_o may_v also_o 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this_o great_a council_n since_o there_o may_v be_v in_o those_o time_n other_o baron_n or_o great_a freeholder_n who_o though_o they_o hold_v their_o land_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la yet_o may_v be_v there_o as_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o else_o appear_v in_o person_n at_o those_o assembly_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o and_o beside_o there_o be_v other_o who_o though_o they_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la but_o of_o some_o great_a honour_n or_o castle_n or_o else_o of_o some_o abbot_n or_o prior_n yet_o be_v man_n of_o very_o great_a estate_n and_o very_o numerous_a all_o which_o must_v otherwise_o have_v have_v their_o estate_n tax_v and_o law_n make_v for_o they_o without_z nay_o against_o the_o consent_n of_o themselves_o or_o any_o to_o represent_v they_o nor_o be_v your_o assertion_n at_o all_o true_a that_o william_n the_o conqueror_n divide_v most_o of_o the_o land_n in_o england_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o in_o capite_fw-la for_o 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appear_v by_o the_o title_n to_o the_o latin_a custom_n of_o normandy_n which_o be_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o old_a french_a edition_n of_o the_o constumiers_fw-fr de_fw-fr normandy_n print_v at_o râ—aâ—_n 1515._o the_o title_n of_o which_o be_v thuâ—_n jura_n &_o consuetudines_fw-la ducatus_fw-la noâ—maniae_fw-la the_o prologue_n to_o which_o begin_v thus_o quoniam_fw-la leges_fw-la &_o instituta_fw-la quae_fw-la normanorum_n principes_fw-la non_fw-la sint_fw-la magna_fw-la provisionis_fw-la industria_n praelatorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_n nec_fw-la non_fw-la &_o caeterorum_fw-la virorum_fw-la prudentum_fw-la consilio_fw-la &_o assensu_fw-la ad_fw-la salutem_fw-la humani_fw-la foederis_fw-la statuerunt_fw-la whereby_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o normandy_n be_v make_v by_o the_o advice_n and_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n for_o the_o preservation_n of_o that_o humane_a covenant_n they_o have_v former_o make_v with_o their_o first_o duke_n rollo_n when_o he_o have_v that_o duchy_n grant_v he_o by_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o whoever_o will_v consult_v the_o ancient_a history_n and_o law_n of_o that_o duchy_n will_v find_v theâ—â—_n duke_n of_o normandy_n no_o more_o absolute_a monarch_n there_o than_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n from_o whence_o they_o come_v so_o that_o if_o their_o duke_n shall_v have_v go_v about_o to_o take_v away_o their_o estate_n or_o enslave_v the_o person_n of_o the_o norman_a nobility_n and_o people_n he_o may_v just_o have_v be_v resist_v by_o they_o and_o therefore_o their_o take_a land_n from_o k._n william_n after_o his_o pretend_a conquest_n here_o must_v either_o have_v confer_v a_o estate_n upon_o they_o according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o england_n or_o normandy_n not_o according_a to_o the_o former_a for_o you_o assert_v that_o tenor_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o knight_n service_n be_v general_o introduce_v by_o his_o come_n so_o that_o if_o they_o be_v by_o the_o norman_n law_n as_o 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my_o office_n of_o marshal_n without_o the_o judgement_n of_o my_o peer_n and_o have_v proclaim_v i_o banish_v through_o all_o england_n he_o have_v burn_v my_o house_n destroy_v my_o land_n etc._n etc._n he_o have_v more_o than_o once_o defy_v i_o when_o i_o be_v always_o ready_a to_o stand_v to_o the_o judgement_n of_o my_o peer_n from_o which_o time_n say_v he_o i_o cease_v to_o be_v the_o king_n liegeman_n and_o be_v absolve_v from_o his_o homage_n not_o by_o myself_o but_o by_o he_o and_o whereas_o you_o say_v that_o though_o the_o king_n or_o supreme_a lord_n can_v forfeit_v his_o right_n though_o he_o break_v his_o part_n of_o the_o compact_a because_o of_o the_o inequality_n which_o there_o be_v between_o a_o king_n and_o a_o subject_a then_o this_o prerogative_n of_o nonresistance_n do_v not_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n as_o he_o be_v supreme_a lord_n of_o the_o land_n but_o as_o he_o be_v king_n and_o giveth_z law_n to_o the_o subject_n which_o may_v have_v some_o colour_n of_o truth_n in_o absolute_a monarchy_n but_o be_v of_o no_o force_n either_o in_o the_o government_n of_o normandy_n or_o england_n where_o the_o duke_n or_o king_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o estate_n never_o can_v alone_o make_v law_n but_o as_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v our_o government_n to_o be_v a_o monarchy_n so_o it_o be_v as_o certain_a that_o it_o be_v limit_v in_o the_o very_a constitution_n either_o by_o the_o saxon_n or_o norman_n begin_v where_o you_o please_v and_o therefore_o my_o conclusion_n still_o hold_v good_a that_o if_o the_o english_a have_v now_o succeed_v to_o those_o very_a land_n and_o privilege_n which_o the_o norman_n ancient_o enjoy_v than_o whatsoever_o right_o or_o liberty_n the_o english_a proprietor_n of_o estate_n do_v at_o this_o day_n enjoy_v they_o do_v not_o only_o hold_v they_o as_o the_o successor_n and_o descendant_n of_o those_o norman_n and_o frenchman_n but_o be_v also_o restore_v to_o they_o jure_fw-la postliminii_fw-la as_o you_o civilian_n term_v it_o since_o they_o never_o submit_v themselves_o or_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o king_n william_n and_o his_o heir_n but_o only_o to_o himself_o personal_o there_o be_v no_o such_o clause_n in_o any_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n till_o it_o be_v so_o ordain_v many_o age_n after_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o k._n henry_n the_o four_o nor_o be_v this_o oath_n ever_o take_v by_o our_o english_a ancestor_n to_o k._n william_n as_o to_o a_o conqueror_n but_o the_o lawful_a successor_n of_o k._n edward_n the_o confessor_n and_o k._n william_n actual_a take_v away_o the_o estate_n of_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o english_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n contrary_a to_o his_o own_o oath_n and_o without_o any_o just_a oâ—use_n can_v no_o more_o give_v he_o a_o right_a so_o to_o do_v than_o if_o henry_n the_o four_o or_o henry_n the_o seven_o both_o which_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n by_o the_o assistance_n of_o a_o foreign_a force_n shall_v upon_o a_o pretence_n of_o be_v 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doctor_n be_v glossary_a at_o the_o end_n of_o it_o b._n g._n 4._o anamadversion_n upon_o treatise_n janii_n anglorum_fw-la force_n novo_fw-la b._n a._n i._n 5._o the_o author_n of_o janus_n etc._n etc._n his_o confutation_n of_o the_o say_a doctor_n entitle_v janus_n anglorum_fw-la ab_fw-la antique_a i._n a._n a._n 6._o dr._n brady_n preface_n to_o his_o history_n b._n p._n h._n 7._o dr._n iohnston_n excellency_n of_o monarchical_a government_n i._o e._n m._n g._n the_o preface_n to_o the_o reader_n have_v in_o my_o last_o discourse_n treat_v of_o the_o legislative_a power_n of_o this_o kingdom_n as_o also_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o our_o english_a government_n by_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o former_a of_o which_o question_n i_o shall_v scarce_o have_v dwell_v so_o long_o upon_o have_v i_o then_o know_v of_o a_o learned_a treatise_n now_o 〈◊〉_d to_o be_v publish_v on_o that_o subject_a i_o be_o at_o last_o arrive_v at_o the_o hard_a and_o most_o important_a 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the_o contrary_a be_v a_o treatise_n publish_v by_o james_n howel_n in_o the_o cottoni_fw-la posthuma_n under_o the_o name_n of_o sir_n robert_n cotton_n about_o 1654._o but_o whether_o it_o be_v he_o or_o no_o i_o know_v not_o only_o it_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v so_o by_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o the_o collection_n of_o record_n which_o he_o publish_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o same_o author_n in_o 1657._o and_o after_o he_o this_o notion_n of_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v the_o sole_a representative_a for_o the_o whole_a nation_n in_o those_o council_n be_v next_o print_v in_o the_o second_o part_n of_o sir_n henry_n spelman_n glossary_a tit._n parliamentum_fw-la where_o king_n john_n charter_n be_v make_v use_n of_o at_o the_o main_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o assertion_n the_o next_o who_o appear_v in_o prâ—nt_n on_o
prolix_a already_o which_o the_o abuse_v your_o dr._n have_v put_v upon_o these_o word_n will_v not_o permit_v i_o to_o avoid_v but_o now_o we_o have_v clear_v most_o of_o the_o term_n in_o dispute_n between_o we_o i_o hope_v we_o may_v proceed_v with_o great_a certainty_n m._n though_o your_o discourse_n have_v be_v long_o yet_o since_o it_o be_v so_o essential_o necessary_a to_o the_o right_a understanding_n the_o matter_n in_o hand_n i_o be_o well_o satisfy_v and_o i_o shall_v more_o full_o consider_v the_o account_n you_o give_v of_o these_o word_n another_o time_n but_o a_o present_a give_v i_o leave_v to_o tell_v you_o that_o suppose_v i_o shall_v admit_v that_o those_o word_n on_o which_o you_o have_v now_o give_v interpretation_n of_o divers_a author_n may_v sometime_o be_v take_v in_o the_o sense_n you_o have_v now_o put_v upon_o they_o and_o that_o consequent_o the_o commons_o may_v be_v represent_v under_o some_o of_o those_o general_a name_n yet_o be_o i_o not_o satisfy_v 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〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d only_o consist_v and_o we_o have_v at_o this_o day_n the_o judge_n and_o king_n council_n and_o other_o great_a lawyer_n that_o sit_v in_o the_o lord_n house_n and_o be_v assistant_n to_o the_o parliament_n when_o there_o be_v occasion_n nor_o have_v you_o yet_o bring_v any_o proof_n that_o the_o city_n or_o town_n then_o send_v their_o representative_n to_o the_o great_a council_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n by_o this_o or_o any_o other_o title_n but_o as_o for_o the_o knight_n of_o shire_n though_o i_o grant_v the_o treatise_n call_v modus_fw-la tenendi_fw-la parliamentum_fw-la mention_n such_o person_n to_o have_v be_v present_a in_o parliament_n in_o the_o time_n of_o k._n ethelred_n yet_o by_o that_o word_n parliament_n so_o often_o use_v by_o the_o author_n of_o that_o treatise_n and_o divers_a other_o circumstance_n it_o may_v be_v easy_o perceive_v that_o the_o author_n live_v but_o about_o the_o time_n of_o edw._n 3._o or_o rich._n 2._o as_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n and_o mr._n pryn_n in_o his_o animadversion_n to_o sir_n e._n cook_n be_v four_o institutes_n have_v very_o full_o prove_v so_o that_o admit_v that_o your_o thanes_z or_o lord_n of_o town_n do_v then_o appear_v in_o those_o council_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o tenant_n yet_o can_v they_o not_o be_v proper_o say_v to_o be_v their_o representative_n because_o as_o i_o tell_v you_o before_o they_o be_v never_o choose_v by_o they_o whereas_o now_o the_o ordinary_a freeholder_n of_o forty_o shilling_n a_o year_n and_o the_o freeman_n and_o inhabitant_n in_o city_n and_o town_n have_v the_o grâ—â—test_a share_n in_o the_o election_n of_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n and_o as_o for_o those_o thanes_z you_o mention_v they_o or_o those_o under_o who_o they_o claim_v owe_v their_o estate_n whole_o to_o the_o grant_n of_o former_a king_n and_o hold_v their_o possession_n from_o they_o by_o some_o tenure_n or_o other_o and_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o tenure_n it_o be_v that_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v liable_a even_o those_o that_o belong_v to_o the_o church_n to_o those_o three_o service_n ancient_o call_v trinoda_n necessitas_fw-la viz._n expediâ—â—â—_n castelli_n &_o pontis_fw-la extructio_fw-la that_o be_v military_a service_n against_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o the_o repair_v of_o castle_n and_o bridge_n and_o subject_a to_o the_o common_a service_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o that_o the_o earl_n and_o chief_z thanes_z do_v hold_v their_o land_n by_o knight_n or_o military_a service_n appear_v by_o the_o relief_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o thanes_z exâ—â—rest_v in_o the_o law_n of_o king_n cnut_n in_o sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n so_o that_o if_o all_o the_o person_n who_o hold_v those_o land_n owe_v they_o whole_o to_o the_o king_n bounty_n it_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o that_o they_o must_v likewise_o owe_v their_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n to_o the_o same_o original_a f._n i_o think_v what_o you_o have_v now_o far_o urge_v will_v be_v of_o no_o great_a moment_n against_o my_o opinion_n for_o as_o to_o the_o authority_n you_o bring_v from_o the_o addition_n to_o that_o law_n of_o edw._n the_o confessor_n it_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o word_n barones_n that_o it_o be_v add_v long_o since_o that_o time_n that_o word_n not_o be_v common_o in_o use_n till_o some_o time_n after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n but_o let_v that_o pass_n it_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o law_n if_o you_o will_v have_v be_v please_v to_o have_v read_v it_o out_o that_o these_o heretoches_n here_o call_v baron_n be_v no_o other_o than_o ordinary_a gentleman_n or_o thanes_z which_o then_o answer_v the_o word_n barones_n and_o these_o as_o this_o law_n itself_o express_o tell_v we_o be_v choose_v by_o all_o the_o freeman_n in_o the_o folemote_a or_o county-court_n and_o therefore_o though_o i_o grant_v they_o may_v be_v man_n of_o estate_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o their_o be_v lord_n 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elect_v by_o their_o respective_a corporation_n and_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o these_o be_v call_v sapientes_fw-la in_o other_o country_n and_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o they_o â—ny_v not_o have_v be_v call_v so_o here_o too_o but_o that_o the_o king_n judge_n and_o counsellor_n can_v have_v no_o vote_n in_o the_o saxon_a great_a council_n i_o have_v already_o give_v a_o sufficient_a reason_n to_o the_o contrary_n but_o i_o shall_v now_o far_o show_v you_o that_o the_o city_n and_o borough_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n be_v so_o much_o more_o numerous_a and_o considerable_a than_o they_o be_v now_o must_v needs_o have_v have_v according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o those_o time_n a_o considerable_a share_n in_o those_o great_a council_n since_o in_o they_o consist_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o strength_n and_o riches_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o be_v many_o more_o than_o they_o be_v at_o this_o day_n for_o bede_n 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o history_n that_o there_o 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believe_v that_o the_o ancient_n and_o potent_a city_n of_o london_n tâ—â—_n câ—nterbury_n lincoln_n etc._n etc._n shall_v ever_o be_v exclude_v from_o have_v any_o hand_n in_o the_o great_a consultation_n of_o give_v money_n and_o make_v law_n and_o for_o the_o public_a defence_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n any_o more_o than_o they_o be_v now_o and_o therefore_o we_o find_v that_o in_o all_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o german_a or_o gothick_n original_a the_o chief_a city_n and_o town_n have_v still_o send_v deputy_n to_o the_o diet_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n as_o i_o say_v but_o now_o in_o the_o next_o place_n though_o i_o do_v not_o positive_o assert_v that_o there_o be_v knight_n of_o shire_n before_o the_o conquest_n yet_o be_o i_o not_o convince_v that_o there_o be_v none_o for_o though_o i_o confess_v the_o treatise_n you_o mention_v appear_v to_o have_v be_v write_v since_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n yet_o may_v the_o substance_n of_o it_o have_v be_v much_o old_a than_o the_o time_n of_o edw_n iii_o and_o rich._n ii_o or_o else_o certain_o king_n hen._n iu._n or_o his_o chancellor_n for_o he_o will_v never_o have_v be_v at_o the_o trouble_n of_o transmit_v a_o copy_n of_o this_o say_v modus_fw-la into_o ireland_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n which_o be_v think_v to_o encroach_v so_o much_o on_o the_o prerogative_n have_v he_o not_o be_v very_o well_o inform_v of_o the_o antiquity_n as_o well_o as_o authority_n thereof_o and_o therefore_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v write_v about_o the_o time_n of_o hen._n iii_o from_o some_o ancient_a historian_n and_o record_n not_o now_o extant_a though_o the_o copy_n we_o have_v of_o it_o may_v be_v of_o no_o long_o stand_v than_o the_o time_n mr_n selden_n mention_n but_o admit_v that_o there_o be_v no_o knight_n of_o shire_n before_o the_o conquest_n and_o though_o the_o thanes_z who_o i_o suppose_v make_v the_o great_a figure_n in_o the_o wittena_n geâ—â—â—er_n be_v not_o earl_n 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commonwealth_n by_o such_o service_n as_o be_v settle_v by_o public_a law_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o they_o owe_v their_o very_a right_n of_o come_v to_o the_o great_a council_n whole_o to_o the_o king_n favour_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n it_o be_v to_o be_v consider_v that_o though_o the_o first_o saxon_a king_n conquer_v this_o island_n from_o the_o britain_n yet_o those_o that_o assist_v they_o be_v only_a volunteer_n the_o chief_a officer_n or_o commander_n of_o they_o may_v not_o only_o deserve_v but_o also_o capitulate_v for_o their_o share_n in_o the_o land_n so_o conquer_v and_o these_o be_v give_v out_o by_o the_o king_n according_a to_o each_o man_n quality_n condition_n or_o desert_n may_v constitute_v those_o who_o be_v call_v the_o king_n thanes_z as_o those_o who_o hold_v likewise_o under_o they_o be_v the_o middle_a thanes_z or_o vavassor_n suppose_v till_o you_o can_v prove_v the_o contrary_a that_o these_o have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n as_o well_o as_o the_o other_o and_o you_o may_v as_o well_o argue_v that_o they_o can_v have_v no_o place_n there_o but_o by_o the_o favour_n of_o their_o lord_n whereas_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o a_o estate_n of_o five_o hide_n in_o land_n of_o whosoever_o hold_v make_v a_o thane_n or_o nobleman_n of_o the_o inferior_a rank_n and_o we_o find_v by_o the_o same_o law_n of_o king_n athelstan_n his_o weregild_n or_o price_n of_o his_o head_n be_v value_v but_o equal_a with_o that_o of_o a_o mass_n thanes_z or_o priest_n viz._n at_o 2000_o thrymsas_n so_o that_o a_o sufficient_a estate_n in_o land_n do_v not_o only_o make_v a_o man_n a_o gentleman_n but_o also_o give_v he_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n and_o there_o be_v beside_o all_o these_o several_a alodoril_n who_o hold_v their_o land_n discharge_v from_o all_o service_n and_o can_v sell_v or_o dispose_v of_o they_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o inferior_a lord_n and_o be_v those_o mention_v in_o doomsday_n book_n qui_fw-la potuit_fw-la ire_n cum_fw-la terra_fw-la que_fw-la â—â—but_fw-la nor_o be_v your_o argument_n conclusive_a that_o because_o in_o those_o time_n as_o well_o as_o now_o all_o land_n be_v hold_v either_o mediate_o or_o immediate_o of_o the_o king_n and_o be_v chargeable_a with_o those_o three_o general_a service_n you_o mention_v for_o the_o public_a safety_n and_o good_a of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o therefore_o not_o only_o all_o man_n civil_a property_n but_o also_o their_o right_n of_o come_v to_o the_o great_a council_n must_v whole_o depend_v upon_o the_o king_n will_n since_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o the_o first_o saxon_n king_n by_o their_o conquest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n can_v not_o acquire_v the_o sole_a property_n of_o all_o the_o land_n thereof_o to_o themselves_o though_o they_o may_v be_v make_v use_n of_o as_o public_a trustee_n to_o distribute_v they_o according_a to_o those_o man_n quality_n and_o desert_n who_o have_v help_v they_o in_o the_o conquest_n so_o that_o when_o they_o be_v once_o possess_v of_o such_o estate_n they_o have_v immediate_o thereupon_o a_o right_a to_o a_o place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n the_o burden_n of_o the_o government_n lie_v chief_o on_o such_o as_o have_v estate_n in_o land_n and_o that_o many_o other_o beside_o the_o king_n thanes_z or_o great_a lord_n have_v place_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o those_o time_n appear_v as_o well_o by_o the_o name_n of_o mycel_n synod_n â—â—_o wittenagemots_a which_o be_v render_v by_o our_o ancient_a glossarist_n numerosa_fw-la or_o popuâ—â—sa_fw-la conventio_fw-la as_o also_o the_o title_n and_o conclusion_n to_o divers_a of_o the_o title_n of_o those_o great_a council_n in_o the_o saxon_a time_n where_o be_v often_o mention_v after_o the_o comites_fw-la &_o proceres_fw-la terrae_fw-la aliorum_fw-la fidelium_fw-la infinita_fw-la multitudo_fw-la which_o must_v certain_o take_v in_o many_o more_o than_o the_o king_n thanes_z judges_z or_o other_o of_o his_o great_a man_n who_o be_v then_o but_o a_o few_o in_o comparison_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o freeholder_n of_o england_n m._n i_o will_v not_o long_o dispute_v the_o probability_n of_o what_o you_o say_v all_o the_o difficulty_n lie_v in_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n i_o deny_v that_o any_o other_o of_o a_o less_o degree_n than_o the_o king_n thanes_z of_o chief_a tenant_n have_v any_o place_n or_o voice_n in_o the_o old_a english_a council_n nor_o can_v you_o find_v as_o you_o yourself_o be_v force_v to_o confess_v in_o our_o saxon_a law_n or_o ancient_a historian_n of_o those_o time_n any_o representative_n of_o the_o common_a people_n mention_v such_o as_o be_v now_o much_o less_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n for_o any_o city_n or_o burrow_n in_o england_n and_o therefore_o what_o you_o say_v concern_v the_o riches_n or_o power_n of_o the_o city_n and_o town_n before_o the_o conquest_n though_o perhaps_o it_o may_v be_v true_a yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o they_o must_v then_o send_v their_o representative_n to_o the_o great_a council_n nor_o be_v it_o any_o argument_n to_o prove_v that_o they_o do_v because_o great_a city_n and_o town_n do_v or_o do_v late_o send_v deputy_n to_o the_o like_a assembly_n in_o other_o country_n since_o our_o government_n may_v not_o only_o original_o differ_v in_o that_o from_o they_o but_o that_o also_o the_o send_n of_o those_o deputy_n may_v be_v grant_v by_o some_o late_a prince_n long_o since_o the_o time_n of_o the_o first_o beginning_n of_o those_o kingdom_n and_o i_o do_v believe_v will_v prove_v so_o if_o close_o look_v into_o and_o in_o denmark_n which_o you_o know_v be_v a_o elective_a kingdom_n the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n never_o send_v any_o
soccage_n must_v needs_o have_v be_v so_o numerous_a that_o what_o room_n nay_o what_o field_n or_o place_n be_v able_a to_o contain_v so_o great_a a_o multitude_n or_o how_o can_v any_o business_n have_v be_v transact_v therein_o without_o the_o great_a confusion_n imaginable_a f._n so_o than_o you_o yourself_o must_v also_o grant_v that_o when_o all_o your_o great_a and_o less_o baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la appear_v in_o person_n parliament_n be_v much_o more_o numerous_a than_o they_o be_v now_o since_o according_a to_o the_o dr.'s_n catalogue_n out_o of_o dooms-day-book_n in_o his_o appendix_n to_o the_o english_a history_n vol._n 1_o of_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o serjeanty_n that_o hold_v all_o the_o land_n in_o every_o county_n of_o king_n william_n they_o do_v beside_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n earl_n and_o baron_n altogether_o amount_v to_o about_o 700._o and_o these_o in_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o by_o forfeiture_n and_o new_a conveyance_n from_o the_o crown_n or_o by_o those_o other_o way_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v may_v be_v multiply_v into_o twice_o as_o many_o more_o and_o those_o also_o of_o sufficient_a estate_n to_o maintain_v the_o port_n of_o a_o member_n of_o parliament_n or_o knight_n since_o 15_o pound_n a_o year_n be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n iii_o reckon_v as_o a_o knight_n fee_n and_o he_o that_o have_v it_o be_v liable_a to_o be_v knight_v and_o if_o so_o i_o pray_v according_a to_o your_o own_o hypothesis_n how_o can_v so_o great_a a_o assembly_n be_v manage_v as_o of_o about_o 3000_o or_o 4000_o person_n without_o strange_a confusion_n and_o disorder_n but_o upon_o our_o principle_n there_o will_v follow_v no_o more_o absurdity_n or_o inconvenience_n than_o in_o you_o for_o either_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n burgess_n and_o inhabitant_n of_o town_n and_o city_n be_v always_o represent_v by_o knight_n and_o citizen_n as_o they_o be_v now_o or_o else_o these_o baron_n of_o county_n appear_v for_o themselves_o be_v lord_n of_o manor_n or_o freeholder_n of_o good_a estate_n who_o be_v not_o so_o numerous_a or_o inconsiderable_a as_o you_o imagine_v the_o freehold_a land_n in_o england_n be_v in_o those_o day_n but_o in_o a_o few_o hand_n in_o comparison_n to_o what_o they_o be_v now_o and_o for_o this_o opinion_n i_o have_v sir_n h._n spelman_n of_o my_o side_n who_o in_o the_o place_n already_o quote_v under_o barones_n câ—â—itatus_fw-la express_o tell_v we_o hoc_fw-la nomine_fw-la contineri_fw-la videtur_fw-la antiquis_fw-la paginis_fw-la omnis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d â—eodalium_fw-la specier_fw-la in_fw-la uno_fw-la quovis_fw-la comitara_fw-mi degentium_fw-la proceres_fw-la nempè_fw-la &_o 〈◊〉_d domini_fw-la nèc_fw-la non_fw-la liberè_fw-la quique_fw-la tenentes_fw-la hoc_fw-la est_fw-la fundorum_fw-la proprietarii_fw-la anglicè_fw-la freeholder_n ut_fw-la superiùâ—_n dictum_fw-la est_fw-la normidum_fw-la autem_fw-la est_fw-la hoc_fw-la liberè_fw-la tenentes_fw-la nec_fw-la tam_fw-la â—iles_fw-la 〈◊〉_d fuisse_fw-la nèc_fw-la tam_fw-la vulgares_fw-la ut_fw-la hodiè_fw-la deprehonduntur_fw-la na_o villa_n &_o dominia_fw-la in_o 〈◊〉_d hareditates_fw-la non_fw-la dum_fw-la distrahebant_fw-la nobiles_fw-la sed_fw-la ut_fw-la vidimus_fw-la in_o hibernia_n penes_fw-la se_fw-la retinentes_fw-la agros_fw-la per_fw-la precarios_fw-la excolebant_fw-la &_o adscriptitio_n so_o that_o you_o see_v sir_n h._n spelman_n then_o believe_v that_o the_o manor_n and_o great_a freehold_n in_o england_n be_v not_o then_o parcele_v out_o into_o so_o many_o small_a share_n as_o you_o imagine_v and_o that_o such_o inferior_a baron_n whether_o they_o hold_v in_o caâ—â—â—e_n or_o not_o arch._n be_v also_o call_v proceres_fw-la see_v the_o law_n of_o henry_n i._n chap._n 25._o the_o title_n whereof_o be_v de_fw-fr privilegits_n procerum_fw-la angliae_fw-la the_o law_n run_v thus_o si_fw-mi exurgat_fw-la placitum_fw-la inter_fw-la homines_fw-la allcusus_fw-la baronum_fw-la foenam_fw-la habentium_fw-la tractâ—tur_fw-la placitum_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la svi_fw-la now_o that_o this_o socha_n be_v no_o more_o than_o soc._n in_o old_a saxon_a see_v spel._n gloss._n tit._n soc._n i._n e._n secta_fw-la de_fw-la hominibus_fw-la in_o curia_fw-la domini_fw-la secundum_fw-la consuetudinem_fw-la so_o likewise_o in_o titulo_fw-la socha_n vel_fw-la dicitur_fw-la soc._n a_o saxon_a socâ—_n i._o e_fw-la libertas_fw-la franchesia_n &_o vide_fw-la manerium_fw-la qd_n dicitur_fw-la etiam_fw-la soca_fw-la dictum_fw-la est_fw-la from_o all_o which_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n here_o call_v proceres_fw-la &_o barones_n have_v court_n baron_n which_o take_v their_o name_n from_o their_o lord_n though_o feudatory_a tenant_n or_o vavaâ—ours_n but_o grant_v that_o about_o the_o end_n of_o king_n john_n or_o beginning_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o hen._n iii_o suppose_v that_o these_o lord_n of_o manor_n and_o great_a freeholder_n whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o other_o may_v amount_v in_o all_o to_o 5_o on_o 6000_o person_n i_o do_v not_o see_v why_o such_o a_o assembly_n may_v not_o be_v as_o orderly_a and_o well_o manage_v as_o one_o of_o 1000_o or_o 4000_o suppose_v your_o great_a baron_n and_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v than_o make_v about_o that_o number_n especial_o if_o we_o consider_v that_o most_o business_n or_o act_n of_o any_o consequence_n and_o for_o which_o parliament_n be_v call_v may_v be_v prepare_v and_o draw_v up_o by_o the_o king_n and_o his_o council_n before_o they_o meet_v so_o that_o take_v it_o which_o way_n you_o will_v few_o inconvenience_n and_o improbability_n attend_v my_o hypothesis_n than_o you_o m._n that_o the_o earl_n and_o great_a baron_n both_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a together_o with_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la then_o make_v the_o body_n of_o the_o baronage_n of_o england_n i_o have_v very_o good_a authority_n on_o my_o side_n but_o that_o any_o feudatory_a baron_n or_o tenant_n of_o a_o lesser_a degree_n ever_o have_v any_o place_n or_o vote_n in_o those_o assembly_n i_o think_v you_o can_v give_v i_o no_o sufficient_a authority_n for_o it_o it_o be_v true_a mr._n p._n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o right_n of_o the_o commons_o assert_v 110._o give_v we_o two_o modern_a quotation_n the_o one_o out_o of_o mr._n câ—â—den's_n britannia_n the_o other_o out_o of_o mr._n selden_n to_o prove_v it_o as_o for_o the_o former_a it_o be_v in_o the_o introduction_n to_o the_o britannia_n first_o publish_v in_o quarto_n the_o word_n be_v these_o verum_fw-la baro_n ex_fw-la illis_fw-la non_fw-la imbus_fw-la videatur_fw-la qua_fw-la tempus_fw-la paulatim_fw-la moliara_fw-it &_o molliora_fw-la reddidit_fw-la nam_fw-la longo_fw-la post_fw-la tempore_fw-la non_fw-la milites_fw-la sed_fw-la qui_fw-la liberi_fw-la erant_fw-la domini_fw-la 16._o &_o thani_fw-la saxombus_fw-la dicebantur_fw-la barones_n vocari_fw-la caperunt_fw-la nec_fw-la dum_fw-la magni_fw-la honoris_fw-la erat_fw-la paulo_fw-la autem_fw-la postea_fw-la mean_v after_o the_o norman_n entrance_n eo_fw-la honoris_fw-la pervenit_fw-la ut_fw-la nomine_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la omnes_fw-la qâ—â—dammodo_fw-la regni_fw-la ordines_fw-la continerentur_fw-la but_o he_o do_v not_o tell_v we_o that_o this_o learned_a author_n in_o his_o last_o edition_n of_o this_o work_n in_o folio_n be_v sensible_a of_o his_o mistake_n have_v add_v the_o word_n superiores_fw-la before_o ordines_fw-la whereby_o it_o be_v plain_a he_o now_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o they_o be_v now_o understand_v mr._n p'_v other_o quotation_n be_v out_o of_o mr._n selden_n note_n upon_o rancorous_a 168._o where_o comment_v on_o the_o word_n barones_n he_o say_v vocabulum_fw-la nempe_fw-la alio_fw-la notione_fw-la usurpari_fw-la quam_fw-la vulgo_fw-la neque_fw-la eos_fw-la duntaxat_fw-la ut_fw-la hodie_fw-la significare_fw-la quibus_fw-la peculiaris_fw-la ordinum_fw-la comitiis_fw-la locus_fw-la est_fw-la but_o then_o conceal_v this_o that_o follow_v which_o make_v direct_o against_o he_o sed_fw-la universos_fw-la qui_fw-la regiae_n munificentiae_fw-la ad_fw-la formulam_fw-la juris_fw-la nostre_fw-fr clientelaris_fw-la quod_fw-la nullius_fw-la villae_fw-la regiae_n glebam_fw-la sed_fw-la ipsum_fw-la tantum_fw-la modo_fw-la regem_fw-la spectat_fw-la tenure_n en_fw-fr chief_n phrasi_fw-la forensi_fw-la dicimus_fw-la sive_fw-la tenura_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la lati_fw-la fundiâ—_fw-la pessidebant_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o he_o express_o restrain_v this_o word_n barones_n to_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o though_o your_o author_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o it_o nor_o indeed_o in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n do_v mr._n selden_n give_v we_o any_o other_o description_n of_o a_o baron_n v._n i_o mean_v such_o who_o have_v a_o vote_n in_o parliament_n but_o such_o in_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v take_v in_o henry_n i._o his_o charter_n as_o it_o be_v recite_v in_o matt._n paris_n siquis_fw-la baronum_fw-la meorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la vel_fw-la aliorm_n qui_fw-fr de_fw-fr i_o tenent_fw-la mortuus_fw-la fuerit_fw-la i._n e._n one_o who_o be_v either_o one_o of_o the_o earl_n or_o great_a baron_n or_o otherwise_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la f._n mr._n p._n be_v not_o at_o all_o to_o be_v blame_v as_o you_o make_v he_o
praesentibus_fw-la clero_fw-la &_o populo_fw-la cum_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la regionis_fw-la which_o pray_v let_v we_o put_v into_o english_a and_o see_v if_o it_o will_v not_o prove_v what_o i_o say_v viz._n the_o clergy_n and_o people_n be_v present_a with_o the_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n now_o if_o the_o word_n magnate_v as_o you_o affirm_v do_v then_o comprehend_v all_o the_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o what_o purpose_n be_v the_o word_n people_n put_v here_o as_o a_o distinct_a member_n of_o this_o parliament_n but_o to_o show_v you_o father_n that_o this_o word_n populus_fw-la be_v not_o always_o to_o be_v understand_v for_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o laic_n but_o lord_n and_o knight_n of_o shire_n 〈◊〉_d shall_v show_v you_o out_o of_o walsingham_n anno_fw-la 1297._o 24_o edw._n i._o where_o he_o mention_n a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o st._n edmundsbury_n in_o quo_fw-la a_o civitatibus_fw-la &_o burgis_fw-la concessa_fw-la est_fw-la regâ—_n octava_fw-la a_o populo_fw-la vero_fw-la reliquo_fw-la dvodecima_fw-la pars_fw-la bonorum_fw-la where_o by_o populus_fw-la 〈◊〉_d not_o only_o mean_v the_o peer_n but_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o grands_fw-fr des_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d also_o m._n i_o be_o not_o prepare_v at_o present_a to_o answer_v all_o the_o query_n and_o difficulty_n that_o you_o can_v make_v or_o raise_v against_o the_o dr.'s_n argument_n yet_o i_o think_v i_o be_o able_a to_o give_v you_o a_o very_a satisfactory_a answer_n why_o all_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n shall_v be_v bounâ—_n by_o the_o act_n of_o those_o of_o who_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n for_o since_o as_o i_o have_v a_o ready_a prove_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n except_o what_o belong_v to_o religious_a house_n be_v grant_v out_o by_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o be_v hold_v in_o capite_fw-la by_o knight_n service_n and_o be_v again_o grant_v out_o by_o these_o head-tenant_n to_o their_o feudatory_a oâ—_n mesne_n tenant_n by_o the_o like_a service_n there_o be_v very_o few_o land_n grant_v in_o free_a soccage_n at_o the_o first_o and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o process_n of_o time_n maâ—_n of_o those_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n i._n or_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n that_o be_v be_v freehold_n yet_o the_o lord_n still_o retaiâ—_n the_o homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o speak_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o theâ—_n neither_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n to_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholderâ—_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v still_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o 〈◊〉_d â—o_o nominè_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o therefore_o it_o waâ—_n but_o reason_n that_o the_o chief_a lord_n be_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v conclude_v that_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n also_o and_o both_o make_v law_n and_o give_v tax_n for_o they_o without_o their_o be_v at_o all_o privy_a to_o it_o but_o admit_v i_o grant_v that_o before_o 49th_o 〈◊〉_d there_o be_v in_o some_o sense_n commons_o in_o parliament_n though_o not_o as_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n choose_v by_o the_o common_a people_n as_o their_o representative_n yet_o 〈◊〉_d it_o not_o destroy_v i_o or_o the_o dr.'s_n assertion_n who_o in_o the_o introduction_n before_o the_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n only_o affirm_v that_o before_o the_o 49th_o aforesaid_a the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n or_o ordinary_a freeman_n as_o now_o understand_v or_o as_o we_o now_o call_v they_o collective_o take_v etc._n etc._n have_v any_o share_n or_o vote_n in_o make_v law_n unless_o as_o they_o be_v 〈◊〉_d present_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la f._n 82._o be_v it_o so_o but_o i_o be_o sure_a in_o many_o place_n of_o the_o dr_n booâ—_n he_o absolute_o deny_v that_o there_o be_v any_o commons_o in_o parliament_n till_o the_o time_n he_o assign_v but_o as_o for_o what_o you_o allege_v in_o answer_n to_o my_o query_n how_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n can_v have_v law_n make_v for_o they_o and_o tax_n lay_v upon_o they_o 〈◊〉_d â—heir_a lord_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la your_o answer_n be_v whole_o ground_v upon_o mistake_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n king_n william_n do_v not_o grant_v all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o by_o knight_n service_n since_o as_o i_o shall_v prove_v hereafter_o there_o be_v many_o subordinate_a tenant_n to_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o great_a lord_n who_o never_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n at_o all_o nor_o be_v disseize_v of_o they_o by_o your_o conqueror_n â—ad_a who_o have_v also_o great_a number_n of_o considerable_a freeholder_n under_o they_o as_o in_o 〈◊〉_d at_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o land_n be_v gavelkind_a which_o be_v soccage_n teâ—re_o in_o the_o next_o place_n neither_o be_v all_o the_o land_n he_o bestow_v upon_o his_o follower_n grant_v to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o you_o your_o seâ—f_n own_o that_o a_o great_a deal_n â—land_n be_v give_v by_o he_o to_o his_o inferior_a servant_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o petit_n serjeanty_n and_o beside_o this_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o other_o land_n be_v regranted_a by_o that_o king_n himself_o 〈◊〉_d some_o of_o those_o old_a proprietor_n who_o have_v be_v dispossess_v to_o be_v hold_v in_o soccage_n be_v appear_v from_o fleta_n 8._o who_o speak_v of_o these_o sort_n of_o man_n say_v express_o in_o 〈◊〉_d maneriis_fw-la seilicet_fw-la regis_fw-la erant_fw-la liberi_fw-la hemines_n labâ—ri_fw-la tenentes_fw-la quorum_fw-la quidaâ—i_fw-la 〈◊〉_d per_fw-la potentiores_fw-la a_o tenementis_fw-la fuerant_fw-la ejecti_fw-la eadem_fw-la post_fw-la modum_fw-la in_o villenagium_fw-la tenenâ—â—_fw-la resempserunt_fw-la &_o quia_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la tenentes_fw-la cultores_fw-la regis_fw-la esse_fw-la dâ—gnoscuntur_fw-la provisa_fw-la 〈◊〉_d quiet_n ne_fw-la sectas_fw-la facerent_fw-la ad_fw-la comitatum_fw-la well_fw-mi hundredum_fw-la &c_n &c_n quorâ—m_fw-la â—â—gregationem_fw-la tunc_fw-la soccam_fw-la appellarent_fw-la hinc_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la sokemanni_n body_n dicunâ—â—_n etc._n etc._n where_o you_o may_v see_v that_o these_o socman_n or_o soccager_n be_v then_o create_v by_o a_o â—ew_a tenure_n from_o this_o king_n nor_o do_v all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la grant_v their_o land_n â—o_o other_o to_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n since_o they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o king_n do_v at_o first_o 〈◊〉_d also_o in_o process_n of_o time_n grant_v land_n to_o the_o old_a english_a proprietor_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o â—â—em_n in_o soccage_n nor_o be_v homage_n the_o proper_a or_o only_a badge_n of_o soccage_n tenure_n but_o â—ealty_n unless_o the_o land_n have_v be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n at_o first_o as_o you_o may_v see_v in_o littleton_n 2d_o book_n sect._n 118._o nor_o do_v this_o soccage_n tenure_n give_v the_o lord_n any_o more_o right_a over_o his_o tenant_n estate_n to_o tax_v he_o de_fw-fr alto_fw-mi &_o bâ—sso_fw-la at_o his_o will_n by_o â—eason_n of_o the_o subjection_n he_o be_v in_o to_o the_o lord_n in_o respect_n of_o forfeiture_n since_o â—hen_o the_o king_n shall_v have_v have_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o same_o right_n over_o all_o his_o 〈◊〉_d in_o capite_fw-la to_o tax_v they_o likewise_o at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o this_o right_n of_o forfeiâ—â—â—_n in_o case_n of_o felony_n or_o for_o want_n of_o heir_n continue_v to_o the_o lord_n as_o well_o of_o soccage_n tenant_n as_o other_o long_o after_o the_o time_n you_o assign_v for_o the_o come_n of_o the_o commons_o to_o parliament_n even_o to_o our_o own_o time_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o those_o lord_n can_v not_o give_v tax_n for_o such_o tenant_n in_o soccage_n at_o their_o pleasure_n but_o that_o we_o may_v proceed_v pray_v consider_v also_o the_o form_n of_o the_o peace_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o king_n the_o prince_n his_o son_n and_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n to_o compose_v all_o difference_n between_o the_o king_n and_o the_o â—arons_n the_o title_n of_o which_o in_o the_o record_n be_v thus_o haec_fw-la est_fw-la forma_fw-la 〈◊〉_d a_o domino_fw-la rege_fw-la &_o domino_fw-la edwardo_n filio_fw-la svo_fw-la dorso_fw-la praelatis_fw-la &_o proceriâ—â—â—â—â—â—â—ibus_fw-la cum_fw-la communitate_fw-la totâ_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la communitèr_fw-la &_o conâ—â—â—ditèr_fw-la approbata_fw-la which_o article_n be_v sign_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o lincoln_n the_o bishop_n of_o ely_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n earl_n of_o oxon_n humphrey_n bohun_n william_n de_fw-fr monte_fw-fr canisio_n &_o majore_fw-la london_n in_o parliamento_fw-la london_n mensae_fw-la junii_fw-la anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1264._o haec_fw-la autem_fw-la â—rimatio_fw-la facta_fw-la est_fw-la london_n de_fw-fr consensu_fw-la
confer_v any_o new_a right_n or_o privilege_n upon_o freeholder_n of_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la to_o give_v their_o voice_n at_o such_o election_n as_o you_o suppose_v but_o only_o take_v away_o the_o right_n which_o the_o small_a freeholder_n of_o under_o 40_o s_o per_fw-la annum_fw-la whether_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la or_o not_o have_v before_o and_o restrain_v it_o only_o to_o such_o as_o shall_v have_v land_n or_o tenement_n to_o the_o vaâ—â—_n of_o 40_o s._n by_o year_n above_o all_o charge_n and_o it_o be_v yet_o a_o much_o great_a mistake_n to_o suppose_v as_o your_o dr._n do_v that_o this_o statute_n of_o 8_o the_o hen._n vi_o be_v at_o all_o alter_v by_o that_o of_o the_o 10_o the_o of_o this_o king_n which_o be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o explanation_n of_o it_o viz._n that_o by_o 40_o s._n per_fw-la annum_fw-la be_v mean_v 40_o s._n freehold_n and_o that_o of_o land_n lie_v within_o the_o county_n where_o the_o election_n shall_v be_v make_v so_o that_o nothing_o can_v prove_v more_o express_o that_o all_o freeholder_n as_o well_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o by_o any_o other_o tenure_n be_v all_o alike_o capable_a of_o election_n and_o be_v elect_v by_o the_o ancient_a law_n and_o custom_n of_o england_n long_o before_o those_o statute_n and_o consequent_o be_v all_o alike_a freeholder_n in_o the_o eye_n of_o the_o law_n but_o if_o you_o have_v nothing_o at_o present_a to_o object_v against_o what_o i_o have_v now_o say_v pray_v pursue_v the_o method_n you_o have_v undertake_v and_o let_v i_o see_v those_o convince_a proof_n you_o so_o much_o rely_v upon_o and_o which_o you_o hope_v may_v also_o serve_v to_o convert_v i_o m._n before_o i_o undertake_v this_o task_n pray_v permit_v i_o to_o give_v you_o my_o opinion_n in_o answer_n to_o the_o difficulty_n you_o have_v now_o propose_v which_o i_o confess_v seem_v to_o carry_v some_o weight_n with_o it_o but_o those_o prejudices_fw-la will_v soon_o vanish_v when_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o first_o time_n this_o alteration_n be_v practise_v it_o be_v do_v in_o the_o king_n name_n though_o by_o the_o absolute_a power_n of_o simon_n mountfort_n in_o the_o 49th_o hen_n iii_o and_o after_o a_o discontinuance_n of_o above_o twenty_o year_n be_v again_o renew_v by_o edw._n i._n at_o the_o desire_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n as_o i_o hope_v i_o shall_v show_v you_o before_o we_o have_v finish_v our_o conversation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v first_o do_v by_o the_o king_n be_v absolute_a power_n and_o after_o with_o the_o general_a consent_n of_o the_o lord_n there_o need_v no_o statute_n to_o introduce_v it_o any_o more_o than_o there_o be_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o william_n the_o conqueror_n to_o give_v the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n place_n in_o parliament_n among_o the_o temporal_a lord_n and_o to_o bring_v their_o land_n which_o be_v hold_v before_o in_o franc_n almoigne_z under_o the_o yoke_n of_o military_a service_n but_o to_o proceed_v in_o the_o design_n i_o have_v undertake_v it_o be_v necessary_a that_o i_o show_v you_o first_o of_o all_o who_o be_v those_o freeman_n or_o freeholder_n proper_o so_o call_v upon_o who_o the_o whole_a burden_n of_o the_o subordinate_a government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n chief_o rely_v and_o who_o then_o constitute_v the_o legal_a university_n or_o community_n thereof_o immediate_o after_o the_o norman_a conquest_n and_o during_o many_o king_n reign_n after_o that_o time_n i_o suppose_v you_o be_v not_o ignorant_a that_o king_n william_n the_o conqueror_n have_v out_v all_o the_o english_a nobility_n and_o gentry_n of_o their_o estate_n give_v they_o away_o to_o his_o french_a and_o norman_a follower_n to_o be_v hold_v of_o he_o and_o his_o successor_n in_o capite_fw-la either_o by_o knight_n service_n or_o petit_fw-fr serjeanty_n reserve_v to_o himself_o the_o ancient_a demesne_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o add_v more_o thereunto_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o the_o royal_a dignity_n and_o for_o this_o i_o need_v refer_v you_o to_o no_o better_a author_n than_o doomsday_n book_n itself_o and_o then_o after_o he_o have_v thus_o distribute_v the_o land_n of_o england_n as_o aforesaid_a he_o compose_v a_o body_n of_o law_n still_o extant_a and_o which_o be_v in_o great_a part_n addition_n to_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o king_n edward_n and_o his_o predecessor_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o three_o or_o four_o of_o these_o new_a law_n 254._o and_o then_o i_o shall_v leave_v you_o to_o judge_v who_o be_v the_o true_a freeman_n or_o freeholder_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n they_o the_o first_o be_v the_o 52_o d_o law_n of_o this_o king_n tit._n de_fw-fr fide_fw-la &_o obsequio_fw-la ergo_fw-la regem_fw-la statuâ—mus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la faedere_fw-la &_o sacramento_n affirmarent_fw-la quod_fw-la intra_fw-la &_o extra_fw-la regnum_fw-la angliae_fw-la quod_fw-la olim_fw-la vocabâ—o_fw-la regnum_fw-la britanny_n wilâ—ielmo_n regi_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la fideles_fw-la esse_fw-la volunt_fw-la tâ—ras_n &_o honour_n illius_fw-la omni_fw-la fidelitate_fw-la seruare_fw-la cum_fw-la eo_fw-la &_o contra_fw-la inimicos_fw-la &_o alienigenar_a difendere_fw-la now_o who_o these_o freeman_n be_v that_o be_v thus_o to_o maintain_v the_o king_n in_o his_o land_n and_o honour_n we_o shall_v see_v in_o the_o 55th_o law_n follow_v tit._n de_n clienteleri_fw-la seu_fw-la feudorum_fw-la jure_fw-la &_o ingenuòrum_fw-la immunitate_fw-la volumus_fw-la etiam_fw-la ac_fw-la firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la &_o concedimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la monarchiae_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la habeant_fw-la &_o â—â—_o mean_v terras_fw-la svas_fw-la &_o póssessiones_fw-la sâ—â—s_fw-la benè_fw-la &_o in_o pace_n libere_fw-la ab_fw-la omni_fw-la exactione_n injusto_fw-la &_o ab_fw-la omni_fw-la tallagio_n it_o a_o quod_fw-la nihil_fw-la ab_fw-la eye_n exigatur_fw-la vel_fw-la capiatur_fw-la nisi_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la liberum_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la jùre_fw-la nobis_fw-la facere_fw-la debent_fw-la &_o facere_fw-la tenentur_fw-la &_o prout_fw-la statutum_n est_fw-la in_o &_o allis_fw-la a_o nobis_fw-la datum_n &_o concessum_fw-la jure_fw-la hereditario_fw-la imperpetuum_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la votius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la whereby_o you_o may_v see_v that_o all_o the_o freeman_n here_o mention_v who_o be_v to_o hold_v their_o land_n and_o possession_n in_o peace_n and_o free_a from_o all_o unjâ—_n exaction_n and_o taillage_n be_v only_o such_o who_o be_v to_o perform_v free_a service_n i._n e._n knight_n service_n which_o be_v before_o appoint_v and_o grant_v they_o in_o hereditary_a right_n by_o the_o king_n in_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o that_o none_o be_v proper_o freeman_n or_o exempt_v from_o tax_n or_o talliage_n 17._o but_o such_o as_o hold_v by_o military_a tenure_n though_o not_o knight_v and_o pray_v also_o by_o the_o way_n take_v notice_n that_o by_o this_o commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la regni_fw-la you_o be_v not_o to_o understand_v a_o council_n of_o english_a man_n or_o of_o english_a and_o french_a together_o but_o one_o whole_o make_v up_o of_o frenchman_n or_o norman_n who_o as_o well_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n as_o temporal_a earl_n and_o baron_n hold_v almost_o all_o the_o land_n in_o the_o kingdom_n by_o knight_n service_n which_o be_v also_o far_o make_v out_o by_o the_o 58_o the_o law_n tit._n de_n clientum_fw-la seu_fw-la vassallorem_fw-la prastationibus_fw-la statuimus_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o firmiter_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la ut_fw-la omnes_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o berme_n &_o milites_fw-la &_o servientes_fw-la &_o universi_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la prâ—â—â—â—tihabeant_fw-la &_o teneant_fw-la se_fw-la semper_fw-la benè_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la &_o in_o equis_fw-la ut_fw-la decet_fw-la &_o oportet_fw-la &_o qud_fw-la sint_fw-la semper_fw-la prompti_fw-la &_o benè_fw-la parati_fw-la ad_fw-la servitium_fw-la suum_fw-la integrum_fw-la nobis_fw-la explendum_fw-la &_o pâ—â—â—gendum_fw-la cum_fw-la semper_fw-la opus_fw-la adfuerit_fw-la secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la nobis_fw-la debent_fw-la de_fw-la feodis_fw-la &_o teneâ—â—â—tis_fw-la suis_fw-la de_fw-la jure_fw-la facere_fw-la &_o sicut_fw-la illis_fw-la statuimus_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la consilium_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la praedicti_fw-la &_o illis_fw-la dedimus_fw-la &_o concessimus_fw-la in_o feodo_fw-la jure_fw-la haereditario_fw-la hoc_fw-la praeceptum_fw-la non_fw-la sit_fw-la violatum_fw-la ullo_fw-la modo_fw-la super_fw-la foris_fw-la facturam_fw-la nostram_fw-la plenam_fw-la so_o that_o here_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o his_o kingdom_n be_v to_o perform_v their_o military_a service_n ibid._n with_o horse_n and_o arm_n according_a to_o their_o fee_n and_o tenor_n therefore_o they_o be_v tenant_n in_o military_a service_n only_o which_o in_o those_o time_n be_v the_o only_a great_a freeman_n and_o that_o service_n the_o only_a free_a service_n which_o be_v mean_v in_o this_o law_n and_o â—ow_o different_a they_o be_v from_o our_o ordinary_a freeholder_n at_o this_o day_n for_o who_o neither_o of_o these_o law_n be_v make_v i_o dare_v leave_v it_o
which_o all_o the_o land_n in_o england_n be_v liable_a to_o as_o well_o after_o as_o before_o your_o conquest_n nor_o will_v the_o 58_o the_o law_n make_v more_o for_o you_o for_o though_o it_o â—â—ly_o say_v that_o all_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o their_o servitor_n or_o esquire_n and_o all_o freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n shall_v always_o be_v fit_v with_o horse_n and_o arm_n as_o they_o â—â—ought_v to_o be_v and_o which_o they_o ought_v to_o do_v according_a to_o and_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o â—ees_n and_o tenor_n now_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o this_o law_n can_v extend_v to_o the_o less_o 〈◊〉_d capite_fw-la only_a since_o they_o according_a to_o your_o own_o sense_n be_v comprehend_v â—â—eder_o the_o word_n milites_fw-la and_o their_o servientes_fw-la which_o seem_v to_o mean_v their_o feudataâ—y_a tenant_n be_v as_o much_o tie_v by_o this_o law_n to_o find_v horse_n and_o arm_n as_o the_o tâ—â—ants_n in_o capite_fw-la themselves_o so_o that_o whereas_o the_o law_n say_v express_o uniâ—â—rsi_fw-la liberi_fw-la â—â—mines_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la it_o shall_v have_v be_v to_o make_v good_a your_o sense_n universe_n libeâ—â—_n homines_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la rege_fw-la tenant_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la and_o as_o for_o the_o other_o freeman_n who_o be_v â—f_o lesser_a estate_n than_o to_o find_v horse_n they_o be_v to_o be_v ready_a with_o such_o arm_n as_o beâ—â—ed_v their_o condition_n as_o we_o see_v it_o explain_v by_o the_o assize_n of_o arm_n of_o henry_n ii_o which_o i_o have_v now_o cite_v so_o that_o this_o law_n of_o king_n william_n be_v not_o to_o be_v take_v in_o 〈◊〉_d sense_n you_o put_v upon_o it_o that_o all_o the_o true_a freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v oblige_v to_o be_v ready_a with_o horse_n and_o arm_n as_o if_o none_o be_v freeman_n that_o do_v not_o but_o refer_v the_o word_n horse_n and_o arm_n to_o those_o who_o be_v to_o â—ind_v both_o and_o the_o word_n arm_n to_o those_o freeman_n who_o be_v only_o oblige_v to_o keep_v arm_n â—it_a for_o footman_n which_o sense_n the_o word_n will_v very_o well_o bear_v though_o express_v general_o and_o concise_o according_a to_o the_o mode_n of_o those_o time_n which_o abhor_v more_o word_n than_o â—eeds_o and_o if_o these_o law_n will_v not_o prove_v what_o you_o bring_v they_o for_o much_o less_o till_o the_o last_o you_o have_v cite_v for_o if_o the_o word_n omneâ—_n liberâ—_n homines_fw-la totius_fw-la monarâ—â—_n in_o the_o first_o law_n who_o be_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n must_v â—â—tend_v to_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o england_n as_o certain_o it_o do_v all_o freeman_n be_v aâ—â—e_n oblige_v to_o be_v swear_v in_o the_o court_n leer_n and_o county_n court_n so_o must_v this_o too_o 〈◊〉_d title_n be_v that_o omnes_fw-la subditi_fw-la all_o the_o subject_n shall_v endeavour_v to_o maintain_v the_o king_n right_n with_o all_o their_o power_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v that_o subditi_fw-la here_o be_v the_o same_o with_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la in_o the_o first_o law_n yet_o since_o by_o that_o law_n all_o freeman_n be_v to_o take_v the_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n these_o must_v be_v also_o the_o very_a same_o freeman_n who_o be_v to_o be_v swear_v brother_n to_o defend_v the_o kingdom_n according_a to_o their_o power_n and_o estate_n so_o that_o all_o that_o you_o have_v say_v to_o prove_v your_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o be_v the_o only_a freeman_n that_o serve_v oâ—_n jury_n etc._n etc._n be_v build_v upon_o a_o false_a interpretation_n of_o these_o law_n of_o king_n william_n be_v but_o the_o mere_a fancy_n and_o imagination_n of_o the_o author_n from_o who_o you_o borrow_v they_o but_o take_v the_o word_n liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la in_o the_o strict_a sense_n and_o as_o they_o be_v be_v the_o magna_fw-la charta_fw-la of_o king_n john_n and_o h._n iii_o chap._n 14._o where_o it_o be_v ordain_v that_o libre_fw-la homo_fw-la non_fw-la amercietur_fw-la pro_fw-la parvo_fw-la delicto_fw-la nisi_fw-la secundum_fw-la modum_fw-la illius_fw-la delicti_fw-la saluâ—â—h_fw-mi contenemento_fw-it svo_fw-la &_o mercatar_a eodem_fw-la modo_fw-la salva_fw-la marchandiza_fw-mi &_o villanus_fw-la saluâ—_n wâ—nagio_n upon_o which_o word_n sir_n edward_n coke_n in_o his_o 2_o d._n inst._n observe_v that_o 〈◊〉_d homo_fw-la be_v here_o mean_v such_o a_o one_o as_o enjoy_v a_o franc_n tenement_n that_o be_v any_o sort_n of_o freeâ—â—_n hold_v but_o pray_v go_v on_o to_o prove_v by_o some_o plain_a authority_n that_o the_o arch-bishops_a bishop_n and_o abbot_n etc._n etc._n together_o with_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capita_fw-la be_v the_o only_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o the_o assess_n of_o tax_n and_o make_v law_n in_o the_o time_n immediate_o succeed_v the_o reign_n of_o king_n william_n the_o first_o m._n i_o shall_v perform_v your_o desire_n and_o will_v begin_v with_o the_o great_a council_n 〈◊〉_d parliament_n hold_v at_o clarendon_n of_o which_o matt._n paris_n tell_v we_o 〈◊〉_d dom._n 1164._o 10_o the_o of_o king_n h._n ii_o â—20_n in_o presentia_fw-la regis_fw-la henriâ—s_n 〈…〉_z rendon_n 8_o calend._n febr._n etc._n etc._n de_fw-fr mandato_fw-la ipsius_fw-la regis_fw-la presentibus_fw-la 〈◊〉_d archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la 〈◊〉_d &_o proceribus_fw-la regni_fw-la facta_fw-la est_fw-la recognitio_fw-la and_o which_o quadrilogus_fw-la and_o gervasâ—_n 〈◊〉_d canterbury_n comprise_v under_o the_o general_a term_n of_o brasules_a &_o prâ—ceres_fw-la regni_fw-la the_o bishop_n and_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingâ—dom_n 1164._o what_o can_v be_v more_o clear_a by_o this_o enumeration_n of_o the_o constitâ—â—ent_a part_n of_o this_o full_a parliament_n as_o mr._n sâ—lden_n and_o other_o author_n agree_v it_o to_o be_v than_o that_o the_o commons_o be_v then_o none_o of_o theâ—_n and_o that_o the_o clerus_fw-la and_o populus_fw-la in_o hoveden_n be_v only_o the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o lay_v nobility_n so_o likewise_o when_o these_o constitution_n be_v again_o renew_v by_o this_o king_n at_o bathampton_n the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o though_o by_o a_o mistake_v it_o be_v writtâ—â—_n nottingham_n that_o rex_fw-la pater_fw-la ibi_fw-la celebravit_fw-la magnum_fw-la consilium_fw-la de_fw-fr 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v regni_fw-la 50._o &_o coram_fw-la rege_fw-la filio_fw-la svo_fw-la &_o coram_fw-la archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopâ—â—_n comitibus_fw-la &_o baronibus_fw-la regni_fw-la svi_fw-la which_o council_n be_v more_o particular_o recite_v by_o benedictus_n abbas_n in_o his_o manuscript_n history_n 〈◊〉_d in_o the_o cottonian_a library_n anno._n 1176._o which_o be_v the_o 25_o the_o h._n 〈◊〉_d circa_n festum_fw-la conversionis_fw-la sancti_fw-la pauli_n julii_fw-la venit_fw-la dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la usque_fw-la â—â—â—thampton_fw-la &_o magnum_fw-la ibi_fw-la celebravit_fw-la concilium_fw-la de_fw-la statutis_fw-la regni_fw-la svi_fw-la 〈◊〉_d episcopis_fw-la &_o comitibus_fw-la &_o baronibus_fw-la terrae_fw-la suae_fw-la &_o coram_fw-la eye_v per_fw-la 〈◊〉_d regis_fw-la henrici_fw-la filii_fw-la svi_fw-la &_o per_fw-la concilium_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_n &_o nilitâ—â—_n hominum_fw-la suorum_fw-la hanc_fw-la subscriptam_fw-la assisam_fw-la â—ecit_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o ralph_n de_fw-fr diceto_n dean_n of_o st._n paul_n a._n d._n 1210._o a_o diligent_a searcher_n into_o the_o history_n and_o transaction_n of_o his_o own_o and_o former_a time_n 40._o do_v yet_o more_o full_o declare_v the_o meaning_n of_o abbot_n benedict_n in_o the_o account_n he_o give_v of_o this_o great_a council_n thus_o rex_fw-la juxta_fw-la consilium_fw-la filii_fw-la svi_fw-la regis_fw-la coram_fw-la episcopis_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o aliis_fw-la hominibus_fw-la suis_fw-la in_o hoc_fw-la consentientibus_fw-la etc._n etc._n hoc_fw-la autem_fw-la factum_fw-la est_fw-la apud_fw-la northamptonam_fw-la â—ino_fw-la kal_n febr._n from_o all_o which_o authority_n we_o may_v collect_v that_o this_o council_n at_o northampton_n as_o well_o as_o that_o at_o clarendon_n be_v a_o great_a or_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o which_o be_v summon_v of_o the_o laity_n only_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n of_o he_o viz._n the_o king_n land_n to_o which_o be_v also_o add_v for_o the_o better_a explain_v who_o be_v understand_v under_o these_o title_n of_o baronum_n militum_fw-la &_o hominum_fw-la suorum_fw-la that_o be_v such_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o be_v knight_n and_o such_o as_o be_v his_o man_n or_o tenant_n that_o be_v military_a tenant_n as_o be_v not_o knight_v and_o who_o hold_v land_n either_o of_o the_o king_n or_o his_o son_n to_o who_o the_o king_n may_v assign_v divers_a of_o these_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o atturn_v tenant_n to_o he_o 204._o and_o to_o maintain_v his_o court_n and_o kingship_n and_o the_o king_n be_v comites_fw-la and_o barones_n terrae_fw-la suae_fw-la be_v the_o earl_n and_o baron_n of_o his_o kingdom_n that_o hold_v immediate_o of_o he_o or_o be_v his_o immediate_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o that_o homo_fw-la suus_fw-la &_o homines_fw-la svi_fw-la do_v for_o
hold_v whole_o by_o socage_n tenure_n whereas_o it_o appear_v plain_o by_o littleton_n that_o tenant_n in_o petyt_n serjeanty_n be_v subject_a to_o wardship_n marriage_n and_o relief_n so_o that_o whoever_o will_v but_o consider_v that_o near_o half_a the_o land_n in_o england_n be_v hold_v by_o bishop_n abbot_n prior_n etc._n etc._n and_o of_o who_o not_o a_o three_o part_n hold_v by_o knight_n service_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o will_v then_o likewise_o consider_v what_o a_o vast_a number_n of_o tenant_n those_o abbot_n prior_n dean_n and_o chapter_n who_o be_v not_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o must_v have_v have_v and_o who_o either_o hold_v estate_n in_o fee_n or_o else_o for_o life_n under_o they_o in_o socage_n as_o well_o as_o by_o knight_n service_n as_o also_o all_o the_o other_o sort_n of_o tenor_n i_o have_v already_o mention_v which_o either_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n as_o of_o some_o honour_n or_o castle_n or_o else_o of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n by_o other_o tenor_n than_o knight_n service_n must_v certain_o conclude_v that_o not_o above_o one_o half_a of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v hold_v either_o immediate_o of_o the_o king_n or_o else_o of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n by_o that_o tenure_n so_o that_o if_o all_o these_o person_n which_o be_v far_o the_o great_a number_n of_o the_o freeholders_n in_o england_n shall_v have_v be_v thus_o exclude_v from_o have_v any_o thing_n to_o do_v in_o our_o great_a council_n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o we_o shall_v have_v find_v sufficient_a clamour_n in_o our_o history_n against_o so_o unjust_a a_o constitution_n and_o when_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v in_o arm_n against_o king_n john_n at_o running-mead_n they_o will_v likewise_o have_v insert_v a_o clause_n for_o themselves_o if_o they_o have_v not_o have_v their_o suffrage_n there_o before_o either_o by_o themselves_o in_o their_o own_o person_n or_o by_o their_o lawful_a representative_n and_o therefore_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o dare_v leave_v it_o to_o the_o consideration_n of_o any_o unprejudiced_a man_n whether_o it_o be_v not_o much_o more_o probable_a that_o the_o constitution_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n appear_v in_o parliament_n shall_v be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o time_n you_o assign_v than_o that_o so_o small_a a_o body_n of_o man_n as_o the_o bishop_n lord_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v represent_v all_o the_o freeholder_n and_o people_n of_o england_n who_o never_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knight_n service_n at_o all_o nor_o have_v you_o yet_o answer_v the_o quotation_n i_o have_v bring_v out_o of_o bracton_n in_o my_o last_o discourse_n to_o the_o contrary_n and_o whoever_o will_v but_o consult_v that_o author_n in_o his_o chapter_n of_o tenor_n will_v find_v that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v so_o far_o from_o have_v a_o power_n of_o charge_v all_o the_o mesne_n tenant_n at_o their_o pleasure_n that_o in_o his_o chapter_n de_fw-fr tenuris_n it_o appear_v that_o a_o mesne_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v purchase_v a_o estate_n for_o a_o valuable_a consideration_n be_v liable_a to_o no_o other_o service_n and_o condition_n than_o what_o his_o tenure_n express_v which_o once_o perform_v the_o lord_n have_v no_o more_o to_o say_v to_o he_o and_o if_o so_o be_v he_o lay_v any_o further_a burden_n upon_o he_o he_o may_v have_v have_v a_o writ_n of_o acquital_n out_o of_o the_o king_n court_n against_o he_o direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n several_a form_n of_o which_o you_o may_v see_v in_o glanville_n and_o in_o the_o old_a register_n m._n we_o be_v not_o to_o rest_v upon_o mere_a probability_n for_o some_o thing_n that_o now_o appear_v to_o we_o unreasonable_a at_o this_o instant_n of_o time_n may_v then_o be_v very_o just_a for_o if_o the_o feudatary_a tenant_n of_o the_o bishop_n baron_n and_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v well_o enough_o content_v with_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o it_o then_o be_v and_o that_o it_o plain_o appear_v by_o matter_n of_o fact_n that_o there_o be_v but_o one_o common_a council_n for_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o that_o of_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n great_a lord_n and_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o argue_v of_o any_o unreasonableness_n in_o or_o inconvenience_n that_o may_v arise_v from_o such_o a_o constitution_n though_o perhaps_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la nor_o yet_o by_o knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o though_o the_o feudatary_a tenant_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v upon_o the_o performance_n of_o their_o service_n acquit_v of_o all_o other_o charge_n yet_o this_o be_v still_o to_o be_v understand_v only_o of_o such_o ordinary_a service_n as_o those_o tenant_n be_v to_o perform_v by_o virtue_n of_o their_o tenor_n such_o as_o be_v scutage_n service_n or_o the_o attend_v upon_o their_o lord_n when_o they_o go_v out_o to_o war_n along_o with_o the_o king_n but_o do_v not_o extend_v to_o such_o scutage_n as_o be_v grant_v in_o parliament_n or_o as_o a_o tax_n upon_o land_n by_o the_o common_a consent_n of_o the_o nation_n for_o then_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v not_o only_o the_o grantor_n but_o the_o collector_n too_o of_o such_o scutage_n tax_n from_o their_o military_a tenant_n and_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o sheriff_n be_v different_a from_o those_o for_o scutage_n service_n and_o for_o proof_n of_o this_o i_o desire_v you_o will_v peruâ—e_v that_o writ_n which_o the_o dr._n quote_v of_o the_o 19_o of_o hen._n iii_o which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o that_o year_n dorso_fw-la rex_fw-la vice_n comiti_fw-la sussex_n salutem_fw-la scias_n quod_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priâ—reâ—_n comites_fw-la barones_n &_o omnes_fw-la alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la angliae_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la spontanea_fw-la voluâ—â—â—te_fw-la suâ—_n &_o sine_fw-la conâ—uetudine_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la nobis_fw-la efficax_n auxilium_fw-la ad_fw-la magna_fw-la negotia_fw-la nostra_fw-la expedienda_fw-la unde_fw-la provisum_fw-la 〈◊〉_d de_fw-la consilâ—o_fw-la illorum_fw-la quod_fw-la habeamus_fw-la de_fw-la feodis_fw-la militum_fw-la &_o wardis_n quae_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la gapite_fw-la duâ—s_fw-la marcas_fw-la ad_fw-la predictum_fw-la auxilium_fw-la faciendum_fw-la &_o unde_fw-la proviâ—erint_fw-la reddere_fw-la nobis_fw-la unam_fw-la medietatem_fw-la ante_fw-la festum_fw-la sancti_fw-la micâ—aelis_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 19_o &_o aliam_fw-la medictatem_fw-la ad_fw-la pasche_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la â—osirâ—_n 20._o ideo_fw-la tibi_fw-la precipimus_fw-la quod_fw-la capite_fw-la ad_fw-la mandatum_fw-la venerabilis_fw-la patris_fw-la r._n cicestren_a episcopi_fw-la cancellarii_n nostri_fw-la sine_fw-la dilatione_fw-la distringas_fw-la omnes_fw-la milites_fw-la &_o liberos_fw-la tenentes_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la eo_fw-la tenent_n per_fw-la servitium_n militare_fw-la in_o balliva_fw-la tua_fw-la ad_fw-la redlendum_fw-la ei_fw-la de_fw-la singulis_fw-la feotis_fw-la militum_fw-la &_o wardis_n dvas_fw-la marcas_fw-la ad_fw-la predictum_fw-la auxilium_fw-la nobis_fw-la per_fw-la manum_fw-la svam_fw-la reddendum_fw-la in_o terminis_fw-la predictis_fw-la sic_fw-la scribitur_fw-la pro_fw-la aliis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioribus_fw-la &_o magnatibus_fw-la now_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o tell_v i_o whether_o any_o thing_n can_v be_v more_o plain_a than_o that_o this_o tax_n be_v grant_v by_o a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n according_a to_o that_o clause_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n i_o have_v now_o cite_v wherein_o it_o be_v first_o especial_o provide_v that_o no_o aid_n or_o scutage_n shall_v be_v impose_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n unless_o by_o the_o common_a council_n thereof_o and_o yet_o you_o see_v by_o this_o writ_n that_o the_o archbishop_n etc._n etc._n with_o the_o baron_n there_o mention_v together_o with_o the_o other_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o grant_v a_o aid_n or_o scutage_n tax_v of_o two_o mark_n for_o every_o knight_n fee_n which_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o that_o by_o virtue_n thereof_o not_o only_o those_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v in_o their_o hand_n but_o also_o all_o those_o subseudatary_a tenant_n call_v here_o freeholder_n who_o hold_v of_o they_o by_o knight_n service_n be_v likewise_o charge_v for_o every_o knight_n fee_n so_o hold_v the_o like_a sum_n of_o two_o mark_n now_o i_o think_v nothing_o can_v be_v more_o plain_a from_o this_o record_n than_o that_o this_o be_v a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o yet_o consist_v of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o and_o therefore_o i_o desire_v you_o to_o show_v i_o some_o better_a proof_n than_o you_o yet_o have_v do_v that_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ever_o make_v a_o distinct_a council_n different_a from_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n f._n i_o grant_v this_o seem_v at_o first_o sight_n to_o be_v a_o good_a authority_n for_o
you_o but_o i_o doubt_v not_o for_o all_o that_o to_o prove_v that_o it_o make_v whole_o against_o you_o and_o will_v together_o with_o those_o proof_n i_o shall_v urge_v make_v out_o this_o difference_n between_o the_o two_o sort_n of_o council_n i_o have_v already_o assert_v and_o therefore_o i_o must_v tell_v you_o that_o there_o be_v no_o necessity_n of_o understand_v the_o word_n de_fw-fr consilio_fw-la illorum_fw-la mention_v in_o this_o record_n to_o refer_v to_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n it_o not_o be_v here_o say_v to_o be_v grant_v per_fw-la commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o then_o there_o can_v no_o more_o be_v prove_v from_o this_o record_n than_o that_o a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la take_v upon_o themselves_o a_o unusual_a power_n sine_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la as_o the_o writ_n here_o mention_n in_o those_o time_n to_o charge_v not_o only_a themselves_o but_o their_o under-tenant_n also_o and_o that_o even_o this_o be_v a_o encroachment_n appear_v by_o the_o statute_n de_fw-fr â—â—lagio_fw-it non_fw-it conâ—edendo_fw-la make_v 25_o of_o ed._n 1._o whereby_o it_o be_v express_o forbid_v that_o any_o talliage_n or_o subsidy_n shall_v be_v lay_v upon_o the_o kingdom_n sine_fw-la volunâ—aâ—e_n &_o â—ssenâ—â—_n archiepiscorum_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la comitum_fw-la baronum_fw-la militum_fw-la burgensium_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la liberorum_fw-la hominum_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la now_o pray_v read_v my_o lord_n cook_n reason_n in_o his_o 2d_o 532._o inst._n why_o this_o statute_n be_v make_v the_o second_o cause_o say_v he_o be_v that_o the_o king_n the_o year_n before_o have_v take_v a_o talliage_n of_o all_o city_n and_o burrough_n without_o assent_n of_o parliament_n whereupon_o arise_v a_o great_a murmur_a and_o discontent_a among_o the_o commons_o for_o pacify_v which_o discord_n between_o the_o king_n and_o his_o noble_n and_o for_o the_o quiet_v of_o the_o commons_o and_o for_o a_o perpetual_a and_o constant_a law_n for_o ever_o after_o both_o in_o this_o and_o other-like_a case_n this_o act_n be_v make_v etc._n etc._n be_v no_o other_o than_o as_o the_o same_o author_n tell_v we_o in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o this_o comment_n on_o this_o statute_n then_o a_o restitution_n general_a to_o the_o subject_n of_o all_o their_o law_n liberty_n and_o free_a custom_n as_o free_o and_o whole_o as_o at_o any_o time_n before_o in_o better_a and_o full_a manner_n than_o they_o use_v to_o have_v the_o same_o but_o yet_o that_o this_o be_v no_o general_a scutage_n or_o tax_n upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o only_o upon_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o their_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n appear_v by_o the_o writ_n itself_o so_o that_o not_o only_o all_o the_o person_n i_o have_v already_o mention_v who_o be_v tenant_n to_o monastery_n and_o priory_n do_v not_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o all_o tenant_n in_o petys_n sergeanty_n and_o all_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la who_o if_o they_o have_v not_o then_o representative_n in_o the_o great_a council_n be_v whole_o free_a from_o this_o tax_n and_o not_o only_o these_o but_o all_o tenant_n in_o fee_n socage_n whether_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n or_o of_o other_o mesne_n lord_n be_v whole_o exempt_a from_o this_o scutage_n so_o that_o nothing_o seem_v plain_a to_o i_o than_o that_o this_o assembly_n that_o give_v the_o king_n this_o tax_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o tenant_n be_v a_o common_a council_n only_o of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la charge_v themselves_o and_o their_o tenant_n only_o and_o not_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o that_o do_v in_o a_o case_n of_o great_a necessity_n sine_fw-la consuetudine_fw-la for_o if_o it_o have_v include_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n there_o will_v certain_o have_v be_v some_o mention_n make_v how_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o do_v not_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n shall_v be_v tax_v and_o that_o this_o be_v a_o council_n consist_v of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o may_v appear_v by_o a_o record_n of_o the_o 42d_o of_o this_o king_n which_o i_o pray_v read_v rex_fw-la bar._n etc._n etc._n quia_fw-la per_fw-la commune_fw-la concilium_fw-la com._n baronum_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la magnatum_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la in_o walliâ_fw-la nuper_fw-la existentium_fw-la provisum_fw-la est_fw-la levand_n quod_fw-la nos_fw-la &_o ipsi_fw-la qui_fw-la servitium_fw-la nobis_fw-la fecerunt_fw-la ibidem_fw-la habeamus_fw-la scutagium_fw-la nostrum_fw-la viz._n de_fw-fr scuto_fw-la 40_o sol._n pro_fw-la exercitu_fw-la nostro_fw-la wall_n anno_fw-la regni_fw-la 41._o vobis_fw-la mandamus_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la omnibus_fw-la feodis_fw-la militum_fw-la quae_fw-la tenentur_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la in_o capite_fw-la vel_fw-la de_fw-la wardia_n in_o manu_fw-la nostra_fw-la existentibus_fw-la exceptis_fw-la feod_n illorum_fw-la qui_fw-la brevia_fw-la nostra_fw-la habuerunt_fw-la de_fw-la scutag_n svo_fw-la babendo_fw-la lâ—vari_fw-la fac_fw-la scutag_n nostrum_fw-la from_o which_o record_n it_o appear_v that_o this_o be_v only_o a_o common_a council_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o have_v attend_v on_o the_o king_n and_o do_v their_o service_n in_o this_o welsh_a expedition_n and_o concern_v none_o else_o but_o such_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o their_o tenant_n who_o have_v fail_v to_o do_v their_o service_n and_o be_v just_a such_o a_o tax_n as_o be_v express_o reserve_v by_o the_o last_o clause_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n which_o you_o have_v before_o cite_v whereby_o scutage_n be_v to_o be_v assess_v by_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o that_o not_o only_o the_o spiritual_a and_o temporal_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v thus_o meet_v and_o hold_v distinct_a council_n or_o assembly_n for_o the_o grant_n of_o scutage_n but_o also_o that_o the_o spiritual_a baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v also_o sometime_o hold_v separate_a assembly_n appear_v by_o the_o patent_n roll_v of_o the_o 15._o of_o this_o king_n thus_o cum_fw-la peteremus_fw-la à _fw-la praelatis_fw-la angliae_fw-la quod_fw-la nobis_fw-la auxilium_fw-la facerent_fw-la 3._o pro_fw-la magnâ_fw-la necessitate_v nostrâ_fw-la de_fw-la quâ_fw-la cis_fw-la conflabat_fw-la viz._n epis._n abbatibus_fw-la abbatissis_fw-la prioribus_fw-la &_o priorissi_fw-la qui_fw-la de_fw-la nobis_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la ipsi_fw-la nobis_fw-la liberaliter_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la auxilium_fw-la tale_n viz._n de_fw-fr singulis_fw-la feodis_fw-la militum_fw-la suorum_fw-la 40â—_n de_fw-fr tos_fw-la feodis_fw-la de_fw-la quot_fw-la ipsi_fw-la tenentur_fw-la nobis_fw-la respondere_fw-la quando_fw-la nobis_fw-la faciunt_fw-la servitium_n militare_fw-la where_o you_o see_v not_o only_o the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n but_o the_o abbess_n and_o prioresses_n grant_v a_o scutage_n of_o 40_o â—_o upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n not_o which_o be_v hold_v of_o they_o but_o for_o which_o they_o be_v answerable_a to_o the_o king_n before_o and_o though_o i_o do_v not_o suppose_v that_o these_o woman_n leave_v their_o nunnery_n and_o appear_v in_o person_n at_o such_o meeting_n yet_o they_o may_v very_o well_o do_v it_o by_o their_o oeconomy_n or_o steward_n as_o their_o lawful_a proxy_n for_o assembly_n of_o that_o nature_n but_o when_o a_o general_a tax_n or_o subsidy_n be_v grant_v by_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n the_o style_n of_o these_o council_n run_v much_o otherwise_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o close_a roll_n of_o the_o four_o of_o this_o king_n where_o it_o be_v recite_v in_o the_o record_n that_o omnes_fw-la magâ—ates_fw-la &_o fideles_fw-la totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la grant_v de_fw-la qualibet_fw-la carucatâ_fw-la duos_fw-la solidas_fw-la 5._o now_o it_o hence_o appear_v that_o this_o be_v a_o grant_n of_o caruage_n which_o not_o be_v a_o scutage_n service_n nor_o yet_o a_o tax_n by_o way_n of_o scutage_n and_o be_v therefore_o to_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n assess_v not_o only_o upon_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o their_o feudatory_a tenant_n but_o upon_o each_o ploughland_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n must_v have_v be_v grant_v as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v out_o of_o bracton_n speak_v of_o this_o caruage_n de_fw-la consensu_fw-la &_o communi_fw-la consilio_fw-la totiut_a regni_fw-la for_o otherwise_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v never_o have_v charge_v all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n of_o which_o not_o half_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o to_o make_v it_o yet_o plain_o by_o other_o record_n pray_v see_v another_o of_o the_o 16_o of_o this_o king_n in_o these_o word_n rex_fw-la vicecomiti_a devon_n salutem_fw-la sciatis_fw-la quod_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la episc._n abbates_n dorso_n priores_fw-la &_o clerici_fw-la tâ—ras_fw-la habentâ—s_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la svas_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a comites_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la &_o villani_n de_fw-fr regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la nobis_fw-la in_o auxilium_fw-la quadragessmam_fw-la pariem_fw-la omnium_fw-la mâ—bilium_fw-la suorum_fw-la so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a here_o who_o make_v the_o commune_fw-la
the_o true_a meaning_n of_o these_o villani_n by_o another_o record_n dor_n date_v but_o two_o year_n after_o this_o of_o you_o viz._n 21_o hen._n 3._o rex_fw-la vic._n kant_n salut_fw-la sciâ—s_n cum_fw-la octavis_fw-la sancti_fw-la hillarii_n etc._n etc._n ad_fw-la mandatum_fw-la nostrum_fw-la convenirent_fw-la apud_fw-la westm_n '_o archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la comites_fw-la &_o barones_n totius_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la ut_fw-la tractatum_fw-la haberent_fw-la nobiscum_fw-la de_fw-la statu_fw-la nostro_fw-la &_o regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la iidem_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la &_o clerici_fw-la terras_fw-la habentes_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a comites_fw-la barones_n milites_fw-la &_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la pro_fw-la se_fw-la &_o suis_fw-la villanis_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la in_o auxilium_fw-la tricessimam_fw-la partem_fw-la honorum_fw-la from_o this_o record_n we_o may_v observe_v 1._o that_o the_o king_n writ_n be_v only_o issue_v to_o the_o archbishop_n 221._o bishop_n etc._n etc._n earl_n baron_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n 2._o that_o in_o the_o recital_n of_o this_o tax_n the_o sheriff_n be_v tell_v first_o that_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o clergy_n which_o have_v land_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o church_n a_o certain_a sign_n that_o they_o grant_v by_o themselves_o and_o out_o of_o nothing_o else_o but_o that_o and_o then_o that_o the_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o free_a man_n for_o themselves_o and_o their_o villain_n grant_v a_o thirty_o part_n of_o their_o moveable_n and_o from_o this_o record_n it_o be_v also_o manifest_a these_o liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la have_v villanos_fw-la if_o not_o bondman_n villagars_a or_o rustic_n colonos_fw-la or_o husbandman_n at_o least_o of_o who_o estate_n by_o public_a assent_n and_o for_o the_o public_a benefit_n they_o may_v in_o part_n dispose_v of_o which_o liberi_fw-la 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of_o be_v member_n of_o parliament_n themselves_o i_o can_v give_v you_o more_o example_n of_o the_o like_a nature_n but_o i_o will_v not_o tire_v you_o f._n i_o pray_v sir_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v this_o long_a speech_n and_o to_o begin_v with_o your_o interpretation_n of_o this_o word_n fideles_fw-la first_o then_o we_o be_v so_o far_o agree_v that_o the_o word_n fideles_fw-la have_v two_o or_o three_o different_a signification_n first_o it_o signify_v all_o the_o subject_n in_o general_a in_o the_o next_o place_n all_o vassal_n or_o feudatary_a tenant_n whatever_o whether_o of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o other_o lord_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n you_o have_v cite_v out_o of_o william_n of_o malmsbury_n as_o also_o divers_a ancient_a charter_n particular_o those_o of_o king_n william_n i._n and_o maud_n the_o empress_n and_o king_n stephen_n which_o be_v divers_a of_o they_o direct_v fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglâ—_n which_o can_v mean_v tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la since_o the_o doctor_n and_o yourself_o will_v scarce_o allow_v any_o english_a man_n to_o have_v then_o hold_v land_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o crown_n last_o i_o grant_v this_o word_n fideles_fw-la may_v sometime_o signify_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o the_o king_n all_o which_o be_v so_o i_o think_v you_o can_v deny_v that_o it_o be_v not_o the_o bare_a word_n but_o the_o sense_n it_o bear_v in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o be_v use_v that_o must_v direct_v we_o to_o its_o true_a signification_n and_o that_o the_o fideles_fw-la there_o mention_v to_o have_v grant_v caruage_n in_o the_o 4_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o can_v not_o be_v the_o king_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o i_o have_v give_v you_o a_o sufficient_a reason_n which_o you_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o answer_v viz._n that_o caruage_n be_v a_o general_a tax_n impose_v upon_o all_o the_o land_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o well_o what_o be_v hold_v by_o knight_n service_n as_o what_o be_v not_o and_o how_o your_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v tax_v those_o land_n which_o be_v never_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n i_o desire_v you_o will_v resolve_v i_o and_o therefore_o by_o the_o fideles_fw-la here_o mention_v in_o this_o and_o many_o other_o record_n be_v not_o to_o be_v understand_v the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la only_o but_o all_o other_o subject_n who_o do_v fealty_n who_o though_o they_o can_v not_o all_o appear_v in_o person_n in_o our_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n yet_o be_v there_o by_o their_o representative_n the_o great_a freeholder_n lord_n of_o manor_n or_o else_o by_o the_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n but_o i_o must_v now_o make_v some_o remark_n upon_o your_o interpretation_n of_o â—he_n writ_n of_o the_o 16_o the_o and_o 21_o the_o of_o hen._n 3._o wherein_o you_o have_v certain_o very_o much_o mistake_v the_o sense_n of_o all_o the_o main_a word_n for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o clerici_fw-la terras_fw-la habentes_fw-la non_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la pertinentes_fw-la which_o you_o interpret_v to_o have_v be_v clerk_n have_v manor_n and_o military_a fee_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o benefice_n but_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la seem_v to_o be_v altogether_o force_v for_o whoever_o hear_v of_o clerk_n that_o be_v inferior_a clergy_n man_n parson_n or_o vicar_n of_o church_n who_o hold_v benefice_n of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o not_o in_o franc_n almoigne_z or_o if_o they_o have_v any_o such_o that_o therefore_o those_o land_n so_o hold_v shall_v be_v call_v land_n not_o belong_v to_o their_o church_n for_o at_o this_o rate_n the_o land_n of_o bishop_n all_o abbot_n prior_n etc._n etc._n which_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la will_v have_v be_v in_o your_o sense_n land_n not_o belong_v to_o the_o church_n but_o who_o but_o you_o and_o your_o doctor_n ever_o give_v such_o a_o unreasonable_a comment_n on_o those_o word_n nor_o will_v that_o passage_n you_o cite_v out_o of_o mat._n paris_n at_o all_o favour_n your_o interpretation_n for_o either_o these_o bishop_n and_o prelate_n there_o mention_v give_v this_o sorti_v part_n of_o their_o movable_n in_o parliament_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o else_o as_o clergy_n man_n in_o convocation_n if_o the_o former_a than_o these_o clerici_fw-la can_v have_v no_o vote_n there_o in_o person_n for_o i_o believe_v it_o will_v puzzle_v you_o to_o prove_v that_o at_o this_o time_n any_o ecclesiastical_a person_n below_o the_o degree_n of_o a_o abbot_n or_o prior_n have_v any_o place_n in_o parliament_n by_o reason_n of_o his_o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o those_o land_n he_o hold_v in_o right_o of_o his_o church_n but_o if_o you_o will_v have_v this_o tax_n to_o be_v grant_v by_o the_o whole_a clergy_n in_o convocation_n than_o such_o clerk_n as_o you_o mention_n can_v not_o be_v there_o in_o person_n first_o because_o they_o be_v say_v to_o be_v such_o as_o have_v land_n quâ—e_fw-la ad_fw-la ecclesias_fw-la svas_fw-la non_fw-la pertinent_a and_o so_o can_v not_o have_v any_o place_n there_o as_o clergyman_n nor_o can_v they_o be_v include_v under_o the_o praelati_fw-la since_o that_o word_n take_v in_o none_o beneath_o the_o degree_n of_o a_o dean_n and_o therefore_o if_o these_o clerk_n give_v any_o thing_n in_o parliament_n they_o must_v do_v it_o by_o their_o lawful_a representative_n the_o knight_n of_o shire_n or_o if_o in_o convocation_n by_o their_o clerk_n of_o the_o low_a house_n then_o call_v procuratores_fw-la cleri_fw-la so_o that_o take_v it_o which_o way_n you_o will_v those_o clerk_n can_v not_o be_v present_a themselves_o at_o these_o parliament_n when_o those_o tax_n of_o the_o 30_o and_o 40th_o part_n of_o their_o movable_n be_v give_v to_o the_o king_n and_o therefore_o either_o as_o layman_n or_o clergyman_n must_v be_v tax_v by_o their_o representative_n but_o in_o deed_n the_o word_n proceree_n regni_n which_o immediate_o come_v after_o episcopi_fw-la &_o pralati_fw-la in_o
citizen_n of_o london_n be_v the_o assensu_fw-la praelatorum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o totius_fw-la communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la pardon_v all_o homicide_n 29._o the_o very_a like_o word_n be_v also_o use_v in_o the_o same_o roll_n in_o the_o act_n of_o pardon_n grant_v to_o the_o city_n of_o london_n i_o shall_v trouble_v you_o but_o with_o one_o more_o in_o this_o king_n reign_n but_o it_o be_v so_o remarkable_a i_o can_v omit_v it_o of_o the_o 34_o the_o of_o this_o king_n and_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o old_a edition_n of_o statute_n print_v in_o french_a the_o title_n begin_v thus_o ceux_fw-fr sont_fw-fr les_fw-fr choses_fw-fr queux_fw-fr nostre_fw-fr seigneur_fw-fr le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr prelate_n signior_n &_o la_fw-fr commune_fw-la ount_n ordain_v &_o establéâ—s_v to_o conclude_v with_o the_o reign_n of_o richard_n the_o second_o the_o like_a expression_n be_v find_v in_o the_o parliament_n roll_v of_o 5_o the_o of_o richard_n the_o second_o where_o the_o statute_n begin_v thus_o 21._o pur_fw-mi commune_fw-la prosit_fw-la du_fw-fr royalme_n d'_fw-fr d'angleterre_fw-fr cient_a faiâ—es_fw-fr per_fw-la nostre_fw-fr seigneur_fw-fr le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr prelate_n signior_n &_o la_fw-fr commune_fw-la de_fw-fr le_fw-fr royalme_a esteante_n en_fw-fr cest_fw-fr parliament_n from_o the_o title_n to_o which_o two_o last_a statute_n i_o pray_v observe_v that_o the_o word_n le_fw-fr commune_fw-la be_v not_o only_o use_v for_o the_o commons_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o fâ—rmer_a king_n reign_v but_o also_o that_o these_o statute_n be_v make_v by_o the_o joint_n assent_v of_o the_o king_n lord_n and_o commons_o so_o likewise_o in_o the_o same_o roll_n be_v recite_v concordiae_fw-la sive_fw-la ordinationes_fw-la factae_fw-la de_fw-la communi_fw-la assâ—â—su_fw-la regis_fw-la procerum_fw-la &_o magnatum_fw-la &_o communitatis_fw-la regni_fw-la angliae_fw-la which_o i_o give_v you_o to_o show_v that_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la &_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la always_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o our_o statute_n and_o record_n viz._n the_o commons_o as_o now_o understand_v different_a from_o your_o great_a lord_n and_o tenant_n and_o if_o they_o be_v to_o be_v take_v in_o this_o sense_n after_o the_o 18_o the_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o i_o will_v be_v glad_a if_o you_o can_v show_v i_o any_o sufficient_a reason_n why_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v so_o understand_v aâ—_n along_o before_o that_o time_n as_o well_o as_o in_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o only_a m._n though_o i_o grant_v that_o these_o word_n you_o mention_v be_v to_o be_v understand_v for_o the_o commons_o as_o now_o take_v in_o many_o record_n and_o act_n of_o parliament_n after_o the_o 18_o the_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o and_o therefore_o you_o need_v not_o to_o have_v take_v the_o paâ—ns_n to_o have_v go_v beyond_o that_o time_n yet_o notwithstanding_o i_o think_v i_o can_v prove_v to_o you_o by_o very_o good_a authority_n that_o the_o word_n communitas_fw-la which_o i_o grant_v be_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o le_fw-fr commune_fw-la in_o french_a though_o put_v after_o the_o word_n comites_fw-la &_o barones_n do_v not_o signify_v the_o commons_o of_o england_n in_o general_a but_o the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o or_o at_o least_o the_o community_n of_o all_o tenant_n by_o military_a service_n and_o that_o as_o low_o as_o the_o reign_n of_o edward_n the_o three_o but_o for_o proof_n of_o thiâ—_n i_o pray_v peruâ—e_v this_o writ_n which_o the_o doctor_n have_v give_v we_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n rex_fw-la archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la 1._o abbatibus_fw-la priotibus_fw-la comitibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la aliâ—s_fw-la de_fw-la comitatu_fw-la cantiae_fw-la salutem_fw-la sciatis_fw-la quâ—d_fw-la cum_fw-la pâ—â—mo_fw-la die_v junii_fw-la anno_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la decimo_fw-la octavo_fw-la praelati_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o caeteri_fw-la magnâ—tes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la concorditer_fw-la pâ—o_fw-la se_fw-la &_o pro_fw-la tota_fw-la communitate_fw-la ejusdem_fw-la regni_fw-la in_o pleno_fw-la parliamento_fw-la nostro_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesse_n unt_fw-la quadraginta_fw-la solidos_fw-la de_fw-la singulis_fw-la feodis_fw-la militum_fw-la in_o dicto_fw-la regno_fw-la in_o auxilium_fw-la ad_fw-la primogenitam_fw-la filiam_fw-la nostram_fw-la mariâ—andam_fw-la etc._n etc._n cujus_fw-la quidem_fw-la auxilii_fw-la levationi_fw-la faciendae_fw-la pro_fw-la dictae_fw-la communitatis_fw-la aisimento_fw-la hucusque_fw-la supersedimus_fw-la gratioâ—è_fw-la etc._n etc._n by_o this_o record_n it_o be_v clear_a that_o such_o as_o pâ—id_v scutage_n that_o be_v forty_o shilling_n for_o a_o knight_n fee_n be_v then_o the_o tota_fw-la regni_fw-la communitas_fw-la and_o no_o other_o and_o of_o these_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la grant_v and_o pay_v it_o first_o for_o themselves_o and_o tenant_n and_o then_o their_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o king_n precept_n pay_v it_o to_o they_o again_o for_o so_o many_o fee_n as_o they_o hold_v of_o they_o so_o that_o this_o tax_n be_v raise_v whole_o upon_o knight_n fee_n must_v be_v grant_v only_o by_o those_o that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n but_o further_a that_o the_o communalte_n de_fw-fr royaume_n the_o community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o represent_v by_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la do_v still_o so_o continue_v as_o above_o mention_v till_o almost_o the_o middle_n of_o king_n edward_n the_o three_o reign_n be_v as_o clear_o prove_v by_o this_o record_n of_o that_o king_n rex_fw-la dilectis_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la â—uis_fw-la vicecomiti_fw-la wygorniae_fw-la â—homae_fw-la bâ—ttâ—ler_fw-fr de_fw-fr upton_n supeâ—â—abrinam_fw-la 37._o militi_fw-la &_o thomae_fw-la cassy_n de_fw-fr wych_n salutem_fw-la â—â—â—atis_fw-la quod_fw-la cum_fw-la in_o pleno_fw-la parliamento_fw-la nostro_fw-la apud_fw-la westmonasterium_fw-la ad_fw-la diem_fw-la lunae_fw-la proximo_fw-la post_fw-la vestum_fw-la nativitatis_fw-la beatae_fw-la mariae_fw-la virgin_n proximo_fw-la praeteritum_fw-la tento_fw-la praelati_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o magnates_n de_fw-fr regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la angliae_fw-la etc._n etc._n pâ—o_fw-la se_fw-la &_o to_o a_o communita_fw-la e_fw-la ejaâ—dem_fw-la regni_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesseâ—unt_fw-la quadraginta_fw-la solidos_fw-la de_fw-la singulâ—s_fw-la â—eodiâ—_n militum_fw-la in_o diâ—â—â—_n regno_fw-la angliae_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o that_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o england_n in_o this_o record_n be_v military_a man_n such_o as_o hold_v knight_n fee_n or_o part_n of_o knight_n fee_n and_o such_o as_o pay_v scutage_n and_o they_o be_v neither_o the_o ordinary_a freeman_n or_o freeholders_n nor_o the_o multitude_n nor_o rabble_n f._n i_o pray_v sir_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o answer_v your_o argument_n from_o these_o record_n as_o you_o â—ut_v they_o lest_o i_o forget_v what_o you_o have_v say_v in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o to_o this_o record_n of_o the_o 30_o of_o edw._n i._n which_o relate_v to_o a_o tax_n give_v in_o the_o 18_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o recite_v a_o aid_n of_o 40_o s._n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n through_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n to_o have_v be_v give_v by_o the_o bishop_n earl_n baron_n and_o other_o magnates_n or_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o full_a parliament_n for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a community_n thereof_o to_o marry_v the_o king_n daughter_n and_o which_o subsidy_n he_o have_v defer_v to_o levy_v till_o now_o and_o therefore_o because_o this_o be_v a_o tax_n grant_v only_o upon_o knight_n fee_n that_o those_o only_o who_o pay_v this_o scutage_n be_v then_o the_o communitas_fw-la or_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o kingdom_n which_o be_v no_o argument_n at_o all_o since_o from_o this_o we_o may_v plain_o collect_v the_o clean_a contrary_n for_o if_o none_o have_v be_v to_o pay_v to_o this_o tax_n but_o those_o that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n in_o capite_fw-la than_o the_o king_n will_v have_v have_v no_o need_n to_o have_v have_v it_o grant_v in_o parliament_n since_o by_o the_o 14_o article_n of_o king_n john_n charter_n he_o may_v have_v tax_v his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la for_o the_o knight_n of_o his_o elder_a son_n and_o the_o marriage_n of_o his_o elder_a daughter_n without_o the_o assent_n of_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o according_a to_o your_o hypothesis_n and_o the_o authority_n you_o have_v bring_v to_o prove_v it_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v also_o by_o the_o like_a reason_n have_v make_v their_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n have_v contribute_v to_o this_o tax_n which_o yet_o you_o see_v they_o can_v not_o do_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o this_o aid_n or_o subsidy_n be_v grant_v in_o parliament_n must_v needs_o extend_v to_o all_o the_o land_n in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n as_o well_o those_o that_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n as_o well_o as_o those_o that_o do_v not_o for_o it_o be_v not_o here_o say_v as_o in_o the_o writ_n to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o sussex_n qui_fw-fr de_fw-fr nobis_fw-la tenent_n in_fw-la capite_fw-la and_o then_o the_o word_n pro_fw-la se_fw-la &_o â—ota_fw-la
at_o the_o end_n but_o the_o king_n himself_o teâ—â—e_o meipso_fw-la and_o far_o both_o agree_v in_o all_o thing_n material_a with_o four_o ancient_a manuscript_n copy_n of_o this_o charter_n of_o the_o 2d_o of_o hen._n iii_o when_o he_o be_v in_o minority_n one_o of_o which_o be_v in_o the_o cuttonian_a library_n a_o second_o be_v late_o in_o possession_n of_o sam_n baldwin_n sergeant_n at_o law_n a_o three_o be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o john_n cook_n esq_n chief_a prothonotary_n of_o the_o court_n of_o common-plea_n and_o a_o four_o be_v at_o this_o present_a with_o mr._n peryt_n of_o the_o inner-temple_n which_o i_o myself_o have_v see_v but_o to_o put_v this_o out_o of_o all_o doubt_n there_o be_v still_o extant_a a_o fair_a original_a of_o this_o charter_n of_o confirmation_n of_o the_o 9th_o of_o hen._n iii_o when_o he_o be_v of_o full_a age_n under_o the_o great_a seal_n of_o this_o king_n which_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v belong_v to_o bâ—â—â—ail_v abbey_n and_o be_v now_o to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o sir_n nathaniel_n powel_n bench_n of_o the_o inner-temple_n who_o be_v so_o civil_a as_o to_o communicate_v it_o to_o all_o who_o have_v the_o curiosity_n to_o see_v so_o great_a a_o rarity_n so_o that_o though_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v deny_v but_o that_o the_o charter_n publish_v by_o sir_n edward_n coke_n in_o his_o 2d_o institutes_n be_v proper_o the_o charter_n of_o confirmation_n of_o edw._n i._n since_o boniface_n be_v at_o that_o time_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n and_o â—ulk_n bishop_n of_o london_n e._n being_n by_o mistake_n put_v for_o f._n yet_o i_o think_v no_o man_n have_v any_o cause_n to_o doubt_v whether_o that_o clause_n we_o dispute_v about_o be_v not_o in_o all_o the_o copy_n of_o this_o charter_n as_o well_o as_o in_o this_o of_o edward_n 1_n m._n well_o admit_v this_o charter_n to_o be_v as_o ancient_a as_o you_o please_v yet_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o if_o your_o sense_n be_v that_o the_o word_n at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o charter_n viz._n omnes_fw-la de_fw-fr râ—gon_n those_o who_o give_v or_o grant_v this_o subsidy_n be_v member_n of_o that_o parliament_n if_o you_o wiâ—â—_n understand_v it_o so_o and_o according_a to_o the_o literal_a meaning_n of_o the_o word_n than_o omâ—es_v de_fw-fr râ—gnâ—_n 126._o as_o well_o those_o thâ—t_n have_v estate_n in_o land_n as_o those_o that_o have_v not_o all_o copy_n holder_n all_o tradesman_n all_o bondman_n and_o villain_n of_o which_o there_o be_v great_a store_n in_o those_o day_n and_o all_o servant_n be_v member_n of_o parliament_n and_o so_o then_o i_o will_v willing_o understand_v where_o â—ll_a these_o people_n shall_v meet_v how_o their_o council_n shoulâ—_n be_v manage_v and_o how_o it_o be_v possible_a in_o such_o meeting_n i_o any_o such_o there_o can_v be_v to_o prevent_v the_o great_a confusion_n imaginable_a the_o meaning_n then_o of_o the_o word_n must_v be_v that_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n abbot_z â—arâ—_n baron_n knight_n free-tenant_n and_o all_o of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o all_o the_o king_n subjects_n dederunt_fw-la that_o be_v pay_v a_o fifteen_o part_n of_o their_o movable_n to_o the_o king_n for_o his_o grant_v these_o charter_n not_o that_o they_o themselves_o give_v or_o grant_v this_o subsidy_n and_o it_o be_v reasonable_a to_o conclude_v that_o all_o the_o king_n subject_n pay_v the_o fifteen_o part_n because_o one_o way_n or_o other_o little_a or_o much_o they_o enjoy_v the_o benefit_n of_o they_o i_o take_v this_o to_o be_v the_o genuine_a sense_n of_o the_o word_n but_o mat._n paris_n who_o you_o now_o quote_v make_v it_o very_o apparent_a who_o be_v the_o constituent_a â—orts_n of_o this_o parliament_n for_o if_o you_o please_v to_o observe_v the_o man_n to_o who_o the_o chief_a justice_n propose_v this_o fifteen_o and_o those_o who_o consult_v about_o the_o king_n demand_n and_o those_o that_o return_v a_o answer_n to_o they_o and_o also_o grant_v the_o fifteen_o part_n of_o the_o movable_n as_o well_o of_o the_o ecclesiastic_n as_o laiâ—s_n oâ—_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v only_o the_o archbishop_n bishop_n earls_z baron_n abbot_n prior_n and_o therefore_o they_o be_v the_o only_a constituent_a part_n of_o this_o parliament_n as_o they_o be_v also_o of_o the_o parliament_n or_o great_a council_n hold_v at_o merâ—on_n in_o the_o 20_o year_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n whither_o say_v mâ—t._n paris_n consummato_fw-la cum_fw-la gaudio_fw-la nuptiali_fw-la convivio_fw-la rex_fw-la recedens_fw-la a_o londoniâ—s_fw-la venis_fw-la mereroâ—â—m_fw-la ut_fw-la ibi_fw-la revocati_fw-la magnaies_n unà â—um_fw-la rege_fw-la de_fw-la regni_fw-la negotiis_fw-la eâ—ntractarent_fw-la f._n i_o think_v i_o can_v as_o easy_o answer_v this_o small_a objection_n against_o on_o meaning_n of_o these_o word_n at_o the_o end_n of_o this_o charter_n pray_v do_v i_o affirm_v that_o these_o word_n be_v to_o be_v take_v literal_o or_o the_o contrary_a therefore_o you_o do_v ill_a to_o put_v a_o sense_n upon_o i_o which_o i_o do_v not_o allow_v of_o but_o pray_v tell_v who_o ever_o be_v so_o mad_a as_o to_o believe_v that_o these_o word_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v literal_o or_o that_o all_o those_o person_n who_o you_o here_o give_v we_o a_o beadroll_n of_o can_v all_o appear_v in_o parliament_n in_o person_n or_o have_v all_o vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o parliament_n man_n and_o yet_o for_o all_o that_o this_o clause_n be_v true_a in_o a_o legal_a though_o not_o in_o a_o literal_a sense_n that_o all_o the_o freeman_n of_o the_o kingdom_n grant_v this_o 15_o viz._n that_o the_o prelate_n and_o temporal_a lord_n in_o their_o proper_a person_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o their_o respective_a representative_n grant_v this_o fifteen_o i_o hope_v it_o be_v a_o good_a rule_n in_o your_o civil_a as_o well_o as_o our_o common_a law_n that_o he_o who_o give_v or_o grant_v any_o thing_n by_o his_o sufficient_a proxy_n or_o representative_a be_v say_v to_o perform_v it_o by_o himself_o and_o in_o this_o sense_n all_o the_o man_n in_o the_o kingdom_n give_v or_o grant_v a_o fifteen_o for_o the_o confirmation_n of_o this_o charter_n and_o so_o at_o this_o day_n it_o may_v be_v say_v in_o a_o legal_a sense_n that_o all_o the_o man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n do_v join_v in_o grant_v the_o king_n a_o tax_n by_o themselves_o or_o their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n though_o none_o but_o such_o as_o be_v freeholders_n of_o 40_o â—_o a_o year_n can_v have_v vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n nor_o any_o but_o the_o alderman_n of_o divers_a city_n and_o town_n and_o the_o freeman_n of_o corporation_n and_o the_o scot_n and_o lot-man_n of_o burough_n who_o have_v any_o vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o citizen_n or_o burgess_n and_o that_o your_o dr._n himself_o though_o he_o have_v mislead_v you_o in_o the_o sense_n of_o this_o word_n dederunt_fw-la yet_o can_v grant_v this_o to_o be_v a_o reasonable_a interpretation_n of_o this_o clause_n when_o he_o be_v in_o a_o good_a humour_n pray_v remember_v his_o comment_n upon_o the_o record_n of_o the_o 34th_o of_o edw._n i._n which_o i_o give_v you_o but_o now_o wherein_o after_o the_o barones_n it_n follow_v that_o milites_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la &_o communitates_fw-la comitatuum_fw-la grant_v a_o 30_o part_n of_o their_o movable_n and_o the_o communitates_fw-la civitatum_fw-la &_o burgorum_n a_o 20_o whereupon_o he_o tell_v you_o these_o word_n be_v so_o express_v as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v all_o there_o in_o person_n but_o these_o word_n signify_v no_o more_o then_o that_o the_o knight_n and_o freemen_n give_v by_o their_o representative_n and_o that_o the_o community_n of_o county_n and_o these_o citizen_n and_o burrough_n give_v by_o their_o representative_n and_o why_o these_o milites_fw-la liberi_fw-la homines_fw-la &_o omnes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la may_v not_o do_v it_o as_o well_o in_o the_o same_o sense_n when_o this_o charter_n be_v grant_v and_o confirm_v i_o shall_v be_v glad_a if_o you_o can_v give_v i_o a_o sufficient_a reason_n so_o that_o i_o shall_v refer_v it_o to_o your_o own_o ingenuity_n to_o consider_v when_o the_o charter_n say_v express_o that_o all_o the_o person_n therein_o mention_v give_v a_o fifteen_o whether_o it_o be_v not_o a_o manifest_a wrest_n of_o the_o grammatical_a signification_n of_o this_o word_n dederunt_fw-la to_o render_v it_o they_o pay_v for_o at_o this_o rate_n a_o man_n may_v make_v word_n signify_v just_a what_o he_o please_v but_o our_o ancient_a english_a historian_n be_v the_o best_a judge_n in_o this_o case_n for_o the_o ancient_a annal_n of_o waverly-abby_n publish_v in_o the_o same_o volume_n i_o last_o mention_v under_o the_o year_n 1225._o have_v give_v we_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o grant_v thâ—se_a charter_n 9_o hen._n iii_o recite_v the_o conclusion_n of_o the_o great_a
of_o parliament_n and_o tax_v with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o often_o as_o there_o be_v law_n make_v and_o tax_n give_v when_o their_o bishop_n or_o earl_n be_v present_a which_o be_v not_o so_o for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o county_n of_o chester_n if_o the_o earl_n have_v be_v the_o representative_a in_o parliament_n of_o his_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n or_o otherwise_o as_o also_o of_o all_o the_o abbey_n and_o the_o city_n of_o chester_n itself_o and_o all_o other_o great_a town_n in_o that_o county_n his_o vote_n in_o parliament_n will_v have_v oblige_v all_o of_o they_o and_o there_o will_v have_v be_v no_o need_n of_o a_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a county_n in_o which_o they_o then_o make_v law_n and_o tax_v themselves_o as_o a_o separate_a body_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o may_v appear_v from_o these_o follow_a record_n which_o mr._n a._n have_v give_v we_o the_o first_o of_o which_o be_v a_o writ_n of_o k._n edw._n i._n 6._o direct_v archiepiscopis_fw-la episcopis_fw-la abbatibus_fw-la prioriâ—us_fw-la baronibus_fw-la militibus_fw-la &_o omnibus_fw-la â—liis_fw-la fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la in_o comitat._n câ—striae_fw-la recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n count_n baron_n &_o alii_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la have_v give_v he_o a_o 15_o the_o of_o their_o movable_n he_o desire_v that_o they_o also_o will_v of_o their_o benevolence_n and_o courtesy_n in_o latin_a curialitate_fw-la grant_v he_o the_o like_a subsidy_n which_o note_n can_v not_o be_v do_v out_o of_o a_o common_a council_n so_o likewise_o in_o another_o writ_n of_o the_o 20_o the_o of_o this_o king_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la b._n &_o communitas_fw-la cestriae_fw-la sicut_fw-la caeteri_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la nostro_fw-la 15_o mam_n partem_fw-la omnium_fw-la mobilium_fw-la suorum_fw-la nobis_fw-la concesserunt_fw-la gratiose_fw-la now_o suppose_v as_o the_o doctor_n always_o do_v that_o these_o probi_fw-la homines_fw-la be_v the_o earl_n tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la what_o can_v this_o word_n communitas_fw-la here_o signify_v but_o another_o sort_n of_o man_n distinct_a from_o they_o viz._n the_o communality_n or_o commons_o of_o that_o county_n and_o which_o be_v also_o remarkable_a this_o county_n be_v now_o fall_v to_o the_o crown_n for_o want_v of_o heir_n male_a of_o the_o last_o earl_n and_o so_o according_a to_o the_o doctor_n notion_n the_o king_n be_v their_o sole_a representative_a need_v not_o to_o have_v be_v behold_v to_o they_o for_o these_o subsidy_n since_o though_o not_o as_o king_n yet_o as_o earl_n of_o chester_n he_o may_v have_v tax_v they_o himself_o which_o yet_o he_o think_v not_o fit_a to_o do_v because_o he_o know_v it_o be_v contrary_a to_o the_o right_n and_o privilege_n of_o that_o county_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o the_o grant_n of_o it_o to_o hugh_n lupus_n by_o will._n i._n always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o which_o privilege_n be_v also_o express_o set_v forth_o in_o a_o supplication_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o this_o county_n palatine_n to_o k._n henry_n the_o six_o which_o mr._n p._n have_v give_v we_o from_o a_o ancient_a copy_n of_o it_o then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o sir_n thomas_n manwaring_n of_o that_o county_n 46._o baronet_n wherein_o the_o abbot_n prior_n and_o clergy_n baron_n knight_n esquire_n and_o commonalty_n set_v forth_o that_o they_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o earl_n do_v make_v and_o admit_v law_n within_o the_o same_o etc._n etc._n and_o that_o no_o inheritor_n or_o possessor_n within_o the_o say_a county_n be_v chargeable_a or_o liable_a or_o be_v bind_v charge_v or_o hurt_v of_o their_o body_n liberty_n franchise_n land_n good_n or_o possession_n unless_o the_o say_a county_n have_v agree_v unto_o it_o now_o what_o can_v here_o be_v mean_v by_o county_n but_o the_o common_a council_n or_o parliament_n thereof_o since_o otherwise_o they_o can_v make_v no_o law_n nor_o do_v any_o other_o public_a act_n the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v for_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o durham_n which_o from_o the_o grant_v thereof_o by_o william_n rufus_n to_o the_o then_o bishop_n have_v always_o be_v tax_v by_o themselves_o 9_o and_o not_o by_o the_o bishop_n in_o parliament_n and_o that_o as_o low_o as_o the_o reign_n of_o edw._n 3._o as_o appear_v by_o this_o record_n of_o the_o 14_o the_o of_o that_o king_n contain_v a_o letter_n or_o commission_n to_o r._n bishop_n of_o durham_n recite_v that_o whereas_o the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o the_o commons_o of_o county_n have_v give_v he_o a_o 9th_o of_o their_o good_n there_o mention_v that_o therefore_o the_o bishop_n shall_v convene_v the_o magnate_v &_o communitatem_fw-la libertatis_fw-la vestrae_fw-la to_o wit_n of_o his_o county_n palatine_n ad_fw-la certum_fw-la diem_fw-la &_o locum_fw-la with_o all_o convenient_a speed_n and_o that_o do_v to_o persuade_v and_o excite_v the_o say_a magnate_n &_o communitas_fw-la to_o grant_v the_o king_n the_o like_a or_o a_o large_a subsidy_n or_o aid_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o his_o war_n which_o have_v be_v altogether_o in_o vain_a if_o the_o bishop_n or_o the_o king_n can_v in_o those_o day_n have_v tax_v this_o county_n at_o their_o pleasure_n now_o if_o these_o great_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la can_v not_o tax_n their_o mesne_n tenant_n without_o their_o consent_n much_o less_o can_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o england_n impose_v tax_n on_o their_o tenant_n in_o military_a service_n or_o in_o socage_n without_o their_o consent_n which_o last_o have_v a_o much_o less_o dependence_n upon_o they_o m._n i_o must_v confess_v i_o never_o consider_v these_o precedent_n of_o the_o county_n palatine_n of_o chester_n and_o durham_n and_o therefore_o can_v say_v nothing_o to_o they_o at_o present_a since_o it_o be_v matter_n of_o fact_n but_o as_o to_o reason_n and_o law_n i_o think_v it_o be_v consonant_a to_o both_o 171._o that_o not_o only_a tenant_n in_o military_a service_n but_o socage_n tenure_n shall_v be_v find_v by_o the_o act_n of_o their_o superior_a lord_n of_o who_o all_o the_o land_n of_o england_n be_v former_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n and_o though_o in_o process_n of_o time_n many_o of_o these_o estate_n and_o land_n become_v free_a tenement_n or_o be_v hold_v in_o socage_n that_o be_v be_v free_a holder_n yet_o the_o lord_n retain_v homage_n which_o in_o the_o time_n we_o now_o write_v of_o be_v no_o idle_a insignificant_a word_n and_o by_o that_o a_o dominion_n over_o the_o estate_n whereby_o upon_o disobedience_n treachery_n or_o injury_n do_v to_o the_o lord_n etc._n etc._n the_o land_n be_v forfeit_v to_o they_o and_o although_o the_o land_n nor_o the_o tenant_n of_o they_o which_o be_v term_v freeholders_n be_v subject_a to_o any_o base_a service_n or_o servile_a work_n yet_o the_o lord_n have_v a_o great_a power_n over_o these_o tenant_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o do_v homage_n to_o they_o which_o though_o now_o antiquate_v yet_o eo_fw-la nomine_fw-la their_o land_n be_v many_o way_n liable_a to_o forfeiture_n and_o tax_n too_o so_o that_o upon_o all_o these_o account_n it_o be_v then_o as_o reasonable_a that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v in_o those_o day_n make_v law_n and_o grant_v tax_n for_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o scotland_n shall_v do_v so_o to_o this_o very_a day_n for_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o kingdom_n of_o never_o so_o great_a estate_n and_o to_o this_o argument_n which_o be_v certain_a in_o matter_n of_o fact_n you_o have_v yet_o answer_v nothing_o nor_o do_v i_o believe_v can_v f._n i_o can_v see_v notwithstanding_o what_o you_o have_v now_o say_v that_o the_o superior_a lord_n by_o reason_n of_o homage_n shall_v have_v a_o absolute_a power_n over_o their_o tenant_n estate_n for_o though_o in_o the_o profession_n of_o homage_n to_o the_o lord_n i_o grant_v the_o tenant_n thereby_o promise_v to_o become_v the_o lord_n man_n yet_o he_o never_o thereby_o mean_v to_o become_v his_o slave_n and_o there_o be_v mutual_a duty_n on_o both_o side_n so_o that_o if_o the_o lord_n fail_v to_o protect_v his_o tenant_n in_o his_o estate_n or_o unjust_o oppress_v he_o he_o may_v have_v refuse_v nay_o renounce_v his_o homage_n till_o the_o lord_n have_v do_v he_o right_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v how_o a_o bare_a right_n of_o have_v the_o forfeiture_n of_o the_o estate_n in_o the_o case_n you_o have_v put_v which_o yet_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o be_v never_o so_o strict_a in_o respect_n of_o socage_n as_o military_a tenure_n as_o i_o can_v show_v you_o be_v it_o worth_a while_n for_o if_o this_o right_n of_o forfeiture_n alone_o can_v give_v the_o superior_a lord_n a_o power_n over_o his_o tenant_n estate_n to_o make_v law_n for_o
i_o grant_v all_o the_o lesser_a baron_n or_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v to_o be_v summonld_v by_o the_o sheriff_n to_o come_v to_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o king_n may_v have_v only_o call_v some_o of_o the_o great_a and_o wise_a of_o they_o and_o such_o as_o he_o think_v most_o fit_a to_o advise_v he_o in_o make_v law_n and_o impose_v tax_n upon_o the_o nation_n and_o the_o like_a prerogative_n his_o son_n henry_n the_o three_o resume_v during_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o reign_n as_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o from_o divers_a old_a statute_n by_o and_o by_o p._n and_o that_o our_o king_n do_v often_o take_v upon_o they_o to_o call_v who_o they_o please_v and_o omit_v who_o they_o please_v of_o these_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la may_v appear_v by_o those_o who_o be_v call_v pares_fw-la baronum_fw-la or_o alios_fw-la magnates_fw-la who_o be_v put_v after_o the_o baron_n and_o of_o these_o there_o be_v many_o instance_n of_o their_o be_v call_v to_o parliament_n and_o again_o omit_v in_o several_a king_n reign_v after_o the_o commons_o be_v a_o three_o estate_n as_o represent_v as_o at_o this_o day_n f._n i_o must_v beg_v your_o pardon_n if_o i_o can_v come_v over_o to_o your_o opinion_n notwithstanding_o what_o you_o now_o have_v say_v since_o i_o do_v not_o find_v your_o reason_n to_o come_v up_o to_o what_o you_o intend_v therein_o for_o you_o only_o suppose_v but_o without_o any_o proof_n that_o the_o word_n populus_fw-la and_o communitas_fw-la must_v signify_v only_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la in_o the_o ancient_a scotish_n charter_n and_o statute_n all_o the_o argument_n you_o bring_v to_o the_o contrary_n be_v that_o i_o can_v show_v you_o any_o law_n by_o which_o it_o be_v alter_v to_o what_o it_o be_v now_o and_o therefore_o that_o the_o constitution_n have_v be_v always_o the_o same_o as_o at_o this_o day_n now_o pray_v consider_v whether_o this_o will_v not_o press_v altogether_o as_o hard_o upon_o you_o in_o relation_n to_o england_n for_o you_o can_v show_v i_o any_o law_n whereby_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v exclude_v here_o and_o knight_n of_o shire_n introduce_v in_o their_o flead_v and_o therefore_o by_o the_o same_o rule_n let_v the_o scottish_a parliament_n have_v be_v of_o what_o they_o will_v yet_o we_o have_v be_v still_o the_o same_o they_o be_v now_o but_o if_o you_o say_v that_o this_o contrary_a usage_n have_v be_v introduce_v either_o by_o the_o king_n prerogative_n or_o by_o the_o silent_a consent_n of_o the_o people_n or_o by_o some_o law_n that_o be_v now_o lose_v be_v not_o all_o the_o same_o argument_n to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o case_n of_o the_o scotish_n parliament_n which_o i_o may_v upon_o as_o good_a ground_n suppose_v to_o have_v deviate_v from_o their_o original_a constitution_n as_o you_o do_v that_o our_o english_a parliament_n have_v do_v it_o so_o that_o if_o those_o argument_n be_v of_o any_o weight_n they_o will_v serve_v for_o england_n as_o well_o as_o scotland_n but_o if_o they_o be_v not_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o make_v use_n of_o they_o at_o all_o the_o like_a i_o may_v say_v as_o to_o burrough_n in_o scotland_n since_o it_o be_v as_o easy_a to_o suppose_v that_o divers_a burrough_n in_o scotland_n may_v voluntary_o desist_v from_o send_v their_o deputy_n to_o parliament_n that_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la as_o it_o be_v that_o divers_a burrough_n in_o england_n do_v petition_n to_o be_v exempt_v from_o send_v burgess_n to_o parliament_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o inability_n to_o pay_v the_o expense_n of_o their_o burgess_n as_o i_o can_v show_v you_o by_o divers_a precedent_n some_o of_o which_o be_v in_o print_n have_v i_o now_o time_n as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o discourse_n i_o can_v imagine_v to_o what_o it_o tend_v for_o if_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v any_o place_n in_o or_o right_o to_o come_v to_o parliament_n how_o come_v they_o to_o have_v it_o but_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o great_a freehold_a estate_n they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n and_o if_o so_o i_o can_v see_v no_o reason_n why_o those_o that_o have_v as_o good_a or_o better_a freehold_a estate_n than_o they_o shall_v be_v all_o exclude_v or_o why_o a_o small_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o but_o one_o knight_n fee_fw-mi hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la shall_v give_v he_o a_o right_a to_o a_o place_n in_o parliament_n and_o get_v that_o a_o mesne_n tenant_n or_o vavasour_n as_o he_o be_v then_o call_v who_o hold_v ten_o knight_n fee_n of_o some_o bishop_n or_o abbot_n who_o perhaps_o do_v not_o hold_v in_o capite_fw-la at_o all_o shall_v have_v no_o right_n of_o appear_v there_o nor_o of_o choose_v any_o representative_a for_o he_o since_o notwithstanding_o all_o you_o have_v now_o say_v the_o doctor_n either_o contradict_v himself_o 68_o or_o you_o when_o he_o tell_v we_o express_o in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n that_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la who_o be_v no_o baron_n represent_v only_o themselves_o and_o not_o the_o commons_o but_o how_o this_o will_v agree_v with_o what_o he_o say_v in_o his_o introduction_n that_o the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o have_v no_o share_n in_o make_v law_n etc._n etc._n before_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o three_o unless_o they_o be_v represent_v by_o thd_a tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o if_o so_o must_v then_o certain_o represent_v those_o that_o he_o here_o call_v the_o body_n of_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n collective_o take_v but_o as_o for_o your_o notion_n of_o the_o parliament_n be_v the_o king_n court_n baron_n though_o you_o have_v borrow_v it_o of_o a_o learned_a scotch_a lawyer_n sir_n george_n meâ—â—ensy_n yet_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o it_o be_v never_o true_a for_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o great_a or_o common_a council_n both_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n be_v much_o more_o ancient_a than_o the_o tennre_n of_o land_n by_o knight_n service_n or_o then_o the_o very_a institution_n of_o manor_n in_o this_o kingdom_n which_o the_o doctor_n tell_v we_o be_v of_o no_o high_a a_o original_n than_o the_o norman_a conquest_n but_o admit_v i_o shall_v allow_v your_o notion_n of_o the_o parliament_n be_v ancient_o the_o king_n court_n baron_n then_o certain_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la have_v a_o right_a to_o appear_v there_o and_o to_o be_v not_o only_a suitor_n but_o judge_n of_o all_o difference_n arise_v among_o the_o tenant_n in_o the_o lord_n court_n where_o neither_o the_o lord_n himself_o nor_o his_o steward_n be_v judge_n and_o that_o of_o right_n and_o not_o by_o savour_n whereas_o you_o suppose_v such_o a_o courtbaron_n as_o be_v never_o hear_v of_o where_o the_o lord_n can_v admit_v or_o exclude_v who_o of_o his_o tenant_n he_o please_v to_o which_o if_o they_o have_v a_o right_a ratione_fw-la tenurae_fw-la certain_o he_o can_v never_o do_v so_o that_o instead_o of_o a_o courtbaron_n and_o a_o common_a council_n according_a to_o king_n john_n charter_n whereby_o all_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v to_o be_v summon_v to_o this_o council_n or_o pretend_a court_n baron_n you_o suppose_v the_o king_n still_o retain_v a_o prerogative_n of_o call_v or_o omit_v who_o he_o please_v which_o instead_o of_o confirm_v the_o validity_n of_o the_o charter_n and_o that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v a_o rule_n how_o such_o council_n shall_v be_v call_v for_o the_o future_a you_o make_v to_o signify_v just_a nothing_o and_o that_o no_o common_a council_n be_v ever_o call_v according_a to_o that_o model_n but_o pray_v show_v i_o a_o courtbaron_n wherein_o the_o tenant_n ever_o take_v upon_o themselves_o a_o power_n of_o give_v tax_n out_o of_o their_o estate_n that_o do_v not_o hold_v of_o the_o manor_n though_o they_o be_v resident_a within_o it_o but_o indeed_o you_o be_v out_o in_o the_o whole_a matter_n for_o the_o doctor_n himself_o grant_v in_o his_o answer_n to_o mr._n p._n when_o he_o give_v we_o king_n john_n letter_n of_o summons_n to_o a_o council_n direct_v to_o the_o baron_n and_o knight_n and_o as_o he_o translate_v eidelibus_fw-la feudatory_n or_o vassal_n of_o all_o england_n wherein_o he_o let_v they_o know_v 40._o that_o he_o have_v send_v his_o letter_n to_o every_o one_o of_o they_o if_o it_o may_v have_v be_v do_v now_o what_o reason_n have_v he_o to_o write_v thus_o if_o these_o gentleman_n have_v no_o right_a to_o be_v consult_v or_o that_o the_o king_n may_v have_v call_v or_o leave_v out_o who_o of_o they_o he_o please_v but_o the_o baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la be_v in_o another_o mind_n when_o in_o the_o 37th_o of_o king_n hen._n iii_o as_o mar._n paris_n tell_v we_o they_o refuse_v to_o act_n or_o proceed_v upon_o any_o thing_n
man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v then_o in_o full_a parliament_n on_o the_o first_o of_o june_n grant_v he_o 40_o s._n on_o every_o knight_n fee_n to_o marry_v his_o daughter_n and_o it_o thence_o also_o appear_v that_o though_o this_o tax_n be_v say_v to_o be_v give_v for_o themselves_o and_o the_o whole_a community_n of_o the_o kingdom_n yet_o it_o be_v by_o the_o community_n of_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o because_o it_o be_v to_o be_v raise_v whole_o upon_o knight_n fee_n so_o that_o hitherto_o in_o this_o king_n reign_n there_o appear_v nothing_o that_o can_v plain_o evince_v either_o the_o summon_v or_o be_v of_o any_o commons_o in_o parliament_n as_o now_o understand_v we_o be_v at_o least_o leave_v at_o great_a uncertainty_n nay_o in_o my_o opinion_n the_o proof_n be_v more_o strong_a on_o the_o negative_a that_o there_o be_v none_o f._n i_o wonder_v you_o shall_v mention_v this_o writ_n any_o more_o since_o i_o have_v already_o confute_v the_o doctor_n notion_n about_o it_o and_o prove_v that_o it_o be_v a_o general_a tax_n grant_v by_o the_o parliament_n upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o not_o lay_v either_o by_o or_o upon_o the_o community_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la alone_o nor_o do_v the_o way_n of_o tax_v by_o 40_n upon_o every_o knight_n fee_n at_o all_o prove_v it_o for_o if_o it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o land_n only_o hold_v by_o knight_n service_n then_o this_o tax_n can_v not_o have_v extend_v to_o any_o other_o estate_n as_o certain_o it_o do_v since_o the_o king_n can_v by_o king_n john_n charter_n have_v force_v his_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o grant_v he_o a_o aid_n towards_o this_o marriage_n of_o his_o daughter_n and_o if_o what_o you_o say_v be_v true_a can_v also_o have_v make_v all_o the_o mesne_n tenant_n of_o the_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la to_o have_v contribute_v to_o it_o according_a to_o the_o knight_n fee_n they_o hold_v and_o this_o without_o call_v a_o parliament_n at_o aâ—_n therefore_o pray_v give_v some_o better_a authority_n than_o this_o for_o iâ—e_o assure_v you_o i_o be_o not_o at_o all_o satisfy_v with_o it_o m._n i_o will_v now_o give_v you_o the_o write_v the_o doctor_n have_v discover_v and_o by_o which_o it_o will_v plain_o appear_v that_o this_o tax_n grant_v in_o the_o 18_o of_o this_o king_n reign_n dein_fw-ge be_v give_v before_o ever_o the_o commons_o be_v summon_v to_o it_o and_o for_o this_o the_o learned_a doctor_n have_v find_v out_o a_o loose_a bundle_n of_o writ_n of_o this_o year_n direct_v to_o the_o sheriff_n of_o most_o county_n of_o england_n and_o they_o be_v the_o ancient_a extant_a or_o perhaps_o that_o ever_o be_v for_o in_o probability_n the_o call_n of_o knight_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n according_a to_o that_o example_n be_v discontinue_v from_o the_o 49th_o of_o hen._n iii_o unto_o this_o time_n by_o which_o two_n or_o three_o knight_n be_v direct_v to_o be_v choose_v for_o each_o county_n pray_v read_v the_o writ_n itself_o since_o i_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o the_o first_o pattern_n of_o this_o kind_n that_o of_o the_o 49th_o of_o henry_n iii_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v write_v in_o haste_n without_o those_o form_n that_o be_v afterward_o require_v in_o writ_n of_o this_o kind_n and_o particular_o in_o this_o edwardus_fw-la dei_fw-la gratiâ_fw-la rex_fw-la angliae_fw-la dominus_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la &_o dux_n aquiâ—aniae_n vice-comisi_a westmâ—rlandiae_fw-la salutem_fw-la cum_fw-la per_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o quosdam_fw-la alios_fw-la de_fw-la proceribus_fw-la regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la nuper_fw-la fuisseâ—us_fw-la super_fw-la quibusdam_fw-la speciâ—liter_fw-la requisiti_fw-la super_fw-la quibus_fw-la tam_fw-la cum_fw-la iâ—sis_fw-la quam_fw-la cum_fw-la aliis_fw-la de_fw-la comitatibus_fw-la regni_fw-la illius_fw-la colloquium_fw-la haâ—ere_fw-la volumus_fw-la &_o tyactatâ—m_fw-la tibi_fw-la praecipimus_fw-la quod_fw-la duos_fw-la uâ—l_fw-la tres_fw-la de_fw-fr diâ—cretioribuâ—_n &_o ad_fw-la laborandum_fw-la potentioribus_fw-la militibus_fw-la de_fw-la comitatu_fw-la praedicto_fw-la â—ine_z delatione_fw-la eligi_fw-la &_o eos_fw-la ad_fw-la nes_z usque_fw-la west_n monasterium_fw-la venire_fw-la facias_fw-la ita_fw-la quod_fw-la sint_fw-la ibidem_fw-la à _fw-la die_fw-la sancti_fw-la johannis_n bapt._n prox_n futur_fw-la in_o tres_fw-fr septimanes_n ad_fw-la ultimum_fw-la cum_fw-la plena_fw-la potestate_fw-la pro_fw-la se_fw-la &_o communicate_v comitat._n praedicti_fw-la adconsulendum_fw-la &_o consentienoum_fw-la pro_fw-la se_fw-la &_o communitate_fw-la illâ_fw-la hiis_fw-la quae_fw-la comites_fw-la barones_n &_o pro._n ever_o be_v praedicti_fw-la tunc_fw-la dixerine_n concordanda_fw-la &_o habeas_fw-la ibi_fw-la hâ—c_fw-la breve_fw-la testae_fw-la meipso_fw-la apud_fw-la westmonast_n 14_o die_v jun._n anno._n regni_fw-la nostri_fw-la 18._o whereby_o you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o first_o place_n that_o there_o be_v yet_o no_o certain_a number_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n settle_v who_o be_v to_o be_v summon_v to_o appear_v at_o this_o parliament_n and_o you_o may_v in_o the_o next_o place_n remember_v from_o a_o before_o mention_a record_n of_o the_o 30_o ed._n i._o that_o on_o the_o first_o of_o this_o month_n the_o king_n have_v scutage_n then_o give_v he_o in_o full_a parliament_n and_o now_o fourteen_o day_n after_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o other_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n upon_o certain_a matter_n by_o they_o move_v and_o propound_v to_o he_o he_o issue_v his_o writ_n of_o summons_n to_o the_o sheriffâ—_n of_o the_o several_a county_n to_o cause_v to_o be_v choose_v two_o or_o three_o knight_n of_o each_o county_n to_o come_v to_o he_o at_o westminster_n three_o week_n after_o st._n john_n baptist_n at_o far_a we_o may_v also_o further_o observe_v from_o this_o writ_n that_o it_o be_v most_o probable_a though_o it_o be_v not_o here_o absolute_o say_v so_o that_o the_o king_n be_v move_v by_o the_o 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the_o time_n appoint_v for_o meet_v of_o the_o knight_n the_o statute_n of_o westminster_n the_o three_o be_v make_v as_o may_v appear_v by_o this_o clause_n at_o the_o beginning_n dominus_fw-la rex_fw-la in_o parliamento_fw-la svo_fw-la apud_fw-la west_n monasterium_fw-la post_fw-la pascha-aâ—o_a regni_fw-la svi_fw-la decimo_fw-la octavo_fw-la videlicet_fw-la in_o quindena_fw-la sancti_fw-la johannis_n baptist._n that_o be_v the_o 8_o of_o july_n ad_fw-la instantiam_fw-la magnatum_fw-la regni_fw-la svi_fw-la concessiâ—_n providit_fw-la &_o statuit_fw-la quod_fw-la de_fw-la caetero_fw-la liceat_fw-la unicuique_fw-la libero_fw-la homini_fw-la etc._n etc._n so_o that_o this_o be_v the_o same_o full_a parliament_n which_o give_v the_o king_n scutage_n on_o the_o first_o of_o june_n and_o then_o the_o king_n and_o baron_n without_o the_o commons_o make_v this_o statute_n or_o the_o knight_n have_v another_o summons_n after_o the_o date_n of_o this_o writ_n for_o before_o that_o they_o be_v not_o in_o parliament_n or_o the_o knight_n come_v a_o week_n before_o they_o have_v need_v to_o have_v do_v but_o neither_o of_o the_o latter_a be_v probable_a see_v the_o knight_n than_o be_v great_a husband_n of_o their_o time_n and_o expense_n and_o be_v not_o very_o forward_o to_o undertake_v this_o service_n as_o be_v constant_o bind_v with_o or_o engage_v by_o surety_n or_o manucaptor_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o it_o and_o their_o appearance_n in_o parliament_n and_o therefore_o it_o seem_v reasonable_a to_o conclude_v that_o this_o law_n be_v make_v without_o they_o and_o before_o their_o come_n to_o parliament_n so_o much_o of_o this_o writ_n from_o which_o as_o well_o as_o divers_a follow_a writ_n and_o other_o record_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o it_o be_v from_o this_o king_n authority_n and_o at_o this_o very_a time_n that_o the_o house_n of_o commons_o come_v to_o be_v fix_v and_o establish_v in_o the_o present_a constant_a form_n it_o be_v now_o and_o have_v be_v in_o for_o many_o king_n reign_n and_o than_o the_o king_n in_o this_o age_n be_v not_o altogether_o confine_v to_o any_o number_n of_o knight_n
of_o the_o 49_o the_o of_o henry_n the_o 3_o d_o which_o be_v certain_o a_o summons_n to_o parliament_n in_o which_o be_v no_o clause_n of_o summon_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n this_o be_v no_o more_o a_o argument_n than_o the_o former_a since_o it_o may_v not_o then_o be_v the_o custom_n to_o insert_v they_o in_o the_o same_o writ_n with_o the_o bishop_n to_o be_v summon_v by_o he_o but_o they_o may_v have_v general_a writ_n of_o their_o own_o direct_v to_o the_o clergy_n of_o each_o diocesâ—_n but_o that_o all_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n as_o well_o as_o the_o superior_a appear_v at_o divers_a common_a council_n or_o parliament_n during_o this_o king_n reign_n which_o they_o can_v never_o have_v do_v without_o the_o king_n summons_n though_o the_o writ_n be_v lose_v may_v appear_v from_o that_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n of_o the_o 9_o the_o of_o henry_n 3_o d_o whereto_o as_o mat._n paris_n tell_v we_o in_o the_o place_n i_o have_v so_o often_o mention_v be_v summon_v clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la cum_fw-la magnatibus_fw-la regionis_fw-la or_o regni_fw-la as_o mat._n westminister_n word_n it_o and_o in_o this_o council_n be_v give_v by_o omnes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la the_o 15_o the_o of_o all_o the_o moveable_n of_o all_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n so_o that_o certain_o these_o omnes_fw-la de_fw-la regno_fw-la must_v take_v in_o all_o degree_n of_o man_n and_o consequent_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n too_o since_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n do_v never_o represent_v they_o in_o the_o house_n of_o peer_n or_o in_o convocation_n so_o as_o to_o lay_v any_o tax_n upon_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n without_o their_o express_a consent_n and_o this_o be_v the_o more_o evident_a because_o this_o tax_n be_v a_o 15_o the_o upon_o moveable_n and_o not_o a_o tax_n upon_o land_n and_o consequent_o can_v never_o be_v impose_v upon_o those_o of_o the_o clergy_n who_o hold_v in_o frank_n almoign_n as_o all_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n than_o do_v 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there_o only_o by_o their_o barony_n can_v never_o represent_v they_o that_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n be_v also_o summon_v to_o parliament_n in_o the_o 39_o the_o of_o of_o henry_n 3_o d._n appear_v from_o the_o annal_n of_o burton_n in_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1253._o where_o that_o author_n who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n relate_v that_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n then_o appear_v in_o parliament_n send_v messenger_n to_o the_o pope_n concern_v the_o intolerable_a grievance_n they_o then_o lay_v under_o among_o which_o the_o first_o grievance_n set_v forth_o by_o the_o procurator_n of_o the_o clergy_n for_o the_o diocese_n of_o lincoln_n be_v this_o quod_fw-la decima_fw-la bineficiorum_fw-la suoram_fw-la domino_fw-la regi_fw-la fuit_fw-la concessa_fw-la ipsis_fw-la non_fw-la voâ—atis_fw-la maxim_n cum_fw-la agitur_fw-la de_fw-la aliquo_fw-la obligando_fw-la necessarius_fw-la est_fw-la ejus_fw-la expressus_fw-la consensus_fw-la by_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n than_o claim_v it_o as_o their_o undoubted_a right_n by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n not_o to_o be_v tax_v either_o by_o the_o king_n or_o the_o pope_n without_o their_o express_a consent_n and_o they_o contend_v so_o hard_o for_o it_o that_o they_o have_v preserve_v this_o right_n even_o to_o this_o day_n when_o they_o now_o give_v their_o vote_n to_o the_o choice_n of_o knight_n of_o the_o shire_n though_o till_o the_o late_a king_n charles_n reign_n they_o be_v never_o tax_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o own_o procurator_n in_o convocation_n and_o this_o may_v serve_v to_o enlarge_v your_o understanding_n and_o to_o show_v you_o in_o what_o sense_n the_o whole_a clergy_n as_o well_o the_o inferior_a as_o superior_n do_v ancient_o make_v the_o three_o estate_n in_o parliament_n which_o be_v more_o comprehensive_a than_o the_o bishop_n and_o mitre_a abbot_n alone_o who_o sit_v in_o the_o upper_a house_n only_o per_fw-mi baronian_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o barony_n though_o in_o the_o synod_n or_o convocation_n of_o the_o clergy_n as_o ecclesiastical_a person_n only_o where_o they_o also_o join_v in_o the_o make_n of_o ecclesiastical_a law_n and_o give_v tax_n which_o last_v you_o can_v deny_v but_o to_o be_v a_o mere_a temporal_a thing_n m._n i_o grant_v you_o be_v so_o far_o in_o the_o right_n yet_o though_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n often_o join_v with_o the_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o give_v the_o same_o tax_n yet_o this_o be_v by_o and_o upon_o themselves_o alone_o and_o they_o have_v no_o hand_n in_o make_v of_o temporal_a law_n and_o give_v tax_n for_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o i_o challenge_v you_o to_o show_v i_o any_o precedent_n within_o these_o 500_o year_n that_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n ever_o make_v the_o three_o estate_n in_o parliament_n or_o that_o their_o consent_n be_v ever_o ask_v to_o the_o make_n of_o temporal_a law_n since_o the_o bishop_n have_v be_v always_o look_v upon_o till_o of_o late_a as_o the_o only_a representative_n of_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n in_o parliament_n how_o else_o can_v they_o be_v oblige_v by_o general_a statute_n or_o act_n of_o parliament_n since_o according_a to_o your_o own_o confession_n they_o give_v no_o vote_n at_o the_o election_n of_o knight_n of_o shire_n but_o since_o the_o return_n of_o king_n charles_n ii_o so_o that_o if_o they_o have_v ever_o join_v in_o this_o legislative_a power_n as_o you_o suppose_v they_o ancient_o do_v i_o can_v see_v why_o they_o shall_v not_o have_v keep_v to_o this_o day_n f._n i_o grant_v indeed_o it_o have_v be_v otherwise_o between_o 300_o and_o 400_o year_n but_o for_o that_o it_o be_v not_o so_o from_o the_o original_a institution_n of_o the_o government_n be_v also_o as_o certain_a for_o that_o the_o english_a common_a council_n consist_v of_o all_o sort_n and_o degree_n of_o ecclesiastic_n you_o must_v allow_v since_o before_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o norman_n the_o bishop_n and_o abbot_n do_v not_o sit_v in_o the_o mycel_n synod_n as_o temporal_a lord_n be_v general_o acknowledge_v and_o yet_o even_o after_o they_o come_v to_o sit_v among_o the_o lay_v peer_n in_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o nation_n by_o virtue_n of_o their_o barony_n the_o inferior_a clergy_n also_o give_v their_o assent_n to_o the_o make_n of_o temporal_a law_n and_o give_v tax_n i_o have_v prove_v by_o such_o authority_n as_o i_o do_v not_o see_v you_o be_v able_a to_o answer_v and_o for_o further_a proof_n of_o this_o to_o show_v you_o their_o come_n be_v continue_v down_o to_o the_o reign_n of_o henry_n three_o see_v sir_n h._n spelman_n council_n second_o volume_n where_o you_o will_v find_v that_o they_o be_v in_o that_o great_a council_n at_o clarendon_n 64._o when_o those_o famous_a constitution_n be_v make_v as_o appear_v by_o these_o word_n in_o mat._n paris_n at_o the_o end_n of_o these_o constitution_n hanc_fw-la recognitionem_fw-la sive_fw-la recordationem_fw-la de_fw-la consuâ—tudinibus_fw-la &_o libertatibus_fw-la iniquis_fw-la archiepiscopi_fw-la 1164._o episcopi_fw-la abbates_n priores_fw-la clerus_fw-la cum_fw-la comitibus_fw-la &_o baronibus_fw-la &_o proceribus_fw-la cunctis_fw-la juraverunt_fw-la so_o likewise_o at_o the_o council_n of_o gaintington_n in_o the_o 34_o the_o of_o this_o king_n 641._o roger_n hoveden_n have_v in_o his_o history_n these_o word_n dominus_fw-la vero_fw-la rex_fw-la statin_n postquam_fw-la in_o angliam_fw-la applicuit_fw-la magnum_fw-la congregavit_fw-la concilium_fw-la episcoporum_fw-la abbatum_fw-la comitum_fw-la &_o baronum_fw-la &_o aliorum_fw-la multorâ—m_fw-la clericorum_fw-la quam_fw-la laicorum_fw-la apud_fw-la gaintington_n and_o mat._n paris_n in_o the_o year_n 1185_o be_v the_o 31_o st_z of_o this_o king_n reign_n mention_n a_o common_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n then_o call_v at_o clerkenwel_n where_o convocatus_fw-la est_fw-la clerus_fw-la &_o populus_fw-la cum_fw-la tota_fw-la nobilitate_fw-la which_o dr._n heylin_n in_o his_o stumble_v block_n of_o disobedience_n thus_o
be_v the_o bishop_n the_o nobility_n and_o civitatum_fw-la delegati_fw-la the_o deputy_n or_o commissioner_n of_o town_n and_o city_n for_o sweden_n it_o come_v near_o the_o government_n and_o form_n of_o danemark_n and_o have_v the_o same_o estate_n and_o degree_n of_o people_n as_o among_o the_o dane_n that_o be_v to_o say_v proceres_fw-la &_o nobiles_fw-la the_o great_a and_o the_o less_o nobility_n episcopi_fw-la &_o ecclesiastici_fw-la the_o bishop_n and_o inferior_a clergy_n civitates_fw-la &_o vniversitates_fw-la the_o city_n and_o town_n corporate_a for_o so_o i_o think_v he_o mean_v by_o vniversitates_fw-la as_o tâ—uanus_n muster_v they_o 131._o to_o which_o we_o may_v also_o add_v though_o here_o omit_v by_o this_o author_n the_o delegate_n of_o the_o rustic_n or_o husbandman_n who_o make_v a_o four_o estate_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o in_o this_o realm_n the_o bishop_n and_o clergy_n enjoy_v the_o place_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o three_o estate_n notwithstanding_o the_o alteration_n of_o religion_n to_o this_o very_a day_n the_o bishop_n in_o their_o own_o person_n and_o a_o certain_a number_n of_o the_o clergy_n out_o of_o every_o sochen_n a_o division_n like_o our_o rural_a deanery_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o rest_n have_v a_o necessary_a vote_n in_o all_o their_o parliament_n and_n this_v swedish_n great_a council_n be_v the_o more_o remarkable_a because_o it_o come_v very_o near_o our_o constitution_n in_o england_n in_o which_o i_o prove_v the_o inferior_a clergy_n and_o the_o commons_o not_o except_v the_o mean_a freeholder_n ancient_o have_v their_o representative_n so_o that_o it_o have_v be_v the_o strange_a thing_n that_o can_v have_v be_v observe_v in_o all_o the_o political_a constitution_n on_o this_o side_n of_o europe_n if_o that_o of_o england_n though_o descend_v from_o the_o same_o gothick_n original_a and_o found_v according_a to_o the_o same_o model_n shall_v have_v have_v no_o representative_n for_o the_o commons_o or_o plebian_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n the_o dr._n here_o conclude_v with_o scotland_n and_o england_n the_o former_a of_o which_o since_o you_o agree_v to_o have_v have_v from_o all_o time_n citizen_n and_o burgess_n in_o their_o great_a council_n or_o parliament_n i_o need_v not_o repeat_v what_o be_v there_o since_o it_o be_v no_o more_o than_o what_o you_o yourself_o have_v grant_v and_o as_o for_o england_n he_o own_v as_o appear_v by_o the_o passage_n i_o have_v already_o cite_v out_o of_o this_o chapter_n 193._o that_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o people_n be_v call_v to_o a_o parliament_n hold_v under_o henry_n the_o ad_fw-la at_o clerkâ—nwell_n m_o i_o will_v not_o deny_v but_o there_o be_v representative_n of_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o the_o great_a council_n or_o assembly_n of_o estate_n of_o all_o those_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v out_o of_o dr._n heylins_n treatise_n yet_o whether_o they_o be_v there_o from_o the_o very_a first_o institution_n of_o those_o government_n be_v much_o to_o be_v doubt_v but_o since_o i_o have_v not_o now_o leisure_n to_o inquire_v into_o the_o original_a of_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nor_o at_o what_o time_n each_o state_n begin_v to_o come_v to_o these_o great_a council_n give_v i_o leave_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n to_o remark_n that_o all_o these_o kingdom_n except_o sweden_n come_v near_o to_o that_o constitution_n which_o we_o suppose_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o in_o england_n and_o scotland_n and_o also_o other_o kingdom_n where_o feudatory_a tenor_n be_v observe_v and_o consequent_o none_o but_o the_o chief_a lord_n or_o baron_n by_o knight_n service_n 96._o and_o that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n so_o that_o all_o those_o foreign_a council_n or_o dyeâ—s_n etc._n etc._n at_o first_o be_v all_o the_o same_o as_o consist_v of_o emperor_n or_o king_n with_o their_o earl_n and_o baron_n bishop_n and_o great_a officer_n as_o be_v evident_a from_o all_o the_o old_a german_a and_o french_a author_n and_o since_o city_n send_v deputy_n in_o germany_n and_o italy_n 126._o they_o be_v only_o from_o imperial_a city_n the_o like_a i_o believe_v will_v be_v find_v in_o france_n and_o those_o other_o kingdom_n you_o have_v now_o mention_v but_o you_o can_v show_v i_o unless_o in_o sweden_n any_o representative_n elect_v by_o the_o common_a people_n or_o rustic_n distinct_a from_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n like_o our_o knight_n of_o shire_n in_o england_n so_o that_o i_o still_o doubt_v whether_o all_o the_o representative_n of_o the_o great_a lord_n and_o other_o nobility_n that_o appear_v in_o the_o council_n of_o these_o kingdom_n be_v not_o all_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o no_o other_o f._n that_o this_o be_v a_o mere_a surmise_n of_o you_o i_o think_v i_o can_v easy_o prove_v for_o in_o the_o first_o place_n as_o for_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o clergy_n who_o still_o make_v the_o first_o estate_n in_o all_o these_o kingdom_n nothing_o be_v more_o certain_a than_o that_o they_o never_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o knight_n service_n and_o therefore_o can_v not_o 〈◊〉_d in_o their_o great_a council_n by_o that_o tenure_n that_o institution_n be_v for_o aught_o as_o i_o know_v peculiar_a to_o england_n and_o introduce_v by_o your_o conqueror_n as_o you_o yourself_o acknowledge_v and_o as_o for_o the_o temporal_a nobility_n you_o will_v find_v that_o in_o france_n not_o only_o those_o nobleman_n that_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n by_o military_a service_n but_o those_o who_o hold_v in_o libero_fw-la alodio_n without_o any_o such_o service_n at_o all_o have_v place_n either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o deputy_n in_o the_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n so_o likewise_o for_o the_o city_n and_o town_n that_o send_v deputy_n to_o it_o i_o believe_v you_o will_v not_o find_v that_o any_o of_o they_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o capite_fw-la and_o to_o come_v to_o germany_n you_o be_v likewise_o as_o much_o mistake_v in_o fancy_v that_o all_o the_o imperial_a city_n be_v subject_a immediate_o to_o the_o emperor_n before_o they_o become_v so_o for_o hamburgh_n and_o lubec_n be_v subject_a to_o their_o own_o prince_n the_o former_a to_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n and_o sleswic_n and_o the_o latter_a to_o earl_n of_o its_o own_o till_o at_o last_o they_o either_o purchase_v their_o liberty_n they_o enjoy_v from_o their_o prince_n or_o else_o cast_v they_o off_o and_o be_v after_o receive_v into_o the_o body_n of_o the_o diet_n by_o the_o bull_n or_o charter_n of_o several_a emperor_n 30._o and_o so_o likewise_o brunswick_n be_v always_o a_o fâ—â—e_a city_n till_o it_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o empire_n by_o its_o own_o consent_n i_o can_v show_v you_o the_o like_a of_o several_a other_o city_n now_o call_v imperial_a who_o hold_v ancient_o not_o of_o the_o emperor_n but_o either_o of_o their_o own_o earl_n or_o bishop_n though_o i_o grant_v it_o be_v the_o charter_n of_o the_o emperor_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n that_o give_v they_o a_o place_n in_o those_o assembly_n and_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o these_o kingdom_n the_o mere_a rustic_n or_o paisant_n have_v no_o representative_n in_o their_o great_a council_n yet_o this_o make_v no_o alteration_n in_o the_o case_n if_o you_o please_v to_o consider_v it_o for_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n be_v the_o only_a true_a and_o proper_a owner_n of_o the_o land_n of_o those_o kingdom_n all_o the_o rustic_n or_o paisant_n be_v mere_a vassal_n and_o in_o france_n almost_o slave_n to_o their_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n who_o as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v have_v all_o alike_a vote_n in_o their_o assembly_n of_o estate_n as_o well_o those_o who_o hold_v of_o the_o king_n in_o chief_a by_o knight_n service_n as_o those_o that_o do_v not_o whereas_o it_o be_v always_o far_o otherwise_o in_o england_n where_o the_o mean_a freeholder_n be_v always_o as_o free_a as_o to_o his_o person_n and_o estate_n as_o the_o great_a lord_n of_o who_o he_o hold_v and_o hence_o it_o be_v that_o we_o have_v have_v from_o all_o time_n those_o of_o the_o degree_n of_o yeoman_n so_o peculiar_a to_o england_n as_o fortiscut_n in_o his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr laudibus_fw-la legum_n angliae_fw-la take_v notice_n who_o if_o they_o live_v on_o their_o own_o land_n have_v no_o more_o dependence_n on_o the_o nobleman_n and_o gentleman_n than_o they_o have_v now_o and_o therefore_o it_o be_v but_o reason_n that_o these_o shall_v have_v their_o representative_n in_o parliament_n as_o well_o as_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o city_n and_o burrough_n who_o have_v most_o of_o they_o a_o far_o less_o share_n in_o the_o riches_n and_o real_a estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n second_o pray_v take_v notice_n that_o in_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n except_o
this_o letter_n i_o now_o mention_v be_v write_v to_o the_o pope_n which_o transaction_n i_o shall_v give_v you_o almost_o verbatim_o out_o of_o mat._n of_o westminster_n and_o henry_n de_fw-fr keyghton_n in_o anno_fw-la 1297._o be_v the_o 26_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o when_o the_o king_n have_v extort_a a_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n from_o the_o clergy_n and_o people_n contrary_a to_o law_n and_o be_v then_o go_v into_o flanders_n he_o call_v a_o parliament_n at_o westminster_n where_o most_o of_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n refuse_v to_o appear_v until_o such_o time_n as_o their_o petition_n for_o the_o ease_n of_o their_o country_n be_v hear_v and_o that_o the_o king_n will_v again_o confirm_v magna_fw-la charta_fw-la yet_o nevertheless_o the_o king_n upon_o his_o confession_n of_o his_o male_a administration_n which_o he_o make_v before_o all_o the_o people_n with_o tear_n in_o his_o eye_n and_o promise_v of_o amendment_n then_o obtain_v of_o the_o commons_o a_o aid_n of_o the_o eight_o penny_n of_o their_o good_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o king_n be_v go_v over_o the_o constable_n and_o earl_n marshal_n with_o other_o earl_n and_o baron_n go_v to_o the_o exchequer_n and_o there_o forbid_v the_o judge_n to_o levy_v the_o say_a tax_n upon_o the_o people_n by_o the_o sheriff_n because_o it_o be_v do_v without_o their_o knowledge_n without_o who_o consent_n no_o tax_n ought_v to_o be_v exact_v or_o impose_v so_o that_o the_o say_v earl_n and_o baron_n be_v thus_o gather_v together_o and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o people_n join_v with_o they_o at_o last_o prince_n edw._n then_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v force_v to_o call_v a_o parliament_n to_o which_o the_o earl_n and_o baron_n come_v attend_v with_o great_a multitude_n both_o of_o horse_n and_o foot_n but_o will_v not_o enter_v the_o city_n of_o london_n till_o the_o prince_n have_v in_o his_o father_n name_n confirm_v the_o great_a charter_n and_o have_v pass_v the_o statute_n de_fw-fr tallagio_n non_fw-la concedendo_fw-la both_o which_o be_v afterward_o again_o confirm_v by_o the_o king_n his_o father_n some_o time_n after_o his_o return_n and_o this_o will_v serve_v to_o explain_v the_o last_o article_n in_o this_o statute_n which_o comprehend_v the_o king_n pardon_n or_o remission_n to_o humphrey_n earl_n of_o herâ—ford_n and_o essâ—x_n then_o constable_n and_o roger_n bigot_n earl_n of_o norfolk_n marshal_n of_o england_n the_o two_o principal_a leader_n in_o the_o late_a resistance_n with_o all_o other_o earl_n baron_n knight_n and_o esquire_n of_o their_o party_n all_o league_n and_o confederacy_n as_o also_o all_o rancour_n and_o ill-will_a with_o all_o other_o transgression_n against_o they_o &_o and_o pray_v see_v sir_n edward_n coke_n comment_n on_o these_o word_n 536._o you_o compare_v our_o english_a history_n with_o this_o act_n of_o parliament_n the_o old_a say_n shall_v be_v verify_v that_o record_n of_o parliament_n the_o true_a history_n the_o king_n have_v conceive_v a_o deep_a displeasure_n against_o the_o constable_n marshal_z and_o other_o of_o the_o nobility_n gentry_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o realm_n for_o deny_v that_o which_o he_o so_o much_o desire_v yet_o for_o that_o they_o stand_v in_o defence_n of_o their_o law_n liberty_n and_o free_a custom_n etc._n etc._n i_o suppose_v he_o refer_v to_o the_o resistance_n but_o now_o mention_v whereupon_o he_o do_v not_o only_o restore_v the_o same_o to_o they_o as_o aforesaid_a but_o grant_v special_a pardon_n to_o those_o against_o who_o he_o have_v conceive_v so_o heavy_a a_o displeasure_n etc._n etc._n and_o such_o a_o one_o as_o you_o will_v scarce_o read_v the_o like_a and_o after_o a_o short_a gloss_n upon_o the_o word_n rancour_n and_o ill-will_a he_o thus_o comment_v on_o these_o word_n etiam_fw-la transgressiones_fw-la si_fw-la qâ—as_fw-la fecâ—inâ—_n here_o the_o word_n si_fw-fr quaâ—_n sicâ—iâ—t_fw-la be_v add_v lest_o by_o acceptance_n of_o a_o pardon_n they_o shall_v confess_v they_o have_v transgress_v so_o careful_a be_v the_o lord_n and_o commons_o to_o preserve_v their_o ancient_a law_n liberty_n and_o custom_n of_o their_o country_n so_o that_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o sir_n edward_n coke_n then_o think_v the_o lord_n and_o commons_o have_v not_o transgress_v in_o thus_o stand_v up_o though_o with_o force_n of_o arm_n for_o their_o just_a right_n and_o liberty_n and_o which_o sufficient_o prove_v that_o this_o author_n do_v not_o conceive_v such_o a_o resistance_n to_o be_v make_v war_n against_o the_o king_n and_o so_o treason_n at_o that_o time_n at_o common_a law_n and_o consequent_o not_o to_o be_v afterward_o treason_n by_o the_o statute_n of_o 25_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o as_o you_o will_v have_v it_o since_o that_o statute_n dâ—es_v not_o make_v any_o other_o overtact_n to_o be_v treason_n but_o what_o have_v be_v so_o by_o common_a law_n before_o this_o statute_n be_v make_v but_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o this_o king_n son_n edward_n the_o second_o there_o be_v much_o more_o pregnant_a and_o fatal_a proof_n of_o the_o exercise_n of_o this_o right_n of_o resistance_n by_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o people_n of_o england_n against_o peirce_n gaveston_n who_o have_v be_v before_o for_o his_o misgovernment_n of_o the_o king_n banish_v the_o realm_n by_o act_n of_o parliament_n and_o come_v over_o with_o the_o king_n licence_n but_o without_o any_o reverse_n of_o the_o say_a act_n thomas_n earl_n of_o lancaster_n the_o king_n uncle_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o earl_n baron_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o land_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o he_o and_o though_o he_o raise_v some_o force_n by_o the_o king_n commission_n yet_o they_o fight_v with_o he_o and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n and_o behead_v he_o near_z warwick_z some_o year_n after_o which_o the_o say_a thomas_n earl_n of_o lancaster_n with_o humphrey_z de_fw-fr bohun_n earl_n of_o hereford_n together_o with_o divers_a other_o earl_n and_o baron_n take_v arm_n and_o spoil_v the_o land_n of_o the_o two_o spencer_n father_n and_o son_n come_v up_o to_o london_n where_o the_o king_n have_v call_v a_o parliament_n in_o which_o the_o king_n be_v force_v to_o banish_v the_o say_v spencer_n out_n of_o the_o kingdom_n though_o they_o quick_o return_v again_o against_o who_o when_o the_o say_v earl_n above_o mention_v and_o divers_a other_o baron_n and_o knight_n again_o take_v arm_n but_o be_v fail_v by_o some_o of_o their_o confederates_n be_v overpower_a by_o the_o king_n party_n and_o the_o earl_n be_v take_v prisoner_n be_v attaint_v and_o behead_v at_o portfract_a yet_o be_v the_o this_o judgement_n against_o the_o earl_n and_o those_o of_o his_o party_n afterward_o reverse_v in_o parliament_n in_o 1_o mo_z edward_n the_o three_o and_o their_o heir_n restore_v in_o blood_n as_o also_o to_o the_o land_n of_o their_o father_n as_o beside_o the_o act_n it_o still_o to_o be_v see_v upon_o the_o roll_n appear_v more_o plain_o by_o a_o writ_n of_o this_o king_n be_v recite_v 2._o that_o whereas_o at_o a_o parliament_n at_o westminster_n among_o other_o thing_n it_o be_v agree_v by_o the_o king_n the_o prelate_n earl_n baron_n and_o commons_o of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o all_o those_o who_o be_v in_o the_o quarrel_n with_o thomas_n e._n of_o lancaster_n against_o the_o spencer_n shall_v have_v their_o land_n and_o good_n restore_v because_o the_o say_a quarrel_n be_v find_v and_o adjudge_v by_o the_o king_n and_o the_o whole_a parliament_n to_o be_v good_a and_o just_a and_o that_o the_o judgement_n give_v against_o they_o be_v null_a and_o void_a and_o therefore_o command_v restitution_n of_o the_o land_n and_o tenement_n now_o in_o the_o crown_n to_o the_o executor_n of_o the_o say_a earl_n and_o the_o like_a writ_n be_v find_v for_o the_o other_o lord_n and_o gentleman_n that_o have_v be_v of_o his_o party_n and_o further_o that_o not_o only_o this_o resistance_n make_v by_o this_o earl_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o follower_n but_o also_o that_o which_o this_o king_n himself_o make_v together_o with_o queen_n isabel_n his_o mother_n against_o the_o misgovernment_n of_o the_o king_n his_o father_n through_o the_o evil_a counsel_n of_o the_o two_o spencer_n appear_v by_o the_o act_n of_o indemnity_n pass_v in_o the_o first_o year_n of_o this_o king_n in_o the_o preamble_n of_o which_o there_o be_v recite_v a_o short_a history_n of_o the_o wicked_a government_n and_o banishment_n of_o the_o spencer_n father_n and_o son_n and_o also_o how_o thomas_n late_a earl_n of_o lancaster_n be_v by_o their_o procurement_n pursue_v take_v execute_v disinherit_v and_o how_o the_o say_v spencer_n and_o robert_n baldock_n and_o edmund_n earl_n of_o arundel_n by_o the_o royal_a power_n they_o have_v usurp_v have_v cause_v the_o king_n that_o now_o be_v and_o the_o queen_n his_o mother_n to_o be_v utter_o forsake_v of_o the_o king_n
against_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o duke_n d'alva_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o belgic_a war_n and_o it_o be_v soon_o after_o second_v by_o the_o revolt_n of_o divers_a other_o city_n and_o town_n in_o those_o province_n till_o the_o spaniard_n be_v quite_o drive_v out_o m._n i_o do_v not_o deny_v but_o you_o speak_v more_o moderate_o on_o this_o subject_a than_o most_o of_o your_o opinion_n who_o think_v every_o private_a man_n have_v a_o right_a to_o take_v up_o arm_n and_o raise_v a_o rebellion_n whenever_o he_o judge_v his_o person_n or_o estate_n be_v invade_v or_o injure_v by_o the_o government_n and_o indeed_o this_o remedy_n of_o resistance_n seem_v at_o first_o sight_n pretty_a tolerable_a if_o it_o be_v not_o that_o we_o very_o well_o know_v that_o this_o many-headed_a beast_n the_o multitude_n be_v very_o apt_a to_o be_v delude_v by_o the_o cunning_a speech_n and_o sly_a insinuation_n of_o factious_a and_o ambitious_a man_n who_o interest_n it_o will_v always_o be_v to_o fish_n in_o trouble_a water_n and_o raise_v disturbance_n to_o make_v themselves_o the_o head_n of_o a_o party_n thus_o in_o the_o year_n 42._o what_o lie_v and_o story_n be_v there_o raise_v to_o incense_v the_o people_n against_o that_o good_a king_n to_o make_v they_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o he_o as_o a_o invader_n of_o their_o liberty_n and_o one_o that_o be_v about_o to_o make_v war_n upon_o they_o and_o who_o that_o be_v not_o over-partial_a to_o his_o own_o opinion_n do_v not_o see_v that_o the_o nation_n have_v be_v blow_v up_o into_o a_o flame_n by_o the_o lie_a report_n of_o a_o french_a league_n and_o a_o supposiâ—irious_a prince_n of_o wales_n neither_o of_o which_o i_o dare_v pawn_v my_o life_n have_v the_o least_o tittle_n of_o truth_n in_o they_o so_o that_o this_o doctrine_n can_v scarce_o fail_v almost_o every_o time_n it_o be_v put_v in_o practice_n to_o bring_v all_o government_n to_o anarchy_n and_o confusion_n f._n i_o have_v already_o in_o part_n answer_v 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it_o to_o yourself_o or_o any_o indifferent_a person_n to_o judge_v m._n i_o doubt_v not_o but_o i_o may_v very_o well_o join_v issue_n with_o you_o upon_o this_o point_n for_o i_o think_v that_o upon_o those_o very_a condition_n and_o ground_n you_o have_v now_o lay_v down_o the_o clergyman_n lord_n gentleman_n and_o commons_o of_o this_o kingdom_n who_o have_v either_o come_v over_o with_o the_o prince_n of_o orange_n or_o have_v take_v up_o arm_n in_o defence_n of_o his_o late_a declaration_n can_v justify_v themselves_o by_o any_o of_o the_o instance_n you_o have_v give_v for_o join_v themselves_o with_o he_o in_o arm_n for_o though_o i_o grant_v his_o majesty_n by_o harken_v too_o much_o to_o popish_a counsel'_v may_v have_v do_v many_o thing_n which_o in_o strictness_n of_o law_n can_v be_v justify_v yet_o since_o they_o do_v not_o strike_v at_o that_o which_o you_o call_v the_o fundamental_a constitution_n of_o the_o government_n and_o have_v be_v also_o do_v without_o any_o 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that_o he_o will_v give_v his_o people_n any_o sufficient_a testimony_n of_o his_o amendment_n and_o sincerity_n by_o give_v up_o such_o evil_a minister_n to_o punishment_n that_o put_v he_o upon_o such_o desperate_a course_n i_o do_v then_o ready_o grant_v that_o the_o people_n ought_v to_o lay_v down_o their_o arm_n and_o be_v again_o reconcile_v to_o their_o king_n and_o submit_v themselves_o to_o he_o as_o before_o according_a to_o that_o clause_n in_o king_n john_n magna_fw-la charta_fw-la i_o have_v already_o cite_v wherein_o there_o be_v a_o power_n leave_v for_o the_o baron_n in_o case_n of_o any_o breach_n of_o it_o to_o take_v arm_n and_o constrain_v the_o king_n by_o take_v of_o his_o castle_n land_n and_o possession_n to_o amend_v those_o transgression_n and_o when_o all_o be_v thus_o amend_v the_o charter_n say_v tunc_fw-la cum_fw-la fuerit_fw-la emendatum_fw-la then_o and_o not_o before_o interdent_a nobis_fw-la sicut_fw-la prius_fw-la fecerunt_fw-la they_o shall_v be_v 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condition_n after_o he_o have_v do_v the_o worst_a he_o can_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n against_o the_o people_n than_o he_o be_v before_o for_o if_o as_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v he_o may_v be_v resist_v till_o he_o give_v the_o kingdom_n satisfaction_n that_o he_o will_v surcease_v from_o such_o tyrannical_a course_n and_o that_o such_o resistance_n be_v real_o a_o suspension_n of_o allegiance_n for_o the_o time_n it_o last_v it_o will_v likewise_o follow_v that_o if_o the_o king_n will_v still_o persist_v in_o these_o wicked_a course_n he_o must_v at_o last_o forfeit_v his_o crown_n and_o discharge_v his_o subject_n of_o all_o allegiance_n to_o he_o or_o else_o he_o will_v be_v in_o a_o better_a condition_n by_o his_o wilful_a persist_v in_o his_o tyranny_n than_o he_o can_v by_o quit_v it_o and_o reconcile_a himself_o to_o his_o people_n for_o whereas_o by_o this_o method_n the_o best_a he_o can_v expect_v be_v to_o return_v to_o the_o exercise_n of_o the_o same_o limit_a power_n â—e_v before_o enjoy_v if_o he_o push_v thing_n to_o the_o utmost_a extremity_n he_o may_v perhaps_o get_v the_o better_a of_o his_o people_n and_o then_o he_o may_v set_v up_o for_o a_o absolute_a king_n by_o conquest_n or_o if_o he_o fail_v in_o that_o and_o be_v beat_v or_o take_v prisoner_n by_o they_o he_o can_v still_o lose_v nothing_o since_o by_o your_o principle_n he_o still_o continue_v a_o absolute_a sovereign_a prince_n as_o he_o be_v before_o and_o must_v be_v immediate_o put_v in_o the_o same_o state_n and_o ability_n of_o destroy_v the_o government_n and_o enslave_v the_o nation_n but_o your_o civil_a as_o well_o as_o our_o common_a law_n have_v a_o very_a good_a maxim_n nemo_fw-la ex_fw-la proprio_fw-la delicto_fw-la beneficium_fw-la câ—piat_v no_o man_n may_v take_v advantage_n of_o his_o own_o wrong_n and_o therefore_o such_o a_o prince_n ought_v certain_o to_o lose_v and_o not_o to_o get_v by_o his_o own_o illegal_a and_o tyrannical_a action_n and_o therefore_o i_o grant_v that_o the_o king_n be_v not_o tie_v to_o observe_v any_o new_a thing_n that_o he_o be_v not_o before_o he_o be_v crown_v bind_v to_o do_v only_o there_o be_v the_o high_a obligation_n of_o a_o oath_n add_v thereunto_o so_o if_o the_o king_n be_v a_o limit_a prince_n who_o authority_n depend_v upon_o the_o right_a exercise_n of_o it_o and_o that_o he_o can_v claim_v no_o allegiance_n of_o his_o subject_n but_o upon_o that_o condition_n if_o such_o a_o prince_n wilful_o break_v all_o those_o condition_n and_o absolute_o refuse_v to_o amend_v he_o must_v at_o last_o forfeit_v his_o crown_n and_o lose_v all_o allegiance_n from_o his_o subject_n or_o else_o all_o their_o resistance_n will_v signify_v just_a nothing_o and_o they_o will_v after_o all_o be_v in_o a_o much_o worse_a condition_n than_o they_o be_v before_o now_o if_o this_o be_v so_o all_o your_o quotation_n out_o of_o bracton_n and_o fleta_n will_v signify_v nothing_o for_o as_o pufendorf_n very_o well_o observe_v a_o supreme_a power_n may_v reside_v in_o a_o limit_a king_n in_o respect_n of_o all_o his_o particular_a subject_n 7.10_o yet_o they_o may_v have_v a_o right_a to_o disobey_v he_o in_o those_o thing_n to_o which_o his_o power_n do_v not_o extend_v for_o say_v he_o it_o do_v not_o follow_v that_o because_o i_o be_o not_o bind_v to_o obey_v he_o in_o all_o thing_n therefore_o i_o must_v be_v his_o equal_a or_o superior_a or_o because_o i_o can_v in_o any_o wise_a command_v he_o therefore_o he_o may_v enjoin_v i_o what_o he_o please_v for_o supreme_a and_o absolute_a be_v by_o no_o mean_n one_o and_o the_o same_o for_o the_o former_a denote_v the_o absence_n of_o a_o superior_a or_o a_o equal_a in_o the_o same_o order_n but_o the_o latter_a a_o faculty_n of_o exercise_v all_o the_o right_n of_o government_n according_a to_o his_o own_o judgement_n and_o will_n 8._o and_o therefore_o this_o author_n in_o the_o next_o chapter_n say_v very_o rational_o concern_v resist_v of_o tyrant_n in_o 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in_o case_n of_o defence_n of_o life_n the_o same_o i_o say_v may_v be_v exercise_v in_o limit_a kingdom_n when_o the_o king_n go_v about_o by_o force_n to_o take_v away_o the_o religion_n life_n estate_n or_o liberty_n of_o the_o people_n contrary_a to_o law_n since_o they_o both_o act_n upon_o the_o same_o principle_n that_o a_o king_n by_o destroy_v the_o fundamental_a law_n and_o condition_n by_o which_o he_o be_v to_o govern_v renounce_v the_o government_n and_o indeed_o so_o far_o dissolve_v it_o that_o he_o cease_v to_o be_v king_n and_o though_o i_o grant_v bracton_n and_o fleta_n and_o other_o old_a lawyer_n have_v noâ—_n in_o express_a word_n teach_v this_o doctrine_n yet_o they_o do_v it_o in_o effect_n since_o the_o former_a tell_v we_o 8._o non_fw-la est_fw-la rex_fw-la ubi_fw-la dominatur_fw-la voluntas_fw-la &_o non_fw-la lex_fw-la that_o be_v he_o be_v not_o a_o king_n when_o his_o own_o will_n and_o not_o the_o law_n govern_v 9_o and_o in_o another_o place_n rex_fw-la est_fw-la dum_fw-la bene_fw-la regit_fw-la tyrannus_n dum_fw-la populum_fw-la sibi_fw-la creditum_fw-la violentâ_fw-la oppriâ—it_fw-la domination_n and_o in_o the_o very_a same_o place_n as_o you_o have_v also_o observe_v he_o tell_v we_o exercere_fw-la debet_fw-la rex_fw-la potestatem_fw-la juris_fw-la ut_fw-la vicarius_fw-la &_o minister_n dei_fw-la potestas_fw-la autem_fw-la injuriae_fw-la diaboli_fw-la est_fw-la non_fw-la dei_fw-la cum_fw-la declinat_fw-la ad_fw-la injuriam_fw-la rex_fw-la diaboli_fw-la minister_n est_fw-la now_o if_o what_o bracton_n say_v be_v true_a than_o the_o king_n when_o he_o do_v injury_n be_v the_o devil_n minister_n and_o not_o god_n i_o can_v see_v how_o he_o can_v then_o act_v as_o god_n lieutenant_n or_o why_o it_o be_v not_o as_o lawful_a to_o resist_v the_o devil_n minister_n as_o the_o devil_n himself_o and_o as_o to_o what_o you_o allege_v out_o
he_o be_v make_v king_n nor_o can_v i_o see_v how_o their_o take_n of_o land_n from_o he_o can_v make_v he_o become_v a_o absolute_a and_o irresistible_a monarch_n over_o they_o and_o their_o descendant_n so_o that_o if_o upon_o your_o supposition_n all_o the_o owner_n of_o land_n in_o england_n at_o this_o day_n hold_v their_o estate_n either_o by_o descent_n or_o purchase_n from_o those_o ancient_a norman_n or_o french_a proprietor_n they_o must_v also_o succeed_v to_o the_o same_o liberty_n and_o privilege_n as_o those_o under_o who_o they_o claim_v do_v former_o enjoy_v but_o before_o i_o conclude_v i_o can_v but_o take_v notice_n of_o what_o you_o have_v say_v against_o my_o proof_n of_o the_o formal_a election_n of_o king_n william_n for_o if_o the_o keep_n of_o a_o guard_n about_o the_o place_n where_o the_o king_n be_v elect_v and_o crown_v shall_v void_a the_o freedom_n of_o the_o election_n i_o doubt_v whether_o the_o election_n of_o any_o elective_a king_n or_o monarch_n 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to_o private_a church_n and_o if_o his_o noble_n or_o follower_n have_v unjust_o dissieâ—ed_v any_o bishop_n or_o abbot_n of_o their_o estate_n the_o king_n cause_v they_o to_o be_v restore_v again_o as_o appear_v by_o many_o precedent_n of_o this_o kind_n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o ingulphus_n and_o eadmerus_n this_o be_v premise_v let_v we_o see_v in_o the_o next_o place_n what_o proportion_n the_o land_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n do_v in_o those_o day_n bear_v to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o land_n in_o england_n now_o we_o find_v in_o sprot_n chronicle_n as_o also_o from_o the_o old_a legierbook_n cite_v by_o mr._n selden_n in_o his_o title_n of_o honour_n and_o particular_o from_o that_o secretum_fw-la abbotis_n former_o belong_v to_o the_o abbey_n of_o glassenbury_n and_o now_o in_o the_o library_n of_o the_o university_n of_o oxon_n that_o there_o be_v not_o long_o after_o your_o conquest_n 60215_o knight_n fee_n in_o england_n of_o which_o the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o 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shrewsbury_n &_o totum_fw-la comitatum_fw-la and_o the_o whole_a county_n but_o that_o be_v soon_o explain_v by_o what_o follow_v &_o totum_fw-la dominum_fw-la quod_fw-la rex_fw-la ipse_fw-la tenebat_fw-la where_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o by_o dominium_fw-la be_v mean_v no_o more_o than_o that_o power_n to_o govern_v it_o which_o king_n edward_n have_v for_o otherwise_o the_o grant_n of_o totum_fw-la comitatum_fw-la have_v be_v sufficient_a m._n i_o confess_v this_o be_v more_o than_o i_o ever_o hear_v or_o consider_v before_o concern_v this_o matter_n but_o you_o do_v not_o give_v i_o any_o positive_a proof_n that_o at_o the_o time_n when_o doom_n day_n book_n be_v make_v there_o be_v any_o englishman_n who_o hold_v earldom_n or_o barony_n or_o other_o great_a estate_n of_o the_o king_n or_o any_o of_o his_o great_a man_n so_o that_o what_o you_o have_v say_v hitherto_o though_o it_o carry_v a_o great_a show_n of_o probability_n yet_o be_v no_o positive_a proof_n against_o the_o doctor_n assertion_n f._n i_o shall_v not_o go_v about_o to_o deny_v what_o william_n of_o malmesbury_n and_o henry_n of_o huntingdon_n so_o positive_o affirm_v that_o for_o sometime_o before_o the_o end_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n there_o be_v no_o englishman_n a_o bishop_n abbot_n or_o earl_n in_o england_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o it_o be_v thus_o through_o his_o whole_a reign_n or_o if_o it_o be_v so_o that_o it_o will_v therefore_o follow_v that_o there_o be_v few_o englishman_n who_o when_o domesday_n book_n be_v make_v possess_v any_o land_n in_o england_n but_o that_o in_o part_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n there_o be_v many_o english_a earl_n and_o baron_n appear_v by_o above_o a_o dozen_o charter_n cite_v by_o sir_n william_n dugdale_n in_o the_o saxon_a and_o latin_a tongue_n in_o his_o monast._n anglic._n which_o be_v either_o direct_v by_o k._n william_n to_o all_o his_o earl_n and_o thain_n or_o else_o in_o latin_a omnibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la francigenis_n &_o anglis_fw-la or_o else_o omnibus_fw-la baronibus_fw-la &_o fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la francis_n &_o anglis_fw-la salutem_fw-la the_o like_a charter_n also_o appear_v of_o henry_n j._n and_o the_o empress_n maud_n his_o daughter_n so_o that_o if_o francigena_n and_o francus_n signify_v a_o frenchman_n and_o anglus_fw-la and_o englishman_n and_o if_o fidelis_n do_v as_o your_o dr._n will_v have_v it_o signify_v a_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la than_o i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o there_o be_v for_o great_a part_n of_o king_n william_n reign_n both_o earl_n baron_n and_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la of_o english_a extraction_n but_o to_o come_v to_o particular_a person_n it_o will_v appear_v by_o the_o saxon_a or_o english_a name_n in_o doomsday_n book_n as_o also_o by_o several_a recital_n therein_o that_o there_o be_v divers_a english_a
also_o to_o those_o of_o justice_n and_o right_a reason_n for_o a_o usurper_n not_o only_o to_o seize_v the_o throne_n by_o force_n but_o if_o he_o can_v once_o get_v himself_o solemn_o crown_v and_o then_o recognise_v by_o a_o act_n of_o parliament_n of_o his_o own_o call_n which_o yourself_o can_v deny_v but_o to_o have_v be_v ever_o too_o obsequious_a to_o the_o will_n and_o power_n of_o usurper_n as_o appear_v by_o those_o instance_n you_o have_v give_v i_o in_o henry_n the_o ivth_o henry_n the_o vith_o and_o richard_n the_o iiid_n the_o consequence_n will_v then_o be_v that_o the_o whole_a nation_n will_v not_o be_v only_o bind_v to_o swear_v allegiance_n to_o he_o but_o will_v be_v also_o oblige_v by_o this_o act_n to_o descend_v he_o in_o his_o tyranny_n and_o usurpation_n to_o the_o utmost_a of_o their_o power_n and_o it_o will_v also_o indemnify_v they_o for_o so_o do_v which_o will_v be_v to_o establish_v iniquity_n by_o a_o law_n and_o will_v destroy_v all_o the_o settle_a foundation_n of_o right_a and_o wrong_n which_o i_o affirm_v god_n himself_o be_v not_o able_a to_o alter_v without_o depart_v from_o those_o great_a attribute_n of_o immutability_n and_o justice_n so_o essential_a to_o his_o divine_a nature_n f._n it_o will_v not_o be_v very_o difficult_a to_o reply_v to_o these_o argument_n since_o they_o be_v ground_v on_o such_o false_a principle_n as_o be_v already_o answer_v as_o first_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v by_o the_o fundamental_a constitution_n of_o it_o a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n and_o that_o consequent_o none_o but_o he_o who_o have_v a_o right_a by_o inheritance_n can_v require_v our_o allegiance_n but_o pray_v tell_v i_o where_o you_o can_v find_v this_o fundamental_a constitution_n for_o i_o think_v i_o have_v sufficient_o prove_v that_o there_o never_o be_v any_o such_o thing_n know_v in_o england_n till_o between_o four_o and_o five_o hundred_o year_n since_o that_o king_n edward_n the_o first_o succeed_v to_o his_o father_n henry_n the_o three_o without_o any_o bequest_n of_o the_o crown_n by_o his_o testament_n and_o before_o any_o election_n or_o coronation_n since_o he_o be_v then_o in_o the_o holy-land_n but_o suppose_v it_o now_o to_o be_v a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n 57_o it_o do_v not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o the_o monarchy_n shall_v continue_v always_o in_o such_o a_o family_n for_o that_o may_v sail_v or_o may_v be_v change_v by_o conquest_n or_o usurpation_n as_o have_v often_o be_v and_o the_o constitution_n continue_v so_o that_o the_o most_o that_o can_v be_v say_v be_v that_o when_o any_o particular_a family_n by_o the_o providence_n of_o god_n and_o the_o consent_n and_o submission_n of_o the_o people_n be_v place_v in_o the_o throne_n of_o right_a the_o crown_n ought_v to_o descend_v to_o the_o heir_n of_o that_o family_n but_o suppose_v it_o do_v not_o must_v we_o pay_v allegiance_n to_o no_o other_o person_n though_o possess_v of_o the_o throne_n pray_v sir_n show_v i_o that_o fundamental_a constitution_n for_o its_o be_v a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n do_v not_o prove_v it_o and_o according_a to_o the_o judgement_n of_o the_o best_a lawyer_n the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n require_v the_o contrary_a viz._n that_o we_o must_v pay_v our_o allegiance_n to_o he_o who_o be_v actual_o king_n not_o to_o he_o who_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v king_n but_o be_v not_o and_o to_o think_v to_o confute_v this_o by_o pretend_v this_o fundamental_a constitution_n of_o a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n be_v to_o take_v that_o for_o grant_v which_o be_v still_o to_o be_v prove_v and_o therefore_o i_o be_o not_o at_o all_o fright_v at_o the_o dreadful_a consequence_n which_o you_o suppose_v must_v follow_v if_o this_o statute_n of_o henry_n the_o viith_o shall_v be_v law_n viz._n that_o it_o will_v be_v in_o the_o power_n of_o every_o rebel_n and_o usurper_n who_o can_v get_v himself_o crown_v and_o then_o own_a to_o be_v king_n by_o a_o parliament_n of_o his_o own_o calling_n to_o have_v a_o legal_a right_n to_o our_o allegiance_n and_o that_o cromwell_n if_o he_o can_v have_v get_v himself_o once_o crown_v and_o recognise_v may_v have_v be_v defend_v in_o his_o unjust_a usurpation_n against_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o but_o admit_v this_o to_o have_v be_v so_o yet_o it_o be_v still_o to_o be_v understand_v that_o at_o this_o coronation_n he_o have_v take_v the_o oath_n ancient_o take_v by_o our_o king_n and_o that_o the_o parliament_n he_o have_v summon_v to_o recognize_v his_o title_n have_v consist_v of_o the_o ancient_a lord_n and_o commons_o consist_v of_o knight_n citizens_z and_o burgess_n which_o never_o be_v observe_v in_o any_o of_o those_o mock-parliament_n which_o cromwell_n call_v have_v all_o these_o condition_n be_v observe_v i_o believe_v he_o will_v have_v be_v as_o legal_a a_o king_n within_o this_o statute_n of_o henry_n the_o viith_o as_o he_o himself_o ever_o be_v before_o he_o marry_v with_o the_o princess_n elizabeth_n which_o be_v not_o till_o near_o half_a a_o year_n after_o he_o have_v the_o crown_n settle_v upon_o he_o by_o act_n of_o parliament_n so_o that_o though_o upon_o every_o translation_n of_o the_o crown_n from_o one_o family_n to_o another_o the_o first_o prince_n of_o that_o family_n can_v have_v no_o hereditary_a right_o to_o it_o yet_o we_o find_v such_o prince_n to_o this_o day_n take_v for_o lawful_a king_n thus_o your_o william_n the_o conqueror_n king_n henry_n the_o ivth_o and_o king_n henry_n the_o viith_o be_v each_o of_o they_o look_v upon_o as_o true_a and_o lawful_a king_n according_a to_o our_o constitution_n as_o if_o they_o have_v be_v right_a heir_n of_o the_o crown_n by_o lineal_a descent_n and_o though_o you_o may_v say_v that_o as_o to_o william_n i._o he_o have_v a_o good_a right_n by_o conquest_n that_o be_v only_o gratis_o dictum_fw-la since_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v that_o he_o can_v be_v real_o no_o conqueror_n and_o if_o the_o english_a saxon_a monarchy_n be_v hereditary_a before_o the_o conquest_n as_o the_o gentleman_n of_o your_o opinion_n suppose_v he_o can_v be_v no_o other_o than_o a_o usurper_n upon_o edgar_n athling_n the_o right_a heir_n of_o the_o crown_n by_o blood_n and_o as_o for_o henry_n the_o ivth_o and_o henry_n the_o viith_o though_o they_o both_o pretend_v a_o feign_a title_n to_o the_o crown_n as_o heir_n by_o blood_n yet_o it_o be_v plain_a by_o the_o very_a act_n of_o recognition_n i_o have_v cite_v that_o they_o dare_v not_o insist_v upon_o that_o title_n since_o i_o have_v already_o prove_v there_o be_v no_o such_o thing_n mention_v in_o that_o act_n of_o parliament_n wherein_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n unanimous_o agree_v that_o henry_n duke_n of_o lancaster_n shall_v reign_v over_o they_o nor_o yet_o in_o the_o subsequent_a act_n whereby_o the_o crown_n be_v entail_v upon_o himself_o and_o his_o four_o son_n successive_o so_o likewise_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o first_o of_o henry_n the_o seven_o it_o be_v only_o draw_v in_o general_a term_n declare_v that_o the_o inheritance_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n etc._n etc._n shall_v rest_v remain_z and_o abide_v in_o the_o person_n of_o king_n henry_n the_o viith_o and_o the_o heir_n of_o his_o body_n lawful_o come_v etc._n etc._n nor_o be_v there_o indeed_o any_o breach_n make_v upon_o this_o statute_n as_o you_o suppose_v nor_o yet_o upon_o the_o act_n of_o recognition_n of_o king_n james_n which_o you_o so_o much_o insist_v upon_o since_o the_o crown_n be_v certain_o settle_v upon_o two_o prince_n who_o be_v not_o only_o lineal_o descend_v from_o they_o but_o who_o be_v also_o to_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o right_a heir_n unto_o they_o since_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o nation_n who_o be_v the_o supreme_a judge_n have_v declare_v they_o to_o be_v so_o but_o as_o for_o the_o rest_n of_o your_o speech_n whereby_o you_o will_v prove_v that_o this_o act_n must_v needs_o be_v void_a because_o contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o justice_n and_o right_a reason_n this_o also_o depend_v upon_o your_o former_a error_n in_o suppose_v that_o prince_n have_v a_o divine_a or_o natural_a right_n to_o their_o crown_n antecedent_n to_o the_o municipal_a law_n of_o their_o respective_a kingdom_n which_o be_v already_o sufficient_o confute_v so_o that_o though_o i_o grant_v it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o god_n himself_o to_o alter_v the_o natural_a foundation_n of_o right_a and_o wrong_v just_a and_o unjust_a yet_o it_o be_v likewise_o as_o certain_a that_o the_o civil_a right_n of_o prince_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o subject_n can_v no_o way_n be_v account_v for_o according_a to_o those_o natural_a law_n since_o all_o civil_a property_n as_o well_o in_o crown_n as_o other_o possession_n must_v depend_v upon_o the_o particular_a law_n and_o constitution_n of_o each_o kingdom_n and_o
e._n i._o ib._n p._n 554._o rot._n cl_o 31._o ed._n iii_o ib._n p._n 555._o rot._n pat._n 54_o h._n iii_o ib._n 573._o rot._n wal._n 11._o ed._n i._o ib._n 574.575_o rot._n cl_o 28._o e._n i._o rot._n pat._n 8._o ed._n ii_o ib._n 576._o rot._n pat._n 52._o h._n iii_o ib._n p._n 578._o bundle_z brev._n 5._o ed._n ii_o rot._n pat._n 40._o ed._n iii_o ib._n p._n 581._o rot._n pat._n 2._o h._n v._o ib._n p._n 582._o placit_fw-la parl._n 18._o e._n i._o rot._n parl._n 18._o ed._n iii_o ib._n p._n 584._o inter_fw-la com._n brev_n in_o scac._n 34._o ed._n i._o prins_n par_fw-fr reg._n p._n 26.28.30_o ed._n i._o ib._n p._n 586._o parl._n reg._n 8._o ed._n ii_o 887._o rot._n cl_o 15._o e._n ii_o rot._n cl_o 2._o e._n iii_o rot._n cl_o 50._o e._n iii_o p._n 588._o rot._n pat._n 42._o e._n iii_o p._n 599._o rot._n pat._n 17._o ed._n iii_o rot._n parl._n 51._o e._n iii_o p._n 605._o a_o regency_n w._n legal_a or_o practicable_a in_o england_n upon_o king_n james_n departure_n d._n 12._o p._n 877._o religion_n in_o what_o case_n we_o be_v bind_v to_o suffer_v for_o it_o without_o any_o resistance_n d._n 4._o p._n 222._o to_o 235._o the_o remedy_n against_o tyranny_n the_o people_n of_o england_n can_v have_v without_o resistance_n consider_v d._n 4._o p._n 262._o to_o 664._o resistance_n of_o father_n husband_n and_o master_n by_o their_o wife_n child_n and_o servant_n w._n ever_o lawful_a d._n 1._o p._n 41._o to_o 44._o to_o 52.60_o resistance_n of_o the_o supreme_a power_n in_o what_o case_n absolute_o lawful_a d._n 3._o p._n 146._o to_o 149_o d._n 4._o p._n 270._o in_o what_o case_n absolute_o unlawful_a d._n 3._o p._n 176_o 177._o all_o the_o evil_a consequence_n of_o such_o resistance_n consider_v d._n 4._o p._n 261._o to_o 264._o d._n 9_o p._n 649_o 659_o to_o 666._o w._n all_o resistance_n be_v forbid_v by_o god_n in_o the_o old_a testament_n d._n 3._o p._n 190._o to_o the_o end_n w._n forbid_v by_o the_o word_n of_o god_n in_o the_o new_a testament_n d._n 4._o p._n 220._o to_o 264._o w._n contrary_a to_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n of_o england_n ib._n p._n 283._o resistance_n of_o the_o king_n and_o those_o in_o commission_n by_o he_o w._n absolute_o â—orbid_v by_o the_o statute_n of_o the_o seven_o of_o edward_n the_o first_o against_o bear_v of_o arm_n d._n 8._o p._n 612._o w._n contrary_a to_o the_o 25_o of_o edward_n the_o three_o concern_v treason_n ib._n to_o the_o end_n resistance_n of_o arbitrary_a power_n in_o our_o king_n w._n lawful_a both_o before_o and_o since_o the_o conquest_n d._n 9_o p._n 615_o to_o 637._o such_o resistance_n grant_v to_o be_v lawful_a by_o some_o of_o our_o king_n themselves_o d._n 9_o p._n 617.620.622_o right_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o subject_a what_o they_o be_v d._n 9_o p._n 666_o to_o 669._o roll_n clause_n how_o many_o want_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o king_n john_n and_o henry_n the_o three_o d._n 7._o p._n 517_o 518._o s_o sapientes_fw-la its_o signification_n in_o ancient_a history_n d._n 6._o p._n 377._o late_o schism_n upon_o the_o deprivation_n of_o the_o bishop_n w._n justifiable_a d._n 13._o p._n 963_o to_o 966._o scotland_n w._n it_o be_v ancient_a constitution_n be_v the_o same_o with_o england_n d._n 7._o p._n 503._o to_o 505._o d._n 8._o p._n 559._o w._n none_o but_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ever_o appear_v at_o the_o great_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n ib._n to_o 510._o scutage_n service_n w._n different_a from_o a_o scutage_n tax_n d._n 7._o p._n 439._o to_o 440.479_o to_o 481._o sermon_n for_o the_o king_n absolute_a power_n censure_v in_o parliament_n d._n 1._o p._n 5._o servant_n and_o son_n w._n all_o one_o in_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n d._n 1._o p._n 54._o sheriff_n pardon_v by_o act_n of_o parliament_n for_o hold_v above_o one_o year_n d._n 12._o p._n 821._o state_n general_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n w._n their_o make_v war_n upon_o king_n james_n the_o second_o be_v justifiable_a d._n 11._o p._n 781_o 782._o ancient_a statute_n w._n the_o three_o estate_n have_v not_o always_o give_v their_o assent_n to_o they_o as_o well_o as_o the_o king_n d._n 5._o p._n 330._o to_o 348._o notwithstanding_o the_o different_a form_n of_o pen_v they_o ibid._n d._n 7._o p._n 484_o 485.525.528_o 529._o statue_n of_o the_o eleven_o of_o henry_n the_o seven_o cap._n 1._o w._n still_o in_o force_n d._n 13._o p._n 909._o to_o 933._o statute_n of_o the_o thirteen_o of_o elizabeth_n chap._n 1._o w._n still_o in_o force_n d._n 12._o p._n 894._o to_o 898._o all_o statute_n though_o make_v by_o usurper_n w._n they_o hold_v good_a till_o repeal_v d._n 12._o p._n 909_o 911_o 912._o doctor_n story_n case_n d._n 13._o p._n 950._o subject_n how_o different_a from_o slave_n d._n 4._o p._n 251._o to_o 261._o w._n particular_a subject_n may_v resist_v the_o supreme_a power_n for_o satisfaction_n of_o their_o own_o private_a injury_n d._n 4._o p._n 252._o succession_n to_o crown_n no_o certain_a procept_n to_o be_v find_v about_o it_o in_o scripture_n or_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n d._n 2._o p._n 89._o to_o 90._o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n w._n always_o hereditary_a since_o the_o conquest_n without_o any_o vacancy_n of_o the_o throne_n d._n 12._o p._n 839_o to_o 875._o suffering_n of_o christ_n how_o far_o a_o example_n to_o we_o d._n 4._o p._n 227._o to_o 233._o suffer_v for_o religion_n without_o resistance_n when_o necessary_a ib._n p._n 231._o t_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la w._n they_o be_v all_o baron_n d._n 6._o p._n 399.400_o w._n they_o can_v ancient_o tax_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n at_o their_o pleasure_n as_o well_o the_o land_n hold_v of_o they_o as_o what_o be_v not_o d._n 7._o 440.479_o to_o 483.500_o w._n they_o or_o else_o tenant_n by_o knight_n service_n be_v ancient_o the_o only_a person_n who_o serve_v upon_o jury_n d._n 10._o p._n 741._o to_o 746._o w._n they_o represent_v all_o their_o under_o tenant_n in_o parliament_n d._n 7._o p._n 512._o tenant_n in_o sâ—â—age_n w._n they_o be_v bind_v by_o the_o act_n of_o those_o of_o who_o they_o hold_v their_o estate_n d._n 6._o p._n 420._o tenant_n in_o demesne_n claim_v to_o be_v discharge_v from_o the_o knight_n wage_n by_o prescription_n d._n 8._o p._n 588_o 589._o tenure_n by_o knight_n service_n w._n in_o use_n before_o king_n wil._n i._o d._n 10._o p._n 750_o 751._o a_o new_a test_n oath_n oppose_v by_o a_o great_a party_n of_o the_o poeâ—s_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n charles_n the_o second_o d._n 9_o p._n 659._o testament_n w._n valid_a in_o the_o mere_a state_n of_o nature_n d._n 2._o p._n 86_o 87_o 91._o the_o several_a text_n of_o scripture_n make_v use_v of_o for_o or_o against_o absolute_a nonresistance_n examine_v viz._n in_o the_o old_a testament_n d._n 3._o p._n 190._o to_o the_o end_n text_n of_o scripture_n out_o of_o the_o new_a testament_n urge_v for_o the_o like_a purpose_n d._n 4._o p._n 220._o to_o 279._o thanes_z the_o ancient_a signification_n of_o that_o title_n discuss_v d._n 6._o p._n 374._o to_o 379._o the_o divers_a sort_n of_o they_o among_o the_o english_a saxon_n d._n 5._o p._n 370._o treason_n against_o the_o kingdom_n ancient_o as_o well_o as_o against_o the_o king_n d._n 5._o p._n 344._o trial_n by_o combat_n w._n in_o use_n before_o the_o conquest_n d._n 10._o p._n 758._o trust_v commit_v by_o the_o people_n to_o the_o supreme_a power_n w._n unaccountable_a and_o irrevocable_a d._n 3._o p._n 152.154_o insupportable_a tyranny_n w._n worse_o than_o the_o state_n of_o nature_n ib._n 155._o tyrant_n w._n ordain_v of_o god_n d._n 4._o 245_o 246._o u_o vavasor_n or_o mesne_fw-la tenant_n w._n ancient_o reckon_v as_o part_v of_o the_o baronage_n of_o the_o kingdom_n d._n 6._o p._n 405_o 406._o universitas_fw-la baronagii_fw-la angliae_fw-la &_o regni_n what_o it_o signify_v and_o w._n the_o commons_o be_v comprehend_v under_o that_o title_n d._n 6._o p._n 408_o 409_o 415_o 416._o universitas_fw-la communis_fw-la the_o meaning_n of_o that_o phrase_n in_o matthew_n paris_n d._n 7._o p._n 470._o w._n it_o comprehend_v no_o more_o than_o the_o less_o tenant_n in_o capite_fw-la ib._n 471._o primate_n usher_v opinion_n in_o his_o treatise_n of_o the_o power_n of_o the_o prince_n and_o obedience_n of_o the_o subject_a consider_v d._n 4._o p._n 271_o 272._o usurper_n by_o sir_n r._n filmer_n principles_n to_o be_v obey_v before_o the_o lawful_a prince_n and_o his_o heir_n d._n 2._o p._n 126_o 127._o when_o usurper_n may_v be_v obey_v before_o the_o lawful_a prince_n and_o his_o heir_n d._n 4._o p._n 246._o usurpation_n w._n it_o give_v a_o rightful_a title_n after_o three_o generation_n d._n 2._o p._n 128._o vulgus_fw-la what_o that_o word_n signify_v in_o the_o
though_o they_o themselves_o remain_v free_a man_n but_o your_o dr._n from_o who_o you_o borrow_v this_o be_v very_o much_o out_o in_o his_o application_n of_o those_o passage_n he_o cite_v for_o neither_o of_o those_o author_n do_v affirm_v this_o of_o all_o owner_n of_o land_n whatsoever_o but_o only_o there_o to_o give_v we_o the_o original_a of_o soccage_n tenant_n on_o the_o king_n demesne_n as_o appear_v by_o bracton_n title_n to_o that_o chapter_n from_o whence_o the_o dr._n cite_v this_o passage_n which_o be_v de_fw-fr diversis_fw-la conditionibus_fw-la personarum_fw-la tenentium_fw-la in_o dominicis_fw-la domini_fw-la regis_fw-la and_o the_o first_o word_n of_o this_o chapter_n make_v it_o yet_o plain_o begin_v thus_o in_o dominico_n domini_fw-la regis_fw-la plura_fw-la sunt_fw-la genera_fw-la hominum_fw-la sunt_fw-la enim_fw-la ibi_fw-la servi_fw-la sive_fw-la nativi_fw-la ante_fw-la conquestum_fw-la in_fw-la conquestu_fw-la &_o post_fw-la conquestum_fw-la and_o under_o these_o last_o range_v the_o person_n you_o mention_v but_o fleta_n be_v more_o exact_a in_o his_o chapter_n de_fw-fr sokemannis_n where_o he_o tell_v we_o that_o these_o man_n be_v tenant_n of_o the_o king_n ancient_a manor_n in_o demean_v &_o quia_fw-la hujusmodi_fw-la cultores_fw-la regis_fw-la dignoscuntur_fw-la provisa_fw-la fuit_fw-la quies_fw-la nâ—_n sectas_fw-la facerent_fw-la ad_fw-la comitatum_fw-la vel_fw-la hundredum_fw-la tamen_fw-la pro_fw-la terra_fw-la quorum_fw-la congregationem_fw-la tune_n socam_fw-la appellarunt_fw-la hinc_fw-la est_fw-la quod_fw-la sokemanni_n hodie_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la esse_fw-la so_o that_o though_o king_n william_n may_v permit_v his_o ancient_a tenant_n to_o be_v thus_o out_v of_o their_o estate_n they_o hold_v in_o his_o own_o demesne_n yet_o do_v it_o not_o therefore_o follow_v that_o he_o take_v away_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o ancient_a owner_n all_o over_o england_n of_o whatsoever_o tenure_n they_o be_v or_o of_o whosoever_o hold_v but_o as_o for_o your_o quotation_n out_o of_o mat._n paris_n it_o prove_v no_o more_o than_o what_o i_o ready_o grant_v that_o king_n william_n after_o his_o return_n out_o of_o normandy_n liberal_o reward_v his_o follower_n with_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o english_a which_o may_v he_o only_o of_o such_o as_o fight_v against_o he_o at_o the_o battle_n of_o hastings_n and_o as_o for_o that_o little_a which_o be_v leave_v they_o which_o he_o say_v be_v put_v under_o the_o yoke_n of_o a_o perpetual_a servitude_n he_o mean_v no_o more_o by_o this_o expression_n than_o that_o new_a tenure_n of_o knight_n service_n which_o king_n william_n impose_v upon_o they_o as_o this_o author_n in_o the_o very_a next_o leaf_n speak_v of_o the_o land_n of_o the_o bishopric_n and_o abbey_n which_o be_v hold_v before_o free_a from_o all_o secular_a servitude_n sub_fw-la servitute_fw-la statuit_fw-la militari_fw-la and_o therefore_o you_o seem_v to_o contradict_v yourself_o when_o contrary_n to_o your_o own_o author_n sir_n william_n dugdale_n you_o deny_v the_o truth_n of_o any_o part_n of_o the_o story_n because_o that_o in_o doomsday_n book_n the_o name_n of_o edwin_n of_o sharnborn_n be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v and_o that_o william_n de_fw-fr albeni_n be_v not_o name_v among_o the_o owner_n of_o that_o manor_n which_o be_v not_o material_a since_o this_o william_n may_v obtain_v a_o share_n therein_o after_o this_o survey_n be_v make_v 103._o and_o as_o for_o sharnborn_a himself_o his_o not_o be_v there_o mention_v be_v no_o argument_n that_o he_o have_v no_o land_n within_o that_o manor_n or_o the_o other_o that_o be_v mention_v in_o that_o narrative_a since_o oftentimes_o the_o chief_a lord_n of_o the_o fee_n be_v only_o mention_v in_o doomsday_n book_n though_o all_o the_o proprietor_n under_o they_o be_v not_o particular_o name_v but_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o discourse_v any_o long_o with_o you_o upon_o the_o subject_a of_o your_o conqueror_n take_v away_o the_o land_n of_o english_a owner_n i_o have_v give_v you_o my_o opinion_n and_o the_o reason_n against_o it_o and_o if_o you_o be_v not_o of_o my_o mind_n i_o can_v help_v it_o therefore_o pray_v go_v on_o to_o your_o next_o head_n and_o show_v i_o by_o sufficient_a authority_n that_o king_n william_n as_o a_o conqueror_n alter_v all_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o this_o kingdom_n m._n i_o will_v not_o undertake_v to_o prove_v that_o he_o alter_v all_o the_o law_n of_o england_n and_o bring_v in_o quite_o new_a one_o yet_o that_o he_o do_v so_o in_o great_a part_n and_o that_o by_o his_o sole_a authority_n i_o think_v i_o can_v prove_v by_o sufficient_a testimony_n and_o therefore_o i_o shall_v begin_v with_o that_o of_o eadmer_n a_o monk_n of_o canterbury_n a_o companion_n of_o archbishop_n lanfranc_n who_o tell_v we_o in_o his_o history_n that_o william_n design_v to_o establish_v in_o england_n those_o usage_n and_o law_n 32._o which_o his_o ancestor_n and_o he_o observe_v in_o normandy_n make_v such_o person_n bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o principal_a man_n through_o the_o whole_a nation_n who_o can_v not_o be_v think_v so_o unworthy_a as_o to_o be_v guilty_a of_o any_o reluctancy_n and_o disobedience_n to_o they_o know_v by_o who_o and_o to_o what_o they_o be_v raise_v all_o divine_a and_o humane_a thing_n he_o order_v at_o his_o pleasure_n and_o after_o the_o historian_n have_v recount_v in_o what_o thing_n he_o disallow_v the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o archbishop_n he_o conclude_v thus_o but_o what_o he_o do_v in_o secular_a matter_n i_o forbear_v to_o write_v because_o it_o be_v not_o my_o purpose_n and_o because_o also_o any_o one_o may_v from_o what_o have_v be_v deliver_v guess_v what_o he_o do_v in_o secular_o from_o which_o i_o think_v nothing_o be_v plain_a than_o that_o k._n william_n do_v not_o only_a design_n to_o alter_v many_o thing_n in_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o england_n but_o do_v also_o actual_o do_v it_o since_o to_o that_o end_n he_o make_v the_o bishop_n abbot_n and_o other_o principal_a man_n who_o be_v to_o be_v judge_n in_o all_o court_n such_o as_o he_o can_v whole_o confide_v in_o now_o that_o k._n william_n govern_v the_o nation_n as_o conqueror_n and_o do_v so_o live_v and_o repute_v himself_o so_o to_o be_v and_o as_o such_o bring_v in_o and_o impose_v new_a law_n upon_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n be_v as_o clear_a as_o i_o shall_v prove_v from_o these_o particular_n first_o the_o justiciaries_n or_o chief_n justice_n the_o chancellor_n the_o lawyer_n the_o ministerial_a officer_n and_o under_o judge_n earls_z sheriff_n bailiff_n hundre_v duty_n be_v all_o norman_n from_o his_o first_o come_v until_o above_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o as_o i_o can_v make_v it_o out_o by_o particular_a instance_n and_o undeniable_a reason_n be_v not_o the_o catalogue_n too_o long_o to_o be_v here_o insert_v if_o therefore_o the_o justiciaries_n chancellor_n earl_n sheriff_n lord_n of_o manor_n such_o as_o hear_v cause_n and_o give_v judgement_n be_v norman_n if_o the_o lawyer_n and_o pleader_n be_v also_o norman_n the_o plead_n and_o judgement_n in_o their_o several_a court_n must_n of_o necessity_n have_v be_v in_o that_o language_n and_o the_o law_n also_o i_o mean_v the_o norman_a law_n otherwise_o they_o have_v say_v and_o do_v they_o know_v not_o what_o and_o judged_n they_o know_v not_o how_o especial_o when_o the_o controversy_n be_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o military_a man_n as_o earls_z sheriff_n lord_n of_o manor_n etc._n etc._n that_o understand_v not_o the_o english_a tongue_n or_o law_n or_o when_o the_o chief_n justiciary_a himself_n be_v a_o military_a man_n as_o it_o often_o happen_v and_o understand_v only_o the_o norman_a language_n and_o it_o be_v hardly_o to_o be_v believe_v these_o man_n will_v give_v themselves_o the_o trouble_n of_o learning_n and_o understand_v the_o english_a law_n and_o language_n second_o though_o we_o have_v many_o law_n and_o custom_n from_o the_o northern_a people_n and_o north_n part_n of_o germany_n from_o whence_o both_o saxon_n and_o norman_n come_v yet_o after_o the_o conquest_n the_o bulk_n and_o main_n of_o our_o law_n be_v bring_v hither_o from_o normandy_n by_o the_o conqueror_n from_o whence_o we_o receive_v the_o tenor_n and_o the_o manner_n of_o hold_v our_o estate_n in_o every_o respect_n from_o whence_o also_o have_v we_o receive_v the_o custom_n incident_a to_o those_o estate_n and_o likewise_o the_o quality_n of_o they_o being_n most_o of_o they_o feudal_n and_o enjoy_v under_o several_a military_a condition_n and_o service_n so_o that_o of_o necessary_a consequence_n from_o thence_o we_o must_v receive_v the_o law_n also_o by_o which_o these_o tenor_n and_o the_o custom_n incident_a to_o they_o be_v regulate_v and_o by_o which_o every_o man_n right_a in_o such_o estate_n be_v secure_v according_a to_o the_o nature_n of_o they_o from_o normandy_n and_o bring_v in_o by_o the_o conqueror_n we_o receive_v most_o if_o not_o all_o
heir_n within_o age_n of_o such_o tenant_n but_o this_o extend_v not_o to_o the_o tenor_n of_o the_o subject_n by_o knight_n service_n as_o it_o appear_v by_o bracton_n dicitur_fw-la regale_n seâ—vitium_fw-la quia_fw-la spectat_fw-la ad_fw-la dominum_fw-la regem_fw-la &_o non_fw-la alium_fw-la &_o secundum_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o conquestis_fw-la fuit_fw-la adinventum_fw-la etc._n etc._n whereupon_o sir_n e._n c._n note_n in_o the_o margin_n the_o tenure_n as_o before_o it_o appear_v be_v not_o then_o invent_v but_o the_o fruit_n of_o this_o tenure_n of_o the_o k._n viz._n wardship_n and_o marriage_n which_o be_v bracton_n meaning_n so_o as_o the_o conqueror_n provide_v for_o himself_o but_o other_o lord_n at_o the_o first_o by_o special_a reservation_n since_o the_o conquest_n provide_v upon_o gift_n of_o land_n for_o themselves_o regis_fw-la ad_fw-la exemplum_fw-la totuâ—_fw-la componitur_fw-la orbis_fw-la wherein_o that_o which_o we_o have_v from_o the_o conqueror_n we_o free_o confess_v f._n i_o shall_v not_o dispute_v his_o matter_n since_o it_o be_v doubtful_a whether_o this_o custom_n of_o wardship_n be_v norman_n or_o whether_o it_o be_v derive_v from_o the_o saxon_n who_o possible_o may_v have_v some_o respect_n to_o orphan_n in_o such_o case_n to_o train_v they_o up_o for_o the_o public_a service_n in_o point_n of_o war_n especial_o be_v possessor_n of_o a_o know_a right_n of_o relief_n as_o well_o as_o alfred_n the_o saxon_a king_n do_v undertake_v the_o work_n for_o the_o train_n of_o some_o particular_a person_n in_o learning_n for_o the_o service_n of_o the_o public_a in_o time_n of_o peace_n and_o civil_a government_n and_o though_o sir_n h._n spelman_n be_v of_o opinion_n in_o his_o title_n de_fw-fr wardiâ—_n that_o wardship_n of_o the_o heir_n come_v in_o with_o the_o conqueror_n yet_o sir_n john_n his_o son_n who_o be_v also_o a_o learned_a antiquary_n in_o his_o epilogue_n to_o his_o second_o book_n of_o k._n alfred_n life_n print_v at_o oxford_n speak_v of_o military_a fee_n grant_v to_o the_o king_n thanes_z 117._o have_v this_o passage_n haec_fw-la etiam_fw-la fioda_n baeredibus_fw-la sub_fw-la hereoti_n siâ—e_fw-la relevaminis_fw-la cujus_fw-la piam_fw-la quod_fw-la haeres_fw-la in_o terrae_fw-la redemptionem_fw-la regi_fw-la solvere_fw-la tenebatur_fw-la conditione_n plerumque_fw-la transibat_fw-la &_o si_fw-la haeres_fw-la minor_fw-la natu_fw-la à _fw-la patre_fw-la moriente_fw-la relinquebatur_fw-la regi_fw-la educatio_fw-la ojus_fw-la utpoâ—â—_n regis_n hominis_fw-la committebatur_fw-la in_fw-la utilitatem_fw-la etiam_fw-la &_o commodum_fw-la ipsius_fw-la regis_fw-la but_o whether_o the_o wardship_n of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o heir_n be_v in_o use_n in_o k._n william_n time_n or_o before_o be_v uncertain_a for_o the_o land_n be_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o henry_n the_o first_o in_o mat._n paris_n grant_v either_o to_o the_o widow_n or_o next_o heir_n but_o let_v these_o custom_n be_v derive_v from_o whence_o you_o please_v it_o be_v a_o plain_a case_n it_o can_v be_v no_o badge_n of_o conquest_n upon_o the_o people_n of_o this_o nation_n and_o that_o by_o the_o doctor_n own_o show_v for_o be_v it_o a_o norman_a custom_n never_o so_o much_o if_o your_o conqueror_n first_o of_o all_o impose_v it_o upon_o those_o he_o bring_v over_o along_o with_o he_o it_o can_v never_o be_v a_o badge_n of_o slavery_n upon_o the_o english_a nation_n but_o rather_o upon_o the_o norman_n upon_o who_o it_o be_v chief_o impose_v and_o if_o they_o afterward_o grant_v land_n to_o the_o english_a upon_o the_o same_o term_n they_o hold_v they_o themselves_o they_o be_v no_o more_o slave_n to_o who_o they_o be_v grant_v than_o they_o be_v under_o who_o they_o hold_v they_o but_o indeed_o this_o be_v so_o far_o from_o be_v look_v upon_o as_o my_o badge_n of_o servitude_n that_o if_o the_o dr._n himself_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v these_o be_v the_o only_a freeman_n homines_fw-la and_o their_o service_n bracton_n say_v 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