that there were Lawes Morall contained vnder the Decalogue or ten Commandements perpetuall to all people and Nations though for a season the Gentiles were gouerned by another consenting Law therewith namely the Law of Nature Secondly that there were Lawes Politicall and Iudiciall peculiar to the Common-weale of Israell and lastly Lawes Ceremoniall which being meerely politicall also were temporall and to be abrogated by the perfecter namely by Christ by whom all the Ceremoniall and infantiue Lawes were disannuled and vtterly cancelled Moreouer it may not be forgotten that vnder that vnwritten Law of God is contained the Law of the spirit and of life which is peculiar to the Church of Christ that quickeneth the vnsanctified and weake Law of Nature inscribed in the hearts of men imprinting the will of God in their hearts whereby men by many degrees steppe forwarde in the true knowledge of God seruing of him at an instant as it were through the efficacie thereof more then euer by the Law of nature they are able to do These things thus briefly exposed vnto Trauailers let it not seeme tedious to any to consider well thereof For without an exact knowledge of the Law of God there can be no sound iudgement of the rest And as our Sauiour Christ soundly reproued Nicodemus the Pharisie for that he was a iudge in Israel and knewe not things of such excellencie and of so great importance so might a Trauailer bee censured for a shallow and ignorant person that trauiling into the lawes of Nations and peoples is neuerthelesse to be found ignorant in the Lawes of God of their deriuations which properly be the fountaines of all naturall and humane lawes that be good honest through the world But touching the Law of Nature there is some controuersie amongst the learned For the Lawyers define the Law of Nature to be that which teacheth all Animall liuing things But the Scholist Diuines say the law of Nature that to be which is common to all people and that by instinct not by constitution restraining the same only to men Wherefore to make the same more euident by fauourable interpretation of both wee distribute the Lawe of Nature into Common and Proper The Common is that which equally is common to other liuing Creatures aswell as vnto men that is to say to defend themselues against violēce to preserue and maintain their liues and States to propagate procreate nourish instruct their owne to eate drinke sleepe rest mooue and such like things euerie species according to his being and kinde The Proper is that lawe which is only peculiar vnto men being the will of God and diuine reason inscribed immediately by God in the hearts of all men wherby generally they know what is good and euill and consequently what is to be followed and auoyded the law of conscience by which the heathen and such as haue not the law of God written shall be iudged The effect of which law is displaied in the knowledge of God and in the worshippe of him and also in the conseruation of mutuall loue and societie betwixt mankinde From which not only the law of Nations hath a name of substance but the humane and positiue lawes their descent and speciall deriuation as from the spring of right and reason Moreouer this law is not equally or so effectually planted in the hearts of all men alike but in some more plentifully then in others according to the secret and wonderfull dispensation of the good pleasure of God in the gouernement of the world From whence there ariseth such strange worshipping of God amongst the Heathen almost euerie Nation in a variable sorte Thus wee may see furthermore that the law of Nature and of Nations strictly and in the proper sense taken may well bee confounded for one and the same concerning actions though after the common sense they are distinguishable For the law of Nations is a certaine right and equall reason that naturally bursteth out of men and Nations for the necessarie vse and conseruation of mankinde and for societie the which is also perpetuall and arguing the conscience if it dissent from the same From whence the Lawes of Armes concerning prisoners taken in the warres the entertainement of messengers and forraine Ambassadors as all manner of contractes twixt person and person State and State haue their authoritie and reason and doe in speciall manner giue a name to the law of Nations to the lawe of Nature which offereth to our Trauailer these three cōsiderations First that in the Courts of Princes as otherwhere hee obserue what order and manner of entertainement and respect is giuen to Ambassadors and Messengers of forraine States Secondly if such an one chance to arriue in the warres of other Princes and States to note the carriage of one aduersarie to another in matters of right and of Prisoners and Captiues especially as of Combattes In a word to get their discipline Lastly to note amongst heathen people what order in buying and selling exchanging lending borrowing mortgaging pawning and keeping of societie For happily from thence hee shall descrie a more equall carriage and behauiour in them by the law of Nature only guided then many of our Ciuile States do by all their meanes of knowledge in the laws of God of Nature and of men the which we might easily prooue But to our Point now concerning the Lawes Humane Those are called the Lawes Humane which frō the capacities of men are conceited by men are promulgated and authorised whether they depend vppon the Law of God and of Nature or vpon their owne fancies Wherof there are two rankes Honest and Iust or Tyrannicall and vniust The honest and iust do flow frō the general springs and Maximes of the diuine and naturall law ordained for the publike good of the Church and Cōmō-weale Wheras the Tyrānical vniust issue out either of the vsurping breasts of vnlawfull authoritie that haue no power to make lawes or from such as hauing power do after their own carnall mindes make ordinances for their owne proper commoditie and behoofe whereunto the traditions of men yea and euery superstitious ordinance and euill custome may be referred Wherefore whensoeuer a Trauailer shall looke into the body of the lawes of any Countrie or people let his iudgement be neither partiall nor weake but grounded vpon the sound rules and eternall reason of the diuine and Naturall Law Moreouer by the word Lawes humane is meant in this place the written positiue and politicall Lawes For in substance they are all one and conuertible yea and for the profitte of each Nation commutable so as they neuer contrarie the lawes diuine or naturall By reason whereof we finde that some honest lawes in qualitie differ either in punishing or rewarding or in inciting to that which is good or restraining from that which is euill the which is meerely a politicall promulgation consonant to some States for a
AN ESSAY OF the Meanes hovv to make our Trauailes into forraine Countries the more profitable and honourable VERITAS TVA ET VSQVE AD NVBES At London Imprinted by H. L. for Mathew Lownes 1606. To the Reader HAuing framed this discourse long since for mine owne aduertisement what might and ought to be done by Trauaile and now considering the manifould errors and misprisions that the greater sort of such as trauaile into forraine Countries haue heretofore committed because these dayes wherein we now liue are no lesse disordered then when pilgrimages were on foote and how few haue arriued vnto that perfectiō which was requirable for the wāt of a Guide or Counsellor to aduise aduertise them of the fairer and more readie way to make their trauailes somewhat more profitable and honorable I haue been encouraged worthy Reader vpō the vertue of the yonger sort of such noble gentlemen as intend so recōmendable a course to prepare and addresse the same by way of Essay the rather also for that in other languages I haue suruayed some of like proiect for other Nations who I am sure stand not more in neede then wee in this State doe Protesting as in the inferiornesse of the stile may well appeare that neither vanitie of glorie nor selfe presumption being of many the most vnworthie to haue enterprised this taske nor other priuate respect then dutie to my good friends that haue requested this at my hands and Zeale to my louing Countriemen hath made me publish it For considering of all voluntarie Commendable actions that of trauailing into forraine States vndertaken and performed Regularly is the most behoueable to be regarded in this Common-weale both for the publike and priuate good thereof singularly also for that the same is not vndergone with ordinarie charge care hazard or taking of paines but of most vncertaine issue and commoditie to Trauailers It seemeth vnto mee vertuous Reader a faire dutie where other worthie men haue beene so long silent in giuing a perfect rule for Trauailing as it is in vse at this day to begin the hewing out of one that by some master workeman it may hereafter be better planted formed and tried Moreouer I thought good for the informatiō of some Readers to vncouer my intent in sundrie points therin cōtained And first that wheras diuers other sortes of Trauailers are mentioned thē those Generall Voluntaries for whom this discourse was framed they are honoris gratia obiter Salutati and rather by way of order then worthie to receiue direction mentioned Secondly that whereas by the found of some words some people and Nations may thinke they be taxed in certaine points notwithstanding therein I may say Nihil iam quod non prius ab omnibus dictum fuit yet I trust the honest Reader will perceiue may meaning to bend rather to the rectifying then preiudicing of any Thirdly where any point is obserued by way of secreat or policie that no other Construction be made thereof then the literall to ensample and aduance knowledge Fourthly that considering for the priuate respect of the most vnexpert more Minute Subdiuisions and points are cōtained then per aduenture will rellish with the taste of some that such will take for their better stomacke the benefit of those Marginall notes which for their sakes I haue set downe Lastly seeing not only we here in England may as all other Nations in the world doe account it a shame that there should be so many and such fugitiues vnworthie of the honourable name of Trauailers as this Land hath affourde hertofore who haue not afterwards made conscience of their owne wayes nor of others but like the most pernitious haue communicated with all euill and mischiefe in their trauailes to subiect their own Countrie Princes State Parents friends and all that is held deare in this life let me discouer so much of my secretest affections vnto thee discreet Reader that the preuenting hereof was one of the first motiues to vndertake this worke And so I heartily pray to God to make thee happie in all vertue and godlinesse and to set to thy helping hand as much as in thee lyeth to encounter that imputation to our Countrie leauing vnto thy discreete iudgement moreouer these Tables which are here abstracted for the ease and aide of mens memories And so I bid thee farwell From Wingham the first of Iulie 1606. Tho. Pal. TO THE MOST Excellent Illustrious and vertuous Prince HENRIE eldest Sonne to our Soueraigne Lord the King and Heire apparant to the Kingdomes of Great Britaine c. * ⎠* COnsidering with what libertie and Applause Princes in times past vndertook voluntarie trauaile aduentures into forraine parts and how of latter dayes those Illustrious Stemmes of noblenesse I know not now by what custome restrained of that recreation and renowne haue notwithstanding improued their pretious times at home vnto no lesse rent of commoditie commendablenes by suffering themselues to be trayned vp and delighted in the faculties and knowledge of diuine and humane things I haue presumed most excellent and gratious Prince humbly to prefer vnto your rare protectiō and view this Essay of the means how to make the trauailes of other men who for the good of this kingdom wherein they liue so happily their better seruice to his Maiestie and making of themselues more Compleat in all things haue faire libertie desire to aduenture trauaile somewhat more profitable and honorable not only before trauaile but in the interim of trauaile and after their returnes First because your highnesse is in all happie possibilitie to be a most noble Iudge of all mens deserts in this point rather then to make experience your selfe therin vnlesse in Martial causes wherin I know not whether I may account your royall Auncestors Princes of this State to bee more happie alwaies in their good successe or in the faithfulnesse of their voluntarie great traines Secondly for that the people of great Britaine of all other famous and glorious Nations separated from the maine Continent of the world are by so much the more interessed to become Trauailers by how much the necessitie of euerie seuerall estate of men doth require that for their better aduancement Lastly in regard this subiect hath not worne an English habite hertofore from the custom dew to Princes in the Novelty of things I thought it my dutie vnder the compasse of my obligation and seruice vnto your Highnesse to make a present hereof although but meanly apparelled and suited and in most humble wise to beseech the greatnesse of your Excellencie to fauour patronize the same Which gratiousnes I must euer acknowledge sir to proceede from the cleare fountain of your generous ingenuous and princely disposition vnto all bountie goodnesse and vertue and the world alreadie knowes that your singular towardlines to euerie good perfect thing is such that neither can it or is likely to be paralleled of any in the world so long as your
serue in the same place for that is an iniurie to that Nation Fourthly as none may serue vnder infidels in case there be wars in Christendom and as none may go and serue vnder such as are doubtfull friends vnto their Countrie or Enimies so are all to be carefull to serue where the right is most apparant and where the Gospell is preached in the armie that God may giue thē best successe So in case there be no wars in Christēdom let such trauaile to other nations after licence obtained of their Prince and seeke seruice of such Princes that neither warre against Christians nor haue an ill quarrell in hand For as it is a shame for any to take part with enemies or with infidels against ones own Coūtrie so it is requisite on the other side that they serue in those wars amongst infidels whose cause and quarrel is iust good in the sight of men Lastly let all those who will make their pretence good in the opinion of men carry themselues so strictly in these and other common duties pertaining to souldiers as that they make not profession thereof but to establish peace and tranquillitie when happily they shal returne home to their Countrie as good Bees with wax and honey to their hiue of the Common-weale and demeane themselues so in times of peace as they giue ensample to gowned men of peaceable and orderly liuing neither in riot nor in ambition or pride which keepe reuell roupt in the dereigled crue of Trauailers Now as concerning the last order of Voluntarie speciall Trauailers namely of Physicians By the word Physician is meant first such as haue the lawfull calling and either haue alreadie or intende to take degrees that they may giue countenance to their knowledge Moreouer by the name I conceit such as haue the facultie and naturall knowledge of euerie thing concerning diseases or wounds in the bodie or minde of man For the remedying of all which there are two things requirable namely the simple knowledge of euerie liuing and inanimate thing whether of Mineralls Vegetables sensible Animalles or of man and the experience how each of these in seuerall Countries and bodies haue their certaine operations And seeing without doubt God hath planted in the world meanes either of simples or of Compounds to remedie any sickenesse or cure any wound although the knowledge or meanes be not alwaies blessed wee may collect the lawfulnesse of Physiciās trauaile also And though God haue fitted euerie Climate and Countrie with meanes to relieue the common distresses and grieueances of men yet wee see for want of knowledge in Physicians either how to vse the simples in their owne Countries or how to compound them aright according to the Dose of euery body natural they are enforced to search into other Countries for aide For though we haue as other Countries many singular things to remedie the decay or disquiets of nature yet seeing the simples of other Countries for some particular bodies and griefes are more naturall then many compounds of our own the skil is lesse to apply them why shold not necessitie make Physicians trauel for knowledge as the old wife for neede We see the artificiall Bezar stone to be lesse profitable for some bodies then the natural the fained Sanguis Draconis thē the right which is brought frō Africa so of such like adulterous resemblāces which necessitie mens gains haue laboured arted In the Vniuersities of learned men that science and store of bookes of all things in the world for simples and compoundes according to their natures and vertues are better described then any one by his own trauaile can amend For in Trauaile there must necessarily bee much time spent and little practise had at home and practise is no doubt the best thing that maketh a good Physician neuerthelesse for some diseases a man shall happily learne more by trauaile then by all these at home For there are many of our capitall diseases easily cured in other Countries Now then hee that will make good of his pretence must labour into the grounds of Astronomie and Astrologie as of proportiō For without these such wander without a guide in the wildernes of nature Moreouer during their trauaile after licence obtained let them make vse of euerie thing they shall see aswell of things knowne as of the vnknowne For the difference of Climates and soyles alter much the nature of euerie thing In like sort must such obserue the persons in euerie Countrie so particularly as they can and marke their common and accidentall diseases to take knowledge of their cures So if there be any speciall Bathes Waters Pooles Spawes or Springs the operation whereof may cure any maladie to learne their vertues And lastly to frequent the most famous places and companies of learned men whereby such may better their knowledge increase their discourse which is no small thing in a Physician to be well mannered ciuill wittie and pleasant and of able disposition to delight his patiēts by discourse Moreouer if such light vpō simples which are either of a strāge nature or that excell ours let them bee carefull to transplant them hauing a care to the soile climate and growing of such that Arte here may repaire the naturall defect of the Countrey But considering many when they returne home are tainted with the humor of most trauailers namely selfe conceipt and better thinking of themselues then is conuenient let them be as respectiue to relieue the poore the needie as the rich For many Physicians will not go out of the doores to saue a poore mans life Moreouer let them be carefull to administer noe desperate or vnknowen thing vnto any for such as in the former case are no lesse then murtherers before God if their patients proue not well vnder them Neither let couetousnes ouer-rule them as those Physicians and Surgeons that dallie with mens bodies to get much monie but let euerie one accoumpt it his duetie to do good to any And in so doing they shall finde God their Physician not only of their bodyes but of their soules wheras otherwise the saying of our Nation may be applyed fitly vnto them Physicians cure your selues Thus farre of the speciall Voluntarie Trauailers The ende of the first part Page 35. A. The second part in part abstracted We haue described volūtary regular Trauailers to be Nobles Commons and the Nobles to be 1 Generall of whom it is to bee considered what they are to vndergoe 1 Before trauaile 1 To put on the pretence of benefiting the Common weale and to shun 1 Ambition 2 Sensualitie 3 Vaine-glory 4 Couetousnesse 5 Vanitie of knowledge 2 To suruay their Abilities in Iudgement and Knowledge 3 To bee sufficiently instructed in the knowledge of 1 Matters belonging to themselues 1 Qualities 1 Necessary 1 To Speake or 2 Vnderstād the language of that Countrey into which men trauaile 2 For ornation 1 Skill in
managing of Armes 2 Skill in Musicke 3 Skill in Dauncing 4 Skill in Portraying 2 Vertues Morall and Diuine 3 Sciences 1 Astronomie 2 Astrologie 3 Cosmographie 4 Geographie 5 Geometrie 6 Hydrography 7 Arithmeticke 8 Architectury 2 Matters belonging to the Countrey into which they trauaile 4 To be well accommodated for trauaile with things needfull 5 To resolue to trauaile into such Countries as may afford least offence and most profit 6 To demand licence of God of Prince and Parents 2 In trauaile Looke the next Table * â— Being Returned 1 To manifest the soundnes of their Religion by 1 Diligent and orderly seruing of God 2 Wise and faithfull Conuersation which is discouered by 1 Silence 2 Incuriositie 3 Sprightfulnes 4 Prudence 5 Bountie 6 Faithfulnesse 2 To preferre Honestie before Policie 3 To be knowen by vertuous Endeuours 4 To be stored of a worthy friend 5 To be Constant to his Honourable friend without ambition 6 To bee studious for forraine aduertisements but not ignorant of home-matters 2 Speciall Of whom before we haue abbridged * Page 35. B. The rest of the second part abstracted We haue abstracted Voluntary Trauailers general to consider points before and after trauell let vs nowe here abbreuiate what is meete in the interim of trauaile namely 1 To attempt nothing without a good conscience and to make supplications to God daly 2 To prouide for the health of their bodies 1 By Diet 2 By trauaile 1 To haue faithfull guides and compainons 2 To chuse the least dangerous way 3 To be otherwise well accommodated 4 To be defeded against th'intemperatnesse of the aire 5 To be Armed against accidences on the way 6 To arriue timely in the Inne c. 3 By moderationi of passions 3 To be Humane and courteous towards all 4 To applie themselues vnto the Customes and maners of the countrey that are not per se Mala. 5 To put in practice the qualities for ornation which are 1 Armes 2 Musicke 3 Poetry 4 Dancing 5 Portraying 6 Vaulting 7 Running â— Dexteritie 6 Singularly to gain the knowledge of 1. The Tongue which consisteth 1 In right vnderstandig the same 2 I proper speaking and reading it 3 In true writing c. 2 The Nature of the people to be discouered 1 In Ciuilitie or Barbarousnesse 2 In freedome or Seruilenesse 3 In Religiousnesse or Profanenesse 4 In Warlike or Esseminatenesse 5 In Constitution of body and mind 3 The Countrey to be suruayed 1 In the name 2 In the populousnesse or scarcitie of the people 3 In the situation 4 In the quatititie 5 In the Commo dities which are 1 Naturall 1 The temperatnesse of the ayre 2 The fruitfulnesse of the foyle 3 The plenty of Rituers and Ports 4 Baths and medicinable things 2 Artisiciall 1 Buildings ad fortitfications c. 2 Trades or Sciences Mechanicke 6 In the discommodities that doe consist of 1 Impersections 2. Wants 4 The Lawe and Customes may bee discerned 1 Generally c. 2 Particularly c. 1 In Matters Ecclesicasticall 2 In matters Temporall 3 In matters Regall or of Prerogatiue 5 The Gouernments 1 Interior * 2 Exterior descrying 1 The persons gouerning 1 The Monarke 2 The Nobles 3 The Popularitie 2 The people gouerned doe consist 1 Of Husbandmen 2 Of Handi-crafts men and Labourers 3 Of Merchants 4 Of the Nobilitie and Gentrie 5 Of stipendary Souldiers 6 Of Ecclesiasticall persons 3 The Instruments whereby men gouerne and be gouerned are looked into 1 By their goodnesse or euilnesse 2 By the timely precuenting or neglecting of matters 3 B the execution or not of lawes in force 6 The secress 1 Common regardeth 1 Intelligence of forraine Friends Neuters or Enemies 1 In Populousnesse 2 In Scarcitie of people 3 In well disciplining them 4 In permitting a liberty from Martiall discipline 5 Whether Religious or Profane 6 Whether Warlike or Esteminate 7 Whether Free or Seruile 2 Kowledge of the ordinary strength of the State 1 For sufficiencie of people 2 For store of Comodities 3 For plentie of Munition 4 For the Treasure 2 How increased 1 By Reuenues 2 By Conquests 3 By Gifts 4 By Tributes 5 By Traficke 6 By Merchandise 7 By Taxations 2 How dispended 1 On Almes-houses 2 On Housekeeping 3 On Building 4 On Payments 5 On Gifts to strangers 6 On Donatiues politicke 2 Accidentall are to be sought out 1 In the persons gouerning by 1 Election 2 Inheritance generall or speciall 3 Any other hope 2 In persons gouerned 1 Addicted to ouer-much libertie 2 How standing affected to the Prince or gouernment 3 Whether wiser then their generation requireth 4 How affected in rumors 5 Who be popular beyond Custome 3 In the instruments c. 7 To aduertise some of the Councel of things important and needfull 8 To dee all the honour he may vnto the Ambassadors of his Prince in cafe there be any in that trauaile The second part THese Generall Voluntarie Trauailers are of the temporall Nobilitie of the Land whether superior or inferior and before they vndertake Trauaile if they will be bettered thereby are to vndergoe sixe dueties The first is to counsaile and deliberate with themselues whether they bee mooued with the iust pretence of doing good to the Common weale whereof they are and for the enabling of themselues with such knowledges as appertaine to their seuerall callings or whether their owne lusts and affections pricke them not forward For oft men are deceiued for want of due consideration thereof which turneth the plots of men topsieturuie And though it be hard to resâ—lue on this with humane strength and reason for that reason which by nature is in man is feeble and differeth little from that of brute beasts yet there is another reason in man or the same at the least enlightned and sanctified by God the which through faith and knowledge of his reuealed wil teacheth man to do that which is good and pleasing in his sight Wherefore as this reason is pure of an holy vnderstaÌ„ding nature so must the resolutioÌ„s of men if they would be approued and crowned with blessing be shaped accordingly And therefore all particular affects rising from the disordinate appetite of man corrupt and vnsauorie as Ambition Sensualitie vaine glorie couetousnes vanitie of knowledge such like must die in these honorable kind of Trauailers and in lieu of them the rootes of all vertuous affections must be planted to the glorie of God the good of themselues their Prince Countrie For considering these are principally the select members ordeined to trauaile by the appointing hand of God to helpe the motion and gouernement of the helme in temporall ciuill causes oftentimes let such take heede those vaine and gadding humors plucke not downe the iudgement of God to presse such to trauaile for punishment of their wayes whereby none can seale vnto themselues the assurance of life or prosperitie during their trauaile or afterwards Now in the second
and appeased so it is of the mind For Mirth is a cordiall to sorowfull and melancholicke bodies wheras sorow so much continueth that humor as desperatnesse or frensie or both is to be feared Sorow in meane maketh sanguine bodies and merrily disposed wise full of respect But of these two mirth is euermore to be coÌ„mended so it be not ouer-light vnciuil So chollerick bodies seeing they are fretting angry at light occasioÌ„s let them cure their imperfectioÌ„s of nature by patience for such are otherwise vnsociable dangerous to be coÌ„uersed with as endangering themselues For I neuer saw so cholericke a man but hee hath met with his match and this of strangers is reproueable So those of flegmaticke spirits that patience hath enfeebled that such want the harts of men as ordained to suffer all things though this be a ciuill singular vertue in Trauailers yet let none be in extreamity so patient as it make himself a sot a foole to heare his God and his Prince Country and his honor wronged wheÌ„ as honestly and fitly he may ought to make resistance or apprehension Finally as the tyrannizing of these subiect many to incurable euils bringing to consumption the vitall and animall spirits so ought euery worthy Trauailer to preuent these inward mischiefs by godly and timely counsell that those slie passions frustrate not his enterprise Now in the third place let euery Trauailer bee of such honest and seemely carriage towards all with whom they conuerse for ciuilitie and humanity as neither contempt derision irrision pertinacitie in discourse bitternesse or no respect be vsed For these be dissoluers of friendship and daungerous perturbations for anie stranger in the Countrey of an other Fourthly it is the duetie of all men to fit and applie themselues not onely to their maners and customes with whom they liue but singularly to haue an eye of diligent watch to their particular affaires as well for knowledge and encrease of experience as for the retention of a sound and holy conscience As touching the first branch let no man loose the raigns of his owne lust and fancie amongst strangers so that he expose himselfe to reproche scandall And considering many nations are apt to deceiue a man must liue warily with them taking heed he giue no offence And though the customes of other nations where a man liueth are to be followed yet in the case of God or of a mans own conscience ther ought to be a scruple For as it becommeth none to leaue the truth or to exercise any wicked actioÌ„ there so neither let any follow the beastly guises or wicked customs of the couÌ„trey wherby honesty good maners may be corrupted but in euery State to obserue theÌ„ as Diet Apparell Gesture Curtesie and such like which in some places are precisely to be obserued But as coÌ„cerning that other branch let men auoid to sacrifice or do reuerence to any Idole or Hobgoblin For though many haue so large a coÌ„science that they perswade theÌ„selues so they keepe their hearts to God they may bend their knee and bow themselues before such trash without hurt at all yet God will not forget the hypocrisie of such For whoso vseth any outward reuerence to any Idole or diuel incurreth the wrath of God and is thereby made subiect to all imperfections and euils And if in ciuil matters many be wonderful respectiue that they will not come in presence when they know for certaintie that they shall see or heare their Mâ—stris Prince or friend dishonored how much more ought al men in the case of God to be precise not only to shun the sight hearing of their God blasphemed and dishonored by their Masses and estimation of reliques images but to seeke to right the same if it lay in their powers But coÌ„sidering no stranger hath warrant at this day to oppose himselfe against them in their owne countrey let him rather abiure so heathenish a place where he cannot liue freely than endure the sight thereof yea though some thinke themselues dischargeable if they trauaile and not both see heare them If there be any such let them imitate that worthy Themistocles who hauing in the vaine yeeres of his youth accustomed himselfe to learn an endure the sight of many things which in nature hee abhorred which gaue him the smacke of an excellent memory yet in the better time of his yeeres he did spend more time to learne to forget things vnnecessarie and euill than in learning that which was honorable found it more difficult hard for him For the knowledge of much euill tempteth man ful oft withdraweth the hart more out of the way than the strength of naturall reason can set him aright againe long after Fiftly let euery one in his calling exercise such ornate and seemely qualities of the body that both may inable them for ciuill conuersation as also for auaile in things requireable in Nobilitie and Gentlemen And of the nobler sort it is required alwayes that they discouer spirited bodies and more actiue minds than other Gentlemen labouring to perfect them by much industry The things to be exercised are horsemanship managing of all sorts of weapons musicke dancing Poetrie limming and portraiting vaulting running practising the fiue strengths of the arme namely griping lifting thrusting and holding out at the armes end pulling and drawing and throwing or darting These by practise wil giue vigor to the defect of nature for by nature it is impossible to be strong in all the one being contrary to the other the benefit wherof is so great that little men shall haue no disaduantage by the greatest persons in the world in exercising or single encountring so the one practise and the other neuer But these being recreations may not hinder more necessary studies though to excell in them be honorable and right excellent The sixt and last generall duetie which is the very point which euery Trauailer ought to lay his witts about To get knowledge for the bettering of himselfe and his Countrie This being the obiect of their Countries defects and the subiect of Trauailers in a word containeth Six generall heads to be learned and vnderstood namely the tongue the Nature of the people the Countrey the Customes the Gouernment of the State the secrets of the same the which are to be sought out wheresoeuer these shall come And though some one of these inuest many with the honorable title of Trauailers yet in how much any shall be found defectiue in any of these by so farre is hee short of the compleatnesse and true estimation that apprertaineth to Trauailers Regular and honorable These things are the vtensils and materialls of States men concerning forraine matters the which many actiue mindes though sitting at home are well read in and except it bee for the secrets and other occurrences alteratioÌ„s changes the difference
state of the tongue of that countrey wherein they trauaile moreouer take paines in the speaking according to the naturall accent and tune of the countrey And as by much reading and labour a man shall attaine to the vnderstanding and consequently by a diligent obseruation to the writing so by conference and much parley the speaking of the tongue will be soone attained vnto And in speaking of the Tongues euery Countreys accent time and tune is best without affectation Hence wee see those that speake the high Dutch do striue to vtter their words highly and with spirit not hudling as the French but distinctly as the Italian Spaniard yet not with that chaunting manner Likewise in speaking the Latine there is a more ciuill elocution and cariage of the mouth than in speaking the high Dutch or Sclauonish with greater tēperance yet with some affectation like the Italian Spaniard euen so in writing elegantly euery tongue in effect hauing peculiar Characters men must follow the most esteemed fashion both in framing the letters sentences according to the Orthography of the country I meane hauing occasion to write letters let such vse that kind of hand most common and commendable and those phrases which in letters almost euery nation hath peculiar as in sub and superscriptiōs For the least error in these may either offer wrong to the party written vnto or discouer weaknes imperfectiō reproueable in Trauailers Lastly as the vnderstāding of a tongue is gottē by good Authors principles common conference with men so to speake the tongue well it behoueth a Trauailer to frequēt those places persons where amongst whō the tongue best flourisheth And as the Court Citie excel in the dialect and fine phrase so the Countrey phrase words are of no lesse esteeme and regard in so much as no man can be accounted worthily excellent in any tongue that wants discretion to speake Court-like and Country-like when and where it is requisite Moreouer considering the manifold Countries that Trauailers may come into it may be demanded here although we haue long plodded vpō the tongue already whether euery tongue be of equal importāce to be perfectly vnderstood spoken of these Trauailers For answere wherof I presuppose two rules first it is impossible for any man to be an obseruer of things required in these Trauailers an excellent linguist in al tongues considering the infinite time such an one must spend in the gaining of thē Secondly there is no such necessity for a Trauailer to learn them all wherfore let him busie himselfe about such only as may stand his State Country in best auaile if so be he shal happily come to prefermēt This resteth in the iudgemēt of Trauailers chiefly To make election for sometimes the state of things alter that necessitate a State to haue in recōmendation the general speakers of such and such tongues But for this Coūtry no one rule of certainty can perpetually hold to all men considering many Trauailers prescribe vnto thē diuers ends as some the knowledge only of the tongues others trauaile for knowledge contēplatiue to whō the Hebrue Greek Latine Chaldie Syriack tongues are most precious wherin all ancient monuments of things past to bee knowen are treasured vp which rauish more the mind then the knowledge of things present by how much they prognosticate future euents But for these honourable Trauailers in regard of their pretence the Latine the French and the Spanish tongues are most necessary and like to hold So the alteration of things causeth a necessity for a season to trauaile in the Italian as at this time the Germane and the Lowe Countrey language that of Denmarke Muscouie and such like confrontire tongues The which let Trauailers busie themselues about more then other tongues that for illustration and contemplatiue knowledge and learning are to bee respected whensoeuer it is requisite Let these things suffice for the first point to bee respected of Trauailers Voluntary 2 The second is the nature of the people of that Nation in which they trauaile which is the generall inclination sway maners and fashion of thē in euery common motion or action whereby may be discouered imperfection in things euil or apprehension of that which is good by the ensample whereof other Nations may generally reforme things amisse and establish their policie euen as Trauailers in particular may fashion themselues for all seasons places and persons to be compleat in ciuill conuersation in the iudgement of the world Now that Trauailers may discouer this amongst the people of a Nation or State let them consider fiue things First whether the people bee ciuill or barbarous Secondly whether they be free or seruile Thirdly whether religious or profane Fourthly whether warlike or effeminate And fiftly of what condition of bodie and disposition of mind These containe the maners nature and inclination of all people in a generalitie of which we will discourse in order And first therefore let Trauailers consider whether the people in generall be ciuill or barbarous and that whether by discipline the best Ciuilian Master or by naturall temperature of bodies Such are the Grecians and those of the Iles of Iapan and Chios as on the contrary side the people of Africa America Magellanica and those of Northeast Europe and Asia by nature barbarists The vse of which obseruation for the Common-weale may appeare by these two rules First that ciuill nations gouerned by lawes diuine and humane written may either be feared for enemies or trusted for friends in case they be neighbours and of the same Religion and of good abilitie Secondly that barbarous people are neuer good faithfull friends but for their profit being euer wauering and treacherous nor if enemies other than mortall yet if their power be not ouer-great are easily vanquished But the priuate vse that Trauailers must make to themselues hereby is to chase away such barbarousnesse and rudenesse as possesseth them to establish a more humane and sociable carriage For better discouerie of these let Trauailers marke the gesture apparell decencie conuersation diet feeding giuing of honour and all other actions of the people of a countrey one towards another regarding or contemning all moral vices with better iudgement than those fantastickes which bring home with them some apish ceremonies of curtesie and strange fashions of apparell but nothing else to giue them commendations at their returnes It may not be vnknowen moreouer that there is no nation in the world but may be reduced to ciuilitie and forced in time to put off barbarousnesse seeing in all people God hath sowen the seedes of that which is good within the furrowes and fieldes of euery ones heart which groweth more or lesse according to the pleasure of the seedeman manifested in the proportioning of nature whereof euery climate hath a seuerall stroke as being an instrument whereby God frameth
and that hath credence with the Prince that is magnanimous and more feared for his vprightnes thaÌ„ hated for his policie according to Machiauel Fiftly being thus known vnto the Councel that he couet not special fauor after the guise of a sycophaÌ„t or after an ambitious maner of any other persons but that he make shew of a constant and an vnderstanding Gentlemen Moreouer though it be requisite to be thus generally knowen of all yet let such take heede to intrude into the friendship of any but with great respect and for good cause vsing modestie and sparingnesse euermore in reuealing of any thing obserued in trauaile vnlesse vpon demands and in vrgent causes and seldome any thing of a strange and incredible nature but to familiars and in priuate Lastly in our sixt point let our Trauailer from time to time procure of other Trauailers Merchants and others such things as they haue obserued for it is a thing impossible for one man to obserue all things fully in a small time required in trauailing to be knowen as we haue considered in the sixe generall points of knowledge comparing them with his owne as with such bookes as happily haue discoursed of them Finally let him plot to haue dayly intelligence if so be hee liue from the Court retired of euery accident forreine and domesticke in the Court Land and Citie by the which the obseruations made in trauaile shal be kept in continuall tilthe and being well husbanded shall occasion at the least sweete contentment the onely pleasure in the world which no worldling can obtaine if not aduancement in the State to doe more good than priuate persons in the Church and Common-weale which is the godly and proper ende of our trauaile and pilgrimage here on earth that thereby God may be singularly glorified the Prince serued the Common-weale and Church benefited and our selues prepared for a greater happinesse then can bee represented in any contentment in this life The which I hartily wish to be respected of all that intend trauaile and to all in all perfection FINIS Trauayling duple Regular trauailing Two orders of Trauaylers Regular Trauailers triple Foure things of Trauailers obserued Two moouing causes efficieÌ„t and finall Three efficieÌ„ts secondary of Trauailers The princes pleasure The maintenance of Religion The hope to do good in the Church and Common-weale Non Voluntaries duple Honorable Non Voluntaries Non Voluntaries not honorable Fiue circumstaÌ„ces required of the honorable Non Voluntaries Vertues and faculties required in Ambassadours Postes Intelligencers Pointes required in Intelligencers Base Intelligencers Men of warre Three generall offices of men of warre To be prouident and faithfull Not to exceed Commission To make true and diligent relation Inuoluntaries vpon displeasure Banished persons of two sorts Their offices in trauaile Such as trauaile for Religion and conscience sake In what cases their trauaile is warrantable Their duties before trauell No licentious humor may presse these forth Right ReligioÌ„ Toleration of Religion To sue for licence of the Magistrate What Countries are best for these to trauaile in Of three one free from danger Their offices in trauaile To serue God sincerely To obey the lawes and discipline Not to change the discipline being once Regular In discipline the doctrine not the policy is to be sought after Not to refuse any honest trad to liue by No excesse to be discouered No Diuers into the politicke gouernement or secrets Neuer to bee noted for idle persons Not trecherous to their owne Prince or Countrie Their offices when they returne Noe busie bodies or moouers of sedition To vse a godly and quiet conuersation Of VoluÌ„taries The moouers of Voluntaries The pleasure of parents The finall and efficient moouing causes considered Two lawfull final moouers The prime The secondarie is duple What times are fit to trauaile in What age is meetest to trauaile in These voluntaries are Nobles or Commons The nobles either make profession or not Foure notable professions Two rankes of Marchants Men of warre their offices The duties of marchants To accommodate their country with good and most needfull thinges Neuer to transport thinges prohibited To conceale the secrets of their Princes states Mechanicke trauailers The offices of Mechanickes in iourneying The consideration of the foure notable professions in noble trauelers Diuines inhibited trauaile but in speciall cases The person of a subiect belongs cheifely to the Princes disposition Foure lawfull pretenses of Diuines to trauaile The generall Counsaile A famous Librarie Ciuilians The offices of Diuines and Ciuilians To be settled and stable in Religion To be studious To take degrees Souldiers Two sorts of good Soldiers A Compleatâ— Souldier The first point of learning in a Souldier The second point of consideration The third The fourth The fift What maketh a good soldier A triple kind of seruice to perfect souldiers Their duties in seruice Note Physicians Two knowledges requireable in Physicians The studie of Physicians Common and accidentall diseases The vertue of Physicians These Voluntaries are to vndergoe sixe poâ—nts before trauaile The first point Fiue principall euil mouers of men to trauaile to be shunned The second point Knowledge Iudgement the enhablers of trauailers Without learning or experience no knowledge Iudgement the collector of profitable things The defect of learning or iudgement what it breedeth The third point Three things appertaine to themselues Qualities duple The necessary For Ornation Their vertues The rules of Art are as faith full helpers of mens memories Musicke rather a qualitie then a Science in trauailers of this kinde The fourth point To be well accomodated of all things needfull To trauell in a priuate fashion most gainefull The fift point What Countries men must resolue to trauell in Two enemies of an estate vpon cause A twofold coÌ„sideration of Countries friends What Countreys afford most gaine to trauell in Why men trauaile into Italy Fiue specialties in the commeÌ„dation of Italy England the best Court Italy a corrupter of men Rome the Forge of euil The sixt point Without the blessing of God men trauaile in vaine In the interim of trauaile sixe things are to be obserued The first The seâ—ond Three preuenters of mischiefes in trauailing Diet. Exercise Sixe things in iourneying to be regarded Moderation of Passion The Law of God the best Counsailer and Physician of the soule The third The fourth What customs are to be followed in other countreys No Customes in forraine States how wicked soeuer are to be publikely withstood The fift What things are chiefly to be exercised The sixt Sixe principall heads of knowledge which are to be learned in trauelling The meanes whereon all policie is grownded The Tongue the first point to be learned Three perfections in Languages What the vnderstanding is of a tongue The State of all Languages at this day The Hebrue tongue the Phoenician or Sarmatian Character Vnder the second Vnder the third Vnder the fourth The deriuation and CoÌ„position of English tongue The