seal_n to_o they_o and_o therefore_o i_o think_v ingulphus_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v take_v in_o so_o strict_a a_o sense_n that_o there_o be_v no_o seal_n in_o use_n before_o the_o norman_a time_n but_o that_o deed_n or_o charter_n before_o be_v good_a or_o valid_a by_o bare_a cross_n and_o mark_n with_o subscription_n without_o seal_n but_o that_o the_o norman_n will_v allow_v none_o that_o have_v no_o seal_n to_o they_o and_o this_o upon_o due_a consideration_n will_v appear_v to_o be_v the_o true_a meaning_n of_o ingulphus_n and_o the_o same_o ms._n author_n commend_v the_o discretion_n of_o the_o saxon_a way_n of_o confirm_v charter_n above_o that_o of_o the_o norman_n a_o seal_n of_o wax_n be_v so_o apt_a to_o decay_v or_o to_o be_v lose_v or_o take_v off_o and_o he_o observe_v one_o particular_a custom_n of_o the_o norman_n that_o they_o be_v wont_a to_o put_v some_o of_o the_o hair_n of_o their_o head_n or_o beard_n into_o the_o wax_n of_o their_o seal_n i_o suppose_v rather_o to_o be_v keep_v as_o monument_n than_o as_o add_v any_o strength_n or_o weight_n to_o their_o charter_n so_o he_o observe_v that_o some_o of_o the_o hair_n of_o william_n earl_n of_o warren_n be_v to_o his_o time_n keep_v in_o the_o priory_n of_o lewes_n to_o that_o of_o the_o leaden_a bull_n append_v to_o the_o charter_n of_o st._n augustin_n he_o make_v a_o pitiful_a answer_n viz._n that_o he_o be_v depute_v hither_o by_o the_o pope_n may_v use_v the_o same_o seal_n which_o he_o do_v at_o rome_n and_o so_o every_o legate_n may_v grant_v bull_n with_o leaden_a seal_n which_o will_v not_o be_v well_o take_v at_o rome_n but_o it_o be_v much_o more_o to_o the_o purpose_n which_o he_o add_v viz._n that_o when_o in_o the_o time_n of_o henry_n iii_o this_o privilege_n be_v question_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n because_o of_o this_o leaden_a bull_n the_o earl_n of_o flanders_n produce_v such_o another_o give_v he_o by_o a_o foreign_a bishop_n which_o he_o and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v use_v the_o fashion_n whereof_o he_o set_v down_o and_o the_o bull_n itself_o be_v preserve_v as_o a_o monument_n in_o st._n augustine_n but_o if_o this_o be_v then_o so_o common_a a_o custom_n especial_o at_o rome_n why_o have_v they_o no_o such_o bull_n of_o gregory_n the_o great_a who_o send_v augustine_n to_o that_o he_o give_v a_o frivolous_a answer_n viz._n that_o gregory_n die_v the_o same_o year_n of_o the_o endowment_n of_o st._n augustine_n '_o s._n but_o do_v he_o leave_v no_o successor_n and_o have_v it_o not_o be_v more_o to_o their_o purpose_n to_o have_v produce_v one_o leaden_a bull_n of_o the_o pope_n at_o that_o time_n than_o twenty_o of_o augustine_n the_o monk_n but_o he_o give_v no_o manner_n of_o answer_n to_o the_o rasure_n of_o the_o first_o charter_n nor_o to_o the_o late_a write_n of_o the_o second_o and_o although_o the_o use_n of_o leaden_a bull_n be_v not_o so_o soon_o appropriate_v to_o the_o consistorial_n grant_v of_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n but_o prince_n and_o bishop_n may_v use_v they_o as_o sir_n h._n spelman_n and_o mounseur_fw-fr du_fw-fr cange_n and_o mabillon_n have_v all_o prove_v yet_o there_o ought_v to_o be_v better_a proof_n bring_v of_o the_o matter_n of_o fact_n as_o to_o st._n augustine_n privilege_n for_o it_o be_v still_o very_o suspicious_a not_o only_o on_o the_o account_n of_o the_o leaden_a bull_n which_o 2._o polydore_v virgil_n can_v not_o find_v so_o early_o use_v even_o at_o rome_n and_o he_o allow_v it_o to_o be_v no_o elder_a than_o anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 772._o and_o all_o the_o instance_n bring_v before_o by_o 2._o dom._n raynaldus_n be_v confess_v to_o be_v suspicious_a by_o 9_o mabillon_n himself_o but_o there_o be_v several_a thing_n in_o it_o which_o in_o 124._o sir_n h._n spelman_n judgement_n favour_n of_o the_o norman_a time_n as_o the_o jus_fw-la consuetudinarium_fw-la judicia_fw-la intus_fw-la &_o foris_fw-la and_o the_o very_a title_n of_o archbishop_n as_o it_o be_v there_o use_v be_v hardly_o of_o that_o antiquity_n in_o the_o western_a church_n and_o be_v never_o give_v to_o augustine_n by_o gregory_n but_o according_a to_o 12._o isidore_n explication_n of_o it_o who_o be_v gregory_n disciple_n and_o understand_v the_o language_n of_o that_o age_n augustine_n can_v not_o proper_o call_v his_o successor_n archbishop_n for_o he_o say_v that_o title_n belong_v to_o they_o who_o have_v power_n over_o metropolitan_o as_o well_o as_o other_o bishop_n and_o it_o be_v not_o before_o the_o nine_o age_n as_o 1â—_n mabillon_n and_o other_o observe_v that_o it_o come_v to_o be_v common_o use_v for_o a_o metropolitan_a it_o be_v therefore_o a_o judicious_a rule_n lay_v down_o by_o the_o learned_a author_n of_o the_o angl._n preface_n to_o the_o monasticon_fw-la concern_v the_o charter_n of_o monk_n that_o the_o elder_a they_o pretend_v to_o be_v the_o more_o they_o be_v to_o be_v suspect_v for_o which_o he_o be_v deserve_o praise_v by_o 125._o papebrochius_n but_o 2._o mabillon_n be_v very_o unwilling_a to_o allow_v it_o as_o overthrow_v at_o once_o the_o authority_n of_o all_o their_o ancient_a charter_n and_o therefore_o he_o have_v endeavour_v with_o mighty_a industry_n to_o defend_v chief_o the_o old_a benedictin_a charter_n in_o france_n but_o he_o can_v deny_v many_o of_o they_o to_o be_v counterfeit_v papebrochius_n say_v almost_o all_o and_o at_o the_o conclusion_n of_o his_o discourse_n he_o vindicate_v the_o monk_n by_o the_o commonness_n of_o the_o fault_n in_o elder_a time_n 10._o which_o be_v a_o argument_n of_o caution_n to_o we_o rather_o than_o of_o any_o credit_n to_o be_v give_v to_o they_o and_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v that_o he_o have_v lay_v down_o many_o useful_a rule_n for_o discern_v the_o true_a and_o false_a with_o respect_n to_o the_o custom_n of_o france_n but_o we_o be_v still_o as_o much_o to_o seek_v as_o to_o our_o pretend_a charter_n since_o the_o custom_n of_o make_v charter_n can_v be_v make_v appear_v to_o be_v so_o old_a here_o as_o it_o be_v there_o he_o do_v indeed_o endeavour_v to_o prove_v from_o bede_n epistle_n to_o egbert_n 4._o that_o in_o his_o time_n there_o be_v write_v privilege_n grant_v to_o monastery_n among_o the_o saxon_n and_o something_o before_o that_o among_o the_o britain_n by_o the_o synod_n of_o landass_n anno_fw-la dom._n 660._o but_o he_o can_v prove_v nor_o do_v he_o attempt_v it_o that_o there_o be_v any_o charter_n among_o the_o saxon_n before_o that_o of_o wither_a anno_fw-la dom._n 694._o and_o if_o not_o all_o the_o ancient_a charter_n refer_v to_o in_o this_o charter_n of_o ina_n must_v be_v false_a and_o counterfeit_a 2._o how_o come_v king_n ina_n to_o have_v so_o great_a authority_n over_o all_o the_o king_n of_o britain_n the_o archbishop_n bishop_n duke_n and_o abbat_n as_o this_o charter_n express_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o charter_n he_o mention_n baldr_v as_o one_o of_o his_o vice-roys_n in_o the_o middle_n he_o speak_v of_o baldred_n as_o one_o of_o his_o predecessor_n and_o join_v he_o with_o kenewalchius_fw-la kentwin_n and_o cedwalla_n but_o in_o the_o end_n he_o make_v he_o to_o confirm_v what_o ina_n have_v grant_v ego_fw-la baldredus_fw-la rex_fw-la confirmavi_fw-la but_o who_o be_v this_o king_n baldred_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o kent_n edricus_n be_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o ina_n reign_n according_a to_o the_o savilian_a fasti_fw-la and_o withredus_n from_o the_o six_o to_o the_o end_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east_n saxon_n there_o be_v sighardus_fw-la senfredus_fw-la ossa_fw-la and_o selredus_fw-la in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o east_n angle_n beorna_n and_o ethelredus_fw-la in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o mercia_n adelredus_n kenredus_fw-la ceolredus_fw-la athelbaldus_fw-la in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o northumberland_n alfredus_fw-la osfredus_fw-la kenredus_fw-la osricus_n but_o among_o all_o these_o not_o one_o baldredus_n appear_v there_o be_v indeed_o one_o of_o that_o name_n king_n of_o kent_n near_o a_o 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daughter_n of_o cadwallader_n and_o than_o ina_n call_v a_o parliament_n for_o the_o intermarriage_n of_o britain_n and_o saxon_n so_o that_o there_o be_v a_o opinion_n among_o some_o that_o ina_n have_v the_o monarchy_n of_o britain_n which_o opinion_n be_v certain_o follow_v by_o the_o contriver_n of_o this_o charter_n but_o mr._n lambard_n confess_v that_o these_o passage_n be_v not_o in_o the_o ancient_a ms._n of_o king_n edward_n law_n and_o it_o be_v a_o wonder_n they_o shall_v ever_o come_v into_o they_o be_v so_o destitute_a of_o any_o colour_n of_o authority_n and_o so_o remote_a from_o the_o design_n of_o his_o law_n as_o to_o these_o counterfeit_a charter_n the_o opinion_n of_o 103._o papebrochius_n seem_v most_o probable_a to_o i_o that_o they_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n frame_v in_o the_o eleven_o century_n when_o there_o be_v ignorance_n enough_o to_o make_v they_o pass_v and_o occasion_n enough_o give_v to_o the_o monk_n to_o frame_v they_o for_o their_o own_o security_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o other_o upon_o their_o land_n and_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o bishop_n over_o their_o monastery_n and_o william_n the_o conqueror_n have_v give_v such_o invidious_a privilege_n to_o battle_n abbey_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o his_o charter_n the_o elder_a monastery_n think_v much_o to_o be_v so_o far_o behind_o they_o and_o therefore_o make_v themselves_o as_o great_a privilege_n by_o the_o favour_n of_o saxon_a king_n from_o hence_o in_o the_o next_o age_n arise_v so_o many_o contest_v about_o jurisdiction_n between_o the_o bishop_n and_o the_o several_a monastery_n of_o which_o we_o read_v not_o before_o as_o we_o have_v already_o observe_v between_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n augustine_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n between_o the_o abbey_n of_o malmsbury_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o salisbury_n and_o the_o abbey_n of_o st._n alban_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o lincoln_n and_o at_o that_o time_n those_o abbey_n be_v charge_v with_o forge_v their_o charter_n and_o when_o they_o be_v so_o charge_v be_v not_o able_a to_o defend_v they_o as_o be_v remarkable_a in_o the_o case_n of_o saint_n augustine_n as_o it_o be_v relate_v by_o 3._o william_n thorn_n a_o monk_n of_o that_o abbey_n he_o confess_v the_o archbishop_n charge_v their_o privilege_n with_o forgery_n and_o that_o the_o monk_n appeal_v to_o rome_n and_o that_o upon_o their_o appeal_n several_a commission_n be_v grant_v to_o examine_v they_o but_o by_o his_o own_o relation_n they_o shameful_o decline_v to_o produce_v they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o dare_v and_o still_o continue_v their_o appeal_n but_o when_o they_o see_v no_o remedy_n they_o produce_v the_o charter_n of_o ethelbert_n and_o augustine_n the_o copy_n whereof_o the_o delegate_n send_v to_o rome_n but_o before_o they_o come_v thither_o the_o pope_n die_v and_o the_o next_o pope_n lucius_n send_v a_o inhibition_n to_o the_o archbishop_n require_v he_o not_o to_o invade_v their_o privilege_n till_o the_o question_n of_o forgery_n be_v determine_v and_o he_o write_v to_o king_n henry_n ii_o in_o the_o behalf_n of_o the_o abbey_n thing_n be_v at_o this_o pass_n they_o fair_o make_v a_o composition_n with_o the_o archbishop_n viz._n that_o he_o shall_v withdraw_v his_o accusation_n of_o fraud_n in_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n and_o they_o will_v yield_v up_o to_o he_o the_o main_a point_n contest_v as_o to_o jurisdiction_n the_o form_n of_o which_o composition_n be_v at_o large_a extant_a in_o thorn_n and_o the_o confirmation_n of_o it_o by_o henry_n ii_o in_o the_o other_o ms._n chronicon_fw-la of_o that_o abbey_n which_o in_o effect_n amount_v to_o the_o monk_n give_v up_o the_o cause_n of_o their_o charter_n such_o a_o controversy_n about_o jurisdiction_n there_o be_v between_o jocelin_n bishop_n of_o bath_n and_o wells_n and_o the_o abbey_n of_o glassenbury_n about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 1215._o as_o appear_v by_o the_o book_n call_v secretum_fw-la domini_fw-la abbatis_fw-la late_o in_o the_o arundel_n library_n but_o now_o in_o a_o private_a hand_n so_o that_o there_o appear_v a_o sufficient_a inducement_n for_o they_o to_o forge_v such_o large_a immunity_n and_o exemption_n with_o respect_n to_o the_o bishop_n jurisdiction_n as_o this_o charter_n contain_v and_o that_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o main_a point_n aim_v at_o in_o it_o but_o in_o order_n to_o it_o some_o extraordinary_a matter_n be_v to_o be_v allege_v in_o favour_n of_o this_o place_n and_o nothing_o serve_v so_o much_o in_o that_o age_n as_o to_o amuse_v the_o people_n with_o wonderful_a story_n of_o the_o antiquity_n of_o it_o call_v it_o the_o mother_n of_o religion_n and_o the_o place_n of_o vision_n and_o revelation_n and_o miracle_n where_o st._n patrick_n and_o st._n david_n dwell_v in_o former_a time_n before_o ever_o the_o saxon_n come_v but_o not_o a_o word_n yet_o of_o joseph_n of_o arimathea_n which_o be_v very_o plausible_a pretence_n for_o extraordinary_a privilege_n and_o so_o they_o be_v allege_v in_o this_o charter_n of_o king_n ina_n ita_fw-la &_o ipsa_fw-la supereminentem_fw-la privilegii_fw-la obtineat_fw-la dignitatem_fw-la nec_fw-la ulli_fw-la omnino_fw-la hominum_fw-la ancillare_fw-la obsequium_fw-la faciat_fw-la in_o terris_fw-la etc._n etc._n which_o word_n be_v speak_v of_o the_o bless_a virgin_n but_o according_a to_o the_o construction_n of_o that_o age_n to_o be_v under_o stoo_o of_o glassenbury_n abbey_n because_o the_o church_n be_v believe_v to_o be_v consecrate_v to_o she_o by_o our_o saviour_n himself_o but_o it_o seem_v strange_a that_o such_o a_o charter_n shall_v ever_o pass_v for_o authentic_a with_o any_o who_o compare_v the_o language_n of_o it_o with_o the_o history_n of_o king_n ina_n as_o it_o be_v deliver_v by_o the_o monkish_a historian_n for_o by_o they_o it_o appear_v what_o war_n he_o have_v with_o his_o neighbour_n prince_n and_o how_o far_o he_o be_v to_o the_o last_o from_o command_a king_n and_o prince_n and_o archbishop_n who_o kingdom_n be_v confine_v to_o the_o west_n and_o south_n saxon_n and_o have_v but_o one_o bishop_n in_o it_o till_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n when_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o daniel_n have_v one_o share_n and_o aldelm_v the_o other_o and_o some_o year_n after_o eadbertus_n be_v bishop_n of_o the_o south_n saxon_n so_o that_o he_o have_v but_o three_o bishop_n at_o the_o most_o and_o never_o a_o archbishop_n in_o his_o dominion_n how_o then_o can_v he_o call_v the_o several_a king_n archbishop_n and_o bishop_n together_o to_o pass_v this_o charter_n the_o like_a gross_a absurdity_n there_o be_v in_o the_o 146._o charter_n of_o evesham_n abbey_n wherein_o brightwaldus_n be_v say_v to_o draw_v it_o up_o with_o the_o consent_n of_o all_o the_o prince_n in_o england_n meet_v in_o council_n as_o the_o pope_n constantine_n explain_v it_o which_o be_v somewhat_o hard_a to_o believe_v concern_v that_o age_n wherein_o they_o be_v under_o no_o common_a head_n but_o continual_o fight_v with_o each_o other_o till_o the_o west_n saxon_n prevail_v and_o the_o case_n of_o the_o abbey_n of_o evesham_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v much_o the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o glassenbury_n for_o 162._o william_n of_o malmsbury_n wonder_n how_o bede_n come_v to_o omit_v the_o foundation_n of_o it_o if_o it_o be_v so_o solemn_o declare_v at_o rome_n as_o the_o charter_n import_v when_o kenred_n and_o offa_n be_v both_o there_o which_o be_v mention_v by_o bede_n and_o in_o truth_n it_o be_v very_o strange_a that_o so_o diligent_a a_o writer_n especial_o of_o such_o thing_n as_o bede_n be_v shall_v say_v not_o a_o word_n either_o of_o glassenbury_n or_o evesham_n but_o he_o judicious_o impute_v the_o occasion_n of_o sound_v this_o monastery_n to_o some_o old_a church_n of_o the_o britain_n stand_v there_o in_o a_o desolate_a place_n which_o egwin_n than_o bishop_n of_o worcester_n take_v a_o great_a fancy_n to_o and_o so_o raise_v a_o monastery_n there_o but_o such_o a_o plain_a story_n as_o this_o will_v never_o do_v the_o monk_n business_n and_o therefore_o they_o must_v have_v a_o legend_n of_o egwin_n chain_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o vision_n of_o the_o bless_a virgin_n there_o and_o large_a immunity_n grant_v to_o the_o place_n on_o these_o account_n as_o they_o have_v full_o do_v in_o the_o charter_n of_o kenred_n and_o offa_n the_o bull_n of_o constantine_n and_o the_o privilege_n of_o egwin_n but_o yet_o this_o unlucky_a charge_n of_o pope_n constantine_n to_o brightwaldus_n to_o summon_v a_o council_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n prince_n and_o bishop_n to_o confirm_v this_o charter_n at_o a_o time_n when_o there_o be_v so_o many_o kingdom_n not_o only_o divide_v but_o most_o common_o in_o actual_a war_n with_o each_o other_o make_v this_o whole_a charter_n appear_v to_o be_v a_o undoubted_a forgery_n of_o the_o monk_n to_o obtain_v great_a privilege_n to_o themselves_o but_o to_o return_v to_o
from_o the_o british_a arthur_n which_o signify_v a_o bear_n this_o be_v a_o ingenious_a conjecture_n but_o we_o be_v not_o so_o sure_o there_o ever_o be_v such_o a_o king_n as_o uther_n as_o we_o be_v from_o gildas_n that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o one_o as_o ambrose_n but_o gildas_n say_v that_o some_o of_o the_o race_n of_o ambrose_n be_v live_v in_o his_o time_n therefore_o he_o die_v not_o without_o issue_n as_o the_o british_a history_n suppose_v and_o this_o may_v probable_o be_v his_o son_n who_o be_v slay_v in_o this_o battle_n but_o what_o then_o be_v to_o be_v say_v to_o king_n arthur_n who_o be_v son_n to_o uther_n and_o succeed_v he_o who_o mighty_a feat_n be_v so_o ample_o relate_v by_o the_o british_a history_n i_o think_v both_o sort_n be_v to_o blame_v about_o he_o i_o mean_v those_o who_o tell_v incredible_a tale_n of_o he_o such_o as_o be_v utter_o inconsistent_a with_o the_o circumstance_n of_o the_o british_a affair_n at_o that_o time_n and_o those_o who_o deny_v there_o be_v any_o such_o person_n or_o of_o any_o considerable_a power_n among_o the_o britain_n william_n of_o malmsbury_n take_v notice_n of_o the_o british_a fable_n about_o he_o and_o if_o i_o mistake_v not_o make_v a_o severe_a reflection_n upon_o geffrey_n history_n without_o name_v it_o when_o he_o say_v hic_fw-la est_fw-la arthurus_n de_fw-fr quo_fw-la britonum_fw-la nugae_fw-la bodiéque_fw-la delirant_fw-la but_o he_o wish_v a_o true_a account_n have_v be_v give_v of_o he_o for_o he_o be_v the_o support_n of_o his_o country_n for_o a_o long_a time_n who_o sharpen_v the_o break_a spirit_n of_o the_o britain_n and_o make_v they_o warlike_a but_o after_o all_o he_o will_v not_o allow_v he_o to_o have_v be_v monarch_n in_o britain_n but_o only_o the_o general_n under_o ambrose_n and_o in_o all_o this_o william_n keep_v close_o to_o nennius_n for_o nennius_n speak_v of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o british_a king_n and_o the_o saxon_n say_v of_o arthur_n ipse_fw-la dux_n erat_fw-la bellorum_fw-la although_o he_o exceed_v the_o bound_n of_o truth_n in_o the_o next_o word_n &_o in_o omnibus_fw-la bellis_fw-la victor_n extitit_fw-la he_o come_v off_o always_o conqueror_n if_o this_o have_v be_v true_a the_o saxon_n can_v never_o have_v keep_v foot_v in_o england_n i_o will_v allow_v the_o saxon_a annal_n to_o be_v partial_a in_o not_o recount_v their_o loss_n and_o on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v unreasonable_a to_o suppose_v that_o the_o saxon_n shall_v be_v always_o beat_v and_o yet_o always_o get_v ground_n even_o in_o arthur_n day_n for_o after_o the_o great_a battle_n wherein_o nathanleod_n be_v kill_v the_o only_a british_a king_n mention_v in_o the_o saxon_a annal_n cerdic_n two_o nephew_n stuff_v and_o witgar_n land_v upon_o cerdicshore_o which_o 514._o matt._n westminster_n here_o place_n on_o the_o western_a coast_n and_o not_o on_o the_o eastern_a as_o camden_n do_v which_o seem_v more_o probable_a because_o they_o come_v with_o supply_n to_o cerdic_n their_o uncle_n but_o all_o agree_v that_o as_o they_o fight_v upon_o their_o land_n they_o have_v the_o better_a of_o the_o britain_n huntingdon_n say_v it_o be_v such_o a_o victory_n as_o lay_v open_v the_o country_n to_o they_o the_o force_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v scatter_v god_n have_v cast_v they_o off_o where_o be_v arthur_n at_o this_o time_n again_o five_o year_n after_o say_v ethelwerd_v cerdic_n and_o cenric_n come_v the_o second_o time_n to_o cerdicsford_n and_o there_o fight_v the_o britain_n the_o saxon_n annal_n say_v nothing_o of_o the_o victory_n but_o florentius_n give_v it_o to_o the_o saxon_n and_o so_o do_v huntingdon_n who_o say_v the_o britain_n have_v a_o terrible_a blow_n that_o day_n and_o as_o a_o evidence_n of_o the_o saxon_n conquest_n ethelwerd_n say_v that_o year_n cerdic_n begin_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n from_o that_o very_a day_n say_v huntingdon_n anno_fw-la dom._n 519._o here_o matt._n westminster_n be_v so_o hard_o put_v to_o it_o that_o take_v in_o king_n arthur_n at_o anno_fw-la dom._n 516._o he_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v out_o this_o battle_n and_o to_o tell_v geffrey_n story_n of_o king_n arthur_n beat_v the_o saxon_n in_o the_o north_n about_o york_n and_o lincoln_n and_o drive_v they_o as_o far_o as_o the_o caledonian_n wood_n and_o take_v no_o notice_n of_o kerdic_n set_v up_o a_o kingdom_n in_o the_o west_n but_o the_o follow_a year_n anno_fw-la dom._n 520._o he_o bring_v colgrin_n badulph_n and_o cheldric_n to_o totnes_n with_o new_a force_n with_o which_o they_o besiege_v bath_n and_o then_o arthur_n with_o his_o caliborn_n do_v incredible_a execution_n for_o he_o say_v he_o kill_v 840_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o so_o total_o rout_v the_o saxon_n and_o not_o a_o word_n of_o kerdic_n or_o kenric_n whereas_o anno_fw-la dom._n 528._o he_o remember_v they_o again_o and_o tell_v what_o a_o mighty_a army_n they_o have_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o wight_n which_o h._n huntingdon_n call_v witland_n and_o what_o slaughter_n they_o make_v at_o witgaresburgh_n which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o witgar_n one_o of_o kerdic_n nephew_n to_o who_o he_o give_v the_o isle_n of_o wight_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o witgar_n say_v huntingdon_n but_o before_o this_o there_o be_v another_o battle_n between_o kerdic_n and_o the_o britain_n at_o cerdic_n league_n which_o huntingdon_n make_v the_o same_o with_o cerdicsford_n in_o which_o there_o be_v great_a slaughter_n on_o both_o side_n and_o in_o that_o time_n he_o say_v many_o saxon_n come_v in_o out_o of_o germany_n into_o eastangle_n and_o mercia_n but_o they_o be_v not_o yet_o form_v into_o kingdom_n however_o innumerable_a battle_n be_v fight_v in_o many_o place_n by_o person_n who_o name_n be_v not_o record_v and_o now_o huntingdon_n mention_n arthur_n as_o a_o most_o valiant_a general_n on_o the_o british_a side_n who_o command_v in_o twelve_o battle_n in_o all_o which_o he_o have_v the_o better_a and_o so_o reckon_v they_o up_o in_o order_n just_a as_o 64._o nennius_n have_v do_v who_o he_o transcribe_v and_o when_o he_o have_v set_v down_o the_o place_n of_o the_o twelve_o battle_n he_o confess_v they_o be_v then_o unknown_a but_o he_o add_v that_o there_o be_v almost_o perpetual_a fight_v in_o which_o sometime_o one_o side_n have_v the_o better_a and_o sometime_o the_o other_o but_o still_o the_o saxon_n pour_v in_o great_a number_n upon_o they_o and_o 65._o nennius_n say_v they_o increase_v here_o without_o intermission_n and_o fetch_v new_a king_n out_o of_o germany_n to_o rule_v over_o they_o and_o then_o set_v down_o the_o foundation_n of_o the_o northern_a saxon_a kingdom_n under_o ida_n 66._o who_o govern_v all_o beyond_o humber_n twelve_o year_n which_o be_v branch_v into_o two_o deira_n and_o bernicia_n this_o kingdom_n begin_v say_v huntingdon_n in_o the_o thirteen_o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o kenric_n who_o succeed_v kerdic_n anno_fw-la dom._n 547._o and_o ida_n descend_v from_o woden_n be_v the_o first_o king_n kenric_n in_o his_o eighteen_o year_n say_v the_o same_o author_n fight_v against_o the_o britain_n who_o come_v with_o a_o powerful_a army_n to_o salisbury_n where_o he_o disperse_v they_o and_o make_v they_o fly_v but_o this_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v happen_v after_o arthur_n death_n which_o be_v place_v by_o matt._n westminster_n and_o other_o anno_fw-la dom._n 542._o we_o must_v therefore_o look_v back_o to_o judge_v of_o arthur_n prowess_n we_o have_v already_o see_v several_a saxon_a kingdom_n establish_v that_o of_o kent_n of_o south-saxons_a of_o westsaxons_a and_o saxon_n in_o other_o part_n not_o yet_o gather_v into_o kingdom_n and_o beside_o these_o before_o kendic_n have_v gain_v the_o isle_n of_o wight_n h._n huntingdon_n say_v the_o kingdom_n of_o east_n saxon_n be_v found_v by_o erkinwin_n who_o slede_n succeed_v who_o marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o ermenerick_n king_n of_o kent_n sister_n of_o ethelbert_n and_o mother_n to_o sibert_n the_o first_o christian_a king_n there_o now_o if_o arthur_n be_v a_o king_n so_o powerful_a so_o irresistible_a as_o the_o british_a history_n make_v he_o how_o come_v all_o these_o kingdom_n to_o grow_v up_o under_o he_o why_o do_v he_o not_o send_v the_o saxon_n all_o out_o of_o britain_n nay_o how_o come_v cerdic_n and_o kenric_n to_o grow_v so_o strong_a in_o the_o western_a part_n as_o they_o do_v cerdic_n say_v 2._o william_n of_o malmsbury_n come_v hither_o eight_o year_n after_o the_o death_n of_o hengist_n anno_fw-la dom._n 495._o he_o be_v here_o 24_o year_n before_o he_o set_v up_o his_o kingdom_n and_o live_v in_o it_o 16_o year_n this_o be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o arthur_n fame_n and_o greatness_n if_o it_o be_v such_o as_o geffrey_n describe_v will_v he_o have_v suffer_v such_o a_o terror_n to_o the_o britain_n to_o have_v be_v so_o near_o he_o 6._o
north_n against_o ambrose_n among_o the_o britain_n who_o be_v overcome_v by_o he_o and_o put_v to_o flight_n but_o afterward_o he_o hire_v a_o saxon_a to_o poison_n ambrose_n at_o winchester_n this_o say_v matthew_n westminster_n happen_v anno_fw-la dom._n 497._o but_o we_o be_v not_o to_o pass_v over_o what_o he_o affirm_v of_o he_o anno_fw-la dom._n 485._o viz._n that_o he_o command_v in_o the_o battle_n at_o mecredsburn_n against_o aella_n and_o his_o son_n in_o which_o they_o be_v so_o much_o worsted_n as_o to_o send_v home_o for_o supply_n as_o he_o say_v this_o aella_n and_o his_o son_n cyman_n plenting_a and_o cissa_n come_v into_o britain_n anno_fw-la dom._n 477._o and_o land_v at_o a_o place_n from_o his_o elder_a son_n call_v cymenshore_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o sussex_n 223._o camden_n say_v it_o have_v lose_v its_o name_n but_o he_o prove_v from_o a_o charter_n of_o cedwalla_n to_o the_o church_n of_o selsey_n it_o must_v be_v near_o wittering_n here_o aella_n and_o his_o army_n fight_v the_o britain_n at_o his_o first_o land_v and_o force_v they_o to_o retire_v to_o andredeswald_n say_v the_o saxon_a annal_n and_o matt._n westminster_n florentius_n and_o huntingdon_n the_o saxon_a annal_n and_o huntingdon_n call_v it_o andredesleage_v by_o that_o no_o question_n be_v mean_v the_o vast_a wood_n which_o begin_v in_o kent_n and_o run_v through_o sussex_n into_o hampshire_n call_v by_o the_o britain_n coid_a andr_v by_o the_o saxon_n andr_v and_o andreswald_n from_o whence_o as_o mr._n somner_n observe_v that_o part_n of_o kent_n where_o the_o wood_n stand_v be_v still_o call_v the_o weald_n and_o 211._o lambard_n observe_v that_o no_o monument_n of_o antiquity_n be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o weald_n either_o of_o kent_n or_o sussex_n the_o saxon_n after_o this_o battle_n continue_v to_o inhabit_v on_o the_o shore_n till_o at_o last_o the_o britain_n find_v they_o to_o encroach_v far_o resolve_v to_o fight_v they_o at_o a_o place_n call_v mecredsburn_n and_o a_o different_a account_n be_v give_v of_o the_o success_n of_o this_o battle_n the_o saxon_a annal_n and_o ethelwerd_v only_o mention_v it_o boast_v of_o no_o victory_n florentius_n make_v it_o a_o clear_a victory_n on_o the_o saxon_a side_n matt._n westminster_n say_v aella_n quit_v the_o field_n but_o confess_v the_o britain_n have_v great_a loss_n h._n of_o huntingdon_n say_v it_o be_v a_o draw_v battle_n both_o army_n have_v sustain_v great_a damage_n and_o avoid_v each_o other_o after_o this_o aella_n and_o cissa_n say_v the_o saxon_a annal_n besiege_v andredescester_n and_o kill_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n leave_v not_o one_o britain_n alive_a and_o so_o florentius_n and_o matt._n westminster_n relate_v it_o but_o he_o 492._o say_v that_o the_o britain_n come_v out_o of_o the_o wood_n and_o gall_v the_o saxon_n so_o much_o that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o divide_v their_o army_n and_o the_o inhabitant_n perish_v by_o famine_n as_o well_o as_o by_o the_o sword_n and_o he_o observe_v that_o the_o saxon_n utter_o demolish_v the_o city_n and_o the_o place_n where_o it_o stand_v be_v in_o his_o time_n show_v to_o traveller_n therefore_o the_o question_n among_o our_o antiquary_n which_o be_v the_o anderida_n of_o the_o ancient_n newenden_n or_o hastings_n or_o pemsey_n be_v quite_o out_o of_o door_n unless_o one_o of_o these_o be_v prove_v to_o be_v build_v in_o the_o place_n of_o anderida_n since_o matt._n westminster_n day_n which_o be_v towards_o the_o end_n of_o edw._n 3._o those_o word_n 247._o camden_n apply_v only_o to_o h._n of_o huntingdon_n and_o he_o say_v it_o be_v new_o build_v in_o edw._n 1._o his_o time_n and_o therefore_o call_v newenden_n but_o they_o be_v likewise_o matt._n westminster_n be_v who_o live_v after_o that_o time_n and_o therefore_o it_o can_v be_v newenden_n if_o it_o be_v rebuilt_a in_o the_o time_n of_o edw._n 1._o for_o he_o say_v the_o desolate_a place_n be_v show_v in_o his_o time_n unless_o one_o transcribe_v the_o other_o without_o any_o regard_n to_o the_o difference_n of_o their_o own_o time_n after_o ambrose_n his_o death_n according_a to_o the_o 2._o british_a history_n his_o brother_n uther_n pendragon_n succeed_v who_o rout_v the_o saxon_n in_o the_o north_n relieve_v york_n besiege_v by_o they_o take_v the_o son_n of_o hengist_n prisoner_n march_v to_o london_n and_o there_o call_v a_o parliament_n and_o be_v solemn_o crown_v and_o fall_v out_o with_o goalois_n duke_n of_o cornwall_n about_o his_o wife_n igerna_n and_o under_o his_o shape_n have_v king_n arthur_n by_o she_o but_o her_o husband_n be_v kill_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o his_o castle_n after_o which_o it_o be_v say_v that_o he_o overcome_v the_o saxon_n at_o verulam_n where_o he_o be_v after_o poison_v by_o their_o mean_n and_o his_o son_n arthur_n succeed_v this_o be_v the_o sum_n of_o what_o be_v there_o more_o at_o large_a relate_v but_o take_v it_o all_o together_o it_o be_v a_o very_a blind_a and_o partial_a account_n of_o the_o proceed_n between_o the_o britain_n and_o saxon_n of_o that_o time_n for_o even_o matt._n westminster_n anno_fw-la dom._n 494_o take_v notice_n of_o cerdic_n and_o kenric_n his_o son_n land_v with_o new_a force_n at_o a_o place_n call_v from_o he_o cerdicshore_o near_a yarmouth_n say_v 348._o camden_n where_o the_o name_n cerdicsand_fw-mi still_o remain_v and_o fight_v the_o britain_n at_o their_o first_o land_v till_o they_o be_v force_v to_o withdraw_v and_o leave_v room_n for_o they_o who_o after_o go_v into_o the_o western_a part_n and_o lay_v the_o foundation_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o west_n saxon_n to_o the_o same_o purpose_n florentius_n ethelwerd_v and_o huntingdon_n seven_o year_n after_o he_o come_v port_n and_o his_o two_o son_n bleda_n and_o magla_n and_o arrive_v at_o portsmouth_n which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o he_o as_o the_o same_o author_n inform_v we_o from_o the_o saxon_a annal_n now_o how_o come_v geffrey_n to_o think_v of_o none_o of_o these_o but_o only_o of_o hengist_n two_o son_n in_o the_o north_n beside_o he_o let_v slip_v one_o of_o the_o great_a battle_n that_o be_v fight_v between_o cerdic_n and_o nathanleod_n and_o pretend_v to_o give_v no_o account_n at_o all_o of_o it_o this_o the_o saxon_a annal_n florentius_n ethelwerd_v and_o matt._n westminster_n all_o place_n anno_fw-la dom._n 508._o but_o huntingdon_n the_o sixti_v year_n after_o the_o first_o come_v of_o the_o saxon_n this_o nazaleod_n as_o he_o call_v he_o be_v the_o great_a king_n of_o the_o britain_n one_o of_o great_a fame_n and_o pride_n from_o who_o the_o country_n about_o charford_n do_v take_v its_o name_n at_o this_o place_n the_o whole_a force_n of_o the_o britain_n be_v gather_v together_o and_o cerdic_n procure_v assistence_n from_o aesc_n of_o kent_n from_o aella_n of_o sussex_n from_o port_n and_o his_o son_n so_o that_o here_o be_v a_o pitch_a battle_n of_o the_o strength_n of_o both_o side_n and_o nazaleod_n behave_v himself_o with_o so_o much_o courage_n that_o he_o drive_v cerdic_n out_o of_o the_o field_n and_o pursue_v he_o which_o his_o son_n who_o command_v the_o other_o wing_n perceive_v follow_v he_o close_o and_o cut_v he_o off_o and_o 5000_o of_o his_o man_n who_o flee_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o their_o king_n and_o from_o this_o memorable_a battle_n the_o place_n be_v call_v cerdicsford_n and_o since_o charford_n upon_o the_o aven_n between_o salisbury_n and_o ringwood_n but_o who_o be_v this_o mighty_a king_n of_o the_o britain_n who_o lose_v his_o life_n in_o this_o battle_n 187._o mr._n camden_n profess_v he_o can_v guess_v unless_o it_o be_v aurelius_n ambrose_n who_o name_n he_o observe_v the_o saxon_a annalist_n never_o mention_v nor_o the_o battle_n wherein_o they_o be_v worsted_n and_o the_o british_a history_n be_v even_o with_o they_o for_o that_o which_o take_v no_o notice_n of_o this_o great_a fight_n wherein_o their_o king_n be_v slay_v matt._n westminster_n will_v not_o have_v he_o to_o be_v king_n but_o only_o to_o be_v general_n under_o uther_n who_o be_v then_o sick_a which_o contradict_v ethelwerd_v and_o huntingdon_n and_o florentius_n who_o affirm_v he_o to_o have_v be_v then_o king_n and_o as_o huntingdon_n say_v rex_fw-la maximus_fw-la britannorum_fw-la which_o seem_v to_o imply_v that_o there_o be_v more_o king_n then_o among_o the_o britain_n as_o there_o be_v among_o the_o saxon_n and_o that_o one_o be_v the_o chief_a as_o in_o the_o heptarchy_n archbishop_z 466._o usher_n think_v this_o king_n be_v the_o same_o who_o the_o british_a history_n call_v uther_n and_o that_o nathanleod_n be_v his_o true_a name_n and_o uther_n be_v a_o nickname_n to_o denote_v his_o fierceness_n as_o the_o annotatour_n on_o 63._o nennius_n call_v arthur_n mab_n uter_n in_o the_o british_a tongue_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n and_o so_o arthurus_n in_o latin_a
make_v use_v of_o no_o other_o but_o where_o he_o follow_v hector_n own_o invention_n the_o remainder_n of_o his_o story_n be_v that_o thing_n be_v quiet_v here_o arthur_n go_v over_o into_o lesser_n britain_n and_o leave_v the_o government_n to_o his_o nephew_n mordred_n but_o while_o he_o be_v abroad_o some_o have_v prevail_v with_o he_o to_o declare_v constantine_n the_o son_n of_o cador_n his_o successor_n be_v bear_v in_o britain_n which_o be_v do_v mordred_n set_v up_o for_o himself_o and_o in_o a_o battle_n about_o humber_n say_v he_o mordred_n be_v kill_v and_o arthur_n mortal_o wound_v thus_o buchanan_n have_v pick_v what_o he_o think_v fit_a out_o of_o hector_n conclude_v with_o a_o bitter_a invective_n against_o the_o fabulous_a relation_n about_o arthur_n but_o he_o give_v he_o a_o extraordinary_a character_n say_v he_o be_v certain_o a_o great_a man_n of_o mighty_a courage_n and_o wonderful_a kindness_n to_o his_o country_n preserve_v they_o from_o slavery_n and_o keep_v up_o or_o restore_v the_o true_a religion_n and_o that_o be_v the_o subject_a i_o be_o now_o to_o consider_v viz._n the_o state_n of_o religion_n here_o in_o king_n arthur_n be_v day_n it_o be_v under_o great_a persecution_n almost_o wherever_o the_o saxon_n come_v who_o be_v cruel_a both_o to_o the_o body_n and_o soul_n of_o the_o poor_a britain_n most_o of_o the_o southern_a and_o western_a part_n be_v under_o their_o tyranny_n and_o 87._o brian_n twine_n quote_v a_o passage_n out_o of_o matt._n westminster_n which_o be_v not_o so_o full_a in_o the_o print_a copy_n concern_v the_o persecution_n of_o the_o british_a christian_n in_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o the_o land_n for_o say_v he_o anno_fw-la dom._n 527._o the_o pagan_n come_v out_o of_o germany_n and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o country_n of_o the_o east-angle_n &_o omni_fw-la crudelitatis_fw-la genere_fw-la christianos_n affecerunt_fw-la they_o torment_v the_o christian_n with_o all_o sort_n of_o cruelty_n although_o this_o be_v want_v in_o other_o copy_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v reasonable_o presume_v the_o saxon_n use_v the_o british_a christian_n in_o such_o a_o manner_n in_o the_o most_o place_n where_o they_o prevail_v it_o be_v true_a that_o 2._o malmsbury_n say_v many_o of_o the_o britain_n submit_v to_o cerdic_n and_o it_o be_v probable_a they_o be_v the_o better_o use_v for_o do_v so_o tho._n 1._o rudburn_n say_v that_o cerdic_n allow_v liberty_n of_o profess_v the_o christian_a religion_n to_o the_o cornish_a upon_o a_o certain_a tribute_n i_o rather_o think_v that_o cerdic_n never_o go_v so_o far_o but_o leave_v that_o part_n to_o the_o britain_n who_o still_o continue_v there_o for_o in_o gildas_n his_o time_n constantine_n be_v say_v to_o be_v king_n of_o the_o danmonii_n and_o 141._o camden_n observe_v out_o of_o marianus_n scotus_n that_o anno_fw-la dom._n 820._o the_o britain_n and_o saxon_n have_v a_o terrible_a fight_n at_o camelford_n in_o cornwall_n which_o leland_n think_v to_o have_v be_v camlan_n where_o king_n arthur_n fight_v with_o mordred_n and_o near_o which_o be_v a_o stone_n say_v mr._n 122._o carew_n which_o bear_v arthur_n be_v name_n but_o now_o call_v atry_n to_o prove_v what_o i_o have_v say_v that_o the_o west-saxon_a kingdom_n do_v not_o extend_v to_o cornwall_n we_o may_v observe_v that_o 2._o william_n of_o malmsbury_n say_v that_o ceaulin_n granchild_n to_o cerdic_n be_v the_o first_o who_o take_v gloucester_n cicester_n and_o bath_n from_o the_o britain_n and_o drive_v they_o thence_o into_o the_o rocky_a and_o woody_n place_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o athelstan_n above_o 400_o year_n after_o the_o come_n of_o the_o saxon_n the_o cornish_a britain_n do_v inhabit_v in_o exeter_n 6._o and_o be_v drive_v thence_o by_o he_o beyond_o the_o river_n tamar_n and_o confine_v by_o that_o as_o the_o other_z britain_n be_v by_o the_o wye_n this_o show_v that_o the_o britain_n in_o cornwall_n and_o thereabouts_o be_v free_a from_o the_o yoke_n of_o the_o west-saxon_a kingdom_n as_o to_o the_o northern_a britain_n 3._o they_o come_v to_o some_o agreement_n after_o a_o while_n with_o oeca_n and_o ebusa_n who_o hengist_n send_v thither_o and_o that_o they_o have_v their_o own_o government_n and_o the_o christian_a religion_n among_o they_o appear_v by_o the_o history_n of_o ceadwalla_n a_o prince_n of_o these_o britain_n in_o 20._o bede_n but_o these_o be_v but_o small_a remnant_n in_o the_o northern_a and_o western_a part_n as_o to_o the_o eastern_a we_o have_v have_v the_o testimony_n of_o matt._n westminster_n already_o and_o although_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-angle_n do_v not_o begin_v till_o afterward_o about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 575._o yet_o in_o the_o nine_o year_n of_o cerdic_n about_o anno_fw-la dom._n 517._o huntingdon_n observe_v that_o many_o angles_n or_o saxon_n be_v come_v out_o of_o germany_n and_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o country_n of_o the_o east-angle_n and_o mercia_n and_o wherever_o they_o prevail_v the_o poor_a british_a christian_n suffer_v to_o the_o high_a extremity_n which_o be_v enough_o to_o consider_v man_n to_o overthrow_v the_o credit_n of_o the_o suppose_a diploma_n of_o king_n arthur_n to_o the_o university_n of_o cambridge_n which_o bear_v date_n anno_fw-la dom._n 531._o but_o brian_n twine_n have_v bring_v no_o few_o than_o 15_o argument_n against_o it_o which_o be_v far_o more_o than_o need_v for_o i_o can_v think_v that_o dr._n cajus_n in_o earnest_n believe_v it_o for_o he_o go_v not_o about_o to_o prove_v the_o diploma_n but_o king_n arthur_n and_o i_o can_v think_v it_o any_o honour_n or_o service_n to_o so_o famous_a and_o ancient_a a_o university_n to_o produce_v any_o such_o sespected_a diplomata_fw-la or_o monkish_a legend_n to_o prove_v its_o antiquity_n it_o be_v not_o certain_a in_o who_o possession_n london_n be_v at_o that_o time_n from_o whence_o the_o charter_n be_v date_v for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a be_v then_o set_v up_o by_o erkinwin_n and_o london_n common_o be_v under_o that_o and_o that_o kingdom_n as_o 6._o malmsbury_n observe_v have_v the_o same_o limit_n which_o the_o diocese_n of_o london_n now_o have_v viz._n essex_n middlesex_n and_o part_n of_o hartfordshire_n 586._o matt._n westminster_n agree_v that_o middlesex_n be_v under_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-saxons_a but_o he_o will_v not_o yield_v that_o theonus_n bishop_n of_o london_n do_v retire_v with_o his_o clergy_n into_o wales_n till_o anno_fw-la dom._n 586._o and_o then_o he_o confess_v that_o he_o and_o thadioc_n bishop_n of_o york_n when_o they_o see_v all_o their_o church_n demolish_v or_o turn_v into_o idol_n temple_n do_v for_o their_o security_n retire_v thither_o and_o there_o be_v the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n keep_v up_o even_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n arthur_n there_o flourish_v the_o school_n of_o literature_n set_v up_o by_o dubricius_n and_o iltutus_n and_o there_o be_v the_o person_n of_o great_a reputation_n for_o learning_n and_o sanctity_n in_o the_o british_a church_n such_o as_o dubricius_n iltutus_n paulinus_n gundleus_n cadocus_n samson_n paternus_n daniel_n and_o st._n david_n above_o the_o rest_n who_o reputation_n continue_v to_o this_o day_n and_o be_v preserve_v in_o the_o saxon_a church_n of_o britain_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o breviary_n of_o salisbury_n where_o nine_o lesson_n be_v appoint_v upon_o his_o day_n and_o 263._o maihew_n observe_v that_o this_o be_v by_o a_o provincial_a constitution_n in_o the_o province_n of_o canterbury_n but_o the_o nine_o lesson_n be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o first_o chapter_n of_o the_o legend_n of_o his_o life_n a_o little_a be_v add_v at_o the_o end_n concern_v his_o death_n it_o be_v the_o just_a complaint_n of_o 5._o bollandus_n that_o there_o be_v nothing_o extant_a concern_v he_o which_o be_v write_v near_o his_o own_o time_n and_o what_o be_v extant_a have_v many_o fabulous_a mixture_n so_o that_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o find_v out_o the_o truth_n the_o old_a ms._n of_o his_o life_n he_o say_v be_v that_o of_o vtretcht_a which_o he_o have_v publish_v the_o next_o he_o account_v be_v that_o in_o colganus_n which_o he_o will_v have_v think_v to_o be_v the_o life_n write_v by_o ricemarchus_n quote_v by_o archbishop_n 844._o usher_n who_o he_o suppose_v to_o have_v live_v before_o giraldus_n cambrensis_fw-la who_o transcribe_v much_o out_o of_o he_o but_o colganus_n withal_o intimate_v that_o the_o life_n be_v take_v out_o of_o a_o old_a book_n wherein_o augustin_n macraidin_n the_o author_n of_o the_o annal_n of_o ulster_n have_v write_v many_o thing_n and_o probable_o may_v write_v that_o too_o and_o to_o confirm_v this_o bollandus_n observe_v only_o a_o little_a difference_n in_o style_n between_o this_o and_o the_o vtretcht_a ms._n but_o if_o we_o add_v to_o these_o giraldus_n his_o life_n with_o that_o of_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n or_o capgrave_n we_o
from_o he_o to_o this_o the_o irish_a antiquary_n reply_n that_o their_o ancient_a annal_n do_v give_v a_o clear_a account_n of_o this_o fergus_n his_o race_n and_o time_n of_o go_v into_o scotland_n but_o although_o they_o have_v the_o succession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o ireland_n long_v before_o and_o the_o remarkable_a thing_n do_v in_o their_o time_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o mention_n at_o all_o of_o any_o fergus_n or_o his_o successor_n go_v to_o settle_v in_o britain_n before_o this_o time_n they_o do_v believe_v that_o there_o be_v excursion_n make_v by_o some_o of_o the_o king_n of_o ireland_n before_o and_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n to_o question_v it_o 464._o even_o before_o the_o time_n mention_v by_o gildas_n but_o they_o utter_o deny_v any_o foundation_n of_o a_o monarchy_n there_o by_o scot_n go_v out_o of_o ireland_n before_o the_o time_n of_o fergus_n the_o son_n of_o eric_n and_o that_o 100_o year_n late_a than_o the_o scotish_n antiquary_n do_v place_n his_o come_n 472._o for_o they_o make_v the_o first_o come_v of_o this_o colony_n to_o be_v a._n d._n 503._o just_a the_o time_n which_o the_o bishop_n of_o st._n asaph_n have_v pitch_v upon_o but_o according_a to_o their_o antiquity_n loarn_v the_o elder_a brother_n be_v first_o king_n and_o he_o die_v fergus_n succeed_v a._n d._n 513._o and_o because_o his_o race_n succeed_v in_o that_o kingdom_n therefore_o fergus_n be_v suppose_v to_o have_v be_v founder_n of_o the_o monarchy_n the_o question_n now_o come_v to_o this_o whether_o the_o irish_a or_o the_o scotish_n antiquary_n go_v upon_o the_o better_a ground_n for_o here_o the_o advocate_n be_v common_a place_n of_o historical_a faith_n common_a fame_n domestic_a tradition_n etc._n etc._n can_v determine_v nothing_o since_o these_o be_v equal_a on_o both_o side_n and_o yet_o there_o be_v a_o contradiction_n to_o each_o other_o about_o a_o matter_n of_o fact_n we_o must_v then_o appeal_v to_o the_o record_n on_o both_o side_n and_o those_o who_o can_v produce_v the_o more_o authentic_a testimony_n from_o thence_o be_v to_o be_v believe_v the_o advocate_n plead_v that_o it_o be_v very_o credible_a that_o they_o have_v such_o because_o they_o have_v druid_n and_o sanachy_n and_o monk_n as_o well_o as_o those_o in_o ireland_n and_o that_o columba_n found_v a_o monastery_n at_o icolmkill_n and_o their_o king_n be_v bury_v there_o for_o a_o long_a time_n but_o where_o be_v the_o annal_n of_o that_o monastery_n or_o of_o any_o other_o near_o that_o time_n to_o what_o purpose_n be_v we_o tell_v of_o the_o monastery_n that_o be_v at_o scoon_n and_o paslay_n and_o pluscardin_n and_o lindesfern_n and_o abercorn_n unless_o their_o book_n be_v produce_v 25._o it_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n satisfactory_a to_o say_v they_o have_v two_o book_n their_o register_n or_o chartulary_a and_o their_o black_a book_n wherein_o their_o annal_n be_v keep_v for_o we_o desire_v to_o see_v they_o of_o what_o colour_n soever_o they_o be_v and_o to_o be_v convince_v by_o testimony_n out_o of_o they_o if_o they_o appear_v of_o sufficient_a authority_n but_o if_o these_o can_v be_v produce_v let_v they_o print_v the_o full_a account_n of_o irish_a king_n which_o the_o advocate_n in_o his_o advertisement_n say_v he_o have_v late_o see_v in_o a_o very_a old_a ms._n bring_v from_o icolmkill_n write_v by_o carbre_n lifachair_n who_o live_v six_o generation_n before_o st._n patrick_n and_o so_o about_o our_o saviour_n time_n st._n patrick_n die_v about_o the_o end_n of_o the_o five_o century_n be_v above_o 100_o year_n old_a if_o the_o irish_a historian_n may_v be_v believe_v but_o how_o six_o generation_n will_v reach_v from_o his_o birth_n to_o about_o our_o saviour_n time_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o understand_v for_o although_o the_o ancient_n differ_v much_o in_o compute_v generation_n yet_o censorinus_n say_v they_o general_o call_v 25_o or_o 30_o year_n by_o the_o name_n of_o a_o generation_n 17._o herodotus_n indeed_o extend_v a_o generation_n to_o 100_o year_n yet_o even_o that_o will_v over_o do_v here_o but_o who_o be_v this_o carbre_a lifachair_n who_o write_v so_o long_o since_o i_o find_v one_o of_o that_o name_n among_o the_o king_n of_o ireland_n 71._o about_o a._n d._n 284._o and_o therefore_o i_o be_o apt_a to_o suspect_v that_o some_o body_n not_o very_o well_o verse_v in_o the_o irish_a language_n 341._o find_v this_o name_n among_o the_o king_n make_v he_o the_o author_n of_o the_o book_n and_o the_o irish_a antiquary_n speak_v with_o some_o indignation_n against_o those_o scotish_n writer_n who_o pretend_v to_o debate_v these_o matter_n of_o antiquity_n relate_v to_o the_o irish_a nation_n 464._o without_o any_o skill_n in_o the_o irish_a language_n for_o this_o debate_n do_v not_o concern_v the_o saxon_n in_o scotland_n as_o all_o the_o lowlander_n be_v still_o call_v by_o the_o highlander_n and_o many_o of_o the_o best_a family_n of_o their_o nobility_n settle_v there_o in_o the_o time_n of_o malcolm_n canmoir_n 85._o after_o he_o have_v marry_v the_o sister_n to_o edgar_n but_o it_o relate_v whole_o to_o those_o who_o come_v out_o of_o ireland_n the_o irish_a antiquary_n think_v it_o reasonable_a it_o ought_v to_o be_v determine_v by_o the_o irish_a annal_n but_o will_v not_o the_o same_o objection_n lie_v against_o the_o irish_a antiquity_n which_o have_v be_v hitherto_o urge_v against_o the_o scotish_n for_o why_o shall_v we_o believe_v that_o the_o original_a irish_a be_v more_o punctual_a and_o exact_a in_o their_o annal_n than_o those_o who_o go_v from_o thence_o into_o scotland_n i_o answer_v that_o a_o difference_n be_v to_o be_v make_v concern_v the_o irish_a antiquity_n for_o they_o either_o relate_v to_o what_o happen_v among_o they_o before_o christianity_n be_v receive_v in_o ireland_n or_o after_o as_o to_o their_o remote_a antiquity_n they_o may_v have_v some_o general_a tradition_n preserve_v among_o they_o as_o that_o they_o be_v people_v from_o britain_n and_o scythia_n and_o have_v succession_n of_o king_n time_n out_o of_o mind_n but_o as_o to_o their_o exact_a chronology_n i_o must_v beg_v leave_n as_o yet_o to_o suspend_v my_o assent_n for_o bollandus_n affirm_v that_o the_o irish_a have_v no_o use_n of_o letter_n till_o saint_n patrick_n bring_v it_o among_o they_o 4._o at_o which_o their_o present_a antiquary_n be_v much_o offend_v and_o run_v back_o to_o the_o druid_n as_o the_o learned_a advocate_n do_v but_o neither_o of_o they_o have_v convince_v i_o that_o the_o druid_n ever_o write_v annal_n all_o that_o caesar_n say_v be_v 214._o that_o in_o gaul_n they_o make_v use_v of_o the_o greek_a letter_n which_o they_o may_v easy_o borrow_v from_o the_o greek_a colony_n at_o marseilles_n but_o how_o do_v it_o appear_v that_o they_o use_v these_o letter_n in_o ireland_n or_o scotland_n or_o that_o they_o any_o where_n use_v they_o in_o any_o matter_n of_o learning_n which_o seem_v contrary_a to_o the_o institution_n of_o the_o druid_n who_o be_v all_o for_o memory_n as_o caesar_n say_v and_o think_v book_n hurtful_a to_o the_o use_n of_o it_o so_o that_o nothing_o can_v be_v more_o repugnant_a to_o their_o discipline_n than_o the_o 150_o tract_n of_o the_o druid_n which_o st._n patrick_n be_v say_v to_o have_v cast_v into_o the_o fire_n 219._o but_o i_o do_v not_o deny_v that_o they_o may_v have_v genealogy_n keep_v up_o among_o they_o by_o their_o druid_n and_o sanachy_n and_o bard_n who_o make_v it_o their_o business_n and_o so_o it_o be_v in_o scotland_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o highlander_n repeat_v the_o genealogy_n of_o alexander_n iii_o by_o heart_n but_o the_o great_a error_n lie_v in_o fix_v time_n and_o place_n and_o particular_a action_n according_a to_o the_o name_n of_o those_o genealogy_n and_o this_o be_v the_o true_a reason_n of_o the_o mistake_n as_o to_o the_o scotish_n antiquity_n for_o the_o genealogist_n carry_v the_o pedigree_n of_o fergus_n the_o son_n of_o erk_n so_o much_o far_a back_n some_o afterward_o either_o imagine_v themselves_o or_o will_v have_v other_o think_v that_o all_o those_o mention_v before_o he_o be_v king_n in_o scotland_n as_o fergus_n be_v which_o by_o degree_n be_v improve_v into_o a_o formal_a story_n of_o forty_o king_n and_o i_o be_o very_o much_o confirm_v in_o this_o conjecture_n because_o i_o find_v in_o the_o genealogy_n in_o fordon_n the_o descent_n of_o fergus_n the_o son_n of_o erk_n from_o conar_n the_o irish_a monarch_n as_o it_o be_v in_o the_o irish_a genealogy_n and_o that_o by_o rieda_n call_v by_o they_o carbre_n riada_n by_o the_o other_o eochoid_n ried_n and_o several_a other_o name_n be_v the_o very_a same_o we_o now_o find_v in_o the_o genealogy_n of_o the_o irish_a king_n as_o eochoid_n father_n to_o erc_n aengus_fw-la fedlim_fw-la conar_n the_o son_n of_o ederskeol_n and_o so_o up_o to_o fergus_n
say_v that_o scotia_n have_v its_o name_n from_o scota_n the_o most_o noble_a person_n in_o that_o colony_n he_o say_v it_o be_v in_o some_o chronica_fw-la but_o what_o chronica_fw-la be_v ever_o write_v by_o grosthead_n 14._o deserve_v to_o be_v inquire_v for_o it_o be_v certain_a fordon_n quote_v he_o in_o other_o place_n about_o scota_n and_o the_o scot_n which_o make_v i_o wonder_v that_o dempster_n do_v not_o put_v he_o among_o his_o scotish_n writer_n but_o as_o far_o as_o i_o can_v perceive_v he_o never_o read_v fordon_n nor_o see_v elphinston_n in_o chap._n 20._o where_o fordon_n quote_v a_o old_a chronicle_n which_o affirm_v that_o gaithelus_n give_v the_o same_o law_n to_o his_o people_n which_o phoroneus_n do_v to_o the_o greek_n and_o that_o the_o scot_n to_o this_o day_n glory_n that_o they_o have_v those_o law_n this_o last_o clause_n elphinstoun_n leave_v out_o and_o he_o pass_v over_o chap._n 21._o where_o the_o miserable_a condition_n of_o the_o posterity_n of_o gathelus_n in_o spain_n for_o 240_o year_n be_v set_v down_o in_o some_o follow_a chapter_n he_o confute_v geoffrey_n of_o monmouth_n in_o the_o very_a word_n of_o fordon_n and_o use_v his_o very_a expression_n about_o the_o first_o people_n of_o scotland_n from_o ireland_n the_o come_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o the_o hard_a usage_n of_o the_o scot_n by_o they_o and_o fergus_n his_o go_v over_o out_o of_o ireland_n in_o all_o which_o not_o one_o authority_n be_v cite_v which_o be_v not_o in_o fordon_n and_o not_o the_o least_o intimation_n of_o any_o such_o author_n as_o veremundus_n in_o the_o second_o book_n he_o follow_v fordon_n not_o only_o in_o other_o thing_n before_o but_o when_o he_o describe_v the_o island_n of_o scotland_n and_o particular_o jona_n only_o he_o leave_v out_o fordon'_v hebrew_n etymology_n make_v jona_n and_o columba_n the_o same_o 10._o and_o he_o say_v not_o one_o word_n of_o any_o library_n or_o record_n keep_v there_o or_o any_o old_a history_n and_o annal_n to_o be_v there_o find_v as_o hector_n boethius_n affirm_v all_o that_o he_o say_v be_v that_o there_o be_v a_o sanctuary_n for_o transgressor_n about_o fergus_n and_o rether_o he_o vary_v not_o a_o tittle_n from_o fordon_n and_o never_o mention_n any_o other_o king_n of_o that_o race_n which_o he_o will_v never_o have_v omit_v if_o he_o have_v know_v such_o a_o author_n as_o veremundus_n and_o he_o do_v not_o suppose_v that_o rether_o succeed_v fergus_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o scotland_n but_o that_o he_o come_v afresh_o from_o ireland_n and_o so_o make_v this_o the_o second_o come_v of_o the_o scot_n out_o of_o ireland_n which_o plain_o overthrow_v the_o constant_a succession_n of_o the_o monarchy_n from_o fergus_n in_o scotland_n and_o he_o name_v no_o one_o king_n of_o scotland_n from_o rether_o to_o eugenius_n who_o be_v banish_v with_o all_o the_o scot_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o three_o book_n he_o give_v a_o account_n after_o fordon_n of_o fergus_n the_o son_n of_o erk_n come_v into_o scotland_n and_o he_o reckon_v 45_o king_n between_o the_o two_o ferguss_n just_a as_o fordon_n do_v and_o he_o desire_v to_o be_v excuse_v as_o he_o do_v for_o not_o set_v down_o distinct_o the_o time_n of_o their_o several_a reign_n because_o he_o can_v not_o then_o find_v any_o write_n about_o they_o his_o word_n be_v ad_fw-la praesens_fw-la non_fw-la in_o scriptis_fw-la reperimus_fw-la now_o from_o this_o expression_n i_o thus_o argue_v against_o hector_n boethius_n his_o veremundus_n he_o say_v that_o elphinstoun_n give_v the_o first_o intimation_n of_o he_o and_o that_o follow_v he_o in_o his_o history_n either_o therefore_o veremundus_n give_v no_o account_n of_o this_o first_o succession_n which_o hector_n pretend_v to_o have_v from_o he_o and_o so_o his_o authority_n signify_v nothing_o at_o all_o in_o this_o matter_n or_o elphinston_n never_o see_v he_o for_o he_o say_v he_o never_o can_v find_v any_o history_n of_o this_o first_o succession_n and_o therefore_o if_o ever_o there_o be_v such_o a_o book_n under_o the_o name_n of_o veremundus_n it_o be_v after_o elphinston_n day_n for_o have_v search_v the_o whole_a nation_n for_o ancient_a write_n and_o particular_o jona_n as_o hector_n testify_v and_o find_v no_o history_n of_o the_o succession_n from_o fergus_n as_o himself_o declare_v it_o be_v a_o plain_a evidence_n that_o hector_n boethius_n have_v give_v a_o false_a account_n of_o elphinston_n in_o relation_n to_o veremundus_n and_o in_o all_o probability_n of_o veremundus_n too_o but_o this_o be_v not_o all_o for_o elphinston_n do_v not_o only_o say_v that_o he_o can_v not_o find_v any_o book_n relate_v to_o the_o succession_n of_o the_o king_n from_o fergus_n but_o he_o refer_v his_o reader_n to_o the_o old_a irish_a annal_n his_o word_n be_v ad_fw-la antiquos_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la libros_fw-la referimus_fw-la so_o that_o according_a to_o elphinston_n judgement_n the_o most_o certain_a account_n of_o their_o antiquity_n be_v to_o be_v take_v from_o the_o irish_a author_n and_o so_o we_o may_v observe_v both_o in_o he_o and_o fordon_n the_o irish_a legend_n of_o s._n brendan_n and_o other_o serve_v they_o for_o very_o good_a authority_n and_o so_o much_o for_o the_o advocate_n be_v ancient_a historian_n veremundus_n the_o spaniard_n for_o i_o suppose_v the_o mention_n of_o he_o by_o bale_n gesner_n hollinshed_n etc._n etc._n after_o he_o be_v so_o much_o celebrate_v by_o hector_n boethius_n 12._o deserve_v no_o far_a consideration_n 13._o but_o vossius_fw-la do_v not_o think_v he_o worth_n mention_v and_o although_o he_o blame_v luddus_n as_o the_o advocate_n call_v he_o or_o humphrey_n lhuyd_v for_o be_v too_o severe_a upon_o hector_n boethius_n yet_o it_o be_v evident_a that_o he_o look_v on_o he_o as_o a_o fabulous_a writer_n and_o so_o dare_v not_o set_v he_o down_o on_o his_o authority_n 31._o the_o advocate_n will_v excuse_v this_o censure_n of_o vossius_fw-la as_o though_o it_o relate_v only_o to_o his_o credulity_n in_o point_n of_o miracle_n whereas_o there_o be_v not_o the_o least_o intimation_n that_o way_n and_o vossius_fw-la say_v that_o leland_n on_o the_o account_n of_o his_o fabulousness_n write_v sharp_a verse_n upon_o he_o what!_o for_o his_o have_v believe_v too_o many_o miracle_n no_o certain_o but_o for_o his_o fabulous_a antiquity_n but_o he_o hope_v to_o bring_v hector_n boethius_n better_a off_o from_o the_o censure_n of_o bishop_n gavin_n dowglas_n which_o the_o bishop_n of_o st._n asaph_n take_v notice_n of_o from_o polydore_n virgil_n 30._o because_o bishop_n dowglas_n die_v a._n d._n 1520._o and_o boethius_n his_o history_n be_v not_o publish_v till_o 1526._o and_o he_o have_v not_o his_o record_n from_o icolmkill_n till_o 1525._o to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o this_o look_n like_o one_o of_o the_o miracle_n the_o advocate_n confess_v that_o hector_n do_v too_o easy_o report_v for_o if_o he_o have_v the_o record_n on_o which_o this_o history_n be_v build_v but_o in_o 1525._o how_o come_v his_o history_n to_o be_v publish_v the_o follow_a year_n for_o he_o make_v use_v of_o veremundus_n his_o authority_n in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o his_o history_n 12._o for_o the_o scotish_n antiquity_n both_o in_o spain_n ireland_n and_o albany_n in_o his_o second_o book_n he_o say_v 22.2_o whatever_o he_o have_v write_v of_o the_o ancient_a king_n of_o scotland_n he_o have_v take_v out_o of_o veremundus_n campbell_n and_o cornelius_n hibernicus_n all_o which_o he_o pretend_v to_o have_v have_v from_o icolmkill_n 35._o in_o his_o three_o book_n about_o caesar_n expedition_n he_o still_o pretend_v to_o follow_v veremundus_n and_o in_o his_o seven_o book_n he_o declare_v he_o have_v keep_v close_o to_o he_o in_o the_o whole_a series_n of_o his_o history_n 118.2_o now_o how_o be_v this_o possible_a if_o he_o have_v never_o see_v veremundus_n till_o a._n d._n 1525._o and_o his_o history_n be_v publish_v by_o badius_n ascensius_n at_o paris_n a._n d._n 1526._o it_o will_v take_v up_o that_o year_n in_o send_v it_o thither_o and_o revise_v and_o correct_v and_o publish_v so_o large_a a_o volume_n as_o his_o history_n make_v so_o that_o there_o must_v be_v some_o great_a mistake_n as_o to_o the_o year_n of_o his_o receive_v those_o record_n if_o he_o ever_o do_v but_o if_o this_o be_v not_o the_o history_n bishop_n dowglas_n censure_v what_o other_o be_v there_o at_o that_o time_n which_o can_v deserve_v it_o it_o can_v not_o be_v joh._n major_n for_o his_o book_n be_v print_v by_o badius_n ascensius_n after_o dowglas_n his_o death_n if_o he_o die_v as_o he_o say_v a._n d._n 1520._o and_o he_o pretend_v to_o no_o new_a discovery_n as_o boethius_n do_v but_o why_o shall_v the_o advocate_n imagine_v his_o history_n be_v not_o know_v by_o the_o learned_a man_n at_o home_n 405._o such_o as_o bishop_n dowglas_n be_v before_o it_o be_v
quote_v 16._o ger._n vossius_fw-la de_fw-fr hist._n lat._n who_o say_v only_o that_o bale_n mention_n a_o piece_n of_o his_o de_fw-la antiquitate_fw-la avalonica_fw-la but_o he_o add_v that_o bale_n deserve_v no_o credit_n in_o writer_n of_o great_a antiquity_n but_o the_o person_n cressy_n mean_v or_o at_o least_o his_o author_n be_v another_o gerard_n vossius_fw-la dean_n of_o tongre_n thaumaturg_n who_o publish_v part_n of_o this_o pretend_a piece_n of_o st._n patrick_n among_o other_o ancient_a write_n which_o will_v have_v no_o great_a authority_n among_o consider_v man_n if_o they_o have_v no_o other_o character_n of_o antiquity_n than_o this_o charter_n of_o saint_n patrick_n however_o mr._n cressy_n be_v please_v to_o call_v it_o a_o monument_n of_o the_o goodness_n of_o god_n towards_o this_o nation_n so_o early_o in_o the_o very_a beginning_n of_o christianity_n because_o therein_o mention_n be_v make_v of_o some_o write_n of_o st._n phaganus_n and_o diruvianus_n wherein_o be_v declare_v that_o twelve_o disciple_n of_o the_o holy_a apostle_n philip_n and_o jacob_n build_v the_o say_v ancient_a church_n to_o the_o honour_n of_o the_o bless_a virgin_n by_o the_o appointment_n of_o the_o archangel_n gabriel_n and_o moreover_o that_o our_o lord_n himself_o from_o heaven_n dedicate_v the_o say_a church_n to_o the_o honour_n of_o his_o mother_n as_o likewise_o that_o three_o pagan_a king_n bestow_v upon_o they_o twelve_o portion_n of_o land_n if_o this_o hold_v good_a it_o go_v a_o great_a way_n towards_o the_o prove_v the_o ancient_a tradition_n although_o joseph_n of_o arimathea_n be_v not_o mention_v but_o st._n patrick_n go_v on_o and_o say_v that_o in_o other_o write_n of_o a_o late_a date_n he_o find_v that_o phaganus_n and_o diruvianus_n obtain_v from_o pope_n eleutherius_fw-la thirty_o year_n of_o indulgence_n as_o himself_o likewise_o procure_v from_o pope_n celestine_n twelve_o year_n and_o towards_o the_o conclusion_n he_o grant_v a_o hundred_o day_n of_o indulgence_n to_o those_o who_o will_v clear_v the_o way_n to_o a_o certain_a oratory_n there_o mention_v and_o to_o make_v all_o plain_a it_o begin_v with_o the_o date_n anno_fw-la dom._n 425._o in_o these_o word_n in_o the_o name_n of_o our_o lord_n jesus_n christ._n i_o patrick_n the_o poor_a humble_a servant_n of_o god_n in_o the_o four_o hundred_o twenty_o five_o year_n of_o the_o incarnation_n of_o our_o lord_n be_v send_v by_o the_o most_o holy_a pope_n celestine_n into_o ireland_n etc._n etc._n i_o confess_v this_o charter_n offer_v very_o fair_a play_n towards_o the_o discovery_n of_o its_o own_o forgery_n by_o such_o open_a mark_n and_o character_n as_o these_o for_o it_o be_v certain_o know_v that_o in_o st._n patrick_n time_n no_o such_o way_n of_o computation_n be_v use_v from_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n for_o dionysius_n exiguus_fw-la write_v his_o first_o epistle_n to_o petronius_n anno_fw-la dom._n 525._o where_o he_o first_o mention_n the_o reduce_v the_o cycle_n to_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n incarnation_n that_o people_n may_v be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o it_o after_o which_o it_o remain_v a_o great_a while_n in_o private_a use_n with_o the_o paschal_n cycle_n and_o be_v not_o public_o receive_v say_v 4._o bucherius_n till_o about_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a 32._o joachim_n vadianus_n say_v he_o never_o see_v the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n in_o any_o ancient_a charter_n of_o which_o sort_n he_o have_v see_v many_o 102._o some_o observe_v that_o it_o be_v never_o use_v in_o charter_n before_o the_o nine_o age_n and_o therefore_o the_o more_o subtle_a pretender_n to_o antiquity_n always_o leave_v it_o out_o 461._o joh._n aventinus_n affirm_v that_o the_o use_n of_o it_o in_o epistle_n and_o charter_n be_v bring_v in_o by_o carolus_n crassus_n with_o who_o 885._o nic._n vignier_n agree_v as_o to_o the_o imperial_a diplomata_fw-la but_o it_o seem_v probable_a to_o have_v be_v bring_v into_o england_n before_o that_o time_n for_o in_o the_o 9_o council_n at_o celichyth_n anno_fw-la dom._n 816._o every_o bishop_n be_v require_v to_o take_v a_o account_n of_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n and_o by_o some_o charter_n in_o ingulphus_n it_o appear_v to_o have_v be_v use_v here_o before_o it_o be_v use_v in_o france_n or_o the_o empire_n but_o not_o long_o before_o the_o eight_o century_n and_o the_o first_o public_a act_n we_o find_v it_o apply_v to_o be_v those_o of_o council_n as_o in_o that_o of_o becanceld_a under_o king_n wither_a anno_fw-la dom._n 694._o but_o the_o same_o king_n do_v not_o use_v it_o in_o the_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o like_a instance_n about_o council_n especial_o in_o the_o eight_o and_o nine_o century_n be_v produce_v by_o 15._o mabillon_n who_o think_v that_o bede_n be_v the_o first_o who_o bring_v it_o into_o the_o use_n of_o history_n but_o that_o can_v not_o be_v before_o anno_fw-la dom._n 725._o at_o which_o time_n he_o begin_v to_o write_v his_o history_n and_o he_o add_v that_o from_o he_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o boniface_n it_o come_v into_o the_o use_n of_o the_o french_a council_n and_o history_n and_o at_o last_o of_o all_o public_a charter_n both_o in_o france_n and_o the_o empire_n as_o well_o as_o here_o but_o from_o all_o this_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v no_o colour_n for_o this_o charter_n of_o st._n patrick_n which_o reckon_v from_o the_o incarnation_n a_o hundred_o year_n before_o dionysius_n exiguus_fw-la first_fw-mi introduce_v that_o way_n of_o computation_n beside_o it_o can_v possible_o agree_v with_o the_o time_n of_o st._n patrick_n go_n first_o into_o ireland_n for_o 145._o william_n of_o malmsbury_n confess_v he_o be_v make_v bishop_n by_o celestine_n and_o send_v by_o st._n german_n into_o ireland_n as_o a_o apostle_n but_o it_o be_v on_o all_o hand_n agree_v that_o palladius_n be_v send_v thither_o before_o he_o and_o prosper_v who_o live_v at_o that_o time_n fix_v the_o send_v palladius_n to_o the_o year_n wherein_o bassus_n and_o antiochus_n be_v consul_n which_o be_v anno_fw-la dom._n 431._o the_o year_n of_o the_o first_o ephesine_n council_n so_o that_o this_o charter_n of_o st._n patrick_n can_v be_v true_a no_o not_o although_o we_o allow_v the_o different_a computation_n in_o capgrave_n who_o read_v it_o 430._o but_o alford_n confess_v both_o malmsbury_n and_o the_o glassenbury_n antiquity_n have_v it_o 425._o it_o be_v strange_a that_o alford_n shall_v say_v he_o find_v no_o exception_n against_o the_o credit_n of_o this_o charter_n since_o even_o patricii_fw-la capgrave_v himself_o mention_n it_o not_o without_o doubt_n and_o suspicion_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o it_o and_o his_o own_o brethren_n 72._o henschenius_n and_o papebrochius_n deride_v his_o simplicity_n for_o believe_v it_o and_o among_o other_o argument_n they_o produce_v that_o of_o the_o mention_n of_o indulgence_n against_o it_o which_o name_v they_o confess_v be_v not_o use_v for_o the_o relaxation_n of_o penance_n till_o the_o eleven_o century_n a_o very_a competent_a time_n after_o the_o date_n of_o this_o charter_n the_o question_n be_v not_o as_o mr._n cressy_n will_v put_v it_o whether_o every_o bishop_n or_o the_o pope_n as_o chief_a have_v a_o power_n to_o relax_v penance_n but_o whether_o the_o name_n of_o indulgence_n be_v then_o apply_v to_o such_o a_o sense_n as_o this_o charter_n use_v it_o which_o those_o learned_a jesuit_n deny_v add_v to_o all_o this_o that_o st._n patrick_n say_v he_o obtain_v from_o celestine_n twelve_o year_n of_o indulgence_n which_o be_v understand_v of_o glassenbury_n imply_v a_o plain_a impossibility_n for_o st._n patrick_n be_v say_v to_o retreat_v thither_o towards_o the_o end_n of_o his_o life_n and_o celestine_n die_v soon_o after_o his_o first_o send_v into_o ireland_n so_o that_o i_o need_v not_o to_o insist_v on_o the_o style_n or_o the_o name_n contain_v in_o this_o charter_n to_o prove_v the_o forgery_n of_o it_o it_o be_v so_o manifest_a by_o the_o argument_n already_o produce_v i_o now_o proceed_v to_o the_o charter_n whereof_o there_o be_v several_a extant_a in_o the_o 12._o monasticon_fw-la the_o large_a charter_n of_o king_n ina_n seem_v to_o be_v most_o considerable_a and_o to_o favour_v the_o old_a tradition_n as_o it_o make_v the_o church_n at_o glassenbury_n dedicate_v to_o christ_n and_o the_o bless_a virgin_n to_o be_v the_o fountain_n of_o all_o religion_n and_o the_o first_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o britain_n but_o upon_o a_o strict_a enquiry_n into_o the_o circumstance_n of_o this_o charter_n i_o see_v great_a reason_n to_o call_v in_o question_n the_o truth_n of_o it_o and_o not_o mere_o from_o the_o dissimilitude_n of_o style_n between_o this_o and_o other_o charter_n of_o the_o saxon_a time_n which_o be_v allow_v to_o be_v authentic_a such_o as_o those_o in_o ingulphus_n william_n of_o malmsbury_n the_o addition_n to_o matthew_n paris_n etc._n etc._n but_o for_o these_o
examine_v several_a testimony_n of_o origen_n concern_v the_o british_a church_n in_o his_o time_n the_o different_a tradition_n about_o king_n lucius_n the_o state_n of_o the_o roman_a province_n here_o overthrow_v his_o be_v king_n over_o all_o britain_n great_a probability_n there_o be_v such_o a_o king_n in_o some_o part_n of_o it_o and_o then_o convert_v to_o christianity_n a_o conjecture_n propose_v in_o what_o part_n of_o britain_n he_o reign_v the_o most_o probable_a mean_n of_o his_o conversion_n and_o the_o story_n clear_v from_o monkish_a fable_n of_o dioclesian_n persecution_n in_o britain_n and_o the_o stop_n of_o it_o by_o the_o mean_n of_o constantius_n the_o flourish_a of_o the_o british_a church_n under_o constantine_n the_o reason_n only_o of_o three_o british_a bishop_n present_a at_o the_o council_n of_o arles_n the_o great_a antiquity_n of_o episcopal_a government_n here_o of_o the_o flamen_fw-la and_o archiflamines_fw-la of_o geffrey_n of_o monmouth_n how_o far_o agreeable_a to_o the_o roman_a constitution_n maximinus_n set_v up_o a_o pagan_a hierarchy_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o christian._n the_o canon_n of_o the_o council_n of_o arles_n not_o send_v to_o the_o pope_n to_o confirm_v but_o to_o publish_v they_o have_v show_v the_o great_a probability_n of_o the_o plant_n a_o christian_a church_n here_o in_o the_o apostle_n time_n and_o that_o by_o st._n paul_n i_o be_o now_o to_o consider_v the_o succession_n of_o this_o church_n of_o which_o we_o have_v undoubted_a evidence_n from_o the_o unquestionable_a testimony_n of_o tertullian_n and_o origen_n who_o mention_v it_o as_o a_o thing_n so_o very_o well_o know_v that_o they_o use_v it_o as_o a_o argument_n against_o the_o jew_n to_o prove_v christ_n to_o have_v be_v the_o promise_a messiah_n because_o the_o uttermost_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v give_v for_o his_o possession_n tertullian_n flourish_v as_o st._n jerome_n say_v under_o severus_n and_o his_o son_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o severus_n he_o write_v against_o the_o jew_n as_o 4._o baronius_n prove_v from_o several_a passage_n in_o that_o book_n in_o his_o time_n the_o affair_n of_o britain_n be_v very_o well_o understand_v in_o other_o part_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n especial_o by_o man_n so_o learned_a and_o inquisitive_a as_o tertullian_n for_o clodius_n albinus_n have_v set_v up_o for_o the_o empire_n in_o britain_n and_o be_v beat_v by_o severus_n near_o lion_n he_o take_v care_n to_o secure_v this_o province_n by_o send_v virius_n lupus_n his_o lieutenant_n hither_o but_o thing_n grow_v troublesome_a here_o severus_n himself_o undertake_v a_o expedition_n hither_o and_o bring_v the_o britain_n to_o such_o term_n that_o they_o be_v content_v to_o live_v beyond_o the_o wall_n which_o severus_n build_v where_o hadrian_n wall_n have_v be_v before_o the_o part_n of_o britain_n beyond_o the_o wall_n be_v call_v caledonia_n as_o sever._n dio_n say_v and_o it_o be_v apparent_a that_o the_o roman_n be_v at_o that_o time_n full_o acquaint_v with_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o britain_n both_o within_o the_o province_n and_o without_o and_o therefore_o tertullian_n can_v be_v suppose_v to_o speak_v at_o random_n about_o this_o matter_n when_o 7._o he_o mention_n the_o nation_n of_o gaul_n and_o the_o britain_n with_o as_o much_o assurance_n as_o he_o do_v his_o countryman_n the_o moor_n for_o receive_v christianity_n and_o say_v the_o kingdom_n of_o christ_n be_v advance_v among_o they_o and_o that_o christ_n be_v solemn_o worship_v by_o they_o tertullian_n be_v a_o man_n of_o too_o much_o understanding_n to_o expose_v himself_o to_o the_o contempt_n of_o the_o jew_n by_o mention_v this_o as_o a_o thing_n so_o well_o know_v at_o that_o time_n if_o the_o britain_n be_v then_o know_v to_o be_v no_o christian_n or_o if_o they_o have_v be_v such_o and_o be_v return_v to_o barbarism_n the_o argument_n will_v have_v be_v strong_a against_o he_o when_o therefore_o such_o a_o passage_n do_v not_o fall_v by_o chance_n from_o such_o a_o writer_n but_o the_o force_n of_o a_o argument_n depend_v upon_o it_o it_o be_v of_o so_o much_o great_a weight_n how_o ridiculous_a will_v it_o appear_v for_o a_o man_n to_o prove_v that_o popery_n be_v the_o catholic_n religion_n by_o instance_v not_o only_o in_o italy_n and_o spain_n as_o the_o nation_n where_o it_o be_v universal_o receive_v but_o in_o great_a britain_n and_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n no_o less_o be_v the_o absurdity_n then_o to_o prove_v christ_n universal_a kingdom_n by_o enumerate_v gaul_n and_o britain_n with_o other_o nation_n where_o christ_n be_v worship_v if_o there_o be_v no_o christian_a church_n at_o that_o time_n in_o be_v among_o they_o but_o there_o be_v two_o objection_n against_o this_o passage_n of_o tertullian_n which_o must_v be_v remove_v 1._o that_o he_o speak_v of_o that_o part_n of_o britain_n which_o be_v not_o under_o the_o roman_a power_n and_o the_o conversion_n of_o it_o be_v say_v to_o be_v late_a than_o to_o be_v here_o mention_v by_o tertullian_n for_o 35._o joh._n fordon_n and_o 14._o joh._n maior_n from_o a_o ancient_a distich_n in_o both_o of_o they_o christi_n transactis_fw-la tribus_fw-la annis_fw-la atque_fw-la ducentis_fw-la scotia_n catholicam_fw-la coepit_fw-la inire_fw-la fidem_fw-la say_v that_o the_o christian_a religion_n be_v receive_v in_o scotland_n in_o a._n d._n 203._o about_o the_o seven_o of_o severus_n but_o this_o be_v so_o little_a a_o time_n before_o tertullian_n write_n that_o it_o can_v hardly_o be_v so_o well_o know_v in_o africa_n as_o to_o afford_v strength_n to_o a_o argument_n against_o the_o jew_n to_o which_o i_o answer_v that_o it_o be_v true_a tertullian_n do_v add_v the_o great_a emphasis_n to_o his_o argument_n by_o say_v et_fw-la britannorum_fw-la inaccessa_fw-la romanis_n loca_fw-la christo_fw-la vero_fw-la subdita_fw-la the_o gospel_n have_v access_n to_o those_o part_n of_o britain_n whither_o the_o roman_n have_v none_o which_o do_v prove_v that_o christianity_n be_v then_o receive_v beyond_o the_o wall_n but_o not_o by_o the_o scot_n who_o be_v not_o yet_o settle_v in_o those_o part_n but_o by_o the_o old_a britain_n who_o be_v drive_v thither_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o account_n give_v by_o severo_fw-la xiphilin_n out_o of_o dio_n who_o say_v that_o the_o britain_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o sort_n the_o maeatae_n and_o the_o caledonii_n the_o former_a dwell_v by_o the_o wall_n and_o the_o latter_a beyond_o they_o these_o be_v the_o extraprovincial_a britain_n and_o be_v distinct_a both_o from_o the_o pict_n and_o the_o scot_n say_v 36._o joh._n fordon_n who_o careful_o distinguish_v these_o three_o nation_n when_o he_o speak_v of_o their_o war_n with_o the_o roman_n and_o he_o make_v fulgentius_n the_o head_n of_o the_o britain_n of_o albany_n in_o the_o time_n of_o severus_n but_o he_o suppose_v both_o the_o scot_n and_o pict_n to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o northern_a part_n long_o before_o and_o that_o the_o scot_n receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n in_o the_o time_n of_o severus_n victor_n be_v then_o bishop_n of_o rome_n who_o succeed_v eleutherius_fw-la to_o who_o say_v 89._o hector_n boethius_n king_n donald_n send_v ambassador_n to_o desire_v he_o to_o send_v person_n fit_a to_o instruct_v they_o in_o the_o christian_a faith_n and_o upon_o this_o say_v he_o it_o be_v general_o receive_v in_o scotland_n palladio_n dempster_n according_a to_o his_o custom_n be_v very_o warm_a in_o this_o matter_n and_o say_v all_o their_o annal_n and_o history_n agree_v that_o king_n donald_n and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o scotland_n do_v then_o embrace_v christianity_n and_o be_v angry_a with_o baronius_n for_o put_v off_o their_o conversion_n to_o the_o time_n of_o palladius_n but_o notwithstanding_o all_o his_o boast_n of_o the_o consent_n of_o annal_n and_o history_n the_o scotichronicon_n be_v the_o only_a authority_n he_o have_v to_o produce_v and_o in_o his_o preface_n he_o say_v that_o king_n edward_n i._o destroy_v all_o the_o monument_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o it_o be_v somewhat_o unreasonable_a to_o complain_v of_o the_o want_n and_o to_o allege_v the_o consent_n of_o they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n and_o beside_o he_o produce_v something_o out_o of_o fordon_n concern_v paschasius_fw-la of_o sicily_n be_v send_v by_o victor_n into_o scotland_n and_o return_v with_o a_o message_n from_o king_n donald_n which_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v in_o fordon_n but_o as_o 2._o baronius_n observe_v it_o be_v strange_a that_o so_o remarkable_a a_o conversion_n shall_v be_v ommit_v not_o only_o by_o bede_n but_o by_o marianus_n scotus_n who_o mention_n the_o mission_n of_o palladius_n and_o fine_a prosper_n say_v upon_o the_o mission_n of_o palladius_n who_o be_v make_v the_o first_o bishop_n over_o the_o scotish_n christian_n the_o people_n who_o be_v barbarous_a before_o be_v make_v christian_n but_o it_o be_v urge_v by_o dempster_n not_o without_o
person_n in_o this_o island_n or_o that_o he_o have_v royal_a authority_n in_o some_o part_n of_o it_o or_o that_o he_o be_v convert_v to_o christianity_n at_o that_o time_n or_o that_o the_o christian_a church_n here_o flourish_v by_o his_o mean_n that_o there_o be_v such_o a_o person_n who_o be_v a_o king_n and_o a_o christian_a be_v prove_v beside_o the_o concurrence_n of_o so_o many_o author_n from_o bede_n time_n from_o the_o two_o coin_n mention_v by_o 40._o archbishop_n usher_n one_o silver_n and_o the_o other_o gold_n have_v a_o image_n of_o a_o king_n on_o they_o with_o a_o cross_n and_o the_o letter_n of_o luc_n as_o far_o as_o they_o can_v be_v discern_v but_o if_o it_o be_v far_o ask_v in_o what_o part_n of_o britain_n this_o king_n lucius_n live_v i_o shall_v only_o propose_v my_o conjecture_n and_o leave_v it_o to_o the_o judgement_n of_o other_o it_o be_v well_o know_v that_o the_o roman_n be_v so_o well_o satisfy_v with_o the_o fidelity_n of_o cogidunus_n that_o they_o bestow_v some_o city_n upon_o he_o and_o tacitus_n say_v he_o continue_v firm_a to_o the_o roman_a interest_n to_o his_o time_n and_o where_o king_n be_v faithful_a to_o they_o the_o roman_n be_v kind_a to_o their_o posterity_n and_o keep_v they_o up_o in_o the_o same_o dignity_n as_o long_o as_o they_o behave_v themselves_o as_o they_o expect_v from_o they_o of_o this_o we_o have_v a_o clear_a instance_n in_o herod_n posterity_n for_o archelaus_n herodes_n antipas_n and_o philip_n his_o son_n succeed_v into_o their_o share_n of_o his_o kingdom_n then_o herod_n agrippa_n his_o grandchild_n by_o aristobulus_n be_v make_v king_n by_o caius_n caligula_n who_o government_n be_v enlarge_v by_o claudius_n and_o his_o brother_n herod_n have_v the_o kingdom_n of_o chalcis_n give_v he_o sometime_o after_o his_o father_n death_n claudius_n bestow_v first_o the_o kingdom_n of_o chalcis_n upon_o his_o son_n agrippa_n than_o the_o tetrarchy_n of_o philip_n which_o be_v enlarge_v afterward_o by_o nero_n and_o he_o continue_v till_o the_o war_n and_o be_v the_o last_o king_n over_o the_o jew_n now_o from_o hence_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o roman_n think_v it_o no_o ill_a policy_n in_o some_o case_n to_o continue_v the_o same_o royal_a dignity_n to_o the_o child_n of_o those_o who_o deserve_v so_o well_o of_o they_o as_o cogidunus_n have_v do_v and_o it_o seem_v most_o probable_a to_o i_o that_o where_o ptolemy_n place_v the_o regni_n be_v the_o city_n which_o cogidunus_n have_v the_o rule_n over_o not_o from_o the_o name_n but_o from_o the_o circumstance_n of_o those_o place_n which_o have_v few_o roman_a monument_n or_o town_n than_o any_o other_o in_o britain_n and_o therefore_o be_v most_o likely_a still_o under_o their_o own_o prince_n who_o keep_v up_o the_o british_a custom_n wherever_o the_o roman_n inhabit_v they_o may_v be_v trace_v by_o their_o way_n by_o their_o building_n by_o their_o coin_n by_o their_o urn_n by_o their_o inscription_n but_o scarce_o any_o thing_n of_o this_o nature_n can_v be_v find_v in_o surry_n or_o sussex_n by_o the_o most_o diligent_a enquirer_n 398._o leland_n indeed_o discover_v some_o roman_a coin_n near_o kingston_n upon_o thames_n where_o other_o have_v be_v take_v up_o since_o but_o camden_n can_v hear_v of_o no_o roman_a antiquity_n thereabouts_o and_o 77._o some_o suppose_v the_o place_n where_o those_o coin_n be_v take_v up_o to_o have_v be_v a_o station_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n under_o asclepiodotus_n when_o he_o march_v that_o way_n from_o portsmouth_n to_o london_n in_o the_o expedition_n against_o allectus_n if_o so_o it_o be_v too_o late_o for_o the_o day_n of_o king_n lucius_n all_o that_o 213._o camden_n pretend_v to_o be_v only_o a_o military_a way_n near_o ockley_n which_o be_v necessary_a for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o roman_a soldier_n pass_v to_o the_o remote_a part_n of_o the_o province_n 216._o and_o some_o coin_n about_o gatton_n but_o as_o to_o his_o noviomagus_n which_o he_o will_v have_v to_o be_v woodcote_n in_o surrey_n 24._o mr._n somner_n have_v well_o prove_v from_o the_o course_n of_o the_o roman_a itinerary_n that_o it_o must_v lie_v in_o kent_n in_o the_o road_n to_o portus_n rutupis_n and_o woodcote_n be_v as_o far_o from_o it_o as_o london_n in_o all_o sussex_n there_o be_v no_o remainder_n of_o any_o roman_a building_n or_o way_n or_o colony_n or_o coin_n yet_o discover_v to_o the_o world_n except_o towards_o the_o sea_n side_n which_o the_o roman_n keep_v to_o themselves_o in_o antoninus_n pius_n his_o time_n 46._o seius_n saturnius_n be_v archigubernus_n in_o class_n britannica_fw-la which_o show_v that_o the_o roman_n have_v then_o a_o fleet_n here_o and_o that_o he_o be_v admiral_n of_o it_o and_o in_o aftertime_n the_o come_v litoris_fw-la saxonici_fw-la per_fw-la britanniam_fw-la have_v several_a garrison_n on_o the_o sea_n side_n for_o security_n of_o the_o coast_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o 72._o notitia_fw-la imperii_fw-la where_o the_o place_n be_v set_v down_o among_o which_o two_o be_v on_o the_o coast_n of_o sussex_n anderida_n and_o portus_n adurni_n by_o the_o former_a our_o learned_a antiquary_n 247._o camden_n and_o 6._o selden_n understand_v newenden_n in_o kent_n but_o that_o stand_v too_o much_o within_o land_n mr._n summoner_n in_o a_o ms._n discourse_n of_o the_o roman_a port_n and_o fort_n in_o kent_n rather_o think_v it_o to_o be_v pemsey_n in_o sussex_n or_o hastings_n as_o more_o agree_v with_o 14._o gildas_n who_o say_v that_o the_o roman_n place_v their_o fort_n for_o security_n of_o the_o coast_n in_o litore_fw-la oceani_fw-la ad_fw-la meridionalem_fw-la plagam_fw-la upon_o the_o very_a coast_n and_o so_o the_o rest_n of_o they_o stand_v as_o reculver_n richborough_n dover_n limb_o which_o be_v all_o in_o kent_n and_o the_o portus_n adurni_n be_v aldrington_n near_o shoreham_n in_o sussex_n from_o hence_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o roman_n be_v secure_a of_o the_o coast_n and_o have_v their_o soldier_n disperse_v in_o the_o colony_n about_o and_o be_v so_o near_o the_o metropolis_n at_o london_n where_o the_o chief_a governor_n of_o this_o part_n of_o britain_n reside_v they_o may_v better_o permit_v a_o british_a king_n to_o govern_v these_o part_n of_o the_o country_n and_o this_o be_v the_o most_o probable_a account_n i_o can_v think_v of_o as_o to_o this_o king_n lucius_n within_o the_o roman_a province_n 36._o sir_n h._n spelman_n will_v bring_v he_o to_o his_o iceni_n but_o without_o any_o colour_n of_o probability_n lucius_n say_v he_o be_v the_o son_n of_o coilus_n coilus_n of_o marius_n marius_n of_o arviragus_n and_o what_o then_o some_o he_o say_v will_v have_v he_o to_o be_v prasutagus_n who_o be_v king_n over_o the_o iceni_n but_o do_v not_o 31._o tacitus_n say_v that_o prasutagus_n die_v before_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o britain_n under_o boadicea_n and_o that_o he_o leave_v nero_n his_o heir_n and_o his_o two_o daughter_n hope_v thereby_o to_o secure_v his_o kingdom_n if_o he_o be_v arviragus_n he_o be_v dead_a before_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o iceni_n and_o if_o marius_n be_v his_o son_n how_o come_v he_o never_o to_o be_v mention_v in_o the_o story_n afterward_o no_o not_o in_o that_o most_o remarkable_a battle_n between_o his_o mother_n and_o suetonius_n paulinus_n but_o hector_n boethius_n call_v arviragus_n one_o of_o the_o iceni_n as_o though_o his_o authority_n be_v to_o be_v mention_v against_o tacitus_n who_o be_v the_o geffrey_n of_o scotland_n so_o many_o and_o so_o improbable_a be_v his_o fiction_n 6._o baronius_n after_o try_v several_a way_n to_o reconcile_v the_o tradition_n of_o king_n lucius_n with_o the_o roman_a story_n conclude_v with_o that_o as_o the_o most_o probable_a 26._o that_o he_o be_v a_o king_n under_o the_o roman_a power_n in_o britain_n such_o as_o prasutagus_n be_v but_o he_o be_v only_o king_n over_o the_o iceni_n and_o not_o over_o all_o britain_n and_o although_o among_o the_o britain_n there_o be_v many_o king_n over_o particular_a city_n as_o they_o then_o call_v the_o people_n under_o one_o government_n yet_o there_o be_v no_o one_o king_n over_o the_o whole_a island_n but_o in_o case_n of_o great_a difficulty_n they_o pitch_v upon_o one_o as_o supreme_a as_o on_o cassibelan_n upon_o the_o invasion_n of_o caesar_n so_o that_o the_o old_a british_a government_n be_v neither_o popular_a as_o some_o pretend_v nor_o under_o one_o monarchy_n but_o the_o people_n be_v govern_v by_o several_a petty_a monarch_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o unquestionable_a testimony_n of_o 4._o diodorus_n siculus_n 4._o strabo_n and_o 6._o pomponius_n mela_n fert_fw-la populos_fw-la &_o reges_fw-la populorum_fw-la say_v mela_n olim_fw-la regibus_fw-la parebant_fw-la say_v agric._n tacitus_n which_o prove_v both_o the_o antiquity_n and_o number_n of_o british_a monarch_n and_o what_o severo_fw-la dio_n say_v of_o a_o democratical_a government_n
dom._n 215._o however_o long_o enough_o before_o the_o time_n of_o fergus_n according_a to_o this_o supposition_n that_o part_n of_o scotland_n call_v dalrieta_n 612._o or_o dalreuda_n the_o bound_n whereof_o be_v describe_v by_o the_o learned_a primate_n be_v inhabit_v long_o before_o the_o come_n of_o fergus_n and_o so_o agree_v with_o what_o 1._o bede_n say_v that_o the_o scot_n come_v first_o out_o of_o ireland_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o reuda_n and_o either_o by_o force_n or_o friendship_n find_v habitation_n for_o themselves_o there_o which_o they_o still_o enjoy_v and_o from_o their_o leader_n to_o this_o time_n they_o be_v call_v dalreudim_n daal_n signify_v a_o share_n in_o their_o language_n this_o reuda_n seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o cairbre_n riada_n the_o three_o son_n of_o conair_a and_o if_o fergus_n be_v descend_v from_o the_o same_o conair_a it_o give_v a_o probable_a account_n of_o fergus_n his_o come_n afterward_o into_o those_o part_n and_o take_v the_o government_n upon_o he_o for_o 93._o kete_v say_v that_o eochac_n mumreamhar_n of_o the_o progeny_n of_o cairbre_n redhfadac_n or_o riada_n have_v two_o son_n earcha_n and_o elchon_n and_o from_o the_o former_a the_o family_n of_o dalinea_n riada_n in_o scotland_n be_v descend_v from_o the_o latter_a those_o of_o dalinea_n riada_n in_o ulster_n which_o must_v be_v understand_v of_o that_o part_n of_o the_o ulster_n dalinea_n riadans_fw-la which_o fergus_n carry_v with_o he_o for_o there_o be_v the_o descendants_n from_o riada_n in_o scotland_n before_o according_a to_o the_o former_a account_n but_o the_o whole_a matter_n about_o the_o reign_n of_o fergus_n remain_v still_o very_o obscure_a for_o 1._o it_o seem_v strange_a that_o bede_n take_v no_o notice_n at_o all_o of_o he_o which_o in_o all_o probability_n he_o will_v have_v do_v as_o well_o as_o of_o reuda_n who_o be_v less_o considerable_a 2._o 137._o jocelin_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n patrick_n say_v that_o fergus_n be_v one_o of_o the_o twelve_o son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o dalredia_n and_o be_v exclude_v from_o his_o share_n by_o his_o brethren_n of_o who_o st._n patrick_n prophesy_v that_o from_o he_o king_n shall_v rise_v who_o shall_v not_o only_o reign_v at_o home_n but_o in_o a_o foreign_a country_n after_o which_o say_v he_o fergus_n in_o no_o long_a time_n come_v to_o be_v king_n in_o his_o own_o country_n and_o from_o he_o spring_v eanus_fw-la who_o subdue_v albany_n and_o other_o island_n and_o who_o posterity_n still_o reign_v there_o so_o that_o if_o jocelin_n authority_n be_v good_a fergus_n himself_o never_o come_v into_o scotland_n but_o the_o mistake_n arise_v because_o he_o be_v king_n in_o dalrieda_n which_o the_o scot_n understand_v of_o their_o own_o and_o think_v they_o have_v reason_n because_o the_o posterity_n of_o fergus_n reign_v there_o 3._o 16._o giraldus_n cambrensis_fw-la who_o have_v a_o sight_n of_o the_o irish_a annal_n never_o mention_n fergus_n but_o only_o say_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o nellus_fw-la the_o monarch_n of_o ireland_n six_o son_n of_o mure_v king_n of_o ulster_n sail_v into_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o britain_n and_o there_o plant_v themselves_o from_o who_o the_o scotish_n nation_n be_v derive_v this_o nellus_fw-la who_o the_o irish_a call_v niall_a the_o great_a be_v kill_v say_v gratianus_n lucius_n anno_fw-la dom._n 403._o and_o if_o the_o son_n of_o the_o king_n of_o ulster_n come_v then_o over_o to_o plant_v and_o settle_v in_o scotland_n this_o must_v be_v 100_o year_n before_o the_o time_n of_o fergus_n and_o consequent_o he_o can_v be_v none_o of_o that_o number_n and_o yet_o the_o 93._o irish_a annalist_n make_v the_o two_o ferguss_n the_o two_o aenguss_n and_o the_o two_o loarn_n to_o be_v the_o six_o son_n of_o muriedhach_n king_n of_o ulster_n who_o come_v over_o to_o settle_v in_o scotland_n but_o if_o giraldus_n his_o authority_n be_v allow_v the_o scot_n come_v not_o to_o settle_v in_o britain_n till_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o five_o century_n and_o the_o monarchy_n in_o the_o posterity_n of_o fergus_n according_a to_o jocelin_n can_v not_o be_v till_o towards_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o six_o century_n and_o if_o edan_n king_n of_o the_o scot_n in_o bede_n history_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o edan_n in_o jocelin_n who_o descend_v from_o fergus_n then_o the_o scotish_n kingdom_n do_v not_o begin_v till_o the_o seven_o century_n as_o appear_v by_o 34._o bede_n but_o in_o matter_n of_o so_o much_o obscurity_n i_o determine_v nothing_o but_o it_o be_v but_o justice_n to_o consider_v on_o the_o other_o side_n what_o the_o scotish_n antiquary_n do_v now_o plead_v for_o themselves_o to_o prove_v that_o they_o inhabit_v scotland_n long_o before_o this_o time_n first_o they_o say_v 1._o bede_n mention_n they_o as_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n before_o the_o come_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o describe_v the_o war_n be_v between_o the_o pict_n scot_n and_o britain_n before_o that_o of_o the_o roman_n it_o be_v very_o true_a that_o bede_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o history_n do_v set_v down_o the_o several_a nation_n which_o inhabit_v britain_n and_o he_o name_v five_o english_a britain_n scot_n pict_n and_o roman_n and_o among_o these_o he_o reckon_v the_o britain_n first_o than_o the_o pict_n after_o they_o the_o scot_n from_o ireland_n under_o reuda_n and_o then_o add_v that_o ireland_n be_v the_o true_a country_n of_o the_o scot_n who_o come_v hither_o make_v a_o three_o nation_n in_o britain_n beside_o the_o britain_n and_o pict_n and_o land_v on_o the_o north_n part_n of_o the_o frith_n towards_o ireland_n and_o there_o settle_v themselves_o but_o bede_n say_v nothing_o at_o all_o of_o the_o time_n when_o the_o scot_n come_v first_o from_o ireland_n and_o it_o be_v of_o no_o force_n that_o he_o reckon_v they_o here_o before_o the_o war_n with_o the_o roman_n for_o so_o he_o do_v the_o english_a as_o well_o as_o the_o scot_n his_o business_n be_v to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o present_a inhabitant_n and_o not_o mere_o of_o the_o ancient_n haec_fw-la in_o praesenti_fw-la 5_o gentium_fw-la linguis_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o where_o do_v bede_n say_v that_o the_o scot_n be_v in_o britain_n before_o the_o roman_n come_v hither_o i_o can_v find_v so_o much_o as_o a_o intimation_n that_o way_n unless_o it_o be_v in_o the_o title_n of_o the_o chapter_n of_o the_o situation_n of_o britain_n and_o ireland_n and_o their_o ancient_a inhabitant_n and_o do_v not_o bede_n speak_v of_o the_o britain_n as_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o island_n and_o the_o scot_n of_o ireland_n but_o if_o all_o mention_v must_v be_v ancient_a inhabitant_n than_o so_o must_v the_o english_a and_o roman_n be_v as_o well_o as_o the_o pict_n and_o scot_n well!_o but_o do_v not_o 5._o bede_n afterward_o say_v that_o severus_n his_o wall_n be_v build_v against_o the_o unconquered_a nation_n beyond_o it_o i_o grant_v it_o if_o he_o have_v say_v the_o scot_n and_o pict_n beyond_o it_o the_o controversy_n have_v be_v end_v but_o do_v not_o dio_n explain_v bede_n who_o express_o tell_v we_o these_o nation_n be_v the_o maeatae_n and_o the_o caledonii_n why_o not_o the_o pict_n and_o the_o scot_n if_o then_o in_o britain_n the_o latter_a roman_a writer_n never_o forbear_v call_v they_o by_o their_o own_o name_n when_o they_o know_v they_o to_o be_v here_o as_o appear_v by_o eumenius_n claudian_n and_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n but_o to_o say_v the_o scot_n be_v call_v maeatae_n because_o they_o come_v from_o the_o palus_n maeotis_n will_v hardly_o go_v down_o in_o this_o age._n however_o it_o be_v confident_o affirm_v the_o caledonii_n be_v the_o scot_n let_v this_o one_o thing_n be_v well_o prove_v and_o i_o will_v yield_v the_o scot_n be_v in_o britain_n long_o before_o severus_n his_o time_n for_o tacitus_n mention_n the_o caledonian_n but_o it_o be_v to_o no_o more_o purpose_n to_o quote_v modern_a writer_n who_o call_v the_o caledonian_n scot_n than_o lipsius_n his_o calling_n galgacus_n a_o scotish_n king_n for_o we_o be_v not_o bind_v to_o follow_v any_o modern_a writer_n in_o their_o impropriety_n there_o be_v no_o question_n the_o caledonian_n be_v know_v to_o flaccus_n and_o martial_n who_o certain_o live_v not_o in_o augustus_n his_o time_n unless_o that_o name_n be_v very_o improper_o give_v by_o itself_o to_o domitian_n or_o trajan_n but_o do_v any_o of_o these_o roman_a author_n ever_o tell_v we_o the_o caledonian_n be_v scot_n if_o not_o to_o what_o end_n be_v the_o caledonian_n so_o much_o speak_v of_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v find_v by_o tacitus_n or_o dio_n or_o any_o other_o they_o be_v the_o northern_a britain_n and_o if_o tacitus_n have_v know_v that_o they_o come_v out_o of_o ireland_n and_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n he_o be_v so_o diligent_a and_o
they_o as_o the_o native_n be_v not_o train_v up_o to_o martial_a discipline_n but_o depend_v whole_o on_o the_o roman_a legion_n for_o their_o defence_n and_o security_n thence_o whatever_o people_n have_v the_o courage_n to_o invade_v do_v usual_o take_v possession_n of_o the_o country_n where_o the_o roman_a legion_n be_v at_o a_o distance_n or_o otherwise_o engage_v against_o each_o other_o thus_o in_o france_n the_o goth_n the_o burgundian_n the_o frank_n and_o the_o britain_n take_v possession_n of_o the_o several_a part_n they_o attempt_v and_o the_o goth_n and_o vandal_n in_o spain_n so_o goth_n and_o lombard_n in_o italy_n itself_o so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v wonder_v if_o the_o saxon_n prevail_v here_o at_o last_o but_o with_o as_o much_o difficulty_n and_o after_o as_o many_o battle_n as_o be_v fight_v by_o any_o people_n of_o that_o time_n without_o foreign_a assistence_n but_o to_o return_v to_o the_o aremorican_a britain_n whether_o they_o come_v over_o under_o rioval_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o distraction_n here_o when_o the_o people_n be_v so_o rebellious_a against_o their_o prince_n as_o gildas_n relate_v or_o whether_o they_o go_v over_o to_o assist_v constantine_n and_o his_o son_n and_o so_o remain_v there_o i_o shall_v not_o determine_v but_o that_o the_o britain_n be_v well_o settle_v there_o before_o samson_n archbishop_n of_o york_n and_o his_o company_n pass_v the_o sea_n appear_v by_o what_o 1199._o mat._n paris_n say_v that_o they_o go_v to_o their_o fellow_n citizen_n and_o country_n man_n hope_v to_o live_v more_o quiet_o there_o and_o after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o dole_n he_o be_v by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o britain_n put_v into_o his_o place_n and_o from_o thence_o forward_o exercise_v his_o archiepiscopal_a power_n there_o the_o king_n of_o that_o province_n not_o suffer_v his_o successor_n there_o to_o pay_v any_o obedience_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o tours_n which_o beget_v a_o suit_n which_o hold_v 300_o year_n in_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n and_o be_v this_o year_n manful_o decide_v by_o innocent_a iii_o as_o mat._n paris_n there_o relate_v who_o state_n the_o case_n very_o unskilful_o lay_v the_o weight_n of_o it_o upon_o the_o archbishops_n bring_v over_o his_o pall_n from_o york_n which_o the_o pope_n have_v give_v he_o there_o suppose_v this_o be_v true_a although_o the_o pope_n give_v no_o pall_v then_o nor_o a_o great_a while_n after_o yet_o this_o be_v no_o reason_n to_o contest_v it_o in_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n so_o long_o together_o but_o the_o difficulty_n of_o the_o case_n lie_v upon_o another_o point_n viz._n according_a to_o the_o old_a canon_n of_o the_o church_n if_o a_o province_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o each_o province_n be_v to_o have_v a_o metropolitan_a now_o this_o reason_n hold_v much_o strong_a when_o new_a kingdom_n be_v erect_v out_o of_o the_o roman_a province_n for_o what_o reason_n be_v there_o why_o the_o bishop_n of_o dole_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bretagn_n shall_v yield_v subjection_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o tours_n in_o a_o distinct_a kingdom_n and_o there_o be_v the_o fair_a colour_n for_o this_o when_o one_o actual_o a_o archbishop_n before_o come_v to_o be_v settle_v there_o and_o from_o hence_o they_o insist_v on_o a_o prescription_n of_o a_o very_a long_a time_n wherein_o no_o subjection_n have_v be_v make_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o tours_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o account_n give_v of_o this_o cause_n by_o 82._o innocent_a iii_o in_o his_o epistle_n late_o publish_v by_o baluzius_n on_o the_o other_o side_n it_o be_v plead_v that_o all_o britanny_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o tours_n but_o that_o the_o britain_n conspire_v against_o the_o king_n of_o france_n and_o set_v up_o a_o kingdom_n of_o their_o own_o they_o make_v use_v of_o samson_n archbishop_z of_o york_z come_v to_o establish_v a_o metropolitan_a power_n within_o that_o kingdom_n and_o upon_o complaint_n make_v to_o rome_n the_o pope_n have_v put_v it_o upon_o this_o issue_n whether_o any_o of_o their_o predecessor_n have_v grant_v the_o pall_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o dole_n which_o not_o be_v prove_v the_o pope_n as_o it_o be_v easy_a to_o imagine_v give_v sentence_n against_o the_o bishop_n of_o dole_n but_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o they_o go_v upon_o a_o false_a suggestion_n viz._n that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bretagn_n be_v set_v up_o in_o rebellion_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n for_o childeric_n have_v not_o extend_v his_o dominion_n in_o france_n as_o far_o as_o the_o loir_fw-fr and_o before_o his_o time_n the_o britain_n be_v in_o quiet_a possession_n of_o those_o part_n of_o aremorica_n and_o the_o best_a 18._o french_a historian_n now_o grant_v that_o the_o britain_n come_v thither_o in_o the_o time_n of_o merouée_fw-fr who_o obtain_v but_o little_a in_o gaul_n as_o 146._o hadrianus_n valesius_fw-la confess_v and_o the_o 12._o author_n of_o the_o life_n of_o gildas_n observe_v that_o the_o power_n of_o the_o king_n of_o france_n be_v very_o inconsiderable_a in_o the_o time_n of_o childeric_n son_n of_o merouée_fw-fr at_o what_o time_n gildas_n go_v over_o into_o aremorica_n as_o his_o schoolfellow_n under_o iltutus_n samson_n and_o paulus_n have_v do_v before_o he_o whereof_o one_o succeed_v the_o other_o samson_n at_o dole_n and_o the_o other_o be_v make_v bishop_n of_o the_o oxismii_fw-la the_o most_o northern_a people_n of_o bretagn_n which_o diocese_n be_v since_o divide_v into_o three_o treguier_n s._n pol_n de_fw-fr leon_n and_o s._n brieu_o here_o gildas_n at_o the_o request_n of_o his_o brethren_n who_o come_v out_o of_o britain_n say_v the_o author_n of_o his_o life_n write_v his_o epistle_n wherein_o he_o so_o sharp_o reprove_v the_o several_a vice_n of_o the_o five_o king_n of_o britain_n who_o he_o call_v by_o the_o name_n of_o constantine_n aurelius_n vortiporius_n cuneglasus_n and_o maglocunus_fw-la and_o speak_v to_o they_o all_o as_o then_o live_v the_o 8._o british_a history_n make_v they_o to_o succeed_v each_o other_o constantine_n according_a to_o that_o be_v kill_v in_o his_o three_o year_n by_o aurelius_n conanus_fw-la he_o die_v in_o his_o second_o year_n and_o vortiporius_n succeed_v he_o reign_v four_o year_n after_o he_o he_o place_v malgo_n and_o leave_v cuneglasus_n whole_o out_o but_o that_o they_o reign_v at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o several_a part_n of_o britain_n be_v evident_a from_o gildas_n because_o he_o say_v he_o know_v that_o constantine_n be_v then_o live_v now_o constantine_n reign_v the_o first_o of_o these_o how_o can_v he_o speak_v to_o the_o four_o king_n that_o succeed_v he_o if_o he_o be_v still_o live_v for_o there_o be_v no_o colour_n for_o imagine_v that_o gildas_n still_o add_v his_o reproof_n as_o one_o die_v and_o another_o succeed_v for_o any_o one_o may_v discern_v it_o be_v write_v in_o one_o continue_a style_n and_o he_o write_v to_o they_o all_o as_o then_o live_v without_o the_o least_o intimation_n that_o they_o succeed_v each_o other_o beside_o he_o call_v constantine_n the_o issue_n of_o the_o impure_a damnonian_n lioness_n and_o at_o this_o time_n the_o britain_n in_o the_o remote_a western_a part_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o other_o by_o the_o west_n saxon_a kingdom_n and_o therefore_o there_o be_v far_o less_o probability_n that_o all_o the_o britain_n at_o that_o time_n shall_v be_v under_o one_o monarch_n and_o where_o they_o have_v great_a freedom_n of_o live_v together_o they_o be_v divide_v into_o several_a principality_n for_o he_o who_o gildas_n call_v maglocunus_fw-la be_v by_o the_o british_a writer_n call_v maelgun_v guine_v and_o mailgunus_fw-la mention_v by_o john_n of_o tinmouth_n in_o the_o life_n of_o st._n paternus_n and_o by_o thaliessin_n in_o sir_n john_n price_n from_o who_o it_o appear_v that_o he_o be_v king_n of_o north-wales_n and_o as_o gildas_n call_v vortiporius_n the_o tyrant_n of_o the_o demetae_n by_o who_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o south-wales_n be_v understand_v aurelius_n conanus_fw-la archbishop_n 537._o usher_n think_v be_v king_n of_o powisland_n which_o be_v sometime_o a_o three_o kingdom_n and_o for_o cuneglasus_n it_o seem_v probable_a he_o have_v the_o command_n of_o the_o northern_a britain_n for_o it_o be_v plain_a from_o bede_n they_o have_v a_o distinct_a principality_n there_o all_o these_o gildas_n do_v very_o severe_o reprove_v for_o their_o several_a vice_n and_o then_o tax_v the_o judge_n and_o clergy_n to_o the_o conclusion_n of_o his_o epistle_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v repent_v of_o their_o sin_n and_o acquit_v the_o just_a and_o wise_a providence_n of_o god_n in_o the_o judgement_n he_o bring_v upon_o they_o which_o be_v very_o terrible_a and_o end_v in_o the_o desolation_n of_o the_o country_n and_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o british_a church_n except_v only_o those_o remnant_n which_o be_v
the_o county_n of_o longford_n which_o he_o deduce_v to_o anno_fw-la domini_fw-la 1405._o the_o annal_n of_o ulster_n by_o one_o maguir_n canon_n of_o armach_n deduce_v to_o his_o own_o time_n who_o die_v an._n dom._n 1498._o and_o the_o annal_n of_o dungall_n compose_v by_o four_o modern_a author_n out_o of_o all_o their_o former_a annal_n but_o among_o all_o these_o there_o be_v nothing_o pretend_v to_o antiquity_n but_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n and_o tigernacus_n yet_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n fall_v short_a of_o the_o time_n of_o nennius_n for_o cormach_n king_n of_o munster_n the_o suppose_a author_n of_o it_o live_v after_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o ten_o century_n be_v kill_v by_o flanmhac_n siona_n call_v flannus_fw-la siuna_fw-la by_o 78._o gratianus_n lucius_n who_o die_v an._n dom._n 914._o or_o as_o sir_n james_n 26._o ware_n think_v an._n dom._n 916._o and_o for_o tigernacus_n his_o annal_n the_o four_o magistri_fw-la as_o colgunus_fw-la call_v they_o or_o the_o annal_n of_o dungall_n be_v positive_a that_o tigernacus_n o_o braion_n the_o author_n of_o they_o die_v 108._o in_o the_o eleven_o century_n an._n dom._n 1088._o there_o remain_v only_o the_o psaltuir_n naran_a write_v by_o aonghais_n ceile_v de_fw-fr or_o by_o aengusius_fw-la one_o of_o the_o culdee_n who_o live_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o eight_o century_n as_o the_o same_o irish_a antiquary_n confess_v 8_o who_o withal_o say_v that_o all_o the_o work_v contain_v therein_o relate_v only_o to_o matter_n of_o piety_n and_o devotion_n 579.582_o which_o therefore_o can_v signify_v nothing_o to_o our_o purpose_n so_o that_o nothing_o appear_v of_o the_o irish_a antiquity_n which_o can_v pretend_v to_o be_v write_v before_o the_o danish_a invasion_n and_o although_o we_o be_v tell_v that_o these_o annal_n be_v take_v out_o of_o other_o more_o ancient_a yet_o we_o have_v bare_o their_o word_n for_o it_o for_o those_o ancient_a annal_n whatever_o they_o be_v be_v irrecoverable_o lose_v so_o that_o there_o can_v be_v no_o comparison_n of_o one_o with_o the_o other_o and_o how_o can_v they_o be_v so_o certain_a of_o the_o exactness_n use_v in_o the_o parliament_n of_o tarach_n to_o preserve_v their_o annal_n if_o there_o be_v no_o ancient_a annal_n to_o preserve_v the_o memory_n of_o the_o proceed_n at_o that_o time_n it_o be_v a_o very_a extraordinary_a care_n for_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n to_o preserve_v their_o annal_n if_o we_o can_v be_v assure_v of_o it_o which_o do_v much_o exceed_v the_o library_n of_o antiquity_n which_o 4._o suffridus_n petrus_n speak_v of_o set_v up_o as_o he_o say_v by_o friso_n the_o founder_n of_o the_o frisian_n at_o stavera_n near_o the_o temple_n of_o stavo_n in_o which_o not_o only_o the_o ancient_a record_n be_v preserve_v from_o time_n to_o time_n but_o the_o picture_n of_o the_o several_a prince_n with_o the_o time_n of_o their_o reign_n from_o an._n 313._o before_o christ_n be_v come_v to_o charlemagn_v time_n the_o like_a whereof_o he_o say_v no_o german_a nation_n can_v boast_v of_o but_o yet_o methinks_v the_o posterity_n of_o gathelus_n exceed_v that_o of_o friso_n in_o the_o care_n of_o preserve_v their_o antiquity_n for_o the_o wisdom_n of_o the_o whole_a nation_n be_v concern_v in_o it_o but_o i_o never_o read_v of_o any_o who_o ever_o see_v this_o library_n of_o antiquity_n at_o stavera_n but_o we_o must_v believe_v cappidus_fw-la staverensis_fw-la and_o occa_fw-la scarlensis_n as_o to_o these_o thing_n and_o that_o they_o see_v the_o record_n as_o hector_n do_v veremundus_n although_o none_o else_o ever_o do_v but_o as_o to_o this_o parliament_n of_o tarach_n which_o be_v careful_a to_o preserve_v the_o irish_a antiquity_n whence_o have_v we_o this_o information_n be_v the_o act_n of_o that_o assembly_n preserve_v be_v any_o copy_n of_o those_o annal_n still_o in_o be_v yes_o we_o 47._o be_v tell_v that_o the_o keep_n of_o the_o original_a book_n be_v entrust_v by_o the_o estate_n to_o the_o prelate_n and_o those_o prelate_n for_o its_o perpetual_a preservation_n cause_v several_a authentic_a copy_n of_o it_o to_o be_v fair_o engross_v whereof_o some_o be_v extant_a to_o this_o day_n and_o several_a more_o faithful_o transcribe_v out_o of_o they_o their_o name_n be_v the_o book_n of_o ardmach_n the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n etc._n etc._n it_o seem_v then_o these_o be_v the_o transcript_n of_o the_o original_a authentic_a book_n allow_v by_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n but_o the_o book_n of_o ardmach_n be_v a_o late_a thing_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o annal_n of_o ulster_n compose_v by_o a_o canon_n of_o armach_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a rest_n upon_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n which_o must_v be_v compose_v 500_o year_n after_o the_o meeting_n of_o that_o famous_a assembly_n for_o st._n patrick_n be_v one_o of_o the_o number_n and_o it_o be_v do_v in_o the_o time_n of_o laogirius_n or_o leogarius_n king_n of_o ireland_n who_o die_v say_v 73._o gratianus_n lucius_n an._n dom._n 458._o but_o king_n cormach_n live_v in_o the_o ten_o century_n and_o therefore_o a_o account_n must_v be_v give_v how_o this_o original_a book_n or_o authentic_a copy_n be_v preserve_v for_o that_o 500_o year_n and_o more_o in_o the_o miserable_a condition_n that_o nation_n be_v in_o a_o great_a part_n of_o that_o time_n so_o that_o the_o difference_n be_v not_o so_o great_a between_o the_o authority_n of_o geffrey_n of_o monmouth_n and_o these_o annal_n as_o be_v pretend_v for_o i_o see_v no_o reason_n why_o the_o story_n of_o brutus_n shall_v be_v think_v more_o incredible_a than_o that_o of_o ciocal_a bartholanus_n and_o nemedus_n with_o his_o son_n briotan_n that_o give_v the_o name_n to_o britain_n and_o especial_o the_o story_n of_o gathelus_n himself_o his_o marriage_n in_o egypt_n to_o scota_n come_v to_o spain_n and_o thence_o his_o posterity_n to_o ireland_n which_o seem_v to_o i_o to_o be_v make_v in_o imitation_n of_o geffrey_n brutus_n for_o brutus_n marry_v pandrasus_n his_o daughter_n the_o king_n of_o greece_n and_o then_o be_v force_v to_o seek_v his_o fortune_n at_o sea_n and_o pass_v by_o mauritania_n just_a as_o gathelus_n do_v the_o one_o land_v in_o gaul_n and_o come_v for_o albion_n and_o the_o other_o in_o spain_n and_o send_v his_o son_n for_o ireland_n and_o i_o wonder_v to_o find_v 7._o brutus_n his_o giant_n in_o albion_n of_o so_o much_o large_a proportion_n than_o the_o giant_n in_o ireland_n who_o be_v say_v not_o to_o exceed_v the_o tall_a growth_n of_o man_n for_o i_o have_v think_v giant_n have_v be_v giant_n in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o world_n 347._o suppose_v some_o learned_a man_n have_v question_v whether_o there_o be_v such_o a_o person_n as_o brute_n i_o shall_v think_v it_o no_o more_o heresy_n than_o to_o call_v in_o question_n whether_o there_o be_v such_o person_n as_o ciocal_a bartholanus_n briotan_n or_o gathelus_n if_o the_o silence_n of_o good_a author_n the_o distance_n of_o time_n and_o want_v of_o ancient_a annal_n complain_v of_o make_v the_o history_n of_o brutus_n so_o hard_o to_o be_v believe_v i_o only_o desire_v that_o these_o irish_a tradition_n may_v be_v examine_v by_o the_o same_o rule_n and_o then_o i_o believe_v the_o irish_a antiquity_n will_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o form_n with_o the_o british_a only_a geffrey_n have_v not_o so_o lucky_a a_o invention_n as_o to_o have_v his_o history_n confirm_v by_o parliament_n for_o if_o he_o have_v but_o think_v of_o it_o he_o can_v have_v make_v as_o general_a a_o assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n at_o lud_n town_n and_o as_o select_v a_o committee_n of_o nine_o as_o ever_o be_v at_o tarach_n but_o all_o man_n invention_n do_v not_o lie_v the_o same_o way_n and_o in_o this_o i_o confess_v kete_v or_o his_o author_n have_v very_o much_o exceed_v geffrey_n and_o his_o british_n ms._n and_o upon_o the_o whole_a matter_n i_o can_v see_v that_o the_o irish_a chronologer_n and_o historian_n have_v so_o much_o more_o probability_n in_o their_o story_n of_o briotan_n than_o the_o british_a writer_n have_v in_o the_o tradition_n of_o brute_n for_o it_o be_v certain_a it_o be_v not_o original_o the_o invention_n of_o geffrey_n only_o he_o may_v use_v some_o art_n in_o set_v it_o off_o as_o he_o think_v with_o great_a advantage_n than_o the_o britain_n have_v do_v before_o he_o but_o still_o we_o be_v refer_v to_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o irish_a monument_n in_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n write_v 800_o year_n since_o by_o the_o holy_a cormach_n both_o king_n and_o bishop_n of_o munster_n let_v we_o then_o for_o once_o examine_v one_o part_n of_o the_o history_n take_v from_o thence_o and_o then_o leave_v the_o reader_n to_o judge_v whether_o it_o deserve_v so_o much_o more_o credit_n than_o the_o british_a antiquity_n
and_o that_o shall_v be_v concern_v the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o pict_n because_o we_o be_v tell_v 490._o this_o be_v the_o way_n to_o end_v the_o vexatious_a question_n about_o they_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o most_o authentic_a record_n of_o ireland_n which_o be_v of_o such_o irrefragable_a authority_n that_o some_o be_v persuade_v have_v they_o be_v know_v to_o camden_n he_o will_v never_o have_v dispute_v the_o matter_n and_o so_o i_o think_v too_o but_o this_o irrefragable_a authority_n be_v that_o of_o the_o psalter_n of_o cashel_n from_o whence_o we_o be_v instruct_v in_o these_o particular_n 1._o that_o the_o pict_n serve_v in_o thracia_n under_o one_o policornus_fw-la 491._o a_o king_n of_o that_o country_n where_o their_o general_n gud_n take_v away_o the_o king_n life_n to_o prevent_v a_o attempt_n on_o his_o daughter_n and_o do_v not_o brutus_n serve_v king_n pandrasus_n with_o his_o army_n not_o far_o off_o in_o greece_n and_o methinks_v pandrasus_n be_v as_o good_a a_o name_n for_o a_o king_n of_o greece_n as_o polycornus_fw-la for_o the_o king_n of_o thrace_n but_o where_o be_v either_o of_o they_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o elsewhere_o 2._o that_o upon_o this_o the_o general_n and_o his_o army_n flee_v the_o country_n roam_v up_o and_o down_o at_o sea_n till_o they_o come_v to_o gaul_n and_o there_o they_o found_v the_o city_n of_o pictavia_n this_o be_v just_a geffrey_n for_o brutus_n come_v to_o gaul_n too_o and_o there_o fight_v with_o groffarius_fw-la king_n of_o the_o pict_n and_o found_v the_o city_n of_o tours_n which_o have_v its_o name_n from_o turonus_n brutus_n his_o nephew_n 3._o that_o upon_o the_o same_o occasion_n they_o be_v force_v to_o leave_v gaul_n and_o to_o go_v for_o ireland_n as_o brutus_n do_v for_o albion_n where_o they_o be_v entertain_v to_o fight_v with_o the_o britain_n who_o it_o seem_v make_v very_o early_a invasion_n upon_o ireland_n which_o still_o agree_v with_o geffrey_n history_n 4._o the_o story_n of_o the_o advice_n of_o trosdan_n the_o pictish_a magician_n for_o the_o irish_a army_n to_o bathe_v in_o the_o milk_n of_o 150_o white_a crumple-horned_n cow_n as_o a_o effectual_a antidote_n against_o the_o envenom_a arrow_n of_o the_o britain_n and_o the_o strange_a success_n upon_o it_o be_v hardly_o to_o be_v match_v in_o geffrey_n 5._o that_o the_o pict_n grow_v insolent_a be_v force_v by_o herimon_n to_o retire_v to_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o britain_n only_o with_o three_o irish_a woman_n whatever_o bede_n say_v of_o more_o or_o how_o different_o soever_o he_o relate_v the_o whole_a story_n of_o the_o pict_n for_o what_o be_v bede_n a_o poor_a monk_n authority_n to_o king_n cormach_n 6._o that_o from_o cathluan_a son_n to_o gud_n there_o be_v a_o constant_a succession_n of_o king_n of_o the_o pict_n in_o that_o country_n but_o not_o more_o exact_a than_o the_o succession_n of_o british_a king_n from_o king_n brutus_n and_o now_o i_o leave_v the_o reader_n to_o judge_v whether_o geffrey_n be_v not_o hardly_o deal_v with_o when_o such_o author_n be_v prefer_v so_o much_o before_o he_o we_o now_o return_v to_o the_o far_a account_n which_o the_o irish_a antiquary_n give_v of_o their_o own_o antiquity_n 4._o we_o be_v then_o to_o understand_v that_o beside_o the_o race_n descend_v from_o nemedus_n 11._o there_o be_v another_o call_v clanna_n gaoidhel_n or_o posterity_n of_o gathelus_n concern_v who_o these_o thing_n be_v affirm_v 324._o 1._o that_o he_o be_v descend_v from_o niul_a a_o young_a son_n to_o feanusa_n farsa_n king_n of_o scythia_n who_o travel_v into_o egypt_n have_v a_o country_n there_o give_v he_o by_o pharaoh_n cingeris_fw-la call_v capacyront_n i_o suppose_v in_o the_o old_a egyptian_a language_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o pharaoh_n be_v daughter_n call_v scota_n whereas_o the_o scotish_n antiquary_n do_v peremptory_o affirm_v it_o be_v gathelus_n himself_o be_v marry_v to_o she_o but_o we_o ought_v not_o to_o forget_v 332._o that_o this_o scythian_a king_n have_v a_o celebrate_a school_n on_o the_o plain_a of_o sennaar_n and_o one_o gaodel_n be_v there_o employ_v to_o compose_v or_o refine_v the_o irish_a language_n call_v from_o he_o gaodhelc_a or_o gaodhlec_n this_o be_v a_o strain_n beyond_o geffrey_n who_o never_o think_v of_o bring_v the_o british_a language_n from_o the_o plain_a of_o sennaar_n 2._o that_o gaodhel_n be_v posterity_n continue_v in_o egypt_n till_o the_o time_n of_o his_o grandchild_n sruth_n and_o then_o be_v force_v thence_o they_o land_v in_o crect_n where_o he_o die_v and_o his_o elder_a son_n eibhir_n scot_n go_v into_o scythia_n where_o one_o of_o his_o descendants_n kill_v restoir_n the_o king_n of_o that_o country_n and_o be_v force_v with_o his_o company_n to_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o land_v in_o a_o island_n there_o just_a like_o geffrey_n largeâ—ia_n where_o brutus_n land_v but_o they_o go_v from_o thence_o to_o caronia_n another_o island_n in_o the_o pontic_a and_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o north_n end_n of_o the_o riphean_a mountain_n a_o pretty_a kind_n of_o compass_n and_o here_o instead_o of_o diana_n oracle_n to_o brutus_n a_o old_a druyd_v tell_v they_o they_o shall_v never_o fix_v till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o western_a island_n and_o so_o they_o remove_v to_o gothia_n and_o in_o the_o eight_o generation_n they_o go_v to_o spain_n and_o do_v not_o this_o exceed_v the_o story_n of_o brute_n in_o the_o great_a probability_n of_o it_o which_o their_o late_a 9_o antiquary_n know_v not_o what_o to_o make_v of_o it_o be_v certain_a whoever_o invent_v it_o design_v to_o go_v beyond_o the_o author_n of_o the_o former_a but_o this_o be_v not_o all_o for_o we_o be_v tell_v far_o from_o the_o same_o authentic_a irish_a annal_n 331._o 3._o that_o calamb_n call_v milead_n espain_n or_o milesius_n the_o spaniard_n great_a grandchild_n to_o bratha_n who_o bring_v they_o into_o spain_n go_v back_o into_o scythia_n and_o there_o serve_v as_o general_n under_o refloir_n 12._o king_n of_o the_o scythian_n from_o whence_o upon_o suspicion_n he_o flee_v into_o egypt_n and_o there_o marry_v pharaoh_n be_v daughter_n call_v scota_n and_o at_o last_o return_v to_o spain_n and_o there_o found_v braganza_n and_o here_o the_o scotish_n antiquity_n fall_v in_o but_o be_v it_o not_o a_o little_a improbable_a to_o have_v the_o same_o scene_n act_v twice_o over_o two_o gaodel_n two_o refloir_n two_o scota_n twice_o pass_v to_o and_o fro_o after_o much_o the_o same_o manner_n we_o may_v well_o say_v 333._o as_o our_o author_n do_v enough_o of_o these_o profound_a remote_a antiquity_n for_o i_o shall_v not_o need_v now_o to_o add_v any_o thing_n about_o the_o eight_o son_n of_o this_o milesius_n come_v to_o ireland_n and_o how_o the_o rest_n be_v kill_v the_o country_n be_v divide_v between_o eibhir_n and_o erimthon_n and_o the_o former_a be_v kill_v the_o latter_a become_v the_o first_o monarch_n of_o ireland_n from_o who_o descend_v 181_o monarch_n of_o this_o milesian_n race_n which_o must_v depend_v on_o the_o credit_n of_o their_o annal_n of_o which_o i_o have_v already_o speak_v but_o in_o short_a to_o give_v the_o true_a account_n of_o these_o fabulous_a antiquity_n we_o be_v then_o to_o consider_v that_o when_o the_o northern_a nation_n begin_v to_o have_v some_o smattering_n of_o the_o greek_a and_o roman_a learning_n they_o be_v never_o satisfy_v till_o by_o one_o mean_n or_o other_o they_o can_v deduce_v their_o original_a from_o some_o of_o the_o nation_n most_o celebrate_v in_o ancient_a book_n such_o be_v the_o trojan_n the_o greek_n and_o the_o egyptian_n as_o to_o the_o trojan_n the_o roman_n themselves_o have_v show_v the_o way_n to_o other_o nation_n for_o there_o be_v considerable_a argument_n to_o prove_v that_o neither_o aeneas_n nor_o ascanius_n ever_o come_v into_o italy_n as_o may_v be_v see_v in_o 39_o dionysius_n halycarnasseus_n 13._o strabo_n and_o festus_n in_o the_o word_n roma_n hellanicus_n in_o dionysius_n say_v that_o ascanius_n from_o who_o brutus_n be_v derive_v never_o leave_v phrygia_n but_o only_o withdraw_v for_o a_o time_n to_o dascylites_n near_o the_o lake_n from_o he_o call_v the_o ascanian_a and_o afterward_o return_v to_o troy_n strabo_n say_v that_o ascanius_n reign_v at_o scepsis_n near_o the_o ruin_n of_o troy_n and_o that_o his_o posterity_n continue_v there_o a_o long_a time_n after_o with_o a_o royal_a title_n festus_n show_v that_o the_o old_a author_n be_v not_o agree_v where_o aeneas_n be_v bury_v many_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o he_o lay_v bury_v in_o the_o city_n berecinthia_n and_o some_o in_o dionysius_n say_v he_o die_v in_o thrace_n other_o in_o arcadia_n but_o the_o roman_n make_v it_o so_o great_a a_o part_n of_o their_o glory_n to_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o trojan_n other_o nation_n of_o europe_n upon_o the_o dissolution_n of_o the_o roman_a