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A50038 The natural history of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak in Derbyshire with an account of the British, Phœnician, Armenian, Gr. and Rom. antiquities in those parts / by Charles Leigh ... Leigh, Charles, 1662-1701? 1700 (1700) Wing L975; ESTC R20833 287,449 522

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seems were for the Preservation of the Memory of Two Centuriont that had so many Years faithfully and worthily served the Romans there In the Year 1692 under the Root of an Oak in Med-Lock near Knot-Mill was found a Stone Three Quarters long Fifteen Inches broad Eleven Inches thick with the Letter'd side downward which Mr. Cambden saw not at least before the Finishing his Britania but is now to be seen in the Garden of Holme the Seat of Sir Iohn Bland Bar to whom that Estate descended the same formerly belonging to the Moseley's in Right of his Wife a Lady of great Temper Piety and Prudence The Inscription of the Stone is thus FORTVNAE CONSERVA TRICI LVCIVS SENACIANIVS MARTIVSBLEG VI. VICT. This seems to be an Altar dedicated to Fortune by Lucius Senecianus Martius Brutus a Commander in the Sixth Legion which remained in York in the Time of Severus his being there after he had vanquished Albinus General of the Britains and reduced their State under his Obedience It was surnamed Victrix and is plac'd by Dio in Lower Britain and the Twentieth Legion surnamed also Victrix remain'd at Chester which was plac'd in Higher Britain This Division it seems was made by the said Severus and the Country about it where these Legions were were divided into little Regions since call'd Hydes This was part of the Kingdom of Deiara several of whose Youth being sent to Rome and Pope Gregory admiring their Beauty sent over Augustine to convert the English Edward the First King of the West Saxons and afterwards of the Mercians sent into the Kingdom of the Northumbers an Army of the Mercians saith Hoveden ordering that they should fortifie the City of Manchester and place valiant Soldiers in it it being defac'd by the Danes It was a Frontier Town betwixt the Mercians that inhabited Cheshire and Derbyshire and the Northumbers inhabiting Lancashire and Yorkshire and in their Wars and mutual Incursions was sometimes possessed by the Mercians and sometimes the Northumbers Thus far our Author proceeds As to the present State of the Town it is vastly populous of great Trade Riches and Industry particularly for the Fustian Manufacture and Printing them as for those likewise which are call'd Manchester Wares both which are now sent all over the Kingdom as well as to the Indies It is watered by the Rivers Erwell and Irke Little can be added of Lancaster for Antiquity save that it was doubtless a Roman Fortress as appears by the Roman Wall and Road leading to it it is at this time a very thriving Corporation and an improving Port Its Eminency chiefly lies in this that many Branches of the Royal Family have enjoy'd Titles deriv'd from it which for the Dignity of the County in general I will enumerate as briefly as possible The First that was stiled Lord of the Place in the Beginning of the Norman Government was Roger of Poictou surnamed Pictarensis because his Wife came out of Poictou in France He was succeeded in that Honour by William Earl of Morton and Warren upon whose Death King Richard the First bestow'd it on his Brother Iohn afterwards King of England of whom Gualter De Hemingford and R. Hoveden gives this Account That King Richard shew'd great Affection to his Brother Iohn for besides Ireland and the Earldom in Normandy he bestow'd upon him such great Preferment in England that he was in a manner Tetrarch there For he gave him Cornwall Lancaster Nottingham and Derby with the adjacent Country and many other Things After this King Henry III. Son of King Iohn promoted his younger Son Edmund Crouchback he having been prevented of the Kingdoms of Sicily and Apuleia to the Earldom of Lancaster giving it in these Words The Honour Earldom Castle and Town of Lancaster with the Cow-Pastures which at this Day they call Vaccaries from thence and Forest of Wiresdale Lownsdale New-Castle under Lime with the Mannor Forest and Castle of Pickering the Mannor of Scateby the Village of Gormancester and the Rents of the Town of Huntingdon Edmund had Issue Thomas Henry and Iohn who died unmarried which Thomas was Second Earl of Lancaster and was succeeded in that Honour by his Brother Henry whose Son Henry was in Parliament created Duke of Lancaster being the Second Dukedom that was erected in England that of Cornwall being the First in the Person of Edward the Black Prince and left Two Daughters Maud Dutchess of Bavaria and Blanch married to Iohn of Gaunt so call'd because he was born at Ghent in Flanders Fourth Son of Edward the Third who thereby coming to the whole Estate and being now equal to many Kings in Wealth was created Duke of Lancaster by his Father he also obtain'd the Royalties from him and the King then advanced the County of Lancaster into a Palatinate By this Rescript wherein after he had declar'd the great Service he had done his Country at Home and Abroad he adds We have granted from Us and our Heirs to our Son aforesaid that he during his Term of Life shall have within the County of Lancaster his Chancery and his Writs to be issued out under his own Seal belonging to the Office of Chancellor his Justices likewise as well for Pleas of the Crown as for other Pleas relating to Common Law to have Cognizance of them and to have Power of making all Executions whatsoever by his Writs and Officers and to have all other Liberties and Royalties whatsoever appertaining to a County Palatine as freely and fully as the Earl of Chester within the said County is known to have Nor was he only Duke of Lancaster but by Marriage with Constantia Daughter to Peter King of Castile sometime bore the Title of King of Leon and Castile but by Contract he parted with this Title and in the Thirteenth of King Richard the Second was created Duke of Aquitaine by Consent of Parliament to the great Dissatisfaction of the Country At that Time his Titles were Iohn Son to the King of England Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster Earl of Derby Lincoln and Leicester and High Steward of England After this Henry de Bullingbrook his Son succeeded in the Dutchy of Lancaster who having deposed Richard the Second obtained the Crown and conferr'd that Honour upon Henry his Son afterwards King of England and that he might entail it upon him and his Heirs for ever he had an Act of Parliament made in these Words We being unwilling that our said Inheritance or Liberties by reason of our now assuming the Regal Seat and Diguity shou'd be any ways chang'd transferr'd diminish'd or impair'd but that our said Inheritance with its Liberties and Rights aforesaid shou'd in the same Manner and Form Condition and State wherein they descended and fell to us and also with all and singular Liberties Franchizes and Priviledges Commodities and Profits whatsoever which our Lord and Father in his Life-time had and held it for term of his Life by Grant of the late King Richard and wholly
being much greater and consequently the pressure more To these I shall add what has been observ'd by our Learned Warden the Rev d Dr. Wroe who for several Years has kept an exact Diary of the Weather-glass He always observ'd the Quicksilver upon its ascending to alter its Surface insomuch as in very dry Weather to become perfectly Convex and upon an Alteration of the Air to a wet Temper to alter to a plain Surface and in extreme wet Weather to a perfect Concave the Mercurial Particles hanging on the sides of the Glass By this it should seem that besides the Ascent made by the Pressure there is another also made by the intestine Fermentation of the Quicksilver and in this I am the farther confirm'd since Quicksilver in Glass Tubes Hermetically Seal'd has been observ'd to Rise and Fall which could not be was the Ascent by Pressure wholly upon the Surface of the Quicksilver contain'd in the Cup. Another thing remarkable in the Air is the exposing openly dry'd Leaves of Tobacco which in the hottest Days do soonest grow Moist for which no other Reasons can be assign'd but the Exhalations in hot Weather are far greater and consequently the aqueous Particles more numerously ranged in the Atmosphere And this I take to be the reason why the Drops of Rain are then usually larger and perhaps for the same reason the Bigness of Hailstones may in some measure be solv'd CHESHIRE a County Palatine and amongst other Things Famous for its Earls who had a Palatine Jurisdiction belonging to them and all the Inhabitants held of them as in Chief and were under a Sovereign Allegiance and Fealty to them as they to the KING This County was anciently Inhabited by part of the Cornavii The Air there may be said to be more Healthful and Mild than in Lancashire this County not so much abounding with Fens Salt-Marshes and Mosses What is said more of the Air in Lancashire may serve as to this Place and as to its farther Antiquities the following Account may be added According to Sir Thomas Elliot the First Name given to this City was Neomagus so call'd from Magus Son of Samothes Son of Iaphet its Founder see Lambert pag. 17 th about 240 Years after the Flood Were this Account true for ought I know it may stand in Competition with the most antique City in the Universe Its Second Name was Caerleon see Albion Mareoticus so nominated from Leon Vaur or Gauer who as some will have it was a Giant in Albion and One of its Restorers The reason of this Conjecture I suppose may in some measure be grounded upon the following History i. e. upon a Giant 's Skull being dug up in Pepper-street with the rest of the Bones Upon the Britains coming over and settling there it was afterwards call'd Caerleil and afterwards Caerleir because these Two British Kings were Enlargers and Beautifiers of it according to Iackson Stow and others Before the Arrival of the Romans here it is probable this City was call'd Genuina or Gunia as will more fully appear from the Inscription of a Votive Altar dug up in this City and Dedicated to Iupiter Tanar that is in the Welch Language the Thunderer which language it is likely the Romans might make use of in this Inscription to demonstrate their Conquests over the Britains After the Romans had six'd here their conquering Legion stiled Valens Victrix it was then stiled Caerlheon Caerlegion or as 't is otherwise commonly call'd Ardourdwy and Caer by way of Excellence as Mr. Cambden observes to distinguish it from the other Caerleon or Caerusk in South Wales The Latin Historians stile it Cestria that is a Castris which the Romans had fix'd there and Leincestria that is the City of the Legions It has likewise been stiled as is evident from the Roman Tiles dug up there Deunana Deva and Devana Civitas and these Names I presume to be attributed to it from its Proximity to the River Dee In later Ages it was stiled Legan-Chester Lege-Cestre but in these Days West-Chester or Chester as the Greeks express it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to denote its Preference to Dorchester or Rochester By Ptolomy it is sometimes call'd Oxcellum Uxcellum Plegimundham and Leogria or Locrinus Land of which the Three first denote no more as Hollingshed observes in the First Volume of his Chronicles of England than a Rock an Island or Place of strong Defence by which we may easily observe that this was the Boundary of King Locrinus's Kingdom Westward This was the chief City of the Ordovices before the coming in of the Romans as most of our ancient Historians do affirm those People were the Inhabitants of North Wales The Greatness of this ancient City is still the more conspicuous from those stately Remains of its Ruins I mean the subterraneous Vaults in Cellars through Free-stone Rock the Entrances into them are ranged into several Angles and by what I can learn from the Descriptions of the Catacombs in Italy we may reasonably conclude these to have been made for the same purpose This Instance sufficiently demonstrates the Greatness of the Roman Power at Chester and likewise that it is probable since by their Conquering Legion there they had Block'd up the Britains in Wales that they were resolv'd not only to keep Incorporated while living but likewise to preserve even their very Ashes together In these Passages have been found several Roman Coins as I have been inform'd which more fully illustrates these Vaults to have been Heathen and not those subterraneous Passages made use of by the Monks which may be observ'd in various Monasteries This may be seen in a Cellar in Bridge-street belonging to Mr. Iohn Minshull DERBYSHIRE was anciently Inhabited by the Coritani who these were as well as the Cornavii is uncertain The Air in the Peak of that Country is more subject to Rains and Winds than in Lancashire and Cheshire and it s not unpleasant to see the Clouds riding after the sides of the Mountains which by dashing upon them are frequently forced down in Showers and by the sudden Rarefaction of the Meteors in the Air pent up betwixt the Hills and the Clouds and getting vent in the spaces betwixt the Hills I think may fairly illustrate why Winds are in those Parts so frequent but this will be more easily conceiv'd if we consider those Artificial Winds which are made by an Aeolipile which Instrument it was gave me the first hint of Dulcifying Salt-Water which Experiment I shew'd to the University of Oxford some Years before Mr. Fitz-Gerald had a Patent for doing it who Communicated this Experiment to him I know not but it s most certain it was not his own Having now given Account of what is most remarkable in the Air I shall proceed to consider the next Element and that is Water But before I enter upon that must beg leave to add Two remarkable Observations The first is to illustrate the Elasticity of
Lancashire received their Denominations from that People by an easie Corruption As to the Kings of Mercia who were Governours of this Province in that famous Heptarchy of the Saxons the first of the Royal List is by Hollingshead call'd Crida who left it to his Son Wibba Anno Dom. 595 this King had Wars with the Northumbers and slaughter'd Twelve Hundred Monks at Bangor Anno Dom. 604 as is manifest from the Computation made by Henry of Huntington and Bede's Ecclesiastical History This City till now was in the Possession of the Britains but their King being defeated it fell into the Hands of the Northumbers as Malmesbury testifies but as Sir Henry Spelman observes they were stopped by the British Forces under the Command of Bledrick Duke of Cornwall Manaduc Duke of South Wales and Cadwan Duke of North Wales who slew Ten Thousand of their Soldiers and forced them to retreat to their own Country North of Trent Cadwan was now crown'd King in the City of Chester as Dr. Powel Gyraldus in his Description of Wales and Dr. Llwyd affirm Ceolus Brother of Wibba was the next Mercian King and Penda the Son of Wibba succeeded him Anno Dom. 625. He was a great Warrior and succeeded by Peada the Son of Penda Anno Dom. 655. he married Alfleda Daughter of Oswy upon Condition he would turn Christian as Florentinus testifies and was baptized by Finanus in the King of Northumberland's Palace Afterwards he founded the stately Abby of Peterborough he was succeeded by King Oswey as Bede relates who was dethroned by Three Captains Immin Eada and Eadberht and Wulferus fixed on the Mercian Throne he was the second Son of Penda and began his Reign 658 In the Beginning of his Reign he was unfortunate but at length gain'd the chief Rule over the Saxons Etheldred succeeded him A. D. 676 in the Kingdom of Mercia this Prince changed his Crown into a Cowl and became a Monk in the Abby of Bardny in Lincolnshire as the Monast. Angl. informs us Upon this Resignation of the Throne Kenred the Son of Wulfer ascended it He took a Journey to Rome A. D. 709 became one of the Religious and died there Cheldred the Son of Etheldred succeeded next in 716 and was buried at Litchfield in Staffordshire Ethelbald the Son of Alwey the Son of Eoppa the Son of Wibba began his Reign the same Year of our Lord as appears by the Saxon Annals he laid the Foundation of and gave a Charter to the Abby of Crowland in Lincolnshire he was powerful in Arms and lead a great Army against Somerton Castle Six Miles from Glastenbury in Somersetshire An. 757 he was slain at Sekinton in Warwickshire and buried at Repton in Derbyshire his Death was brought about by his own Subjects especially Bernred who succeeded him in the Mercian Kingdom He lost his Kingdom to Offa his Successor for his Parentage and Progeny not being known the Legality of his Right was suspected so he was deposed and afterwards burnt after his Engagment with Offa Egfrid the Son of King Offa succeeds him whose Reign was One Hundred and Forty One Days he was buried at St. Alban's and succeeded by Kenulph in Seven Hundred and Ninty Six In his Reign Egbert King of the West Saxons wasted the Welsh Territories and took the City of Chester from them he died in the Fourth Year of his Reign and was buried at Winchcomb in Gloucestershire An. Eight Hundred and Twenty as Malmsbury testifies Kenelm succeeded him an Infant and he as Ingulph reports died a Martyr Some say he was murthered and buried at Clent in Staffordshire Ceoluph was expelled his Kingdom by Bernulf who was an Usurper and began his Reign An. Eight Hundred and Twenty Two he was slain in the Fourth Year of his Reign by the East Angles Ludican his Kinsman began his Reign in 826 and he likewise was slain in Battle by the East Angles Whitnaff of the Mercian Blood Royal was chosen King before he understood Martial Discipline he was overthrown in a Battle by Egbert's Captains and absconded in a Monastery as Huntington testifies he died in Eight Hundred and Forty and was buried at Repton in Derbyshire Bertulph Brother of Whitnaff by Permission of the Saxon Monarch obtained the Mercian Kingdom An. Eight Hundred and Forty Eight In the Year Eight Hundred and Forty Nine King Alfred was born in the Third Year of whose Age the Danes came into the Mouth of the Thames with Three Hundred and Fifty Nine Ships with whom Bertulph had an unhappy Engagement as Hoveden testifies he died in Eight Hundred and Fifty Three In that Year Burthred ascended the Mercian Throne and was assaulted by the Danes This King died at Rome and was buried in the Church of the English Colledge there dedicated to the Virgin Mary Selulfe a Servant of his was substituted by the Danes in his Room in Eight Hundred and Seventy Five and bound by Oath to keep Possession in their Name as the Saxon Annals assure us He commanded the Danish Army against King Alfred An. Eight Hundred and Seventy Seven In the Year Eight Hundred and Eighty Six after King Alfred had overpower'd his Enemies he made Etheldred Duke of Mercia and Captain of his Forces in the City of London and so the Mercian Kingdom ended and instead of Kings the noble Alfred substituted Dukes under him to Govern it which happen'd in the Year 886 as Matthew of Westminster testifies it having continued under the Reign of Twenty Two Kings from King Crida Of the Dukes of Mercia Etheldred one of the Race of the Kings of Mercia being constituted Duke he married Elfleda the Daughter of Alfred The Danes in 894 took the City of Chester but were therein besieged and reduced to great Streights and they quitted it in 908 as Matthew of Westminster affirms This Duke and his Lady Repaired the City of Chester and Wall'd it about he was buried at Gloucester Afterwards Elfled ruled and built Edesbury once a famous City now nothing but Rubbish It is at this Day call'd the Chamber of the Forest. Near this Place are many Fortifications and Fosses she made Wars upon the Britains at the Castle of Brecknock took it and therein their Queen and Thirty Three Prisoners She had a War with the Danes at Derby assaulted the Castle and took it She died at Tamworth the Thirteenth of July and was buried in the Porch of St. Peter Elswina the Daughter of Etheldred succeeded her An. 919. The City of Chester in 941 was surprized by the Welsh and won again by King Edward the Elder whose Fifth Son Edward married this Elswina as Matthew of Westminster testifies who was Mother to King Edgar At this Time the Danes still usurped some Parts of England Alfarus was the next Duke of Mercia Alfric the Son of Alfar succeeded him in 986 who when he shou'd have engag'd the Danish Army counterfeited an Infirmity to the Dishonour of the Nation Edrick the Son of Egilricus was the Sixth
Duke of Mercia and the Danes hitherto continu'd their Usurpations He was deposed from his Dukedom by King Canutus and that Part of the Kingdom of Mercia was afterwards govern'd by Earls commonly stiled the Earls of Chester Of the Earls of Chester Leofric the Son of Leofwin the Danes still continuing in these Parts was a great Lover of Chester and adorn'd it with several Buildings Algar the Son of Leofric succeeded him he died in the Year 1059 and was buried at Coventry Edwin the Son of Edgar succeeded him in his Earldom but after the Defeat of Harold by William the Conqueror the Saxon Nobility ended and this Earl was by the Conqueror carried into Normandy from whence he attempted to make his Escape into Scotland but was slain in his Journey thither as Hoveden testifies Gherbod a Fleming was the First Earl of Chester after the Conquest then Hugh Lupus had the Earldom and he was succeeded by Richard his Son Ranulph Nephew to Hugh Lupus succeeded him in the Earldom then Ranulph Son of the former Ranulph receiv'd that Dignity in 1141 was poisoned and succeeded by Hugh Kevelioc his Son then Ranulph the Third surnamed Blundevill succeeded his Brother Hugh John Scot Nephew to Ranulph succeeded him he likewise was poisoned died at Darnel Grange in the Hundred of Edsbury in Cheshire and was buried at Chester After his decease Henry the Third held that Earldom in his own Hands till he created Edward his Son Earl of that Palatinate Edward the First Son of Henry the Third succeeded him who mightily delighted in the Pleasantness of the City of Chester and for that Reason termed the Country the Vale-Royal of England he was succeeded by Simon de Montfort who was a Warrior as appears from his Battle at Lewes in Sussex wherein he defeated the King and afterwards receiv'd the Earldom of Chester he was slain at Evesham and his Honours return'd to the Crown in 1265. Edward the Second born at Carnarvan in Wales succeeded him he was Earl of Chester and Flint Edward the Third his Son was created Earl of Chester as likewise Prince of Wales and Duke of Aquitain Edward the Black Prince ensu'd next then Richard his Son born at Burdeaux likewise assum'd the Title of Prince of Chester as Wallingham testifies Henry the Fifth was after him Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester Henry the Sixth succeeded him in that Earldom the next Earl was Edward Son of Henry the Sixth he was murthered at Tewksbury by Richard Crouchback Edward the Fifth succeeded him who was likewise murthered by his Uncle Edward the Son of King Richard the Third was next Earl of Chester then Arthur Eldest Son to Henry the Seventh who was succeeded by Henry the Eighth his Brother afterward Edward the Sixth then Prince Henry Eldest Son of King James the First and he was succeeded by King Charles the First and he by Charles the Second his Eldest Son Thus it remains Titular to the Royal Family and for ought appears may continue so for a Series of endless Generations The Bishops of Mercia The Two First Bishops were Diama and Ceollah Two Scotch Men the Third was Tramkere an English Man but ordain'd by the Scots after him Iarnman or German as Bede relates it To these succeeded Bishops who had sometimes their Sees at Coventry sometimes at Chester but most commonly at Litchfield Those were all in the Saxon Government of whom there is a full Account in Ingulphus Bede and others The First after the Conquest was Petrus who removed his Seat from Litchfield to Chester but was afterwards alter'd by Robert Pecaam who had Three Seats Chester Litchfield and Coventry but the Episcopal Seat was again restor'd to Chester in King Henry the Eighth's Time and that of St. Werburgh appointed the Cathedral Church and the Bishop made a Suffragan of York The Catalogue of the Bishops after that Time may be seen at large in Godwin and others The Barons of Chester The First Barons we read of were Nigell Baron of Haulton Robert Baron de Mount Hault Seneschal or Steward of the County of Chester who dying without Issue it came to Isabell Queen of England by Settlement and Iohn de Eltham Earl of Cornwall and his Heirs thence to William de Malbedenge Baron of Malbanc whose Great Grand-daughters transferr'd this Inheritance by their Marriages to the Vernons and Bassetts and for want of an Heir Male to Vernon Baron of Sipbroke it came by the Sisters to the Willburhams Staffords and Littleburys Robert Fitz-Hugh Baron of Malpas Hammons de Massey Fittons de Bolin Gilbert Venables Baron of Kinderton Warrens of Pointon Barons of Stockport descended from the Noble Family of the Earls of Warren and Surrey succeeded in Right of Marriage I have not met with any farther Antiquities of Chester or the County but by what has already been discover'd we may assuredly conclude the City of Chester to have been the most Ancient and August Colony in these Parts Derbyshire especially the Peak which in the Saxon Language fignifies Eminence part of the famous Mercian Kingdom whose Inhabitants were call'd Coritani will afford us but a slender Scene of Antiquities the very Nature of the Place rendring it inhospitable to Mankind and at the same time indulgent to Wolves and Beasts of Prey yet withal we may with Admiration contemplate the Conduct of wife and provident Nature where amidst all this unpolish'd Rubbish of the Globe she her self sits in State and displays her Works equally compatible with the most desirable Objects Those uneven Mountains she has made pregnant with a very useful and necessary Mettal and as useful Minerals she has here and there scatter'd her Disports for the Diversion of the Curious and cut out large Themes for Philosophical Enquiries she liberally affords Hot and Mineral Waters for the Relief and Comfort of infirm and decrepid Mortals so that these untractable and dispeopl'd Parts become frequented with numerous Crouds who yearly arrive here either through a Prospect of Ease from their Pains and Infirmities or for the pleasing Entertainment of the Mind with new Objects of which these Parts are very prolifick I will as briefly as I can give you my Thoughts of what is most remarkable I have not heard of any Roman Antiquities save that Place call'd Little Chester mention'd by Mr. Cambden where Coins of several sorts and different Mettals are sometimes dug up some of Copper Silver and Gold and an Altar mention'd by Mr. Gibson dug up near Bakewell in the Grounds belonging to Haddon House the present Seat of the Right Honourable the Earl of Rutland with this Inscription DEO MARTI BRACIACAE OSITIUS CAECILIAN PRAEFECT TRO V. S. As to the Tooth Skull and Bones found in digging a Grove mention'd by Mr. Gibson I have spoke of such Forms before and take them to be only the Lusus Naturae in Sparr and other indurated Bodies which unquestionably at the first were all fluid and capable of any Impression We