he_o can_v rational_o suppose_v there_o be_v the_o most_o merit_n and_o it_o be_v prudent_o order_v that_o three_o of_o the_o elector_n shall_v be_v churchman_n that_o they_o have_v no_o prospect_n of_o be_v themselves_o elect_v into_o the_o imperial_a throne_n may_v curb_v the_o ambition_n of_o any_o secular_a elector_n who_o without_o desert_n shall_v pretend_v to_o the_o crown_n among_o the_o many_o act_n of_o absolute_a sovereignty_n whereby_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n ii_o disoblige_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n the_o transfer_v the_o electoral_a dignity_n from_o frideric_n v._o count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n to_o maximilian_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n be_v the_o highly_o resent_v and_o at_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n the_o ambassador_n find_v it_o no_o small_a difficulty_n to_o reconcile_v the_o difference_n which_o hereby_o be_v occasion_v between_o the_o two_o prince_n the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n utter_o refuse_v to_o consent_v to_o the_o peace_n except_o he_o may_v be_v suffer_v quiet_o to_o enjoy_v the_o electorate_v which_o he_o fancy_v his_o desert_n may_v just_o challenge_v and_o the_o emperor_n as_o lawful_o confer_v on_o he_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o prince_n palatine_n as_o obstinate_o demand_v a_o restitution_n of_o the_o dignity_n take_v from_o he_o allege_v the_o just_a title_n his_o ancestor_n always_o have_v to_o this_o honour_n both_o their_o pretension_n be_v think_v plausible_a and_o both_o of_o they_o meet_v with_o resolute_a assertor_n in_o the_o treaty_n at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n shall_v have_v a_o electorship_n confirm_v to_o he_o and_o his_o posterity_n and_o a_o eight_o shall_v be_v new_o erect_v for_o charles_n ludowic_n prince_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n provide_v that_o if_o the_o wilhelmine_a branch_n happen_v to_o fail_v before_o the_o rodolphine_n the_o prince_n palatine_n shall_v re-enter_v upon_o their_o ancient_n electorate_v and_o the_o title_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n to_o any_o such_o dignity_n be_v whole_o abolish_v the_o right_n of_o elect_v be_v not_o confer_v on_o the_o person_n of_o any_o of_o the_o elector_n but_o annex_v to_o their_o electoral_a principality_n and_o estate_n insomuch_o that_o if_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n can_v make_v out_o his_o title_n to_o that_o kingdom_n the_o prince_n palatine_n to_o the_o palatinate_n the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n to_o his_o dukedom_n and_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o his_o marquisate_n they_o may_v all_o just_o lie_v claim_v to_o the_o title_n and_o dignity_n of_o elector_n so_o that_o as_o long_o as_o there_o be_v any_o male_a issue_n in_o any_o of_o the_o electoral_a family_n the_o power_n of_o give_v a_o voice_n in_o the_o election_n of_o a_o emperor_n can_v be_v take_v away_o from_o that_o house_n the_o electoral_a dignity_n be_v so_o great_a that_o some_o have_v think_v it_o equal_a to_o regal_a authority_n and_o in_o this_o indeed_o the_o elector_n excel_v king_n in_o that_o they_o have_v power_n to_o create_v emperor_n which_o no_o other_o potentate_n in_o christendom_n can_v pretend_v to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n except_o when_o in_o a_o diet_n for_o the_o election_n of_o a_o emperor_n use_v to_o give_v place_n to_o several_a of_o they_o and_o there_o be_v hot_a dispute_n heretofore_o between_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o rodolph_n ii_o king_n of_o hungary_n about_o precedency_n but_o certain_o there_o be_v little_a reason_n that_o any_o elector_n except_v the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n shall_v pretend_v to_o stand_v upon_o equal_a term_n with_o a_o monarch_n the_o last_o duke_n of_o burgundy_n of_o the_o blood_n royal_a of_o france_n demand_v and_o obtain_v precedence_n of_o all_o the_o elector_n at_o the_o council_n of_o basil_n and_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o so_o long_o as_o the_o elector_n of_o bohemia_n be_v only_o a_o duke_n he_o have_v the_o low_a place_n in_o every_o election_n but_o have_v once_o obtain_v the_o title_n of_o king_n he_o take_v place_n of_o all_o his_o colleague_n because_o it_o be_v not_o think_v fit_a that_o a_o royal_a person_n crown_v and_o anoint_v shall_v give_v place_n to_o those_o that_o be_v but_o bare_o elector_n the_o order_n of_o precedency_n which_o the_o electoral_a prince_n observe_v among_o themselves_o be_v as_o follow_v 1._o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n arch-chancellor_n of_o germany_n take_v place_n of_o all_o the_o rest_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o imperial_a throne_n be_v vacant_a it_o be_v his_o office_n to_o warn_v his_o colleague_n to_o repair_v either_o in_o their_o own_o person_n or_o by_o their_o deputy_n within_o three_o month_n after_o the_o date_n of_o his_o letter_n patent_n to_o francfurt_n upon_o the_o mein_fw-ge in_fw-ge order_n to_o the_o election_n of_o a_o new_a emperor_n 2._o the_o archbishop_n of_o trier_n arch-chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n and_o arles_n where_o by_o france_n we_o be_v not_o to_o understand_v all_o the_o territory_n subject_a at_o this_o day_n to_o the_o french_a king_n but_o such_o only_a as_o be_v former_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o burgundy_n and_o come_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o german_n in_o the_o eleven_o century_n he_o have_v the_o first_o vote_n in_o the_o election_n 3._o the_o archbishop_n of_o colen_n arch-chancellor_n of_o italy_n that_o be_v of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o lombard_n and_o the_o small_a remain_v of_o the_o ancient_a roman_a empire_n he_o have_v the_o second_o vote_n and_o usual_o put_v the_o first_o or_o german_n crown_n upon_o the_o head_n of_o the_o new_a choose_a emperor_n 4._o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n to_o who_o the_o sachsenspiegel_n or_o body_n of_o the_o old_a saxon_a law_n deny_v a_o vote_n in_o any_o election_n though_o the_o aurea_n bulla_n say_v express_o he_o have_v the_o three_o vote_n in_o the_o diet._n whence_o it_o appear_v that_o the_o manner_n of_o election_n be_v alter_v in_o charles_n the_o four_o time_n from_o what_o it_o be_v in_o the_o thirteen_o century_n when_o the_o sachsenspiegel_n be_v first_o publish_v 5._o the_o count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n who_o have_v the_o four_o vote_n at_o election_n it_o be_v his_o peculiar_a prerogative_n to_o sit_v judge_n at_o the_o imperial_a court_n when_o any_o suit_n be_v commence_v against_o the_o emperor_n 6._o the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n arch-marshal_n of_o the_o empire_n he_o be_v sword-bearer_n to_o the_o emperor_n and_o have_v the_o five_o voice_n at_o a_o election_n 7._o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n lord_n chamberlain_n of_o the_o empire_n who_o in_o any_o solemn_a procession_n bear_v the_o sceptre_n before_o the_o emperor_n and_o have_v the_o six_o vote_n at_o his_o election_n note_v this_o account_n be_v to_o be_v understand_v of_o the_o state_n of_o the_o elector_n before_o the_o quarrel_n between_o the_o prince_n palatine_n and_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n upon_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n suspension_n of_o the_o former_a in_o the_o year_n 1623._o though_o the_o case_n be_v now_o alter_v upon_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n right_o confirm_v to_o he_o by_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n beforementioned_a yet_o since_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n pretend_v to_o no_o other_o title_n then_o what_o ancient_o belong_v to_o the_o prince_n palatine_n and_o the_o dignity_n may_v possible_o return_v again_o to_o that_o house_n these_o rule_n of_o precedency_n may_v still_o hold_v good_a notwithstanding_o the_o account_n already_o give_v of_o the_o order_n and_o rank_n of_o the_o elector_n the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o prince_n palatine_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v the_o preeminence_n before_o any_o other_o for_o these_o two_o the_o former_a in_o all_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n govern_v by_o the_o saxon_a law_n the_o latter_a in_o schwaben_n and_o all_o place_n where_o the_o francic_a law_n be_v observe_v rule_v the_o empire_n in_o time_n of_o a_o interregnum_fw-la many_o late_a writer_n of_o the_o roman_a church_n have_v be_v zealous_a in_o attribute_v this_o prerogative_n to_o the_o pope_n who_o they_o will_v have_v to_o be_v the_o emperor_n vicar_n as_o well_o as_o christ_n but_o this_o assertion_n be_v contrary_a to_o the_o fundamental_a law_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o we_o can_v hear_v of_o any_o record_n of_o antiquity_n which_o will_v testify_v for_o they_o that_o ever_o any_o such_o power_n be_v grant_v by_o the_o emperor_n the_o say_v elector_n have_v power_n during_o the_o vacancy_n of_o the_o imperial_a throne_n to_o determine_v all_o manner_n of_o lawsuit_n to_o gather_v the_o revenue_n and_o income_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n to_o tender_a and_o require_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n only_o they_o may_v not_o dispose_v of_o the_o land_n of_o any_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n or_o other_o of_o the_o nobility_n that_o have_v their_o land_n confirm_v to_o
express_o forbid_v to_o undertake_v any_o offensive_a war_n as_o a_o affair_n whole_o belong_v to_o the_o general_n assembly_n again_o his_o power_n of_o make_v peace_n and_o enter_v into_o new_a league_n be_v so_o far_o limit_v that_o neither_o shall_v be_v valid_a unless_o approve_v and_o confirm_v by_o the_o general_a estate_n only_o ancient_a alliance_n may_v be_v renew_v by_o the_o king_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senator_n resident_a at_o court_n what_o his_o power_n be_v in_o raise_v tribute_n and_o tax_n may_v be_v easy_o gather_v from_o the_o word_n of_o konarscius_n in_o fredo_n p._n 98._o the_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n say_v he_o have_v exempt_v thou_o speak_v to_o the_o king_n from_o all_o charge_n and_o expense_n it_o be_v their_o business_n to_o pay_v the_o soldiery_n and_o to_o furnish_v the_o magazine_n thou_o with_o their_o joint_n and_o mutual_a consent_n to_o proclaim_v war_n overcome_v and_o triumph_v the_o coinage_n of_o money_n be_v a_o royal_a prerogative_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o poland_n know_v money_n be_v in_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o the_o king_n but_o vladislaus_n jagello_n in_o the_o year_n 1422_o make_v a_o promise_n not_o to_o coin_v any_o money_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o his_o counsellor_n which_o law_n be_v renew_v by_o sigismond_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1632_o and_o insert_v into_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la swear_v to_o by_o the_o present_a king_n nor_o be_v it_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n that_o casimir_n jagello_n grant_v to_o the_o city_n of_o dantzick_n elbing_n and_o thorn_n the_o privilege_n of_o coin_v money_n which_o they_o keep_v to_o this_o day_n the_o prerogative_n of_o confer_v employment_n and_o honour_n still_o remain_v in_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o the_o king_n he_o be_v supreme_a judge_n and_o arbyter_n of_o merit_n and_o reward_n and_o dispose_v of_o all_o as_o well_o ecclesiastical_a as_o civil_a dignity_n yet_o this_o illustrious_a prerogative_n suffer_v some_o eclipse_n too_o for_o first_o the_o king_n can_v advance_v no_o foreigner_n nor_o any_o person_n who_o have_v no_o land_n in_o the_o province_n where_o the_o preferment_n lie_v next_o he_o can_v neither_o diminish_v nor_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o office_n either_o of_o the_o court_n or_o kingdom_n three_o he_o be_v oblige_v to_o supply_v such_o as_o be_v vacant_a by_o a_o time_n limit_v four_o he_o engage_v himself_o not_o to_o bestow_v the_o office_n of_o bishop_n nor_o the_o command_n of_o palatine_a castellane_n or_o captain_n upon_o any_o of_o his_o son_n grandchild_n or_o other_o relation_n of_o the_o royal_a blood_n five_o he_o be_v restrain_v from_o confer_v a_o plurality_n of_o high_a dignity_n upon_o one_o person_n last_o he_o be_v bind_v not_o to_o seek_v any_o private_a advantage_n by_o the_o advancement_n of_o any_o man_n and_o it_o be_v provide_v that_o all_o promise_n of_o preferment_n make_v in_o order_n to_o his_o advancement_n to_o the_o crown_n shall_v be_v invalid_a but_o grant_v his_o power_n to_o be_v considerable_a in_o confer_v of_o honour_n yet_o he_o be_v not_o able_a to_o deprive_v the_o same_o person_n though_o ill_a deserve_n of_o the_o honour_n once_o confer_v upon_o they_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n and_o with_o their_o approbation_n he_o may_v remove_v from_o their_o employment_n not_o only_o secular_o but_o ecclesiastic_n by_o the_o same_o permission_n he_o have_v also_o power_n to_o create_v duke_n earls_z and_o baron_n but_o the_o reason_n why_o he_o make_v so_o few_o be_v because_o the_o polish_v nobility_n will_v not_o admit_v of_o any_o other_o superiority_n one_o among_o another_o than_o what_o come_v by_o birthright_n and_o because_o they_o be_v very_o cautious_a of_o admit_v stranger_n he_o be_v not_o permit_v to_o advance_v any_o foreigner_n into_o the_o number_n of_o the_o nobility_n by_o way_n of_o naturalisation_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n first_o obtain_v and_o the_o particular_a recommendation_n of_o the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n it_o be_v in_o the_o king_n power_n to_o give_v audience_n to_o the_o ambassador_n of_o foreign_a prince_n and_o to_o elect_v his_o own_o but_o he_o can_v send_v they_o abroad_o upon_o the_o concern_v of_o peace_n war_n or_o enter_v into_o new_a league_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o resident_a senator_n former_o the_o privilege_n of_o hunt_v belong_v sole_o to_o the_o king_n but_o now_o every_o one_o of_o the_o nobility_n have_v power_n to_o use_v that_o sport_n in_o his_o own_o ground_n the_o king_n can_v contract_v a_o marriage_n for_o himself_o without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n he_o be_v not_o permit_v to_o enjoy_v or_o possess_v any_o land_n of_o inheritance_n in_o his_o own_o kingdom_n nor_o be_v he_o suffer_v to_o stir_v beyond_o its_o confine_n except_o the_o senate_n agree_v thereto_o he_o may_v not_o have_v any_o foreigner_n employ_v about_o he_o at_o court_n for_o all_o the_o court-officer_n be_v swear_v to_o be_v true_a and_o faithful_a not_o only_o to_o the_o king_n but_o also_o to_o the_o senate_n and_o be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o be_v also_o oblige_v by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la to_o take_v care_n that_o the_o queen_n do_v not_o meddle_v with_o state_n affair_n to_o all_o these_o article_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n most_o religious_o swear_v observance_n nay_o to_o keep_v their_o king_n the_o more_o in_o awe_n the_o nobility_n of_o poland_n publish_v the_o follow_a declaration_n in_o the_o year_n 1609_o if_o any_o nobleman_n or_o senator_n observe_v that_o the_o king_n have_v act_v contrary_a to_o the_o law_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o be_v to_o give_v notice_n thereof_o to_o the_o primate_n and_o the_o senator_n who_o be_v to_o admonish_v the_o king_n thereof_o if_o he_o slight_v the_o admonition_n it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a public_o to_o declare_v the_o king_n neglect_n to_o the_o senate_n to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o deputy_n may_v be_v enjoin_v in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o whole_a nobility_n to_o advise_v he_o to_o desist_v from_o act_v so_o contrary_a to_o the_o establish_a law_n of_o the_o land_n if_o the_o king_n take_v no_o notice_n of_o this_o second_o admonition_n they_o be_v then_o to_o acquaint_v the_o general_n assembly_n of_o estate_n if_o the_o three_o admonition_n prevail_v not_o than_o all_o the_o order_n be_v to_o proceed_v according_a to_o the_o article_n of_o withdraw_a their_o allegiance_n the_o revenue_n of_o the_o king_n household_n arise_v out_o of_o his_o land_n and_o salt-pit_n be_v compute_v to_o above_o three_o million_o of_o florin_n yearly_a of_o which_o piasecius_n give_v this_o account_n that_o the_o allowance_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v such_o as_o be_v not_o only_o sufficient_a to_o maintain_v the_o splendour_n of_o a_o court_n equal_a to_o any_o prince_n in_o christendom_n but_o also_o large_a enough_o for_o all_o occasion_n of_o royal_a munificence_n the_o truth_n of_o which_o many_o of_o the_o nobility_n experience_n by_o the_o large_a possession_n which_o the_o king_n often_o grant_v they_o during_o he_o or_o their_o life_n the_o public_a revenue_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v either_o ordinary_a or_o extraordinary_a the_o ordinary_a revenue_n be_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o rent_n of_o the_o king_n land_n grant_v by_o he_o towards_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o soldiery_n impost_n upon_o wine_n custom_n upon_o good_n export_v and_o import_v the_o four_o gross_a out_o of_o great_a and_o little_a poland_n etc._n etc._n the_o extraordinary_a revenue_n be_v 1._o the_o agraria_n or_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n tax_v upon_o land_n and_o farm_n 2._o excise_n upon_o beer_n from_o which_o the_o tenant_n of_o nobleman_n that_o keep_v publick-house_n be_v not_o free_a 3._o capitatio_fw-la judaica_n or_o the_o jew_n pole-money_n which_o in_o the_o year_n 1671_o be_v tax_v at_o 150000_o florin_n the_o jew_n in_o lithvania_n upon_o extremity_n be_v tax_v at_o 40000_o florin_n sometime_o they_o pay_v two_o florin_n a_o head_n for_o themselves_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n 4._o the_o merchant_n donative_n which_o in_o the_o year_n 1650_o be_v raise_v to_o 40000_o florin_n 5._o the_o chimney-money_n which_o be_v double_v and_o treble_v as_o necessity_n require_v sometime_o a_o general_a pole_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n where_o every_o man_n the_o archbishop_z not_o except_v pay_v according_a to_o his_o estate_n and_o the_o office_n he_o hold_v nothing_o of_o all_o this_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n but_o it_o be_v all_o reserve_v for_o public_a use_n of_o which_o the_o treasurer_n give_v a_o account_n to_o the_o general_a estate_n who_o have_v the_o only_a power_n to_o levy_v these_o new_a assessment_n and_o extraordinary_a imposition_n as_o the_o necessity_n of_o affair_n require_v the_o king_n
the_o lesser_a council_n or_o convention_n in_o the_o several_a palatinate_n large_a province_n and_o certain_a district_n these_o convention_n precede_v the_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o kingdom_n six_o week_n unless_o upon_o some_o extraordinary_a accident_n and_o be_v hold_v in_o the_o proper_a city_n of_o the_o palatinate_v and_o province_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n here_o after_o they_o have_v choose_v a_o marshal_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v much_o like_o our_o speaker_n as_o be_v the_o director_n of_o the_o convention_n they_o first_o consider_v of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v propound_v to_o they_o by_o the_o king_n deputy_n dispatch_v away_o to_o every_o convention_n and_o of_o what_o other_o business_n be_v to_o be_v motion_v at_o the_o general_n session_n after_o that_o they_o choose_v the_o land_n deputy_n or_o provincial_a delegate_n for_o the_o general_a assembly_n every_o province_n send_v so_o many_o almost_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o our_o shire_n save_v only_o that_o they_o be_v not_o choose_v by_o the_o people_n till_o the_o whole_a number_n amount_v to_o about_o 300._o these_o deputy_n be_v general_o elect_v out_o of_o such_o magistrate_n as_o be_v not_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n exclude_v all_o judge_n and_o their_o assistant_n collector_n and_o all_o officer_n of_o the_o exchequer_n unless_o they_o have_v exact_a and_o full_a acquittance_n from_o the_o treasurer_n the_o delegate_n like_o our_o burgess_n have_v a_o certain_a allowance_n from_o their_o respective_a province_n during_o the_o sit_v of_o the_o general_a assembly_n the_o particular_a convention_n be_v break_v up_o which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v not_o to_o sit_v above_o four_o day_n three_o week_n before_o the_o senator_n and_o delegate_n repair_v to_o the_o grand_a session_n they_o meet_v at_o the_o general_a committee_n for_o the_o several_a province_n where_o they_o again_o read_v over_o the_o king_n command_n the_o instruction_n give_v to_o the_o delegate_n and_o what_o be_v think_v needful_a to_o be_v propound_v for_o the_o public_a good_a the_o grand_a assembly_n be_v meet_v the_o deputy_n repair_v to_o their_o chamber_n and_o choose_v their_o marshal_n or_o director_n which_o do_v they_o be_v all_o conduct_v to_o kiss_v the_o king_n hand_n and_o after_o that_o ceremony_n perform_v the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o dukedom_n in_o order_n declare_v to_o they_o the_o substance_n of_o those_o affair_n which_o be_v to_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o their_o debate_n before_o they_o depart_v they_o put_v the_o king_n in_o mind_n of_o supply_v such_o employment_n as_o be_v vacant_a with_o deserve_a person_n and_o desire_v a_o account_n of_o such_o law_n or_o ordinance_n as_o have_v be_v make_v by_o the_o resident_a senator_n since_o the_o sit_v of_o the_o last_o grand_a convention_n have_v so_o do_v they_o return_v to_o their_o chamber_n the_o power_n of_o these_o nuncii_fw-la or_o deputy_n be_v very_o great_a for_o when_o they_o send_v any_o of_o their_o number_n to_o the_o king_n they_o be_v present_o admit_v let_v the_o king_n be_v never_o so_o busy_a and_o have_v a_o immediate_a dispatch_n if_o they_o clash_v in_o their_o debate_n the_o king_n be_v careful_a to_o send_v some_o of_o the_o senator_n to_o reconcile_v they_o who_o then_o give_v they_o the_o title_n of_o mosci_n panovoie_n bracia_n or_o gracious_a lord_n brother_n they_o have_v also_o power_n to_o impeach_v any_o great_a officer_n of_o misdemeanour_n and_o to_o put_v the_o king_n himself_o in_o mind_n of_o his_o promise_n touch_v the_o law_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o kingdom_n neither_o be_v any_o constitution_n valid_a that_o have_v not_o its_o original_a from_o the_o chamber_n of_o the_o deputy_n and_o which_o be_v yet_o more_o if_o any_o one_o of_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o the_o nuncii_fw-la dissent_n nothing_o can_v be_v legal_o conclude_v so_o that_o upon_o the_o protestation_n and_o departure_n of_o one_o deputy_n the_o whole_a convention_n be_v ipso_fw-la facto_fw-la dissolve_v whilst_o the_o deputy_n be_v thus_o consult_v the_o king_n and_o senator_n have_v little_a to_o do_v but_o to_o hear_v certain_a criminal_a cause_n appoint_v before_o hand_n for_o the_o first_o week_n and_o some_o other_o civil_a controversy_n the_o second_o till_o the_o return_n of_o the_o deputy_n embody_v the_o whole_a senate_n together_o then_o every_o man_n have_v liberty_n to_o deliver_v his_o mind_n with_o the_o leave_n and_o direction_n of_o the_o marshal_n the_o king_n suspend_v his_o own_o opinion_n till_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n or_o the_o major_a part_n of_o they_o agree_v then_o he_o endeavour_v to_o reconcile_v their_o different_a vote_n or_o if_o he_o can_v prevail_v concur_v with_o that_o party_n which_o have_v vote_v most_o conformable_o to_o the_o law_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o realm_n these_o consultation_n by_o the_o law_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v continue_v above_o fifteen_o day_n after_o the_o join_n of_o both_o house_n though_o sometime_o urgency_n of_o affair_n cause_n far_a prolongation_n when_o the_o session_n break_v up_o the_o deputy_n return_v home_o give_v notice_n of_o their_o return_n to_o the_o captain_n with_o jurisdiction_n and_o the_o palatine_n or_o vice-palatines_a give_v the_o same_o notice_n of_o the_o return_n to_o the_o deputy_n to_o the_o nobility_n invite_v they_o withal_o to_o the_o post-comitial_a assembly_n or_o convention_n of_o relation_n the_o meeting_n whereof_o the_o king_n appoint_v in_o these_o convention_n the_o deputy_n produce_v the_o constitution_n make_v in_o the_o last_o general_a assembly_n of_o estate_n deliver_v to_o they_o under_o seal_n by_o the_o chancellor_n and_o take_v care_n that_o they_o be_v fair_o transcribe_v into_o the_o land_n and_o military_a register_n not_o omit_v after_o this_o to_o give_v a_o full_a account_n of_o what_o they_o have_v act_v in_o discharge_n of_o their_o trust_n if_o the_o grand_a session_n break_v up_o in_o confusion_n not_o have_v effect_v any_o thing_n to_o purpose_n then_o certain_a post-comitial_a council_n be_v call_v wherein_o the_o king_n prefix_n a_o time_n for_o another_o grand_a session_n nor_o be_v it_o a_o wonder_n that_o much_o disturbance_n shall_v rise_v in_o the_o general_a assembly_n consider_v the_o multitude_n of_o the_o deputy_n and_o the_o liberty_n of_o each_o member_n for_o which_o reason_n cardinal_n johannes_n franciscus_n commendonus_n facetious_o say_v that_o morbus_fw-la comitialis_fw-la be_v the_o epidemical_a distemper_n of_o poland_n now_o that_o the_o king_n may_v not_o want_v a_o council_n in_o the_o interval_n of_o general_a convention_n they_o before_o they_o break_v up_o appoint_v 24_o senator_n 8_o palatine_n 8_o major_n and_o as_o many_o minor_a castellanes_n and_o four_o bishop_n to_o wait_v quarterly_a four_a at_o a_o time_n one_o bishop_n and_o three_o senator_n till_o other_o 28_o be_v choose_v and_o these_o be_v bind_v so_o close_o to_o their_o duty_n that_o they_o accompany_v the_o king_n to_o the_o war_n for_o which_o they_o have_v a_o stipend_n allow_v and_o pay_v out_o of_o the_o treasury_n the_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o respect_n of_o their_o division_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o other_o country_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o that_o be_v either_o ecclesiastic_a or_o secular_a either_o for_o civil_a or_o criminal_a cause_n but_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o judge_n and_o manner_n of_o proceed_v therein_o not_o easy_o to_o be_v understand_v without_o a_o particular_a survey_n the_o noble_n have_v a_o court_n peculiar_a to_o themselves_o call_v the_o court_n of_o land-judicature_n wherein_o all_o action_n relate_v to_o estate_n in_o land_n be_v try_v where_o also_o the_o captain_n and_z by_o their_o permission_n the_o king_n tenant_n may_v sue_v the_o noble_n themselves_o for_o waste_v do_v upon_o the_o land_n belong_v to_o the_o king_n table_n to_o this_o court_n likewise_o belong_v all_o action_n of_o debt_n upon_o contract_n the_o judge_n of_o this_o court_n be_v a_o chief_a judge_n a_o judge_n and_o a_o secondary_a upon_o the_o death_n of_o any_o of_o these_o the_o nobility_n propose_v four_o land_a man_n who_o they_o recommend_v to_o the_o king_n who_o choose_v one_o out_o of_o they_o into_o the_o dead_a place_n all_o the_o judge_n be_v bind_v to_o be_v resident_a at_o the_o session_n of_o the_o court_n which_o be_v twice_o thrice_o and_o sometime_o four_o time_n a_o year_n the_o next_o remarkable_a court_n be_v that_o of_o the_o several_a captain_n jurisdiction_n call_v sudy_a grodskie_n or_o courtmilitary_a the_o chief_a judge_n of_o this_o court_n be_v a_o captain_n he_o sit_v alone_o takes_z cognisance_n of_o rape_n burglary_n set_v house_n on_o fire_n robbery_n upon_o the_o highway_n etc._n etc._n nobleman_n not_o land_a be_v here_o also_o try_v and_o foreign_a merchant_n come_v to_o fair_n he_o have_v also_o power_n without_o any_o noise_n of_o law_n to_o condemn_v and_o punish_v idle_a vagabond_n thief_n proscribe_v person_n
fugitive_n and_o people_n of_o infamous_a conversation_n the_o writ_n of_o the_o court_n run_v nos_fw-la capitaneus_fw-la etc._n etc._n tibi_fw-la etc._n etc._n mandamus_fw-la vigore_fw-la regio_fw-la &_o nostra_fw-la qua_fw-la hac_fw-la parte_fw-la fungimur_fw-la authoritate_fw-la etc._n etc._n in_o criminal_a cause_n it_o be_v to_o be_v serve_v a_o fortnight_n in_o civil_a a_o week_n before_o the_o court_n sit_v to_o the_o judicia_fw-la campestria_fw-la may_v be_v refer_v the_o vice-captain_n court_n which_o take_v cognizance_n of_o the_o division_n of_o estate_n between_o brother_n forcible_a ejection_n servant_n entertain_v without_o testimonial_n exaction_n of_o custom_n nonpayment_n of_o public_a duty_n etc._n etc._n the_o sub-chamberlain_n court_n be_v for_o settle_v the_o bound_n of_o nobleman_n estate_n the_o commissorial_n court_n be_v erect_v for_o the_o same_o purpose_n when_o the_o controversy_n happen_v between_o a_o nobleman_n and_o one_o of_o the_o king_n tenant_n for_o then_o the_o king_n send_v down_o commissioner_n to_o settle_v the_o limit_n of_o his_o own_o land_n who_o therefore_o issue_n out_o their_o writ_n after_o this_o form_n nos_fw-la etc._n etc._n commissarii_fw-la per_fw-la majestatem_fw-la regiam_fw-la specialiter_fw-la deputati_fw-la vobis_fw-la generosis_fw-la etc._n etc._n innotescimus_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o tribunal-court_n be_v superior_a court_n which_o take_v cognizance_n of_o all_o cause_n remove_v thither_o by_o way_n of_o appeal_n from_o the_o court_n of_o land-judicature_n the_o captain_n court_n the_o vice-chamberlain_n and_o the_o commissorial_n court_n the_o judge_n of_o these_o court_n be_v as_o well_o spiritual_a as_o secular_a the_o spiritual_a judge_n be_v elect_v by_o the_o several_a chapter_n of_o the_o province_n the_o temporal_a judge_n by_o the_o most_o voice_n of_o the_o nobility_n these_o court_n be_v hold_v only_o in_o two_o place_n for_o poland_n petricow_n and_o lublin_n the_o cause_n be_v hear_v in_o order_n for_o three_o day_n be_v allow_v to_o enter_v all_o cause_n that_o come_v and_o whatever_o be_v not_o enter_v in_o those_o three_o day_n can_v be_v meddle_v with_o that_o sit_v here_o be_v try_v all_o cause_n that_o concern_v ecclesiastical_a person_n and_o the_o revenue_n of_o church_n and_o religious_a house_n the_o writ_n issue_v hence_o run_v all_o in_o the_o king_n name_n under_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o province_n where_o the_o defendant_n live_v the_o decree_n of_o the_o court_n be_v seal_v with_o the_o seal_n of_o the_o province_n where_o the_o court_n be_v hold_v from_o hence_o there_o lie_v no_o appeal_n either_o to_o the_o king_n or_o the_o general_n session_n unless_o where_o the_o court_n be_v equal_o divide_v or_o that_o the_o case_n in_o controversy_n be_v not_o decide_v by_o the_o constitution_n the_o court_n of_o the_o general_n convention_n be_v either_o criminal_a or_o civil_a the_o criminal_a either_o for_o public_a crime_n as_o high_a treason_n treason_n rob_v the_o exchequer_n violation_n of_o the_o privilege_n of_o the_o general_n parliament_n and_o adulterate_v or_o falsify_v the_o public_a coin_n or_o else_o for_o private_a crime_n as_o murder_n poison_v incest_n adultery_n and_o such_o like_a heinous_a offence_n to_o the_o civil_a conventional_a court_n belong_v all_o cause_n concern_v the_o estate_n of_o the_o king_n table_n good_n unlawful_o receive_v extortion_n of_o custom_n negligence_n of_o magistrate_n etc._n etc._n all_o cause_n concern_v the_o ten_o of_o nobleman_n estate_n profanation_n of_o church_n land-office_n and_o honour_n etc._n etc._n the_o judge_n of_o this_o court_n be_v the_o king_n and_o the_o senator_n whilst_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n give_v their_o vote_n the_o king_n absent_v himself_o afterward_o when_o the_o decree_n be_v confirm_v by_o plurality_n of_o vote_n he_o return_v and_o the_o marshal_n have_v proclaim_v the_o sentence_n in_o the_o king_n presence_n command_v the_o person_n condemn_v to_o be_v clap_v into_o iron_n and_z takes_z care_n that_o execution_n be_v do_v for_o cause_n that_o relate_v to_o the_o public_a revenue_n there_o be_v the_o court_n of_o the_o exchequer_n usual_o hold_v at_o radom_n and_o therefore_o call_v tribunal_n radomiense_n the_o judge_n of_o this_o court_n beside_o the_o treasurer_n be_v certain_a senator_n elect_v for_o this_o purpose_n in_o the_o general_a parliament_n of_o the_o kingdom_n before_o this_o court_n be_v examine_v and_o try_v all_o sub-treasurer_n and_o collector_n of_o contribution_n and_o captain_n which_o have_v not_o bring_v into_o the_o treasury_n what_o collection_n be_v pay_v into_o their_o hand_n as_o also_o all_o merchant_n and_o other_o by_o who_o the_o treasury_n have_v suffer_v any_o damage_n this_o court_n seldom_o sit_v above_o a_o fortnight_n or_o three_o week_n and_o always_o adjourn_v before_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o general_a convention_n near_o relate_v to_o this_o court_n be_v that_o which_o they_o call_v the_o commission_n for_o payment_n of_o soldier_n wage_n here_o be_v try_v such_o soldier_n as_o have_v not_o appear_v after_o they_o have_v receive_v their_o pay_n or_o that_o have_v commit_v any_o act_n of_o violence_n towards_o the_o king_n subject_n the_o judge_n of_o this_o court_n be_v the_o chief_a commission-officer_n of_o the_o army_n with_o certain_a select_a senator_n and_o deputy_n to_o assist_v they_o to_o omit_v the_o military_a court_n which_o be_v the_o same_o in_o all_o well_o discipline_v army_n the_o marshal_n of_o the_o king_n house_n have_v also_o his_o court_n who_o jurisdiction_n extend_v not_o only_o over_o the_o king_n servant_n but_o also_o over_o the_o senator_n themselves_o that_o live_v in_o the_o court_n the_o captural_a court_n be_v twofold_a either_o general_n which_o sit_v during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la to_o prevent_v disorder_n have_v absolute_a power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n who_o judge_n be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o prime_a nobility_n or_o particular_a in_o the_o several_a palatinate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o judge_n whereof_o be_v choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n at_o the_o several_a particular_a convention_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la they_o take_v cognizance_n of_o all_o cause_n tryable_a in_o the_o captain_n court_n and_o of_o all_o injury_n and_o battery_n but_o meddle_v not_o with_o civil_a matter_n be_v like_o a_o court_n constitute_v to_o keep_v the_o peace_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la all_o captural_a court_n cease_v three_o week_n before_o the_o assembly_n for_o election_n meet_v after_o the_o election_n be_v over_o they_o sit_v again_o till_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o king_n the_o jew_n be_v every_o where_o try_v and_o judge_v by_o the_o palatine_n from_o who_o there_o lie_v no_o appeal_n except_o the_o sum_n exceed_v a_o hundred_o florin_n they_o that_o live_v in_o town_n or_o village_n belong_v to_o nobleman_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o lord_n of_o the_o royalty_n in_o the_o assessorial_n court_n the_o chancellor_n sit_v as_o supreme_a judge_n assist_v by_o the_o master_n of_o request_n and_o the_o principal_a secretary_n of_o the_o kingdom_n here_o be_v hear_v all_o cause_n remove_v from_o the_o city_n court_v as_o also_o from_o the_o palatine_n when_o the_o controversy_n lie_v between_o a_o christian_a and_o a_o jew_n of_o the_o court_n of_o relation_n the_o king_n himself_o be_v judge_n and_o hear_v all_o cause_n remove_v by_o way_n of_o appeal_n out_o of_o the_o assessorial_n court_n hence_o there_o lie_v no_o appeal_n but_o only_o to_o the_o parliament_n itself_o and_o that_o but_o in_o two_o or_o three_o case_n as_o when_o the_o action_n relate_v to_o a_o estate_n which_o the_o possessor_n affirm_v that_o he_o hold_v by_o inheritance_n or_o that_o it_o concern_v the_o public_a revenue_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o do_v not_o find_v any_o ecclesiatical_a court_n particular_o name_v however_o most_o certain_a it_o be_v that_o the_o bishop_n have_v their_o several_a court_n where_o either_o they_o or_o their_o official_o take_v cognizance_n of_o all_o ceremony_n and_o institution_n ecclesiastical_a and_o be_v judge_n of_o heresy_n schism_n magic_a incantation_n usury_n simony_n as_o also_o controversy_n about_o tithe_n and_o church-land_n of_o murder_n or_o violence_n offer_v to_o a_o religious_a person_n or_o upon_o holy_a ground_n moreover_o they_o determine_v the_o right_n of_o patronage_n matrimonial_a difference_n and_o contest_v touch_v birthright_n as_o for_o will_n and_o testament_n the_o difference_n about_o they_o be_v decide_v in_o the_o secular_a court_n as_o well_o as_o in_o these_o unless_o in_o case_n of_o some_o legacy_n leave_v to_o the_o church_n from_o the_o bishop_n court_n there_o lie_v a_o appeal_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n from_o he_o to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o thence_o to_o the_o apostolic_a see_n to_o the_o spiritual_a court_n belong_v the_o court_n of_o nunciature_n under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n for_o that_o purpose_n always_o reside_v in_o poland_n however_o before_o he_o
gustavus_n x._o ann_n 1655_o and_o by_o this_o present_a king_n charles_n xi_o in_o 1663._o public_o ratify_v and_o subscribe_v to_o and_o ever_o since_o by_o he_o maintain_v so_o that_o lutheranism_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v take_v deep_a root_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o clergy_n of_o sweden_n be_v have_v in_o great_a honour_n and_o reputation_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o though_o the_o revenue_n belong_v to_o the_o church_n be_v since_o the_o reformation_n very_o much_o impair_v gustavus_n i._n annex_v as_o it_o be_v say_v to_o the_o crown_n at_o one_o time_n 7500_o farm_n and_o ecclesiastical_a live_n yet_o the_o respect_n due_a to_o their_o minister_n do_v not_o seem_v to_o be_v much_o abate_v their_o archbishop_n always_o perform_v the_o religious_a solemnity_n at_o the_o king_n coronation_n and_z with_o as_o many_o bishop_n as_o the_o king_n please_v to_o choose_v be_v admit_v privy-counsellor_n to_o his_o majesty_n he_o be_v reckon_v the_o chief_a person_n in_o the_o kingdom_n next_o to_o the_o king_n himself_o and_o according_o take_v place_n of_o all_o temporal_a lord_n and_o ancient_o when_o it_o be_v grant_v to_o a_o knight_n or_o lay-privy-counsellor_n to_o have_v only_o twelve_o and_o a_o senator_n eight_o it_o be_v order_v that_o he_o may_v have_v forty_o and_o a_o bishop_n thirty_o horse_n in_o their_o retinue_n he_o have_v under_o he_o seven_o suffragans_fw-la viz._n the_o bishop_n of_o lyncopen_n scare_n stergne_n westeras_fw-la wexio_fw-la aboa_n and_o riga_n and_o divers_a superintendent_o who_o have_v episcopal_a jurisdiction_n viz._n of_o calmare_n gottenburgh_n marienstadt_n revel_v etc._n etc._n all_o which_o make_v up_o a_o ecclesiastical_a college_n call_v the_o supreme_a consistory_n of_o the_o kingdom_n wherein_o the_o archbishop_n always_o preside_v the_o clergy_n of_o this_o nation_n say_v loccenius_n according_a to_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o eastern_a church_n use_v to_o marry_v till_o pope_n innocent_a iu_o by_o a_o council_n hold_v at_o sceningia_n a_o city_n of_o ostrogothia_a ann_n 1248_o forbid_v marriage_n to_o priest_n and_o cause_v those_o that_o have_v wife_n to_o put_v they_o away_o what_o concern_v their_o religion_n or_o their_o church-government_n be_v the_o same_o with_o that_o of_o the_o lutheran_n must_v be_v elsewhere_o more_o large_o treat_v of_o the_o king_n be_v the_o absolute_a sovereign_n in_o ecclesiastical_a matter_n which_o he_o determine_v not_o without_o the_o advice_n of_o his_o archbishop_n and_o bishop_n he_o name_v all_o the_o bishop_n and_o by_o his_o power_n be_v summon_v all_o ecclesiastical_a assembly_n author_n make_v a_o difference_n betwixt_o their_o bishop_n and_o superintendent_o but_o it_o be_v not_o considerable_a both_o equal_o depend_v upon_o the_o archbishop_n but_o the_o superintendent_o have_v not_o in_o all_o thing_n equal_a power_n with_o the_o bishop_n 5._o the_o five_o and_o last_o city_n of_o vpland_n be_v stockholm_n stockholme_n stockholme_n lie_v in_o 42_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o of_o latitude_n 58_o ten_o minute_n a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n the_o present_a seat_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n situate_v it_o be_v in_o a_o island_n on_o the_o side_n of_o the_o lake_n meller_n encompass_v on_o all_o side_n especial_o that_o towards_o the_o sea_n with_o high_a rugged_a rock_n call_v scheren_n which_o hinder_v the_o prospect_n of_o the_o city_n but_o very_o much_o secure_v the_o haven_n which_o be_v very_o large_a and_o of_o dangerous_a entrance_n though_o these_o rock_n be_v a_o defence_n to_o the_o town_n yet_o by_o reason_n of_o they_o it_o be_v sometime_o set_v upon_o by_o a_o enemy_n unaware_o as_o it_o be_v by_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n anno_fw-la 1594._o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v found_v by_o king_n birgerus_n anno_fw-la 1261_o and_o from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o wood_n use_v in_o the_o build_n of_o it_o call_v stockholme_n stock_n signify_v wood_n and_o holme_n a_o island_n but_o anno_fw-la 1552_o a_o fire_n happen_v in_o the_o city_n and_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o wooden_a building_n burn_v down_o a_o great_a part_n of_o it_o it_o be_v by_o public_a command_n rebuilt_a part_n of_o stone_n part_n of_o brick_n part_v also_o upon_o pile_n so_o that_o the_o sea_n flow_v under_o the_o house_n in_o it_o be_v several_a large_a well-built_a bridge_n only_o two_o gate_n open_v to_o the_o south_n and_o north._n public_a inn_n or_o lodging-house_n here_o be_v none_o but_o stranger_n take_v up_o their_o quarter_n with_o some_o of_o the_o burgher_n entertainment_n handsome_a and_o charge_v not_o great_a an._n 1407_o it_o be_v consume_v by_o lightning_n and_o some_o thousand_o of_o people_n destroy_v by_o the_o fire_n in_o 1529_o king_n gustavus_n the_o first_o called_z several_z principal_a burgher_n and_o merchant_n out_o of_o other_o city_n to_o inhabit_v this_o most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v drive_v hence_o by_o the_o tyranny_n of_o christiern_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n there_o be_v in_o it_o eight_o church_n in_o all_o one_o of_o which_o be_v supply_v by_o a_o finlandish_a another_o by_o a_o german_a minister_n who_o constant_o preach_v in_o their_o own_o language_n in_o the_o citadel_n be_v the_o king_n palace_n handsome_o build_v some_o part_n eight_o or_o nine_o story_n high_a yet_o of_o great_a strength_n and_o security_n within_o it_o be_v a_o large_a and_o magnificent_a church_n build_v by_o king_n john_n erect_v upon_o marble_n pillar_n and_o roof_v with_o copper_n with_o a_o private_a chapel_n for_o the_o king_n very_o large_a also_o have_v forty_o window_n on_o each_o side_n where_o at_o the_o high_a altar_n be_v say_v to_o be_v a_o massy_a silver_n image_n of_o our_o saviour_n crucify_v in_o full_a proportion_n this_o city_n have_v be_v very_o often_o besiege_v ann_n 1434_o by_o the_o people_n of_o sweden_n who_o rebel_v upon_o account_n of_o foreign_a officer_n employ_v in_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n contrary_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n '_o by_o king_n john_n 1481_o 1522_o by_o gustavus_n i._o and_o at_o other_o time_n the_o enemy_n always_o take_v advantage_n of_o a_o hill_n call_v bruncaberge_n so_o near_o that_o from_o it_o they_o can_v batter_v the_o citadel_n the_o arm_n of_o this_o city_n be_v the_o head_n of_o saint_n ericus_n crown_v or_o take_v by_o the_o agreement_n of_o the_o state_n in_o remembrance_n of_o that_o king_n virtue_n and_o piety_n and_o those_o of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v three_o crown_n or_o in_o a_o field_n azure_a give_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n this_o be_v the_o metropolis_n and_o lie_v so_o convenient_o be_v the_o great_a place_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o whole_a nation_n from_o whence_o be_v export_v copper_n iron_n steel_n lead_v deal-board_n and_o very_o many_o manufacture_n make_v of_o those_o material_n copper_n especial_o whereof_o this_o kingdom_n supply_v the_o necessity_n almost_o of_o the_o whole_a world_n this_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o four_o chief_a magistrate_n or_o consul_n who_o be_v elect_v out_o of_o the_o burgher_n and_o enjoy_v the_o dignity_n for_o their_o life_n their_o office_n be_v to_o give_v law_n and_o decide_v controversy_n arise_v betwixt_o one_o citizen_n and_o another_o if_o of_o lesser_a concern_n but_o if_o of_o great_a moment_n they_o always_o have_v the_o assistance_n of_o the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o castle_n who_o be_v precedent_n of_o the_o court_n for_o that_o time_n and_o either_o put_v a_o end_n to_o the_o case_n or_o transmits_n it_n to_o the_o king_n council_n they_o perform_v this_o office_n by_o turn_n two_o have_v precedence_n and_o supply_v it_o one_o and_o the_o other_o two_o the_o next_o year_n when_o any_o extraordinary_a affair_n happen_v they_o may_v have_v the_o assistance_n of_o some_o of_o the_o principal_a citizen_n who_o take_v upon_o they_o particular_a business_n as_o the_o care_n of_o building_n the_o decision_n of_o some_o private_a action_n promulgation_n of_o law_n etc._n etc._n beside_o these_o there_o be_v twelve_o senator_n or_o alderman_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o body_n of_o the_o city_n who_o have_v the_o office_n likewise_o for_o their_o life_n out_o of_o these_o four_z be_v elect_v to_o be_v assessor_n to_o the_o consul_n and_o in_o all_o case_n and_o difference_n arise_v to_o assist_v they_o in_o this_o city_n common_o reside_v a_o great_a number_n of_o foreigner_n german_n and_o finlander_n especial_o who_o as_o all_o other_o of_o the_o lutheran_n persuasion_n be_v allow_v free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n which_o be_v not_o grant_v to_o any_o of_o the_o roman_a communion_n the_o soil_n of_o the_o country_n hereabout_o soil_n soil_n as_o in_o most_o part_n of_o sweden_n be_v general_o fruitful_a afford_v store_n of_o corn_n as_o wheat_n rye_n barley_n oat_n etc._n etc._n and_o pasturage_n and_o in_o some_o place_v no_o small_a quantity_n of_o wood._n in_o the_o
treasurer_n the_o key_n and_o the_o king_n on_o horseback_n follow_v they_o to_o the_o church_n where_o the_o archbishop_n receive_v he_o demand_v of_o he_o a_o account_n of_o his_o faith_n then_o reverent_o approach_v the_o high_a altar_n he_o tender_v to_o he_o a_o oath_n to_o this_o effect_n that_o he_o will_v fear_v god_n and_o defend_v his_o church_n promote_v love_n justice_n and_o truth_n among_o his_o subject_n that_o he_o will_v govern_v his_o kingdom_n by_o native_n and_o not_o admit_v any_o stranger_n into_o council_n or_o place_n of_o great_a trust_n that_o he_o will_v not_o alienate_v any_o fort_n land_n or_o territory_n within_o his_o dominion_n but_o preserve_v they_o whole_a and_o entire_a to_o his_o successor_n that_o he_o will_v provide_v himself_o and_o his_o court_n out_o of_o his_o constant_a crown_n revenue_n and_o never_o burden_n his_o subject_n with_o tax_n but_o upon_o these_o account_n viz._n either_o upon_o a_o invasion_n whether_o by_o christian_n or_o infidel_n a_o domestic_a insurrection_n upon_o the_o marriage_n of_o his_o son_n or_o daughter_n for_o the_o build_n of_o some_o new_a fort_n or_o upon_o diminution_n of_o the_o exchequer_n and_o that_o he_o will_v introduce_v no_o law_n or_o constitution_n without_o or_o against_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n to_o sigismond_n the_o three_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o claim_v this_o kingdom_n they_o propose_v that_o he_o will_v not_o alter_v any_o thing_n in_o the_o establish_a religion_n which_o be_v the_o lutheran_n which_o oath_n he_o either_o refuse_v or_o present_o break_v lose_v the_o favour_n of_o his_o people_n and_o the_o kingdom_n itself_o before_o he_o be_v well_o settle_v in_o it_o this_o do_v the_o archbishop_n put_v on_o he_o his_o crown_n and_o other_o kingly_a ornament_n and_o one_o of_o the_o herald_n proclaim_v such_o one_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o swedland_n and_o gothland_n and_o none_o but_o he_o then_o all_o the_o people_n answer_n let_v the_o king_n live_v after_o this_o the_o king_n call_v before_o he_o the_o governor_n or_o legifer_n of_o every_o province_n and_o chief_a city_n within_o his_o dominion_n who_o for_o themselves_o and_o their_o respective_a government_n take_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n this_o do_v the_o king_n give_v to_o every_o one_o of_o they_o to_o the_o legifer_fw-la of_o vpsal_n first_o and_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n a_o escutcheon_n with_o the_o arm_n of_o that_o province_n or_o that_o city_n where_o they_o be_v to_o preside_v as_o badge_n of_o their_o office_n and_o return_v to_o his_o palace_n his_o nobility_n be_v by_o he_o splendid_o entertain_v and_o the_o ceremony_n end_v henceforward_o he_o have_v power_n in_o ecclesiastical_a and_o civil_a matter_n and_o rule_v his_o people_n as_o a_o absolute_a monarch_n the_o next_o heir_n to_o the_o crown_n be_v the_o king_n elder_a son_n if_o he_o have_v any_o who_o sometime_o be_v by_o public_a declaration_n acknowledge_v to_o be_v so_o before_o his_o father_n death_n as_o charles_n elder_a son_n to_o gustavus_n the_o first_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v and_o though_o in_o that_o king_n time_n the_o right_a of_o succession_n be_v by_o the_o state_n grant_v only_o to_o his_o issue_n male_a yet_o in_o the_o year_n 1627._o gustavus_n adolphus_n procure_v that_o the_o king_n daughter_n also_o may_v be_v admit_v to_o the_o throne_n by_o which_o procurement_n his_o daughter_n christina_n be_v make_v capable_a to_o succeed_v he_o upon_o default_n of_o issue_n royal_a it_o be_v by_o the_o vnio_n haereditaria_fw-la provide_v that_o the_o near_a in_o blood_n to_o the_o king_n family_n shall_v succeed_v and_o upon_o failure_n of_o these_o the_o power_n of_o elect_v be_v to_o devolve_v upon_o the_o state_n the_o king_n young_a son_n he_o common_o make_v governor_n over_o some_o particular_a province_n give_v they_o title_n fit_v to_o their_o command_n his_o daughter_n be_v provide_v for_o at_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n their_o portion_n be_v not_o take_v out_o of_o the_o king_n exchequer_n but_o levy_v by_o public_a tax_n in_o the_o interregnum_fw-la absence_n sickness_n or_o minority_n of_o the_o king_n the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v by_o the_o drotset_a or_o viceroy_n the_o marshal_n admiral_z chancellor_n and_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o at_o their_o admission_n to_o the_o public_a management_n of_o affair_n take_v a_o oath_n not_o to_o diminish_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o king_n right_n but_o preserve_v they_o whole_a and_o entire_a and_o if_o it_o happen_v that_o any_o part_n of_o they_o be_v by_o these_o trustee_n during_o the_o king_n minority_n sell_v or_o alienate_v the_o king_n when_o he_o come_v to_o full_a age_n may_v by_o law_n recover_v it_o ancient_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n short_o after_o they_o be_v elect_v use_v to_o make_v a_o public_a progress_n through_o their_o dominion_n the_o legifer_fw-la or_o lieutenant_n of_o every_o province_n be_v bind_v to_o provide_v for_o his_o reception_n what_o the_o king_n do_v be_v to_o assure_v the_o people_n of_o the_o great_a care_n he_o have_v of_o they_o and_o that_o charge_v wherewith_o they_o have_v entrust_v he_o and_o to_o receive_v of_o the_o people_n oath_n of_o allegiance_n and_o fidelity_n this_o custom_n be_v find_v somewhat_o expensive_a and_o the_o civil_a trouble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n oftentimes_o not_o permit_v it_o be_v now_o quite_o leave_v of_o and_o the_o people_n rest_v content_a in_o the_o confidence_n they_o have_v of_o their_o prince_n without_o thus_o see_v his_o person_n the_o court_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n sweden_n the_o court_n of_o sweden_n like_o that_o of_o england_n consist_v of_o ecclesiastical_a civil_a and_o military_a person_n and_o government_n 1._o for_o the_o ecclesiastical_a there_o be_v the_o archbishop_n with_o as_o many_o suffragans_fw-la as_o be_v by_o the_o king_n think_v convenient_a who_o attend_v the_o king_n both_o at_o church_n and_o council_n upon_o these_o several_a of_o the_o inferior_a clergy_n continual_o wait_v 2._o for_o the_o civil_a officer_n the_o drotset_a or_o viceroy_n be_v chief_a who_o office_n be_v ancient_o to_o admonish_v and_o direct_v the_o king_n to_o inform_v he_o upon_o any_o default_n whatsoever_o and_o upon_o non-amendment_n to_o declare_v the_o same_o to_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o who_o power_n it_o be_v when_o they_o think_v fit_a to_o dethrone_v their_o prince_n 2._o next_o be_v the_o chamberlain_n or_o commissary_n general_n who_o preside_v over_o the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n the_o king_n chamber_n common_o hold_v at_o stockholme_n and_o discharge_v all_o expense_n and_o order_n all_o the_o disbursement_n of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o have_v under_o he_o one_o questor_n who_o take_v care_n of_o what_o money_n be_v bring_v into_o the_o exchequer_n and_o give_v account_n to_o he_o under_o these_o be_v twelve_o master_n of_o account_n who_o keep_v register_n of_o the_o king_n revenue_n take_v care_n lest_o any_o detriment_n happen_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o once_o a_o year_n make_v up_o their_o account_n to_o the_o commissary_n general_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o some_o of_o the_o privy_a counselor_n every_o one_o of_o these_o have_v one_o particular_a province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n give_v he_o in_o charge_n in_o which_o he_o employ_v divers_a tax-master_n who_o collect_v the_o tribute_n ten_o and_o other_o crown_n revenue_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o his_o hand_n 3._o in_o the_o three_o place_n succeed_v the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o office_n be_v muchwhat_a the_o same_o as_o in_o other_o kingdom_n 4._o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n who_o have_v under_o he_o several_a secretary_n and_o other_o officer_n his_o office_n be_v to_o keep_v the_o crown_n globe_n sceptre_n and_o sword_n he_o be_v master_n of_o the_o royal_a mint_n and_o paymaster_n general_a of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n accountable_a to_o none_o but_o the_o king_n only_o 3._o for_o the_o military_a officer_n the_o principal_a be_v the_o grand_a marshal_n or_o generalissimo_n of_o the_o king_n force_n next_o be_v the_o high_a admiral_n of_o the_o kingdom_n with_o the_o several_a other_o officer_n not_o different_a from_o those_o in_o other_o state_n beside_o these_o chief_a officer_n of_o state_n each_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n have_v its_o peculiar_a governor_n call_v landshere_n or_o stathallar_n who_o power_n be_v very_o great_a and_o office_n considerable_a under_o he_o there_o be_v in_o every_o province_n as_o many_o lands-man_n and_o nemdary_n or_o nempman_n as_o there_o be_v district_n or_o praefecture_n in_o it_o all_o which_o have_v distinct_a and_o subordinate_a office_n appeal_n lie_v from_o the_o low_a to_o the_o next_o immediate_o above_o it_o and_o so_o to_o the_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n the_o king_n chamber_n all_o action_n acquiesce_v in_o the_o king_n as_o the_o source_n and_o
foreign_a prince_n and_o their_o manner_n model_v by_o different_a law_n the_o second_o great_a epocha_n in_o the_o swedish_n chronicle_n be_v from_o the_o reign_n of_o 108._o ericus_n ix_o surname_v the_o saint_n a_o virtuous_a and_o pious_a prince_n he_o never_o lay_v any_o tax_n or_o imposition_n upon_o his_o subject_n but_o be_v content_a with_o the_o crown-patrimony_n and_o when_o money_n be_v offer_v he_o by_o his_o people_n he_o refuse_v to_o accept_v it_o he_o build_v the_o cathedral_n church_n at_o vpsal_n and_o propagate_v christianity_n to_o the_o finlander_n this_o king_n new_o model_v all_o the_o swedish_n law_n and_o expunge_v those_o that_o any_o way_n favour_v paganism_n he_o be_v murder_v by_o a_o party_n of_o rebel_n and_o in_o the_o very_a place_n where_o they_o cut_v off_o his_o head_n there_o present_o issue_v out_o say_v loccen_n a_o spring_n of_o pure_a water_n famous_a for_o cure_v disease_n 109._o charles_n vii_o a_o peaceable_a and_o religious_a king_n who_o found_v several_a monastery_n and_o have_v a_o archbishop_n see_v grant_v he_o in_o his_o own_o dominion_n 110._o canutus_n son_n to_o ericus_n 111._o suercherus_fw-la ii_o 112._o ericus_n x_o a_o quiet_a and_o peaceable_a king_n 113._o john_n ay_o surname_v the_o meek_a he_o propagate_v the_o christian_a religion_n among_o the_o leiflander_n 114._o ericus_n xi_o surname_v the_o stammerer_n he_o root_v out_o paganism_n in_o tavastia_n and_o bring_v over_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o the_o christian_a faith_n 115._o waldemarus_n son_n to_o bergerus_n jerl_n who_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o ericus_n in_o his_o father_n absence_n be_v clect_v king_n which_o his_o father_n be_v dissatisfy_v with_o at_o his_o return_n declare_v his_o displeasure_n that_o a_o unexperienced_a youth_n his_o son_n shall_v be_v advance_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o himself_o disregard_v he_o be_v thereupon_o desire_v to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o management_n of_o all_o public_a affair_n after_o his_o death_n waldemarus_n have_v absolute_a power_n in_o his_o kingdom_n and_o rule_v by_o his_o own_o unfortunate_a command_v he_o be_v depose_v by_o his_o people_n and_o his_o crown_n give_v to_o 116._o magnus_n i_o surname_v ladulaus_n i._n e._n the_o lock_n to_o granary_n because_o he_o make_v such_o severe_a law_n against_o steal_v corn_n and_o break_v up_o granary_n that_o in_o his_o reign_n the_o people_n use_v neither_o lock_n nor_o key_n his_o law_n be_v sufficien_fw-fr to_o secure_v they_o from_o thief_n and_o robber_n he_o build_v many_o church_n and_o make_v several_a wholesome_a law_n order_v that_o all_o offender_n instead_o of_o pay_v mulct_n shall_v be_v oblige_v to_o assist_v in_o build_v some_o tower_n or_o fort._n 117._o birgerus_n son_n to_o magnus_n in_o his_o time_n and_o by_o his_o mean_n carelia_n receive_v the_o gospel_n he_o manage_v affair_n imprudent_o and_o thereupon_o be_v depose_v and_o banish_v by_o his_o subject_n and_o his_o kingdom_n confer_v on_o 118._o magnus_fw-la ii_o surname_v smeek_a i._n e._n the_o flatter_a or_o cocker_v prince_n in_o the_o former_a part_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o rule_v peaceable_o and_o have_v the_o affection_n of_o his_o people_n but_o fall_v into_o sottishness_n and_o follow_v strange_a woman_n he_o lose_v the_o love_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o be_v in_o a_o senate_n at_o stockholm_n public_o arraign_v for_o his_o misdemeanour_n call_v for_o to_o answer_v for_o himself_o and_o not_o appear_v in_o his_o own_o defence_n by_o they_o depose_v ericus_n xii_o son_n to_o magnus_n sometime_o during_o his_o father_n reign_n manage_v all_o business_n of_o state_n and_o therefore_o he_o be_v by_o some_o reckon_v among_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n though_o without_o good_a reason_n for_o he_o be_v only_o a_o assistant_n to_o the_o king_n in_o council_n not_o a_o partner_n in_o the_o government_n the_o four_o swedish_n epocha_n be_v reckon_v from_o the_o remarkable_a alteration_n of_o affair_n under_o 119._o albertus_n of_o mecklebourg_n elect_v by_o the_o suffrage_n of_o the_o people_n for_o some_o time_n he_o rule_v well_o but_o prefer_v germane_a to_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o trust_n in_o his_o kingdom_n he_o thereupon_o lose_v the_o love_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o his_o crown_n to_o boot_v after_o he_o be_v depose_v he_o retire_v into_o a_o monastery_n the_o person_n who_o succeed_v be_v 120._o margarita_n queen_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n she_o vex_v her_o subject_n with_o intolerable_a tax_n admit_v dane_n englishman_n and_o italian_n into_o public_a office_n and_o be_v thereupon_o assault_v by_o the_o noble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o have_v certain_o slay_v she_o have_v she_o not_o give_v they_o fair_a promise_n and_o propose_v to_o they_o one_o to_o succeed_v she_o viz._n 121._o ericus_n xiii_o her_o nephew_n son_n to_o wartislavus_n duke_n of_o pomeren_n he_o be_v king_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o sweden_n at_o the_o same_o time_n he_o marry_v philippe_n daughter_n to_o henry_n iv_o then_o king_n of_o england_n for_o some_o time_n he_o reign_v happy_o but_o break_v the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o not_o observe_v his_o coronation-oath_n he_o fall_v into_o great_a trouble_n and_o at_o last_o after_o he_o have_v enjoy_v three_o crown_n for_o five_o and_o forty_o year_n be_v dethrone_v by_o his_o subject_n this_o king_n after_o he_o be_v depose_v be_v say_v to_o have_v turn_v pirate_n and_o very_o much_o infest_a the_o british_a coast_n his_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n be_v give_v to_o 122._o christophorus_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n this_o king_n revise_v and_o correct_v the_o municipal_a law_n of_o sweden_n and_o cause_v they_o to_o be_v promulgate_v from_o he_o call_v christopher_n law_n he_o die_v sudden_o at_o helsinburg_n as_o he_o be_v go_v to_o consult_v with_o his_o noble_n at_o jenecopia_n after_o this_o king_n death_n there_o be_v a_o interregnum_fw-la for_o some_o small_a time_n during_o which_o all_o public_a business_n be_v manage_v by_o one_o benedictus_n bielke_n and_o nicolaus_n banner_n two_o principal_a officer_n of_o state_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n christophorus_n the_o five_o epocha_n be_v reckon_v from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la which_o be_v when_o the_o government_n be_v undertake_v by_o 123._o carolus_n viii_o canuti_n marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n who_o be_v descend_v from_o the_o stock_n of_o the_o ancient_a gothish_a king_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v settle_v in_o the_o throne_n he_o pretend_a title_n to_o gotlandia_n which_o the_o dane_n then_o possess_v and_o thereupon_o make_v war_n with_o christianus_n i_o king_n of_o denmark_n but_o with_o small_a success_n he_o lay_v upon_o his_o subject_n heavy_a and_o grievous_a tax_n and_o attempt_v to_o take_v away_o church_n land_n and_o pious_a donation_n lose_v the_o favour_n of_o his_o subject_n and_o be_v by_o they_o expel_v or_o rather_o by_o the_o danish_a force_n drive_v out_o of_o his_o dominion_n his_o friend_n who_o he_o in_o his_o banishment_n trust_v himself_o with_o be_v casimirus_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o entertain_v he_o noble_o for_o seven_o year_n during_o which_o time_n sweden_n be_v govern_v by_o 124._o christiernus_fw-la i._n king_n of_o denmark_n call_v hither_o by_o the_o prevail_a faction_n but_o seize_v the_o public_a treasure_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o commit_v many_o cruelty_n he_o be_v short_o after_o depose_v from_o be_v king_n and_o 125._o carolus_n canuti_n recall_v from_o dantzick_n and_o restore_v to_o the_o throne_n but_o be_v trouble_v with_o civil_a commotion_n at_o home_n chief_o manage_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n and_o endanger_v by_o the_o danish_a force_n from_o abroad_o command_v by_o the_o depose_v king_n christiernus_fw-la i._n he_o voluntary_o leave_v the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o appoint_v for_o his_o successor_n his_o nephew_n 126._o steno_n stir_v senior_n who_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o senate_n at_o stockholm_n rather_o as_o a_o protector_n than_o a_o absolute_a governor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n he_o manage_v all_o public_a affair_n very_o happy_o and_o with_o great_a satisfaction_n to_o the_o people_n for_o a_o long_a time_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1491_o at_o which_o time_n he_o be_v accuse_v by_o the_o senate_n for_o act_v in_o several_a matter_n without_o their_o knowledge_n and_o advice_n for_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o riga_n against_o the_o teutonick_n order_n of_o which_o the_o russes_z taking_z advantage_n have_v make_v some_o inroad_n into_o livonia_n and_o finland_n and_o suchlike_a crime_n and_o thereupon_o by_o they_o turn_v out_o of_o all_o office_n the_o kingdom_n be_v confer_v on_o 127._o john_n ii_o son_n to_o christiern_n i._o king_n of_o denmark_n he_o take_v steno_n stir_v into_o favour_n and_o go_v as_o be_v then_o the_o custom_n to_o visit_v his_o dominion_n leave_v he_o viceroy_n at_o stockholm_n to_o manage_v all_o the_o affair_n of_o
marquess_n earl_n lord_n etc._n etc._n on_o who_o they_o please_v and_o to_o grant_v the_o privilege_n of_o the_o most_o ancient_a family_n of_o what_o ordersoever_o within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o own_o kingdom_n to_o any_o who_o they_o fancy_n deserve_v their_o favour_n but_o in_o this_o the_o emperor_n surpass_v they_o all_o in_o that_o he_o challenge_v a_o power_n of_o create_v king_n which_o be_v a_o piece_n of_o authority_n never_o pretend_v to_o by_o any_o other_o potentate_n thus_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iii_o make_v poland_n a_o kingdom_n in_o the_o year_n 1001_o which_o before_o that_o time_n be_v govern_v by_o a_o duke_n henry_n iv_o do_v the_o like_a for_o bohemia_n in_o the_o year_n 1086_o and_o charles_n the_o brave_a duke_n of_o burgundy_n desire_v the_o same_o kindness_n of_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n iii_o but_o can_v not_o obtain_v it_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n have_v for_o a_o long_a time_n lay_v claim_n to_o this_o prerogative_n as_o appear_v from_o their_o frequent_a excommunicate_v and_o depose_n of_o king_n in_o every_o country_n in_o christendom_n nay_o they_o go_v further_o and_o challenge_v a_o power_n of_o depose_v the_o emperor_n himself_o at_o their_o pleasure_n and_o create_v a_o new_a one_o in_o his_o place_n as_o have_v be_v sufficient_o show_v in_o the_o forego_n chapter_n but_o how_o empty_a and_o vain_a these_o pretension_n be_v may_v be_v learn_v from_o the_o single_a example_n of_o pope_n pius_n v._n who_o endeavour_v to_o create_v cosmo_n di_fw-fr medici_n great_a duke_n of_o tuscany_n for_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n ii_o oppose_a the_o design_n and_o first_o make_v cosmo_n receive_v the_o title_n from_o he_o and_o afterward_o force_v the_o pope_n to_o confess_v that_o he_o have_v exceed_v and_o transgress_v the_o bound_n of_o his_o power_n if_o any_o prince_n in_o germany_n chance_v to_o be_v a_o notorious_a delinquent_n and_o disturber_n of_o the_o common_a peace_n of_o the_o empire_n it_o be_v not_o in_o the_o power_n of_o the_o emperor_n alone_o to_o divest_v such_o a_o offendor_n of_o his_o honour_n and_o dignity_n or_o to_o banish_v he_o the_o empire_n such_o punishment_n can_v be_v inflict_v without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o elector_n who_o be_v to_o judge_v of_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o misdemeanour_n and_o give_v in_o their_o opinion_n to_o the_o imperial_a chamber_n where_o the_o state_n of_o the_o empire_n view_v the_o determination_n and_o take_v care_v the_o sentence_n be_v execute_v according_a to_o law_n the_o emperor_n at_o his_o coronation_n be_v swear_v not_o to_o infringe_v or_o violate_v the_o privilege_n and_o property_n of_o any_o free_a state_n in_o the_o empire_n and_o therefore_o can_v mitigate_v or_o augment_v any_o tax_n or_o subsidy_n which_o either_o a_o prince_n regent_n of_o the_o empire_n or_o a_o imperial_a city_n think_v fit_a to_o levy_v among_o their_o own_o subject_n beside_o he_o have_v no_o authority_n to_o punish_v a_o malefactor_n or_o raise_v money_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o these_o free_a state_n nor_o be_v it_o lawful_a for_o he_o to_o advance_v a_o subject_a of_o any_o of_o these_o state_n to_o any_o honour_n but_o what_o shall_v be_v consistent_a with_o the_o allegiance_n he_o owe_v to_o that_o particular_a prince_n or_o city_n who_o more_o immediate_a subject_n he_o be_v in_o time_n of_o war_n he_o can_v command_v any_o free_a state_n or_o prince_n to_o assist_v he_o with_o man_n or_o money_n but_o must_v be_v force_v to_o undergo_v the_o whole_a burden_n thereof_o himself_o except_o it_o be_v the_o private_a interest_n of_o some_o peculiar_a prince_n to_o stand_v by_o he_o however_o though_o they_o be_v not_o very_o ready_a to_o take_v his_o part_n in_o every_o offensive_a quarrel_n he_o engage_v himself_o in_o yet_o must_v of_o they_o stick_v close_o to_o he_o when_o invade_v by_o a_o foreign_a enemy_n and_o the_o common_a interest_n of_o the_o empire_n lie_v at_o stake_n and_o indeed_o it_o near_o concern_v the_o free_a state_n of_o the_o empire_n to_o be_v cautious_a of_o assist_v and_o encourage_a the_o emperor_n engage_v himself_n in_o any_o other_o than_o a_o defensive_a war_n for_o if_o he_o shall_v by_o conquest_n enlarge_v his_o dominion_n they_o be_v in_o danger_n of_o be_v curb_v and_o bring_v under_o but_o if_o on_o the_o contrary_a the_o victory_n shall_v go_v on_o the_o enemy_n side_n they_o will_v all_o certain_o suffer_v as_o his_o accomplice_n the_o overgrow_a authority_n of_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n have_v among_o other_o encroachment_n upon_o the_o imperial_a prerogative_n robe_v the_o emperor_n of_o his_o ancient_a right_n of_o confer_v ecclesiastical_a benefice_n and_o bishopric_n on_o who_o he_o please_v it_o be_v well_o know_v in_o what_o subjection_n the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n live_v under_o the_o government_n of_o their_o ancient_a emperor_n however_o they_o have_v lord_v it_o for_o these_o late_a year_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o emperor_n constantine_n the_o great_a remove_v the_o empire_n from_o rome_n to_o constantinople_n the_o pope_n begin_v to_o have_v more_o elbow-room_n and_o take_v hold_v of_o the_o opportunity_n lay_v the_o first_o foundation_n of_o their_o own_o greatness_n upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o decay_a power_n of_o the_o emperor_n in_o italy_n another_o advantage_n they_o make_v of_o the_o blind_a zeal_n of_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n who_o be_v exceed_v fervent_a in_o carry_v on_o the_o catholic_a cause_n till_o they_o have_v enable_v the_o pope_n to_o arrogate_v to_o themselves_o the_o title_n of_o universal_a bishop_n but_o still_o the_o lombard_n who_o have_v overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o italy_n keep_v these_o usurper_n under_o until_o pepin_n and_o his_o son_n charlemaigne_n undertake_v their_o protection_n and_o add_v to_o their_o riches_n the_o revenue_n of_o several_a town_n and_o province_n take_v from_o the_o lombard_n these_o good_a office_n oblige_v the_o roman_a bishop_n to_o a_o return_n of_o gratitude_n which_o they_o express_v by_o do_v homage_n to_o the_o say_a prince_n for_o the_o territory_n of_o ravenna_n and_o pentapolis_n or_o romagna_n which_o pepin_n have_v liberal_o bestow_v on_o they_o and_o make_v over_o to_o charles_n the_o great_a for_o ever_o the_o right_a and_o prerogative_n of_o choose_v pope_n after_o this_o emperor_n death_n some_o of_o the_o ambitious_a clergy_n who_o find_v they_o have_v not_o interest_n enough_o in_o the_o emperor_n court_n to_o compass_v their_o end_n go_v to_o rome_n where_o they_o get_v themselves_o choose_v pope_n and_o prevail_v with_o the_o easy_a emperor_n of_o germany_n to_o confirm_v the_o election_n from_o these_o beginning_n they_o arise_v by_o degree_n to_o that_o height_n as_o to_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o power_n of_o elect_v and_o degrade_n of_o emperor_n at_o their_o pleasure_n nay_o of_o trample_v the_o majesty_n of_o the_o emperor_n under_o their_o foot_n as_o pope_n alexander_n iii_o serve_v frideric_n barbarossa_n and_o we_o can_v imagine_v that_o they_o who_o have_v thus_o magnify_v themselves_o above_o all_o temporal_a monarch_n as_o they_o be_v please_v to_o distinguish_v shall_v stick_v to_o the_o old_a decree_n of_o accept_v the_o popedom_n at_o the_o emperor_n hand_n according_o leo_fw-la ix_o have_v receive_v the_o bishopric_n of_o rome_n from_o the_o hand_n of_o henry_n iv_o repent_v of_o his_o so_o do_v and_o divest_v himself_o of_o his_o papal_a robe_n march_v to_o rome_n as_o a_o private_a person_n where_o he_o be_v elect_v anew_o by_o the_o clergy_n after_o which_o time_n the_o pope_n begin_v to_o invert_v charles_n the_o great_a be_v statute_n order_v that_o none_o shall_v be_v honour_v and_o obey_v as_o lawful_a emperor_n of_o germany_n but_o those_o who_o receive_v the_o imperial_a crown_n at_o their_o hand_n and_o some_o of_o they_o be_v so_o insolent_a as_o to_o affirm_v that_o there_o be_v as_o much_o difference_n between_o pope_n and_o emperor_n as_o betwixt_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n intend_v from_o thence_o to_o infer_v that_o as_o the_o moon_n have_v no_o light_n but_o what_o she_o borrow_v from_o the_o sun_n so_o the_o emperor_n have_v no_o power_n or_o majesty_n but_o what_o the_o pope_n bestow_v on_o he_o but_o they_o do_v on_o it_o always_o meet_v with_o such_o tame_a emperor_n as_o will_v undergo_v their_o yoke_n and_o since_o charles_n the_o five_o time_n who_o take_v the_o pope_n of_o rome_n prisoner_n there_o have_v not_o be_v one_o emperor_n that_o have_v fetch_v his_o crown_n from_o rome_n the_o house_n of_o austria_n have_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n recover_v the_o ancient_a power_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n and_o probable_o the_o pope_n authority_n will_v have_v decay_v a_o great_a deal_n more_o in_o this_o time_n have_v not_o the_o jesuit_n who_o swarm_v in_o the_o court_n of_o vienna_n be_v diligent_a in_o work_v the_o mild_a temper_n of_o their_o
part_n of_o germany_n so_o that_o these_o still_o retain_v their_o ancient_a form_n until_o the_o frank_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o introduce_v new_a mode_n and_o establish_v a_o new_a sort_n of_o government_n everywhere_o for_o these_o conqueror_n imitate_v the_o roman_n reduce_v all_o germany_n into_o province_n over_o which_o they_o appoint_v so_o many_o duke_n who_o have_v authority_n to_o govern_v and_o to_o administer_v justice_n according_a to_o the_o tenure_n of_o their_o respective_a commission_n to_o these_o duke_n they_o sometime_o add_v assistant_n who_o be_v from_o their_o office_n which_o be_v to_o aid_v the_o duke_n in_o the_o management_n of_o great_a and_o weighty_a affair_n call_v count_n or_o comites_fw-la the_o duke_n be_v always_o elect_v by_o the_o king_n and_o nobility_n out_o of_o some_o illustrious_a family_n yet_o so_o that_o if_o the_o decease_a duke_n son_n be_v capable_a and_o worthy_a of_o his_o father_n honour_n he_o be_v seldom_o reject_v at_o last_o the_o power_n of_o these_o duke_n grow_v exceed_o great_a and_o terrible_a insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o several_a of_o they_o to_o deny_v to_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o emperor_n which_o when_o charles_n the_o great_a observe_v he_o destroy_v the_o two_o great_a dukedom_n of_o the_o francic_a kingdom_n aquitane_n and_o bavaria_n by_o divide_v they_o into_o several_a small_a county_n but_o not_o long_o after_o charles_n death_n the_o emperor_n create_v new_a duke_n in_o most_o place_n where_o he_o have_v change_v they_o into_o count_n whereupon_o the_o empire_n be_v quick_o reduce_v to_o the_o former_a strait_n every_o duke_n pretend_v to_o and_o exercise_v regal_a authority_n in_o his_o own_o province_n the_o first_o of_o these_o that_o grow_v formidable_o potent_a be_v otho_n duke_n of_o saxony_n afterward_o elect_a emperor_n who_o though_o he_o refuse_v the_o imperial_a diadem_n and_o get_v it_o confer_v on_o conrade_n duke_n of_o franconia_n be_v always_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o most_o powerful_a prince_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n in_o his_o time_n after_o otho_n death_n the_o emperor_n conrade_n use_v all_o mean_n possible_a to_o reduce_v the_o overgrow_a power_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n to_o some_o tolerable_a mediocrity_n but_o his_o endeavour_n prove_v unsuccessful_a and_o duke_n henry_n stout_o maintain_v the_o honour_n and_o privilege_n which_o his_o father_n otho_n have_v enjoy_v without_o disturbance_n from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o emperor_n lay_v under_o a_o obligation_n of_o create_v new_a duke_n who_o get_v into_o their_o hand_n the_o government_n of_o several_a potent_a city_n set_v up_o for_o almost_o absolute_a prince_n our_o learned_a antiquary_n mr._n selden_n reckon_v up_o six_o several_a sort_n of_o grave_n or_o count_n which_o be_v these_o 1._o schlechtgraven_a or_o simple_a count_n 2._o count_n palatine_a which_o as_o will_v be_v show_v anon_o be_v subdivide_v into_o several_a other_o branch_n 3._o count_n of_o the_o empire_n 4._o marck-grave_n or_o count_n of_o the_o frontier_n 5._o landtgrave_n or_o count_n of_o province_n 6._o burggrave_n or_o count_n of_o city_n and_o great_a to_n there_o be_v ancient_o a_o seven_o sort_n here-graven_a who_o answer_v exact_o to_o the_o primitive_a duke_n or_o hertzogen_a for_o as_o the_o office_n of_o these_o be_v to_o conduct_v and_o govern_v the_o soldier_n so_o the_o other_o be_v to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n as_o field-judge_n the_o gefurstete_n graven_n do_v not_o make_v a_o distinct_a species_n be_v nothing_o else_o then_o such_o count_n as_o beside_o their_o ordinary_a title_n may_v challenge_v that_o of_o first_fw-ge or_o prince_n in_o the_o old_a law_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o empire_n we_o meet_v with_o almost_o a_o innumerable_a company_n of_o inferior_a officer_n who_o have_v the_o title_n of_o graven_n bestow_v on_o they_o such_o be_v 1._o centgrave_a he_o that_o have_v the_o government_n of_o a_o hundred_o we_o may_v english_a the_o word_n high-constable_n 2._o holtz-grave_a or_o wald-grave_a overseer_n of_o the_o wood_n and_o forest_n 3._o gograf_n of_o which_o before_o 4._o spiel-grave_a the_o master_n of_o the_o revel_n 5._o hans-grave_a a_o title_n former_o give_v to_o the_o chief_a judge_n in_o all_o matter_n relate_v to_o trade_n debate_v in_o the_o diet_n at_o ratisbon_n but_o we_o shall_v not_o weary_v the_o reader_n with_o insist_v upon_o these_o obsolete_a title_n of_o honour_n content_v ourselves_o with_o a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o six_o first_o kind_n which_o be_v all_o our_o famous_a antiquary_n beforemention_v have_v think_v worthy_a his_o take_a notice_n of_o the_o first_o be_v such_o as_o be_v style_v bare_o count_n schlechtgraven_v schlechtgraven_v without_o the_o addition_n of_o any_o more_o than_o the_o place_n which_o give_v they_o that_o title_n as_o der_n graf_n von_fw-mi eissenburg_n der_n graf_n von_fw-mi ortenberg_n etc._n etc._n there_o be_v former_o only_a four_o of_o this_o kind_n in_o the_o whole_a empire_n who_o be_v ordinary_o call_v die_n vier_fw-mi graven_n dess_n heiligen_n romischen_n reichs_n i._n e._n the_o four_o grave_n or_o count_n of_o the_o holy_a roman_a empire_n these_o be_v the_o count_n of_o cleve_n schwartzenburg_n ciley_n and_o savoy_n but_o since_o the_o count_n of_o cleve_n and_o savoy_n be_v advance_v to_o duke_n and_o the_o family_n of_o the_o ancient_a count_n of_o ciley_n be_v extinct_a which_o happen_v about_o two_o hundred_o year_n ago_o the_o count_n of_o schwartzenburg_n in_o thuringen_n be_v the_o only_a prince_n that_o bear_v that_o title_n still_v himself_o usual_o to_o this_o day_n der_fw-mi vier_fw-mi graven_n dess_n reichs_n grave_a zu_fw-ge schwartzenburg_n i._n e._n of_o the_o four_o count_n of_o the_o empire_n count_n of_o schwartzenburg_n beside_o he_o there_o be_v nowadays_o several_a other_o german_a count_n who_o may_v just_o be_v refer_v to_o this_o head_n though_o they_o have_v no_o investiture_n into_o any_o graffschaft_n or_o county_n but_o be_v only_o style_v count_n of_o some_o small_a castle_n or_o inconsiderable_a territory_n of_o which_o they_o be_v lord_n such_o be_v the_o count_n of_o ottingen_n and_o zollern_n who_o be_v suppose_v to_o be_v of_o the_o posterity_n of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_a count_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o thence_o retain_v the_o title_n though_o not_o the_o grandeur_n and_o power_n of_o their_o ancestor_n count_n palatine_n call_v by_o the_o german_n pfaltzgraven_a palatine_a count_n palatine_a or_o dess_n heiligen_n romischen_n reichs_n hoffe-graven_a be_v such_o as_o have_v in_o their_o title_n a_o certain_a eminence_n of_o their_o dignity_n from_o a_o relation_n as_o their_o name_n denote_v to_o the_o emperor_n court_n or_o palace_n for_o palatinus_n be_v but_o the_o possessive_a of_o palatium_n and_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o officer_n of_o the_o household_n with_o we_o in_o england_n but_o this_o title_n be_v twofold_a 1._o original_o feudal_n and_o annex_v to_o the_o name_n of_o some_o territory_n or_o grafschaft_n with_o such_o jura_fw-la imperii_fw-la &_o majestatis_fw-la as_o other_o ordinary_a prince_n of_o the_o empire_n have_v not_o as_o we_o see_v in_o the_o title_n of_o the_o count_n palatine_a of_o the_o rhine_n 2._o mere_o personal_a without_o the_o addition_n of_o any_o particular_a territory_n proper_a to_o he_o that_o have_v the_o dignity_n both_o the_o title_n and_o nature_n of_o this_o late_a kind_n be_v original_o to_o be_v fetch_v from_o the_o example_n of_o the_o old_a roman_a empire_n but_o the_o former_a though_o the_o nature_n of_o it_o may_v be_v find_v in_o the_o ancient_a constitution_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n under_o the_o name_n of_o praefectus_fw-la praetorio_fw-la yet_o be_v in_o ordinary_a use_n as_o to_o the_o name_n and_o title_n only_o in_o the_o francic_a kingdom_n for_o there_o be_v in_o the_o court_n of_o the_o francic_a king_n long_o before_o their_o kingdom_n be_v change_v into_o a_o empire_n a_o chief_a officer_n know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o comes_fw-la palatii_fw-la or_o count_n palatine_n who_o have_v a_o viceregency_n under_o the_o king_n in_o like_a sort_n as_o the_o praefecti_fw-la praetorio_fw-la in_o the_o elder_a empire_n or_o the_o old_a chief_a justice_n of_o england_n under_o our_o ancient_a king_n that_o be_v he_o have_v the_o exercise_n of_o supreme_a jurisdiction_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o king_n in_o all_o cause_n that_o come_v to_o the_o king_n immediate_a audience_n i_o suppose_v the_o office_n of_o hofmeister_n use_v to_o this_o day_n in_o every_o german_a prince_n court_n be_v a_o relic_n of_o this_o palatinate_n and_o that_o come_v palatii_fw-la might_n easy_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n with_o praefectus_fw-la praetorio_fw-la or_o hofmeister_n will_v not_o be_v difficult_a for_o any_o man_n to_o imagine_v that_o shall_v consider_v the_o signification_n which_o the_o word_n come_v have_v among_o the_o ancient_a roman_n in_o the_o usual_a compellation_n of_o
hludovicus_fw-la rex_fw-la missis_fw-la quibusdam_fw-la fidelibus_fw-la suis_fw-la sine_fw-la bello_fw-la compressit_fw-la acceptisque_fw-la obsidibus_fw-la nonnullis_fw-la &_o muneribus_fw-la non_fw-la paucis_fw-la eos_fw-la sub_fw-la pristinum_fw-la redegit_fw-la servitium_fw-la i_o have_v be_v the_o more_o punctual_a in_o allege_v these_o authority_n because_o i_o find_v the_o polish_v writer_n obstinate_o deny_v that_o the_o silesian_n have_v in_o these_o day_n any_o other_o lord_n than_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n only_o vincentius_n kadlubko_n in_o the_o second_o book_n of_o his_o polish_v chronicle_n seem_v to_o allow_v of_o the_o forementioned_a german_a relation_n when_o he_o say_v that_o boleslaus_n i._o annex_v seleucia_n prussia_n russia_n moravia_n and_o bohemia_n to_o the_o territory_n of_o his_o predecessor_n which_o intimate_v thus_o much_o that_o former_o seleucia_n or_o silesia_n be_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o some_o other_o prince_n in_o the_o year_n 1042_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iii_o give_v a_o grant_n of_o silesia_n to_o bretislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n who_o resign_v it_o up_o to_o the_o polander_n on_o condition_n they_o shall_v for_o ever_o pay_v out_o of_o it_o a_o yearly_a tribute_n to_o the_o prince_n of_o bohemia_n afterterwards_o henry_n iv_o at_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o mentz_n a._n d._n 1086_o give_v power_n to_o vratislau_n king_n of_o bohemia_n to_o invade_v silesia_n lusatia_n and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o to_o subject_v they_o to_o his_o own_o government_n as_o be_v testify_v by_o cosmas_n pragensis_n who_o be_v himself_o present_a at_o the_o diet._n this_o cromer_n can_v deny_v but_o only_o in_o the_o height_n of_o his_o passion_n assert_n that_o neither_o the_o emperor_n henry_n nor_o king_n vratislaus_n have_v ever_o any_o thing_n to_o do_v with_o a_o foot_n of_o land_n in_o any_o of_o these_o territory_n this_o assignment_n of_o silesia_n occasion_v war_n betwixt_o the_o bohemian_o and_o polander_n the_o late_a whereof_o we_o have_v reason_n to_o believe_v be_v conqueror_n since_o we_o read_v that_o the_o silesian_n remain_v still_o subject_a to_o boleslaus_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n this_o king_n son_n vladislaus_n ii_o be_v banish_v by_o his_o brother_n who_o his_o father_n have_v leave_v coheir_n with_o he_o of_o the_o kingdom_n out_o of_o poland_n flee_v to_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_o who_o successor_n frideric_n i._o force_v king_n boleslaus_n iv_o to_o resign_v all_o silesia_n to_o this_o exile_a brother_n and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o vladislaus_n leave_v behind_o he_o three_o son_n boleslaus_n mieczislaus_n and_o conrade_n who_o be_v joint-dukes_n of_o silesia_n but_o pay_v some_o small_a homage_n and_o acknowledgement_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o flock_v in_o of_o the_o german_n into_o silesia_n with_o vladislaus_n and_o his_o son_n and_o their_o settle_v themselves_o in_o this_o dukedom_n breed_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o bad_a blood_n betwixt_o this_o nation_n and_o the_o polander_n insomuch_o that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_v seldom_o call_v any_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o silesia_n to_o the_o general_a assembly_n or_o the_o prince_n and_o nobility_n of_o that_o kingdom_n nor_o be_v they_o ever_o admit_v to_o succeed_v to_o the_o crown_n though_o before_o the_o kingdom_n come_v to_o be_v elective_a they_o have_v often_o the_o just_a title_n to_o it_o john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o son_n to_o the_o emperor_n henry_n vii_o be_v a_o zealous_a promoter_n of_o these_o dissension_n manage_v they_o so_o well_o to_o his_o own_o advantage_n that_o at_o last_o he_o become_v lord_n of_o silesia_n by_o a_o agreement_n make_v with_o casimir_n the_o great_a king_n of_o poland_n however_o by_o this_o treaty_n the_o whole_a dukedom_n be_v not_o make_v over_o to_o he_o for_o bernhard_n duke_n of_o sweidnitz_n still_o acknowledge_v the_o supremacy_n of_o the_o polish_v king_n as_o stanislaus_n lubienski_n prove_v out_o of_o several_a ancient_a record_n of_o that_o nation_n afterward_o casimir_n the_o great_a recover_v by_o force_n of_o arm_n the_o town_n and_o territory_n of_o wschovia_n contrary_a say_v curaeus_n to_o the_o article_n of_o the_o treaty_n sign_v by_o he_o and_o the_o forementioned_a john_n king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o by_o virtue_n of_o this_o conquest_n or_o rather_o outrage_n commit_v by_o the_o say_v casimir_n soldier_n in_o the_o year_n 1343_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v keep_v actual_a possession_n of_o wschovia_n to_o this_o day_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o casimir_n jagellonides_n iu._n john_n duke_n of_o oswiecieme_n venture_v upon_o a_o affront_n give_v he_o to_o invade_v poland_n and_o to_o lay_v waste_n several_a town_n and_o village_n in_o that_o kingdom_n the_o polander_n to_o make_v themselves_o satisfaction_n for_o this_o injury_n march_v into_o this_o duke_n territory_n and_o lay_v in_o ash_n the_o whole_a country_n before_o they_o until_o duke_n john_n be_v force_v to_o compound_v the_o business_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v for_o a_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n resign_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n his_o whole_a right_n and_o title_n to_o the_o town_n and_o fort_n of_o oswieciem_fw-la by_o which_o mean_v that_o city_n be_v cut_v off_o from_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n dominion_n in_o the_o year_n 1454._o about_o the_o same_o time_n the_o duke_n of_o ratibor_n and_o sessine_n make_v over_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sever_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o successor_n be_v lord_n of_o it_o to_o this_o day_n some_o other_o small_a tract_n of_o land_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o silesia_n do_v still_o belong_v to_o certain_a abbey_n and_o other_o religious_a house_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n but_o all_o the_o most_o note_a province_n except_o the_o dukedom_n of_o crossen_n of_o which_o in_o its_o place_n be_v reckon_v dependence_n on_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n upon_o which_o score_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n style_v himself_o duke_n of_o silesia_n this_o great_a dukedom_n be_v common_o divide_v into_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a silesia_n diviâ—â—_n diviâ—â—_n in_o the_o former_a whereof_o be_v contain_v the_o city_n and_o territory_n of_o jagerndorf_n troppau_n teschen_n ratibor_n and_o oppelen_n and_o in_o the_o late_a the_o town_n and_o dukedom_n of_o grotkau_n and_o neisse_n brieg_n bresslau_n oelss_o munsterberg_n schweidnitz_n javer_n lignitz_n glogau_n sagan_n and_o crossen_n another_o division_n of_o it_o be_v into_o the_o polish_v and_o german_n silesia_n whereof_o the_o first_o contain_v all_o the_o tract_n of_o land_n beyond_o the_o northern_a bank_n of_o the_o other_o and_o the_o late_a that_o on_o the_o southern_a all_o along_o the_o coast_n of_o bohemia_n there_o be_v vast_o high_a mountain_n which_o separate_v that_o kingdom_n from_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bohemia_n soil_n soil_n the_o most_o remarkable_a of_o which_o be_v the_o montes_n sudetes_n or_o risen-bergen_a whereof_o the_o reader_n may_v expect_v a_o large_a account_n in_o the_o description_n of_o bohemia_n within_o the_o limit_n of_o silesia_n the_o four_o chief_a mountain_n be_v 1._o zottenberg_n or_o zobtenberg_n call_v by_o latin_a author_n mons_fw-la zotensis_n zabothus_n and_o sometime_o silensis_n or_o silentius_n it_o be_v usual_o by_o the_o neighbourhood_n be_v about_o two_o german_a mile_n distant_a from_o schweidnitz_n call_v the_o silesian_n wethercock_n for_o by_o the_o top_n of_o this_o mountain_n they_o pretend_v to_o guess_v what_o weather_n they_o be_v to_o expect_v the_o next_o morning_n on_o the_o top_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n storm_v and_o demolish_v by_o the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1471_o because_o it_o have_v be_v for_o several_a year_n the_o harbour_n and_o refuge_n of_o a_o great_a company_n of_o robber_n who_o here_o keep_v their_o rendezvous_n and_o daily_o infest_a the_o vicenage_n out_o of_o this_o hill_n the_o silesian_n dig_v a_o delicate_a dark-green_a marble_n 2._o gratsberg_n or_o grodisberg_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n on_o the_o top_n whereof_o duke_n frideric_n the_o first_o build_v a_o fair_a castle_n which_o be_v since_o turn_v into_o a_o watch-tower_n 3._o spitsberg_n another_o beacon-hill_n not_o far_o from_o the_o former_a 4._o georgenberg_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o schweidnitz_n famous_a for_o the_o strigische_n err_v or_o terra_fw-la sigillata_fw-la which_o be_v a_o sort_n of_o hard_a earth_n with_o several_a white_a yellow_a and_o red_a stroke_n or_o vein_n in_o it_o it_o be_v first_o discover_v by_o a_o excellent_a chemist_n john_n montanus_n physician_n at_o strigaw_n and_o by_o he_o make_v use_v of_o as_o a_o antidote_n against_o all_o manner_n of_o poison_n and_o a_o sovereign_a medicine_n for_o a_o great_a many_o disease_n which_o he_o cure_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o facility_n the_o secret_a he_o keep_v for_o some_o year_n to_o himself_o but_o at_o last_o for_o the_o benefit_n of_o his_o country_n and_o all_o mankind_n publish_v a_o
good_a housewifery_n and_o to_o look_v after_o their_o dairy_n or_o else_o employ_v in_o spin_v weave_v or_o sow_v whilst_o the_o man_n according_a to_o their_o several_a quality_n follow_v their_o husbandry_n merchandise_v or_o the_o more_o weighty_a concern_v of_o church_n and_o state_n the_o pesantry_n live_v in_o great_a servitude_n to_o their_o lord_n who_o dominion_n they_o may_v not_o quit_v without_o their_o permission_n if_o they_o be_v bear_v or_o have_v inhabit_v three_o year_n therein_o those_o that_o do_v so_o be_v certain_o hang_v if_o take_v the_o noble_n be_v very_o much_o addict_v to_o travel_v as_o admire_v foreign_a country_n more_o than_o their_o own_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o they_o greedy_o and_o easy_o learn_v the_o language_n of_o those_o nation_n they_o affect_v and_o they_o esteem_v it_o no_o small_a commendation_n of_o their_o ingenuity_n to_o introduce_v something_o of_o the_o new_a habit_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o people_n with_o who_o they_o have_v converse_v for_o though_o they_o be_v very_o docible_a and_o easy_o attain_v what_o they_o give_v their_o mind_n to_o yet_o they_o rather_o set_v themselves_o to_o learn_v the_o invention_n of_o other_o then_o to_o invent_v any_o thing_n new_a of_o their_o own_o neither_o indeed_o be_v they_o so_o fit_a for_o mechanic_n as_o for_o learned_a art_n to_o which_o they_o therefore_o more_o apply_v themselves_o as_o appear_v by_o the_o many_o eminent_a divine_n historian_n mathematician_n and_o philosopher_n that_o have_v flourish_v in_o poland_n witness_n stanislaus_n hosius_n cardinal_n and_o legate_n at_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n mathias_n a_o michovia_n johannes_n dglugossus_n and_o martinus_n cromerus_n their_o excellent_a historian_n johannes_n zamoscius_fw-la their_o great_a general_n and_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n excel_v no_o less_o in_o most_o part_n of_o learning_n than_o he_o do_v in_o military_a conduct_n nicolaus_n copernicus_n the_o famous_a astronomer_n martinus_n smiglecius_n the_o logician_n abr._n bzovius_fw-la who_o have_v continue_v baronius_n annal_n with_o many_o other_o who_o work_n be_v much_o esteem_v in_o foreign_a country_n and_o doubtless_o the_o learned_a will_v have_v be_v oblige_v to_o more_o of_o their_o nation_n have_v not_o their_o writing_n perish_v for_o want_n of_o print_v but_o late_o receive_v among_o they_o physic_n also_o begin_v to_o come_v in_o request_n since_o even_o in_o these_o part_n the_o modern_a luxury_n in_o diet_n be_v attend_v with_o more_o disease_n than_o the_o homely_a fare_n of_o former_a age_n their_o language_n be_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o slavonian_a language_n language_n and_o not_o so_o copious_a as_o many_o other_o it_o be_v difficult_a to_o write_v and_o read_v because_o of_o the_o multitude_n of_o consonant_n join_v with_o one_o vowel_n yet_o the_o harshness_n be_v much_o correct_v in_o speak_v for_o they_o pronounce_v they_o as_o if_o mix_v with_o vowel_n they_o have_v borrow_v most_o of_o their_o term_n of_o art_n for_o trade_n and_o instrument_n from_o the_o german_n of_o which_o nation_n there_o be_v many_o artisan_n and_o merchant_n among_o they_o and_o some_o town_n and_o village_n chief_o speak_v the_o german_a language_n hot_a bath_n be_v very_o much_o use_v in_o this_o country_n bath_n bath_n especial_o in_o winter_n and_o be_v frequent_v by_o both_o sex_n though_o in_o place_n apart_o from_o one_o another_o their_o habit_n differ_v according_a to_o the_o condition_n habit_n habit_n age_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n and_o of_o late_a they_o much_o affect_v new_a fashion_n which_o be_v often_o bring_v in_o by_o the_o soldiery_n in_o imitation_n of_o those_o nation_n against_o who_o they_o have_v be_v victorious_a the_o woman_n also_o have_v the_o same_o variety_n only_o they_o come_v near_o the_o dress_n of_o man_n then_o in_o most_o other_o nation_n the_o ancient_a diet_n of_o the_o rustic_n be_v milk_n diet._n diet._n cheese_n fish_n and_o herb_n now_o beef_n veal_n and_o mutton_n the_o table_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o citizen_n be_v furnish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o dainty_n wherein_o they_o use_v great_a store_n of_o spice_n and_o sugar_n and_o indeed_o luxury_n in_o diet_n and_o apparel_n prevail_v more_o and_o more_o among_o they_o every_o day_n the_o common_a drink_n of_o the_o country_n be_v beer_n drink_v drink_v and_o mead_n boil_v with_o hops_n beside_o which_o they_o use_v great_a quantity_n of_o aquavitae_n make_v by_o infuse_v wheat_n in_o water_n for_o some_o day_n and_o then_o distil_v off_o the_o spirit_n and_o mix_v it_o with_o sugar_n and_o hot_a spice_n the_o nobility_n and_o merchant_n here_o drink_v wine_n as_o plentiful_o as_o in_o other_o place_n import_v from_o hungary_n moravia_n the_o rhine_n and_o gascogny_n the_o money_n peculiar_a to_o poland_n be_v coin_v in_o such_o small_a piece_n that_o it_o be_v very_o troublesome_a receive_n money_n money_n or_o pay_v out_o any_o round_a sum_n in_o it_o the_o gross_a be_v a_o little_a piece_n of_o copper_n mix_v with_o silver_n value_v at_o three_o halfpence_n english_a the_o attine_n at_o four_o penny_n halfpenny_n their_o trigross_a and_o segross_v both_o of_o pure_a silver_n the_o one_o three_o time_n the_o other_o six_o time_n the_o value_n of_o a_o gross_a but_o the_o most_o current_a money_n in_o poland_n at_o this_o time_n be_v foreign_a coin_n bring_v in_o chief_o though_o not_o in_o great_a plenty_n by_o the_o hungarian_a german_a and_o italian_a merchant_n for_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o country_n which_o be_v rye_n wheat_n barley_n oat_n and_o other_o pulse_n flax_n hops_n hides_n tallow_n tan_a leather_n divers_a sort_n of_o fur_n bring_v first_o out_o of_o muscovy_n but_o dress_v and_o vend_v here_o honey_n wax_n amber_n pitch_n pot-ash_n mast_n and_o plank_n the_o horse_n also_o of_o poland_n for_o their_o swiftness_n hardiness_n and_o easy_a pace_n be_v much_o covet_v by_o foreigner_n beside_o all_o these_o it_o supply_v the_o neighbour_a country_n with_o vast_a number_n of_o ox_n and_o sheep_n to_o which_o must_v be_v add_v the_o salt-pit_n whence_o spring_v the_o great_a revenue_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v the_o riches_n of_o poland_n consist_v in_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o country_n already_o mention_v traffic_n traffic_n which_o though_o they_o be_v of_o several_a sort_n and_o general_a use_n yet_o bring_v but_o little_a money_n into_o the_o kingdom_n be_v counterpoise_v by_o the_o incredible_a quantity_n and_o rich_a variety_n of_o foreign_a merchandise_n so_o that_o they_o hardly_o suffice_v to_o pay_v for_o the_o cloth_n silk_n jewel_n tapestry_n the_o fruit_n spice_n saltfish_n wine_n tin_n and_o steel_n bring_v in_o from_o england_n flanders_n portugal_n and_o spain_n etc._n etc._n but_o to_o say_v the_o truth_n the_o people_n be_v neither_o industrious_a nor_o addict_v to_o trade_n the_o nobility_n be_v forbid_v it_o by_o their_o own_o constitution_n upon_o the_o forfeiture_n of_o their_o honour_n and_o the_o commonalty_n for_o the_o most_o part_n want_v estate_n sufficient_a to_o promote_v it_o beside_o those_o of_o better_a fortune_n spend_v too_o much_o of_o their_o revenue_n in_o costly_a apparel_n and_o furnish_v their_o table_n by_o which_o mean_n instead_o of_o save_v and_o lay_v up_o they_o become_v very_o poor_a or_o at_o least_o always_o in_o a_o want_a condition_n to_o which_o we_o may_v add_v that_o their_o country_n lie_v not_o commodious_o for_o traffic_v not_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o any_o considerable_a port_n town_n dantzick_n only_o except_v the_o chief_a strength_n of_o poland_n consist_v in_o their_o cavalry_n which_o be_v very_o numerous_a and_o ready_o raise_v strength_n military_a strength_n the_o nobility_n be_v bind_v by_o the_o law_n of_o the_o land_n to_o attend_v the_o king_n in_o all_o expedition_n for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o such_o case_n the_o king_n send_v his_o summons-into_a all_o the_o palatinate_v which_o be_v proclaim_v three_o time_n and_o at_o a_o month_n distance_n from_o one_o another_o upon_o the_o three_o proclamation_n the_o nobility_n be_v oblige_v to_o repair_v to_o the_o paricular_a rendezvous_n of_o their_o own_o palatine_a who_o lead_v they_o to_o the_o general_a rendezvous_n and_o in_o regard_n they_o be_v exempt_v from_o all_o other_o burden_n they_o bear_v their_o own_o charge_n all_o the_o time_n of_o the_o war_n if_o there_o be_v any_o that_o refuse_v to_o appear_v their_o good_n be_v present_o confiscate_v to_o the_o use_n of_o the_o king_n table_n they_o all_o serve_v on_o horseback_n and_o be_v enroll_v above_o 200000_o yet_o in_o as_o much_o as_o they_o have_v very_o few_o fortify_v place_n on_o any_o side_n for_o the_o security_n of_o their_o frontier_n they_o can_v hardly_o draw_v together_o above_o 100000_o without_o leave_v their_o province_n too_o naked_a but_o these_o force_n when_o assemble_v serve_v only_o for_o the_o defence_n of_o their_o country_n and_o
march_v not_o beyond_o its_o limit_n above_o five_o league_n wherefore_o when_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o lead_v a_o army_n further_o it_o be_v decree_v in_o the_o senate_n which_o be_v convoke_v before_o every_o war_n to_o levy_v stipendiary_a soldier_n and_o as_o they_o be_v compose_v principal_o of_o the_o noble_n they_o frequent_o signalise_v themselves_o by_o their_o valour_n and_o success_n against_o the_o much_o great_a number_n of_o their_o enemy_n thus_o zamoschius_n in_o the_o time_n of_o sigismond_n the_o three_o with_o 3000_o man_n worsted_n carigereius_n the_o scythian_a who_o with_o 70000_o be_v make_v a_o inroad_n into_o poland_n and_o force_v he_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o many_o thousand_o of_o his_o tartar_n to_o return_v into_o his_o own_o country_n taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o zolkievi_n with_o 3000_o horse_n set_v upon_o 80000_o muscovite_n unawares_o put_v themselves_o all_o to_o flight_n and_o bring_v away_o prisoner_n three_o german_a regiment_n that_o serve_v among_o they_o the_o polish_v foot_n be_v of_o little_a esteem_n and_o therefore_o although_o each_o city_n be_v bind_v to_o set_v forth_o a_o certain_a number_n yet_o the_o king_n rather_o choose_v such_o a_o sum_n of_o money_n as_o may_v be_v equal_a to_o the_o charge_n and_o so_o make_v provision_n of_o foreigner_n take_v chief_o out_o of_o hungary_n and_o germany_n the_o zeporensian_a cossack_n former_o serve_v the_o polish_v king_n in_o their_o war_n either_o as_o volontier_n or_o for_o very_o small_a pay_n they_o come_v in_o sometime_o 30000_o strong_a arm_v with_o lance_n or_o scimiter_n and_o long_a gun_n each_o have_v his_o horse_n and_o as_o occasion_n require_v fight_v either_o mount_v or_o on_o foot_n they_o use_v their_o own_o discipline_n and_o choose_v all_o their_o officer_n out_o of_o their_o body_n even_o their_o chief_n commander_n who_o they_o will_v depose_v without_o any_o fault_n if_o he_o be_v not_o successful_a now_o although_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o polander_n may_v be_v say_v to_o equal_v both_o in_o number_n and_o quality_n most_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n yet_o it_o often_o fall_v out_o that_o they_o be_v unsuccesful_a in_o their_o undertake_n partly_o because_o of_o the_o slowness_n as_o well_o of_o their_o council_n which_o consist_v of_o all_o the_o principal_a officer_n in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v not_o ready_o convene_v nor_o without_o much_o ado_n keep_v together_o as_o of_o their_o noble_n in_o their_o rendezvouse_n who_o seldom_o come_v in_o before_o the_o last_o summons_n partly_o also_o because_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o soldier_n depend_v more_o upon_o their_o particular_a patron_n than_o the_o king_n be_v apt_a to_o follow_v their_o inclination_n though_o to_o the_o prejudice_n of_o the_o public_a beside_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a thing_n to_o furnish_v necessary_n for_o so_o many_o person_n any_o long_a time_n have_v no_o public_a magazine_n provide_v towards_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o war_n they_o be_v incline_v to_o mutiny_n and_o disband_v before_o they_o have_v do_v their_o work_n fortify_v town_n they_o have_v but_o few_o as_o we_o say_v before_o believe_v their_o own_o courage_n fortification_n enough_o to_o defend_v their_o country_n and_o unwilling_a by_o mean_n of_o garrison_n to_o give_v their_o king_n opportunity_n of_o assume_v a_o absolute_a power_n and_o arbitrary_a rule_n over_o they_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n partake_v more_o of_o aristocracy_n than_o monarchy_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o and_o be_v share_v among_o the_o king_n the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n some_o will_v reckon_v in_o the_o citizen_n and_o kmetone_n for_o so_o in_o old_a charter_n be_v the_o husbandman_n call_v who_o live_v disperse_v in_o village_n but_o they_o be_v never_o admit_v to_o public_a office_n and_o employment_n ought_v not_o to_o be_v number_v among_o the_o order_n and_o estate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n at_o first_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v successive_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o 〈◊〉_d as_o appear_v from_o the_o testimony_n of_o all_o their_o historian_n and_o it_o be_v the_o custom_n that_o the_o reign_a prince_n appoint_v his_o successor_n so_o lescus_n the_o three_o appoint_v popielus_n so_o also_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a do_v lescus_n the_o black_n nay_o oftentimes_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n divide_v the_o kingdom_n among_o their_o son_n which_o be_v not_o usual_a in_o elective_a government_n this_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o example_n of_o boleslaus_n crivoustus_n and_o be_v further_o confirm_v in_o the_o polonian_a history_n by_o the_o precedent_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o curl_a but_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n a_o law_n be_v make_v that_o no_o king_n of_o poland_n shall_v presume_v to_o nominate_v or_o impose_v on_o the_o kingdom_n a_o successor_n which_o law_n be_v not_o only_o renew_v in_o the_o interregnum_fw-la after_o his_o death_n but_o several_a time_n afterward_o the_o custom_n of_o election_n have_v encroach_v upon_o the_o sceptre_n for_o some_o while_n before_o for_o want_v of_o issue_n of_o the_o true_a polish_v royal_a family_n from_o this_o electiveness_n it_o now_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o from_o the_o death_n of_o one_o till_o the_o election_n of_o another_o king_n there_o be_v frequent_o too_o long_o interregna_fw-la during_o which_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n perform_v all_o kingly_a office_n act_v in_o all_o thing_n like_o their_o sovereign_n without_o any_o distinction_n save_v that_o he_o be_v not_o crown_v with_o the_o royal_a diadem_n and_o such_o a_o interregnum_fw-la may_v happen_v not_o only_o by_o the_o death_n but_o by_o the_o deposition_n or_o resignation_n of_o the_o king_n deposition_n of_o king_n be_v former_o more_o frequent_a in_o poland_n then_o now_o henry_n valois_n be_v the_o last_o precedent_n in_o that_o kind_n who_o be_v elect_v king_n of_o poland_n when_o he_o hear_v of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n the_o nine_o withdraw_v himself_o private_o out_o of_o poland_n by_o night_n that_o he_o may_v not_o loose_v his_o right_n in_o france_n whereupon_o the_o pole_n after_o they_o have_v often_o beseech_v his_o return_n find_v he_o not_o in_o the_o least_o incline_v to_o forsake_v a_o successive_a for_o a_o elective_a kingdom_n in_o a_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o estate_n discharge_v he_o from_o be_v king_n of_o poland_n and_o renounce_v their_o allegiance_n the_o most_o memorable_a example_n of_o resignation_n be_v that_o of_o john_n casimir_n in_o the_o year_n 1669_o of_o which_o a_o large_a narrative_a be_v give_v by_o nicolas_n chwalkowski_n in_o his_o treatise_n de_fw-fr jure_fw-la publico_fw-la polonico_n who_o be_v a_o eye_n witness_n of_o the_o whole_a ceremony_n the_o interrex_n or_o person_n who_o perform_v the_o regal_a office_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la as_o be_v say_v be_v the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n a_o legate_n bear_v the_o primate_n and_o first_o prince_n of_o the_o kingdom_n not_o suspect_v as_o be_v a_o spiritual_a person_n of_o affect_v the_o crown_n which_o dignity_n be_v not_o confer_v upon_o he_o by_o election_n but_o be_v annex_v to_o his_o archbishopric_n lest_o any_o delay_n in_o his_o nomination_n shall_v endammage_n the_o public_a this_o office_n he_o take_v upon_o he_o not_o only_o upon_o the_o death_n but_o also_o in_o the_o king_n absence_n or_o residence_n in_o another_o country_n as_o when_o henry_n withdraw_v into_o france_n and_o sigismond_n the_o three_o go_v into_o swedeland_n if_o there_o be_v no_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n than_o this_o dignity_n belong_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o cujavia_n or_o in_o his_o absence_n also_o or_o vacancy_n of_o the_o see_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o posnania_n at_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o interregnum_fw-la the_o archbishop_n betake_v himself_o to_o warsaw_n whither_o all_o the_o neighbour_a nobility_n repair_v to_o he_o by_o who_o advice_n proclamation_n be_v issue_v forth_o out_o of_o the_o archbishop_n chancery_n under_o his_o hand_n with_o all_o his_o title_n annex_v whereby_o the_o interregnum_fw-la be_v proclaim_v by_o the_o public_a minister_n in_o all_o the_o palatinate_v and_o district_v of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o in_o the_o mean_a while_o all_o necessary_a order_n be_v take_v for_o the_o security_n of_o the_o people_n the_o interrex_n also_o receive_v open_v and_o answer_v all_o the_o letter_n from_o foreign_a prince_n give_v audience_n to_o all_o foreign_a ambassador_n and_o indeed_o all_o the_o public_a affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n pass_v through_o his_o hand_n as_o for_o the_o candidate_n this_o be_v certain_o agree_v that_o no_o piasti_fw-la or_o native_a be_v exclude_v from_o the_o hope_n of_o election_n the_o elector_n in_o the_o first_o place_n be_v the_o prime_a senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n as_o well_o ecclesiastic_a as_o secular_a next_o to_o they_o the_o nobility_n who_o have_v liberty_n to_o act_n either_o in_o their_o proper_a person_n or_o by_o deputy_n and_o last_o the_o deputy_n of_o cracow_n posnania_n leopolis_n
and_o vilna_n for_o the_o polonian_n believe_v that_o it_o very_o much_o avail_v both_o to_o the_o security_n of_o the_o governor_n and_o to_o confirm_v the_o allegiance_n of_o they_o that_o obey_v that_o the_o king_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o generality_n who_o can_v then_o have_v no_o pretence_n to_o complain_v of_o their_o own_o act._n the_o place_n of_o election_n be_v in_o a_o open_a field_n not_o far_o from_o warsaw_n near_o the_o village_n wola_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o they_o who_o have_v voice_n in_o the_o election_n it_o be_v mark_v out_o by_o the_o marshal_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n when_o the_o day_n of_o election_n be_v come_v and_o the_o senator_n all_o meet_v the_o interrex_n ask_v the_o question_n three_o time_n whether_o it_o be_v their_o pleasure_n to_o command_v that_o such_o a_o one_o shall_v be_v declare_v king_n if_o by_o consent_n of_o voice_n they_o return_v for_o a_o answer_n it_o please_v we_o let_v he_o live_v then_o the_o archbishop_n declare_v he_o king_n in_o these_o word_n in_o the_o name_n of_o god_n i_o declare_v such_o a_o one_o king_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n and_o beseech_v the_o king_n of_o heaven_n to_o enable_v he_o for_o so_o great_a a_o charge_n and_o through_o his_o mercy_n so_o to_o order_n that_o the_o election_n may_v be_v prosperous_a for_o the_o nation_n and_o happy_a for_o the_o catholic_n religion_n after_o which_o the_o marshal_n proclaim_v the_o election_n in_o the_o follow_a manner_n king_n n._n be_v unanimous_o elect_v and_o so_o declare_v by_o the_o interrex_n he_o therefore_o all_o you_o acknowledge_v your_o lawful_o elect_a and_o declare_v king_n if_o the_o king_n so_o elect_v be_v absent_a his_o ambassador_n be_v oblige_v to_o confirm_v by_o oath_n the_o condition_n and_o receive_v the_o decree_n of_o the_o election_n after_o which_o the_o marshal_n make_v a_o second_o proclamation_n in_o these_o word_n the_o polander_n have_v a_o lawful_a king_n on_o the_o other_o side_n before_o the_o king_n be_v admit_v he_o be_v oblige_v by_o oath_n to_o preserve_v the_o law_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o covenant_n agree_v upon_o by_o the_o estate_n in_o all_o their_o clause_n point_n and_o condition_n and_o to_o renew_v the_o say_a oath_n at_o his_o coronation_n but_o though_o he_o be_v now_o elect_v the_o interregnum_fw-la do_v not_o cease_v till_o after_o his_o coronation_n for_o till_o then_o he_o assume_v no_o other_o title_n then_o that_o of_o king_n elect_n neither_o be_v his_o letter_n to_o foreign_a prince_n seal_v with_o any_o other_o seal_n than_o that_o of_o the_o chamber_n so_o that_o though_o the_o present_a king_n be_v permit_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o seal_n of_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n before_o his_o coronation_n that_o be_v only_o do_v upon_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o muscovitick_a expedition_n the_o usual_a place_n of_o coronation_n be_v cracow_n where_o the_o crown_n be_v keep_v in_o the_o chief_n treasury_n under_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o high_a treasurer_n and_o the_o person_n perform_v the_o ceremony_n be_v always_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n if_o not_o prevent_v by_o sickness_n the_o chief_a ceremony_n at_o the_o coronation_n be_v the_o question_n propound_v to_o the_o king_n will_v thou_o profess_v the_o catholic_n faith_n deliver_v by_o catholic_n man_n answ_n i_o will_n will_v thou_o defend_v and_o maintain_v the_o church_n and_o its_o minister_n will_v thou_o uphold_v defend_v and_o govern_v the_o kingdom_n by_o god_n commit_v to_o thy_o care_n according_a to_o justice_n ans_fw-fr i_o will_n all_o which_o he_o confirm_v by_o the_o usual_a form_n of_o word_n and_o lay_v his_o hand_n upon_o the_o evangelist_n the_o ceremony_n of_o anoint_v be_v perform_v with_o say_v these_o word_n i_o anoint_v thou_o king_n with_o the_o sanctify_a oil_n in_o the_o name_n of_o the_o father_n son_n and_o holy_a ghost_n the_o word_n of_o confirmation_n be_v sit_v and_o possess_v the_o throne_n appoint_v thou_o by_o god_n let_v thy_o hand_n be_v strengthen_v and_o thy_o right_a hand_n exalt_v the_o solemnity_n be_v end_v the_o king_n repair_v to_o the_o grand_a assembly_n for_o the_o coronation_n where_o the_o interrex_n resign_v his_o authority_n and_o the_o senator_n together_o with_o the_o nobility_n and_o deputy_n of_o the_o city_n take_v their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o new_a king_n the_o present_a power_n and_o authority_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_n more_o plain_o appear_v by_o a_o recital_n of_o the_o article_n to_o the_o observance_n whereof_o they_o bound_v themselves_o as_o well_o before_o as_o at_o their_o coronation_n for_o they_o contain_v all_o the_o essential_a property_n of_o regal_a dominion_n under_o the_o name_n of_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la as_o to_o their_o power_n in_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n the_o roman-catholick_n king_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v so_o kind_a as_o to_o part_v with_o their_o chief_a prerogative_n in_o that_o particular_a reserve_v only_o to_o themselves_o the_o collation_n of_o benefice_n the_o king_n swear_v to_o maintain_v peace_n between_o the_o dissenter_n in_o religion_n of_o which_o there_o be_v many_o in_o poland_n and_o to_o compose_v the_o cause_n and_o difference_n among_o person_n profess_v the_o greek_a religion_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la swear_v to_o by_o john_n the_o three_o now_o reign_v as_o for_o foundation_n of_o church_n and_o monastery_n whatsoever_o liberty_n the_o king_n may_v have_v to_o erect_v they_o be_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o all_o the_o order_n at_o the_o general_a assembly_n of_o estate_n and_o thus_o the_o immunity_n and_o privilege_n grant_v by_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o the_o academy_n of_o vilna_n be_v also_o confirm_v the_o next_o prerogative_n be_v the_o legislative_a power_n concern_v which_o we_o find_v that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o lechus_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v a_o absolute_a authority_n of_o make_v law_n themselves_o as_o necessity_n require_v but_o afterward_o when_o they_o have_v receive_v the_o christian_a faith_n they_o begin_v to_o make_v law_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o peer_n insomuch_o that_o sigismond_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1570_o enact_v that_o no_o law_n shall_v be_v of_o public_a force_n till_o review_v and_o subscribe_v by_o such_o a_o number_n of_o deputy_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o senator_n who_o consent_n be_v to_o be_v require_v beforehand_o whether_o the_o law_n shall_v pass_v which_o law_n remain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n be_v likewise_o former_o in_o the_o breast_n of_o the_o king_n as_o supreme_a judge_n till_o vladislaus_n jagello_n grant_v this_o privilege_n to_o the_o nobility_n that_o they_o shall_v not_o be_v punish_v or_o imprison_v till_o convict_v by_o law_n after_o he_o bathor_n throw_v off_o the_o burden_n of_o hear_v cause_n from_o his_o own_o shoulder_n and_o erect_v several_a court_n of_o judicature_n in_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n reserve_v only_o to_o himself_o the_o judgement_n of_o such_o cause_n as_o concern_v his_o chequer_n and_o such_o city_n as_o be_v immediate_o under_o his_o jurisdiction_n but_o now_o the_o nobility_n create_v the_o chief_a judge_n or_o marshal_n with_o his_o assistant_n in_o those_o tribunal_n nor_o do_v the_o king_n sit_v alone_o upon_o cause_n that_o come_v before_o he_o by_o way_n of_o appeal_n beside_o the_o king_n swear_v to_o determine_v all_o court_n cause_v according_a to_o the_o advice_n and_o opinion_n of_o the_o senator_n and_o officer_n reside_v at_o court_n as_o also_o to_o call_v the_o cause_n in_o order_n as_o they_o be_v set_v down_o in_o the_o register_n and_o neither_o to_o retard_v nor_o further_o any_o cause_n for_o favour_n or_o interest_n the_o power_n of_o make_v war_n do_v former_o without_o doubt_n absolute_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n but_o casimir_n the_o three_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o make_v a_o promise_n that_o he_o will_v undertake_v no_o war_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o senate_n at_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la promise_v not_o to_o admit_v or_o call_v in_o any_o foreign_a assistance_n without_o the_o especial_a consent_n of_o the_o estate_n not_o to_o increase_v the_o number_n of_o the_o stand_a militia_n nor_o raise_v force_n private_o not_o to_o send_v aid_n to_o any_o other_o prince_n without_o consent_n as_o aforesaid_a nor_o to_o commit_v the_o trust_n of_o fort_n or_o castle_n to_o stranger_n or_o plebeian_n but_o to_o man_n of_o worth_n and_o land_a nobility_n beside_o all_o these_o engagement_n there_o be_v a_o council_n of_o war_n elect_v out_o of_o the_o senate_n and_o nobility_n to_o attend_v and_o advise_v he_o in_o the_o field_n according_a to_o the_o late_a constitution_n in_o the_o year_n 1676_o and_o several_a other_o before_o he_o be_v also_o
of_o poland_n and_o its_o duke_n may_v be_v distinguish_v into_o four_o class_n or_o order_n of_o succession_n the_o first_o contain_v a_o catalogue_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o poland_n as_o follow_v a._n d._n 700_o lechus_n the_o first_o who_o build_v the_o city_n gnesna_n in_o the_o place_n where_o he_o find_v a_o eagle_n nest_n and_o therefore_o give_v it_o this_o name_n from_o gniazdo_n which_o in_o the_o polish_v language_n signify_v a_o nest_n hence_o also_o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n be_v a_o eagle_n their_o own_o historian_n be_v not_o agree_v about_o his_o extraction_n whether_o he_o be_v a_o native_a or_o croatian_a nor_o about_o the_o time_n in_o which_o he_o reign_v some_o affirm_v that_o it_o be_v about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 550_o other_o almost_o a_o hundred_o year_n late_a and_o both_o party_n speak_v only_o by_o conjecture_n nor_o last_o be_v they_o agree_v about_o the_o child_n he_o leave_v behind_o he_o but_o they_o general_o acknowledge_v that_o upon_o the_o faileur_n of_o his_o offspring_n the_o people_n make_v choice_n of_o twelve_o palatine_n for_o their_o ruler_n call_v they_o woiewodes_n i._n e._n captain_n of_o war_n and_o the_o country_n be_v divide_v into_o twelve_o part_n each_o have_v his_o peculiar_a province_n but_o when_o they_o begin_v to_o cherish_v private_a feud_n to_o the_o embroilment_n of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o thereby_o also_o invite_v their_o ill-affected_a neighbour_n to_o fall_v upon_o they_o the_o people_n be_v constrain_v to_o seek_v their_o peace_n and_o safety_n in_o a_o monarchy_n and_o with_o much_o solicitation_n persuade_v cracus_n a_o person_n of_o great_a fortune_n and_o interest_n among_o they_o to_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o entire_a government_n which_o he_o manage_v with_o singular_a prudence_n and_o success_n he_o or_o his_o subject_n after_o his_o decease_n in_o remembrance_n of_o his_o virtue_n build_v a_o new_a city_n upon_o the_o side_n of_o the_o weissel_n which_o from_o his_o name_n be_v call_v cracow_n or_o cracovia_n and_o make_v the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o kingdom_n his_o young_a son_n lechus_n two_o succeed_v he_o have_v first_o slay_v his_o elder_a brother_n to_o make_v way_n for_o himself_o but_o the_o murder_n be_v detect_v he_o be_v depose_v and_o banish_v 750_o after_o he_o reign_v his_o sister_n wenda_n who_o choose_v rather_o to_o rule_v alone_o then_o to_o be_v wife_n to_o a_o king_n after_o she_o have_v repulse_v ridigerus_n a_o german_a prince_n who_o not_o be_v able_a either_o by_o entreaty_n or_o force_n to_o obtain_v she_o in_o marriage_n kill_v himself_o for_o shame_n and_o grief_n lest_o any_o adverse_a chance_n shall_v sully_v her_o honour_n she_o leap_v from_o the_o bridge_n at_o cracow_n into_o the_o weissel_n twelve_o palatine_n again_o 760_o premislaus_n or_o lescus_n the_o first_o he_o be_v a_o goldsmith_n and_o create_v king_n because_o he_o have_v by_o a_o unusual_a stratagem_n overthrow_v the_o hungarian_n and_o moravian_o he_o die_v without_o issue_n 804_o lescus_n ii_o the_o polish_v nobility_n have_v agree_v to_o ride_v a_o race_n for_o the_o government_n one_o of_o the_o competitor_n strew_v galltrap_n tribulos_fw-la in_o the_o way_n and_o thereby_o so_o disable_v all_o the_o horse_n save_o his_o own_o which_o he_o have_v shod_a for_o the_o purpose_n that_o he_o win_v the_o prize_n the_o cheat_n be_v discover_v he_o be_v tear_v in_o piece_n by_o they_o and_o this_o lescus_n a_o poor_a obscure_a man_n who_o outrun_v the_o rest_n on_o foot_n from_o be_v the_o scorn_n of_o the_o multitude_n be_v by_o the_o popular_a applause_n salute_v prince_n he_o always_o after_o keep_v by_o he_o the_o course_n clothes_n he_o have_v former_o wear_v to_o mind_v he_o of_o his_o original_n 810_o lescus_n iii_o 815_o popielus_n 1_n 830_o popielus_n ii_o he_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v eat_v up_o by_o mouse_n through_o god_n judgement_n as_o be_v conceive_v for_o the_o murder_n commit_v by_o he_o for_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v poison_v all_o his_o kindred_n that_o he_o may_v unite_v the_o slavonian_a principality_n to_o his_o own_o dukedom_n the_o second_o classis_fw-la of_o which_o there_o be_v much_o more_o certainty_n then_o of_o the_o former_a contain_v the_o follow_a prince_n 843_o piastus_n rusticus_n a_o citizen_n of_o cruswic_n of_o note_a hospitality_n and_o charity_n 861_o ziemovitus_n 892_o lescus_n iu._n 913_o ziemomyslus_n 964_o mieceslaus_n the_o first_o christian_n king_n he_o be_v bear_v blind_a and_o in_o the_o seven_o year_n of_o his_o age_n when_o at_o a_o public_a banquet_n his_o name_n be_v to_o be_v give_v he_o receive_v his_o sight_n he_o found_v the_o two_o archbishopric_n of_o gnesna_n and_o cracovia_n with_o divers_a bishopric_n and_o give_v the_o tithe_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n by_o a_o perpetual_a edict_n to_o the_o clergy_n 999_o boleslaus_n i._o he_o receive_v the_o title_n of_o king_n from_o otho_n iii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n his_o predecessor_n be_v no_o more_o than_o duke_n of_o poland_n 1025_o mieceslaus_n ii_o casimirus_n i._o drive_v out_o of_o poland_n in_o his_o minority_n by_o faction_n occasion_v from_o his_o mother_n ill_a government_n he_o travel_v through_o hungary_n germany_n italy_n and_o at_o last_o in_o france_n be_v make_v religious_a and_o deacon_n in_o the_o benedictine_n convent_n at_o clunie_n be_v invite_v thence_o to_o the_o crown_n by_o the_o pole_n who_o to_o procure_v the_o pope_n dispensation_n for_o his_o vow_n condscend_v to_o a_o perpetual_a tribute_n of_o a_o obolus_fw-la per_fw-la head_n upon_o all_o the_o commonalty_n for_o the_o maintain_v lamp_n to_o burn_v in_o st._n peter_n church_n at_o rome_n call_v hence_o peter-pence_n 1059_o boleslaus_n ii_o surname_v the_o bold_a he_o murder_v stanislaus_n archbishop_n of_o cracow_n as_o he_o be_v officiate_a at_o the_o altar_n for_o which_o he_o be_v excommunicate_v and_o depose_v by_o pope_n gregory_n vii_o his_o successor_n too_o be_v deprive_v of_o the_o title_n of_o king_n the_o bishop_n be_v forbid_v to_o anoint_v any_o of_o they_o which_o continue_v for_o 213_o year_n till_o the_o time_n of_o premislaus_n 1082_o vladislaus_n 1_n 1103_o boleslaus_n krzywousci_n or_o the_o wry-mouthed_a he_o be_v record_v to_o have_v be_v a_o victor_n in_o forty_o battle_n but_o be_v force_v to_o retreat_n out_o of_o the_o field_n at_o his_o last_o battle_n against_o the_o russian_n he_o die_v for_o grief_n 1140_o vladislaus_n ii_o 1146_o boleslaus_n iv_o surname_v the_o curl_a 1174_o miecislaus_fw-la the_o old_a so_o call_v for_o his_o prudence_n though_o but_o a_o young_a man_n he_o be_v depose_v by_o reason_n of_o his_o evil_a counsellor_n and_o twice_o by_o his_o cunning_n regain_v the_o kingdom_n 1178_o casimirus_n ii_o this_o prince_n have_v receive_v a_o box_n on_o the_o ear_n from_o one_o of_o his_o page_n who_o money_n he_o have_v win_v at_o play_n acquit_v the_o boy_n say_v that_o the_o lad_n be_v transport_v with_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o money_n and_o that_o he_o himself_o have_v be_v just_o punish_v for_o prostitute_v his_o dignity_n 1195_o lescus_n the_o white_a 1199_o miecislaus_fw-la the_o old_a again_o lescus_n the_o white_a again_o 1202_o mieceslaus_n the_o old_a a_o three_o time_n 1203_o vadislaus_n lasconogus_n or_o small-shanked_a 1206_o lescus_n the_o white_a a_o three_o time_n in_o his_o reign_n the_o teutonick_n knight_n or_o knight_n of_o the_o cross_n take_v foot_v in_o prussia_n be_v call_v in_o by_o his_o brother_n conradus_n duke_n of_o masovia_n and_o cujavia_n to_o assist_v he_o against_o the_o prussian_n 1226_o boleslaus_n iv_o surname_v the_o chaste_a because_o he_o never_o know_v his_o wife_n all_o the_o while_o he_o be_v marry_v to_o she_o in_o his_o time_n the_o polander_n receive_v so_o great_a a_o overthrow_n from_o the_o tartar_n that_o the_o right_a ear_n only_o of_o the_o slay_v fill_v nine_o large_a sack_n 1279_o lescus_n the_o black_n during_o his_o reign_n the_o tartar_n make_v another_o inundation_n into_o poland_n and_o carry_v away_o so_o many_o captive_n that_o it_o be_v say_v above_o 21000_o virgin_n be_v count_v among_o they_o at_o the_o division_n of_o their_o booty_n the_o man_n they_o general_o murder_v and_o poison_v their_o heart_n cast_v they_o into_o the_o water_n from_o whence_o sundry_a new_a disease_n be_v occasion_v among_o other_o some_o say_v the_o plica_fw-la polonica_fw-la 1295_o premislaus_n he_o reign_v seven_o month_n and_o in_o that_o time_n re-assumed_n the_o title_n of_o king_n be_v crown_v by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n 1296_o vladislaus_n lochius_fw-la so_o call_v from_o the_o shortness_n of_o his_o stature_n lokiek_v signify_v a_o ell._n 1300_o wenceslaus_n the_o bohemian_a 1305_o vladislaus_n lochius_fw-la again_o 1333_o casimirus_n surname_v the_o great_a and_o the_o last_o of_o the_o family_n of_o piasti_n to_o who_o poland_n owe_v all_o its_o beauty_n grandeur_n and_o
riches_n 1370_o lodowick_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o nephew_n of_o casimir_n the_o great_a hitherto_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n be_v successive_a except_o when_o the_o king_n die_v without_o issue_n in_o the_o three_o class_n it_o begin_v to_o be_v elective_a vladislaus_n jagello_n be_v oblige_v to_o swear_v as_o hartknoch_n acquaint_v we_o that_o he_o receive_v it_o by_o election_n and_o not_o succession_n this_o class_n contain_v the_o king_n of_o the_o jagellonian_a family_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1386_o vladislaus_n jagello_n choose_a husband_n to_o heduiges_n second_o daughter_n to_o lodowic_n and_o therewith_o king_n of_o poland_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n his_o dominion_n of_o litvania_n samogitia_n and_o part_n of_o prussia_n become_v christian_n himself_o and_o endeavour_v the_o conversion_n of_o those_o nation_n and_o last_o pay_v two_o hundred_o thousand_o florin_n to_o william_n duke_n of_o austria_n forfeit_v by_o heduiges_n who_o be_v before_o contract_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n he_o be_v a_o pious_a prince_n and_o founder_n of_o the_o university_n at_o cracow_n 1434_o vladislaus_n iii_o 1447_o casimirus_n iu._n it_o be_v very_o memorable_a what_o loccenius_n report_v of_o this_o king_n how_o that_o meeting_n with_o charles_n king_n of_o swedeland_n at_o dantzick_n he_o be_v force_v to_o get_v a_o monk_n to_o talk_v latin_a with_o the_o say_a king_n who_o understand_v not_o polish_v but_o talk_v latin_a accurate_o hereupon_o casimir_n be_v ashamed_a of_o the_o ignorance_n of_o himself_o and_o his_o follower_n return_v home_n cause_v public_a proclamation_n to_o be_v make_v that_o from_o thenceforward_a no_o man_n shall_v be_v advance_v to_o any_o dignity_n except_o he_o be_v able_a to_o speak_v latin_n whence_o say_v the_o same_o author_n it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o the_o polander_n have_v ever_o since_o excel_v in_o the_o latin_a tongue_n 1492_o johannes_n albertus_n in_o who_o reign_n the_o tartar_n lay_v waste_v rusia_n podolia_n and_o several_a other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1501_o alexander_n this_o king_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v such_o a_o prodigal_a that_o have_v he_o rule_v long_o he_o will_v have_v beggar_v the_o nation_n his_o queen_n helena_n be_v not_o suffer_v to_o be_v crown_v because_o be_v a_o greek_a she_o refuse_v to_o conform_v to_o the_o roman_a church_n 1507_o sigismond_n i._o reckon_v by_o paulus_n jovius_n one_o of_o the_o three_o worthy_n charles_n v._o emperor_n and_o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n be_v the_o other_o who_o have_v they_o not_o be_v contemporary_a prince_n deserve_v single_o to_o have_v rule_v the_o whole_a world_n beside_o the_o large_a endowment_n of_o his_o mind_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o such_o vast_a strength_n of_o body_n that_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o he_o in_o his_o youth_n to_o break_v asunder_o horse-shoe_n and_o strong_a rope_n 1548_o sigismundus_n augustus_n in_o his_o time_n the_o lutheran_n religion_n begin_v first_o to_o take_v foot_v in_o poland_n the_o four_o and_o last_o class_n contain_v a_o register_n of_o king_n elect_v out_o of_o divers_a family_n which_o occasion_v several_a interregna_fw-la the_o order_n of_o these_o prince_n be_v as_o follow_v 1574_o henry_n valois_n duke_n of_o anjou_n he_o flee_v from_o poland_n into_o france_n upon_o news_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n death_n and_o be_v thereupon_o depose_v by_o the_o estate_n he_o reign_v five_o month_n 1576_o stephen_n bathor_n palatine_n of_o transylvania_n 1587._o sigismond_n iii_o prince_n of_o sweden_n who_o after_o the_o death_n of_o his_o father_n john_n iii_o be_v crown_v also_o king_n of_o sweden_n but_o depose_v again_o by_o his_o subject_n chief_o for_o attempt_v to_o introduce_v the_o roman_a religion_n among_o they_o in_o which_o he_o have_v be_v educate_v by_o his_o mother_n his_o uncle_n charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n be_v choose_v in_o his_o place_n 1632_o vladislaus_n iu_o famous_a for_o his_o many_o conquest_n over_o the_o turk_n and_o subdue_a muscovy_n of_o which_o he_o be_v elect_v tzar_n in_o his_o father_n life-time_n 1648_o john_n casimir_n design_v for_o a_o religious_a and_o have_v live_v two_o year_n of_o probation_n among_o the_o jesuit_n but_o as_o hartknoch_n write_v nominate_v cardinal_n by_o innocent_a x._o before_o he_o take_v the_o vow_n of_o that_o order_n be_v elect_v king_n he_o marry_v his_o brother_n sigismund_n widow_n he_o lay_v down_o his_o diadem_n and_o retire_v into_o france_n 1669_o michael_n koributh_n duke_n of_o wisniowiec_n a_o unfortunate_a prince_n who_o lose_v caminiec_n to_o the_o turk_n 1674_o john_n sobieski_n former_o general_n against_o the_o turk_n now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1679._o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n except_o she_o be_v a_o roman_n catholic_n be_v never_o crown_v nor_o then_o unless_o the_o king_n himself_o request_v it_o who_o be_v always_o present_a at_o her_o coronation_n during_o his_o life_n the_o charge_n of_o her_o court_n be_v defray_v out_o of_o his_o exchequer_n but_o after_o his_o death_n she_o maintain_v herself_o out_o of_o the_o revenue_n of_o such_o land_n as_o the_o king_n with_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o estate_n make_v over_o to_o she_o upon_o marriage_n the_o senate_n of_o poland_n be_v famous_a as_o well_o for_o the_o nobility_n as_o number_v of_o person_n among_o who_o he_o that_o precede_v all_o the_o rest_n both_o in_o dignity_n and_o place_n be_v the_o archbishop_z of_o gnesna_n who_o always_o sit_v next_o the_o king_n upon_o his_o right_a hand_n he_o have_v belong_v to_o his_o court_n a_o marshal_n who_o be_v also_o a_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o the_o rank_n of_o the_o castellane_n this_o marshal_n ride_v before_o the_o archbishop_n coach_n and_o when_o he_o go_v to_o court_n carry_v a_o staff_n before_o he_o upright_o till_o he_o come_v into_o the_o king_n chamber_n where_o he_o turn_v it_o downward_o his_o authority_n be_v so_o great_a that_o in_o the_o absence_n of_o other_o marshal_n he_o bear_v the_o staff_n of_o authority_n before_o the_o king_n when_o he_o go_v to_o the_o general_a assembly_n the_o archbishop_n have_v also_o a_o cross_n bear_v before_o he_o which_o the_o bearer_n hold_v upright_o behind_o his_o chair_n whilst_o he_o sit_v in_o the_o senate_n next_o to_o the_o marshal_n be_v the_o chancellor_n for_o the_o dispatch_n of_o public_a affair_n both_o in_o church_n and_o state_n the_o other_o officer_n of_o the_o archbishop_n court_n be_v the_o chamberlain_n master_n of_o request_n steward_n of_o his_o table_n treasurer_n chaplain_n library-keeper_n master_n of_o the_o horse_n and_o clerk_n of_o the_o kitchin_n as_o he_o be_v a_o prince_n while_o his_o meat_n be_v go_v up_o to_o table_n whether_o at_o home_n or_o abroad_o the_o drum_n beat_v when_o he_o come_v to_o court_n he_o go_v direct_o to_o the_o king_n never_o wait_v his_o majesty_n leisure_n or_o any_o prefix_a time_n and_o upon_o notice_n of_o his_o come_n he_o be_v meet_v at_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o stair_n by_o the_o sub-chamberlain_n at_o the_o top_n by_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court._n when_o he_o approach_v the_o royal_a presence_n the_o king_n himself_o go_v some_o pace_n to_o meet_v he_o the_o title_n which_o the_o king_n give_v he_o be_v to_o the_o most_o reverend_a father_n in_o christ_n by_o other_o he_o be_v style_v most_o high_a and_o most_o reverend_a lord_n lord_n n._n by_o the_o grace_n of_o god_n and_o the_o apostolic_a see_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n legate_n bear_v primate_n and_o chief_a prince_n of_o the_o polonian_a nobility_n his_o prerogative_n be_v so_o great_a that_o he_o give_v not_o place_n to_o any_o cardinal_n for_o which_o reason_n no_o cardinal_n be_v ambitious_a of_o be_v send_v into_o poland_n next_o to_o he_o the_o archbishop_n of_o leopol_n take_v place_n after_o these_o two_o archbishop_n the_o bishop_n be_v seat_v in_o the_o senate_n according_a to_o their_o dignity_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o cracow_n 2._o cujavia_n who_o be_v also_o bishop_n of_o vladislow_n and_o pomerania_n 3._o vilna_n and_o 4._o posnania_n by_o turn_n 5._o polockzo_n 6._o varmia_n and_o 7._o luceorea_n by_o turn_n 8._o praemislia_n 9_o samogitia_n or_o mednic_n 10._o culmo_fw-la 11._o chelmo_n 12._o kiovia_n and_o zernichovia_n 13._o kamienieck_n 14._o smolensko_n these_o bishop_n sit_v on_o the_o right_n and_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o king_n next_o the_o two_o archbishop_n concern_v the_o revenue_n and_o splendour_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o poland_n see_v cromer_n l._n 2._o descript_n pol._n pag._n 177._o and_o stanislaus_n lubienski_n in_o vita_fw-la angelotti_n fol._n 310._o bishop_n by_o the_o law_n be_v forbid_v to_o hold_v abbey_n in_o commendam_fw-la with_o their_o bishopric_n only_o the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n and_o kamienieck_n have_v lose_v their_o revenue_n be_v now_o permit_v that_o liberty_n for_o their_o subsistence_n next_o to_o the_o bishop_n sit_v
the_o palatine_n or_o woiwodes_n and_o castellanes_n the_o palatine_n be_v governor_n of_o dutchy_n or_o county_n commander_n of_o their_o militia_n in_o the_o general_a expedition_n of_o the_o kingdom_n appoint_v convention_n of_o the_o noble_n within_o their_o own_o palatinate_n and_o preside_v in_o they_o and_o in_o court_n of_o judicature_n and_o have_v the_o patronage_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o poland_n they_o be_v the_o first_o order_n of_o the_o secular_a senator_n the_o castellane_n be_v as_o it_o be_v the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o palatine_n command_v in_o time_n of_o war_n the_o nobility_n under_o they_o there_o be_v divers_a of_o they_o belong_v to_o one_o palatine_n each_o of_o they_o have_v his_o district_n or_o castellanate_n and_o from_o hence_o his_o title_n and_o general_o some_o revenue_n but_o no_o jurisdiction_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n only_o as_o he_o be_v a_o senator_n the_o castellane_n of_o cracow_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o palatine_a upon_o the_o rebellion_n of_o scarbimirus_n the_o palatine_a against_o boleslaus_n iii_o the_o castellane_n of_o vilna_n and_o troco_n together_o with_o the_o captain_n of_o samogitia_n the_o only_a captain_n in_o the_o senate_n have_v pre-eminence_n in_o consideration_n of_o their_o antiquity_n the_o palatine_n be_v seat_v thus_o 1._o the_o castellane_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatine_n of_o 2._o cracow_n and_o 3._o posnania_n by_o turn_n 4._o vilna_n 5._o sandomiria_n 6._o castellane_n of_o vilna_n the_o palatine_n of_o 7._o calistia_n 8._o troco_n 9_o sirad_n 10._o castellane_n of_o troco_n 11._o palatine_n of_o lenschet_fw-mi 11._o captain_n of_o samogitia_n palatine_n of_o 13._o bressic_n 14._o kiovia_n 15._o inouladislow_n 16._o russia_n former_o of_o leopol_n 17._o volhinia_n 18._o podolia_n former_o caminiecz_n 19_o smolensko_n 20._o lublin_n 21._o plockzow_n 22._o belze_n 23._o novogrod_n 24._o ploco_fw-la 25._o vitepz_n 26._o masovia_n former_o culmo_fw-la 27._o podlachia_n 28._o rava_n 29._o brzecienski_n 30._o culmo_fw-la 31._o mscislavia_n 32._o mariaeburgh_n 33._o breslow_n 34._o pomerania_n 35._o minsco_n 36._o czernichow_n after_o these_o palatine_n sit_v the_o castellane_n distinguish_v into_o great_a and_o lesser_a the_o great_a be_v these_o 1._o posnania_n 2._o sendomir_n 3._o calissia_n 4._o voynicz_n 5._o gnesna_n 6._o sirad_n 7._o lenschet_fw-mi 8._o samogitia_n 9_o brestie_n 10._o kiovia_n 11._o inouladislow_n 12._o leopol_n 13._o volhinia_n 14._o camieniecz_n 15._o smolensko_n 16._o lublin_n 17._o belze_n 18._o novogrod_n 19_o ploco_fw-la 20._o witepz_n 21._o czetne_v 22._o podlachia_n 23._o rava_n 24._o brzescia_n 25._o culmo_fw-la 26._o mscilow_n 27._o elbing_n 28._o breslow_n 29._o dantzic_n 30._o mirisco_n 31._o czernichow_n the_o lesser_a castellane_n be_v 1._o sandecia_n 2._o medirec_n 3._o wislick_n 4._o biecie_fw-la 5._o rogosnow_n 6._o radan_n 7._o zawichost_n 8._o lenden_n 9_o srim_n 10._o tarnow_n 11._o malagost_n 12._o vielun_n 13._o praemissia_fw-la 14._o halicie_n 15._o senoc_n 16._o chelmo_n 17._o dobrzin_n 18._o polaniecz_n 19_o premetenski_n 20._o krivin_fw-fr 21._o czechow_n 22._o nackle_n 23._o rospir_n 24._o biechow_n 25._o bidgost_n 26._o briesin_n 27._o kruswic_n 28._o oswiecz_n 29._o camienecz_n 30._o spicimiria_n 31._o inoulad_a 32._o kowale_n 33._o santoc_n 34._o sochaczow_n 35._o warsow_n 36._o gostinin_n 37._o visna_n 38._o raciecz_n 39_o sierpz_n 40._o wysogrogende_fw-la 41._o ripin_n 42._o zacochim_n 43._o ciechanon_n 44._o live_v 45._o slonsco_n 46._o lubaczow_n 47._o konar_n in_o sirad_n 48._o konar_n in_o lenschot_n 49._o konar_n in_o cujavia_n these_o be_v call_v the_o lesser_a as_o be_v more_o late_o admit_v into_o the_o senate_n to_o great_a castellane_n they_o give_v the_o title_n of_o wielmozni_n or_o magnifici_fw-la to_o the_o lesser_a that_o of_o vrodzeni_n or_o generosi_fw-la but_o by_o private_a person_n all_o castellane_n be_v call_v jasnie_n wielmozni_n or_o illustrissimi_fw-la it_o be_v establish_v by_o law_n that_o none_o may_v be_v either_o palatine_a or_o castellane_n in_o that_o province_n in_o which_o he_o have_v no_o land_n the_o low_a in_o degree_n among_o the_o senator_n be_v the_o officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n in_o the_o follow_a order_n 1._o the_o supreme_a marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 2._o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n 3._o the_o high_a chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 4._o the_o chancellor_n of_o lithvania_n 5._o the_o pro-chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 6._o the_o pro-chancellor_n of_o lithvania_n 7._o the_o treasurer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 8._o the_o treasurer_n of_o lithvania_n 9_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n for_o the_o kingdom_n 10._o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o court_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n the_o office_n of_o the_o supreme_a marshal_n be_v to_o call_v the_o senate_n upon_o command_n of_o the_o king_n or_o interrex_n to_o command_v silence_n and_o give_v leave_v of_o speak_v therein_o to_o promulgate_v their_o act_n to_o the_o people_n and_o to_o pronounce_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n the_o king_n decree_n in_o all_o cause_n of_o infamy_n and_o death_n he_o prepare_v the_o place_n of_o the_o diet_n and_o have_v the_o chief_a management_n of_o matter_n in_o those_o assembly_n receive_v foreign_a prince_n and_o ambassador_n at_o their_o arrival_n provide_v they_o with_o lodging_n perform_v also_o most_o of_o the_o function_n belong_v to_o the_o lord_n steward_n of_o the_o king_n household_n in_o the_o public_a assembly_n or_o when_o he_o go_v before_o the_o king_n he_o carry_v a_o staff_n upright_o while_o the_o king_n reside_v in_o lithvania_n the_o marshal_n of_o lithvania_n have_v the_o same_o power_n there_o the_o chancellor_n be_v both_o secular_a person_n and_o the_o office_n of_o chancellor_n and_o pro-chancellor_n be_v the_o same_o only_o the_o chancellor_n keep_v the_o great_a and_o the_o pro-chancellor_n the_o lesser_a seal_n in_o short_a these_o two_o be_v the_o mouth_n and_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n in_o the_o dispatch_n of_o all_o business_n the_o treasurer_n be_v the_o steward_n of_o the_o public_a treasury_n and_o master_n of_o the_o mint_n when_o the_o king_n bestow_v this_o office_n upon_o any_o one_o four_o senator_n be_v appoint_v to_o deliver_v the_o treasury_n to_o he_o by_o a_o inventory_n of_o which_o there_o be_v three_o copy_n one_o with_o the_o king_n another_z with_o the_o treasurer_n and_o the_o three_o they_o keep_v themselves_o this_o by_o the_o way_n take_v notice_n of_o in_o reference_n to_o all_o the_o senator_n that_o none_o of_o they_o be_v permit_v to_o stir_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n without_o particular_a licence_n of_o the_o grand_a estate_n and_o upon_o some_o press_a occasion_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o officer_n about_o the_o court_n which_o be_v not_o of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n as_o the_o principal_a secretary_n master_n of_o request_n captain_n general_n etc._n etc._n i_o spare_v to_o mention_v be_v muchwhat_a the_o same_o as_o in_o other_o nation_n only_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v two_o of_o every_o sort_n one_o for_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n the_o other_o for_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n the_o master_n of_o request_n be_v always_o present_a when_o the_o king_n sit_v to_o determine_v controversy_n and_o difference_n among_o his_o subject_n at_o which_o time_n it_o be_v their_o duty_n to_o lay_v open_a the_o nature_n and_o ground_n of_o the_o controversy_n to_o the_o king_n they_o stand_v fair_a upon_o a_o vacancy_n to_o be_v admit_v senator_n the_o magistrate_n for_o the_o several_a district_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n that_o be_v land_n or_o camp-magistrate_n the_o land_n magistrate_n be_v 1._o the_o vice-chamberlain_n or_o judge_n of_o bound_n and_o limit_n 2._o the_o standard-bearer_n 3._o the_o land-judg_n 4._o the_o tribune_n 5._o the_o land-register_n 6._o the_o keeper_n of_o the_o treasury_n beside_o some_o other_o inferior_a officer_n the_o camp_n or_o military_a officer_n be_v 1._o the_o captain_n with_o jurisdiction_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o some_o town_n or_o castle_n 2._o the_o captain_n without_o jurisdiction_n 3._o the_o burggrave_n who_o be_v governor_n of_o some_o castle_n and_z takes_z care_n of_o the_o outguard_n 4._o the_o vice-captain_n 5._o the_o judg-advocate_n 6._o the_o field-register_n the_o council_n council_n council_n or_o parliament_n of_o poland_n be_v of_o two_o sort_n 1._o civil_a to_o which_o the_o counsellor_n come_v in_o their_o gown_n 2._o military_a to_o which_o they_o come_v in_o military_a habit_n the_o latter_a be_v only_o hold_v in_o the_o time_n of_o a_o interregnum_fw-la the_o former_a be_v frequent_o call_v and_o be_v 1._o ordinary_a which_o by_o the_o law_n be_v summon_v once_o in_o two_o year_n 2._o extraordinary_a which_o be_v assemble_v as_o the_o necessity_n of_o affair_n require_v when_o either_o ordinary_a or_o extraordinary_a council_n be_v to_o be_v convene_v the_o king_n by_o his_o letter_n summon_v
enter_v into_o his_o office_n he_o be_v oblige_v to_o present_a to_o the_o king_n and_o the_o principal_a minister_n of_o state_n the_o apostolic_a brief_n of_o his_o nunciature_n wherein_o he_o acknowledge_v the_o king_n as_o supreme_a to_o conclude_v it_o have_v be_v often_o controvert_v among_o which_o of_o aristotle_n five_o sort_n of_o government_n the_o government_n of_o poland_n may_v be_v reckon_v which_o when_o the_o most_o learned_a have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o determine_v they_o have_v all_o betake_v themselves_o to_o the_o common_a proverb_n frequent_o in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o polonian_n themselves_z polonia_n confusione_n regitur_fw-la yet_o such_o a_o confusion_n say_v coricinius_n which_o have_v preserve_v the_o virgin_n honour_n of_o the_o nation_n safe_a and_o undefiled_a in_o the_o midst_n of_o so_o many_o cruel_a and_o bloody_a war_n at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v no_o less_o confusion_n in_o the_o religion_n than_o government_n of_o poland_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o in_o the_o year_n 965_o miecislaus_fw-la king_n of_o poland_n john_n the_o 13_o be_v then_o pope_n receive_v and_o entertain_v the_o christian_a faith_n according_a to_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n which_o though_o it_o be_v still_o the_o most_o profess_a and_o reign_a religion_n to_o this_o day_n yet_o have_v other_o religion_n and_o sect_n get_v no_o small_a foot_n in_o the_o realm_n for_o in_o the_o year_n 1264_o the_o jew_n flock_v into_o poland_n plant_v themselves_o whole_a colony_n together_o in_o this_o kingdom_n to_o who_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o great_a poland_n grant_v several_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n which_o casimir_n the_o great_a at_o the_o suit_n of_o another_o jewish_a esther_n who_o be_v his_o mistress_n very_o much_o enlarge_v by_o which_o mean_v their_o number_n be_v now_o so_o increase_v over_o all_o the_o city_n and_o village_n of_o poland_n that_o be_v now_o call_v the_o jew_n paradise_n in_o the_o year_n 1397_o vitoldus_n grand_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n have_v overthrow_v the_o nagayan_a tartar_n translate_v whole_a herd_n of_o they_o into_o his_o own_o territory_n who_o to_o this_o day_n obstinate_o maintain_v the_o folly_n of_o mahomet_n much_o about_o the_o same_o time_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o vladislaus_n jagello_n the_o opinion_n of_o john_n huss_n break_v forth_o and_o by_o the_o pain_n of_o procopius_n holy_a brederick_n straznicz_n and_o william_n kotska_n prevail_v so_o far_o in_o poland_n even_o among_o the_o nobility_n that_o though_o several_a severe_a edict_n be_v make_v against_o they_o yet_o can_v they_o never_o be_v whole_o extirpate_v at_o length_n the_o lutheran_n and_o calvinist_n invade_v the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n with_o more_o danger_n to_o the_o papacy_n their_o party_n be_v increase_v by_o the_o student_n of_o cracow_n through_o the_o neglect_n of_o the_o magistrate_n in_o not_o revenge_v the_o murder_n of_o one_o of_o their_o collegiate_n for_o they_o thereupon_o disperse_v into_o bohemia_n and_o germany_n upon_o their_o return_n so_o large_o propagate_v the_o doctrine_n of_o luther_n that_o sigismond_n augustus_n himself_o the_o archbishop_z of_o gnesna_n with_o the_o bishop_n of_o culmo_fw-la and_o camieniek_v lean_v very_o much_o to_o their_o party_n among_o these_o the_o arrian_n intermix_v themselves_o and_o although_o so_o severe_o prosecute_v by_o john_n casimir_n and_o other_o that_o alexander_n the_o seven_o for_o their_o sake_n give_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o title_n of_o orthodox_n yet_o they_o still_o shelter_v themselves_o under_o the_o name_n of_o dissenter_n as_o for_o the_o calvinist_n how_o far_o they_o have_v strengthen_v themselves_o may_v appear_v by_o the_o late_a disturbance_n in_o dantzick_n the_o russian_n though_o a_o great_a part_n of_o they_o in_o the_o year_n 1596_o join_v themselves_o to_o the_o roman_a church_n yet_o the_o more_o numerous_a party_n which_o go_v by_o the_o name_n of_o not-united_n still_o retain_v the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o greek_n under_o archbishop_n and_o priest_n of_o the_o same_o profession_n and_o their_o privilege_n be_v confirm_v by_o the_o agreement_n make_v in_o the_o year_n 1658._o the_o armenian_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o poland_n upon_o the_o account_n of_o trade_n profess_v the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n be_v wrought_v thereto_o by_o the_o zealous_a industry_n of_o john_n casimir_n late_o for_o the_o better_a support_n of_o the_o roman-catholick_n religion_n there_o be_v a_o article_n insert_v into_o the_o pacta_fw-la conventa_fw-la to_o which_o this_o present_a king_n swear_v that_o no_o person_n shall_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n that_o be_v not_o of_o the_o roman_n catholic_n religion_n and_o that_o the_o queen_n shall_v be_v either_o a_o roman_n catholic_n bear_v or_o by_o conversion_n palatinatus_n posnaniensis_fw-la in_o maioti_n polonia_n primarii_fw-la nova_fw-la delinatio_fw-la per_fw-la g._n f._n m._n what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o say_v have_v relate_v to_o poland_n in_o general_a which_o according_a to_o the_o opinion_n of_o the_o best_a modern_a geographer_n may_v be_v divide_v into_o the_o follow_a province_n 1._o the_o great_a poland_n which_o contain_v the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n calissia_n lancicia_n bresta_fw-mi inouladislavia_n sirad_n and_o rava_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o vielun_n and_o dobrin_n 2._o the_o lesser_a poland_n in_o which_o be_v contain_v the_o palatinate_n of_o cracow_n sendomir_n and_o lublin_n the_o dukedom_n of_o oswiec_n tabor_n and_o aever_n and_o the_o county_n of_o scepus_n 3._o lithuania_n which_o consist_v of_o three_o palatinate_n of_o vilna_n troco_n and_o brescia_n 4._o masovia_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o palatinate_n of_o masovia_n ploco_fw-la and_o podlachia_n 5._o prussia_n regius_fw-la which_o be_v divide_v into_o the_o palatinate_n of_o culmo_fw-la mariaeburg_n and_o pomerania_n and_o the_o bishopric_n of_o varma_n 6._o samogitia_n in_o which_o be_v no_o palatinate_n but_o the_o whole_a province_n be_v subject_a to_o one_o governor_n or_o captain_n 7._o white_a russia_n which_o border_n upon_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o moscovy_n and_o contain_v the_o palatinate_n of_o novogrod_n micislavia_n vitep_n poloco_fw-la smolensco_n czernichovia_n and_o kiovia_n of_o which_o at_o present_a a_o great_a part_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o moscovy_n 8._o red_a russia_n in_o which_o lie_v the_o palatine_n of_o russia_n podolia_n volhinia_n belze_n and_o braclavia_n last_o the_o southern_a tract_n of_o livonia_n be_v also_o reckon_v among_o the_o province_n of_o poland_n but_o of_o all_o these_o we_o shall_v treat_v more_o full_o in_o the_o follow_a order_n great_a poland_n the_o great_a poland_n contain_v the_o county_n of_o posnania_n and_o calissia_n poland_n great_a poland_n and_o the_o palatine_n of_o sirad_n rava_n vielun_n and_o cujavia_n which_o last_o be_v subdivide_v into_o the_o barony_n of_o breast_n and_o junuuladislavia_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o silesia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o upper_a pomeren_n on_o the_o north_n with_o masovia_n and_o part_n of_o prussia_n on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lesser_a poland_n it_o be_v general_o a_o level_a champain_n country_n abound_v with_o pleasant_a river_n lake_n and_o pond_n and_o well_o furnish_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o fish_n and_o fowl_n some_o part_n of_o cujavia_n indeed_o be_v more_o mountainous_a but_o what_o those_o want_n in_o pleasure_n they_o repay_v with_o profit_n the_o hill_n everywhere_o afford_v good_a store_n of_o wool_n and_o the_o valley_n plenty_n of_o corn._n the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a province_n be_v posnania_n call_v by_o the_o pole_n posnan_n posnania_n posnania_n by_o the_o german_n posen_n seat_v in_o 39_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o 52_o and_o about_o 10_o minute_n of_o latitude_n on_o the_o river_n warta_n the_o city_n be_v not_o large_a but_o well_o stock_v with_o merchant_n from_o all_o part_n of_o germany_n john_n lubranski_n former_o bishop_n of_o this_o place_n found_v here_o a_o gymnasium_n or_o petty-university_n in_o the_o suburb_n order_v the_o professor_n to_o be_v call_v from_o cracow_n where_o himself_o have_v be_v doctor_n of_o law_n though_o this_o structure_n have_v since_o that_o time_n be_v very_o much_o beautify_v by_o adam_n canar_n one_o of_o lubranski_n successor_n in_o the_o bishopric_n yet_o it_o be_v still_o outdo_v by_o the_o jesuit_n college_n and_o monastery_n in_o posen_n the_o people_n here_o be_v civil_a and_o gentile_a orderly_a and_o clean_o in_o their_o house_n and_o go_v more_o rich_a in_o apparel_n then_o be_v ordinary_a in_o any_o other_o place_n in_o poland_n cracow_n only_o except_v with_o which_o notwithstanding_o posen_n may_v vie_v for_o beauty_n trade_n and_o riches_n the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v roman-catholic_n however_o there_o be_v many_o large_a swarm_n of_o jew_n who_o live_v among_o they_o and_o enjoy_v more_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n than_o the_o citizen_n themselves_o
finish_v herman_n de_fw-fr salza_n master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n give_v law_n and_o constitution_n die_v kulmsche_n handveste_n for_o its_o government_n a_o specimen_fw-la of_o which_o ancient_a canon_n be_v give_v by_o lambecius_n out_o of_o a_o old_a dutch_a manuscript_n in_o the_o emperor_n library_n at_o vienna_n the_o city_n at_o present_a look_n old_a and_o ruinous_a but_o be_v still_o a_o bishop_n sec._n the_o lutheran_n be_v permit_v the_o exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n in_o private_a house_n by_o a_o public_a edict_n sign_v and_o publish_v in_o this_o city_n by_o john_n malachowski_n bishop_n of_o the_o diocese_n the_o thirteen_o of_o march_n 1678._o 4._o thoorn_v build_v at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o culm_n by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n for_o a_o post_n against_o the_o heathen_a prussian_n but_o not_o in_o the_o place_n where_o it_o now_o stand_v old_a thoorn_v be_v seat_v a_o mile_n westward_o from_o the_o new_a where_o to_o this_o day_n be_v find_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n and_o city_n by_o who_o and_o when_o new_o thoorn_v be_v first_o found_v be_v not_o easy_o determine_v for_o when_o in_o the_o year_n 1454_o this_o part_n of_o prussia_n deliver_v itself_o up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n the_o old_a and_o new_a thoorn_v join_v interest_n and_o make_v up_o one_o entire_a corporation_n betwixt_o they_o whence_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o record_n of_o the_o new_a city_n be_v neglect_v and_o lose_v thoorn_v seem_v to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n thor_n a_o gate_n because_o build_v by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n as_o a_o gate_n to_o let_v in_o such_o force_n into_o prussia_n as_o they_o shall_v have_v occasion_n for_o hence_o the_o arm_n of_o thoorn_v be_v a_o castle_n and_o gate_n half_o open_a at_o present_v this_o city_n be_v the_o neat_a and_o best_a build_v in_o regal_a prussia_n the_o street_n be_v much_o broad_a and_o the_o house_n stately_a than_o at_o dantzig_n it_o owe_v much_o of_o its_o beauty_n to_o henry_n stroband_n burgomaster_n of_o the_o town_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1609._o he_o build_v the_o gymnasium_n here_o and_o endow_v it_o with_o a_o considerable_a revenue_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o several_a lecturer_n and_o poor_a scholar_n he_o found_v also_o the_o hospital_n and_o public_a library_n and_o build_v anew_o the_o town-hall_n which_o be_v it_o not_o of_o late_o outdo_v by_o the_o stadthuis_n at_o amsterdam_n may_v be_v reckon_v the_o stately_a in_o europe_n of_o its_o kind_n the_o rest_n of_o this_o country_n comprchend_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n be_v subject_a to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o part_n of_o the_o empire_n shall_v be_v treat_v of_o in_o the_o description_n of_o germany_n the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n whence_o this_o large_a and_o noble_a country_n shall_v have_v its_o name_n be_v utter_o unknown_a lithvania_n lithvania_n it_o be_v ridiculous_a to_o bring_v the_o word_n from_o the_o latin_a lituus_fw-la a_o hunting-horn_n because_o forsooth_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v much_o addict_v to_o hunt_v erasmus_fw-la stella_fw-la a_o historian_n of_o good_a credit_n tell_v we_o some_o prussian_n under_o the_o command_n of_o litwo_n one_o of_o their_o king_n son_n come_v into_o these_o part_n about_o the_o year_n 573_o and_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o captain_n name_n litwania_n or_o litvania_n the_o polish_v historian_n agree_v general_o in_o this_o story_n that_o palaemon_n fly_v the_o fury_n of_o attyla_n leave_v rome_n and_o come_v with_o several_a italian_n into_o this_o country_n who_o give_v it_o the_o name_n of_o la_fw-fr italia_n which_o be_v afterward_o corrupt_v into_o lithvania_n the_o lithvanians_n themselves_o glory_n in_o this_o derivation_n of_o the_o name_n of_o their_o country_n and_o prove_v this_o story_n of_o palaemon_n true_a by_o the_o roman_a name_n of_o their_o noble_n vrsin_n column_n julian_n etc._n etc._n but_o this_o etymology_n seem_v too_o far_o fetch_v stella_n aim_v fair_a though_o he_o miss_v the_o mark_n a_o little_a for_o it_o be_v certain_a the_o prussian_n do_v conquer_v this_o land_n and_o seat_n themselves_o in_o it_o though_o the_o additional_a story_n of_o prince_n litwo_n seem_v feign_v more_o likely_a it_o be_v that_o the_o prussian_n not_o satisfy_v with_o their_o change_n call_v the_o country_n lithvania_n from_o litwo_n which_o in_o the_o ancient_a prussian_a language_n signify_v a_o vagabond_n or_o wanderer_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v the_o alani_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n since_o the_o lithvanians_n do_v still_o retain_v some_o footstep_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o people_n in_o their_o lithalani_n and_o roxalani_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v compare_v the_o account_n which_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n give_v of_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o ancient_a alani_n with_o what_o the_o best_a author_n say_v of_o the_o old_a lithvanians_n will_v easy_o perceive_v that_o they_o be_v not_o both_o one_o nation_n their_o language_n sufficient_o prove_v they_o to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n with_o the_o prussian_n and_o what_o that_o be_v we_o tell_v you_o before_o about_o the_o year_n 1235_o ringeld_n son_n of_o gimbut_n government_n alteration_n of_o government_n of_o the_o posterity_n of_o palaemon_n be_v say_v to_o have_v first_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o title_n of_o great_a duke_n of_o lithvania_n in_o the_o year_n 1319_o gedimin_n who_o first_o build_v vilna_n refuse_v to_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o russian_a and_o enter_v novogrod_v with_o a_o army_n take_v volodimir_n and_o make_v all_o volhinia_n swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o magistracy_n of_o lithvania_n how_o large_a the_o dukedom_n be_v may_v appear_v from_o the_o vast_a territory_n he_o leave_v to_o each_o of_o his_o seven_o son_n at_o his_o death_n to_o montvid_n he_o give_v kiernova_n and_o slomin_v to_o narimund_n pinsko_n mozyr_n and_o part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o volodimir_n to_o olgierd_v creve_n and_o the_o country_n beyond_o as_o far_o as_o beresine_n to_o kieystut_n samogitia_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o troce_n lida_n vpide_v and_o subsylvania_n to_o coriat_n novogrod_n and_o volkowiski_n to_o lubart_n volodomir_n and_o volhinia_n to_o his_o young_a son_n jaunut_n vilna_n osmia_n and_o braslaw_n design_v he_o for_o great_a duke_n but_o soon_o after_o when_o the_o tartar_n begin_v to_o infest_v volhinia_n and_o kiow_n jaunut_n be_v depose_v and_o his_o brother_n olgierd_v make_v great_a duke_n in_o his_o place_n he_o in_o the_o year_n 1331_o fall_v upon_o the_o tartar_n and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o podolia_n which_o they_o have_v keep_v for_o some_o year_n about_o the_o same_o time_n demetrius_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n send_v a_o ambassador_n into_o lithuania_n to_o demand_v a_o restitution_n of_o all_o those_o province_n which_o former_o belong_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o russia_n the_o great_a duke_n immediate_o upon_o his_o arrival_n commit_v he_o to_o close_a custody_n and_o march_v forthwith_o in_o the_o head_n of_o his_o army_n towards_o moscovy_n surprise_v the_o duke_n in_o his_o palace_n and_o force_v he_o to_o accept_v of_o a_o peace_n upon_o this_o condition_n that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o bound_n of_o lithuania_n shall_v reach_v as_o far_o as_o moscow_n and_o the_o river_n vgra_fw-mi when_o vladislaus_n jagello_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1386_o he_o promise_v that_o from_o thence_o forward_a the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithuania_n shall_v be_v annex_v to_o that_o crown_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o lithvanian_a and_o russian_a nobility_n take_v a_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n to_o the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v repeat_v in_o the_o year_n 1401_o and_o 1414._o but_o this_o obligation_n they_o afterward_o shake_v off_o for_o when_o the_o polander_n desire_v to_o join_v volhinia_n podolia_n and_o some_o other_o province_n of_o russia_n to_o their_o own_o kingdom_n the_o lithuanian_n loath_a to_o part_v with_o so_o fair_a possession_n oppose_v they_o with_o that_o vehemence_n that_o for_o several_a year_n there_o be_v nothing_o but_o continual_a skirmish_n between_o the_o two_o nation_n at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1566_o difference_n begin_v to_o be_v compose_v which_o be_v final_o determine_v a._n d._n 1569_o by_o article_n draw_v up_o and_o subscribe_v to_o by_o both_o party_n in_o the_o presence_n of_o several_a ambassador_n of_o other_o nation_n the_o principle_n article_n agree_v upon_o be_v these_o that_o the_o lithuanian_n shall_v for_o the_o future_a disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o the_o province_n of_o podlachia_n and_o volhinia_n and_o the_o palatinate_n of_o kiow_n that_o they_o shall_v never_o by_o themselves_o elect_v a_o great_a duke_n but_o upon_o a_o vacancy_n repair_v to_o the_o place_n whither_o they_o
october_n they_o have_v a_o general_a rendezvous_n of_o man_n woman_n and_o child_n who_o bring_v with_o they_o to_o the_o place_n appoint_v loaf_n of_o bread_n and_o vessel_n full_a of_o beer_n these_o they_o set_v on_o a_o table_n spread_v with_o hay_n that_o do_v they_o bring_v out_o a_o young_a heifer_n a_o boar_n and_o a_o sow_n a_o cock_n and_o hen_n with_o other_o such_o cattle_n and_o poultry_n as_o the_o house_n afford_v in_o pair_n male_a and_o female_a when_o thing_n be_v thus_o in_o readiness_n out_o come_v a_o old_a priest_n or_o wizard_n who_o mumble_v over_o a_o few_o hard_a word_n give_v the_o sacrifice_n a_o blow_n with_o a_o stick_n which_o stroke_n be_v second_v by_o the_o whole_a company_n till_o the_o heifer_n be_v dead_a and_o beat_v to_o piece_n whilst_o this_o ceremony_n last_v they_o cry_v this_o oblation_n of_o thanksgiving_n we_o make_v thou_o o_o ziemiennik_n so_o they_o call_v the_o feign_a god_n for_o that_o it_o have_v please_v thou_o to_o preserve_v we_o from_o all_o the_o evil_n of_o the_o year_n past_a and_o we_o beseech_v thou_o to_o protect_v and_o defend_v we_o for_o the_o future_a from_o fire_n sword_z pestilence_n and_o all_o our_o enemy_n after_o this_o they_o take_v a_o little_a of_o every_o dish_n they_o have_v provide_v and_o put_v it_o in_o four_o corner_n of_o the_o house_n and_o in_o the_o ground_n cry_v aloud_o accept_v o_o ziemiennik_n our_o offering_n eat_v with_o we_o and_o be_v merry_a the_o solemnity_n thus_o over_o they_o spend_v the_o rest_n of_o that_o day_n in_o feast_v and_o drunkenness_n there_o be_v no_o city_n or_o great_a town_n in_o samogitia_n of_o any_o consequence_n mzdniki_n be_v a_o poor_a and_o despicable_a city_n all_o the_o rest_n scarce_o merit_v the_o name_n of_o village_n lithvania_n and_o this_o province_n have_v all_o along_o be_v sharer_n in_o the_o same_o fortune_n and_o change_n they_o be_v both_o at_o once_o subject_a to_o the_o russian_n at_o once_o overrun_v by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o at_o once_o convert_v from_o idolatry_n and_o subject_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n livonia_n livonia_n or_o liefland_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o russia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o finland-bay_n on_o the_o south_n with_o samogitia_n and_o some_o part_n of_o lithvania_n the_o length_n of_o it_o be_v about_o 500_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n near_o 160._o the_o country_n be_v general_o plain_a and_o fruitful_a abound_v with_o corn_n and_o honey_n some_o part_n of_o it_o be_v fenny_a full_a of_o lake_n and_o river_n the_o many_o conquest_n this_o land_n have_v suffer_v have_v make_v its_o inhabitant_n a_o medley_n of_o moscovite_n swede_n dane_n polander_n and_o german_n but_o the_o last_o have_v the_o great_a share_n in_o the_o country_n whence_o the_o generality_n speak_v high-dutch_a the_o common_a people_n be_v use_v as_o hardly_o here_o as_o in_o poland_n or_o lithvania_n and_o the_o nobility_n lord_n it_o as_o much_o drunkenness_n and_o gluttony_n be_v vice_n the_o lieflander_n be_v general_o addict_v to_o from_o the_o great_a lord_n to_o the_o mean_a peasant_n the_o boar_n will_v be_v hard_o put_v to_o it_o to_o get_v a_o live_n consider_v the_o untolerable_a drudgery_n they_o undergo_v if_o they_o have_v not_o the_o privilege_n of_o hunt_a hare_n of_o which_o they_o have_v great_a plenty_n in_o these_o part_n white_a in_o winter_n and_o brown_a in_o summer_n fox_n bear_n and_o other_o kind_n of_o venison_n it_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o all_o author_n that_o liefland_n be_v first_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n by_o sigismond_n augustus_n though_o the_o story_n be_v tell_v different_a way_n kojalowicz_n tell_v we_o that_o william_n furstenburg_n master_n of_o the_o liefland_n order_n of_o knighthood_n upon_o his_o turn_n lutheran_n have_v frequent_a quarrel_n with_o william_n archbishop_n of_o riga_n who_o he_o accuse_v at_o a_o session_n of_o the_o nobility_n at_o winden_n of_o a_o conspiracy_n of_o betray_v curland_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o albert_n duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n his_o kinsman_n upon_o this_o pretence_n he_o immediate_o enter_v the_o archbishops_n territory_n with_o a_o army_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n king_n sigismond_n hear_v this_o wage_n war_n with_o liefland_n and_o a.d._n 1557_o conquer_v it_o but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o war_n seem_v to_o be_v ground_v upon_o better_a pretension_n than_o these_o for_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o there_o arise_v many_o skirmish_n between_o the_o archbishop_n and_o the_o master_n of_o the_o order_n touch_v point_n of_o religion_n yet_o during_o furstenburg_n government_n ivan_n duke_n of_o moscovy_n and_o not_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n overrun_v and_o lay_v waste_v the_o great_a part_n of_o liefland_n against_o who_o gothard_n ketler_n furstenburg_n successor_n request_v the_o aid_n of_o king_n sigismond_n who_o quick_o beat_v the_o moscovian_a out_o of_o his_o hold_n and_o create_v gothard_n duke_n of_o curland_n annex_v the_o rest_n of_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o dominion_n but_o he_o find_v this_o country_n be_v easy_o conquer_v than_o keep_v for_o the_o revalians_n find_v themselves_o unable_a to_o withstand_v the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovian_o commit_v their_o land_n to_o the_o protection_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n whereupon_o this_o king_n think_v his_o title_n to_o liefland_n be_v as_o good_a as_o the_o polander_n especial_o since_o ferdinand_n the_o emperor_n have_v give_v he_o the_o sole_a charge_n of_o defend_v it_o upon_o these_o pretension_n he_o present_o rout_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o habsal_n lehale_n parnow_n and_o other_o place_n and_o put_v into_o they_o garrison_n of_o his_o own_o beside_o the_o polish_v interest_n receive_v at_o the_o same_o time_n another_o fatal_a blow_n upon_o this_o occasion_n john_n duke_n of_o finland_n marry_v katherine_n sister_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o who_o he_o lend_v 80000_o some_o say_v 124000_o dollar_n upon_o a_o mortgage_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o wittenstein_n karchise_v frichate_n helmult_n ermise_n ruja_n and_o bortwic_n all_o in_o liefland_n return_v into_o sweden_n he_o be_v accuse_v by_o king_n eric_n his_o brother_n of_o high_a treason_n in_o offer_v to_o make_v a_o confederacy_n as_o he_o call_v it_o with_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n without_o his_o consent_n in_o this_o rage_n the_o king_n rob_v his_o brother_n of_o all_o the_o castle_n and_o take_v they_o into_o his_o own_o hand_n not_o without_o the_o pretence_n of_o be_v more_o able_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o moscovite_n not_o long_o after_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n and_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n with_o irresistible_a force_n create_v the_o great_a duke_n of_o holstein_n king_n of_o liefland_n when_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o poland_n perceive_v matter_n bring_v to_o this_o pass_n they_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o lay_v aside_o all_o petit_fw-fr animosity_n between_o their_o two_o kingdom_n and_o to_o join_v force_n against_o their_o common_a enemy_n the_o moscovite_n fear_v lest_o otherwise_o whilst_o they_o two_o stand_v quarrel_v for_o each_o a_o shell_n he_o shall_v snatch_v away_o the_o fish_n and_o indeed_o this_o confederacy_n prove_v very_o successful_a to_o the_o swede_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1580_o retake_v many_o strong_a hold_v from_o the_o moscovite_n as_o lode_n lehale_n habsal_n narwe_v the_o province_n of_o wicki_n wittenstein_n carelogrod_n etc._n etc._n steven_n king_n of_o poland_n fear_v lest_o if_o the_o swede_n go_v on_o with_o the_o same_o success_n and_o vigour_n he_o begin_v with_o he_o will_v bring_v all_o liefland_n to_o his_o own_o beck_n clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o the_o moscovite_n unknown_a to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n upon_o these_o condition_n that_o the_o moscovite_n shall_v restore_v all_o the_o place_n he_o have_v take_v in_o lithvania_n that_o on_o the_o other_o hand_n king_n stephen_n shall_v restore_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o moscovy_n vielikoluk_n and_o some_o other_o fort_n he_o have_v take_v in_o these_o war_n after_o this_o when_o sigismond_n son_n of_o john_n the_o three_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o stephen_n elect_a king_n of_o poland_n the_o pole_n admit_v he_o upon_o this_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v annex_v all_o that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o be_v under_o his_o government_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o sigismond_n the_o three_o come_v to_o he_o crown_n of_o sweden_n can_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n be_v persuade_v to_o grant_v this_o request_n when_o he_o be_v depose_v from_o his_o kingdom_n there_o arise_v bloody_a war_n between_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n
and_o charles_n ix_o who_o the_o swede_n have_v set_v up_o king_n in_o his_o place_n these_o gustavus_n adolphus_n continue_v and_o in_o they_o overrun_v almost_o all_o liefland_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1629_o a_o truce_n be_v make_v for_o six_o year_n upon_o these_o term_n that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v enjoy_v all_o he_o have_v win_v this_o truce_n be_v again_o renew_v for_o 26_o year_n more_o a.d._n 1635._o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o ambassador_n from_o the_o king_n of_o england_n and_o france_n and_o the_o state_n of_o the_o unite_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1654._o whilst_o a_o great_a part_n of_o lithvania_n be_v lay_v waist_n by_o the_o moscovite_n charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n before_o the_o 26_o year_n be_v expire_v proclaim_a war_n against_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n allege_v among_o other_o thing_n as_o a_o reason_n for_o his_o proceed_n that_o the_o polish_v ambassador_n at_o stockholm_n have_v protest_v against_o his_o succession_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n at_o the_o beginning_n the_o fortune_n of_o the_o war_n go_v much_o on_o his_o side_n but_o within_o a_o short_a while_o the_o dane_n make_v incursion_n into_o sweden_n force_v he_o to_o quit_v poland_n and_o be_v more_o concern_v to_o defend_v what_o he_o have_v at_o home_n then_o to_o seek_v for_o new_a conquest_n abroad_o however_o the_o war_n still_o continue_v till_o a.d._n 1660._o when_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o charles_n gustavus_n peace_n be_v establish_v between_o the_o two_o kingdom_n at_o oliva_n a_o monastery_n near_o dantzic_n of_o which_o these_o be_v some_o of_o the_o article_n that_o john_n casimir_n king_n of_o poland_n shall_v for_o ever_o renounce_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n and_o principality_n of_o finland_n that_o he_o shall_v only_o challenge_v the_o title_n of_o king_n of_o sweden_n for_o his_o life_n but_o not_o make_v use_n of_o it_o in_o any_o of_o his_o letter_n to_o the_o swedish_n king_n that_o he_o shall_v deliver_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n all_v that_o part_n of_o liefland_n which_o lie_v beyond_o the_o river_n duna_n and_o disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n to_o esten_n and_o oesel_n and_o whatever_o on_o this_o side_n the_o duna_n be_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n during_o the_o truce_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n shall_v still_o keep_v the_o southern_a liefland_n in_o which_o be_v reckon_v duneburg_n rositen_n luzen_n marienhusen_n etc._n etc._n this_o country_n be_v long_o subject_a to_o paganism_n and_o idolatry_n until_o about_o the_o year_n 1158_o it_o begin_v to_o be_v frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o lubeck_n who_o get_v leave_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o build_v a_o small_a chapel_n in_o a_o island_n upon_o the_o duna_n thence_o call_v kircholm_n for_o the_o exercise_n of_o christian_a worship_n afterward_o menard_n a_o monk_n of_o segeberg_n be_v consecrate_v bishop_n of_o liefland_n by_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o send_v over_o by_o the_o merchant_n to_o propagate_v christianity_n in_o these_o part_n his_o seat_n be_v at_o vxkel_n a_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o duna_n not_o far_o from_o riga_n bertholdus_n a_o monk_n of_o bremen_n of_o the_o order_n of_o st._n paul_n succeed_v he_o in_o his_o bishopric_n he_o be_v the_o first_o founder_n of_o riga_n whither_o he_o remove_v his_o see_n but_o live_v not_o long_o to_o enjoy_v it_o there_o for_o endeavour_v to_o promote_v christianity_n more_o by_o the_o sword_n than_o spirit_n he_o be_v overcome_v and_o slay_v by_o the_o pagan_n albertus_n bertholdus_n immediate_a successor_n fortify_v riga_n and_o make_v it_o a_o city_n that_o do_v he_o join_v himself_o to_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n a_o order_n of_o knighthood_n confirm_v by_o pope_n innocent_a the_o three_o about_o the_o year_n 1204_o hope_v thereby_o to_o be_v better_a able_a than_o his_o predecessor_n have_v be_v to_o oppose_v the_o rage_n of_o the_o heathen_a not_o long_o after_o when_o this_o order_n be_v change_v into_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o society_n subject_v themselves_o to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n of_o prussia_n the_o master_n of_o which_o have_v power_n give_v he_o to_o appoint_v a_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n the_o prussian_a bishop_n of_o culm_n pomesen_n and_o sambland_n do_v though_o not_o at_o the_o same_o time_n as_o some_o will_v have_v it_o advance_v the_o power_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o riga_n make_v he_o a_o archbishop_n and_o themselves_o his_o suffragans_fw-la only_o the_o bishop_n of_o warm_a as_o have_v never_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n will_v not_o yield_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o member_n of_o the_o province_n of_o riga_n in_o this_o state_n the_o church_n of_o liefland_n continue_v for_o a_o long_a time_n till_o in_o the_o year_n 1513_o william_n plettenberg_n the_o xli_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n buy_v off_o all_o homage_n to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o prussia_n and_o be_v himself_o make_v absolute_a prince_n of_o liefland_n his_o successor_n live_v and_o enjoy_v their_o dominion_n in_o peace_n till_o the_o day_n of_o sigismond_n augustus_n king_n of_o poland_n but_o afterward_o what_o with_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a war_n and_o the_o continual_a incursion_n of_o the_o moscovite_n polander_n swede_n and_o dane_n the_o country_n be_v bring_v to_o be_v a_o mere_a medley_n of_o man_n and_o religion_n at_o this_o day_n those_o part_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n do_v general_o profess_v the_o lutheran_n religion_n most_o of_o the_o subject_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n adhere_v to_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n though_o some_o be_v lutheran_n in_o some_o part_n of_o esten_n the_o poor_a ignorant_a rustic_n be_v half_a pagan_n liefland_n be_v former_o divide_v into_o two_o part_n only_o let_v and_o esten_n to_o which_o the_o order_n of_o the_o sword_n bearer_n add_v curland_n some_o have_v divide_v the_o whole_a country_n into_o six_o part_n curland_n semigal_n esten_n let_v harland_n and_o virland_n but_o semigal_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o province_n of_o curland_n and_o harland_n and_o virland_n part_n of_o esten_n of_o these_o curland_n be_v immediate_o subject_a to_o its_o own_o duke_n who_o nevertheless_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n some_o part_n also_o of_o let_v which_o go_v under_o the_o name_n of_o south_n liefland_n be_v since_o the_o treaty_n at_o oliva_n in_o that_o king_n possession_n the_o curoni_n ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o curland_n and_o semigal_n be_v think_v by_o some_o to_o be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o caryones_n mention_v by_o ptolomey_n there_o be_v not_o far_o from_o windaw_n a_o small_a village_n which_o still_o bear_v their_o memory_n in_o its_o name_n be_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o this_o day_n call_v curon_n the_o most_o notable_a place_n in_o it_o be_v 1._o mitaw_fw-mi the_o seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n mauss_n take_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o but_o restore_v a.d._n 1629._o the_o town_n be_v but_o mean_a and_o inconsiderable_a but_o the_o castle_n magnificent_o rebuilt_a by_o some_o of_o the_o late_a duke_n 2._o windaw_n or_o winden_n as_o the_o german_n write_v it_o though_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v it_o kies_n seat_v on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n windaw_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n here_o former_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o provincial_n of_o liefland_n afterward_o the_o general_a parliament_n or_o great_a council_n of_o curland_n have_v their_o session_n in_o this_o city_n which_o make_v it_o exceed_o populous_a at_o this_o day_n there_o be_v little_a appearance_n of_o its_o ancient_a splendour_n nor_o be_v it_o frequent_v by_o any_o but_o a_o few_o dutch_a merchant_n who_o be_v here_o lade_v with_o tar_n pitch_n and_o wax_n it_o be_v a_o mistake_n very_o ordinary_a among_o the_o historian_n that_o write_v of_o this_o country_n to_o confound_v this_o city_n with_o wenden_n in_o let_v tell_v we_o that_o this_o too_o be_v call_v by_o the_o polander_v kies_n and_o the_o old_a dutch_a sea-cart_n mention_v a_o kind_n of_o castle_n with_o three_o tower_n upon_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o windaw_n but_o never_o take_v notice_n of_o of_o any_o sea-port-town_n in_o this_o place_n 3._o pilten_a or_o piltyn_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o curland_n build_v by_o waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n a.d._n 1219._o the_o southern_a or_o polish_v liefland_n contain_v only_o a_o few_o small_a town_n or_o village_n among_o which_o there_o be_v nothing_o worth_a take_v notice_n of_o but_o duneburg_n a_o castle_n as_o its_o name_n intimate_v seat_v on_o the_o river_n duna_n volhinia_n podolia_n etc._n etc._n though_o the_o polish_v dominion_n reach_v former_o a_o considerable_a
way_n beyond_o the_o nieper_n or_o boristhenes_n take_v within_o its_o precinct_n the_o territory_n of_o kiow_n and_o braclaw_n which_o go_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o the_o vkrain_n speak_v of_o before_o yet_o since_o the_o treaty_n ratify_v between_o the_o grand_a signior_n and_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1677_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o the_o cosack_n be_v deliver_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o hither_o volhinia_n be_v at_o this_o day_n the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n walachia_n too_o and_o moldavia_n be_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n but_o soon_o after_o his_o death_n his_o son_n casimir_n lose_v they_o both_o back_n again_o to_o the_o turk_n for_o when_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o continual_a trouble_n he_o have_v in_o defend_v prussia_n against_o the_o teutonic_n order_n he_o can_v not_o possible_o succour_v those_o part_n the_o palatine_a of_o walachia_n strike_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o mahomet_n upon_o condition_n of_o pay_v a_o yearly_a tribute_n of_o 2000_o crown_n since_o that_o time_n the_o palatine_n of_o walachia_n have_v sometime_o swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o turk_n sometime_o to_o the_o polander_n but_o keep_v their_o word_n with_o neither_o several_a of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v be_v in_o a_o condition_n of_o repossess_v themselves_o of_o these_o part_n but_o fear_v to_o engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o so_o potent_a a_o enemy_n as_o the_o grand_a signior_n for_o so_o mean_v a_o stake_n they_o have_v rather_o choose_v to_o resign_v they_o quiet_o and_o suffer_v he_o still_o to_o enjoy_v they_o upon_o condition_n that_o the_o turk_n shall_v constitute_v no_o vicegerent_n in_o these_o their_o neighbour_a province_n but_o such_o as_o be_v lineal_o descend_v from_o the_o duke_n of_o moldavia_n and_o consequent_o of_o a_o polish_v stock_n nor_o shall_v demand_v any_o arbitrary_a but_o a_o certain_a fix_a and_o determine_v tribute_n but_o these_o privilege_n the_o pole_n have_v now_o lose_v insomuch_o that_o the_o turk_n be_v grow_v absolute_a lord_n of_o the_o country_n and_o govern_v it_o by_o who_o and_o how_o he_o please_v but_o these_o two_o country_n can_v not_o satisfy_v the_o the_o great_a turk_n who_o find_v a_o occasion_n to_o pick_v a_o quarrel_n with_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o he_o know_v himself_o able_a to_o conquer_v wherefore_o in_o the_o year_n 1672_o advance_v further_o into_o this_o king_n dominion_n with_o a_o vast_a army_n he_o take_v camienec_n the_o best_a fortress_n in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o have_v march_v further_o into_o the_o very_a heart_n of_o the_o nation_n have_v he_o not_o be_v stop_v with_o proposal_n of_o peace_n from_o king_n michael_n upon_o these_o term_n that_o the_o polander_n shall_v quit_v all_o title_n to_o podolia_n and_o resign_v it_o whole_o to_o the_o turk_n that_o with_o podolia_n they_o shall_v also_o surrender_v all_o pretension_n to_o the_o vkrain_n that_o they_o shall_v pay_v yearly_a to_o the_o grand_a signior_n a_o tribute_n of_o 22000_o ducat_n etc._n etc._n these_o condition_n propose_v and_o ratify_v by_o the_o king_n alone_o without_o the_o approbation_n of_o the_o parliament_n be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o whole_a nation_n as_o too_o dishonourable_a to_o be_v observe_v wherefore_o it_o be_v resolve_v they_o shall_v endeavour_v to_o the_o outmost_a to_o recover_v brave_o what_o their_o king_n have_v so_o cowardly_o part_v with_o according_o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n 1673_o they_o proclaim_v war_n against_o the_o turk_n which_o be_v carry_v on_o with_o good_a success_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o john_n sobieski_n the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n their_o then_o valorous_a general_n who_o on_o the_o 11_o of_o november_n discomfit_v the_o turkish_a army_n and_o retake_v the_o castle_n of_o chotim_n after_o many_o more_o bloody_a engagement_n in_o a_o war_n of_o several_a year_n continuance_n the_o peace_n be_v at_o last_o conclude_v in_o november_n 1676_o upon_o these_o and_o some_o other_o condition_n that_o the_o lipec-tartar_n shall_v be_v permit_v to_o remove_v their_o good_n and_o family_n into_o podolia_n and_o there_o live_v subject_a to_o the_o turk_n that_o the_o vkrain_n shall_v remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o grand_a signior_n that_o polish_v garrison_n shall_v be_v put_v into_o niemierow_n and_o kallik_a and_o the_o bassaw_n of_o camieniec_n have_v nothing_o to_o do_v there_o till_o matter_n be_v adjust_v at_o the_o convention_n of_o ambassador_n at_o porte_fw-fr that_o pawolocz_n and_o bialocerkiew_n shall_v remain_v entire_a in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o polander_n that_o the_o resignation_n of_o podolia_n shall_v be_v debate_v by_o the_o ambassador_n at_o porte_fw-fr that_o in_o all_o place_n take_v by_o the_o turk_n the_o christian_n shall_v enjoy_v the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n etc._n etc._n these_o article_n be_v read_v and_o ratify_v in_o the_o parliament_n of_o poland_n the_o 22_o day_n of_o february_n a.d._n 1677._o since_o which_o time_n the_o great_a turk_n have_v not_o answer_v the_o expectation_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n in_o resign_v the_o country_n he_o have_v take_v podolia_n be_v doubtless_o worth_a seek_v after_o and_o too_o good_a to_o be_v part_v with_o upon_o slight_a term_n by_o those_o who_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o it_o by_o a_o fair_a conquest_n be_v able_a to_o keep_v their_o hold_n if_o what_o maginus_fw-la report_v of_o it_o be_v true_a that_o it_o be_v so_o fruitful_a that_o in_o one_o night_n the_o grass_n will_v hide_v a_o rod_n and_o in_o a_o few_o day_n a_o plough_n volhinia_n be_v as_o well_o worth_a defend_n as_o podolia_n regain_n be_v a_o fruitful_a and_o plenteous_a country_n exceed_o well_o stock_v with_o corn_n sheep_n timber_n fish_n honey_n etc._n etc._n place_n of_o great_a note_n in_o it_o be_v 1._o luceoria_n or_o lusuc_n a_o bishop_n see_v first_o found_v by_o ludowic_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n about_o the_o year_n 1374._o 2._o olyka_n a_o seat_n of_o some_o of_o the_o lithvanian_a duke_n among_o who_o john_n former_o duke_n of_o this_o place_n and_o nieswiesc_n with_o his_o brother_n nicolas_n radziwil_n marshal_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o lithvania_n be_v make_v a_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o diet_n at_o augspurg_n a.d._n 1547._o 3._o ostrog_n once_o the_o seat_n of_o duke_n to_o who_o a_o great_a part_n of_o this_o country_n be_v immediate_o subject_a but_o that_o line_n be_v of_o late_o utter_o extinct_a the_o lesser_a poland_n the_o lesser_a poland_n lie_v on_o the_o south_n of_o the_o great_a from_o some_o part_n of_o which_o it_o be_v separate_v by_o the_o warta_n from_o other_o by_o the_o pilcza_n it_o be_v divide_v in_o the_o middle_n by_o the_o vistula_n upon_o which_o be_v seat_v most_o of_o its_o great_a town_n and_o contain_v in_o it_o three_o palatinate_n of_o cracow_n sendomir_n and_o lublin_n this_o province_n as_o all_o poland_n have_v former_o be_v be_v very_o woody_a 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o 〈◊〉_d which_o heretofore_o occasion_v so_o many_o barbarous_a robbery_n as_o be_v usual_o commit_v under_o the_o shelter_n of_o their_o forest_n insomuch_o that_o in_o the_o year_n 1450_o casimir_n call_v a_o assembly_n of_o the_o noble_n of_o the_o lesser_a poland_n only_o to_o consult_v of_o some_o mean_n to_o suppress_v the_o intolerable_a thievery_n practise_v among_o the_o generality_n of_o they_o the_o nobility_n not_o except_v but_o because_o many_o of_o the_o grandee_n of_o poland_n be_v not_o at_o that_o time_n satisfy_v with_o this_o king_n title_n to_o the_o crown_n nothing_o can_v be_v effectual_o enact_v by_o his_o authority_n so_o that_o for_o a_o long_a time_n rapine_n and_o murder_n be_v increase_v rather_o then_o diminish_v for_o by_o these_o delay_n of_o justice_n the_o robber_n be_v come_v to_o that_o strength_n at_o last_o that_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o two_o nobleman_n cauca_n sweborowski_n and_o john_n his_o brother_n they_o have_v fortify_v the_o mountain_n zebrace_n near_o oswenskim_n and_o several_a other_o place_n whither_o such_o army_n of_o ruffian_n continual_o flock_v as_o can_v not_o afterward_o be_v suppress_v without_o a_o deal_n of_o bloodshed_n and_o hazard_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n cracow_n the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o province_n and_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v seat_v on_o a_o rocky_a bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o one_o cracus_n gracus_fw-la or_o gracchus_n who_o the_o polander_n so_o they_o themselves_o say_v though_o the_o bohemian_a writer_n will_v needs_o make_v he_o one_o of_o their_o prince_n set_v over_o they_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o grow_v weary_a of_o the_o twelve_o palatine_n who_o take_v the_o government_n into_o their_o hand_n upon_o the_o death_n
of_o lechus_n the_o first_o other_o think_v it_o the_o same_o with_o ptolomey_n carodunum_fw-la corrupt_v into_o cracow_n this_o city_n as_o it_o be_v the_o large_a so_o it_o be_v the_o best_a build_v of_o any_o one_o in_o poland_n cromer_n set_v it_o in_o competition_n with_o the_o best_a build_v city_n of_o germany_n or_o italy_n but_o we_o must_v allow_v he_o to_o stretch_v a_o little_a more_o than_o ordinary_a in_o commendation_n of_o his_o own_o country_n the_o house_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o freestone_n and_o four_o or_o five_o story_n high_a but_o cover_v with_o board_n instead_o of_o slat_n there_o be_v in_o it_o a_o considerable_a company_n of_o italian_a and_o german_a merchant_n who_o bring_v in_o such_o foreign_a ware_n as_o the_o country_n stand_v in_o need_n of_o it_o consist_v like_a london_n and_o paris_n of_o three_o part_n 1._o cracow_n proper_o so_o call_v or_o the_o ancient_a city_n 2._o cazimiria_n join_v to_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o wooden_a bridge_n across_o the_o vistula_n 3._o stradomia_fw-la which_o lie_v between_o cracow_n and_o the_o bridge_n the_o king_n palace_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o high_a hill_n whence_o it_o overlook_v both_o city_n and_o country_n it_o be_v rebuilt_a in_o the_o magnificent_a posture_n it_o now_o stand_v by_o sigismond_n the_o elder_a who_o add_v the_o gallery_n on_o the_o north_n side_n from_o whence_o you_o have_v one_o of_o the_o best_a prospect_n in_o europe_n the_o university_n of_o cracow_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a finish_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n in_o performance_n of_o the_o last_o will_v and_o testament_n of_o his_o queen_n hedwig_n and_o have_v its_o privilege_n confirm_v to_o it_o by_o pope_n vrban_n in_o the_o year_n 1549_o the_o scholar_n of_o cracow_n by_o a_o general_a consent_n leave_v the_o university_n upon_o a_o affront_n put_v on_o they_o by_o the_o magistrate_n of_o the_o city_n who_o refuse_v to_o execute_v justice_n upon_o the_o servant_n of_o andrew_n czarnkowski_n when_o in_o a_o quarrel_n they_o have_v slay_v a_o great_a number_n of_o student_n and_o disperse_v themselves_o into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n whence_o return_v lutheran_n they_o spread_v the_o reform_a opinion_n all_o poland_n over_o and_o get_v great_a number_n of_o proselyte_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o christianity_n in_o this_o kingdom_n miecislaus_fw-la the_o first_o who_o begin_v his_o reign_n in_o the_o year_n 964_o cracow_n be_v make_v a_o archbishopric_n but_o within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o lampert_n zula_n refuse_v to_o receive_v his_o pall_n from_o the_o pope_n of_o rome_n as_o his_o predecessor_n have_v do_v before_o he_o it_o degenerate_v into_o a_o bishopric_n afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o chaste_a which_o begin_v a.d._n 1226_o asleep_o contest_v arise_v between_o jvo_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o vratislaw_n about_o precedency_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n upon_o his_o submissive_a appeal_n to_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n be_v again_o restore_v to_o the_o dignity_n of_o a_o archbishop_n which_o only_o last_v during_o his_o life_n at_o this_o day_n the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n wear_v a_o archbishops_n pall_n set_v rich_o with_o jewel_n which_o be_v the_o only_a relic_n they_o have_v of_o their_o ancient_a honour_n the_o next_o palatinate_n of_o the_o lesser_a poland_n sendomir_n sendomir_n be_v that_o of_o sendomir_n the_o city_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n and_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o a_o castle_n both_o build_v by_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o afterward_o die_v of_o a_o surfeit_n by_o eat_v too_o free_o of_o the_o fruit_n of_o this_o country_n which_o be_v reckon_v the_o fair_a and_o best_a in_o poland_n here_o be_v nothing_o else_o worth_a the_o take_a notice_n of_o save_o the_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n friar_n found_v by_o jvo_n archbishop_n of_o cracow_n the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n be_v take_v out_o of_o that_o of_o sendomir_n as_o be_v too_o big_a for_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o one_o palatine_a by_o casimir_n jagellonides_n lublin_n lublin_n the_o city_n be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o well_o build_v and_o much_o frequent_v especial_o in_o the_o fair_n keep_v three_o time_n a_o year_n by_o christian_n jewish_a and_o turkish_a merchant_n it_o be_v much_o better_a fortifve_v by_o the_o marsh_n which_o environ_v it_o than_o its_o wall_n and_o more_o beholden_a to_o nature_n for_o its_o defence_n then_o either_o casimir_n the_o great_a who_o wall_v it_o round_o or_o the_o russian_n who_o build_v the_o adjoin_a castle_n the_o great_a church_n in_o it_o be_v build_v by_o lescus_n the_o black_a upon_o a_o great_a conquest_n obtain_v against_o the_o lithvanians_n near_o this_o city_n and_o dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n who_o in_o a_o vision_n the_o night_n before_o the_o battle_n have_v promise_v he_o good_a success_n st._n bridget_n monastery_n among_o many_o other_o magnificent_a one_o be_v found_v by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n one_o of_o the_o two_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n from_o which_o no_o appeal_n lie_v save_v to_o the_o parliament_n of_o poland_n be_v keep_v at_o lublin_n hither_o for_o judgement_n in_o controversy_n of_o any_o great_a moment_n repair_v the_o palatinate_v of_o cracow_n sendomir_n russia_n podolia_n lublin_n belze_n podlassia_n volhinia_n braclaw_n kiow_n and_o czernichow_n or_o at_o least_o so_o many_o of_o they_o as_o be_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n of_o other_o country_n and_o province_n to_o which_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v former_o pretend_v a_o title_n by_o conquest_n contract_n or_o otherwise_o beside_o the_o place_n mention_v and_o at_o present_a subject_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n the_o king_n of_o that_o nation_n have_v from_o time_n to_o time_n lay_v claim_n to_o many_o and_o large_a territory_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o other_o prince_n omit_v bohemia_n moravia_n wagria_n misnia_n and_o the_o dukedom_n of_o rugen_n mecklenburg_n and_o lunenburg_n which_o whatever_o some_o of_o the_o polish_v writer_n assert_v and_o endeavour_v to_o make_v good_a be_v very_o little_a or_o not_o at_o all_o subject_n to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n who_o be_v the_o only_a king_n that_o ever_o can_v plausible_o pretend_v a_o title_n to_o any_o part_n of_o they_o we_o shall_v confine_v our_o discourse_n to_o those_o country_n to_o which_o the_o polonian_a prince_n may_v seem_v to_o have_v have_v a_o more_o just_a and_o legal_a title_n that_o all_o or_o most_o of_o silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o poland_n silesia_n silesia_n in_o the_o day_n of_o lechus_n the_o first_o and_o several_a of_o his_o successor_n be_v high_o probable_a from_o the_o writing_n of_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n who_o both_o of_o they_o make_v the_o river_n other_o the_o bound_n of_o poland_n beside_o the_o german_a chronologer_n tell_v we_o that_o charles_n the_o great_a ludovicus_n pius_n and_o other_o emperor_n conquer_v the_o silesian_n and_o make_v they_o tributary_n to_o the_o empire_n but_o the_o polish_v historian_n upon_o what_o ground_n i_o know_v not_o be_v general_o positive_a in_o assert_v that_o silesia_n be_v always_o without_o any_o such_o intermission_n or_o conquest_n as_o the_o german_n strive_v to_o make_v out_o a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n only_o vincentius_n kadlubko_n agree_v with_o the_o german_n affirm_v that_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n among_o his_o many_o other_o conquest_n regain_v selucia_n as_o he_o call_v it_o and_o leave_v it_o annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n after_o his_o time_n we_o find_v that_o casimir_n the_o first_o translate_v the_o bishopric_n of_o bicine_n to_o vratislaw_n whence_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o in_o his_o day_n silesia_n be_v part_n of_o the_o realm_n of_o poland_n not_o long_o after_o henry_n the_o iv_o emperor_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o diet_n at_o munster_n a.d._n 1086_o make_v over_o silesia_n lusatia_n and_o indeed_o all_o poland_n to_o vratislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n though_o as_o cromer_n say_v he_o have_v no_o right_n to_o a_o foot_n of_o land_n in_o any_o of_o they_o whereupon_o ensue_v a_o bloody_a war_n betwixt_o the_o bohemian_o and_o pole_n wherein_o it_o be_v to_o be_v conjecture_v the_o latter_a have_v the_o better_a since_o all_o historian_n agree_v that_o silesia_n be_v under_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n government_n during_o the_o whole_a reign_n of_o boleslaus_n the_o three_o his_o son_n vladislaus_n the_o second_o be_v depose_v by_o his_o brethren_n who_o be_v leave_v coheir_n with_o he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n flee_v first_o to_o the_o emperor_n frederick_n the_o first_o who_o bring_v boleslaus_n crispus_n duke_n of_o poland_n and_o brother_n to_o vladislaus_n to_o such_o strait_n that_o he_o be_v force_v to_o resign_v all_o silesia_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o his_o brother_n child_n but_o upon_o condition_n they_o shall_v
knight_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n have_v make_v their_o master_n in_o the_o year_n 1525_o it_o be_v agree_v upon_o that_o the_o teutonick_n order_n shall_v be_v whole_o extirpate_v and_o that_o part_n of_o prussia_n which_o to_o this_o day_n be_v call_v ducal_z prussia_n shall_v be_v govern_v by_o the_o say_a marquis_n with_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o the_o rest_n or_o regal_a prussia_n remain_v still_o subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n but_o with_o this_o proviso_n that_o the_o duke_n shall_v always_o pay_v homage_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o as_o a_o member_n of_o that_o kingdom_n be_v precedent_n of_o the_o king_n council_n last_o john_n casimir_n the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n grant_v first_o in_o the_o year_n 1657_o and_o again_o 1663._o full_a and_o absolute_a power_n and_o dominion_n over_o ducal_z prussia_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n on_o this_o condition_n that_o the_o dukedom_n upon_o defect_n of_o male_a issue_n shall_v return_v to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o supreme_a landlord_n and_o be_v confer_v on_o the_o duke_n of_o onoldsbach_n and_o culmbach_n as_o feudatary_n muscovy_n muscovy_n how_o affair_n stand_v at_o present_a between_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n and_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n may_v appear_v by_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n sign_v by_o both_o party_n a.d._n 1667_o speak_v of_o before_o but_o former_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v lay_v claim_n and_o make_v good_a their_o title_n either_o by_o justice_n or_o the_o sword_n to_o several_a large_a territory_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o great_a duke_n for_o first_o jorislaus_n duke_n of_o russia_n be_v force_v to_o pay_v tribute_n to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n a.d._n 1018._o afterward_o a.d._n 1069_o boleslaus_n ii_o possess_v himself_o of_o kiow_n and_o indeed_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n of_o russia_n over_o which_o he_o set_v jesaslaus_n a_o tributary_n duke_n after_o his_o death_n continual_a war_n be_v between_o the_o two_o nation_n till_o casimir_n the_o great_a in_o the_o year_n 1340_o reduce_v the_o southern_a russia_n into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o province_n but_o how_o little_a of_o that_o remain_v at_o this_o day_n in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n we_o have_v show_v before_o several_a of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v style_v themselves_o king_n of_o sweden_n sweden_n sweden_n upon_o no_o other_o pretence_n then_o have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o a_o great_a part_n of_o liefland_n but_o this_o title_n cease_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o john_n casimir_n their_o late_a king_n as_o have_v already_o be_v observe_v in_o the_o description_n of_o liefland_n of_o the_o pretension_n of_o foreign_a prince_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n we_o have_v see_v to_o what_o kingdom_n and_o country_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n have_v in_o former_a age_n claim_v a_o right_a and_o title_n and_o we_o may_v perhaps_o find_v as_o many_o king_n and_o prince_n of_o other_o nation_n who_o have_v challenge_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o as_o good_a ground_n but_o to_o omit_v the_o many_o conquest_n obtain_v by_o the_o russian_n bohemian_o hungarian_n and_o other_o over_o the_o pole_n enough_o to_o entitle_v any_o potent_a prince_n to_o their_o kingdom_n the_o strong_a pretension_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v those_o of_o the_o emperor_n for_o the_o most_o of_o the_o polish_v historian_n tell_v we_o that_o boleslaus_n i._o be_v create_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o the_o emperor_n otto_n iii_o before_o which_o time_n the_o prince_n of_o that_o nation_n be_v only_a duke_n this_o story_n be_v confirm_v by_o beside_o the_o testimony_n of_o the_o most_o considerable_a writer_n of_o poland_n a_o ancient_a epitaph_n find_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o posen_n in_o which_o among_o other_o commendation_n of_o boleslaus_n i._o be_v the_o follow_a rhythm_n tu_fw-la possedisti_fw-la velut_fw-la athleta_fw-la christi_fw-la regnum_fw-la slavorum_n gothorum_fw-la seu_fw-la polonorum_fw-la caesar_n praecellens_fw-la a_o te_fw-la ducalia_n pellens_fw-la and_o again_o ob_fw-la famam_fw-la bonam_fw-la tibi_fw-la contulit_fw-la otto_n coronam_fw-la propter_fw-la luctamen_fw-la sit_fw-la tibi_fw-la salus_fw-la amen_n however_o though_o the_o historian_n of_o poland_n grant_v that_o boleslaus_n receive_v the_o title_n of_o king_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n yet_o they_o deny_v stubborn_o that_o this_o kingdom_n be_v ever_o subject_a or_o tributary_n to_o the_o roman_a empire_n but_o conringius_n a_o ingenious_a and_o learned_a german_a physician_n in_o his_o book_n entitle_v de_fw-fr finibus_fw-la germanici_fw-la imperii_fw-la c._n 18._o have_v demonstrate_v the_o contrary_a for_o not_o to_o take_v notice_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a who_o it_o be_v more_o than_o probable_a conquer_a poland_n as_o well_o as_o silesia_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o miecislaus_fw-la the_o first_o christian_a prince_n of_o poland_n pay_v tribute_n to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n and_o the_o polish_v writer_n be_v force_v to_o confess_v that_o otto_n iii_o remit_v all_o homage_n due_a otherwise_o to_o boleslaus_n chrobri_n when_o he_o create_v he_o king_n after_o boleslaus_n death_n miecislaus_fw-la ii_o his_o successor_n be_v compel_v to_o pay_v the_o usual_a tribute_n to_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n ii_o after_o this_o several_a of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n very_o willing_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o emperor_n and_o other_o be_v force_v out_o of_o their_o obstinate_a refusal_n at_o last_o in_o the_o long_a vacancy_n of_o the_o imperial_a throne_n soon_o after_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o thirteen_o century_n during_o which_o richard_n earl_n of_o cornwall_n be_v one_o of_o the_o four_o elect_a emperor_n whilst_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n be_v in_o a_o confuse_a distraction_n the_o polander_n take_v occasion_n to_o shake_v off_o the_o german_a yoke_n to_o which_o they_o can_v never_o since_o be_v reduce_v this_o be_v part_n of_o the_o relation_n which_o conringius_n give_v we_o of_o the_o ancient_a state_n of_o poland_n in_o reference_n to_o the_o german_a empire_n found_v chief_o upon_o the_o testimony_n of_o dithmarus_fw-la mersburgensis_n and_o helmoldus_n man_n of_o unquestionable_a veracity_n in_o their_o history_n hartknoch_n endeavour_v to_o evade_v the_o force_n of_o his_o argument_n by_o say_v that_o though_o it_o be_v true_a that_o the_o polander_n have_v former_o pay_v some_o certain_a sum_n of_o money_n to_o the_o emperor_n by_o who_o it_o be_v demand_v under_o the_o notion_n of_o a_o tribute_n yet_o this_o do_v not_o necessary_o suppose_v any_o dependence_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n for_o it_o be_v ordinary_a even_o with_o the_o emperor_n themselves_o to_o buy_v peace_n with_o money_n and_o thus_o the_o english_a buy_v their_o peace_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o make_v lewis_n xi_o king_n of_o france_n pay_v for_o he_o but_o let_v he_o consider_v first_o whether_o the_o word_n of_o helmoldus_n chron._n slau._n lib._n 1._o c._n 1._o num_fw-la 9_o can_v be_v proper_o understand_v of_o any_o such_o sum_n of_o money_n as_o be_v usual_o pay_v by_o any_o nation_n upon_o the_o ratification_n of_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n when_o he_o say_v seruit_fw-la &_o ipsa_fw-la speak_v of_o poland_n sicut_fw-la bohemia_n sub_fw-la tributo_fw-la imperatoriae_fw-la majestati_fw-la here_o the_o historian_n tell_v we_o plain_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n be_v in_o his_o time_n as_o much_o tributary_n to_o the_o emperor_n as_o bohemia_n and_o how_o true_o that_o be_v under_o his_o subjection_n every_o historian_n will_v show_v again_o it_o be_v not_o very_o considerate_o do_v to_o instance_n in_o the_o tribute_n pay_v by_o the_o english_a to_o the_o dane_n or_o by_o lewis_n xi_o to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n for_o both_o these_o be_v doubtless_o acknowledgement_n of_o subjection_n and_o homage_n the_o dane_n all_o know_v be_v absolute_a lord_n of_o our_o land_n for_o 26_o and_o make_v almost_o continual_a incursion_n into_o it_o for_o the_o space_n of_o 250_o year_n dane-gelt_a which_o perhaps_o hartknoch_n as_o some_o of_o our_o own_o historian_n have_v do_v mistake_v for_o a_o tribute_n or_o composition-money_n pay_v the_o dane_n upon_o any_o invasion_n be_v at_o first_o only_o a_o subsidy_n gather_v for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o a_o stand_a army_n to_o oppose_v the_o danish_a fury_n afterward_o indeed_o the_o word_n be_v use_v to_o denote_v a_o tribute_n sometime_o amount_v to_o 72000_o pound_n levy_v yearly_a in_o england_n and_o pay_v to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o the_o refusal_n of_o which_o payment_n the_o english_a be_v sure_a to_o feel_v the_o weight_n of_o that_o king_n displeasure_n this_o tribute_n be_v certain_o a_o sign_n of_o a_o true_a and_o real_a subjection_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n which_o may_v have_v last_v long_o have_v not_o the_o saxon_a and_o danish_a line_n be_v peaceable_o unite_v in_o the_o pious_a king_n
into_o one_o and_o then_o into_o the_o other_o and_o if_o it_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o endure_v so_o sudden_a a_o change_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a they_o think_v it_o will_v make_v a_o hardy_a fellow_n and_o fit_a for_o their_o business_n whereupon_o they_o endeavour_v to_o have_v it_o baptize_v as_o soon_o as_o they_o can_v possible_o wrap_v it_o in_o moss_n and_o so_o carry_v it_o to_o church_n though_o at_o a_o very_a great_a distance_n either_o upon_o their_o back_n or_o in_o a_o pannier_n upon_o their_o rain-deer_n as_o they_o ancient_o use_v to_o do_v to_o their_o public_a fair_n whither_o priest_n be_v send_v twice_o a_o year_n out_o of_o sweden_n while_o their_o child_n be_v young_a they_o use_v they_o to_o bow_v and_o arrow_n by_o which_o they_o be_v to_o get_v their_o future_a livelihood_n and_o to_o make_v they_o the_o more_o expert_a always_o place_v their_o victual_n upon_o a_o post_n as_o their_o mark_n to_o shoot_v at_o which_o they_o hit_v down_o or_o fast_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o laplander_n live_v in_o summer_n the_o manner_n of_o the_o laplander_n live_v in_o winter_n f._n h._n van._n hove_n sculp_v r._n t_o honorable_n antony_z earl_n of_o shaftsbury_n if_o any_o one_o be_v dangerous_o sick_a they_o either_o send_v for_o the_o priest_n if_o near_o to_o prepare_v he_o for_o death_n or_o to_o the_o magician_n to_o resolve_v they_o by_o his_o drum_n if_o he_o shall_v recover_v part_v their_o respect_n betwixt_o god_n minister_n and_o the_o devil_n servant_n if_o he_o die_v they_o imagine_v that_o his_o soul_n be_v not_o at_o rest_n till_o the_o body_n be_v in_o the_o grave_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n use_v all_o haste_n possible_a to_o convey_v it_o to_o some_o buryingplace_n which_o be_v frequent_o the_o near_a cave_n or_o wood_n churchyard_n by_o reason_n of_o their_o remoteness_n they_o seldom_o make_v use_n of_o the_o dead_a body_n they_o carry_v upon_o a_o sledd_a and_o when_o they_o come_v to_o the_o cave_n cast_v it_o in_o and_o the_o sledd_a after_o it_o or_o else_o cover_v it_o with_o great_a log_n of_o wood_n to_o secure_v it_o from_o wild_a beast_n always_o lay_v beside_o it_o a_o flint_n and_o steel_n and_o sometime_o a_o hatchet_n which_o they_o suppose_v may_v be_v serviceable_a to_o they_o in_o the_o other_o world_n at_o their_o return_n they_o provide_v a_o funeral_n banquet_n or_o rather_o a_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o ghost_n of_o the_o decease_a person_n which_o be_v thus_o they_o take_v those_o rain-deer_n that_o drag_v the_o dead_a body_n to_o the_o grave_n and_o offer_v they_o in_o sacrifice_n to_o the_o mane_n feast_v upon_o their_o flesh_n and_o make_v merry_a with_o brandy_n and_o tobacco_n and_o the_o best_a cheer_n they_o have_v at_o last_o they_o drink_v a_o health_n round_o to_o the_o person_n depart_v this_o do_v they_o careful_o gather_v the_o bone_n of_o the_o rain-deer_n put_v they_o into_o a_o box_n with_o a_o rude_a image_n of_o their_o friend_n and_o so_o bury_v they_o together_o these_o ceremony_n observe_v also_o in_o their_o heathenism_n show_v that_o even_o then_o as_o it_o be_v by_o the_o dictate_v of_o nature_n they_o conceive_v themselves_o to_o consist_v of_o a_o immortal_a part_n also_o and_o that_o they_o expect_v another_o life_n after_o this_o wherein_o they_o imagine_v every_o one_o to_o follow_v their_o former_a employment_n and_o consequent_o to_o be_v again_o unite_v to_o their_o body_n the_o life_n and_o manner_n of_o the_o laplander_n as_o it_o be_v express_v in_o the_o plate_n here_o annex_v the_o upper-part_n be_v their_o summer-living_a the_o underpart_n their_o way_n of_o live_v in_o winter_n in_o the_o upper-part_n you_o have_v 1_o a_o church_n for_o those_o who_o be_v convert_v to_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n at_o the_o entrance_n of_o which_o in_o lieu_n of_o a_o 2_o basin_n of_o holywater_n there_o stand_v one_o full_a of_o brandywine_n with_o a_o spoon_n in_o it_o of_o which_o every_o one_o who_o come_v to_o church_n take_v a_o sup_n to_o encourage_v and_o warm_v his_o zeal_n the_o first_o man_n you_o see_v represent_v the_o 3_o priest_n the_o next_o the_o best_a 4_o man_n of_o the_o parish_n then_o follow_v a_o 5_o bride_n attend_v upon_o by_o two_o 6_o bridemaid_n after_o who_o come_v the_o 7_o bridegroom_n and_o other_o friend_n 8_o their_o manner_n of_o make_v basket_n which_o be_v their_o great_a trade_n 9_o their_o way_n of_o carry_v and_o of_o rock_v their_o child_n 10_o the_o manner_n how_o the_o young_a child_n grow_v up_o suck_v the_o rain-deer_n 11_o the_o man_n and_o wife_n way_n of_o lie_v in_o bed_n 12_o their_o house_n for_o keep_v their_o provision_n themselves_o in_o the_o cold_a part_n of_o winter_n lie_v in_o tent_n 13_o their_o manner_n of_o eat_v 14_o the_o priest_n way_n of_o baptise_v and_o the_o clark_n bring_v water_n 15_o their_o way_n of_o wire-drawing_a which_o be_v much_o use_v among_o they_o for_o adorn_v of_o their_o boot_n and_o coat_n 16_o among_o those_o who_o be_v not_o yet_o convert_v to_o the_o christian_a religion_n you_o have_v their_o way_n of_o sacrifice_v 17_o their_o three_o god_n stand_v uppermost_a and_o under_o each_o of_o they_o upon_o the_o altar_n lie_v three_o piece_n of_o the_o sacrifice_a rain-deer_n 18_o their_o way_n of_o pray_v to_o they_o 19_o their_o way_n of_o burial_n 20_o their_o way_n of_o pray_v to_o death_n that_o it_o will_v be_v please_v to_o spare_v they_o awhile_o in_o the_o underpart_n you_o have_v 1_o their_o manner_n of_o bring_v their_o tax_n consist_v of_o several_a sort_n of_o skin_n and_o dry_a fish_n to_o the_o king_n commissioner_n which_o be_v pay_v each_o one_o take_v a_o large_a spoonful_n of_o brandywine_n which_o stand_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o table_n and_o so_o away_o above_o which_o you_o see_v the_o 2_o commissioner_n tent._n 3_o their_o way_n of_o travel_v in_o sledd_n draw_v by_o rain-deer_n which_o by_o the_o by_o do_v agree_v so_o well_o with_o those_o barren_a country_n that_o if_o you_o do_v but_o bring_v they_o into_o sweden_n which_o yet_o be_v none_o of_o the_o most_o fertile_a they_o die_v in_o a_o short_a time_n 4_o their_o way_n of_o carry_v their_o good_n 5_o their_o manner_n of_o rule_v their_o rain-deer_n with_o a_o whip_n or_o line_n 6_o their_o way_n of_o shoot_v they_o 7_o their_o take_a tobacco_n which_o they_o prize_v above_o meat_n 8_o their_o speak_n in_o the_o ear_n of_o the_o rain-deer_n tell_v they_o what_o they_o shall_v do_v or_o whither_o they_o shall_v go_v which_o as_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v they_o will_v observe_v exact_o 9_o their_o manner_n of_o gelding_n they_o 10_o their_o way_n of_o lay_v their_o head_n under_o a_o drum_n which_o the_o devil_n beat_v and_o from_o thence_o the_o man_n learn_v what_o success_n he_o shall_v have_v in_o his_o affair_n 11_o his_o give_v the_o man_n the_o hammer_n and_o let_v he_o beat_v of_o the_o province_n of_o sweden_n proper_o so_o take_v next_o to_o be_v speak_v to_o be_v suecia_n or_o sweden_n strict_o so_o call_v of_o which_o because_o it_o have_v be_v honour_v always_o by_o the_o residence_n of_o their_o king_n and_o be_v the_o chief_a scene_n of_o swedish_n affair_n we_o shall_v in_o the_o first_o place_n treat_v and_o afterward_o speak_v of_o gothia_n or_o gothland_n with_o all_o its_o province_n rather_o as_o a_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n than_o a_o distinct_a kingdom_n from_o it_o though_o ancient_o gothia_n and_o suecia_n have_v their_o distinct_a succession_n of_o king_n of_o finland_n ingria_n and_o aesthonia_n with_o the_o late_a conquest_n in_o livonia_n pomeren_n etc._n etc._n we_o shall_v in_o the_o last_o place_n discourse_n reserve_v the_o law_n and_o government_n as_o also_o the_o manner_n and_o custom_n of_o the_o people_n till_o we_o come_v to_o stockholm_n the_o present_a metropolis_n of_o this_o great_a empire_n suecia_n then_o suecia_n suecia_n or_o suetia_n call_v by_o the_o english_a sweden_n or_o swedland_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o lapland_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o dofrine_n hill_n on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o bothnick_a and_o finnick_n bay_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o gothland_n and_o sconen_n a_o fruitful_a but_o in_o some_o part_n mountainous_a and_o woody_a country_n abound_v with_o several_a rich_a mine_n and_o afford_v very_o great_a conveniency_n of_o water_n and_o fuel_n for_o work_v they_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o general_a part_n viz._n suecia_n strict_o so_o take_v and_o the_o northlands_n or_o northlandish_a province_n i._o the_o northlands_n contain_v in_o they_o two_o distinct_a country_n or_o province_n helsingia_n and_o gestricia_n part_v one_o from_o the_o other_o by_o the_o great_a wood_n oedemord_v 1._o gestricia_n gestricia_n gestricia_n which_o afford_v some_o
iron-mine_n and_o indifferent_a good_a store_n of_o corn_n it_o have_v but_o one_o city_n in_o it_o call_v gevalia_n commodious_o situate_v upon_o the_o bay_n of_o bothnia_n half_o a_o day_n journey_n from_o kupferberg_n 2._o helsingia_n helsingia_n helsingia_n which_o be_v ancient_o a_o general_a name_n for_o all_o the_o northern_a province_n from_o the_o north-sea_n to_o the_o river_n vla_n and_o the_o lake_n vlatresk_n in_o the_o north_n of_o cajania_n as_o appear_v from_o some_o record_n of_o a_o parliament_n hold_v at_o telgis_n a._n 1328_o and_o a_o distinct_a kingdom_n of_o itself_o govern_v by_o its_o own_o king_n till_o the_o time_n of_o ingellus_fw-la the_o second_o king_n of_o vpsal_n so_o be_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n ancient_o style_v who_o at_o his_o coronation_n invite_v the_o king_n of_o helsingia_n and_o several_a other_o prince_n to_o the_o solemnity_n and_o after_o have_v make_v they_o drink_v with_o strong_a liquor_n set_v fire_n on_o the_o palace_n and_o so_o destroy_v they_o all_o and_o seize_v their_o possession_n which_o ever_o after_o be_v unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n have_v ancient_o a_o peculiar_a language_n of_o their_o own_o and_o also_o a_o alphabet_n altogether_o distinct_a from_o the_o runick_a as_o appear_v by_o several_a old_a monument_n find_v among_o they_o they_o be_v record_v to_o have_v fight_v many_o famous_a battle_n with_o their_o neighbour_n of_o finland_n carelia_n and_o cajania_n and_o after_o have_v drive_v some_o of_o their_o enemy_n as_o far_o as_o the_o sund_n in_o memory_n of_o their_o conquest_n and_o to_o eternize_v their_o name_n to_o have_v build_v the_o city_n helsingburg_n from_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v come_v the_o nylander_n who_o border_n upon_o carelia_n and_o use_v the_o same_o manner_n of_o speech_n to_o this_o day_n the_o native_n be_v general_o very_o hospitable_a and_o courteous_a to_o stranger_n of_o a_o docile_a and_o ingenious_a disposition_n and_o above_o all_o thing_n endeavour_v to_o be_v neat_a and_o handsome_a within_o door_n the_o whole_a country_n of_o helsingia_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o province_n 1._o helsingia_n proper_o so_o call_v helsingia_n helsingia_n heretofore_o know_v by_o the_o name_n of_o sundhede_v which_o have_v in_o it_o three_o lesser_a division_n alora_n through_o which_o run_v the_o river_n liusna_n sundhede_v in_o the_o midst_n whereof_o be_v the_o lake_n dil_n and_o nordstigh_a not_o far_o from_o the_o wood_n arskog_n the_o soil_n be_v indifferent_o fruitful_a for_o corn_n but_o chief_o for_o pasture_n the_o inhabitant_n most_o employ_v themselves_o in_o feed_v and_o manage_v their_o stock_n of_o cattle_n here_o be_v but_o one_o city_n in_o the_o whole_a country_n call_v hudingsvaldia_n remarkable_a for_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o corn_n butter_n hydes_n pitch_n rosin_n mast_n of_o ship_n and_o deal-board_n that_o be_v convey_v hence_o into_o other_o country_n 2._o medelpadia_n medelpadia_n medelpadia_n much_o of_o the_o same_o nature_n with_o helsingia_n but_o only_o it_o be_v narrow_a and_o abound_v more_o with_o wood_n and_o mountain_n in_o it_o be_v two_o river_n very_o full_a of_o fish_n some_o say_v the_o king_n of_o helsingia_n ancient_o reside_v here_o 3._o angermannia_n a_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a angermannia_n angermannia_n yet_o in_o some_o place_n mountainous_a country_n the_o soil_n be_v so_o good_a and_o certain_a that_o though_o it_o bear_v corn_n plentiful_o it_o need_v not_o be_v manure_v above_o once_o in_o ten_o year_n it_o be_v divide_v in_o the_o middle_n into_o two_o part_n the_o northern_a and_o southern_a by_o a_o great_a wood_n which_o run_v all_o along_o from_o the_o ragged_a mountain_n scula_n and_o thence_o take_v its_o name_n water_v it_o be_v by_o only_o one_o river_n well_o store_v with_o salmon_n and_o other_o fish_n secure_v by_o one_o city_n name_v hernosandia_n yield_v the_o same_o commodity_n as_o hudingsvaldia_n only_o it_o afford_v no_o copper_n 4._o bothnia_n bothnia_n bothnia_n not_o so_o full_a of_o mountain_n as_o angermannia_n of_o a_o sandy_a and_o barren_a turf_n but_o well_o supply_v with_o fish_n and_o other_o commodity_n it_o have_v in_o it_o several_a river_n of_o considerable_a bigness_n which_o empty_a themselves_o into_o the_o bothnick-bay_n city_n here_o be_v none_o but_o this_o defect_n be_v supply_v by_o a_o frequency_n of_o market-town_n which_o be_v almost_o as_o numerous_a as_o the_o parish_n the_o advantage_n of_o this_o country_n be_v chief_o by_o the_o trade_n from_o the_o near_a part_n of_o lapland_n which_o be_v manage_v chief_o by_o the_o birkarli_n and_o all_o come_v to_o the_o seaside_n this_o way_n ii_o sueonia_n or_o sweden_n strict_o so_o take_v sueonia_n sueonia_n which_o contain_v in_o it_o these_o five_o province_n vplandia_n westmannia_n dalecarlia_n nericia_n and_o sudermannia_n dalecarliae_fw-la et_fw-la westmanniae_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la viro_fw-la illust_n mo_z d._n no_o petro_n julio_n coyet_n equite_v aurato_fw-la s._n r._n m._n sueciae_fw-la cosiliario_n aulico_fw-la scretario_n status_fw-la et_fw-la nunc_fw-la ad_fw-la confoederatos_fw-la belgas_n extra_fw-la ordinem_fw-la ablegato_fw-la d._n d._n d._n joh._n janssonius_n vplandia_n 2._o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o on_o the_o south_n or_o southeast_n of_o dalecarlia_n lie_v west_n or_o wester-mannia_a or_o westmannerland_n border_v upon_o upland_n and_o gestricia_n it_o be_v according_a to_o the_o several_a dale_n or_o division_n that_o be_v in_o it_o divide_v into_o three_o part_n viz._n oster_n wester_n and_n sun-dalia_a the_o soil_n be_v very_o fruitful_a and_o the_o mine_n very_o considerable_a afford_v steel_n iron_n copper_n lead_v and_o some_o vein_n of_o sulphur_n in_o great_a quantity_n than_o those_o of_o any_o other_o province_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n there_o be_v also_o a_o silver_n i_o discover_v and_o make_v use_v of_o at_o salberg_n the_o city_n here_o be_v three_o arosia_n arbogia_n and_o kope_v the_o chief_a of_o these_o be_v arosia_n or_o westeras_n a_o bishop_n seat_n where_o in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n be_v several_a great_a stone_n with_o gothick_n inscription_n as_o there_o be_v likewise_o at_o stregnesia_n in_o this_o city_n the_o agreement_n by_o which_o the_o state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v change_v from_o a_o elective_a to_o a_o hereditary_a monarchy_n be_v conclude_v ann_n 1540_o in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n i._o and_o thence_o call_v pactum_fw-la arosiense_n the_o history_n be_v thus_o the_o swede_n not_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v the_o tyranny_n and_o oppression_n of_o christiern_n ii_o then_o king_n both_o of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n forsake_v their_o allegiance_n to_o he_o and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o prince_n gustavus_n who_o have_v wonderful_o escape_v from_o his_o imprisonment_n in_o denmark_n take_v up_o arm_n against_o he_o expel_v he_o their_o country_n and_o at_o last_o gain_v their_o former_a liberty_n and_o privilege_n whereupon_o to_o requite_v their_o general_n for_o this_o signal_n good_a he_o have_v do_v the_o public_a they_o at_o the_o instance_n of_o one_o canutus_n precedent_n of_o the_o council_n and_o johannes_n gothus_n the_o pope_n legate_n ann_n 1523_o unanimous_o elect_v he_o king_n and_o consider_v how_o much_o it_o may_v tend_v to_o the_o happiness_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o have_v the_o succession_n ascertain_v to_o his_o issue_n they_o in_o the_o year_n 1540_o whole_o give_v up_o their_o power_n of_o elect_v their_o king_n for_o the_o future_a and_o by_o oath_n and_o solemn_a covenant_n settle_v the_o crown_n upon_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o which_o confidence_n of_o the_o people_n in_o their_o prince_n be_v justify_v in_o the_o event_n for_o the_o new_a king_n be_v so_o far_o from_o abuse_v his_o absolute_a power_n that_o in_o that_o very_a year_n he_o publish_v many_o law_n for_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o people_n 3._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d south_n of_o westmannia_n lie_v nericia_n a_o little_a but_o fruitful_a province_n yield_v good_a store_n of_o sulphur_n alum_n and_o vitriol_n some_o silver_n mine_n there_o be_v but_o not_o labour_v most_o of_o its_o inhabitant_n be_v smith_n who_o supply_v the_o whole_a country_n especial_o those_o that_o work_n in_o the_o mine_n with_o iron_n instrument_n of_o all_o sort_n here_o be_v one_o city_n name_v orebrogia_n 4._o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o south_n or_o southeast_n of_o nericia_n lie_v sudermannia_n or_o sudermanland_n have_v on_o the_o east_n the_o baltic_a sea_n ostrogothia_a on_o the_o south_n and_o the_o lake_n meller_n on_o the_o north._n it_o be_v famous_a for_o several_a city_n it_o contain_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o be_v nicopia_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n here_o also_o be_v the_o place_n for_o building_n of_o ship_n the_o workman_n be_v good_a and_o material_n cheap_a next_o to_o this_o be_v stregnesia_n a_o bishop_n seat_n with_o telga_n torsilia_n and_o trosa_n all_o commodious_a for_o
trade_n 5._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d north_n or_o north-east_n of_o sudermannia_n lie_v the_o province_n of_o vpland_n so_o call_v from_o its_o situation_n in_o the_o country_n or_o as_o some_o say_v from_o king_n vbbon_n who_o reign_v here_o it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n side_n by_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n by_o the_o lake_n meller_n on_o the_o west_n and_o north_n by_o the_o river_n see_v and_o dalecarle_n this_o country_n afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o corn_n with_o which_o it_o supply_v the_o neighbour_a province_n some_o few_o mine_n it_o have_v of_o lead_n and_o iron_n especial_o some_o also_o of_o silver_n though_o not_o dig_v it_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o land_n or_o as_o the_o swede_n call_v they_o folk-land_n 1._o tihundria_n which_o lie_v most_o northerly_a of_o any_o and_o take_v its_o name_n from_o ten_o prefecture_n or_o hundred_o into_o which_o it_o be_v share_v out_o 2._o athundria_n lie_v betwixt_o vpsal_n and_o stockholm_n so_o call_v because_o it_o contain_v eight_o prefecture_n 3._o fiedrundria_n which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o four_o prefecture_n into_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v in_o it_o be_v the_o city_n enkope_v four_o league_n from_o vpsal_n and_o seven_o from_o stockholm_n and_o here_o it_o may_v be_v observe_v as_o peculiar_a to_o this_o province_n that_o it_o as_o the_o county_n in_o england_n be_v share_v out_o into_o several_a prefecture_n or_o hundred_o as_o erling-hundrat_a etc._n etc._n each_o of_o they_o contain_v at_o first_o one_o hundred_o family_n all_o two_o thousand_o two_o hundred_o which_o be_v not_o observe_v in_o other_o province_n but_o their_o division_n be_v call_v harodh_n har_n signify_v a_o army_n and_o odh_n a_o possession_n all_o which_o at_o first_o be_v supply_v with_o inhabitant_n from_o this_o province_n of_o vpland_n for_o when_o family_n increase_v above_o their_o hundred_o some_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o army_n be_v single_v out_o and_o list_v to_o go_v and_o people_n or_o rather_o subdue_v other_o part_n of_o the_o country_n wherefore_o these_o man_n settle_v in_o other_o province_n call_v the_o place_n where_o they_o first_o sit_v down_o the_o possession_n of_o such_o a_o colony_n or_o army_n as_o daga-harodh_a lystugn-harodh_a etc._n etc._n in_o this_o province_n be_v five_o city_n 1._o encope_a where_o be_v former_o a_o monastery_n of_o minorite_n 2._o sigtunia_n so_o call_v from_o siggo_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o found_v it_o here_o be_v ancient_o a_o monastery_n of_o dominican_n the_o bury_a place_n of_o some_o of_o their_o archbishop_n 3._o oregrundia_n or_o oregrund_n a_o rich_a &_o populous_a city_n abound_v with_o corn_n &_o several_a sort_n of_o merchandise_n because_o of_o the_o commodiousness_n of_o the_o port._n 4._o vpsal_n the_o most_o ancient_a and_o most_o famous_a vpsal_n vpsal_n city_n in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n it_o take_v its_o name_n say_v johannes_n magnus_n from_o vbbon_n king_n of_o sweden_n who_o found_v it_o about_o the_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n 240_o but_o as_o other_o from_o its_o situation_n upon_o the_o river_n sala_n here_o be_v former_o the_o chief_a seat_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n for_o which_o reason_n as_o well_o as_o for_o the_o dignity_n of_o the_o city_n one_o of_o their_o title_n be_v vpsala-konung_a i.e._n king_n of_o vpsal_n here_o be_v also_o the_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n civil_a and_o ecclesiastical_a and_o the_o seat_n of_o their_o only_a archbishop_n continue_v to_o it_o to_o this_o day_n fortify_v it_o be_v by_o one_o only_a castle_n build_v after_o the_o modern_a not_o ancient_a gothick_n fashion_n upon_o a_o high_a hill_n some_o small_a distance_n from_o the_o city_n overlook_v and_o command_v the_o whole_a town_n begin_v by_o ericus_n continue_v by_o king_n john_n and_o perfect_v by_o charles_n gustavus_n the_o first_o in_o this_o city_n be_v the_o metropolitan_a church_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n cover_v upon_o the_o roof_n as_o be_v most_o of_o the_o chief_a building_n with_o copper_n adorn_v with_o a_o artificial_a clock_n and_o honour_v with_o the_o monument_n of_o several_a of_o their_o king_n ericus_n the_o saint_n be_v say_v to_o lie_v bury_v here_o in_o a_o golden_a coffin_n gustavus_n adolphus_n also_o have_v his_o tomb_n in_o this_o church_n upon_o which_o the_o whole_a history_n of_o his_o life_n be_v inscribe_v in_o large_a golden_a character_n here_o be_v also_o the_o only_a university_n they_o have_v in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n begin_v at_o first_o say_v some_o ann._n 1248_o under_o ericus_n balbus_n xi_o by_o a_o college_n of_o only_o four_o professor_n or_o as_o loccenius_n will_v have_v it_o about_o the_o year_n 1306_o under_o one_o andrea_n precedent_n of_o the_o say_a college_n who_o keep_v a_o free_a table_n for_o chorister_n and_o poor_a scholar_n to_o assist_v in_o the_o choir_n but_o now_o by_o the_o care_n of_o some_o of_o their_o late_a king_n advance_v into_o a_o famous_a university_n an._n 1476_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o steno_n stir_v senior_n pope_n sixtus_n iv_o give_v it_o the_o same_o privilege_n with_o bononia_n an._n 1595_o charles_n then_o king_n endow_v it_o with_o several_a immunity_n and_o revenue_n by_o his_o royal_a patent_n which_o say_v messenius_n be_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o upon_o some_o difference_n betwixt_o the_o calvinist_n and_o lutheran_n fraudulent_o get_v from_o it_o which_o if_o so_o yet_o probable_o that_o prince_n who_o favour_v the_o reformer_n so_o much_o do_v restore_v it_o to_o the_o university_n of_o this_o see_v loccenius_n hist_o suec_fw-la lib._n 8._o pag._n 474._o an._n 1624._o in_o the_o time_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n it_o be_v most_o considerable_o augment_v that_o king_n settle_v upon_o the_o university_n 306_o manor_n 8_o granary_n of_o tithe_n 4_o mill_n and_o 30_o demesne_n out_o of_o his_o own_o crown_n revenue_n free_a from_o all_o tax_n and_o imposition_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o more_o professor_n and_o poor_a scholar_n command_v that_o the_o chief_a rector_n shall_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o professor_n that_o one_o of_o these_o shall_v read_v a_o public_a lecture_n throughout_o the_o whole_a year_n continue_v at_o present_a only_o in_o the_o wintertime_n that_o the_o scholar_n shall_v live_v peaceable_o sober_o and_o mind_v their_o own_o affair_n not_o meddle_v with_o state_n matter_n that_o none_o of_o they_o shall_v as_o they_o have_v former_o do_v wear_v sword_n or_o carry_v arm_n this_o university_n in_o the_o time_n of_o king_n john_n iii_o 1592._o be_v remove_v hence_o to_o stockholm_n but_o that_o place_n be_v find_v for_o several_a reason_n inconvenient_a it_o be_v in_o a_o short_a time_n remand_v to_o vpsal_n a_o library_n they_o have_v well_o store_v with_o book_n a_o considerable_a part_n of_o which_o be_v give_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n an._n 1631_o which_o he_o in_o his_o expedition_n against_o germany_n take_v out_o of_o the_o library_n of_o wurtzburg_n and_o other_o place_n to_o this_o city_n there_o ancient_o do_v belong_v several_a land_n and_o revenue_n by_o the_o title_n of_o vpsala_n oedom_n or_o the_o patrimony_n of_o vpsal_n give_v by_o freius_n surname_v pacificus_fw-la one_o of_o their_o ancient_a king_n out_o of_o his_o own_o hereditary_a land_n as_o a_o public_a stock_n which_o patrimony_n be_v embezele_v by_o those_o man_n that_o have_v the_o managery_n of_o it_o and_o for_o many_o year_n no_o account_n give_v an._n 1282_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o magnus_n i._o surname_v ladulaus_n it_o be_v order_v in_o council_n that_o these_o public_a land_n shall_v be_v seek_v after_o and_o reunite_v to_o the_o crown_n or_o some_o other_o way_n find_v to_o maintain_v the_o grandeur_n of_o the_o court_n the_o land_n by_o reason_n of_o long_a alienation_n can_v not_o be_v regain_v wherefore_o it_o be_v enact_v that_o in_o lieu_n of_o they_o all_o the_o revenue_n of_o fish_v in_o the_o finnick_n and_o bothnick_a bay_n the_o lake_n meller_n and_o all_o other_o lake_n and_o river_n within_o the_o king_n dominion_n as_o also_o of_o all_o mine_n of_o what_o metal_n soever_o shall_v over_o and_o above_o the_o land-tax_n whole_o and_o entire_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n this_o city_n be_v ancient_o the_o chief_a place_n of_o their_o heathenish_a worship_n their_o ancient_a manner_n of_o worship_n as_o it_o be_v at_o present_a of_o their_o christian_a worship_n wherefore_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o here_o to_o treat_v as_o well_o of_o their_o ancient_a superstition_n as_o of_o their_o present_a true_a religion_n the_o heathenish_a deity_n to_o which_o they_o pay_v their_o devotion_n be_v thor_n oden_n and_o freia_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o asia_n into_o this_o country_n and_o be_v though_o under_o divers_a name_n worship_v by_o most_o of_o the_o scandian_o thor_n so_o call_v from_o the_o assyrian_a word_n there_z or_o thurra_n i.e._n powerful_a have_v a_o temple_n
dedicate_v to_o he_o so_o stately_a and_o magnificent_a that_o by_o the_o relation_n of_o johannes_n magnus_n who_o tell_v prodigious_a story_n of_o the_o golden_a roof_n etc._n etc._n the_o temple_n of_o the_o sun_n in_o cuzco_n be_v but_o a_o poor_o adorn_v chapel_n to_o it_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o this_o stupendous_a fabric_n their_o god_n be_v set_v upon_o a_o bed_n or_o couch_n with_o a_o crown_n upon_o his_o head_n adorn_v with_o twelve_o star_n and_o a_o sceptre_n in_o his_o hand_n upon_o his_o right_a hand_n stand_v oden_n or_o othen_n arm_v like_o a_o soldier_n cap_n a-pie_n not_o unlike_o the_o roman_a god_n mars_n on_o his_o left_a be_v place_v the_o goddess_n freia_n their_o venus_n hold_v a_o sword_n in_o one_o and_o a_o bow_n in_o the_o other_o hand_n these_o three_o deity_n be_v have_v in_o special_a reverence_n among_o they_o votary_n come_v from_o very_o remote_a part_n every_o nine_o year_n to_o visit_v the_o temple_n and_o pay_v their_o devotion_n offer_v the_o most_o precious_a gift_n they_o can_v provide_v and_o sacrifice_n for_o nine_o day_n together_o pythagorean-like_a count_a nine_a a_o auspicious_a number_n and_o on_o every_o day_n nine_o sort_n of_o animal_n three_o of_o every_o sort_n not_o spare_v their_o servant_n friend_n child_n nor_o even_o their_o own_o self_n from_o be_v part_n of_o such_o bloody_a victim_n this_o they_o do_v not_o by_o choice_n every_o votary_n strive_v to_o be_v present_v a_o sacrifice_n to_o his_o god_n but_o by_o lot_n take_v he_o on_o who_o the_o lot_n fall_v tie_v a_o cord_n about_o his_o middle_n and_o so_o let_v he_o down_o alive_a into_o a_o large_a well_o dig_v close_o by_o the_o temple_n for_o that_o purpose_n if_o he_o expire_v quiet_o and_o without_o any_o great_a struggle_n or_o motion_n of_o the_o water_n they_o conclude_v that_o their_o god_n be_v please_v and_o their_o petition_n hear_v if_o otherwise_o and_o he_o seem_v to_o die_v with_o any_o reluctancy_n they_o suppose_v their_o god_n be_v angry_a and_o thereupon_o present_o make_v ready_a another_o suchlike_a sacrifice_n to_o appease_v the_o wrath_n when_o the_o body_n be_v draw_v up_o out_o of_o the_o well_o if_o a_o please_a sacrifice_n they_o think_v it_o not_o fit_a to_o bury_v it_o in_o the_o ground_n the_o ordinary_a way_n but_o hang_v it_o up_o upon_o a_o tree_n in_o the_o consecrate_a grove_n and_o for_o ever_o after_o suppose_v it_o to_o be_v instate_v in_o a_o place_n of_o happiness_n and_o esteem_v it_o as_o one_o of_o their_o demigod_n in_o these_o cruel_a sacrifice_n their_o king_n themselves_o be_v not_o only_o present_a but_o sometime_o when_o the_o lot_n fall_v upon_o they_o offer_v up_o to_o their_o god_n be_v attend_v to_o the_o place_n of_o execution_n with_o great_a joy_n and_o acclamation_n by_o the_o great_a part_n of_o their_o subject_n who_o promise_v themselves_o great_a and_o last_a happiness_n by_o so_o noble_a a_o victim_n beside_o these_o three_o principal_a they_o worship_v many_o other_o inferior_a deity_n upon_o different_a occasion_n as_o methothim_n who_o preside_v over_o their_o magical_a art_n from_o to_o who_o they_o always_o offer_v black_a victim_n vagnoft_o hade_v etc._n etc._n with_o all_o the_o the_o son_n and_o attendant_n of_o their_o principal_a god_n of_o which_o see_v johannes_n and_o olaus_n magnus_n adam_n bremensis_n and_o loccenius_n the_o many_o foolish_a superstition_n to_o which_o their_o ignorance_n and_o credulity_n make_v they_o subject_a as_o their_o arm_a themselves_o whensoever_o it_o chance_v to_o thunder_n and_o shoot_v arrow_n up_o into_o the_o cloud_n to_o assist_v these_o god_n of_o their_o country_n who_o as_o they_o suppose_v be_v wage_n war_n against_o those_o of_o other_o nation_n their_o use_v to_o sacrifice_v their_o horse_n before_o they_o engage_v with_o their_o enemy_n and_o set_v the_o head_n of_o they_o upon_o pale_n before_o the_o army_n in_o manner_n of_o a_o palisado_n and_o such_o like_a frequent_o meet_v with_o in_o author_n be_v scarce_o worth_a mention_v only_o this_o may_v be_v observe_v that_o in_o their_o custom_n and_o ceremony_n about_o their_o worship_n they_o have_v some_o faint_a notion_n of_o a_o infinite_a power_n to_o which_o they_o owe_v their_o be_v and_o happiness_n that_o their_o soul_n do_v not_o die_v with_o their_o body_n and_o such_o like_a common_a dictate_v of_o natural_a reason_n all_o which_o be_v clear_o discover_v to_o they_o and_o the_o mist_n of_o idolatry_n and_o irreligion_n quite_o dispel_v by_o the_o happy_a plantation_n of_o christianity_n among_o they_o in_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 780_o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o bero_n or_o biorno_n iii_o king_n of_o sweden_n desire_v charles_n the_o great_a emperor_n of_o germany_n to_o send_v some_o able_a minister_n into_o the_o north_n to_o plant_v christian_a religion_n among_o they_o who_o according_o send_v one_o herebertus_n surname_v belga_n a_o man_n of_o note_a piety_n and_o learning_n in_o those_o time_n he_o succeed_v well_o in_o his_o undertake_n gain_v many_o proselyte_n and_o build_v a_o church_n at_o lyncopen_n in_o ostrogothia_a where_o himself_o be_v rector_n and_o afterward_o dye_v ann._n 814_o ludovicus_n pius_n i._o emperor_n of_o germany_n in_o the_o six_o year_n of_o his_o reign_n send_v hither_o more_o apostle_n one_o of_o which_o be_v name_v ansgarius_n a_o monk_n of_o corbey_n in_o france_n who_o bring_v with_o he_o from_o thence_o divers_a of_o the_o monk_n and_o plant_v in_o saxony_n a_o monastery_n of_o the_o former_a name_n intend_v it_o for_o a_o seminary_n to_o supply_v the_o want_n of_o preacher_n in_o the_o north._n but_o all_o this_o emperor_n time_n christianity_n be_v rather_o private_o bring_v in_o hither_o paganism_n prevail_v and_o most_o of_o these_o pious_a man_n be_v martyr_v for_o their_o religion_n then_o public_o countenance_v or_o establish_v till_o about_o ann_n 955_o when_o olaus_n scot-konung_a desirous_a to_o enjoy_v the_o purity_n of_o the_o gospel_n send_v to_o ethelred_n then_o king_n of_o england_n desire_v he_o to_o furnish_v he_o with_o minister_n to_o preach_v christianity_n to_o he_o and_o his_o subject_n that_o there_o have_v always_o be_v great_a friendship_n betwixt_o those_o two_o crown_n appear_v by_o many_o particular_n one_o especial_o not_o to_o be_v forget_v be_v that_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n will_v never_o permit_v any_o of_o their_o subject_n to_o engage_v with_o the_o dane_n and_o other_o northern_a people_n to_o exercise_v piracy_n against_o or_o invade_v the_o english_a dominion_n as_o it_o be_v observe_v by_o jo._n magnus_n and_o other_o author_n ethelred_n ready_o consent_v to_o so_o pious_a a_o request_n and_o dispatch_v over_o one_o sigfrid_n than_o archbishop_n of_o york_n with_o divers_a other_o godly_a priest_n and_o worthy_a labourer_n who_o at_o their_o arrival_n in_o sweden_n find_v kind_a reception_n baptize_v the_o king_n himself_o with_o all_o his_o courtier_n and_o prevail_v so_o far_o to_o have_v the_o gospel_n propagate_v among_o his_o subject_n that_o christian_a church_n be_v build_v in_o every_o province_n of_o the_o king_n dominion_n this_o so_o happy_a a_o plantation_n be_v water_v by_o the_o blood_n of_o three_o of_o his_o follower_n vnaman_n sumaman_n and_o vinaman_n murder_v by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o a_o wicked_a woman_n and_o lie_v bury_v at_o wexio_n a_o city_n in_o smalandia_n after_o this_o christianity_n be_v nurse_v up_o by_o their_o succeed_a king_n ericus_n especial_o who_o as_o be_v say_v before_o propagate_v it_o to_o the_o finlander_n exercise_v it_o be_v according_a to_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n till_o about_o the_o year_n 1530_o at_o which_o time_n gustavus_n i._o then_o king_n upon_o what_o motive_n author_n do_v not_o agree_v establish_v the_o lutheran_n religion_n displace_v all_o those_o that_o refuse_v to_o subscribe_v the_o article_n he_o propose_v among_o who_o be_v that_o elegant_a historian_n and_o very_o learned_a person_n jo._n magnus_n than_o archbishop_n who_o refuse_v to_o comply_v with_o the_o king_n leave_v his_o country_n flee_v to_o rome_n there_o write_v his_o history_n with_o a_o account_n of_o this_o metropolis_n and_o die_v 1544._o in_o the_o year_n 1537_o the_o say_a gustavus_n enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o christianus_n king_n of_o denmark_n philip_n landsgrave_n of_o hassia_n the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o other_o german_a prince_n to_o defend_v this_o religion_n thus_o reform_v against_o the_o emperor_n and_o other_o prince_n of_o the_o communion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o it_o be_v public_o consent_v to_o by_o the_o state_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n a._n d._n 1627._o gustavus_n adolphus_n give_v sactuary_n in_o his_o dominion_n to_o all_o those_o that_o be_v any_o way_n persecute_v in_o germany_n or_o elsewhere_o for_o this_o profession_n confirm_a it_o be_v and_o agree_v to_o by_o charles_n
south_n part_n of_o westro-gothia_a the_o ground_n be_v so_o rich_a and_o fertile_a that_o thirty-six_a day_n after_o they_o have_v sow_o they_o reap_v their_o barley_n beast_n of_o all_o sort_n be_v here_o in_o great_a plenty_n beast_n beast_n as_o horse_n elk_n bear_n wild_a bull_n castor_n or_o beaver_n sables_n ermine_n martron_n etc._n etc._n sheep_n also_o and_o ox_n not_o only_o sufficient_a to_o supply_v the_o whole_a country_n but_o also_o to_o have_v great_a number_n transport_v out_o of_o finland_n schonen_fw-mi etc._n etc._n into_o other_o nation_n tree_n also_o be_v here_o in_o great_a abundance_n tree_n tree_n as_o fir_n pine_n birch_n juniper_n etc._n etc._n apple_n also_o and_o pear_n plumb_n and_o other_o fruit-tree_n and_o of_o late_a hop_n have_v be_v plant_v here_o the_o pine_n and_o fir_n which_o grow_v upon_o the_o seacoast_n be_v say_v to_o have_v in_o the_o summertime_n a_o kind_n of_o rosinous_n gum_n distil_v from_o they_o which_o fall_v into_o the_o baltic_a and_o bothnick_a sea_n and_o by_o the_o wave_n carry_v to_o the_o prussian_a shore_n have_v give_v occasion_n to_o some_o to_o ascribe_v to_o this_o the_o original_n of_o their_o amber_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v rather_o a_o coagulation_n of_o petroleum_n honey_n abound_v very_o much_o in_o this_o country_n not_o only_o preserve_v in_o hive_n in_o their_o garden_n but_o ordinary_o to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o wood_n wine_n have_v be_v sometime_o in_o such_o scarcity_n here_o that_o they_o can_v not_o be_v furnish_v for_o the_o communion_n to_o remedy_v which_o divers_a author_n report_n that_o p._n innocent_a viii_o ann_n '_o 1486_o give_v leave_v to_o the_o priest_n of_o norway_n and_o place_n under_o the_o same_o parallel_n to_o celebrate_v in_o some_o other_o liquor_n the_o air_n be_v of_o different_a temperature_n aâ—â—_n aâ—â—_n according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o clime_n for_o the_o most_o part_n it_o be_v cold_a pure_a free_a from_o vapour_n and_o consequent_o healthful_a in_o those_o part_n near_o the_o bethnic_n and_o baltic_a coast_n it_o be_v frequent_o mud_v with_o sea_n and_o marish_a vapour_n serpent_n and_o venomous_a beast_n whatever_o some_o author_n say_v be_v not_o at_o all_o or_o very_o rare_o in_o these_o country_n but_o fowl_n and_o fish_n of_o all_o sort_n in_o so_o great_a abundance_n that_o even_o the_o peasant_n contrary_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o other_o country_n be_v permit_v to_o catch_v and_o to_o make_v profit_n of_o they_o lake_n here_o be_v many_o and_o very_o large_a lâ—â—â—â—_n lâ—â—â—â—_n the_o great_a and_o most_o considerable_a be_v 1._o meller_n in_o vpland_n well_o store_v with_o salmon_n pike_n and_o such_o like_a fish_n and_o in_o winter_n so_o hard_o freeze_v that_o it_o be_v ordinary_a to_o have_v market_n and_o fair_n keep_v upon_o it_o 2._o hielmer_n in_o nericia_n 3._o sitian_n in_o dalecarlia_n 4._o vener_n in_o westro-gothia_a a_o hundred_o and_o thirty_o english_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o forty_o in_o breadth_n have_v many_o island_n in_o it_o and_o twentyfour_o considerable_a river_n which_o fall_v from_o the_o norwegian_a mountain_n unburthen_v themselves_o into_o it_o all_o which_o have_v but_o one_o passage_n out_o call_v tralhetta_n i._n e_o the_o devil_n cap_n lie_v towards_o the_o south_n 5._o veter_fw-la in_o the_o same_o province_n who_o water_n be_v so_o clear_a and_o calm_a that_o one_o may_v discern_v the_o bottom_n at_o a_o great_a depth_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o this_o lake_n be_v ancient_o found_v the_o monastery_n of_o st._n bridget_n the_o chief_a saint_n of_o this_o kingdom_n and_o of_o st._n catherine_n her_o daughter_n with_o several_a other_o noble_a building_n 6._o vlatraesch_n in_o cajania_n 7._o pejenda_fw-la in_o tavastia_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v 8._o ladoga_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o muscovy_n the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o be_v by_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n cede_v by_o the_o muscovite_n to_o this_o crown_n all_o of_o they_o abound_v with_o fish_n the_o revenue_n of_o which_o make_v no_o small_a addition_n to_o the_o king_n exchequer_n from_o these_o lake_n arise_v many_o river_n râ—â—â—â—â—_n râ—â—â—â—â—_n run_v so_o orderly_o from_o one_o to_o another_o that_o they_o may_v seem_v like_o those_o in_o holland_n to_o have_v their_o channel_n cut_v and_o direct_v by_o art_n the_o first_o be_v dalecarle_n who_o head_n be_v in_o the_o dofrine_n mountain_n whence_o it_o fall_v into_o dalecarlia_n take_v in_o several_a lesser_a current_n at_o torsang_n and_o so_o part_v the_o province_n of_o upland_n and_o gestricia_n and_o at_o last_o fall_v into_o the_o bothnick_a bay_n 2._o saga_fw-la or_o sawe_n which_o divide_v vpland_n from_o westmannia_n 3._o angermannie_n which_o water_v angermannia_n and_o be_v note_v for_o its_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n with_o several_a other_o of_o lesser_a note_n mine_n in_o this_o country_n be_v very_o frequent_a mâ—â—â—â—_n mâ—â—â—â—_n as_o of_o silver_n copper_n iron_n lead_v alum_n vitriol_n sulphur_n etc._n etc._n every_o province_n almost_o afford_v some_o more_o or_o less_o where_o we_o shall_v make_v mention_n of_o they_o the_o great_a part_n belong_v to_o the_o subject_n yet_o some_o few_o be_v whole_o in_o the_o king_n possession_n workman_n be_v maintain_v and_o the_o whole_a revenue_n receive_v by_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o year_n 1264_o magnus_n laduslaus_n then_o king_n institute_v or_o rather_o re-establisht_a a_o society_n of_o miner_n to_o take_v care_n of_o all_o affair_n relate_v to_o the_o mine_n and_o to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n arise_v concern_v they_o these_o man_n in_o the_o year_n 1649_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o queen_n christina_n have_v many_o privilege_n grant_v to_o they_o and_o several_a new_a law_n make_v among_o they_o of_o which_o we_o find_v extant_a these_o viz._n if_o any_o subject_n discover_v a_o mine_n in_o his_o own_o ground_n of_o what_o metal_n soever_o the_o whole_a profit_n of_o it_o be_v to_o belong_v to_o he_o for_o six_o year_n after_o which_o time_n he_o be_v to_o pay_v ten_o to_o the_o king_n and_o if_o he_o maintain_v a_o forge_n to_o fit_v out_o for_o every_o hammer_n he_o keep_v one_o man_n and_o wagon_n in_o time_n of_o war_n for_o the_o king_n service_n from_o these_o mine_n come_v the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o king_n revenue_n in_o the_o year_n 1578_o two_o or_o three_o copper_n mine_n be_v say_v to_o have_v yield_v to_o the_o king_n exchequer_n above_o 500_o squipons_n every_o squipon_n be_v value_v at_o 30000_o dollar_n and_o other_o mine_n proportionable_o every_o year_n since_o of_o the_o government_n and_o manner_n of_o the_o swede_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v say_v at_o first_o to_o have_v be_v elect_v by_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n who_o never_o assemble_v but_o upon_o this_o occasion_n he_o who_o they_o common_o make_v the_o subject_n of_o their_o choice_n be_v of_o the_o royal_a line_n or_o some_o one_o of_o the_o nobility_n of_o their_o own_o country_n and_o as_o some_o say_v among_o these_o caeteris_fw-la paribus_fw-la the_o tall_a and_o most_o personable_a the_o place_n where_o the_o election_n be_v perform_v be_v vpsal_n where_o they_o assemble_v and_o have_v agree_v who_o shall_v be_v their_o prince_n they_o go_v forth_o of_o the_o city_n to_o a_o place_n call_v moresten_n a_o small_a distance_n from_o it_o here_o be_v set_v in_o order_n thirteen_o large_a stone_n one_o in_o the_o middle_n whereon_o be_v place_v their_o new_a elect_a king_n the_o other_o twelve_o round_o it_o for_o the_o twelve_o senator_n where_o after_o some_o few_o ceremony_n a_o declaration_n of_o the_o duty_n of_o the_o king_n etc._n etc._n they_o propose_v to_o he_o a_o oath_n that_o he_o will_v protect_v and_o administer_v justice_n to_o his_o people_n and_o the_o elector_n for_o themselves_o the_o absent_a nobility_n all_o the_o body_n of_o the_o people_n and_o all_o their_o posterity_n mutual_o engage_v that_o they_o will_v obey_v his_o law_n and_o bear_v faithful_a allegiance_n to_o he_o these_o rite_n perform_v the_o new_a king_n use_v to_o invite_v all_o his_o elector_n and_o noble_n to_o banquet_n where_o he_o himself_o wait_v on_o they_o and_o afford_v they_o great_a and_o splendid_a entertainment_n all_o which_o end_v with_o a_o solemn_a grace-cup_n call_v by_o they_o berga-beger_n these_o custom_n since_o under_o gustavus_n the_o first_o the_o kingdom_n be_v make_v hereditary_a be_v quite_o leave_v off_o and_o when_o the_o coronation_n be_v to_o be_v solemnize_v the_o noble_n and_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n meet_v at_o the_o king_n palace_n at_o vpsal_n whence_o they_o go_v to_o the_o metropolitan_a church_n in_o order_n the_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n carry_v the_o royal_a ornament_n the_o drotset_a or_o viceroy_n the_o crown_n the_o marshal_n the_o sword_n the_o admiral_n the_o sceptre_n the_o chancellor_n the_o golden_a globe_n the_o grand_a
fountain_n of_o the_o law_n by_o these_o governor_n and_o deputy_n agreee_v together_o tribute_n be_v exact_v and_o tax_n levy_v according_a to_o a_o order_n of_o the_o senate_n hold_v at_o lyncopen_fw-mi 1599_o they_o be_v to_o keep_v court_n of_o justice_n twice_o in_o every_o year_n all_o of_o they_o meeting_n in_o the_o winter_n time_n about_o february_n at_o vpsal_n at_o the_o public_a fair_a call_v di_v and_o in_o summer_n at_o lyncopen_n state_n or_o order_n of_o man_n in_o this_o kingdom_n there_o be_v say_v bureus_n six_o 1._o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n royal_a nobility_n clergy_n soldiery_n merchantry_n and_o commonalty_n 1._o blood_n prince_n of_o the_o blood_n the_o prince_n of_o the_o blood-royal_a be_v dispose_v of_o by_o the_o king_n according_a to_o their_o age_n and_o capacity_n the_o elder_a as_o be_v say_v be_v heir_n apparent_a to_o the_o crown_n the_o young_a be_v common_o create_v duke_n and_o make_v governor_n of_o province_n of_o vpsal_n first_o and_o the_o rest_n in_o order_n of_o dignity_n these_o after_o the_o death_n of_o their_o elder_a brother_n if_o he_o die_v without_o issue_n have_v right_a to_o succeed_v in_o the_o throne_n 2._o nobility_n nobility_n the_o nobility_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v descend_v from_o king_n ingon_n or_o harold_n of_o norway_n and_o spread_v through_o germany_n suitzerland_n spain_n etc._n etc._n when_o the_o goth_n invade_v the_o roman_a empire_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o rank_n or_o order_n 1._o consist_v of_o earl_n and_o baron_n or_o franck-baron_n the_o earl_n jerl_n ancient_o be_v create_v only_o upon_o extraordinary_a account_n as_o be_v also_o their_o duke_n call_v hertog_n neither_o of_o their_o title_n be_v then_o hereditary_a a_o war_n happen_v between_o they_o and_o some_o of_o their_o king_n their_o honour_n and_o title_n be_v for_o some_o age_n quite_o lay_v aside_o till_o king_n ericus_n fourteen_o about_o the_o year_n 1560_o first_o of_o all_o renew_v these_o lose_a title_n and_o restore_v they_o to_o their_o owner_n which_o gracious_a favour_n of_o his_o be_v follow_v by_o his_o successor_n they_o not_o only_o confer_v like_o honour_n during_o life_n but_o at_o present_a make_v it_o hereditary_a the_o second_o consist_v of_o those_o who_o ancestor_n have_v be_v advance_v to_o the_o honour_n of_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o three_o sort_n be_v make_v up_o of_o those_o who_o be_v neither_o count_n nor_o baron_n and_o who_o ancestor_n have_v not_o be_v of_o the_o senatorian_a order_n of_o these_o order_n may_v be_v either_o their_o knight_n for_o their_o valour_n create_v by_o the_o king_n who_o title_n be_v not_o transmit_v to_o their_o heir_n though_o frequent_o upon_o equal_a desert_n confer_v on_o they_o or_o gentleman_n who_o be_v the_o low_a degree_n of_o the_o nobility_n ancient_o call_v affwappen_v either_o because_o they_o be_v expert_a in_o war_n or_o bear_v a_o coat_n of_o arms._n all_o these_o nobleman_n enjoy_v great_a privilege_n and_o immunity_n all_o their_o estate_n be_v free_a from_o tax_n and_o imposition_n so_o much_o only_o out_o of_o the_o land_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n except_v as_o they_o at_o their_o creation_n receive_v of_o the_o king_n for_o which_o they_o pay_v some_o acknowledgement_n to_o the_o crown_n only_o in_o time_n of_o war_n and_o all_o exigence_n whatever_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o fit_v out_o horse_n and_o man_n for_o the_o king_n service_n proportionable_a to_o their_o estate_n out_o of_o these_o be_v common_o elect_v the_o senator_n judges_z and_o chief_a officer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n man_n of_o low_a birth_n though_o of_o considerable_a part_n seldom_o advance_v themselves_o into_o place_n of_o great_a trust_n and_o employment_n in_o civil_a affair_n in_o ecclesiastical_a more_o frequent_o the_o estate_n of_o these_o nobleman_n be_v inherit_v as_o well_o by_o their_o daughter_n as_o their_o son_n the_o son_n if_o one_o have_v half_o and_o a_o daughter_n three_o part_n of_o they_o which_o custom_n king_n bergerus_n jerl_n be_v say_v to_o have_v make_v and_o bring_v in_o about_o four_o age_n ago_o 3._o the_o clergy_n clergy_n clergy_n concern_v who_o what_o we_o find_v be_v set_v down_o under_o vpsal_n 4._o the_o soldiery_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d which_o enjoy_v very_o great_a privilege_n from_o the_o king_n as_o soon_o as_o any_o be_v list_v soldier_n he_o have_v over_o and_o above_o his_o ordinary_a pay_n all_o his_o land_n tax-free_a if_o in_o time_n of_o war_n a_o soldier_n horse_n be_v kill_v under_o he_o the_o king_n provide_v he_o with_o another_o and_o if_o any_o be_v take_v captive_a by_o the_o enemy_n the_o king_n redeem_v he_o at_o his_o own_o charge_n and_o such_o like_a which_o we_o shall_v mention_v when_o we_o speak_v of_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 5._o the_o merchantry_n merchantry_n merchantry_n in_o who_o possession_n the_o most_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o riches_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v keep_v and_o by_o who_o procurement_n foreign_a commodity_n be_v import_v for_o the_o good_a government_n and_o benefit_n of_o these_o every_o maritime_a city_n and_o mart-town_n have_v ancient_o their_o particular_a municipal_a law_n derive_v from_o berca_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o their_o king_n and_o about_o 600_o year_n ago_o a_o town_n of_o the_o great_a trade_n in_o the_o kingdom_n by_o these_o it_o be_v order_v how_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n the_o maritime_a city_n may_v exercise_v trade_n as_o well_o with_o inland_a town_n as_o foreigner_n what_o commodity_n they_o may_v traffic_v with_o not_o hinder_v one_o another_o commerce_n etc._n etc._n these_o law_n be_v by_o the_o civil_a war_n in_o the_o kingdom_n quite_o neglect_v and_o for_o a_o long_a time_n out_o of_o use_n but_o by_o the_o care_n of_o some_o of_o the_o late_a king_n they_o or_o some_o equivalent_a to_o they_o begin_v to_o be_v restore_v and_o put_v in_o execution_n 6_o the_o last_o and_o low_a state_n commonalty_n commonalty_n and_o as_o it_o be_v the_o basis_n of_o the_o rest_n be_v the_o commonalty_n call_v bond_n or_o beond_n of_o which_o there_o be_v two_o sort_n 1._o name_v scatbonder_n who_o have_v hereditary_a land_n privilege_n of_o fish_v and_o fowl_v etc._n etc._n belong_v to_o they_o these_o in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v bind_v to_o fit_v out_o one_o horse_n and_o man_n for_o the_o king_n service_n the_o second_o sort_n be_v those_o that_o labour_n in_o the_o mine_n call_v bergs-man_n no_o less_o profitable_a to_o the_o public_a than_o the_o former_a and_o enjoy_v no_o less_o privilege_n and_o immunity_n both_o possess_v estate_n and_o fishery_n of_o their_o own_o and_o like_o the_o commons_o of_o england_n have_v their_o representative_n in_o the_o public_a council_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o these_o some_o by_o reason_n of_o their_o freedom_n and_o advantage_n of_o education_n which_o be_v deny_v the_o pesantry_n of_o other_o country_n sometime_o arrive_v at_o great_a honour_n in_o church_n and_o state_n the_o famous_a king_n ericus_n furname_v the_o saint_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o countryman_n son_n the_o swede_n as_o all_o other_o nation_n be_v for_o a_o long_a time_n govern_v only_o by_o the_o law_n of_o nature_n the_o confuse_a edict_n of_o their_o king_n decree_n of_o the_o state_n and_o response_n of_o the_o wise_a till_o about_o the_o year_n 1251_o bergerus_n jerl_n compile_v a_o body_n of_o law_n and_o constitution_n for_o the_o kingdom_n collect_v out_o of_o the_o former_a these_o before_o the_o invention_n of_o paper_n be_v engrave_v upon_o large_a wooden_a post_n thereby_o after_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o athenian_n to_o be_v promulgate_v to_o the_o people_n they_o be_v common_o very_o short_a and_o general_a as_o design_v the_o decision_n of_o particular_a case_n to_o the_o public_a magistrate_n beside_o these_o they_o have_v upon_o any_o emergent_a difficulty_n other_o ancient_a law_n which_o they_o call_v recessus_fw-la regni_fw-la and_o other_o ancient_a statute_n of_o the_o kingdom_n by_o which_o only_a great_a controversy_n be_v decide_v at_o present_v the_o court_n of_o justice_n be_v more_o regular_a and_o for_o the_o speedy_a execution_n of_o it_o there_o be_v in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n five_o supreme_a court_n of_o judicature_n 1._o the_o king_n chamber_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o rank_n or_o degree_n 1._o supreme_a in_o which_o all_o case_n betwixt_o senator_n and_o senator_n bring_v thither_o by_o appeal_n be_v decide_v 2._o the_o middle_a in_o which_o be_v determine_v action_n of_o treason_n and_o all_o other_o betwixt_o nobleman_n lagman_n and_o public_a officer_n 3._o the_o low_a where_o ordinary_a trial_n be_v decide_v whether_o civil_a or_o criminal_a where_o it_o be_v judge_v whether_o the_o procedure_n in_o inferior_a court_n in_o action_n bring_v thence_o by_o appeal_n have_v be_v legal_a or_o not_o from_o this_o court_n there_o lie_v no_o
appeal_n but_o only_o to_o the_o king_n who_o may_v pardon_v the_o crime_n or_o mitigate_v the_o punishment_n as_o he_o please_v under_o this_o for_o dispatch_v of_o business_n be_v two_o other_o court_n one_o for_o civil_a and_o one_o for_o criminal_a matter_n of_o inferior_a concernment_n 2._o the_o court_n marshal_n in_o which_o all_o matter_n relate_v to_o war_n be_v decide_v the_o grand_a marshal_n of_o the_o army_n be_v always_o precedent_n have_v two_o assessor_n senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n or_o public_a officer_n all_o man_n of_o the_o sword_n with_o the_o master_n of_o the_o camp_n master_n of_o the_o artillery_n and_o captain_n general_n of_o the_o king_n guard_n 3._o the_o court_n of_o chancery_n for_o the_o decision_n of_o all_o case_n civil_a or_o ecclesiastical_a 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o here_o the_o chancellor_n of_o the_o kingdom_n preside_v with_o four_o senator_n assessor_n and_o the_o two_o secretary_n of_o state_n here_o all_o mandate_n edict_n commission_n etc._n etc._n be_v make_v in_o the_o king_n name_n all_o decree_n of_o senate_n and_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n register_v and_o in_o a_o word_n cognizance_n take_v of_o all_o complaint_n and_o case_n betwixt_o one_o subject_a and_o another_o whether_o relate_v to_o the_o church_n or_o state_n which_o be_v bring_v hither_o by_o appeal_n from_o some_o inferior_a court_n 4._o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o court_n of_o admiralty_n for_o the_o inspection_n and_o determine_v all_o business_n relate_v to_o the_o navy_n or_o sea_n affair_n here_o the_o high_a admiral_n preside_v four_o senator_n four_o vice_n admiral_n and_o several_a captain_n assessor_n 5._o the_o court_n of_o the_o king_n exchequer_n in_o which_o all_o business_n relate_v to_o the_o king_n revenue_n or_o wherein_o the_o crown_n be_v any_o way_n concern_v be_v examine_v and_o decide_v here_o the_o grand_a treasurer_n be_v judge_n who_o have_v four_o assessor_n two_o senator_n and_o two_o nobleman_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v other_o inferior_a tribunal_n tribunal_n inferior_a tribunal_n institute_v at_o first_o by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n in_o the_o year_n 1614_o and_o 1615_o in_o some_o of_o the_o most_o principal_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n 1._o at_o stockholme_n where_o the_o drotset_a preside_v with_o sixteen_o assessor_n four_o senator_n six_o knight_n and_o six_o lawyer_n 2._o at_o junecopia_n in_o gothland_n where_o the_o precedent_n be_v a_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n six_o noble_n and_o as_o many_o lawyer_n assessor_n 3._o at_o aboa_n in_o finland_n where_o a_o senator_n be_v precedent_n six_o noble_n and_o six_o lawyer_n assessor_n 4._o at_o dorpat_o in_o livonia_n a_o senator_n precedent_n and_o twelve_o assessor_n two_o other_o also_o be_v by_o he_o appoint_v one_o at_o wismar_n in_o pomeren_n and_o another_o at_o rugen_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o breme_n but_o all_o proceed_n there_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o war_n betwixt_o this_o crown_n and_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n be_v quite_o stop_v and_o the_o four_o former_a at_o present_a only_o make_v use_n of_o in_o the_o city_n of_o lesser_a note_n justice_n be_v execute_v in_o this_o manner_n the_o first_o hear_n be_v before_o a_o inferior_a magistrate_n call_v cammene_n rat_n the_o second_o before_o the_o consul_n and_o senate_n of_o the_o town_n which_o be_v always_o four_o in_o number_n each_o have_v his_o particular_a charge_n the_o three_o if_o the_o case_n be_v of_o importance_n before_o one_o of_o the_o supreme_a tribunal_n where_o upon_o the_o first_o hear_n the_o judge_n or_o precedent_n of_o the_o court_n be_v bind_v to_o determine_v the_o case_n or_o else_o to_o give_v under_o his_o hand_n that_o it_o be_v very_o intricate_a and_o require_v long_a time_n or_o a_o high_a court_n for_o its_o determination_n or_o else_o he_o with_o the_o twelve_o assessor_n be_v to_o be_v fine_v each_o three_o mark_n apiece_o over_o and_o above_o all_o these_o court_n kingdom_n the_o senate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o as_o it_o be_v a_o compound_v of_o they_o all_o be_v the_o senate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n hold_v ancient_o only_a for_o the_o election_n of_o their_o king_n and_o consist_v of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n but_o at_o present_a make_v up_o of_o more_o member_n and_o summon_v for_o the_o same_o reason_n and_o in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o the_o parliament_n in_o england_n in_o it_o there_o be_v two_o person_n elect_v out_o of_o every_o consistory_n and_o one_o rector_n of_o a_o country_n parish_n out_o of_o every_o district_n one_o colonel_n with_o other_o lieutenant_n and_o major_n out_o of_o every_o city_n one_o consul_n one_o senator_n or_o some_o other_o principal_a citizen_n and_o out_o of_o every_o territory_n one_o inhabitant_n every_o different_a order_n of_o these_o have_v a_o distinct_a house_n to_o sit_v in_o and_o for_o every_o house_n a_o chairman_n or_o speaker_n for_o the_o nobility_n the_o grand_a marshal_n for_o the_o clergy_n the_o archbishop_n for_o the_o burgess_n of_o city_n one_o of_o the_o consul_n of_o stockholme_n or_o the_o master_n of_o the_o artillery_n and_o for_o those_o of_o the_o country_n some_o one_o elect_a out_o of_o their_o own_o body_n when_o they_o have_v finish_v their_o deliberation_n several_o they_o confer_v all_o the_o house_n together_o and_o have_v agree_v upon_o a_o form_n present_v their_o resolve_n to_o the_o king_n if_o he_o be_v please_v with_o they_o and_o think_v fit_a to_o pass_v they_o into_o act_n he_o with_o the_o member_n of_o the_o parliament_n subscribe_v and_o seal_v they_o the_o record_n of_o which_o the_o marshal_n of_o the_o state_n a_o officer_n appoint_v for_o that_o purpose_n put_v into_o the_o chancery_n cause_v they_o to_o be_v promulgate_v and_o then_o quit_v his_o charge_n and_o his_o staff_n the_o mark_n of_o his_o dignity_n the_o law_n use_v in_o sweden_n law_n the_o law_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o ostro_fw-la and_o westro-gothia_a be_v very_o ancient_a every_o province_n have_v former_o have_v say_v loccenius_n particular_a constitution_n by_o which_o it_o be_v govern_v the_o plaintiff_n and_o defendant_n use_v to_o plead_v their_o own_o cause_n or_o to_o give_v the_o management_n of_o they_o to_o some_o of_o their_o kindred_n never_o take_v the_o assistance_n of_o any_o advocate_n or_o proctor_n contrary_a to_o their_o present_a practice_n in_o case_n dubious_a it_o be_v in_o use_n here_o as_o in_o most_o part_n of_o europe_n to_o refer_v the_o determination_n of_o they_o to_o the_o trial_n either_o of_o fire_n ordeal_o sufficient_o know_v to_o most_o man_n use_v at_o first_o in_o this_o country_n by_o olaus_n scotkonung_n about_o the_o year_n 986_o and_o quite_o abrogate_a by_o bergerus_n jerl_v about_o 300_o year_n ago_o or_o of_o scald_a water_n or_o of_o bring_v the_o suspect_a person_n in_o case_n of_o murder_n to_o the_o dead_a body_n which_o if_o upon_o his_o approach_n begin_v to_o bleed_v they_o judge_v he_o to_o be_v the_o murderer_n or_o of_o duel_n call_v wehide_n i._n e._n consecration_n this_o manner_n of_o trial_n be_v first_o allow_v say_v some_o by_o frotho_n king_n of_o denmarck_n whence_o be_v bring_v into_o sweden_n and_o for_o sometime_o prevail_v it_o be_v first_o of_o all_o by_o gustavus_n the_o great_a under_o great_a penalty_n forbid_v but_o not_o absolute_o extirpate_v till_o the_o time_n of_o this_o present_a king_n a._n 1662._o when_o its_o punishment_n be_v make_v arbitrary_a at_o present_v if_o a_o legifer_fw-la be_v to_o be_v elect_v it_o be_v do_v by_o the_o bishop_n who_o give_v notice_n thereof_o in_o the_o court_n eight_o week_n before_o the_o electionday_n and_o the_o people_n of_o the_o territory_n who_o return_n three_o sufficient_a person_n to_o the_o king_n and_o he_o choose_v one_o of_o they_o if_o a_o precedent_n the_o legifer_fw-la and_o the_o people_n of_o the_o district_n choose_v he_o who_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o administer_v justice_n impartial_o among_o they_o and_o can_v be_v judge_n in_o one_o only_a district_n at_o the_o same_o time_n when_o a_o plaintiff_n commence_v a_o action_n against_o the_o defendant_n he_o with_o two_o able_a housekeeper_n go_v to_o his_o house_n and_o summons_n he_o to_o the_o court_n if_o he_o appear_v the_o first_o second_o or_o three_o court_n day_n it_o be_v well_o if_o not_o he_o lose_v the_o action_n and_o distress_n be_v make_v upon_o his_o good_n in_o case_n of_o murder_n adultery_n etc._n etc._n punishable_a by_o death_n if_o the_o guilty_a person_n fly_v bud_n kaffla_fw-mi or_o hue_n and_o cry_n be_v send_v out_o after_o they_o which_o be_v to_o go_v through_o the_o whole_a precinct_n and_o to_o be_v continue_v from_o one_o place_n to_o another_o by_o the_o delivery_n of_o a_o staff_n the_o sign_n of_o authority_n a_o woman_n convict_v of_o adultery_n by_o six_o witness_n lose_v her_o dowry_n her_o estate_n and_o if_o her_o husband_n please_v her_o life_n too_o
whoever_o take_v use_v for_o money_n lose_v it_o and_o be_v punish_v beside_o though_o private_o at_o stockholme_n and_o place_n of_o trade_n use-money_n begin_v to_o be_v take_v if_o any_o person_n have_v scandalize_v his_o neighbour_n and_o be_v convict_v of_o it_o he_o be_v beside_o the_o fine_a force_v to_o recant_v and_o make_v a_o public_a confession_n of_o the_o injury_n in_o writing_n former_o for_o such_o offence_n the_o fine_a be_v nine_o mark_n call_v lopp-gold_n or_o lip-fine_a and_o the_o guilty_a person_n be_v force_v to_o beat_v their_o own_o mouth_n to_o crawl_v backward_o out_o of_o the_o court_n and_o be_v for_o ever_o render_v incapable_a of_o give_v evidence_n beside_o these_o and_o many_o such_o like_a law_n there_o be_v publish_v several_a belong_v to_o the_o goth_n which_o they_o use_v in_o other_o country_n as_o well_o as_o this_o be_v not_o more_o fit_a to_o be_v mention_v here_o then_o in_o any_o other_o place_n how_o powerful_a the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v in_o sea_n forces_n land_n forces_n as_o well_o as_o land_n force_n be_v sufficient_o manifest_v by_o their_o late_a as_o well_o as_o present_v war_n how_o far_o gustavus_n adolphus_n go_v in_o his_o expedition_n against_o germany_n be_v sufficient_o know_v to_o the_o world_n and_o how_o this_o present_a king_n have_v behave_v himself_o between_o two_o powerful_a enemy_n be_v no_o less_o manifest_a and_o such_o be_v the_o great_a strength_n of_o the_o kingdom_n that_o sometime_o it_o have_v maintain_v war_n with_o three_o potent_a adversary_n the_o dane_n the_o pole_n and_o the_o muscovite_n all_o at_o once_o the_o land-force_n be_v provide_v and_o keep_v in_o readiness_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o our_o trained-band_n by_o the_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n thirty-two_a regiment_n in_o all_o seven_o hundred_o soldier_n in_o each_o regiment_n these_o be_v most_o of_o they_o musqueteer_n pikeman_n be_v by_o reason_n of_o their_o thick_a and_o frequent_a wood_n not_o so_o serviceable_a in_o this_o as_o other_z champain_n country_n the_o body_n of_o their_o army_n to_o their_o great_a advantage_n be_v in_o time_n of_o war_n compose_v of_o peasant_n such_o soldier_n as_o the_o ancient_a roman_n desire_v to_o have_v people_z laborious_a frugal_a hardy_a and_o be_v use_v at_o home_n to_o make_v all_o their_o clothes_n themselves_o prove_v when_o they_o come_v to_o field_n as_o many_o tailor_n shoemaker_n etc._n etc._n as_o soldier_n every_o company_n of_o foot_n have_v its_o particular_a captain_n lieutenant_z and_o ensign_n who_o have_v always_o but_o especial_o if_o the_o seat_n of_o war_n be_v within_o the_o kingdom_n very_o small_a pay_n the_o captain_n himself_o not_o have_v beside_o the_o abatement_n of_o all_o tax_n for_o himself_o and_o some_o of_o his_o relation_n above_o one_o coat_n a_o year_n and_o four_o dollar_n per_fw-la mensem_fw-la and_o a_o common_a soldier_n one_o dollar_n and_o a_o four_o part_n per_fw-la mensem_fw-la regiment_n of_o horse_n be_v in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n twelve_o and_o in_o finland_n two_o one_o of_o which_o be_v make_v up_o by_o the_o commonalty_n the_o other_o by_o the_o nobility_n of_o that_o province_n each_o of_o these_o have_v its_o captain_n lieutenant_z and_o cornet_n and_o muchwhat_a the_o same_o discipline_n as_o in_o other_o country_n their_o horse_n be_v common_o lesser_a but_o strong_a and_o more_o accustom_a to_o labour_n than_o those_o of_o germany_n the_o horseman_n carry_v with_o they_o carbine_n or_o short_a gun_n the_o reason_n why_o finland_n maintain_v so_o few_o and_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n so_o many_o regiment_n be_v because_o the_o former_a be_v particular_o oblige_v to_o maintain_v the_o fleet_n and_o sea-soldier_n and_o the_o latter_a abound_v more_o with_o horse_n and_o man_n the_o province_n of_o dalecarlia_n be_v say_v at_o one_o time_n to_o have_v raise_v thirty-thousand_a man_n well_o arm_v of_o these_o land-force_n there_o be_v according_a to_o the_o law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n a_o general_a muster_n once_o every_o year_n at_o least_o all_o the_o courtier_n some_o few_o only_o except_v be_v allow_v pay_v and_o bind_v to_o accompany_v the_o king_n to_o the_o place_n of_o rendezvous_n next_o be_v the_o sea-force_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d no_o less_o considerable_a than_o those_o of_o the_o land_n the_o king_n have_v common_o in_o readiness_n above_o 50_o man_n of_o war_n many_o of_o they_o carry_v 50_o gun_n all_o under_o the_o command_n of_o one_o high_a admiral_n in_o a_o war_n against_o denmark_n king_n john_n the_o three_o fit_v out_o seventy_o man_n of_o war_n with_o several_a merchant_n ship_n in_o which_o beside_o the_o seaman_n be_v embark_v 18000_o land-souldier_n the_o chief_a port_n in_o the_o kingdom_n be_v stockholme_n where_o lie_v at_o anchor_n sometime_o above_o 300_o ship_n in_o finland_n livonia_n and_o other_o part_n there_o be_v very_o convenient_a harbour_n though_o not_o so_o well_o store_v with_o ship_n by_o reason_n that_o the_o muscovite_n the_o great_a enemy_n on_o that_o side_n maintain_v no_o sea-force_n the_o king_n revenue_n by_o which_o these_o be_v maintain_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d consist_v chief_o in_o the_o crown-land_n as_o chase_n forest_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o king_n as_o be_v say_v take_v a_o oath_n not_o to_o embezil_v but_o these_o be_v former_o by_o the_o civil_a trouble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n in_o great_a part_n alienate_v from_o the_o crown_n and_o of_o late_a since_o the_o title_n of_o earl_n and_o baron_n be_v renew_v among_o they_o very_o much_o impair_v it_o be_v the_o custom_n that_o when_o the_o king_n honour_v any_o person_n with_o either_o of_o those_o title_n he_o with_o it_o give_v he_o a_o piece_n of_o land_n which_o have_v former_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n other_o way_n be_v seek_v out_o for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o their_o court_n and_o army_n which_o be_v 1._o from_o these_o crown-land_n or_o king_n patrimony_n daily_o regain_v for_o which_o a_o college_n of_o reduction_n be_v of_o late_o institute_v 2._o from_o the_o mine_n of_o copper_n silver_n lead_v etc._n etc._n 3._o from_o the_o sea-custom_n 4._o from_o the_o imposition_n upon_o ox_n transport_v out_o of_o schonen_fw-mi finland_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v about_o the_o value_n of_o 5_o s._n english_a by_o the_o head_n amount_v to_o a_o great_a sum_n especial_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n 5._o from_o the_o several_a company_n of_o merchant_n of_o which_o there_o be_v but_o one_o for_o exportation_n viz._n the_o tar-company_n though_o there_o be_v divers_a for_o importation_n as_o the_o tobacco-company_n the_o sugar-company_n etc._n etc._n who_o each_o pay_n yearly_o considerable_a sum_n to_o the_o crown_n 6._o from_o impost_n on_o the_o exportation_n of_o gun_n 7._o from_o the_o mulct_n pay_v by_o those_o that_o be_v cast_v in_o law_n a_o three_o part_n of_o which_o be_v pay_v to_o the_o king_n 8._o from_o all_o money_n which_o the_o king_n pay_v out_o from_o which_o he_o deduct_n to_o the_o value_n of_o one_o per_fw-la cent._n beside_o these_o there_o be_v many_o other_o way_n whereby_o the_o king_n raise_v money_n as_o the_o frank-subsidy_n or_o quitrent_n the_o revenue_n from_o all_o sort_n of_o skin_n and_o fur_n bring_v out_o of_o lapland_n etc._n etc._n which_o not_o be_v constant_a and_o certain_a but_o more_o or_o less_o according_a as_o the_o snow_n fall_v or_o the_o frost_n continue_v i_o omit_v to_o mention_v when_o his_o majesty_n of_o sweden_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n he_o can_v and_o ordinary_o do_v make_v use_n of_o these_o extraordinary_a mean_n as_o 1._o all_o person_n whatsoever_o none_o except_v who_o receive_v salary_n or_o pension_n from_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n abate_v one_o half_a and_o sometime_o the_o whole_a as_o it_o be_v say_v they_o do_v in_o these_o late_a war_n 2._o the_o gentry_n of_o sweden_n finland_n etc._n etc._n pay_v a_o contribution_n of_o about_o sixteen_o penny_n english_a a_o man_n which_o be_v call_v the_o six-mark_a contribution_n 3._o all_o town_n pay_v a_o contribution_n according_a to_o their_o incomes_a some_o more_o some_o less_o 4._o every_o town_n which_o be_v oblige_v to_o have_v constant_o in_o readiness_n a_o certain_a company_n of_o seaman_n who_o the_o king_n send_v for_o upon_o occasion_n to_o serve_v in_o the_o fleet_n be_v bind_v in_o time_n of_o war_n to_o double_a the_o number_n 5._o when_o any_o army_n be_v transport_v over_o the_o baltic_a it_o go_v either_o to_o pomeren_n or_o bremen_n which_o province_n pay_v so_o much_o a_o month_n in_o money_n or_o provision_n towards_o its_o support_n 6._o the_o gentry_n of_o liffland_n and_o the_o neighbour_a province_n contribute_v so_o many_o thousand_o measure_n of_o corn_n for_o the_o supply_n of_o their_o magazine_n 7._o every_o peasant_n plough_v so_o much_o ground_n a_o year_n must_v give_v one_o shirt_n one_o lambskin_n coat_n one_o pair_n of_o
mitten_n one_o pair_n of_o woollen_a stocking_n and_o one_o pair_n of_o shoe_n towards_o the_o maintenance_n of_o soldier_n by_o these_o and_o suchlike_a mean_n great_a addition_n be_v make_v to_o the_o king_n exchequer_n the_o ordinary_a income_n of_o which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o year_n 1578_o six_o or_o seven_o tun_n of_o gold_n of_o 100000_o dollar_n apiece_o all_o charge_n of_o the_o crown_n be_v first_o deduct_v though_o in_o that_o year_n as_o also_o in_o several_a follow_v there_o be_v spend_v in_o maintain_v wiburg_n and_o revalia_n city_n upon_o the_o border_n of_o muscovy_n 100000_o dollar_n extraordinary_a the_o sueci_n or_o swede_n by_o some_o writer_n mistake_v for_o the_o suevi_n or_o schwab_v a_o people_n of_o germany_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d seem_v to_o be_v the_o same_o nation_n with_o the_o sueones_n or_o suiones_n of_o tacitus_n by_o that_o description_n of_o they_o which_o he_o set_v down_o a_o ancient_a and_o warlike_a people_n unite_v under_o distinct_a law_n if_o swedish_n author_n may_v in_o this_o case_n be_v credit_v not_o many_o year_n after_o the_o flood_n by_o one_o suenno_n or_o sueno_n elder_a son_n to_o magog_n and_o great_a grandchild_n to_o noah_n and_o from_o he_o call_v suenons_a or_o sueon_n though_o other_o will_v have_v they_o so_o name_v from_o suedia_n or_o suidia_fw-la i.e._n to_o burn_v wood_n or_o forest_n that_o be_v cut_v down_o they_o be_v force_v at_o their_o first_o arrival_n into_o this_o country_n to_o fell_a and_o burn_v the_o wood_n in_o order_n to_o tillage_n but_o these_o opinion_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o grotius_n who_o derive_v their_o name_n from_o the_o swedish_n and_o english_a word_n swet_n because_o the_o swede_n be_v always_o a_o laborious_a people_n be_v conjecture_n scarce_o worth_a name_n that_o this_o nation_n be_v not_o only_o before_o but_o the_o parent_n of_o the_o gothi_n or_o getae_n be_v assert_v by_o many_o author_n and_o say_v loccenius_n apparent_a from_o several_a runick_a monument_n and_o ancient_a swedish_n law_n which_o testify_v that_o thence_o proceed_v the_o gothish_a people_n diffuse_v themselves_o into_o other_o country_n as_o thrace_n spain_n italy_n etc._n etc._n one_o of_o these_o law_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v make_v about_o the_o time_n of_o alexander_n the_o great_a for_o call_v they_o back_o into_o their_o own_o country_n scandia_n every_o one_o be_v command_v present_o to_o return_v or_o forfeit_v all_o title_n to_o any_o inheritance_n there_o which_o they_o or_o their_o ancestor_n have_v former_o possess_v that_o they_o be_v not_o so_o well_o know_v to_o the_o world_n as_o these_o goth_n or_o getes_n which_o we_o take_v to_o be_v the_o same_o people_n be_v on_o the_o contrary_a altogether_o as_o certain_a but_o the_o reason_n of_o this_o may_v be_v that_o there_o be_v several_a emigration_n of_o the_o latter_a when_o the_o former_a remain_v in_o their_o own_o country_n either_o not_o know_v by_o stranger_n as_o a_o distinct_a people_n from_o the_o goth_n or_o pass_v under_o the_o same_o name_n with_o they_o the_o norwegian_a chronicle_n reckon_v five_o and_o twenty_o king_n of_o sweden_n before_o haldanus_n hwithen_n the_o first_o founder_n of_o their_o kingdom_n which_o be_v afterward_o by_o harald_n harfagher_n the_o three_o king_n from_o he_o very_o much_o enlarge_v and_o make_v a_o absolute_a monarchy_n that_o out_o of_o this_o country_n a_o vast_a number_n of_o man_n go_v to_o people_n schonen_fw-mi and_o the_o cimbrick_n island_n in_o the_o reign_n of_o ericus_n the_o first_o swedish_n king_n according_a to_o loccenius_n his_o account_n be_v attest_v by_o johannes_n magnus_n and_o other_o author_n and_o about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 870_o one_o otherus_n in_o his_o account_n of_o the_o northern_a region_n which_o he_o make_v to_o king_n aelfred_n make_v mention_n of_o swedland_n or_o the_o land_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o the_o isle_n of_o gotland_n and_o jutland_n give_v they_o muchwhat_a the_o same_o limit_n they_o have_v at_o present_a and_o in_o all_o age_n so_o famous_a have_v be_v the_o warlike_a exploit_n and_o victorious_a arm_n of_o this_o nation_n that_o one_o nicolaus_n ragvaldi_n archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n make_v a_o oration_n extant_a in_o johannes_n magnus_fw-la in_o the_o council_n of_o basil_n a._n d._n 1440_o concern_v the_o noble_a achievement_n of_o the_o sweo-gothish_a people_n prevail_v so_o far_o with_o the_o holy_a father_n there_o present_a that_o it_o be_v move_v in_o council_n that_o the_o king_n of_o swedland_n shall_v have_v precedency_n of_o all_o other_o christian_a king_n the_o man_n of_o sweden_n as_o to_o their_o person_n be_v general_o of_o a_o proper_a and_o big_a body_n manner_n their_o manner_n a_o comely_a presence_n and_o gentile_a carriage_n in_o their_o young_a year_n breed_v up_o to_o learning_n travel_a and_o especial_o language_n of_o which_o it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o a_o swedish_n gentleman_n to_o be_v able_a to_o speak_v five_o or_o six_o in_o perfection_n and_o in_o their_o ripe_a accustom_v to_o affair_n of_o state_n and_o war._n honest_a free_a and_o plain-dealer_n they_o be_v note_v for_o insomuch_o that_o the_o granary_n in_o the_o whole_a country_n have_v ancient_o neither_o lock_n nor_o key_n but_o only_o a_o hatch_n judge_v sufficient_a security_n among_o honest_a and_o trusty_a neighbour_n and_o to_o steal_v corn_n out_o of_o the_o common_a field_n be_v a_o crime_n so_o horrid_a that_o it_o be_v punishable_a by_o death_n the_o woman_n be_v also_o of_o a_o tall_a stature_n and_o very_o personable_a general_o chaste_a adultery_n which_o be_v severe_o prohibit_v by_o their_o law_n be_v seldom_o commit_v by_o they_o modest_a virtuous_a and_o endow_v with_o those_o quality_n which_o be_v common_o the_o consequent_n of_o wholesome_a law_n and_o government_n they_o the_o citizens_z especial_o love_v to_o go_v neat_a and_o provide_v themselves_o general_o with_o good_a clothes_n and_o fair_a house_n count_v that_o ill_a spend_v which_o be_v superfluous_o bestow_v upon_o their_o worst_a part_n their_o belly_n when_o marriage_n christen_n burial_n etc._n etc._n be_v to_o be_v solemnize_v they_o spare_v no_o expense_n to_o seem_v noble_a and_o magnificent_a sometime_o rather_o than_o want_v a_o splendid_a funeral_n for_o their_o relation_n keep_v the_o dead_a corpse_n for_o several_a year_n and_o in_o the_o interim_n labour_v to_o gather_v up_o as_o much_o money_n as_o will_v maintain_v the_o pomp_n of_o its_o burial_n ancient_o they_o burn_v their_o body_n a_o custom_n as_o they_o say_v bring_v in_o by_o wooden_a however_o they_o make_v it_o one_o of_o their_o epocha_n and_o call_v that_o time_n aetas_n cremationis_fw-la afterward_o they_o bury_v they_o on_o the_o top_n or_o some_o eminent_a place_n of_o hill_n and_o this_o be_v call_v by_o their_o writer_n aetas_n collium_fw-la but_o christianity_n have_v reduce_v to_o the_o same_o custom_n that_o be_v use_v by_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o religion_n frugal_a and_o laborious_a they_o be_v enure_v as_o well_o by_o their_o exercise_n as_o the_o clime_n of_o their_o country_n to_o all_o extremity_n of_o hardship_n it_o be_v ordinary_a for_o a_o common_a soldier_n to_o watch_v upon_o the_o guard_n at_o stockholme_n a_o whole_a winter-night_n full_a eighteen_o hour_n long_o without_o be_v relieve_v to_o be_v a_o gentleman_n and_o well_o descend_v be_v high_o esteem_v among_o they_o though_o frequent_o their_o title_n of_o honour_n outswell_v their_o estate_n for_o when_o any_o one_o of_o a_o competent_a estate_n die_v one_o half_a of_o it_o be_v allow_v to_o the_o survive_a widow_n and_o the_o other_o half_o divide_v among_o the_o child_n the_o son_n have_v two_o part_n and_o a_o daughter_n the_o three_o the_o widow_n part_n upon_o her_o decease_n be_v share_v among_o they_o after_o the_o same_o proportion_n so_o that_o one_o great_a estate_n be_v cut_v out_o into_o many_o little_a parcel_n by_o many_o child_n which_o be_v again_o subdivide_v by_o these_o child_n child_n the_o family_n be_v common_o reduce_v to_o a_o low_a condition_n all_o inherit_v equal_o the_o title_n and_o privilege_n of_o the_o nobility_n the_o hospitality_n of_o this_o nation_n be_v among_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o good_a quality_n hospitality_n their_o hospitality_n the_o most_o remarkable_a they_o ancient_o use_v to_o entertain_v those_o that_o be_v stranger_n with_o the_o like_a civility_n as_o they_o will_v treat_v their_o friend_n afford_v they_o victual_n and_o what_o necessary_n they_o stand_v in_o need_n of_o gratis_o and_o furnish_v they_o with_o horse_n to_o the_o place_n whither_o they_o intend_v to_o go_v the_o contrary_a to_o this_o viz._n churlishness_n and_o inhospitality_n be_v think_v so_o great_a a_o crime_n and_o so_o unworthy_a the_o genius_n of_o any_o swedish_n inhabitant_n that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o charles_n the_o second_o who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v reign_v sometime_o before_o
city_n name_v tingvalla_fw-la 4._o hallandia_n hallandia_n hallandia_n which_o have_v oâ—_n the_o west_n the_o sinus_n codanus_n on_o the_o south_n schonen_fw-mi and_o on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n smalandia_n and_o westro-gothia_a a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a province_n reach_v in_o length_n from_o bahusia_n to_o the_o city_n laaholm_n upon_o a_o small_a river_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sinus_n codanus_n several_a mile_n but_o in_o breadth_n in_o some_o part_v not_o above_o half_a a_o mile_n and_o where_o broad_a not_o exceed_v three_o mile_n it_o have_v in_o it_o four_o city_n 1._o halmstadt_n 2._o falkenburg_n 3._o laaholm_n 4._o waersburg_n all_o lie_v upon_o the_o codane_a bay_n very_o convenient_o for_o trade_n and_o export_v of_o those_o commodity_n which_o come_v out_o of_o the_o more_o northerly_a province_n in_o the_o year_n 1645_o by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o swedland_n and_o christian_n the_o iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n this_o province_n with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n fort_n and_o appurtenance_n be_v grant_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n for_o thirty_o year_n as_o a_o pledge_n of_o security_n whereby_o the_o swede_n may_v be_v ascertain_v of_o their_o free_a passage_n through_o the_o sund_n or_o oresund_n the_o controversy_n about_o which_o have_v be_v the_o chief_a occasion_n of_o their_o former_a war_n at_o the_o end_n of_o thirty_o year_n if_o the_o swede_n think_v convenient_a either_o this_o province_n be_v to_o be_v retain_v by_o they_o as_o a_o pledge_n for_o the_o perform_n of_o the_o covenant_n on_o the_o part_n of_o the_o dane_n or_o they_o to_o have_v some_o other_o province_n or_o city_n and_o fort_n equivalent_a to_o it_o give_v into_o their_o hand_n which_o may_v be_v to_o they_o sufficient_a assecuration_n an._n 1658_o by_o article_n of_o a_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n a_o city_n in_o zealand_n it_o with_o all_o its_o city_n town_n and_o fort_n be_v grant_v to_o charles_n the_o x_o than_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o to_o his_o successor_n for_o ever_o ii_o eastern-east_n or_o ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a ostrogothia_a which_o have_v in_o it_o these_o province_n 1._o ostrogothia_a proper_o so_o call_v 2._o smalandia_n and_o 3._o oelandia_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v gotlandia_n scania_n and_o bleckingia_n gothia_n apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a ere_fw-we mosem_n pitt_n scania_n vulgo_fw-la schonen_fw-mi apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a mosem_fw-la pitt_n viroillustri_fw-la &_o generosissimo_fw-la dno_fw-la otthoni_fw-la kragh_n toparchae_fw-la in_o trutzholm_n summo_fw-la r._n m._n dan_o secretario_fw-la patrono_fw-la svo_fw-la magno_fw-la dedicat_fw-la &_o consecrat_n johannes_n janssonius_n 2._o smalandia_n part_v from_o ostrogothia_a by_o the_o wood_n holavedh_n a_o very_a large_a province_n be_v 95_o german_a mile_n in_o compass_n indifferent_o fruitful_a in_o those_o part_n where_o it_o be_v not_o overgrow_v with_o wood_n it_o abound_v very_o much_o with_o cattle_n whence_o some_o say_v it_o have_v its_o name_n smala_n signify_v cattle_n which_o be_v export_v hence_o in_o great_a number_n into_o denmark_n and_o from_o thence_o into_o germany_n and_o holland_n in_o it_o there_o be_v very_o many_o lake_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v bolm_n viostez_n moklen_n and_o asnan_n rivers_z likewise_o not_o a_o few_o as_o nyssea_n laga_n helga_n marboa_n aem_n etc._n etc._n this_o country_n be_v cut_v out_o into_o several_a division_n or_o territory_n the_o principal_a of_o which_o be_v tieherad_n verendia_fw-la which_o be_v say_v ancient_o to_o have_v have_v distinct_a law_n of_o its_o own_o tiustia_n finheidia_n and_o mauringia_n etc._n etc._n it_o abound_v with_o several_a mine_n as_o of_o copper_n and_o lead_n and_o in_o some_o part_n with_o great_a store_n of_o iron_n which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o bottom_n of_o their_o lake_n and_o rivers_n city_n here_o be_v 1._o calmar_n who_o name_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v give_v to_o it_o by_o the_o german_n from_o the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n which_o blow_v from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n here_o be_v a_o very_a convenient_a port_n frequent_v by_o our_o english_a merchant_n and_o some_o of_o other_o nation_n in_o the_o year_n 1230_o ericus_n king_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o swedland_n institute_v thirteen_o prebendary_n in_o this_o city_n and_o order_v that_o the_o cathedral_n church_n here_o shall_v have_v the_o privilege_n of_o a_o ecclesiastical_a college_n it_o be_v at_o present_a govern_v by_o one_o superintendent_n who_o with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o bishop_n have_v a_o place_n in_o the_o public_a consistory_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o city_n be_v sometime_o under_o the_o power_n of_o john_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o christiern_n the_o second_o who_o succeed_v he_o but_o not_o long_o after_o regain_v by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1611_o christianus_n the_o four_o king_n of_o denmark_n take_v this_o city_n put_v all_o the_o inhabitant_n to_o the_o sword_n but_o two_o year_n after_o it_o be_v by_o virtue_n of_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n make_v betwixt_o the_o northern_a crown_n restore_v to_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1647_o it_o be_v almost_o quite_o consume_v by_o fire_n not_o above_o sixty_o house_n leave_v stand_v in_o the_o whole_a city_n but_o since_o that_o be_v very_o handsome_o rebuilt_a and_o at_o present_a by_o reason_n of_o its_o commodious_a situation_n upon_o the_o baltic_a a_o very_a considerable_a trade-town_n 2._o jenecoepia_n or_o jenecoep_v situate_a in_o a_o vale_n near_o the_o lake_n veter_fw-la build_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o wood_n a_o city_n quite_o naked_a and_o easy_a of_o access_n it_o be_v report_v that_o ancient_o the_o house_n of_o this_o city_n be_v cover_v on_o the_o outside_n not_o with_o thatch_n or_o stone_n but_o with_o a_o sort_n of_o courser_n cloth_n or_o canvas_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n think_v a_o great_a piece_n of_o handsomeness_n m._n heberer_n in_o his_o itinerary_a report_n that_o when_o he_o come_v to_o this_o city_n he_o find_v a_o great_a number_n of_o very_o large_a serpent_n which_o be_v keep_v tame_a by_o the_o citizen_n and_o though_o they_o be_v familiar_o admit_v into_o their_o house_n yet_o never_o do_v they_o any_o injury_n whether_o or_o no_o they_o use_v to_o eat_v they_o as_o the_o indian_n be_v say_v to_o do_v at_o this_o day_n be_v not_o by_o he_o set_v down_o though_o it_o be_v probable_a they_o do_v not_o feed_v they_o in_o their_o house_n for_o no_o other_o end_n then_o to_o sport_n with_o 3._o vexio_n a_o bishop_n see_v where_o some_o of_o the_o first_o planter_n of_o christianity_n as_o be_v say_v lie_v bury_v 4._o ekesio_n and_o 5._o vesterwick_n 3._o oelandia_n a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n divide_v from_o smalandia_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v cattle_n as_o ox_n horse_n etc._n etc._n bird_n also_o and_o wild-beast_n in_o great_a plenty_n and_o beside_o the_o fort_n call_v barkholme_n or_o bornholme_n two_o and_o thirty_o parish_n in_o all_o this_o island_n be_v by_o the_o dane_n yield_v up_o to_o gustavus_n adolphus_n a_o 1613._o see_v more_o concern_v it_o among_o the_o accessional_a province_n of_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n 4._o scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o province_n abound_v with_o corn_n beast_n bird_n and_o all_o other_o commodity_n of_o life_n here_o several_a mine_n of_o silver_n lead_v iron_n etc._n etc._n be_v say_v to_o be_v labour_v and_o their_o metal_n to_o be_v hence_o transport_v into_o other_o country_n but_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v a_o mistake_n either_o from_o the_o confound_a of_o the_o word_n scandia_n with_o scania_n which_o be_v frequent_o do_v by_o geographer_n or_o from_o count_v that_o metal_n which_o be_v bring_v hither_o from_o the_o more_o northern_a province_n to_o come_v immediate_o from_o this_o this_o province_n a_o 1658_o be_v cede_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o a_o 1660_o confirm_v to_o they_o so_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v one_o of_o the_o new_a accession_n to_o the_o kingdom_n among_o which_o see_v a_o description_n of_o it_o 5._o blekingia_n a_o fruitful_a province_n lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a coast_n it_o be_v give_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n a_n 1658_o and_o as_o be_v schonen_fw-mi confirm_v to_o they_o a_o 1660._o a_o large_a account_n of_o this_o province_n may_v be_v expect_v by_o and_o by_o 6._o gothlandia_n or_o gothland_n a_o island_n lie_v in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n over_o against_o ostrogothia_a about_o eighteen_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o five_o or_o six_o in_o breadth_n fourteen_o mile_n from_o the_o gothick_n shore_n twenty_o from_o curland_n thirty_o from_o dantzic_n fifty_o from_o bornholme_n and_o eighty_o from_o rostock_n it_o have_v in_o it_o one_o city_n name_v wisbuy_n or_o visburg_n the_o residence_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o island_n when_o it_o be_v under_o the_o danish_a
so_o well_o store_v with_o inhabitant_n especial_o in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n place_n so_o far_o remove_v from_o the_o mount_n ararat_n which_o be_v general_o suppose_v to_o be_v caucasus_n upon_o which_o as_o many_o author_n be_v of_o opinion_n noah_n ark_n rest_v as_o to_o be_v force_v by_o reason_n of_o the_o multitude_n of_o they_o to_o send_v out_o colony_n into_o other_o country_n yet_o as_o to_o the_o evince_a a_o emigration_n into_o these_o western_a and_o southern_a part_n very_o ancient_o to_o have_v be_v it_o be_v by_o jornandes_n crantzius_n and_o all_o swedish_n writer_n unanimous_o approve_v to_o who_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o further_a satisfaction_n in_o so_o difficult_a and_o obscure_a a_o controversy_n this_o people_n though_o at_o present_a unite_a under_o the_o same_o government_n and_o law_n with_o the_o swede_n 〈…〉_o the_o 〈…〉_o and_o common_o pass_v under_o the_o same_o name_n with_o they_o be_v ancient_o different_a from_o they_o as_o well_o in_o their_o manner_n as_o their_o policy_n whereupon_o it_o may_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o set_v down_o in_o this_o place_n what_o occur_v among_o author_n as_o proper_a to_o this_o nation_n in_o relation_n to_o their_o manner_n and_o custom_n which_o may_v probable_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o same_o not_o only_o in_o scandia_n but_o also_o in_o all_o the_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n and_o asia_n which_o they_o subdue_v and_o whither_o they_o extend_v their_o dominion_n they_o always_o rule_v by_o their_o own_o law_n and_o constitution_n which_o they_o suffer_v not_o to_o be_v translate_v into_o any_o other_o language_n but_o always_o publish_v in_o their_o own_o not_o only_o make_v those_o they_o overcome_v their_o subject_n but_o by_o instil_v their_o custom_n and_o manner_n into_o they_o as_o much_o as_o possible_a the_o same_o nation_n this_o piece_n of_o policy_n be_v practise_v by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n here_o in_o england_n who_o cause_v all_o our_o law_n to_o be_v turn_v into_o the_o french_a language_n that_o thereby_o this_o nation_n may_v in_o time_n forget_v its_o own_o tongue_n and_o be_v better_o dispose_v to_o endure_v his_o yoke_n that_o the_o goth_n be_v always_o a_o warlike_a people_n their_o several_a swarming_n into_o other_o neighbour_a country_n and_o the_o great_a victory_n they_o obtain_v over_o they_o do_v full_o manifest_v mela_n do_v not_o only_o commend_v they_o for_o their_o courage_n but_o their_o honesty_n and_o plain-dealing_a who_o say_v of_o all_o the_o thracian_n it_o seem_v they_o have_v in_o his_o time_n advance_v into_o and_o be_v considerable_a in_o the_o more_o southern_a part_n of_o the_o world_n the_o goth_n or_o getes_n be_v the_o most_o valiant_a and_o the_o most_o just_a and_o this_o their_o courage_n in_o war_n be_v from_o the_o belief_n they_o have_v of_o the_o immortality_n of_o their_o soul_n a_o doctrine_n they_o receive_v from_o zamolx_n their_o great_a king_n and_o prophet_n according_a to_o lucan_n lib._n 2._o de_fw-fr bello_fw-la pharsal_a where_o speak_v of_o the_o goth_n he_o say_v certe_fw-la populi_fw-la quos_fw-la despicit_fw-la arctos_n faelices_fw-la errore_fw-la svo_fw-la quos_fw-la ille_fw-la timorum_fw-la maximus_fw-la haud_fw-la urget_fw-la lethi_fw-la metus_fw-la inde_fw-la ruendi_fw-la in_o ferrum_fw-la mens_fw-la prona_fw-la viris_fw-la animaeque_fw-la capaces_fw-la mortis_fw-la &_o ignavum_fw-la rediturae_fw-la parcere_fw-la aquavitae_fw-la their_o education_n and_o usage_n whilst_o young_a be_v such_o as_o best_a fit_v they_o for_o warlike_a erterprise_n and_o courageous_a exploit_n for_o their_o child_n as_o soon_o as_o bear_v be_v dip_v over_o head_n and_o ear_n first_o in_o cold_a then_o in_o hot_a water_n and_o as_o the_o spartan_a child_n use_v to_o be_v whip_v at_o the_o altar_n of_o their_o god_n these_o be_v constant_o lash_v with_o scourge_n till_o the_o blood_n gush_v out_o thereby_o to_o inure_v they_o to_o hardship_n nor_o when_o they_o be_v grow_v up_o be_v their_o exercise_n or_o employment_n any_o other_o than_o such_o as_o agree_v best_a with_o man_n of_o a_o military_a constitution_n they_o practise_v tilt_n and_o tournament_n as_o do_v also_o the_o swede_n ride_v the_o great_a horse_n vault_a etc._n etc._n and_o for_o recreation_n chess-play_n as_o any_o one_o exceed_v another_o in_o rank_n and_o quality_n so_o more_o and_o more_o noble_a performance_n be_v expect_v from_o they_o their_o king_n son_n be_v never_o admit_v to_o sit_v at_o table_n with_o or_o scarce_o come_v into_o the_o presence_n of_o their_o father_n before_o they_o have_v receive_v some_o signal_n testimony_n of_o their_o courage_n from_o the_o very_a chief_a of_o their_o enemy_n as_o be_v report_v of_o the_o longabard_n a_o people_n say_v wolf_n lazius_n ancient_o inhabit_v scandia_n who_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o alvinus_fw-la son_n to_o their_o king_n odvinus_n obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o gepidae_n request_v that_o their_o general_n who_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n have_v slay_v the_o king_n of_o the_o gepidae_n son_n may_v be_v admit_v to_o sit_v with_o he_o at_o the_o public_a or_o triumphal_a banquet_n but_o the_o king_n refuse_v their_o address_n and_o tell_v they_o that_o it_o be_v against_o the_o custom_n of_o they_o and_o the_o gothick_n nation_n in_o general_n that_o their_o king_n son_n shall_v be_v permit_v to_o eat_v with_o his_o father_n before_o he_o have_v commendation_n of_o his_o valour_n from_o another_o prince_n this_o the_o son_n hear_v take_v with_o he_o forty_o soldier_n go_v to_o jurismundus_n camp_n so_o be_v the_o king_n of_o the_o gepidae_n name_v and_o tell_v he_o he_o be_v the_o man_n who_o slay_v his_o son_n in_o battle_n desire_v of_o he_o a_o testimonial_a of_o his_o courage_n the_o king_n admire_v his_o boldness_n courteous_o receive_v he_o place_v he_o by_o he_o in_o his_o dead_a son_n room_n and_o give_v he_o the_o armour_n which_o he_o use_v to_o bear_v peaceable_o dismiss_v he_o lover_n they_o be_v though_o no_o great_a practiser_n of_o learning_n and_o according_a to_o the_o character_n johannes_n magnus_n give_v of_o they_o easy_o draw_v by_o persuasion_n then_o command_v as_o always_o hate_v and_o think_v it_o unworthy_a themselves_o to_o be_v inferior_a to_o any_o in_o knowledge_n or_o courage_n towards_o their_o friend_n courteous_a towards_o their_o enemy_n if_o obstinate_a cruel_a and_o revengeful_a if_o submissive_a none_o more_o merciful_a and_o kind_a and_o no_o nation_n ready_a than_o the_o goth_n to_o accept_v a_o parley_n or_o any_o overture_n of_o peace_n their_o wife_n of_o which_o they_o as_o also_o the_o scythian_n be_v allow_v plurality_n be_v not_o less_o valorous_a consider_v their_o sex_n than_o their_o husband_n they_o accompany_v they_o in_o all_o danger_n and_o frequent_o take_v up_o arm_n make_v a_o great_a and_o considerable_a part_n of_o their_o army_n as_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v do_v in_o thracia_n and_o maesia_n when_o they_o be_v set_v upon_o by_o claudius_n the_o roman_a commander_n yet_o do_v not_o the_o woman_n always_o and_o upon_o every_o colony_n and_o detachment_n of_o goth_n send_v out_o of_o scandia_n several_a of_o which_o be_v mention_v by_o wolf_n lazius_n follow_v their_o husband_n for_o the_o law_n command_v the_o man_n to_o return_v into_o their_o own_o country_n or_o to_o forfeit_v their_o estate_n every_o one_o that_o presume_v to_o be_v absent_a after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v thereby_o adjudge_v dead_a in_o law_n and_o his_o next_o heir_n to_o enter_v upon_o his_o inheritance_n be_v chief_o procure_v by_o the_o woman_n who_o the_o goth_n at_o their_o departure_n have_v leave_v in_o suecia_n and_o gothia_n the_o virgin_n be_v take_v in_o marriage_n without_o any_o other_o dowry_n than_o their_o own_o perfection_n to_o commend_v they_o to_o their_o husband_n choice_n never_o have_v any_o portion_n give_v they_o adultery_n among_o they_o be_v punish_v by_o death_n with_o many_o suchlike_a custom_n which_o may_v be_v gather_v out_o of_o their_o law_n publish_v by_o isidore_n bishop_n of_o sevil_n in_o spain_n their_o manner_n of_o government_n be_v the_o best_a government_n their_o government_n and_o according_a to_o aristotle_n opinion_n the_o most_o natural_a of_o any_o the_o monarchical_a their_o king_n when_o distinct_a from_o the_o swedish_n not_o be_v bind_v in_o any_o covenant_n with_o his_o people_n nor_o hold_v his_o estate_n at_o the_o will_n of_o the_o subject_a whereupon_o perhaps_o their_o kingdom_n be_v more_o considerable_a in_o itself_o and_o more_o terrible_a to_o its_o enemy_n as_o be_v more_o expeditious_a in_o its_o determination_n and_o unite_v in_o its_o design_n than_o a_o democratical_a state_n be_v frequent_o find_v to_o be_v their_o king_n do_v not_o only_o bear_v rule_n over_o the_o goth_n their_o own_o nation_n but_o after_o their_o unite_n with_o the_o swede_n sometime_o command_v that_o people_n also_o though_o at_o present_a the_o king_n
of_o sweden_n be_v and_o for_o many_o year_n have_v be_v absolute_a monarch_n over_o both_o kingdom_n a_o catalogue_n of_o their_o king_n be_v give_v by_o jo._n magnus_n grotius_n upon_o procopius_n crantzius_n loccenius_n gothish_n their_o king_n swedish_n and_o gothish_n wolf_n lazius_n and_o other_o author_n who_o we_o shall_v follow_v set_v down_o what_o we_o find_v most_o remarkable_a and_o agree_v upon_o concern_v they_o they_o be_v common_o divide_v into_o foreign_a and_o domestic_a or_o internal_a and_o external_a king_n who_o exercise_v their_o authority_n sometime_o in_o gothland_n and_o swedland_n sometime_o in_o scythia_n italy_n spain_n and_o other_o place_n which_o they_o subdue_v wolfgang_n lazius_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o those_o king_n which_o be_v make_v in_o foreign_a country_n as_o not_o only_o in_o thracia_n maesia_n etc._n etc._n but_o even_o in_o scythia_n before_o the_o time_n of_o the_o trojan_a war_n do_v not_o only_o rule_v over_o their_o own_o particular_a colony_n but_o have_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o swedland_n subject_n to_o they_o which_o seem_v to_o be_v contrary_a to_o what_o we_o have_v allege_v out_o of_o locc_n and_o other_o approve_a author_n for_o if_o the_o swede_n be_v subject_a to_o they_o in_o thracia_n etc._n etc._n upon_o what_o authority_n do_v they_o publish_v law_n for_o the_o recall_v they_o thence_o and_o if_o those_o be_v lord_n and_o master_n of_o sweden_n upon_o what_o account_n can_v they_o be_v just_o disinherit_v for_o not_o return_v thither_o and_o it_o be_v further_o say_v that_o when_o theodoricus_n be_v king_n of_o the_o goth_n in_o italy_n one_o radolphus_n king_n of_o swedland_n with_o many_o of_o his_o subject_n go_v to_o visit_v he_o which_o show_v that_o even_o then_o when_o the_o gothish_a nation_n be_v most_o potent_a abroad_o the_o swede_n have_v a_o distinct_a king_n of_o their_o own_o and_o exempt_a from_o their_o jurisdiction_n johannes_n magnus_n by_o what_o authority_n i_o know_v not_o loccenius_n himself_n in_o a_o matter_n so_o obscure_a not_o venture_v to_o be_v positive_a deduce_v the_o original_a both_o of_o this_o nation_n and_o monarchy_n of_o the_o swede_n from_o 1._o magog_n grandchild_n to_o noah_n by_o japhet_n who_o he_o make_v to_o be_v their_o first_o king_n and_o founder_n 2._o after_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v succeed_v swenno_n his_o elder_a son_n who_o as_o the_o same_o author_n say_v first_o of_o all_o give_v name_n to_o the_o swede_n or_o swenon_n 3._o gether_o or_o gogus_fw-la who_o found_v the_o getish_a or_o as_o afterward_o name_v the_o gothish_a nation_n 4._o vbbo_n brother_n to_o swenno_n anno_fw-la a_o dil._n 246_o who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v build_v vpsal_n 5._o siggo_n who_o to_o defend_v his_o territory_n against_o the_o finlander_n build_v the_o city_n sigtuna_n near_o the_o lake_n meller_n 6._o ericus_n anno_fw-la a_o dil._n 357_o he_o so_o prudent_o manage_v and_o so_o far_o extend_v his_o kingdom_n that_o by_o many_o historian_n among_o which_o loccenius_n be_v one_o he_o be_v reckon_v as_o the_o first_o king_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o goth_n how_o descend_v be_v somewhat_o uncertain_a but_o by_o some_o say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o poor_a man_n son_n and_o advance_v to_o the_o throne_n by_o the_o voice_n of_o the_o people_n in_o his_o reign_n several_a man_n vagabond_n such_o as_o will_v not_o conform_v to_o his_o law_n and_o government_n be_v send_v out_o into_o schonen_fw-mi and_o the_o cimbrick_n island_n he_o live_v to_o a_o great_a age_n and_o die_v peaceable_o after_o the_o death_n of_o ericus_n an._n mundi_fw-la 2014_o according_a to_o the_o swedish_n chronicle_n the_o state_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v much_o disturb_v by_o civil_a commotion_n and_o the_o succession_n in_o the_o throne_n for_o some_o time_n interrupt_v the_o next_o name_n be_v 7._o vddo_fw-la 8._o alo._n 9_o othenus_n 10._o charles_n i._n 11._o biorno_n and_o getharus_n all_o which_o rule_v both_o in_o gothia_n and_o their_o own_o country_n suecia_n 12._o gylfo_n who_o be_v say_v to_o be_v descend_v from_o one_o ferinoto_n king_n of_o finland_n 13._o after_o gulfo_n the_o kingdom_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v govern_v by_o judge_n for_o sometime_o till_o othinus_n or_o odinus_n who_o come_v out_o of_o asia_n into_o the_o northern_a part_n and_o settle_v at_o vpsal_n by_o his_o magic_n and_o sorcery_n gain_v so_o much_o favour_n among_o the_o people_n that_o they_o elect_v he_o king_n and_o after_o he_o be_v dead_a esteem_v he_o as_o one_o of_o their_o principal_a go_n he_o be_v as_o i_o may_v say_v the_o numa_n pompilius_n of_o the_o swede_n be_v the_o first_o that_o establish_v any_o set_a worship_n and_o sacred_a solemnity_n among_o they_o that_o give_v law_n and_o ordain_v officer_n both_o to_o execute_v justice_n in_o his_o kingdom_n and_o take_v care_n of_o all_o religious_a matter_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v twelve_o of_o a_o senatorian_a order_n call_v driar_n or_o drotnar_n whence_o drotset_n the_o name_n now_o in_o use_n to_o denote_v their_o viceroy_n seem_v to_o come_v this_o he_o do_v as_o he_o pretend_v by_o the_o advice_n or_o at_o the_o command_n of_o the_o god_n with_o who_o he_o keep_v great_a familiarity_n and_o correspondence_n 14._o niordus_n or_o nearchus_n a_o famous_a magician_n 15._o freius_n froerus_n or_o frotho_n surname_v the_o peaceable_a the_o first_o that_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o name_n of_o drott_n or_o king_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v give_v the_o patrimony_n of_o vpsal_n call_v vpsala_n oedom_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o crown_n and_o which_o the_o king_n take_v a_o oath_n not_o to_o alienate_v or_o embezle_n 16._o odder_n and_o freia_n or_o frigga_n his_o wife_n who_o with_o her_o husband_n rule_v peaceable_o and_o be_v repute_v a_o goddess_n after_o her_o death_n 17._o fiolmus_n a_o sottish_a and_o negligent_a prince_n who_o neither_o regard_v his_o own_o nor_o the_o people_n welfare_n be_v invite_v to_o banquet_n by_o fretho_fw-mi king_n of_o denmark_n and_o make_v drink_v with_o strong_a liquor_n he_o be_v accident_o drown_v in_o a_o vessel_n of_o mead._n 18._o sueigder_o of_o who_o the_o norwegian_a chronicle_n mention_v many_o fabulous_a story_n and_o diabolical_a enchantment_n 19_o walander_n or_o wanlander_n who_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o schonen_fw-mi and_z hallandia_n and_o conquer_v they_o or_o rather_o regain_v they_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o one_o ostarus_n who_o have_v possess_v himself_o of_o those_o part_n in_o his_o time_n the_o russes_z be_v say_v to_o have_v employ_v one_o retho_n a_o famous_a pirate_n to_o infest_v the_o swede_n who_o lie_v upon_o their_o coast_n and_o do_v very_o much_o injury_n to_o they_o hence_o retheran_n signify_v in_o the_o swedish_n language_n to_o commit_v rapine_n against_o this_o pirate_n the_o king_n levy_v all_o the_o force_n he_o can_v but_o withal_o distrust_v their_o power_n desire_a assistance_n of_o the_o devil_n promise_v he_o his_o body_n and_o soul_n upon_o condition_n he_o may_v obtain_v a_o victory_n over_o he_o which_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v do_v and_o the_o devil_n short_o after_o according_a to_o compact_n to_o have_v come_v and_o fetch_v away_o his_o bargain_n 20._o wisbur_fw-la 21._o domalder_n who_o with_o many_o of_o his_o noble_n be_v sacrifice_v to_o their_o god_n odinus_n or_o woden_n 22._o domarus_n 23._o vignerus_fw-la in_o the_o norwegian_a chronicle_n call_v dygue_n the_o first_o that_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o name_n konung_n or_o king_n 24._o ingemarus_n or_o agnus_n as_o some_o report_n murder_v by_o his_o wife_n 25._o humelus_n or_o humblus_n who_o elder_a son_n dan_fw-mi be_v the_o first_o king_n of_o the_o dane_n and_o gve_n name_n to_o that_o nation_n 26._o sigtrugus_n who_o defeat_v gramus_fw-la king_n of_o denmark_n in_o battle_n 27._o suibdagerus_n first_o of_o all_o king_n of_o norway_n next_o of_o denmark_n and_o afterward_o of_o sweden_n the_o first_o foreigner_n after_o odinus_n that_o obtain_v the_o swedish_n kingdom_n 28._o asmundus_n 29._o vffo_n both_o which_o wage_v a_o long_a and_o bloody_a war_n with_o hadingus_fw-la king_n of_o denmark_n 30._o hunningus_n or_o hundingus_n who_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o hadingus_fw-la and_o love_v he_o so_o entire_o that_o hear_v a_o false_a report_v of_o his_o death_n he_o make_v a_o funeral_n banquet_n as_o be_v the_o custom_n in_o honour_n and_o remembrance_n of_o he_o invite_v his_o noble_n to_o it_o and_o as_o not_o will_v to_o survive_v his_o friend_n before_o they_o all_o drown_v himself_o in_o a_o vessel_n of_o metheglin_n which_o hadingus_fw-la hearing_n and_o be_v resolve_v that_o affection_n shall_v not_o seem_v cold_a on_o his_o part_n for_o very_a grief_n hang_v himself_o 31._o regnerus_n a_o good_a and_o peaceable_a king_n 32._o hothebrodus_n who_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o helgo_n king_n of_o denmark_n because_o he_o in_o disgrace_n of_o
the_o swedish_n nation_n have_v make_v a_o law_n among_o his_o subject_n that_o if_o any_o of_o they_o kill_v or_o injure_v a_o swede_n he_o shall_v pay_v only_o half_a the_o mulct_n which_o be_v to_o be_v pay_v if_o he_o have_v do_v the_o like_a to_o any_o other_o person_n whatsoever_o 33._o atislus_n a_o warlike_a and_o magnificent_a king_n 34._o hotherus_fw-la who_o wage_v war_n with_o the_o dane_n and_o russes_z and_o die_v of_o a_o wound_n he_o receive_v in_o battle_n 35._o rodericus_fw-la king_n of_o denmark_n and_o swedland_n at_o the_o same_o time_n but_o either_o leave_v or_o lose_v the_o former_a he_o retire_v into_o the_o latter_a and_o there_o end_v his_o day_n 36._o attilus_n who_o kill_v wermundus_n king_n of_o denmark_n in_o single_a duel_n and_o be_v himself_o afterward_o slay_v by_o wermundus_n two_o son_n after_o this_o king_n time_n the_o succession_n for_o about_o 600_o year_n be_v much_o interrupt_v who_o enjoy_v the_o kingdom_n be_v uncertain_a botvildus_n charles_n two_o ericus_n two_o and_o six_o more_o be_v mention_v but_o little_o more_o know_v of_o they_o than_o their_o name_n he_o who_o historian_n first_o pitch_n upon_o to_o have_v certain_o succeed_v be_v 46._o alricus_n who_o challenge_v gestiblindus_n king_n of_o the_o goth_n to_o duel_n thereby_o lose_v both_o his_o life_n and_o kingdom_n 47._o ericus_n iii_n surname_v the_o wise_a and_o by_o some_o the_o eloquent_a a_o happy_a and_o peaceable_a prince_n he_o reign_v according_a to_o johannes_n magnus_n computation_n about_o four_o and_o thirty_o year_n before_o our_o saviour_n birth_n a_o catalogue_n of_o the_o gothish_a king_n who_o reign_v short_o after_o their_o transmigration_n out_o of_o scandia_n while_o they_o dwell_v about_o the_o palus_n maeotis_n near_o the_o time_n of_o the_o trojan_a war_n collect_v out_o of_o wolf_n lazius_n upon_o who_o credit_n you_o be_v to_o take_v they_o 1._o telephus_n well_o know_v for_o his_o exploit_n in_o the_o trojan_a war._n 2._o bericus_n or_o beget_n 3._o filimar_n 4._o frogradus_fw-la 5._o aringis_fw-la 6._o eurypilus_n 7._o tomyris_n 8._o antriregus_n after_o this_o succession_n of_o king_n in_o scythia_n europea_n the_o goth_n either_o weary_a of_o that_o country_n or_o drive_v out_o of_o it_o by_o some_o of_o their_o potent_a neighbour_n be_v say_v by_o the_o same_o author_n though_o i_o find_v not_o his_o opinion_n second_v by_o any_o swedish_n writer_n to_o have_v return_v into_o gothia_n and_o particular_o to_o have_v pitch_v upon_o the_o isle_n gotland_n as_o the_o fit_a seat_n for_o their_o king_n a_o long_a series_n of_o who_o may_v seem_v not_o very_o necessary_a to_o be_v set_v down_o be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n the_o same_o with_o the_o swedish_n king_n before_o mention_v 48._o haldanus_n in_o who_o reign_n the_o hunns_n overrun_v gothia_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o king_n dominion_n build_v hunnaberg_n a_o ancient_a city_n in_o ostrogothia_a and_o after_o some_o continuance_n in_o the_o country_n be_v by_o this_o king_n at_o last_o utter_o expel_v 49._o sivardus_fw-la or_o sigvardus_fw-la in_o who_o time_n commotion_n arise_v in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o goth_n elect_v a_o separate_a king_n of_o their_o own_o name_v carolus_n who_o some_o make_v to_o be_v 50._o charles_n iii_o 51._o ericus_n iv_o slay_v by_o haldanus_n king_n of_o denmark_n 52._o haldanus_n who_o get_v the_o kingdom_n by_o his_o valour_n of_o this_o king_n be_v report_v several_a prodigious_a story_n as_o of_o his_o gigantic_a stature_n his_o pull_v up_o tree_n by_o the_o root_n and_o such_o like_a not_o inferior_a to_o those_o which_o poet_n relate_v of_o hercules_n and_o the_o giant_n 53._o vngvinus_n who_o to_o his_o own_o kingdom_n unite_v gothia_n for_o a_o long_a time_n govern_v by_o distinct_a king_n 54._o ragvaldus_n or_o regnaldus_n 55._o amundus_n 56._o haquinus_n in_o who_o reign_n the_o goth_n elect_v one_o sivardo_fw-la king_n of_o gothia_n 57_o ostenus_fw-la i._n who_o entertain_v a_o implacable_a hatred_n against_o the_o norwegian_n send_v a_o great_a army_n against_o they_o subdue_v their_o country_n make_v the_o inhabitant_n tributary_n to_o the_o swedish_n crown_n and_o as_o a_o opprobrium_fw-la to_o the_o nation_n set_v a_o dog_n to_o be_v chief_a governor_n over_o they_o to_o which_o they_o be_v to_o pay_v all_o subjection_n and_o swear_v allegiance_n under_o the_o penalty_n of_o lose_v one_o hand_n and_o one_o foot_n this_o be_v mention_v both_o in_o the_o swedish_n and_o norwegian_a chronicle_n 58._o alverus_n or_o alaricus_n elect_v say_v krantzius_n out_o of_o the_o noble_n and_o in_o the_o midst_n of_o his_o happy_a reign_n stab_v by_o his_o brother_n ericus_n who_o be_v impatient_a to_o obtain_v the_o crown_n which_o he_o think_v he_o may_v procure_v after_o his_o death_n but_o vain_o for_o the_o government_n be_v confer_v on_o 59_o ingo_n i._o elder_a son_n to_o alverus_n he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o order_v the_o election_n of_o king_n to_o be_v hold_v at_o moresten_n near_o vpsal_n of_o the_o manner_n of_o which_o see_v what_o be_v say_v in_o suecia_n about_o this_o time_n the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v by_o judge_n the_o next_o king_n be_v 60._o ingellus_fw-la i._n kill_v by_o his_o brother_n 61._o germunder_o in_o a_o war_n against_o denmark_n take_v prisoner_n and_o hang_v up_o upon_o a_o gibbet_n 62._o haquinus_n 63._o egellus_n after_o who_o time_n succeed_v several_a king_n johannes_n magnus_n reckon_v twenty_o concern_v who_o nothing_o very_o remarkable_a be_v set_v down_o by_o historian_n the_o next_o great_a epocha_n be_v count_v from_o the_o reign_n of_o 84._o bero_n or_o biorno_n iii_o the_o first_o christian_a king_n in_o sweden_n convert_v to_o christianity_n by_o one_o herebretus_n at_o his_o request_n send_v to_o he_o by_o charles_n the_o great_a emperor_n of_o germany_n 85._o brautamundus_n or_o amundus_n in_o some_o civil_a commotion_n in_o his_o kingdom_n kill_v by_o his_o brother_n and_o successor_n 86._o sivardus_fw-la ii_o who_o in_o his_o expedition_n against_o norway_n be_v with_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n overcome_v in_o battle_n the_o enemy_n force_n most_o consist_v of_o woman_n 87._o herotus_fw-la or_o haraldus_n betwixt_o who_o and_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n a_o war_n break_v out_o concern_v the_o province_n of_o schonen_fw-mi which_o this_o king_n at_o last_o free_o grant_v to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o a_o reward_n of_o his_o signal_n prudence_n and_o valour_n 89._o charles_n vi._n 90._o biorno_n iu._n 91._o ingellus_fw-la ii_o in_o who_o time_n helsingia_n and_o several_a other_o province_n in_o suecia_n have_v their_o distinct_a governor_n these_o he_o under_o colour_n of_o friendship_n invite_v to_o a_o banquet_n and_o when_o he_o have_v make_v they_o drink_v with_o strong_a liquor_n he_o cause_v a_o fire_n to_o be_v set_v on_o the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v and_o so_o destroy_v they_o all_o and_o seize_v on_o their_o possession_n to_o revenge_v this_o cruelty_n gramus_fw-la duke_n of_o sudermannia_n and_o hauno_n duke_n of_o ostrogothia_a raise_v force_n and_o come_v against_o he_o but_o with_o no_o good_a success_n at_o last_o for_o under_o pretence_n of_o a_o parley_n they_o be_v take_v prisoner_n and_o at_o ingellus_n command_n burn_v to_o death_n 92._o olaus_n from_o his_o command_v many_o thick_a wood_n to_o be_v cut_v down_o surname_v tratelia_n or_o tree-feller_n he_o be_v say_v by_o some_o to_o have_v embrace_v christianity_n at_o the_o persuasion_n of_o ansgarius_n a_o learned_a bishop_n send_v into_o sweden_n by_o lewis_n ii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n but_o though_o he_o himself_o perhaps_o do_v favour_v christian_a religion_n it_o get_v small_a foot_n among_o his_o subject_n for_o paganism_n be_v say_v for_o a_o long_a time_n to_o have_v prevail_v in_o the_o reign_v of_o the_o succeed_a prince_n 93._o ingo_n ii_o 94._o ericus_n vi_o surname_v windy-cap_n who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v a_o cap_n by_o hold_v up_o of_o which_o he_o can_v cause_v the_o wind_n to_o blow_v from_o what_o point_v he_o please_v for_o which_o and_o such_o like_a magical_a exploit_n he_o by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o people_n be_v elect_v king_n 95._o ericus_n vii_o surname_v victorious_a 96._o ericus_n viii_o surname_v aarsel_n i.e._n rich_a in_o corn._n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v countenance_v christianity_n which_o have_v be_v from_o the_o time_n of_o bero_n till_o his_o reign_n very_o much_o suppress_v and_o endeavour_v by_o law_n to_o establish_v it_o in_o his_o kingdom_n to_o have_v be_v by_o the_o fury_n of_o his_o subject_n tear_v in_o piece_n and_o martyr_v for_o his_o good_a intention_n towards_o they_o 97._o olaus_n surname_v scotkonung_n i.e._n infant-king_n because_o advance_v to_o the_o crown_n when_o young_a he_o embrace_v christianity_n and_o send_v to_o ethelred_n king_n of_o england_n to_o furnish_v he_o with_o able_a minister_n
to_o teach_v he_o and_o his_o subject_n in_o that_o religion_n ethelred_n according_o order_v sigfridus_n archbishop_n of_o york_n and_o with_o he_o two_o priest_n eschillas_n and_o davidus_fw-la to_o go_v into_o sweden_n where_o the_o king_n kind_o receive_v they_o be_v by_o they_o baptize_v and_o at_o their_o entreaty_n build_v christian_a church_n in_o most_o province_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o as_o some_o say_v by_o reason_n of_o his_o great_a constancy_n and_o zeal_n in_o his_o religion_n have_v the_o name_n of_o christianissimus_a give_v he_o he_o among_o several_a good_a law_n and_o constitution_n order_v that_o the_o chief_a power_n of_o elect_v the_o king_n of_o sweden_n shall_v not_o belong_v to_o the_o goth_n in_o any_o case_n but_o principal_o to_o the_o swede_n and_o that_o they_o before_o call_v king_n of_o vpsal_n shall_v be_v thenceforth_o style_v king_n of_o swedland_n and_o gothland_n this_o king_n suppress_v duel_v and_o the_o runick_a character_n introduce_v the_o trial_n by_o fire_n ordeal_o and_o die_v in_o a_o happy_a old_a age_n 98._o anundus_fw-la nickname_v carbonarius_n because_o he_o order_v that_o whosoever_o offend_v against_o the_o law_n which_o he_o have_v promulgate_v shall_v in_o proportion_n to_o the_o crime_n either_o have_v all_o his_o house_n or_o part_n of_o it_o burn_v down_o he_o be_v educate_v in_o the_o christian_a religion_n by_o the_o care_n of_o his_o father_n olaus_n which_o in_o his_o reign_n he_o defend_v and_o die_v peaceable_o 99_o enundus_fw-la base-son_n to_o olaus_n and_o brother_n to_o anundus_n surname_v gammel_n i._n e._n base_a from_o his_o contempt_n of_o religion_n or_o as_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n because_o he_o yield_v up_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n schonen_fw-mi blekingia_n and_o hallandia_n which_o belong_v to_o he_o as_o be_v part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o gothia_n 100_o haquinus_fw-la iii_o surname_v rufus_n 101._o stenchillus_n ii_o breed_v up_o in_o the_o christian_a religion_n which_o he_o very_o much_o encourage_v among_o his_o subject_n make_v his_o palace_n a_o sanctuary_n for_o any_o that_o be_v persecute_v in_o any_o part_n of_o his_o dominion_n for_o that_o profession_n 102._o ingo_n iii_o not_o descend_v from_o the_o blood-royal_a but_o for_o his_o singular_a virtue_n elect_v king_n by_o the_o voice_n of_o the_o people_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v so_o exact_a a_o observer_n of_o his_o own_o law_n that_o he_o never_o offend_v against_o any_o of_o they_o 103._o halstanus_n a_o just_a and_o peaceable_a prince_n 104._o philippus_n 105._o ingo_n iu._n in_o his_o progress_n through_o his_o dominion_n by_o some_o of_o his_o courtier_n poison_a at_o a_o small_a village_n in_o ostrogothia_a 106._o ragvaldus_n surname_v knaphofde_v i._n e._n cock-brained_a elect_v by_o the_o swede_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o goth_n which_o they_o not_o endure_v as_o think_v it_o a_o breach_n of_o their_o privilege_n rebel_v against_o he_o and_o in_o battle_n slay_v he_o for_o one_o to_o succeed_v he_o both_o nation_n pitch_v upon_o 107._o suercherus_fw-la two_o who_o as_o he_o be_v go_v to_o church_n on_o christmas_n day_n be_v by_o a_o ruffian_n employ_v by_o one_o scatelerus_n who_o hope_v to_o obtain_v the_o crown_n after_o his_o death_n miserable_o assassinate_v gothick_n king_n out_o of_o their_o own_o country_n who_o reign_v over_o the_o goth_n while_o they_o inhabit_v about_o the_o river_n vistula_n or_o weissel_n and_o also_o in_o dacia_n and_o thracia_n near_o that_o time_n when_o according_a to_o some_o author_n they_o divide_v themselves_o into_o ostro_fw-la and_o westro-goth_n 1._o anthinus_n 2._o antheas_n 3._o gothilas_n a_o famous_a queen_n who_o daughter_n medumpa_n be_v marry_v to_o philip_n king_n of_o macedonia_n 4._o sitalcus_fw-la elect_v king_n an._n ante_fw-la christum_fw-la 300._o he_o with_o a_o army_n of_o 150000_o man_n lay_v waste_v all_o the_o country_n of_o greece_n 5._o dromgethes_n 6._o tanobonta_fw-la 7._o boroista_n cotemporary_a with_o sylla_n the_o roman_a dictator_n who_o live_v an._n aunt_n nat_n christ_n 76._o 8._o commositus_fw-la both_o king_n and_o priest_n 9_o corillus_fw-la under_o who_o conduct_n the_o goth_n say_v lazius_n first_o of_o all_o invade_v dacia_n 10._o dorpaneus_n co-temporary_a with_o domitian_n the_o roman_a emperor_n an._n christ_n 83._o 11._o decebalus_n 12._o ostrogotha_n 13._o cinna_z or_o omba_n 14._o cannabas_n or_o canabande_n 15._o hildericus_n surname_v ovida_fw-la who_o live_v in_o the_o time_n of_o constantine_n the_o great_a 16._o gebeticus_fw-la 17._o armanaricus_n who_o be_v say_v damasc_n suppl_n eutrop._n overcome_v by_o the_o hunns_n and_o make_v tributary_n to_o they_o 18._o vinnitarius_n 19_o hunimundus_n 20._o totismundus_n 21._o alaricus_n and_o fridigernus_n who_o as_o lazius_n mention_n reign_v at_o the_o same_o time_n in_o thracia_n they_o defeat_v the_o roman_a force_n send_v against_o they_o command_v by_o valens_n the_o emperor_n who_o they_o put_v to_o flight_n and_o apprehend_v he_o in_o a_o small_a cottage_n whither_o he_o have_v flee_v to_o hide_v himself_o burn_v he_o to_o death_n 23._o theomarus_n who_o conquer_v maesia_n 24._o radagaisus_n who_o to_o maesia_n add_v a_o great_a part_n of_o pannonia_n an._n christ_n 390._o 25._o alvaricus_n a_o potent_a king_n 26._o alaricus_n ii_o who_o subdue_v all_o illyricum_n and_o extend_v his_o arm_n as_o far_o as_o italy_n arcadius_n and_o honorius_n son_n to_o theodosius_n the_o emperor_n either_o for_o some_o private_a end_n wish_v the_o success_n or_o not_o be_v able_a to_o withstand_v the_o power_n of_o his_o force_n and_o thereupon_o not_o timely_a prevent_v his_o design_n he_o sack_v rome_n subdue_v naples_n and_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o country_n but_o at_o last_o the_o goth_n be_v by_o stilico_n general_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n driven_z out_o of_o italy_n and_o after_o their_o departure_n thence_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v sit_v down_o in_o france_n the_o ostrogothish_a king_n who_o rule_v in_o italy_n according_a to_o wolf_n lazius_n 1._o alaricus_n i._o 2._o theodericus_fw-la who_o leo_n or_o as_o scalig._n zeno_n the_o emperor_n make_v his_o adopt_a son_n he_o expel_v the_o heruli_n out_o of_o italy_n and_o whole_o subject_v it_o to_o the_o power_n of_o the_o goth_n he_o have_v one_o daughter_n name_v amalasuentha_n 3._o theodatus_fw-la or_o as_o jornandes_n have_v it_o eutharicus_fw-la call_v out_o of_o france_n by_o the_o italic_a goth_n to_o be_v their_o king_n 4._o alaricus_n two_o though_o he_o be_v the_o first_o of_o that_o name_n who_o settle_v in_o italy_n 5._o alaricus_n iii_o 6._o athalaricus_n who_o have_v one_o only_a daughter_n who_o he_o marry_v to_o vittigis_fw-la who_o maintain_v a_o war_n against_o justinian_n the_o emperor_n for_o about_o fourteen_o year_n and_o defend_v himself_o brave_o against_o the_o roman_a power_n 7._o illovadus_n he_o be_v kill_v in_o battle_n by_o narses_n the_o roman_a general_n 8._o alaricus_n iu._n who_o reign_v only_o five_o month_n 9_o totylas_n or_o odilo_n 10._o teias_n the_o last_o gothish_a king_n in_o italy_n who_o himself_o be_v kill_v by_o the_o roman_n and_o his_o people_n almost_o all_o root_v out_o and_o destroy_v by_o they_o some_o few_o only_o remain_v who_o mix_v and_o incorporate_n with_o the_o italian_n at_o present_a pass_n for_o the_o same_o nation_n with_o they_o westro_n or_o wiso-gothick_a king_n who_o reign_v in_o gallia_n lugdunensis_n and_o aquitanica_fw-la 1._o alaricus_n i._n who_o as_o be_v say_v conduct_v the_o gothick_n people_n into_o those_o part_n an._n salut_n 411._o 2._o austulphus_n son_n to_o alaricus_n 3._o theodericus_fw-la kill_v by_o attyla_n king_n of_o the_o hunns_n 4._o turismundus_n son_n to_o theodericus_fw-la who_o to_o revenge_v his_o father_n death_n wage_v war_n with_o the_o hunns_n and_o overcome_v they_o 5._o dietmarus_n in_o who_o time_n a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o goth_n under_o the_o conduct_n of_o one_o vallia_n go_v into_o spain_n 6._o gundoccarus_n in_o the_o time_n of_o theodosius_n junior_a after_o his_o reign_n the_o goth_n in_o these_o part_n grow_v inconsiderable_a as_o intermix_v themselves_o with_o other_o people_n and_o not_o have_v a_o distinct_a king_n of_o their_o own_o but_o be_v subject_v to_o many_z other_o prince_n beside_o these_o gothish_a king_n which_o we_o have_v mention_v there_o be_v many_o other_o who_o rule_v over_o the_o wisogoth_n in_o spain_n and_o the_o adjacent_a part_n a_o catalogue_n of_o who_o we_o leave_v to_o be_v set_v down_o in_o spain_n and_o arragon_n and_o the_o kingdom_n where_o they_o reign_v for_o the_o goth_n in_o those_o part_n blending_a with_o the_o romani_n alani_n suevi_n mauri_n saraceni_n etc._n etc._n do_v not_o so_o much_o continue_v a_o distinct_a nation_n of_o themselves_o as_o become_v a_o people_n incorporate_v with_o those_o of_o other_o nation_n or_o these_o with_o the_o goth_n so_o that_o they_o be_v rule_v by_o
state_n during_o his_o absence_n steno_fw-it get_v into_o the_o office_n endeavour_v nothing_o more_o than_o to_o lessen_v his_o master_n and_o to_o advance_v his_o own_o credit_n and_o interest_n with_o the_o people_n and_o thereupon_o calumniate_v he_o as_o a_o public_a enemy_n to_o the_o nation_n seize_v upon_o those_o castle_n and_o fort_n which_o the_o king_n have_v officer_v with_o dane_n besieges_fw-fr stockholm_n gain_v the_o city_n present_o the_o castle_n in_o which_o the_o queen_n have_v secure_v herself_o after_o two_o year_n siege_n and_o not_o long_o after_o the_o command_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n upon_o these_o disorder_n in_o sweden_n the_o king_n shelter_n himself_o in_o denmark_n thence_o send_v a_o messenger_n to_o steno_n stir_v desire_v he_o to_o send_v his_o queen_n christina_n to_o he_o who_o he_o courteous_o attend_v to_o the_o border_n of_o denmark_n die_v sudden_o at_o jenecopia_n a_o city_n in_o smalandia_n be_v as_o be_v suppose_v poison_v by_o some_o of_o the_o queen_n friend_n the_o kingdom_n be_v dispose_v of_o by_o the_o noble_n and_o give_v to_o or_o rather_o as_o johannes_n magnus_n relate_v forcible_o obtain_v by_o 128._o suanto_fw-la stir_v son_n to_o one_o nicolaus_n grand_a marshal_n of_o sweden_n he_o be_v administrator_n or_o protector_n of_o the_o kingdom_n not_o absolute_a king_n he_o take_v colmar_n then_o possess_v by_o the_o dane_n and_o maintain_v a_o bloody_a war_n against_o john_n ii_o of_o denmark_n the_o exile_a king_n of_o sweden_n a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n be_v agree_v on_o to_o be_v hold_v at_o colmar_n he_o refuse_v to_o be_v present_a and_o be_v thereupon_o by_o maximilian_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n and_o john_n of_o denmark_n declare_v a_o enemy_n to_o the_o public_a and_o a_o disturber_n of_o the_o peace_n and_o as_o such_o he_o and_o all_o his_o accomplice_n be_v by_o all_o good_a man_n to_o be_v deem_v and_o their_o possession_n to_o be_v confiscate_v suanto_fw-la not_o value_v all_o their_o protestation_n against_o he_o declare_v against_o their_o proceed_n and_o strike_v a_o league_n with_o the_o lubecher_n which_o they_o afterward_o break_v put_v himself_o in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n in_o the_o prosecution_n of_o the_o war_n he_o die_v at_o arhusia_n after_o he_o have_v govern_v very_o happy_o for_o eight_o year_n the_o next_o who_o succeed_v he_o be_v his_o son_n 129._o steno_n stir_v junior_n protector_n of_o the_o kingdom_n upon_o some_o grievous_a quarrel_n and_o animosity_n break_v out_o betwixt_o this_o king_n and_o gustavus_n trolle_v who_o afterward_o enjoy_v the_o crown_n the_o kingdom_n be_v miserable_o shatter_v and_o opportunity_n give_v to_o christiern_n ii_o son_n to_o john_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n to_o make_v a_o invasion_n into_o it_o steno_n to_o defend_v himself_o raise_v a_o army_n go_v against_o he_o and_o near_o the_o lake_n wener_n lose_v his_o life_n in_o battle_n the_o kingdom_n be_v by_o the_o noble_n under_o certain_a condition_n as_o of_o have_v their_o law_n and_o religion_n protect_v etc._n etc._n give_v to_o 130._o christiern_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o have_v obtain_v the_o diadem_n meditate_a nothing_o more_o than_o revenge_n and_o cruelty_n and_o commit_v so_o many_o massacre_n and_o act_n of_o hostility_n upon_o his_o subject_n that_o he_o may_v seem_v not_o much_o inferior_a in_o tyranny_n to_o nero_n himself_o he_o under_o pretence_n of_o friendship_n and_o decide_v the_o trouble_n of_o the_o kingdom_n invite_v all_o his_o noble_n to_o a_o royal_a banquet_n and_o after_o have_v treat_v they_o splendid_o for_o two_o whole_a day_n at_o last_o pretend_v the_o disturb_a state_n of_o the_o kingdom_n require_v that_o they_o shall_v be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o way_n and_o that_o the_o pope_n bull_n which_o he_o cause_v public_o to_o be_v read_v before_o they_o give_v he_o authority_n to_o do_v it_o murder_v they_o cast_v their_o dead_a body_n out_o into_o the_o street_n where_o they_o lie_v for_o three_o day_n to_o be_v tear_v by_o dog_n and_o tread_v upon_o by_o the_o soldier_n the_o body_n of_o steno_n stir_v which_o have_v lie_v some_o time_n in_o the_o ground_n he_o cause_v to_o be_v dug_n up_o and_o give_v to_o the_o dog_n to_o devour_v with_o suchlike_a unheard_a of_o cruelty_n which_o make_v he_o hate_v among_o his_o swedish_n subject_n and_o not_o secure_a while_o he_o live_v among_o they_o hereupon_o he_o retire_v or_o rather_o flee_v into_o denmark_n and_o the_o whole_a management_n of_o swedish_n affair_n be_v undertake_v by_o 131._o gustavus_n i._o nephew_n to_o steno_n stir_v by_o his_o brother_n ericus_n who_o christiern_n have_v put_v to_o death_n he_o when_o young_a be_v take_v by_o christiern_n and_o carry_v prisoner_n into_o denmark_n whence_o miraculous_o escape_v he_o come_v into_o sweden_n put_v himself_o in_o the_o head_n of_o the_o dissent_v party_n manage_v several_a engagement_n against_o the_o tyrant_n very_o successful_o and_o be_v at_o last_o seem_o much_a against_o his_o will_n crown_v king_n this_o king_n be_v the_o first_o who_o make_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n hereditary_n the_o noble_n and_o commons_o in_o consideration_n of_o the_o great_a service_n he_o have_v do_v the_o nation_n free_o give_v up_o their_o ancient_a right_n of_o elect_v and_o establish_v the_o crown_n upon_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n for_o ever_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o encourage_v and_o propagate_v the_o lutheran_n confession_n in_o sweden_n and_o make_v a_o league_n with_o the_o reform_a prince_n of_o germany_n to_o defend_v it_o against_o all_o opposer_n he_o protest_v against_o christianus_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o allege_v some_o pretension_n to_o the_o arm_n three_o crown_n or_o of_o sweden_n make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o russes_z and_o after_o he_o have_v reign_v happy_o for_o nine_o and_o thirty_o year_n dye_v in_o a_o quiet_a and_o peaceable_a old-age_n his_o diadem_n according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o inheritance_n be_v confer_v on_o the_o head_n of_o 132._o ericus_n fourteen_o his_o elder_a son_n as_o soon_o as_o or_o before_o he_o be_v well_o settle_v in_o the_o throne_n the_o first_o thing_n he_o propose_v to_o the_o senate_n be_v to_o consult_v about_o a_o marriage_n with_o elizabeth_n queen_n of_o england_n he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o dane_n which_o they_o not_o observe_v on_o their_o part_n he_o make_v war_n against_o they_o invade_v norway_n and_o commit_v some_o cruelty_n upon_o the_o norwegian_a nobleman_n thereupon_o quite_o lose_v the_o favour_n of_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o be_v by_o they_o under_o the_o command_n of_o his_o rebellious_a brother_n notwithstanding_o their_o oath_n of_o allegiance_n treacherous_o betray_v thrust_v from_o his_o throne_n and_o shut_v up_o in_o prison_n where_o after_o nine_o year_n confinement_n he_o die_v miserable_o during_o his_o imprisonment_n when_o he_o perceive_v what_o way_n affair_n will_v go_v and_o to_o who_o the_o kingdom_n after_o his_o death_n according_a to_o justice_n be_v transfer_v he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v write_v under_o his_o escutcheon_n these_o word_n translatum_fw-la est_fw-la regnum_fw-la &_o factum_fw-la est_fw-la fratris_fw-la mei_fw-la a_o domino_fw-la constitutum_fw-la est_fw-la ei_fw-la which_o so_o happen_v for_o the_o diadem_n in_o right_n descend_v upon_o 133._o john_n iii_o brother_n to_o ericus_n he_o as_o soon_o as_o invest_v with_o his_o royal_a robe_n endeavour_n to_o lay_v a_o foundation_n for_o a_o quiet_a reign_n and_o thereupon_o conclude_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o muscovite_n the_o pole_n and_o the_o dane_n his_o three_o potent_a neighbour_n this_o king_n be_v say_v to_o have_v endeavour_v to_o introduce_v the_o religion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n into_o his_o dominion_n and_o labour_v to_o persuade_v his_o brother_n charles_n to_o embrace_v that_o profession_n but_o with_o small_a success_n in_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o be_v victorious_a in_o war_n and_o see_v his_o son_n sigismond_n crown_v king_n of_o poland_n he_o die_v not_o without_o suspicion_n of_o be_v poison_v after_o his_o death_n his_o brother_n charles_n duke_n of_o sudermannia_n for_o some_o time_n manage_v all_o public_a affair_n till_o his_o nephew_n to_o who_o according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o succession_n the_o crown_n do_v belong_v can_v convenient_o come_v out_o of_o poland_n to_o receive_v it_o 134._o sigismond_n son_n to_o john_n iii_o he_o be_v educate_v in_o the_o religion_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n hereupon_o the_o state_n of_o sweden_n fear_v lest_o he_o be_v admit_v king_n may_v reestablish_v popery_n among_o they_o before_o his_o coronation_n propose_v to_o he_o a_o oath_n not_o to_o alter_v any_o thing_n in_o their_o religion_n reform_v according_a to_o luther_n but_o to_o allow_v his_o subject_n the_o free_a exercise_n of_o that_o profession_n this_o oath_n he_o endeavour_v at_o first_o to_o evade_v but_o be_v
advise_v by_o the_o pope_n legate_n and_o some_o jesuit_n that_o a_o oath_n take_v by_o he_o with_o heretic_n be_v not_o obligatory_a or_o if_o he_o scruple_v that_o that_o a_o dispensation_n for_o the_o breach_n of_o it_o be_v easy_o attainable_a from_o the_o pope_n at_o last_o solemn_o take_v it_o and_o promise_v the_o state_n faithful_o to_o observe_v all_o the_o condition_n of_o it_o he_o leave_v sweden_n and_o return_v into_o poland_n during_o his_o absence_n all_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v manage_v by_o duke_n charles_n his_o uncle_n who_o for_o some_o small_a time_n execute_v the_o office_n of_o viceroy_n very_o quiet_o and_o to_o the_o great_a satisfaction_n of_o the_o king_n subject_n but_o some_o difference_n arise_v about_o religion_n the_o papist_n jesuit_n especial_o to_o who_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o worship_n have_v be_v grant_v grow_v powerful_a and_o thereupon_o behave_v themselves_o insolent_o towards_o the_o lutheran_n the_o business_n of_o state_n become_v trouble_v and_o the_o determination_n of_o controversy_n and_o removal_n of_o jealousy_n out_o of_o the_o people_n heart_n a_o very_a difficult_a matter_n hereupon_o sigismond_n be_v send_v for_o out_o of_o poland_n but_o both_o delay_n to_o come_v into_o sweden_n and_o to_o send_v order_n to_o his_o uncle_n ch._n an._n ch._n that_o popish_a delinquent_n as_o they_o be_v represent_v to_o he_o shall_v according_a to_o law_n be_v proceed_v against_o as_o enemy_n to_o the_o state_n and_o that_o other_o suchlike_a grievance_n shall_v be_v redress_v he_o so_o lose_v his_o interest_n with_o his_o swedish_n subject_n that_o when_o at_o last_o he_o come_v among_o they_o they_o oppose_v he_o as_o a_o public_a enemy_n make_v war_n against_o he_o and_o overcome_v he_o in_o battle_n after_o he_o be_v defeat_v he_o return_v to_o poland_n and_o his_o crown_n of_o sweden_n be_v by_o the_o state_n set_v upon_o the_o head_n of_o his_o uncle_n 135._o charles_n ix_o duke_n of_o sudermannia_n and_o brother_n to_o john_n iii_o he_o maintain_v the_o augustan_n confession_n during_o his_o whole_a reign_n carry_v on_o a_o bloody_a war_n against_o his_o nephew_n sigismond_n and_o christianus_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n who_o he_o challenge_v to_o a_o duel_n and_o after_o he_o have_v reign_v eleven_o year_n dye_v at_o nycopia_n in_o his_o return_n from_o oppose_v the_o dane_n the_o government_n after_o his_o death_n according_a to_o the_o right_n of_o inheritance_n descend_v upon_o his_o elder_a son_n 136._o gustavus_n adolphus_n ii_o surname_v the_o great_a this_o king_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n prosecute_v the_o war_n with_o denmark_n which_o his_o father_n be_v engage_v in_o at_o his_o death_n but_o intend_v to_o turn_v the_o whole_a force_n of_o his_o kingdom_n against_o his_o cousin_n sigismond_n k._n of_o poland_n he_o within_o a_o short_a time_n conclude_v a_o peace_n both_o with_o the_o dane_n and_o muscovite_n this_o do_v he_o invade_v livonia_n take_v several_a place_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o that_o and_o other_o province_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o pole_n and_o at_o last_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o his_o cousin_n for_o six_o year_n he_o return_v into_o sweden_n during_o the_o war_n with_o poland_n ferdinand_n ii_o emperor_n of_o germany_n have_v do_v he_o as_o he_o allege_v very_o many_o injury_n as_o his_o send_v assistance_n to_o the_o pole_n into_o borussia_n under_o the_o command_n of_o arnhemius_fw-la his_o not_o admit_v the_o swedish_n delegate_n to_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o lubeck_n but_o charge_v they_o to_o depart_v the_o empire_n etc._n etc._n whereupon_o he_o invade_v the_o imperial_a dominion_n take_v several_a strong_a city_n and_o after_o he_o have_v overrun_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v kill_v in_o battle_n near_o leipsick_a he_o be_v succeed_v by_o 137._o christina_n his_o only_a daughter_n who_o be_v then_o but_o seven_o year_n old_a the_o affair_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v order_v by_o her_o guardian_n till_o she_o come_v to_o the_o eighteen_o year_n of_o her_o age_n at_o which_o time_n she_o take_v the_o government_n upon_o herself_o make_v a_o peace_n with_o the_o emperor_n and_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o at_o last_o either_o weary_a of_o rule_v so_o potent_a a_o kingdom_n or_o think_v the_o care_n of_o it_o too_o great_a a_o burden_n for_o she_o to_o undergo_v voluntary_o lay_v down_o the_o crown_n and_o commend_v it_o to_o 138._o charles_n gustavus_n x._o a_o noble_a and_o victorious_a prince_n he_o maintain_v war_n against_o the_o pole_n the_o muscovite_n and_o the_o dane_n as_o he_o be_v return_v from_o gottenburg_n upon_o the_o confine_n of_o denmark_n to_o stockholm_n he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n and_o his_o kingdom_n according_a to_o right_a of_o succession_n descend_v upon_o 139._o charles_n xi_o his_o son_n than_o four_o year_n of_o age_n during_o his_o minority_n the_o kingdom_n be_v govern_v by_o his_o guardian_n but_o come_v to_o full_a age_n he_o take_v upon_o himself_o the_o management_n of_o all_o public_a affair_n and_o be_v now_o reign_v a._n d._n 1680._o age_a twentyfour_o year_n a_o warlike_a and_o virtuous_a prince_n of_o the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n beyond_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n lie_v the_o great_a principality_n of_o finland_n finland_n finland_n call_v by_o the_o native_n somi_n or_o soma_n from_o the_o great_a number_n of_o lake_n that_o be_v in_o it_o soma_n signify_v a_o lake_n but_o by_o the_o swede_n first_o and_o after_o they_o by_o all_o stranger_n call_v finland_n q._n fineland_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o the_o country_n or_o as_o other_o say_v q._n fiende-land_n i.e._n the_o land_n of_o fiend_n or_o enemy_n the_o finlander_n use_v for_o a_o long_a time_n before_o they_o be_v under_o the_o swedish_n power_n to_o make_v frequent_a incursion_n into_o that_o kingdom_n and_o very_o much_o injure_v and_o molest_v its_o inhabitant_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o sinus_n finnicus_n and_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o part_n of_o the_o finnic_a and_o baltic_a sea_n it_o be_v divide_v into_o these_o seven_o province_n province_n its_o province_n 1._o southern-finland_n 2._o northern-finland_n 3._o cajania_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la 5._o tavastia_n 6._o nylandia_n and_o 7._o carelia_n 1._o finland_n southern_a finland_n southern_a finland_n part_v from_o the_o northern_a by_o the_o river_n aujaroki_n which_o water_v the_o episcopal_a city_n abo._n it_o extend_v itself_o all_o along_o the_o finnic_a bay_n eastward_o have_v on_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n the_o province_n of_o tavastia_n and_o nylandia_n in_o it_o be_v beside_o several_a little_a town_n two_o remarkable_a fort_n viz._n gusto_n in_o the_o western_a and_o raseberg_n to_o which_o belong_v a_o dynasty_a or_o principality_n in_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o it_o 2._o finland_n northern_a finland_n northern_a finland_n run_v along_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n towards_o the_o north._n it_o be_v indifferent_o large_a in_o circumference_n take_v in_o both_o the_o satagunda_n with_o viemo_n and_o masco_n water_v it_o be_v by_o one_o only_a river_n call_v cumo-elff_a famous_a for_o its_o abundance_n of_o salmon_n and_o other_o sort_n of_o fish_n which_o fall_v into_o the_o sea_n near_o the_o city_n biorneborgh_n town_n of_o note_n here_o be_v raumo_n nystadh_n and_o nadhendal_n to_o these_o sanson_n add_v castelholm_n in_o the_o island_n alandia_n 3._o cajania_n cajania_n cajania_n or_o ost-bothnia_a as_o some_o call_v it_o in_o opposition_n to_o west-bothnia_a which_o lie_v over_o against_o it_o on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n in_o it_o be_v many_o large_a river_n the_o chief_a of_o which_o be_v kimi-elff_a which_o empti_v itself_o into_o the_o bothnic_a bay_n at_o the_o most_o northern_a cape_n of_o it_o and_o part_n this_o province_n from_o west-bothnia_a jio-elff_a and_o vla-elff_a city_n here_o be_v 1._o vlam_n or_o vlo_fw-la 2._o vasa_n or_o wassam_n cal_n to_o which_o may_v be_v add_v the_o fort_n cajaneburg_n and_o vlaburg_n 4._o savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la savolaxia_fw-la which_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n on_o the_o west_n with_o a_o a_o ridge_n of_o mountain_n which_o part_v it_o from_o carelia_n on_o the_o north_n with_o part_n of_o muscovitic_a lapland_n and_o on_o the_o south_n with_o tavastia_n and_o carelia_n this_o province_n abound_v much_o with_o lake_n and_o river_n most_o of_o which_o disburden_v themselves_o into_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n the_o river_n afford_v fish_n pike_n especial_o in_o great_a abundance_n and_o the_o lake_n beside_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n they_o breed_v supply_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o seacalve_n not_o meet_v with_o in_o any_o other_o scandian_a lake_n here_o be_v one_o remarkable_a fort_n
blekingia_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n conclude_v at_o roschild_n feb._n 26_o ann_n 1658_o between_o charles_n x._o then_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o frederic_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n the_o province_n of_o scania_n hallandia_n and_o the_o castle_n of_o bahus_n with_o all_o the_o fort_n island_n etc._n etc._n and_o also_o all_o the_o royalty_n jurisdiction_n dominion_n ecclesiastical_a or_o civil_a with_o the_o revenue_n tribute_n payment_n and_o all_o right_n whatsoever_o whether_o by_o land_n or_o sea_n be_v by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o consideration_n of_o have_v some_o place_n restore_v to_o he_o as_o sialand_n laland_n falstria_n etc._n etc._n which_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n have_v during_o the_o late_a war_n make_v himself_o master_n of_o whole_o cede_v and_o give_v up_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n as_o a_o perpetual_a possession_n to_o be_v incorporate_v with_o that_o kingdom_n for_o ever_o in_o as_o full_a and_o ample_a manner_n as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n have_v former_o possess_v and_o enjoy_v the_o same_o and_o by_o another_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n ann_n 1660_o between_o the_o say_v frideric_n iii_o of_o denmark_n and_o this_o present_a king_n of_o sweden_n these_o province_n in_o the_o same_o manner_n as_o they_o have_v be_v grant_v by_o the_o former_a treaty_n be_v confirm_v to_o the_o swedish_n crown_n we_o shall_v treat_v of_o all_o these_o province_n though_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o present_a war_n betwixt_o the_o swede_n and_o dane_n the_o possession_n of_o they_o be_v much_o disturb_v and_o some_o city_n and_o fort_n in_o they_o seize_v and_o garrison_v by_o the_o danish_a force_n as_o accessional_a part_n of_o this_o kingdom_n remit_v what_o may_v be_v say_v concern_v the_o ancient_a title_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v to_o they_o or_o what_o else_o may_v concern_v they_o to_o be_v speak_v to_o in_o that_o kingdom_n 1._o scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi a_o province_n abound_v as_o be_v say_v in_o gothia_n with_o corn_n beast_n bird_n and_o all_o commodity_n of_o life_n have_v on_o the_o east_n blekingia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o sund_n along_o the_o shore_n of_o which_o it_o run_v for_o the_o space_n of_o twenty_o german_a mile_n on_o the_o north_n hallandia_n and_o westro-gothia_a and_o on_o the_o south_n part_n of_o the_o baltic_a or_o ost-zee_n it_o be_v in_o length_n eighteen_o and_o where_o broad_o in_o breadth_n twelve_o german_a miel_n in_o it_o be_v beside_o many_o town_n and_o village_n twelve_o nomarchy_n or_o principality_n the_o chief_a city_n be_v 1._o lundia_fw-la lundon_n or_o lune_fw-fr former_o from_o the_o year_n 1109_o to_o 1559_o the_o seat_n of_o a_o archbishop_n who_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v call_v to_o the_o general_a diet_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o have_v his_o voice_n in_o they_o it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v two_o and_o twenty_o church_n in_o it_o and_o among_o the_o rest_n a_o magnificent_a cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n laurence_n no_o less_o remarkable_a for_o its_o high_a steeple_n which_o be_v a_o guide_n to_o mariner_n and_o its_o large_a vault_n under_o the_o choir_n then_o for_o the_o dial_n which_o show_v the_o year_n month_n week_n day_n and_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n all_o at_o the_o same_o time_n with_o all_o feast_n both_o movable_a and_o fix_a as_o also_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o moon_n and_o their_o progress_n through_o every_o degree_n of_o the_o zodiac_n this_o clock_n be_v so_o order_v by_o artificial_a engine_n that_o when_o ever_o it_o strike_v two_o horseman_n come_v forth_o and_o encounter_v each_o other_o the_o one_o give_v the_o other_o just_a so_o many_o blow_n as_o the_o hammer_n be_v to_o strike_v upon_o the_o bell_n at_o what_o time_n a_o door_n open_v the_o virgin_n mary_n appear_v sit_v upon_o a_o throne_n with_o christ_n in_o her_o arm_n and_o the_o magi_n do_v he_o reverence_n and_o two_o trumpeter_n sound_v all_o the_o while_n this_o be_v the_o suppose_a work_n of_o caspar_n bartholine_n the_o famous_a mathematician_n the_o altar_n also_o of_o this_o church_n be_v a_o excellent_a piece_n of_o work_n of_o black_a and_o white_a marble_n adorn_v on_o the_o forepart_n with_o the_o sculpture_n of_o frederic_n two_o and_o sophia_n his_o wife_n and_o upon_o the_o table-stone_n with_o the_o image_n of_o our_o saviour_n and_o his_o twelve_o apostle_n at_o his_o last_o supper_n 2._o malmoge_fw-mi or_o as_o some_o call_v it_o elbogen_n at_o the_o very_a southern_a point_n of_o schonen_fw-mi just_a opposite_a to_o copenhagen_n in_o zealand_n a_o well_o trade_v port_n the_o birthplace_n of_o the_o say_v caspar_n bartholine_n or_o malmogius_n danus_n as_o some_o please_v to_o name_v he_o the_o great_a mathematician_n 3._o trelleberg_n north_n of_o elbogen_n 4._o landscroon_fw-mi on_o the_o sea_n side_n a_o place_n of_o great_a consequence_n and_o strength_n build_v by_o ericus_n viii_o an._n 1413._o it_o have_v six_o gate_n in_o all_o three_o towards_o the_o sea_n and_o three_o towards_o the_o continent_n with_o a_o fair_a marketplace_n and_o a_o stately_a stadt-house_n here_o be_v a_o large_a and_o convenient_a harbour_n for_o ship_n though_o of_o somewhat_o hazardous_a entrance_n this_o city_n be_v fortify_v with_o a_o castle_n by_o christian_n iii_o who_o remove_v the_o fair_a at_o engelholm_n to_o this_o place_n where_o it_o be_v keep_v at_o midsummer_n every_o year_n with_o a_o great_a concourse_n of_o merchant_n 5._o helsemburg_n a_o mean_a town_n but_o fortify_v with_o a_o impregnable_a castle_n just_a opposite_a to_o helsinore_n and_o croneberg_n in_o seland_n the_o other_o of_o the_o two_o key_n which_o open_v into_o the_o sund._n in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o castle_n rise_v a_o high_a four_o square_a tower_n which_o show_v itself_o to_o mariner_n a_o great_a way_n off_o from_o the_o castle_n and_o serve_v they_o as_o a_o mark_n to_o steer_v their_o course_n by_o in_o this_o town_n be_v keep_v two_o fair_n every_o year_n one_o in_o mid-lent_n the_o other_o upon_o palm-sunday_n note_v for_o the_o concourse_n of_o people_n and_o great_a store_n of_o merchandise_n vend_v here_o 6._o radneby_n a_o frontier_n town_n border_v on_o verendia_fw-la 7._o christiania_n or_o christendorp_n build_v by_o christiern_n iu._n an._n 1604_o out_o of_o the_o ruin_n of_o ahusia_n and_o vaea_n or_o wa_n and_o fortify_v with_o eight_o bulwark_n and_o so_o encompass_v with_o fen_n and_o marsh_n on_o one_o side_n and_o with_o the_o sea_n on_o the_o other_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v almost_o impregnable_a to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 8._o scanore_n the_o most_o ancient_a of_o any_o 2._o hallandia_n hallandia_n hallandia_n or_o hallandt_n which_o lie_v to_o the_o north_n east_n upon_o part_n of_o westro_n gothia_n its_o limit_n begin_v at_o the_o promontory_n call_v by_o the_o native_n hallands-ars_a by_o stranger_n coll_n and_o thence_o run_v along_o the_o codane_a shore_n to_o elsburg_n sixteen_o german_a mile_n and_o may_v be_v say_v to_o have_v on_o the_o west_n the_o sea_n which_o run_v betwixt_o it_o and_o jutland_n on_o the_o north_n part_n of_o smalandia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n scania_n or_o schonen_fw-mi of_o this_o province_n see_v what_o be_v say_v in_o westro-gothia_a 3._o blescida_n blekingia_n or_o bleck_v blekingia_n blekingia_n a_o province_n somewhat_o mountainous_a woody_a and_o barren_a and_o not_o near_o so_o fertile_a as_o either_o of_o the_o two_o former_a it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n and_o south_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n with_o verendia_fw-la in_o smaland_n and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o schonen_fw-mi the_o whole_a province_n be_v divide_v into_o eight_o nomarchy_n and_o contain_v these_o city_n and_o town_n of_o note_n all_o lie_v upon_o the_o baltic_a 1._o vstadium_n vulg_n vster_n 2._o stanthamera_fw-la or_o santhamer_n 3._o ahuiis_fw-la 4._o selsburg_n 5._o elenholm_n 6._o rottenbuy_n 7._o christianopolis_n christenberg_n raise_v out_o of_o the_o ground_n by_o christiern_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n a._n d._n 1604_o to_o defend_v his_o kingdom_n on_o this_o side_n but_o not_o long_o after_o by_o a_o warlike_a stratagem_n surprise_v by_o the_o swede_n an._n 1611_o and_o by_o they_o destroy_v and_o quite_o dispeople_v since_o which_o time_n it_o have_v be_v rebuilt_a and_o at_o present_a be_v very_o well_o replenish_v with_o inhabitant_n and_o much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n 10._o bromsebro_n famous_a for_o the_o treaty_n of_o peace_n betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o sweden_n and_o christianus_n iv_o king_n of_o denmark_n conclude_v at_o this_o town_n a._n d._n 1648_o with_o many_o small_a town_n and_o village_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v 4._o jemptia_n jemptia_n jemptia_n or_o jempterland_n so_o call_v from_o one_o kietellus_n jampte_v a_o norwegian_a nobleman_n who_o escape_v from_o the_o tyranny_n of_o harald_n harfager_n king_n of_o norway_n come_v
and_o set_v up_o a_o government_n for_o himself_o in_o this_o province_n and_o helsingia_n which_o lie_v northward_o in_o suecia_n proper_o so_o call_v have_v on_o the_o east_n part_n of_o the_o province_n of_o medelpadia_n on_o the_o west_n the_o dofrine_a mountain_n on_o the_o north_n angermannia_n and_o on_o the_o south_n part_n of_o helsingia_n and_o medelpadia_n this_o province_n do_v ancient_o belong_v to_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n though_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o olaus_n scotkonung_n it_o be_v say_v to_o have_v revolt_v from_o olaus_n crassus_n then_o king_n of_o norway_n and_o become_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n in_o the_o year_n 1613_o by_o a_o peace_n conclude_v between_o the_o northern_a crown_n it_o be_v by_o gustavus_n adolphus_n yield_v up_o to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n but_o a._n 1642_o repossess_v by_o the_o swede_n pontanus_n in_o his_o map_n of_o scandia_n reckon_v up_o some_o place_n of_o note_n in_o it_o viz._n alsne_n ronvere_n aus_n lidh_n hamer-dal_a vndersaker_n oviken_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o time_n of_o olaus_n magnus_n this_o province_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o vpsal_n near_o a_o small_a village_n in_o this_o country_n there_o be_v say_v messenius_n several_a large_a stone_n with_o gothick_n inscription_n which_o be_v a_o prophesy_n of_o what_o for_o the_o future_a will_v befall_v the_o scandian_o 5._o herrndalia_n herrndalia_n herrndalia_n call_v by_o pontanus_n herdalia_n and_o by_o most_o author_n reckon_v as_o a_o part_n of_o helsingia_n contain_v the_o territory_n of_o nomedal_n hellegeland_n frostena_n indera_fw-la heroa_fw-la with_o some_o other_o all_o which_o belong_v to_o the_o diocese_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o nidrosia_n and_o be_v in_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o finnic_a and_o bothnic_a bay_n and_o the_o swedish_n island_n contain_v in_o they_o the_o baltic_a sea_n sea_n the_o baltic_a sea_n so_o call_v say_v pontanus_n from_o the_o saxon_a and_o english_a word_n belt_n because_o it_o encompass_v the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o belt_n or_o girdle_n or_o as_o jornandes_n will_v have_v it_o from_o baltia_n or_o basilia_n i_o e._n queen_n of_o island_n the_o ancient_a greek_a name_n of_o scandia_n or_o scandinavia_n or_o as_o adam_n bremensis_n be_v of_o opinion_n from_o the_o wisogoth_n who_o inhabit_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o it_o usual_o call_v balt_n i_o e._n a_o stout_a and_o valiant_a people_n be_v the_o large_a of_o any_o sea_n in_o europe_n except_o the_o mediterranean_a contain_v in_o it_o five_o and_o thirty_o island_n of_o considerable_a bigness_n beside_o a_o infinite_a number_n of_o lesser_a note_n the_o whole_a bay_n as_o some_o be_v of_o opinion_n be_v call_v by_o mela_n sinus_n codanus_n q._n gothanus_fw-la or_o gothicus_fw-la from_o gothia_n that_o border_n upon_o it_o or_o caudanus_n from_o cauda_fw-la because_o it_o come_v from_o the_o main_a ocean_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o tail_n of_o a_o beast_n by_o strabo_n the_o venedic_n bay_n from_o the_o venedae_n a_o people_n of_o germany_n who_o live_v upon_o the_o coast_n of_o it_o and_o by_o the_o dane_n and_o swede_n the_o oost-zee_n because_o as_o may_v be_v gather_v out_o of_o the_o history_n of_o eric_n eigod_n king_n of_o denmark_n the_o dane_n who_o go_v pilgrimage_n to_o the_o holy_a land_n use_v to_o pass_v into_o russia_n and_o the_o eastern_a part_n by_o this_o sea_n it_o begin_v at_o the_o narrow_a place_n call_v the_o sund_n and_o interlace_v the_o country_n of_o denmark_n sweden_n germany_n and_o some_o part_n of_o poland_n extend_v itself_o to_o livonia_n and_o lithvania_n it_o either_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o narrowness_n of_o the_o passage_n by_o which_o the_o ocean_n flow_v into_o it_o or_o because_o of_o its_o northerly_a situation_n whereby_o the_o celestial_a influence_n have_v less_o power_n over_o it_o never_o ebb_v nor_o flow_v from_o the_o several_a country_n and_o place_n that_o it_o wash_v it_o have_v diverse_a name_n give_v it_o and_o be_v distinguish_v into_o different_a bay_n the_o most_o remarkable_a be_v 1._o bay_n the_o bothnic_a bay_n the_o bothnic_a bay_n count_v from_o the_o island_n alandia_n northward_o to_o the_o river_n kimi_n which_o fall_v into_o it_o at_o the_o very_o further_a cape_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o both_o signify_v in_o the_o swedish_n language_n a_o fenny_a country_n or_o a_o land_n overflow_v with_o water_n 2._o bay_n the_o finnic_a bay_n the_o finnic_a bay_n so_o call_v from_o the_o principality_n of_o finland_n which_o it_o water_n some_o will_v have_v the_o sinus_n venedicus_n of_o strabo_n and_o the_o mare_n amalchium_n of_o pliny_n particular_o to_o denote_v this_o bay_n the_o swedish_n island_n in_o this_o sea_n concern_v those_o that_o be_v under_o the_o danish_a power_n see_v denmark_n to_o begin_v with_o the_o most_o southerly_a first_o be_v 1._o rugen_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o pomeren_n give_v to_o the_o swede_n by_o the_o great_a treaty_n of_o peace_n at_o munster_n and_o osnaburg_n a._n d._n 1649._o of_o which_o consult_v the_o volume_n of_o germany_n 2._o bornholm_n be_v situate_a more_o northward_o than_o rugen_n and_o lie_v opposite_a to_o blekingia_n it_o have_v one_o city_n in_o it_o name_v santwyk_n and_o thirty-two_a small_a village_n this_o island_n be_v by_o a_o ratification_n of_o peace_n hold_v at_o copenhagen_n a._n d._n 1660_o give_v up_o to_o the_o dane_n under_o certain_a condition_n of_o which_o mention_n be_v make_v in_o denmark_n 3._o huena_n or_o hueen_n a_o very_a small_a island_n in_o the_o oresundic_n bay_n famous_a for_o the_o city_n vraniburg_n build_v by_o that_o excellent_a mathematician_n tycho_n brahe_n where_o the_o pole_n be_v elevate_v 55_o deg_fw-la 54_o min._n this_o isle_n be_v yield_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n by_o virtue_n of_o the_o forementioned_a peace_n conclude_v betwixt_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n a._n d._n 1660._o 4._o vtklippa_n 5._o vtlengia_n both_o lie_v over_o against_o blekingia_n 6._o oelandia_n a_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a island_n in_o which_o be_v say_v to_o be_v the_o best_a breed_n of_o horse_n that_o be_v in_o all_o the_o swedish_n dominion_n this_o island_n a._n d._n 1526_o be_v take_v by_o christiern_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o short_o after_o regain_v by_o gustavus_n i._o king_n of_o sweden_n a._n d._n 1613_o it_o be_v put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o gustavus_n adolphus_n and_o ever_o since_o retain_v by_o the_o swede_n see_v more_o concern_v it_o among_o the_o province_n of_o gothia_n 7._o gotland_n lie_v over_o against_o ostrogothia_a in_o length_n seventy-two_a mile_n and_o in_o breadth_n twenty_o for_o a_o long_a time_n almost_o tear_v in_o piece_n by_o the_o continual_a arm_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n till_o 1648_o by_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n betwixt_o christina_n queen_n of_o swedeland_n and_o christiern_n iv_o of_o denmark_n it_o with_o the_o city_n wisbuy_n of_o which_o see_v among_o the_o gothic_a province_n be_v whole_o yield_v up_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n to_o be_v hold_v by_o they_o as_o a_o perpetual_a possession_n 8._o oselia_n call_v by_o pliny_n oserica_n opposite_a to_o liefland_n and_o reckon_v by_o some_o as_o a_o district_n of_o esthonia_n fifty-six_a mile_n in_o length_n and_o twenty-eight_a in_o breadth_n in_o it_o be_v the_o city_n arnsburg_n fortify_v with_o a_o strong_a castle_n 9_o daghoe_n dachden_n or_o dagheroort_n part_v from_o oselia_n by_o a_o very_a narrow_a bay_n 10._o alandia_n lie_v in_o the_o middle_a sea_n betwixt_o it_o and_o upland_n reckon_v by_o some_o as_o a_o part_n of_o finland_n in_o it_o be_v the_o fort_n castleholm_n 11._o hogland_n in_o the_o finnic_a bay_n with_o severalother_n of_o less_o note_n and_o importance_n regni_fw-la daniae_fw-la accuratissima_fw-la delineato_fw-la nobilissimo_fw-la amplissimo_fw-la consultissimoque_fw-la viro_fw-la d._n gerardo_n schaep_v i._n v._o d._n inclyti_fw-la et_fw-la celeberrimi_fw-la ansterodamensium_fw-la emporii_fw-la consuli_fw-la ac_fw-la senatori_fw-la et_fw-la ad_fw-la serenissimos_fw-la sveciae_fw-la daniaque_fw-la reges_fw-la legato_n dignissimo_fw-la fidelissimo_fw-la d._n d._n d._n joannes_n janssonius_n denmark_n saxo_n grammaticus_n deduce_v the_o name_n of_o denmark_n danmark_n or_o dania_n from_o dan_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o son_n of_o humblus_n a_o prince_n of_o these_o part_n many_o year_n before_o the_o come_n of_o our_o saviour_n this_o opinion_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v a_o ancient_a tradition_n among_o the_o dane_n and_o be_v confirm_v by_o one_o of_o the_o old_a chronicle_n of_o their_o king_n publish_v by_o wormius_n out_o of_o a_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o the_o scanian_a law_n write_v in_o runick_a character_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o which_o we_o read_v dan_o heet_n den_fw-mi force_v cunung_a i_o danmurk_n der_fw-mi var_fw-mi fore_fw-la christus_fw-la borth_z of_o hannom_n call_v be_v danmurk_n i._n e._n the_o first_o
rather_o imprison_v themselves_o in_o the_o capitol_n beside_o most_o of_o the_o northern_a nation_n have_v at_o some_o time_n or_o other_o stoop_v to_o the_o danish_a arms._n for_o if_o we_o consult_v the_o best_a of_o their_o historian_n we_o shall_v find_v that_o ireland_n be_v eight_o several_a time_n conquer_v by_o the_o dane_n the_o english_a be_v ten_o time_n beat_v by_o they_o and_o for_o many_o year_n subject_a to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n scotland_n be_v for_o awhile_o tributary_n to_o this_o crown_n whence_o some_o fancy_n it_o have_v its_o name_n scotland_n in_o the_o danish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o country_n that_o pay_v tribute_n to_o a_o foreign_a potentate_n hence_o we_o still_o retain_v the_o word_n scotfree_a i._n e._n one_o exempt_v from_o all_o payment_n due_n and_o duty_n saxony_n pay_v homage_n to_o frotho_n siward_n and_o other_o danish_a king_n and_o the_o swede_n often_o than_o once_o swear_v fealty_n to_o the_o dane_n but_o revolt_v as_o soon_o as_o they_o find_v themselves_o able_a to_o rebel_n the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n in_o a_o sufficient_a testimony_n of_o the_o danish_a valour_n nay_o saxon_a grammaticus_n give_v we_o many_o instance_n of_o the_o courage_n and_o conduct_n of_o several_a danish_a viragines_n who_o exploit_n if_o he_o say_v true_a may_v be_v set_v in_o competition_n with_o the_o brave_a performance_n of_o the_o hector_n of_o other_o nation_n tacitus_n speak_v of_o the_o ancient_a german_n say_v they_o be_v a_o little_a too_o much_o addict_v to_o gluttony_n and_o drunkenness_n but_o withal_o so_o oblige_v to_o stranger_n that_o they_o look_v upon_o it_o as_o the_o height_n of_o barbarism_n and_o rudeness_n to_o turn_v any_o such_o out_o of_o door_n or_o deny_v they_o lodging_n both_o these_o character_n may_v still_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o dane_n for_o since_o they_o grow_v so_o modish_a as_o to_o drink_v wine_n they_o have_v exceed_o apee_v their_o neighbour_n the_o german_n in_o large_a draught_n and_o long_a meal_n again_o they_o be_v wonderful_o complaisant_a to_o all_o foreigner_n which_o perhaps_o may_v in_o some_o part_n be_v attribute_v to_o their_o immoderate_a desire_n of_o learn_v the_o language_n of_o other_o country_n but_o notwithstanding_o the_o civil_a entertainment_n usual_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o kingdom_n it_o behoove_v every_o stranger_n to_o carry_v himself_o so_o circumspect_o that_o he_o seem_v neither_o by_o his_o word_n nor_o action_n to_o sleight_n any_o thing_n he_o meet_v with_o for_o the_o dane_n be_v natural_o proud_a and_o self-conceited_a and_o quarrelsome_a upon_o the_o least_o apprehension_n of_o a_o affront_n the_o old_a roman_n common_o too_o peremptory_a in_o their_o censure_n look_v upon_o the_o cimbrian_o as_o a_o dull_a phlegmatic_a people_n and_o we_o know_v the_o general_a vogue_n still_o give_v the_o italian_n french_a and_o spaniard_n a_o large_a share_n of_o brain_n than_o they_o allow_v to_o any_o of_o the_o norther_o nation_n however_o this_o kingdom_n have_v never_o want_v man_n remarkable_a for_o their_o wit_n and_o learning_n who_o as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v hereafter_o have_v in_o spite_n of_o the_o disadvantage_n of_o a_o cold_a country_n give_v evident_a proof_n that_o man_n do_v not_o like_o water_n take_v a_o tincture_n from_o the_o earth_n and_o soil_n out_o of_o which_o they_o spring_v it_o be_v julius_n caesar_n observation_n of_o the_o gaul_n 〈◊〉_d staâ—â—â—_n and_o 〈◊〉_d of_o 〈◊〉_d that_o they_o look_v down_o with_o a_o scornful_a eye_n upon_o the_o low_a stature_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o ancient_o the_o northern_a people_n except_o only_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n and_o groneland_n if_o know_v to_o the_o ancient_n who_o excessive_a cold_n have_v pinch_v into_o as_o small_a dimension_n as_o the_o spaniard_n and_o other_o southern_a nation_n be_v heat_v into_o be_v general_o a_o sort_n of_o giant_n the_o dane_n in_o a_o more_o peculiar_a manner_n from_o their_o large_a size_n say_v some_o have_v the_o name_n of_o geat_n corrupt_v afterward_o into_o getae_n jutae_n etc._n etc._n at_o this_o day_n the_o a-la-mode_o luxury_n of_o the_o time_n have_v so_o prevail_v in_o denmark_n as_o to_o contract_v the_o pristine_a bulk_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n who_o nevertheless_o seem_v still_o to_o be_v more_o vigorous_a and_o long-lived_a then_o most_o of_o their_o neighbour_n aristotle_n long_o since_o can_v tell_v we_o that_o the_o northern_a people_n be_v most_o common_o yellow-haired_a and_o lucan_n speak_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o elb_n say_v fundit_fw-la ab_fw-la extremo_fw-la flavos_fw-la aquilone_n suevos_fw-la albis_n indeed_o most_o of_o the_o dane_n those_o especial_o that_o live_v beyond_o the_o baltic_a be_v to_o this_o day_n either_o white_a or_o red_a haired_a hence_o it_o be_v that_o in_o england_n we_o usual_o say_v of_o a_o red_a haired_a man_n he_o be_v a_o dane_n and_o from_o the_o old_a grudge_n between_o this_o nation_n and_o denmark_n i_o fancy_n arise_v that_o ill_a conceit_n that_o most_o english_a have_v of_o red_a haired_a people_n what_o the_o ordinary_a food_n be_v may_v be_v easy_o know_v from_o the_o abundance_n of_o corn_n fish_n dieâ—â—_n dieâ—â—_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o tame_a and_o wild_a beast_n fit_a for_o food_n wherewith_o as_o we_o have_v tell_v you_o this_o kingdom_n be_v stock_v among_o the_o many_o other_o sort_n of_o fowl_n no_o nation_n in_o europe_n have_v so_o many_o woodcock_n call_v by_o martial_a perdices_n rusticas_fw-la by_o pliny_n rusticulas_fw-la and_o account_v by_o the_o ancient_a roman_n a_o great_a rarity_n as_o denmark_n it_o be_v long_o before_o vine_n spread_v themselves_o so_o far_o northward_o as_o to_o reach_v beyond_o the_o rhine_n in_o julius_n caesar_n day_n the_o belgic_a nervii_n know_v no_o such_o drink_n as_o wine_n or_o at_o least_o as_o he_o say_v will_v not_o suffer_v any_o such_o lewd_a liquor_n to_o come_v among_o they_o but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o german_n taste_v the_o juice_n of_o the_o grape_n they_o quick_o commend_v the_o glass_n to_o their_o neighbour_n the_o dane_n who_o in_o a_o short_a time_n grow_v as_o intemperate_a as_o their_o teacher_n the_o ancient_a drink_n of_o the_o country_n be_v oel_n ale_n or_o beer_n make_v of_o malt_n and_o water_n which_o be_v still_o in_o ordinary_a use_n among_o they_o though_o in_o england_n we_o make_v a_o distinction_n between_o ale_n and_o beer_n yet_o the_o dane_n know_v no_o such_o difference_n what_o the_o german_n call_v bier_n be_v oel_n in_o denmark_n this_o be_v that_o famous_a drink_n which_o animate_v the_o western_a nation_n against_o the_o roman_n which_o tacitus_n call_v humorem_fw-la ex_fw-la hordeo_fw-la aut_fw-la frumento_fw-la in_o quandam_fw-la similitudinem_fw-la vini_fw-la corruptum_fw-la i._n e._n a_o liquor_n make_v of_o corn_n which_o rival_n wine_n it_o be_v undoubte_o true_a what_o rodericus_fw-la toletanus_n many_o year_n ago_o observe_v that_o the_o high_a dutch_a danish_a swedish_n norwegian_n flandrian_a and_o english_a language_n be_v only_o so_o many_o distinct_a dialect_n of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o mother-tongue_n which_o may_v soon_o be_v discern_v by_o any_o man_n that_o shall_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o compare_v the_o lord_n prayer_n or_o any_o other_o piece_n of_o scripture_n in_o all_o these_o tongue_n the_o gibb'rish_n indeed_o speak_v in_o lapland_n finland_n and_o some_o other_o country_n to_o the_o north-east_n of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n be_v quite_o another_o thing_n and_o as_o unintelligible_a to_o the_o civilise_a danes_n and_o swede_n as_o hebrew_n or_o arabic_a but_o the_o ordinary_a danish_a whatever_o some_o of_o their_o own_o writer_n say_v to_o the_o contrary_a be_v no_o more_o than_o corrupt_v dutch._n i_o know_v pontanus_n have_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o collect_v a_o great_a many_o word_n out_o of_o the_o danish_a tongue_n which_o he_o call_v vocabula_fw-la danis_n propria_fw-la though_o all_o of_o they_o be_v not_o so_o that_o be_v not_o to_o be_v find_v perhaps_o in_o any_o german_a dictionary_n what_o then_o no_o man_n shall_v with_o this_o argument_n persuade_v i_o that_o the_o dutch_a and_o danish_a tongue_n be_v fundamental_o distinct_a and_o not_o two_o branch_n of_o the_o same_o stock_n for_o you_o shall_v find_v thousand_o of_o word_n in_o willeramus_fw-la otfrid_n and_o other_o ancient_a german_a writer_n which_o be_v at_o this_o day_n whole_o out_o of_o use_n and_o scarce_o a_o county_n in_o england_n but_o have_v some_o peculiar_a word_n not_o understand_v in_o the_o rest_n which_o nevertheless_o speak_v perfect_a english_a neither_o will_v it_o avail_v any_o thing_n to_o say_v the_o ancient_a danish_a tongue_n be_v bring_v hither_o out_o of_o asia_n and_o call_v former_o asamal_n i._n e._n the_o language_n of_o the_o asian_o for_o the_o edda_n islandorum_n which_o probable_o be_v the_o old_a piece_n which_o mention_n the_o
come_n of_o the_o asian_o into_o these_o part_n say_v odin_n or_o woden_n the_o great_a captain_n of_o the_o asae_n spread_v his_o language_n over_o saxony_n as_o well_o as_o denmark_n sweden_n and_o norway_n add_v further_o that_o within_o awhile_o the_o asian_a tongue_n be_v general_o speak_v in_o all_o the_o neighbour_a country_n the_o strong_a argument_n to_o prove_v a_o difference_n between_o this_o tongue_n and_o the_o old_a teutonic_n may_v be_v have_v from_o a_o diligent_a enquiry_n into_o the_o various_a phrase_n and_o propriety_n of_o speech_n use_v in_o both_o of_o they_o but_o when_o we_o consider_v how_o much_o the_o idiom_n of_o the_o high_a and_o low_a dutch_a differ_v and_o how_o vast_o the_o syntax_n of_o our_o english_a language_n be_v alter_v from_o the_o danish_a and_o german_a we_o shall_v have_v reason_n to_o confess_v before_o we_o pronounce_v these_o last_o two_o distinct_a primitive_a language_n that_o time_n be_v able_a strange_o to_o alter_v the_o physiognomy_n of_o tongue_n as_o well_o as_o man_n however_o the_o dispute_n be_v like_o short_o to_o have_v a_o end_n and_o the_o dane_n will_v in_o a_o little_a while_n if_o they_o do_v not_o already_o speak_v good_a dutch._n for_o the_o german_a tongue_n be_v now_o ordinary_o speak_v in_o copenhagen_n and_o most_o of_o the_o chief_a trade_n city_n in_o denmark_n to_o let_v pass_v the_o story_n of_o king_n dan_n government_n government_n who_o some_o historian_n make_v to_o reign_v in_o this_o kingdom_n three_o hundred_o year_n before_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o unquestionable_a testimony_n of_o the_o best_a roman_a writer_n that_o denmark_n be_v a_o monarchy_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o catulus_n and_o marius_n near_o a_o hundred_o year_n before_o christ_n afterward_o we_o have_v a_o certain_a account_n of_o gothric_n king_n of_o the_o dane_n in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a from_o who_o the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n be_v descend_v in_o a_o lineal_a succession_n except_o what_o pontanus_n seem_v not_o to_o allow_v of_o the_o line_n of_o the_o ancient_a king_n fail_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n christopher_n iii_o a._n d._n 1448_o the_o power_n of_o the_o danish_a nobility_n in_o council_n be_v exceed_o great_a but_o not_o so_o large_a as_o to_o make_v the_o supreme_a government_n aristocratical_a some_o will_v argue_v that_o the_o noble_n be_v above_o the_o king_n since_o it_o be_v well_o know_v they_o deny_v to_o crown_n frederic_n ii_o in_o the_o year_n 1559_o till_o he_o have_v swear_v never_o to_o pretend_v to_o be_v able_a by_o his_o own_o authority_n to_o put_v any_o nobleman_n to_o death_n from_o this_o and_o some_o other_o like_o instance_n bodinus_fw-la endeavour_n to_o prove_v the_o king_n of_o denmark_n petty_a prince_n rather_o than_o absolute_a monarch_n not_o remember_v that_o even_o in_o france_n itself_o as_o well_o as_o all_o other_o kingdom_n of_o europe_n it_o have_v always_o be_v think_v requisite_a for_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n that_o every_o king_n at_o his_o coronation_n shall_v make_v some_o solemn_a vow_n to_o maintain_v the_o ancient_a law_n and_o privilege_n of_o his_o country_n and_o subject_n and_o if_o in_o the_o case_n mention_v the_o nobility_n of_o denmark_n require_v their_o king_n to_o lay_v a_o strict_a obligation_n on_o himself_o than_o be_v usual_a the_o performance_n be_v arbitrary_a and_o not_o constrain_v the_o subject_n may_v possible_o upon_o the_o king_n refusal_n to_o gratify_v they_o have_v rebel_v against_o their_o lawful_a sovereign_n but_o can_v not_o just_o have_v compel_v he_o to_o a_o compliance_n before_o the_o year_n 1660_o king_n king_n the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n be_v not_o as_o norway_n hereditary_a but_o elective_a yet_o so_o that_o the_o senator_n usual_o choose_v the_o elder_a son_n of_o their_o king_n who_o thenceforward_o be_v style_v the_o prince_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o king_n son_n have_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n and_o heir_n of_o norway_n the_o election_n in_o ancient_a time_n be_v common_o have_v in_o this_o solemn_a manner_n as_o many_o of_o the_o noble_n as_o be_v senator_n and_o have_v power_n to_o give_v their_o voice_n agree_v upon_o some_o convenient_a place_n in_o the_o field_n where_o seat_v themselves_o in_o a_o circle_n upon_o so_o many_o great_a stone_n they_o give_v their_o vote_n this_o do_v they_o place_v their_o new_a elect_a monarch_n in_o the_o middle_n upon_o a_o stone_n high_o than_o the_o rest_n and_o salute_v he_o king_n in_o seland_n to_o this_o day_n there_o be_v such_o a_o company_n of_o stone_n which_o bear_v the_o name_n of_o kongstolen_a or_o the_o king_n seat_n and_o olaus_n magnus_n tell_v we_o the_o same_o story_n of_o a_o great_a stone_n call_v by_o the_o vicenage_n morastaen_n near_o vpsal_n in_o sweden_n near_a st._n buriens_fw-la in_o cornwall_n in_o a_o place_n which_o the_o cornish-man_n call_v biscow-woune_a be_v to_o be_v see_v nineteen_o stone_n set_v in_o a_o round_a circle_n distant_a every_o one_o about_o twelve_o foot_n from_o the_o other_o and_o in_o the_o very_a centre_n one_o pitch_v far_o high_a and_o great_a than_o the_o rest_n this_o cambden_n fancy_n to_o have_v be_v some_o trophy_n erect_v by_o the_o roman_n under_o the_o late_a emperor_n or_o else_o by_o athelstane_n the_o saxon_a when_o he_o have_v subdue_v cornwall_n and_o bring_v it_o under_o his_o dominion_n but_o wormius_n more_o probable_o guess_n that_o in_o this_o place_n some_o danish_a or_o saxon_a king_n be_v elect_v by_o his_o follower_n and_o i_o conceive_v the_o same_o may_v be_v say_v of_o long_n meg_n and_o her_o daughter_n near_o little_a salkeld_n in_o cumberland_n but_o to_o return_v to_o denmark_n of_o late_a year_n the_o dane_n in_o their_o election_n have_v follow_v the_o custom_n of_o other_o country_n till_o frederic_n iii_o in_o the_o year_n 1660_o who_o be_v the_o first_o that_o venture_v to_o exercise_v the_o authority_n of_o a_o absolute_a prince_n and_o to_o shake_v off_o the_o dependence_n his_o ancestor_n be_v wont_a to_o have_v upon_o the_o good_a will_n of_o their_o subject_n procure_v with_o fair_a word_n and_o threat_n a_o law_n to_o be_v establish_v that_o for_o the_o future_a the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n shall_v immediate_o upon_o the_o king_n death_n descend_v upon_o his_o lawful_a heir_n whereupon_o the_o present_a king_n christian_n v._o be_v the_o same_o night_n his_o father_n die_v without_o any_o previous_a election_n or_o consent_v ask_v of_o the_o nobility_n proclaim_v king_n the_o rite_n of_o coronation_n be_v usual_o perform_v at_o copenhagen_n where_o the_o king_n be_v anoint_v by_o the_o bishop_n of_o roschild_n the_o chronicle_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n which_o have_v hitherto_o be_v publish_v king_n catalogue_n of_o their_o king_n be_v so_o imperfect_a and_o contradictory_n one_o to_o another_o that_o it_o be_v utter_o impossible_a to_o give_v a_o exact_a catalogue_n of_o their_o king_n saxon_a grammaticus_n who_o live_v say_v stephanus_n in_o the_o twelve_o century_n have_v make_v a_o shift_n to_o collect_v a_o great_a many_o story_n out_o of_o the_o scatter_a fragment_n of_o old_a runic_a inscription_n and_o ancient_a ballad_n and_o to_o relate_v they_o in_o a_o better_a method_n and_o stile_n than_o can_v be_v well_o expect_v from_o the_o age_n he_o live_v in_o but_o when_o we_o consider_v that_o the_o best_a he_o meet_v with_o can_v not_o possible_o be_v of_o more_o authority_n than_o such_o venerable_a scrap_n of_o chronicle_n as_o be_v publish_v by_o wormius_n at_o the_o end_n of_o his_o monumenta_fw-la danica_n and_o see_v how_o these_o two_o run_v counter_a it_o be_v hard_o to_o rest_v satisfy_v with_o the_o relation_n he_o give_v we_o and_o yet_o as_o difficult_a to_o provide_v ourselves_o of_o a_o better_a the_o first_o rational_a account_n give_v we_o of_o any_o of_o the_o danish_a king_n which_o we_o may_v safe_o rely_v upon_o for_o truth_n be_v in_o our_o english_a chronicle_n which_o as_o the_o learned_a sir_n henry_n spelman_n in_o a_o epistle_n to_o ol._n rosecrantz_n former_o danish_a ambassador_n in_o england_n treat_v more_o full_o and_o clear_o of_o the_o affair_n of_o denmark_n than_o any_o of_o the_o danish_a historian_n wherefore_o omit_v the_o relation_n give_v of_o dan_fw-mi humblus_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o heathen_a king_n as_o either_o false_a or_o frivolous_a we_o shall_v content_v ourselves_o with_o a_o short_a register_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n since_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o christianity_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o 1._o harald_n be_v beat_v out_o of_o his_o kingdom_n by_o his_o brother_n reinferd_n accomplice_n flee_v to_o the_o emperor_n ludowic_n for_o help_v who_o assist_v he_o in_o regain_n of_o his_o crown_n upon_o condition_n he_o will_v forsake_v his_o idolatry_n and_o turn_v
christian_n whereupon_o he_o be_v baptize_v in_o the_o year_n 826_o and_o immediate_o restore_v to_o his_o dominion_n but_o soon_o after_o he_o renounce_v christianity_n and_o continue_v heathen_a till_o reclaim_v by_o st._n anschar_n who_o for_o his_o good_a office_n in_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n be_v make_v archbishop_n of_o hamburgh_n in_o the_o year_n 835._o 2._o eric_n succeed_v his_o brother_n harald_n with_o who_o he_o have_v be_v baptize_v in_o germany_n in_o his_o kingdom_n and_o cruelty_n against_o the_o the_o christian_n in_o his_o day_n about_o the_o year_n 853_o the_o dane_n first_o enter_v france_n under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o captain_n rollo_n though_o other_o more_o probable_o relate_v he_o not_o to_o have_v be_v the_o first_o of_o those_o northern_a rover_n that_o invade_v france_n but_o to_o have_v succeed_v to_o gotfrid_n and_o to_o have_v enter_v france_n about_o the_o year_n 876_o and_o not_o to_o have_v be_v peaceable_o settle_v in_o normandy_n till_o 889_o or_o 890_o see_v the_o history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o king_n aelfred_n and_o seat_v themselves_o in_o that_o part_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o keep_v the_o name_n of_o normandy_n 3._o eric_n barn_n or_o the_o child_n be_v the_o only_a male_n leave_v alive_a of_o the_o royal_a family_n after_o the_o bloody_a war_n between_o his_o predecessor_n and_o guthorm_n king_n of_o norway_n he_o begin_v his_o reign_n happy_o have_v marry_v the_o daughter_n of_o king_n guthorm_n but_o within_o awhile_o he_o grow_v more_o cruel_a than_o any_o of_o his_o ancestor_n have_v be_v slay_v more_o bishop_n and_o destroy_v more_o church_n and_o religious_a house_n both_o in_o germany_n and_o england_n than_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o danish_a king_n put_v together_o in_o his_o german_a war_n he_o slay_v brunno_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o twelve_o count_n he_o die_v about_o the_o year_n 902._o 4._o canutus_n the_o hairy_a or_o lodneknudt_fw-ge succeed_v his_o father_n eric_n in_o his_o day_n say_v king_n eric_n in_o his_o chronicon_fw-la every_o three_o man_n in_o denmark_n go_v by_o lot_n to_o seek_v his_o fortune_n so_o that_o those_o who_o march_v off_o overrun_v all_o prussia_n semgal_n curland_n and_o several_a other_o country_n whence_o they_o never_o return_v but_o there_o they_o and_o their_o posterity_n have_v continue_v to_o this_o day_n he_o die_v a_o heathen_a about_o the_o year_n 912._o 5._o after_o the_o death_n of_o canutus_n the_o danish_a sceptre_n be_v give_v to_o frotho_n his_o son_n so_o say_v the_o most_o credible_a historian_n though_o lindenbruch_n report_v that_o his_o brother_n sueno_n reign_v nine_o year_n he_o be_v twenty_o year_n king_n of_o england_n and_o denmark_n in_o the_o former_a of_o which_o he_o be_v baptize_v and_o die_v a_o good_a christian_n 6._o gormo_n gormund_n or_o guthrum_n surname_v hartesnute_n and_o engelend_a because_o bear_v in_o england_n succeed_v his_o father_n he_o together_o with_o his_o follower_n be_v baptize_v at_o aalre_a in_o sommersetshire_n and_o have_v our_o learned_a and_o pious_a king_n aelfr_v to_o his_o godfather_n who_o at_o the_o font_n give_v he_o the_o name_n of_o athelstane_n and_o afterward_o bestow_v on_o he_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o east-angle_n from_o this_o gormo_n a_o village_n near_o huntingdon_n call_v at_o this_o day_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n corrupt_o godman-chester_n have_v its_o name_n gormon-chester_n as_o cambden_n prove_v from_o that_o old_a verse_n gormonis_fw-la a_o castri_fw-la nomine_fw-la nomen_fw-la habet_fw-la i_o be_o very_o unwilling_a i_o must_v confess_v to_o confound_v this_o gormo_n with_o king_n aelfred_n godson_n who_o as_o far_o as_o we_o can_v learn_v from_o english_a writer_n never_o sit_v in_o the_o throne_n of_o denmark_n neither_o do_v the_o time_n agree_v but_o the_o danish_a historian_n will_v have_v it_o so_o and_o it_o be_v in_o vain_a to_o seek_v for_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o such_o confusion_n as_o we_o meet_v with_o in_o their_o writing_n 7._o harald_n surname_v blaatand_v succeed_v his_o father_n gormo_n in_o his_o day_n the_o dane_n throw_v up_o that_o famous_a trench_n between_o gottorp_n and_o sleswic_n call_v dannewirck_n of_o which_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o speak_v more_o hereafter_o 8._o sueno_n or_o svenotho_n surname_v tuiskeg_n i._n e._n fork'd-beard_n succeed_v harald_n at_o first_o he_o be_v a_o heathen_a and_o a_o severe_a persecutor_n of_o the_o christian_n but_o afterward_o he_o turn_v christian_n himself_o and_o found_v three_o bishopric_n at_o sleswic_n ripe_n and_o arhuse_v some_o say_v he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1012_o and_o be_v bury_v at_o york_n other_o make_v he_o live_v till_o the_o year_n 1014_o and_o bring_v he_o to_o his_o grave_n in_o denmark_n 9_o canutus_n the_o great_a son_n to_o sueno_n he_o be_v at_o once_o king_n of_o england_n denmark_n sweden_n norway_n slavonia_n and_o sambland_n some_o make_v he_o king_n or_o duke_n at_o least_o of_o normandy_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o meaning_n of_o that_o old_a distich_n which_o not_o reckon_v either_o slavonia_n or_o sambland_n a_o kingdom_n bring_v he_o in_o thus_o speak_v of_o himself_o facta_fw-la mihi_fw-la magni_fw-la pepererunt_fw-la inclyta_fw-la nomen_fw-la quinque_fw-la sub_fw-la imperio_fw-la regna_fw-la fuere_fw-la meo_fw-la he_o be_v bury_v at_o winchester_n in_o the_o year_n 1036_o after_o he_o have_v be_v twenty-seven_o year_n king_n of_o denmark_n twentyfour_o of_o england_n and_o seven_o of_o norway_n leave_v the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n to_o his_o son_n 10._o hardicnute_a who_o within_o four_o year_n obtain_v the_o kingdom_n of_o england_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n harald_n here_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1041_o and_o be_v bury_v by_o his_o father_n in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o winchester_n 11._o magnus_n king_n of_o norway_n seize_v on_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o hardicnute_a pretend_v a_o title_n to_o it_o by_o contract_n but_o he_o enjoy_v it_o not_o long_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1048_o and_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o 12._o sveno_fw-la esthret_n son_n on_o one_o vlf_n a_o english_a earl_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1074_o and_o leave_v behind_o he_o five_o son_n who_o all_o of_o they_o sit_v successive_o in_o their_o father_n throne_n 13._o harald_n sveno_n elder_a son_n hold_v the_o sceptre_n only_o two_o year_n he_o be_v a_o soft_a easy_a and_o timorous_a prince_n afraid_a to_o punish_v offender_n or_o to_o look_v a_o enemy_n in_o the_o face_n so_o that_o the_o english_a make_v use_n of_o the_o opportunity_n shake_v off_o the_o danish_a yoke_n without_o any_o considerable_a molestation_n 14._o st._n canutus_n king_n swain_n second_o son_n be_v barbarous_o murder_v in_o st._n alban_n church_n in_o odensee_n a_o city_n in_o the_o isle_n of_o funen_n whither_o he_o flee_v for_o sanctuary_n from_o the_o rage_n of_o his_o own_o subject_n in_o the_o year_n 1088_o pontanus_n say_v 1077_o the_o occasion_n be_v this_o the_o pious_a king_n command_v that_o all_o his_o subject_n shall_v pay_v tithe_n according_a to_o the_o custom_n of_o other_o nation_n this_o edict_n be_v represent_v to_o the_o people_n by_o his_o brother_n olaf_n who_o long_v for_o the_o crown_n as_o a_o encroachment_n upon_o the_o privilege_n and_o liberty_n of_o the_o subject_a whereupon_o they_o quick_o rise_v in_o open_a rebellion_n against_o their_o sovereign_n who_o to_o appease_v the_o rage_n of_o the_o rabble_n be_v martyr_v 15._o olaf_n swain_n three_o son_n upon_o the_o slaughter_n of_o his_o brother_n cnute_n which_o he_o traitorous_o have_v procure_v be_v by_o his_o follower_n unanimous_o declare_v king_n but_o his_o brother_n blood_n go_v not_o long_o unrevenged_a for_o in_o this_o king_n day_n the_o famine_n be_v so_o great_a in_o denmark_n that_o even_o the_o king_n household_n want_v bread_n olaf_n at_o last_o sensible_a that_o this_o judgement_n be_v inflict_v on_o the_o kingdom_n for_o his_o sin_n pray_v that_o god_n will_v turn_v the_o current_n of_o his_o vengeance_n from_o the_o people_n upon_o his_o head_n that_o have_v offend_v his_o prayer_n be_v hear_v and_o the_o same_o night_n in_o the_o year_n 1096_o he_o die_v hungry_a and_o miserable_a and_o the_o famine_n immediate_o abate_v 16._o eric_n swain_n four_o son_n surname_v the_o good_a for_o his_o religious_a zeal_n and_o piety_n who_o die_v in_o his_o pilgrimage_n towards_o jerusalem_n and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o isle_n of_o cyprus_n in_o the_o year_n 1106._o in_o his_o day_n lunden_n be_v make_v a_o archbishop_n see_v before_o which_o time_n all_o the_o danish_a bishop_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o bremen_n 17._o nicolas_n sveno_n young_a son_n he_o be_v slay_v by_o the_o jute_n in_o revenge_n of_o cnute_n duke_n of_o flanders_n who_o he_o have_v cause_v to_o be_v kill_v in_o the_o church_n in_o the_o year_n
1135._o 18._o eric_n edmund_n a_o pious_a and_o good_a king_n succeed_v his_o uncle_n nicolas_n and_o be_v barbarous_o murder_v by_o one_o plag_n sorte_n a_o nobleman_n of_o jutland_n in_o his_o own_o palace_n in_o the_o year_n 1139._o 19_o eric_n lamb_n succeed_v his_o uncle_n eric_n edmund_n he_o lay_v down_o his_o sceptre_n and_o put_v himself_o into_o a_o monastery_n at_o odensee_n in_o funen_n where_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1147._o 20._o swain_n gratenhede_v eric_n emund_n son_n get_v the_o crown_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o his_o kinsman_n eric_n lamb._n in_o this_o man_n day_n there_o be_v three_o king_n of_o denmark_n at_o the_o same_o time_n some_o run_v after_o cnute_n king_n nicolas_n grandchild_n other_o follow_v waldemar_n son_n to_o cnute_n duke_n of_o flanders_n after_o some_o skirmish_n in_o which_o both_o swain_n and_o cnute_n be_v slay_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n be_v rule_v by_o 21._o waldemar_n surname_v the_o great_a he_o be_v lord_n of_o all_o the_o country_n on_o the_o north_n of_o the_o elb_n and_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1182_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o his_o son_n 22._o cnute_n he_o brave_o maintain_v a_o war_n against_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n who_o will_v needs_o demand_v homage_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n he_o die_v at_o ringstede_n in_o the_o year_n 1202._o 23._o waldemar_n ii_o cnute_n brother_n he_o new_o model_v the_o danish_a conquer_v norway_n and_o set_v over_o it_o a_o viceroy_n vanquish_v and_o put_v to_o flight_v the_o emperor_n otto_n who_o think_v to_o have_v make_v himself_o master_n of_o holslein_n and_o have_v reign_v victorious_o thirty-nine_a year_n dye_v in_o the_o year_n 1241_o crantzius_n say_v 1242_o 24._o eric_n plog-penning_a waldemar_n son_n he_o be_v take_v at_o sleswic_n and_o slay_v by_o his_o brother_n 25._o abel_n who_o reign_v wicked_o two_o year_n and_o be_v then_o murder_v by_o his_o rebellious_a subject_n in_o the_o year_n 1252._o 26._o christopher_z i._o brother_n to_o eric_n and_o abel_n he_o live_v in_o a_o continual_a war_n with_o his_o own_o people_n to_o who_o rebellion_n be_v now_o grow_v natural_a some_o of_o the_o danish_a chronicle_n say_v he_o be_v at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1259_o poison_v by_o arnefast_a bishop_n of_o arhuse_v as_o the_o emperor_n henry_n the_o seven_o be_v afterward_o by_o bernardine_n the_o monk_n with_o the_o eucharist_n 27._o eric_n glip_v king_n christopher_n son_n who_o be_v seat_v in_o his_o father_n throne_n give_v himself_o up_o to_o all_o manner_n of_o lewdness_n and_o debauchery_n his_o whole_a life_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o catalogue_n of_o his_o oppression_n sacrilege_n murder_n and_o whoredom_n after_o a_o long_a uninterrupted_a course_n of_o wickedness_n sleep_v one_o night_n in_o a_o barn_n at_o findetorp_n a_o small_a village_n in_o the_o bishopric_n of_o wiberg_n he_o be_v murder_v with_o fifty-six_a some_o say_v seventy_o wound_v give_v he_o by_o seven_o ruffian_n hire_v to_o dispatch_v he_o by_o andrew_n stigot_n marshal_n of_o danemark_n who_o wife_n he_o have_v ravish_v and_o some_o other_o of_o the_o nobility_n in_o the_o year_n 1286._o 28._o eric_n menved_a glipping_n son_n he_o be_v as_o godly_a a_o prince_n as_o his_o father_n be_v impious_a the_o murderer_n of_o his_o father_n have_v conspire_v his_o death_n but_o be_v prevent_v by_o providence_n which_o protect_v he_o both_o from_o the_o lewd_a life_n and_o miserable_a death_n of_o his_o ancestor_n so_o that_o he_o die_v as_o he_o have_v live_v peaceable_o in_o the_o year_n 1319_o and_o be_v bury_v at_o ringstad_n where_o his_o epitaph_n be_v still_o to_o be_v see_v as_o follow_v ego_fw-la ericus_n quondam_a daniae_fw-la rex_fw-la regnans_fw-la ann_n xxxij_o rectus_n justiciarius_n pauperum_fw-la &_o divitum_fw-la ubi_fw-la jus_o habuerunt_fw-la oro_fw-la omnes_fw-la quibus_fw-la aliquid_fw-la forefeci_fw-la ut_fw-la mihi_fw-la per_fw-la svam_fw-la gratiam_fw-la indulgeant_fw-la &_o orent_fw-la pro_fw-la anima_fw-la mea_fw-la qui_fw-la obii_fw-la a._n d._n 1319._o die_v beati_fw-la brixij_fw-la episcopi_fw-la &_o confessoris_fw-la 29._o christopher_n ii_o menved_n brother_n he_o tread_v in_o his_o father_n step_n and_o end_v his_o day_n like_o he_o he_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o unfortunate_a sluggish_a cruel_a and_o perfidious_a prince_n a_o hater_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o hate_v by_o the_o commonalty_n have_v he_o have_v any_o sense_n of_o religion_n policy_n or_o common_a honesty_n in_o he_o he_o may_v have_v be_v a_o happy_a prince_n for_o never_o be_v the_o dane_n more_o unwilling_a to_o rebel_v and_o take_v up_o arm_n against_o their_o king_n then_o in_o his_o day_n though_o never_o more_o provoke_v to_o it_o have_v linger_v out_o a_o reign_n of_o about_o thirteen_o year_n he_o die_v at_o last_o forsake_v of_o all_o neglect_v and_o unpityed_a at_o nicope_a in_o the_o isle_n of_o falster_n in_o the_o year_n 1333._o after_o this_o king_n death_n the_o dane_n seem_v to_o be_v weary_a of_o a_o supreme_a sovereign_n and_o resolve_v not_o to_o set_v any_o more_o over_o they_o they_o fancy_v it_o be_v more_o eligible_a to_o have_v no_o king_n at_o all_o then_o such_o as_o they_o have_v the_o bad_a luck_n to_o meet_v with_o a_o sot_n or_o a_o tyrant_n but_o after_o fifteen_o year_n confusion_n they_o find_v it_o be_v better_a to_o have_v a_o akeing_n head_n than_o none_o at_o all_o whereupon_o weary_a of_o their_o new_a anarchy_n they_o resolve_v to_o establish_v in_o the_o throne_n of_o his_o father_n 30._o waldemar_n iii_o king_n christopher_n son_n who_o recollect_v the_o scatter_a member_n of_o the_o kingdom_n into_o one_o body_n and_o dismount_v most_o of_o the_o usurper_n without_o any_o great_a bloodshed_n he_o be_v represent_v as_o a_o prince_n of_o great_a subtlety_n avarice_n and_o boldness_n when_o pope_n gregory_n xi_o threaten_a to_o excommunicate_v he_o for_o his_o saucy_a behaviour_n and_o slight_v of_o the_o apostolic_a see_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v return_v this_o answer_n valdemarus_n rex_fw-la daniae_fw-la etc._n etc._n romano_n pontifici_fw-la salutem_fw-la vitam_fw-la habemus_fw-la a_o deo_fw-la regnum_fw-la ab_fw-la incolis_fw-la divitias_fw-la a_o parentibus_fw-la fidem_fw-la vero_fw-la a_o tuis_fw-la praedecessoribus_fw-la quam_fw-la si_fw-la nobis_fw-la non_fw-la fave_n remittimus_fw-la per_fw-la praesentes_fw-la vale._n i_o e._n waldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n etc._n etc._n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n send_v greeting_n we_o hold_v our_o life_n from_o god_n our_o kingdom_n from_o our_o subject_n our_o riches_n from_o our_o parent_n and_o our_o faith_n from_o thy_o predecessor_n which_o if_o thou_o will_v not_o grant_v we_o any_o long_a we_o do_v by_o these_o present_v resign_v farewell_o he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1375_o and_o be_v bury_v by_o his_o father_n at_o sora._n 31._o margaret_n king_n waldemar_n daughter_n be_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o her_o father_n crown_v queen_n of_o denmark_n and_o manage_v the_o sceptre_n more_o discreet_o than_o almost_o any_o of_o the_o king_n her_o predecessor_n have_v do_v a_o woman_n government_n seem_v at_o first_o a_o little_a uncouth_a but_o her_o subject_n soon_o find_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o satisfaction_n in_o her_o prudent_a management_n of_o affair_n at_o home_n and_o wise_a conduct_n abroad_o when_o in_o one_o campagn_n she_o take_v albert_n king_n of_o sweden_n rodulph_n archbishop_n of_o scharen_n the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o reppin_n prisoner_n her_o father_n be_v wont_a to_o say_v of_o she_o that_o nature_n intend_v she_o for_o a_o man_n but_o spoil_v she_o in_o the_o make_n she_o die_v a_o great_a friend_n to_o religion_n and_o patroness_n of_o the_o clergy_n and_o be_v bury_v at_o roschild_n in_o the_o year_n 1412_o leave_v the_o kingdom_n to_o her_o great-nephew_n 32._o eric_n son_n of_o vratislaw_n vii_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n who_o have_v spend_v a_o great_a many_o year_n in_o tyranny_n rapine_n perjury_n oppression_n and_o whoredom_n be_v at_o last_o in_o the_o year_n 1438_o force_v to_o quit_v his_o throne_n and_o fly_v from_o the_o fury_n of_o his_o incense_a noble_n into_o gothland_n whither_o he_o carry_v with_o he_o a_o vast_a treasure_n and_o one_o cecilia_n his_o concubine_n who_o by_o her_o evil_a counsel_n and_o proud_a humour_n bring_v he_o to_o these_o extremity_n 33._o christopher_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n another_o of_o king_n waldemar_n great-grandchildren_n succeed_v eric_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o sweden_n his_o reign_n be_v short_a but_o prosperous_a especial_o against_o the_o rebel_n in_o jutland_n and_o the_o hans_n to_n he_o die_v childless_a at_o helsingburgh_n in_o the_o year_n 1447._o the_o danish_a chronicle_n be_v full_a of_o his_o commendation_n but_o johannes_n gothus_n and_o other_o swedish_n historian_n will_v not_o by_o any_o mean_n allow_v he_o so_o good_a a_o character_n
34._o christian_n i_o son_n of_o theodoric_n count_n of_o oldenburgh_n be_v elect_v king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o king_n christopher_n he_o be_v a_o generous_a pious_a and_o valiant_a prince_n but_o whole_o ignorant_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o learning_n he_o reduce_v the_o swede_n to_o their_o allegiance_n who_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n have_v revolt_v from_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n annex_v holstein_n to_o his_o dominion_n make_v himself_o duke_n of_o dithmar_n and_o stormar_n and_o have_v rule_v three_o and_o thirty_o year_n dye_v in_o peace_n in_o the_o year_n 1481_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o a_o chapel_n which_o he_o himself_o have_v build_v at_o roschild_n leave_v his_o crown_n to_o his_o son_n 35._o john_n who_o be_v a_o prince_n endue_v with_o all_o the_o royal_a quality_n of_o his_o father_n he_o be_v devout_a in_o exercise_n of_o religion_n temperate_a in_o diet_n grave_n in_o apparel_n and_o valiant_a in_o exploit_n of_o war_n which_o except_v only_o the_o overthrow_n he_o receive_v from_o the_o dithmarsians_n in_o the_o year_n 1500_o prove_v exceed_o successful_a he_o die_v of_o the_o plague_n at_o olburgh_n in_o the_o year_n 1513._o 35._o christian_n ii_o king_n john_n son_n who_o be_v the_o bloody_a cruel_a and_o most_o dissolute_a prince_n that_o denmark_n or_o perhaps_o any_o other_o kingdom_n ever_o see_v lindenbruch_n give_v this_o character_n of_o he_o that_o nero_n phalaris_n and_o sylla_n put_v in_o the_o scale_n against_o he_o will_v signify_v no_o more_o then_o half_a a_o ounce_n to_o a_o pound_n weight_n meursius_n report_n that_o he_o be_v bear_v with_o one_o hand_n grasp_v which_o when_o the_o midwife_n open_v she_o find_v full_a of_o blood_n this_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o his_o father_n as_o a_o certain_a prognostic_n of_o a_o bloody_a mind_n of_o which_o his_o subject_n have_v afterward_o a_o lamentable_a experience_n the_o only_a good_a he_o ever_o do_v his_o country_n be_v the_o sound_n a_o fair_a and_o establish_v a_o more_o than_o ordinary_a trade_n at_o copenhagen_n at_o last_o after_o he_o have_v by_o his_o wickedness_n throw_v himself_o out_o of_o three_o kingdom_n and_o for_o six_o and_o thirty_o year_n undergo_v the_o misery_n of_o banishment_n or_o imprisonment_n he_o die_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o kallenborg_n in_o zeeland_n in_o the_o year_n 1559._o 36._o frideric_n i._o king_n john_n brother_n succeed_v his_o nephew_n christian_n as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1524_o he_o begin_v to_o bring_v the_o augspur_n confession_n into_o all_o the_o church_n of_o denmark_n he_o rule_v almost_o ten_o year_n in_o quietness_n and_o die_v at_o sleswig_n in_o the_o year_n 1533._o 37._o christian_n iii_o frideric_n son_n he_o perfect_v the_o reformation_n which_o his_o father_n have_v begin_v in_o the_o church_n he_o live_v and_o dye_v in_o the_o year_n 1559_o a_o prince_n of_o singular_a piety_n wisdom_n temperance_n justice_n and_o all_o royal_a virtue_n and_o leave_v behind_o a_o fair_a pattern_n of_o a_o happy_a king_n and_o good_a christian_n to_o his_o son_n 37._o frederic_n ii_o who_o have_v exact_o imitate_v his_o father_n example_n after_o a_o happy_a reign_n of_o twenty-nine_o year_n dye_v in_o his_o palace_n of_o anderscow_n in_o the_o year_n 1587._o immediate_o after_o his_o coronation_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o rebel_n of_o dithmar_n who_o he_o quell_v with_o small_a trouble_n afterward_o he_o wage_v war_n with_o eric_n fourteen_o king_n of_o sweden_n which_o last_v seven_o year_n the_o rest_n of_o his_o day_n be_v spend_v in_o peace_n and_o quietness_n 39_o christian_n iu_o before_o his_o father_n burial_n be_v elect_v and_o soon_o after_o crown_v king_n of_o denmark_n in_o his_o reign_n the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n ferdinand_n ii_o overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n and_o have_v once_o well_o nigh_o bring_v the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n under_o his_o subjection_n but_o king_n christian_n contract_v as_o it_o be_v all_o the_o exspire_a spirit_n of_o his_o realm_n make_v the_o imperialist_n at_o last_o give_v ground_n and_o bring_v they_o to_o a_o treaty_n upon_o honourable_a term_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1648_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 40._o frederic_n iii_o who_o receive_v as_o great_a a_o blow_n from_o the_o swede_n as_o his_o father_n have_v do_v from_o the_o german_n charles_n gustave_n the_o victorious_a king_n of_o sweden_n have_v bring_v he_o to_o that_o extremity_n as_o to_o lay_v close_a siege_n to_o copenhagen_n which_o city_n and_o consequent_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n will_v doubtless_o have_v fall_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swede_n have_v not_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o most_o of_o the_o northern_a prince_n jealous_a of_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n concern_v themselves_o in_o the_o defence_n of_o it_o he_o that_o desire_v a_o further_a account_n of_o the_o beginning_n continuance_n and_o end_n of_o these_o northern_a war_n may_v have_v recourse_n to_o the_o accurate_a history_n of_o they_o write_v by_o r._n manley_n and_o print_v in_o the_o year_n 1670._o king_n frideric_n get_v his_o noble_n persuade_v to_o consent_n that_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n as_o well_o as_o that_o of_o norway_n shall_v be_v hereditary_a and_o be_v himself_o proclaim_v hereditary_a king_n the_o twenty-third_a day_n of_o october_n in_o the_o year_n 1660._o he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n the_o twenty-fifth_a day_n of_o february_n 16_o 69_o 70._o and_o that_o night_n as_o be_v before_o say_v the_o nobility_n swear_v allegiance_n to_o the_o new_a king_n 41._o christian_n v._o now_o reign_v a_o valiant_a and_o active_a prince_n the_o royal_a family_n of_o denmark_n consist_v of_o the_o child_n of_o the_o king_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o and_o his_o near_a relation_n together_o with_o the_o prince_n of_o sunderburg_n norburg_n gluckburg_n arnsbeck_n gottorp_n and_o ottingen_n or_o oytin_n who_o be_v all_o descend_v from_o king_n christian_n the_o three_o except_v the_o house_n of_o oytin_n and_o gottorp_n who_o be_v the_o issue_n of_o his_o brother_n adolph_n duke_n of_o sleswic_n the_o noble_n who_o never_o pretend_v to_o nor_o accept_v of_o the_o title_n of_o dukes_z earls_z or_o baron_n be_v such_o as_o have_v for_o many_o age_n have_v a_o single_a coat_n of_o arm_n belong_v to_o their_o family_n which_o they_o never_o alter_v nor_o quarter_n with_o any_o other_o there_o be_v to_o this_o day_n some_o family_n of_o the_o nobility_n in_o denmark_n as_o wren_n and_o other_o who_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v at_o the_o sign_v of_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n between_o charles_n the_o great_a and_o king_n hemming_n on_o the_o eidor_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o any_o nobleman_n all_o his_o good_n movable_a and_o immovable_a be_v divide_v among_o his_o child_n so_o as_o a_o son_n have_v two_o moiety_n and_o a_o daughter_n only_o one_o by_o the_o law_n of_o denmark_n the_o king_n be_v prohibit_v to_o purchase_v any_o part_n of_o a_o nobleman_n estate_n nor_o can_v any_o of_o the_o nobility_n buy_v any_o of_o the_o crown_n land_n a_o catalogue_n of_o the_o name_n of_o the_o chief_a nobleman_n at_o this_o day_n in_o denmark_n be_v give_v we_o by_o the_o author_n of_o l'estat_fw-la des_fw-fr royaume_n de_fw-fr l'europe_n in_o the_o follow_a alphabetical_a order_n achsel_n appelgard_n alefeld_n andersem_n bielke_n banner_n brach_n bilig_n below_o bild_n brokenhusem_n biorn_n beck_n blick_n bassi_n bax_n baselich_n bockowlt_n bud_n baggen_n bammelberg_n brune_n blom_n blocktorp_n breiden_n daac_n dresselberch_n dune_n duram_fw-la dam_n freze_n fassi_fw-la falster_n falcke_n guldenstern_n grub_n goce_fw-mi green_n gelschut_v gall_n gram_n grissel_n goss_n gadendorp_n grabow_n hardenberg_n holke_n hoken_n hiderstorper_n hube_n hesten_n hager_n holer_n hoeken_fw-mi hoier_n hacken_n harberger_n jul_n juensen_n juenan_n jensen_n johensen_n korwitz_n krabbe_n kaas_z krusen_n kragge_n krumpen_a krumdick_n kercberg_n karssenbrock_n koelet_n knutzen_n lange_n lindeman_n lung_n lutkem_n laxman_n lancken_n leven_n lindow_n monk_n matiessen_n marizer_n must_v matre_fw-la meinstorf_n moeten_n magnussen_n negel_n narbu_n norman_n ofren_n otten_n pasberg_n podessen_n podebussen_n papenheimb_n podwisch_n plessen_n pensen_n paisen_n petersen_n qualem_fw-la quittow_n ranzaw_v rosenkrantz_n rastorp_n ruthede_v reuter_n ruten_n rosenspart_n rosengard_n ronnow_n reventlow_n ratlow_n ritzerow_n schram_n schefeldt_n schelen_n seestedt_n stuege_n swron_n stantbeke_fw-mi split_v solle_n swaben_n santbarch_n spar_n spegel_n sturen_n suinem_fw-la staken_v stove_n siversen_n trolle_v totten_n vhrup_n vonsflet_n vantinnen_n vken_n voien_fw-fr vlstandt_n vren_n wlefeld_n walkendorp_n wipfert_n witfelt_n wogersen_n wenfsterman_n will_v worm_n walstorp_n wenfin_fw-fr wittorp_n though_o none_o of_o these_o be_v ever_o make_v duke_n knight_n knight_n marquis_n earl_n or_o baron_n yet_o it_o be_v usual_a
for_o many_o of_o they_o to_o be_v dub_v knight_n upon_o any_o considerable_a piece_n of_o service_n do_v their_o king_n or_o country_n the_o dane_n call_v their_o knight_n ridders_n i._n e._n equites_fw-la rider_n and_o all_o their_o offspring_n have_v the_o title_n of_o riddersmens_n man_n the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o knighthood_n in_o denmark_n elephant_n knight_n of_o the_o elephant_n be_v that_o of_o the_o elephant_n of_o which_o we_o can_v have_v a_o better_a account_n than_o be_v give_v we_o by_o the_o learned_a elias_n ashmole_n esquire_n windsor_n herald_n at_o arm_n in_o his_o famous_a work_n of_o the_o institution_n law_n and_o ceremony_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n p._n 120._o observe_v say_v he_o some_o difference_n among_o writer_n touch_v the_o institution_n collar_n and_o ensign_n of_o this_o order_n i_o be_v in_o doubt_n what_o to_o say_v till_o at_o length_n i_o haply_o meet_v with_o better_a satisfaction_n from_o a_o letter_n write_v in_o the_o year_n 1537_o by_o avo_fw-la belde_n bishop_n of_o arhusen_n sometime_o chancellor_n to_o john_n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n unto_o john_n fris_n chancellor_n to_o king_n christian_n the_o three_o a_o copy_n whereof_o be_v communicate_v to_o i_o by_o mounseur_fw-fr cristoftle_a lindenow_n envoy_n from_o christian_a the_o five_o now_o king_n of_o denmark_n to_o his_o sacred_a majesty_n the_o present_a sovereign_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n this_o letter_n inform_v he_o of_o the_o institution_n and_o some_o other_o particular_n relate_v to_o the_o order_n to_o wit_n that_o king_n christian_n the_o first_o be_v at_o rome_n whither_o he_o have_v travel_v upon_o a_o religious_a account_n pope_n sixtus_n the_o four_o among_o other_o honour_n invest_v he_o with_o this_o order_n in_o memory_n of_o the_o passion_n of_o our_o lord_n and_o saviour_n and_o withal_o ordain_v that_o the_o dignity_n of_o chief_a and_o supreme_a shall_v be_v continue_v as_o a_o successive_a right_n to_o the_o succeed_a king_n of_o denmark_n this_o king_n found_v the_o magnificent_a chapel_n of_o the_o three_o king_n in_o the_o cathedral_n church_n at_o roschild_n four_o league_n from_o copenhagen_n where_o the_o knight_n be_v oblige_v to_o assemble_v upon_o the_o death_n of_o any_o of_o their_o fraternity_n he_o also_o admit_v thereinto_o divers_a king_n prince_n and_z noblemen_z the_o chief_a ensign_n of_o this_o order_n be_v the_o figure_n of_o a_o elephant_n on_o who_o side_n within_o a_o rundle_n be_v represent_v a_o crown_n of_o thorn_n with_o three_o nail_n all_o bloody_a in_o honour_n and_o memory_n of_o the_o passion_n of_o our_o bless_a saviour_n the_o knight_n be_v oblige_v to_o the_o performance_n of_o act_n of_o piety_n alms-deed_n and_o certain_a ceremony_n especial_o upon_o those_o day_n on_o which_o they_o wear_v the_o ensign_n of_o the_o order_n but_o king_n john_n set_v so_o high_a a_o value_n upon_o it_o that_o he_o wear_v they_o on_o every_o solemn_a festival_n he_o also_o advance_v the_o honour_n of_o this_o order_n to_o so_o great_a esteem_n that_o it_o become_v accept_v by_o both_o our_o king_n henry_n the_o eight_o and_z james_z the_o five_o of_o scotland_n his_o sister_n son_n with_o who_o the_o ensign_n thereof_o remain_v as_o a_o pledge_n and_o assurance_n of_o constant_a and_o perpetual_a friendship_n with_o these_o he_o likewise_o invest_v divers_a ambassador_n senators_z and_o noble_a dane_n there_o be_v one_o ivarus_fw-la nicholai_n hertholm_n a_o learned_a dane_n as_o i_o be_o inform_v who_o have_v write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n of_o the_o elephantine_n order_n but_o not_o yet_o print_v the_o scope_n whereof_o be_v to_o show_v that_o the_o before_o mention_v epistle_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o arhusen_n do_v not_o sufficient_o make_v it_o appear_v that_o it_o receive_v its_o first_o institution_n when_o christian_a the_o first_o have_v those_o many_o honour_n confer_v on_o he_o by_o pope_n sixtus_n the_o four_o and_o that_o the_o badge_n be_v a_o ensign_n mere_o military_a ancient_o give_v as_o a_o memorial_n and_o incitement_n to_o the_o danish_a prince_n who_o take_v upon_o they_o the_o defence_n of_o christianity_n against_o the_o moor_n and_o african_n it_o be_v great_o presume_v that_o this_o book_n which_o we_o hope_v may_v short_o be_v publish_v will_v furnish_v the_o world_n with_o many_o choice_a thing_n relate_v to_o the_o antiquity_n and_o honour_n of_o the_o institution_n ensign_n and_o ceremony_n of_o the_o royal_a order_n heretofore_o the_o knight_n wear_v a_o collar_n of_o gold_n compose_v of_o elephant_n and_o cross_n fashion_v something_o like_o cross_n ancree_n mennenius_n call_v they_o spur_n at_o which_o hang_v the_o picture_n of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n to_o the_o middle_n hold_v christ_n in_o her_o arm_n and_o surround_v with_o a_o glory_n of_o sunbeam_n but_o they_o have_v long_o since_o lay_v this_o collar_n aside_o and_o now_o wear_v only_o a_o blue_a ribbon_n at_o which_o hang_v a_o elephant_n enamel_v white_a adorn_v with_o five_o large_a diamond_n set_v in_o the_o middle_n those_o elephant_n wear_v by_o the_o knight_n in_o the_o day_n of_o christian_a the_o four_o have_v in_o the_o same_o place_n within_o a_o circle_n the_o letter_n c_o and_o in_o the_o heart_n thereof_o the_o figure_n of_o 4_o make_v to_o signify_v christianus_n quartus_fw-la this_o honour_n have_v most_o common_o be_v confer_v by_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n on_o the_o day_n of_o their_o coronation_n both_o upon_o the_o noble_n and_o senator_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o seem_v frederic_n the_o three_o bring_v into_o use_n in_o imitation_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a order_n of_o the_o garter_n a_o embroider_v glory_n of_o silver_n pearl_n wrought_v upon_o the_o left_a side_n of_o their_o cloak_n or_o vest_n on_o which_o be_v embroider_v two_o crown_n within_o a_o rundle_n bear_v this_o motto_n deus_fw-la providebit_fw-la for_o such_o a_o one_o do_v count_n guldenlow_n ambassador_n hither_o from_o that_o king_n wear_v at_o his_o reside_v here_o in_o england_n in_o the_o year_n 1669._o but_o we_o be_v to_o note_v that_o the_o motto_n have_v change_v with_o the_o king_n for_o that_o of_o the_o present_a king_n be_v pielate_fw-la &_o justitia_fw-la and_o this_o the_o knight_n of_o his_o election_n now_o wear_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o circle_n nevertheless_o all_o the_o knight_n create_v by_o his_o father_n be_v oblige_v still_o to_o continue_v the_o former_a motto_n in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o danebroge_n or_o holy_a danish_a cross_n which_o be_v think_v miraculous_o to_o have_v preserve_v king_n waldemar_n the_o second_v army_n from_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o lieflander_n as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n hereafter_o to_o show_v when_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o the_o arm_n of_o this_o kingdom_n that_o king_n institute_v the_o order_n of_o knight_n of_o the_o holy_a cross_n danebroge_n knight_n of_o danebroge_n which_o continue_v till_o the_o relic_n itself_o be_v lose_v in_o ditmarss_n but_o then_o be_v for_o many_o year_n quite_o lay_v aside_o of_o late_o the_o present_a king_n christian_n the_o five_o revive_v this_o antiquate_a order_n in_o the_o year_n 1672._o ordain_v that_o knight_n of_o this_o order_n of_o which_o he_o himself_o be_v one_o shall_v wear_v a_o white_a enameled_a cross_n edge_v round_o with_o red_a hang_v in_o a_o string_n of_o the_o same_o colour_n reach_v from_o the_o right_a shoulder_n to_o the_o left_a side_n thomas_n bartholinus_n p._n have_v give_v we_o a_o large_a account_n of_o the_o first_o original_a progress_n restauration_n etc._n etc._n of_o this_o order_n to_o who_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n out_o of_o these_o knight_n senator_n senator_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o nobility_n be_v choose_v former_o the_o senator_n who_o seldom_o exceed_v the_o number_n of_o eight_o but_o be_v now_o a_o far_o great_a number_n as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v in_o their_o place_n they_o be_v maintain_v as_o our_o parliament_n may_v be_v if_o they_o please_v during_o their_o sit_v by_o the_o country_n the_o king_n allow_v they_o castle_n to_o live_v in_o they_o pay_v no_o tax_n but_o be_v oblige_v to_o keep_v a_o certain_a number_n of_o light-horse_n ready_a for_o service_n upon_o all_o occasion_n they_o be_v bind_v to_o attend_v the_o king_n at_o his_o call_n upon_o their_o own_o charge_n provide_v he_o stir_v not_o out_o of_o his_o own_o dominion_n but_o if_o he_o send_v they_o on_o a_o embassy_n into_o other_o prince_n court_n they_o have_v a_o allowance_n out_o of_o the_o treasury_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v other_o that_o live_v as_o pensioner_n pensioner_n pensioner_n to_o who_o the_o king_n in_o requital_n of_o some_o good_a service_n do_v he_o assign_v certain_a live_n for_o life_n or_o a_o set_a number_n of_o year_n forlaening_a out_o of_o which_o they_o be_v to_o provide_v so_o many_o
so_o ridiculous_a as_o to_o have_v the_o work_n of_o so_o many_o year_n confute_v in_o one_o page_n by_o our_o learned_a dr._n pell_n at_o that_o time_n public_a professor_n of_o mathematics_n in_o amsterdam_n 6._o arrild_n witfield_n lord_n of_o odersberch_n and_o sometime_o chancellor_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o first_o that_o reduce_v saxo_n history_n to_o a_o chronological_a method_n annex_v the_o year_n to_o every_o memorable_a passage_n beside_o he_o compose_v and_o publish_v a_o accurate_a chronicle_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n in_o the_o danish_a tongue_n of_o which_o work_n pontanus_n who_o be_v once_o his_o clerk_n gives_z a_o very_o high_a character_n 7._o stephanus_n stephanius_n professor_n of_o history_n in_o the_o university_n at_o sore_a have_v illustrate_v saxo_n grammaticus_n with_o most_o accurate_a and_o learned_a note_n beside_o he_o write_v a_o exact_a account_n of_o the_o affair_n of_o denmark_n during_o the_o reign_n of_o christian_a the_o three_o from_o the_o year_n 1550_o to_o 1559_o which_o since_o his_o death_n be_v print_v at_o sore_a a._n d._n 1650._o 8._o olaus_n wormius_n late_a regius_n professor_n of_o physic_n in_o copengagen_n beside_o the_o rare_a collection_n he_o make_v of_o natural_a curiosity_n of_o which_o his_o musaeum_fw-la wormianum_fw-la be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o catalogue_n have_v with_o great_a diligence_n and_o success_n make_v discovery_n of_o that_o venerable_a and_o mysterious_a part_n of_o learning_n which_o before_o his_o time_n have_v lie_v unregarded_a for_o many_o age_n in_o every_o corner_n of_o denmark_n his_o literatura_fw-la runica_n monumenta_fw-la danica_n fasti_fw-la danici_n and_o other_o writing_n of_o this_o kind_n be_v enough_o to_o inform_v any_o man_n how_o much_o his_o own_o countryman_n and_o all_o that_o be_v wellwisher_n to_o learning_n be_v indebt_v to_o his_o indefatigable_a pain_n and_o industry_n 9_o petrus_n johannes_n resenius_n professor_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n and_o counsellor_n to_o the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n have_v for_o several_a year_n last_o pass_v apply_v himself_o to_o a_o enquiry_n after_o the_o antiquity_n of_o his_o country_n in_o order_n to_o which_o he_o have_v make_v a_o much_o large_a collection_n of_o runic_a monument_n then_o ever_o wormius_n meet_v with_o which_o as_o i_o be_o inform_v he_o design_n ere_o long_o to_o publish_v in_o a_o work_n of_o some_o volume_n the_o edda_n islandorum_n and_o other_o ancient_a piece_n already_o print_v may_v give_v we_o a_o taste_n of_o his_o ability_n in_o these_o severe_a study_n and_o teach_v we_o what_o to_o expect_v from_o so_o curious_a a_o antiquary_n to_o these_o many_o more_o as_o petrus_n severinus_n the_o two_o bartholin_n borrichius_n and_o several_a other_o which_o be_v to_o find_v in_o erasmus_n vindingii_n his_o academia_n hafniensis_n may_v be_v add_v but_o those_o that_o have_v be_v reckon_v up_o be_v sufficient_a to_o show_v we_o how_o much_o denmark_n have_v contribute_v to_o the_o advancement_n of_o learning_n what_o kind_n of_o idol_n and_o false_a god_n be_v worship_v by_o the_o ancient_a dane_n …_o re_fw-mi …_o and_o in_o what_o manner_n shall_v be_v show_v at_o large_a in_o the_o description_n of_o island_n christianity_n begin_v to_o be_v first_o plant_v in_o these_o northern_a country_n by_o king_n eric_n who_o have_v be_v baptize_v in_o germany_n at_o the_o request_n of_o the_o emperor_n ludovicus_n but_o it_o take_v no_o deep_a root_n at_o first_o for_o eric_n be_v settle_v in_o his_o throne_n relapse_v into_o his_o former_a paganism_n and_o turn_v a_o bitter_a persecutor_n of_o st._n anschar_n who_o be_v send_v to_o promote_v the_o christian_a religion_n in_o denmark_n norway_n etc._n etc._n by_o the_o say_a emperor_n and_o pope_n gregory_n the_o four_o a._n d._n 835_o and_o his_o follower_n after_o this_o though_o some_o of_o they_o be_v initiate_v in_o christianity_n yet_o the_o christian_n have_v no_o considerable_a foot_n in_o this_o kingdom_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o king_n sueno_n tweskeg_n who_o at_o his_o baptism_n have_v the_o emperor_n otho_n two_o to_o his_o godfather_n and_o from_o he_o be_v afterward_o call_v suenotho_n he_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o poppo_n who_o as_o we_o have_v say_v confirm_v his_o doctrine_n by_o a_o miracle_n which_o introduce_v the_o use_n of_o fire_n ordale_n establish_v the_o christian_a reliligion_n upon_o a_o sure_a foundation_n and_o appoint_v several_a bishop_n in_o the_o kingdom_n frideric_n duke_n of_o holstein_n be_v elect_a king_n of_o denmark_n bring_v with_o he_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n which_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v profess_v in_o that_o kingdom_n christian_n the_o three_o give_v liberty_n to_o the_o english_a scot_n and_o hollander_n to_o build_v church_n and_o have_v the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n though_o no_o calvinist_n be_v to_o be_v find_v except_o some_o few_o at_o the_o present_a queen_n chapel_n those_o few_o papist_n that_o live_v in_o this_o kingdom_n be_v forbid_v the_o public_a exercise_n of_o divine_a service_n plutarch_n report_v of_o the_o ancient_a cimbrian_o 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o that_o they_o have_v shield_n and_o helmet_n paint_v with_o the_o shape_n of_o several_a kind_n of_o wild_a beast_n other_o say_v they_o use_v to_o set_v a_o brazen_a bull_n on_o the_o top_n of_o their_o standard_n as_o a_o token_n of_o strength_n and_o valour_n at_o this_o day_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n arm_n be_v a_o complication_n of_o fourteen_o several_a coat_n thus_o order_v in_o a_o field_n gules_a he_o bear_v a_o cross_n argent_fw-fr the_o arm_n of_o the_o house_n of_o oldenburg_n which_o quarter_v the_o upper_a part_n of_o the_o coat_n into_o four_o canton_n the_o first_o of_o these_o give_v the_o arm_n of_o denmark_n or_o six_o half_a heart_n gules_a three_o lion_n passant_a guardant_n azure_a with_o crown_n of_o the_o first_o this_o coat_n be_v part_v with_o the_o arm_n of_o norway_n gules_a a_o lion_n crown_v or_o hold_v in_o his_o paw_n a_o hatchet_n argent_fw-fr with_o a_o haft_n of_o the_o second_o the_o second_o canton_n carry_v gules_a a_o leopard_n in_o chef_fw-fr or_n the_o field_n sow_o with_o nine_o heart_n of_o the_o second_o which_o be_v the_o arm_n of_o gothland_n these_o be_v part_v with_o gules_a a_o dragon_n crown_v or_o the_o ancient_a coat_n of_o the_o vandal_n or_o slavonian_n according_a to_o the_o distich_n hinc_fw-la rigidos_fw-la slavus_n effert_fw-la pernicibus_fw-la alis_fw-la et_fw-la loca_fw-la propugnat_fw-la sanguinolenta_fw-la draco_n the_o three_o canton_n give_v azure_a three_o crown_n or_o to_o denote_v the_o union_n of_o the_o three_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n norway_n and_o sweden_n this_o coat_n be_v part_v with_o gules_a a_o paschal_n lamb_n argent_fw-fr hold_v a_o cross_n or_o at_o which_o hang_v a_o streamer_n of_o the_o second_o charge_v with_o a_o small_a cross_n of_o the_o first_o the_o first_o original_n of_o this_o coat_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v this_o in_o the_o year_n 1218_o when_o king_n waldemar_n the_o second_o engage_v the_o lieflander_n in_o sharp_a and_o bloody_a war_n the_o danish_a army_n have_v lose_v their_o standard_n begin_v to_o be_v so_o discourage_v that_o they_o give_v ground_n and_o have_v almost_o yield_v the_o victory_n to_o their_o pagan_a enemy_n when_o on_o a_o sudden_a a_o new_a standard_n fall_v from_o heaven_n display_v a_o white_a cross_n in_o a_o bloody_a flag_n at_o the_o sight_n of_o this_o the_o dane_n immediate_o rally_v their_o scatter_a force_n with_o so_o much_o courage_n and_o success_n as_o make_v they_o in_o a_o short_a time_n master_n of_o the_o field_n in_o remembrance_n of_o this_o so_o miraculous_a a_o deliverance_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n keep_v the_o sacred_a flag_n with_o as_o much_o veneration_n as_o ever_o the_o roman_n do_v their_o palladium_n think_v their_o future_a success_n will_v very_o much_o depend_v upon_o the_o safety_n of_o so_o holy_a a_o relic_n this_o be_v the_o account_n the_o danish_a historian_n give_v we_o of_o this_o part_n of_o their_o king_n arms._n but_o it_o be_v more_o probable_a that_o the_o pope_n give_v king_n waldemar_n this_o banner_n when_o he_o go_v against_o liefland_n to_o mind_v he_o that_o the_o business_n he_o now_o undertake_v be_v the_o conversion_n of_o those_o poor_a ignorant_a heathen_n he_o shall_v there_o meet_v with_o thus_o the_o emperor_n constantine_n the_o great_a make_v a_o cross_n be_v carry_v before_o his_o army_n with_o this_o motto_n in_o hoc_fw-la signo_fw-la vinces_fw-la and_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n bear_v a_o white_a cross_n when_o they_o be_v send_v to_o convert_v the_o prussian_n but_o to_o return_v the_o four_o canton_n bear_v or_o two_o lion_n passant_a azure_a which_o be_v the_o arm_n of_o sleswic_n these_o be_v part_v with_o gules_a a_o headless_a fish_n stick_v on_o a_o stake_n and_o crown_v argent_fw-fr which_o be_v the_o coat_n of_o island_n in_o
serve_v for_o a_o good_a landmark_n to_o the_o seaman_n that_o sail_v along_o this_o dangerous_a shore_n this_o church_n be_v first_o build_v on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o hill_n by_o king_n eric_n barn_n who_o st._n ansgar_n have_v convert_v to_o christianity_n about_o the_o year_n 848._o near_o a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n after_o upon_o the_o reclaim_n of_o the_o dane_n from_o the_o idolatry_n they_o be_v relapse_v into_o this_o church_n be_v turn_v into_o a_o cathedral_n and_o ripen_v make_v a_o bishop_n see_v as_o it_o have_v continue_v ever_o since_o there_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o a_o university_n at_o ripen_v but_o come_v far_o short_a of_o that_o at_o copenhagen_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o moment_n in_o this_o diocese_n be_v 1._o kolding_n first_o build_v by_o eric_n glip_v about_o the_o year_n 1268_o in_o the_o place_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o fortify_v with_o such_o strong_a wall_n and_o good_a ditch_n as_o make_v it_o a_o city_n able_a to_o defend_v the_o frontier_n of_o the_o danish_a dominion_n which_o in_o those_o day_n reach_v no_o further_a south_n than_o this_o place_n but_o they_o that_o think_v kolding_n have_v its_o name_n from_o ptolomy_n chali_n who_o seem_v to_o be_v place_v in_o this_o part_n of_o jutland_n make_v it_o a_o city_n much_o more_o ancient_a christian_n iii_o be_v so_o much_o take_v with_o the_o situation_n of_o it_o and_o plenty_n of_o all_o thing_n in_o the_o country_n adjoin_v that_o he_o remove_v his_o court_n to_o the_o castle_n arnsburgh_n which_o hang_v over_o the_o town_n which_o he_o repair_v and_o in_o which_o he_o end_v his_o day_n on_o the_o south_n the_o city_n be_v wash_v by_o a_o river_n which_o divide_v the_o northern_a jutland_n from_o the_o southern_a and_o separate_v itself_o into_o two_o branch_n be_v empty_v soon_o after_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o bridge_n over_o this_o river_n bring_v yearly_o a_o great_a treasure_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n coffer_n for_o beside_o the_o impost_n upon_o all_o other_o kind_n of_o commodity_n for_o every_o ox_n or_o horse_n that_o pass_v this_o bridge_n towards_o holstein_n or_o any_o of_o the_o hans_n town_n the_o owner_n pay_v a_o rixdollar_n which_o consider_v the_o infinite_a number_n of_o horse_n and_o kine_n which_o be_v yearly_o send_v this_o way_n out_o of_o the_o northern_a jutland_n must_v needs_o amount_v to_o a_o vast_a revenue_n 2._o we_o will_v a_o compact_n neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n but_o not_o very_o large_a 3._o ward_n 4._o rinkope_v both_o seat_v near_o the_o western-shore_n upon_o the_o same_o river_n 5._o holstebro_fw-la 6._o lemwick_n which_o be_v the_o outmost_a bound_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o ripen_v northward_o seat_v on_o the_o limfiord_n whence_o it_o have_v its_o name_n at_o jell_v a_o small_a village_n in_o this_o bishopric_n not_o far_o from_o the_o city_n we_o will_v be_v to_o be_v see_v one_o of_o the_o most_o famon_n runic_a monument_n that_o the_o three_o northern_a kingdom_n afford_v this_o village_n be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o one_o elling_n a_o general_n of_o the_o cimbrian_o and_o fancy_v to_o have_v be_v the_o seat_n of_o several_a danish_a king_n the_o inscription_n have_v be_v think_v worthy_a the_o diligent_a enquiry_n of_o jos_n scaliger_n bonaventura_n vulcanius_n lindenbrogius_fw-la stephanius_n and_o wormius_n and_o may_v therefore_o just_o challenge_v a_o place_n in_o our_o description_n of_o this_o province_n the_o word_n be_v these_o haralter_n kunugr_n bad_a kaurva_fw-la kubl_n dausi_fw-la eft_o gurm_n fadur_v sin_n aug_n eft_o thiurni_n mudur_fw-fr sinasa_fw-la haraltr_n kesor_fw-la van_fw-mi tanmaurk_n alla_fw-mi aug_fw-mi nurvieg_n aug_n tini_fw-la folk_n kristno_n i._n e._n harald_n the_o king_n command_v this_o tomb_n to_o be_v build_v in_o remembrance_n of_o gormo_n his_o father_n and_o thyra_n his_o mother_n harald_n the_o emperor_n win_v denmark_n and_o all_o norway_n and_o christen_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o both_o kingdom_n how_o worthy_a queen_n thyra_n be_v of_o such_o a_o last_a monument_n as_o this_o we_o shall_v show_v hereafter_o and_o shall_v in_o this_o place_n only_o take_v notice_n of_o king_n harald_n style_v himself_n kesor_n or_o emperor_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v do_v in_o contempt_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n the_o first_o who_o have_v conquer_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n annex_v this_o to_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o dominion_n and_o write_v himself_o emperor_n of_o the_o north_n till_o this_o king_n harald_n blaatand_n force_v he_o to_o retire_v and_o make_v he_o part_v with_o not_o only_o whatever_o he_o have_v take_v in_o jutland_n but_o a_o great_a part_n of_o saxony_n after_o so_o great_a a_o conquest_n and_o defeat_n of_o so_o mighty_a a_o emperor_n he_o have_v reason_n to_o assume_v a_o title_n as_o swell_v as_o ever_o otho_n can_v pretend_v to_o who_o come_v no_o further_o than_o othesundt_fw-mi with_o his_o army_n especial_o if_o it_o be_v true_a what_o helmoldus_n report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o be_v so_o far_o king_n of_o saxony_n as_o to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o those_o law_n which_o be_v to_o this_o day_n observe_v in_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a saxony_n and_o contain_v in_o their_o saxon-spiegel_n southern_a jutland_n the_o southern_a jutland_n which_o be_v often_o comprehend_v under_o the_o name_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o sleswic_n reach_v from_o kolding_n and_o the_o river_n leewens_n aa_n as_o far_o as_o the_o dannewirk_n which_o be_v reckon_v about_o eighteen_o german_a mile_n the_o breadth_n of_o it_o do_v not_o anywhere_o exceed_v eight_o seldom_o six_o mile_n the_o chief_a city_n sleswic_n sleswic_n which_o sometime_o give_v name_n to_o the_o whole_a province_n be_v sleswic_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o a_o river_n or_o rather_o a_o small_a arm_n of_o the_o sea_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n de_fw-fr slye_n so_o that_o sleswic_n be_v no_o more_o than_o a_o village_n call_v ancient_o by_o the_o saxon_n wic_n by_o the_o hollander_n to_o this_o day_n wiick_n and_o the_o latin_n vicus_n upon_o the_o slye_n hence_o the_o ancient_a people_n of_o these_o part_n be_v call_v by_o ptolemy_n sigulones_n which_o some_o read_v slieuâ—nes_n i.e._n wooner_n or_o dweller_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sly_a adam_n bremensis_n call_v the_o town_n slias-wig_a and_o ethelwerd_v a_o ancient_a english-saxon_a historian_n give_v we_o this_o account_n of_o it_o anglia_fw-it vetus_fw-la sita_fw-la est_fw-la inter_fw-la saxones_n &_o giotos_n habens_fw-la oppidum_fw-la capitale_n quod_fw-la sermone_fw-la saxonico_n sleswic_n nuncupatur_fw-la secundum_fw-la danos_n vero_fw-la haithaby_n i._n e._n old_a england_n lie_v between_o saxony_n and_o jutland_n the_o metropolis_n of_o which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o saxon_n sleswic_n but_o by_o the_o dane_n haithaby_n in_o a_o old_a history_n of_o the_o life_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a it_o be_v call_v sliestorff_n it_o have_v its_o danish_a name_n haitheby_o say_v pontanus_n from_o hetha_n a_o certain_a queen_n of_o denmark_n which_o assertion_n seem_v confirm_v by_o a_o passage_n in_o the_o preface_n to_o king_n aelfred_n english-saxon_a translation_n of_o orosius_n and_o of_o scipinge_n heal_v he_o cÆ¿aeþ_n ê§_n he_o seglode_v on_o fif_n dagan_a to_o þem_v porte_fw-fr þe_fw-fr mon_fw-fr haetaet_fw-la haeðh_n um_o se_fw-mi stint_v betÆ¿uh_o winedum_o &_o seaxum_n &_o angle_n &_o hyrðh_n in_o on_o dene_fw-mi i.e._n and_o from_o sciringes-heal_a he_o say_v that_o he_o sail_v in_o five_o day_n to_o the_o port_n which_o be_v call_v haethe_n which_o stand_v between_o the_o vandal_n vinedi_fw-la saxon_n and_o the_o angle_n to_o who_o it_o be_v subject_a it_o be_v questionless_a heretofore_o a_o city_n much_o frequent_v by_o merchant_n from_o britain_n france_n spain_n flanders_n and_o all_o other_o part_n of_o the_o trade_a world_n adam_n bremensis_n who_o live_v about_o the_o year_n 1100_o call_v it_o civitatem_fw-la opulentissimam_fw-la ac_fw-la populosissimam_fw-la i.e._n a_o city_n exceed_v rich_a and_o populous_a and_o so_o it_o must_v needs_o have_v be_v for_o before_o mariner_n learn_v perfect_o the_o way_n of_o shun_v the_o dangerous_a sand_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o jutland_n and_o at_o the_o entrance_n into_o the_o baltic_a carriage_n be_v usual_o bring_v up_o the_o eidor_n and_o threan_a as_o far_o as_o holl_v by_o ship_n and_o thence_o convey_v by_o land_n to_o sleswic_n where_o they_o be_v again_o ship_v and_o so_o transport_v into_o zeeland_n sweden_n etc._n etc._n the_o citizen_n here_o be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n and_o the_o great_a church_n build_v by_o king_n eric_n barn_n assist_v by_o st._n anchar_n about_o the_o year_n 800._o not_o long_o after_o in_o the_o year_n 1064_o the_o slavonian_n make_v incursion_n into_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n
divide_v former_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n before_o the_o invention_n of_o gun_n and_o other_o terrible_a engine_n of_o war_n now_o use_v by_o all_o the_o european_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o know_a world_n the_o only_a fortification_n and_o rampart_n be_v strong_a wall_n and_o ditch_n which_o the_o ancient_n fancy_v as_o indeed_o they_o be_v sufficient_a to_o defend_v they_o from_o the_o arrow_n and_o battleax_n the_o only_a weapon_n then_o in_o use_n of_o their_o barbarous_a neighbour_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o chinois_n think_v their_o empire_n secure_v from_o the_o incursion_n of_o their_o bloody_a neighbour_n the_o tartar_n when_o their_o famous_a king_n tzinzow_n have_v hedge_v they_o in_o with_o a_o wall_n of_o some_o hundred_o of_o mile_n in_o length_n thus_o the_o best_a expedient_a the_o roman_n can_v find_v of_o put_v the_o border_n of_o their_o british_a dominion_n in_o a_o posture_n of_o defence_n against_o the_o daily_a revolt_n of_o the_o native_n who_o they_o have_v drive_v into_o scotland_n be_v the_o build_n of_o pict_n wall_n and_o severus_n rampire_n which_o reach_v from_o sea_n to_o sea_n for_o the_o same_o reason_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n have_v their_o territory_n continual_o infest_a by_o the_o daily_a inroad_n of_o the_o german_n think_v it_o high_o requisite_a to_o block_n up_o their_o passage_n by_o wall_v up_o that_o neck_n of_o land_n which_o lie_v between_o hollingsted_a and_o gottorp_n it_o be_v hard_o to_o determine_v from_o the_o account_n give_v by_o historian_n when_o this_o work_n be_v first_o begin_v paulus_n aemilius_n a_o curious_a french_a historian_n say_v gothofr_v king_n of_o denmark_n who_o the_o danish_a writer_n call_v gothric_a be_v the_o first_o that_o make_v use_v of_o this_o stratagem_n to_o exclude_v the_o army_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a about_o the_o year_n 808._o the_o same_o story_n be_v tell_v we_o by_o aimoinus_n and_o christianus_n cilicius_fw-la but_o saxon_a grammaticus_n crantzius_n and_o the_o whole_a class_n of_o the_o northern_a historian_n tell_v we_o unanimous_o that_o queen_n thyra_n daughter_n of_o ethelred_n king_n of_o england_n and_o wife_n to_o gormo_n gamle_n king_n of_o denmark_n be_v the_o authoress_n of_o this_o fortification_n and_o that_o thence_o she_o have_v the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v i.e._n the_o mistress_n builder_n of_o the_o danish_a nation_n bestow_v on_o she_o i_o can_v scarce_o allow_v the_o latter_a part_n of_o the_o story_n to_o to_o be_v truth_n since_o we_o find_v that_o this_o surname_n be_v give_v she_o long_o before_o she_o have_v do_v any_o thing_n either_o towards_o the_o building_n or_o repair_v of_o the_o danewirk_n as_o they_o call_v this_o fort._n for_o upon_o a_o monument_n erect_v by_o king_n gormo_n gamle_n in_o honour_n of_o his_o queen_n thyra_n we_o find_v the_o follow_a inscription_n gurmr_n kunugr_n gerdi_fw-la kubl_n dusi_fw-la eft_o turui_fw-la kunu_n sina_fw-la tanmarkur-bat_n i.e._n gormo_n the_o king_n erect_v this_o tomb_n for_o thyra_n his_o queen_n danebode_v or_o repairer_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n this_o inscription_n can_v be_v a_o epitaph_n write_v after_o queen_n thyra_n death_n see_v all_o the_o danish_a writer_n assert_v positive_o that_o she_o outlive_v her_o husband_n gormo_n many_o year_n and_o after_o his_o death_n take_v the_o danewirk_n in_o hand_n so_o that_o its_o more_o than_o probable_a the_o surname_n of_o danebode_v be_v give_v she_o for_o the_o many_o good_a office_n she_o have_v do_v the_o nation_n in_o repair_v several_a old_a decay_a castle_n and_o fort_n and_o build_v a_o great_a many_o new_a one_o king_n eric_n the_o eight_o in_o his_o danish_a chronicle_n say_v thyra_n build_v the_o fort_n of_o wood_n which_o witfield_n understand_v of_o the_o fence_a the_o rampire_n with_o stake_n as_o bulwark_n be_v guard_v in_o our_o modern_a fortification_n other_o make_v harald_n blaatand_v queen_n thyra_n son_n the_o first_o author_n of_o this_o work_n after_o he_o have_v drive_v the_o emperor_n otho_n out_o of_o jutland_n which_o erasmus_n laetus_n the_o danish_a virgil_n allude_v to_o when_o speak_v of_o this_o king_n harald_n he_o say_v hic_fw-la ille_fw-la est_fw-la solido_fw-la primn_v qui_fw-la cimbrica_n vallo_fw-la munijt_fw-la arva_fw-la solique_fw-la ingens_fw-la e_fw-la corpore_fw-la dorsum_fw-la eruit_fw-la immani_fw-la quod_fw-la se_fw-la curvamine_fw-la longos_fw-la incitat_fw-la in_o tractus_fw-la mediumque_fw-la perambulat_fw-la isthmum_fw-la et_fw-la maris_fw-la eoi_fw-fr ripas_fw-la cum_fw-la littore_fw-la jungit_fw-la hesperio_fw-la ac_fw-la tenuem_fw-la sleswici_fw-la respicit_fw-la urbem_fw-la king_n eric_n decide_v this_o controversy_n by_o tell_v we_o that_o thyra_n build_v a_o wooden_a fortification_n and_o afterward_o advise_v her_o son_n to_o strengthen_v the_o work_n by_o trench_n and_o rampire_n of_o earth_n notwithstanding_o all_o these_o relation_n of_o other_o historian_n both_o pontanus_n and_o wormius_n agree_v that_o it_o be_v most_o likely_a the_o rude_a draught_n of_o this_o fort_n be_v first_o draw_v by_o king_n gothric_n and_o only_o repair_v and_o improve_v by_o queen_n thyra_n king_n harald_n and_o other_o succeed_a prince_n waldemar_n the_o first_o build_v a_o wall_n of_o brick_n seven_o foot_n broad_a and_o eighteen_o high_a to_o strengthen_v it_o after_o so_o many_o improvement_n the_o fort_n be_v reckon_v impregnable_a for_o soon_o after_o king_n waldemar_n reparation_n when_o henry_n duke_n of_o saxony_n surname_v the_o lion_n intend_v to_o have_v endeavour_v a_o breach_n through_o this_o fort_n into_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n he_o be_v dissuade_v from_o the_o enterprise_n by_o his_o chief_a counsellor_n bernhard_n razburg_n who_o represent_v the_o undertake_n as_o a_o thing_n impossible_a to_o be_v effect_v assure_v he_o danewirkae_n custodium_fw-la danorum_fw-la sexaginta_fw-la millibus_fw-la mandatum_fw-la esse_fw-la i.e._n that_o danewirk_n be_v defend_v by_o a_o garrison_n of_o sixty_o thousand_o dane_n hence_o king_n sueno_n find_v himself_o unable_a to_o force_v his_o way_n through_o so_o strong_a and_o so_o well_o mane_v a_o rampire_n endeavour_v to_o work_v his_o passage_n by_o corrupt_v the_o keeper_n of_o wiglesdor_n the_o only_a gate_n lead_v through_o this_o wall_n into_o jutland_n at_o this_o day_n there_o remain_v but_o slight_a mark_n of_o so_o great_a a_o work_n at_o schubuge_a and_o hesbuge_a two_o small_a village_n upon_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o inhabitant_n find_v relic_n of_o old_a furnace_n and_o brick-kiln_n whence_o the_o danish_a antiquary_n conclude_v that_o king_n waldemar_n have_v his_o brick_n burn_v here_o though_o he_o be_v force_v to_o fetch_v mortar_n as_o far_o as_o gothland_n joh._n cypraeus_n tell_v we_o at_o dennenwirch_n a_o inconsiderable_a village_n in_o these_o part_n may_v still_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o old_a castle_n where_o queen_n thyra_n lodge_v the_o same_o author_n say_v wiglesdor_n be_v ancient_o call_v kaelgate_n because_o place_v in_o a_o open_a and_o plain_a part_n of_o the_o country_n where_o the_o enemy_n can_v have_v no_o shelter_n nor_o be_v in_o any_o probability_n of_o suprize_v the_o defendant_n holstein_n ancient_o the_o whole_a territory_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n contain_v at_o present_a in_o the_o province_n of_o holstein_n proper_o so_o call_v ditmarss_n wagerland_n and_o stormar_n go_v under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o nortablingia_n or_o the_o country_n beyond_o the_o elb_n northwards_o adam_n bremensis_n and_o helmoldus_n be_v the_o first_o that_o mention_n holsatia_n which_o the_o former_a derive_v from_o holts-geseten_a i.e._n seat_v in_o a_o wood_n or_o forest_n ducatus_fw-la holsatiae_fw-la descriptio_fw-la novissima_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssâ—â—io-waesbergii_a et_fw-la moses_n pitt_n the_o fruitfulness_n of_o the_o soil_n convenience_n of_o trade_n in_o the_o baltic_a and_o british_a sea_n and_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n render_v holstein_n the_o rich_a country_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n and_o make_v the_o income_n of_o some_o of_o the_o nobility_n exceed_v the_o treasure_n of_o many_o prince_n in_o germany_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o holstein_n be_v 1._o kyel_n chilonium_fw-la seat_v on_o the_o baltic_a shore_n in_o a_o corner_n of_o land_n shut_v in_o betwixt_o the_o mouth_n of_o two_o river_n whence_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o german_a word_n kiel_n which_o signify_v a_o wedge_n it_o be_v furnish_v with_o a_o large_a and_o commodious_a haven_n which_o be_v continual_o throng_v with_o merchant-ship_n from_o germany_n liefland_n sweden_n and_o all_o the_o isle_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n there_o be_v yearly_a in_o this_o town_n a_o meeting_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o nobility_n of_o holstein_n who_o come_v hither_o to_o consult_v about_o the_o affair_n of_o the_o dukedom_n especial_o the_o concern_v of_o the_o mint_n and_o value_n of_o money_n the_o castle_n which_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o
top_n of_o a_o hill_n command_v the_o town_n and_o haven_n be_v first_o build_v by_o adolph_n of_o schaumburg_n the_o first_o earl_n of_o holstein_n earl_n adolph_n iv_o found_v a_o monastery_n of_o franciscan_a minorite_n in_o this_o city_n which_o upon_o the_o bring_n in_o of_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n into_o this_o country_n with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o danish_a territory_n be_v change_v into_o a_o hospital_n 2._o rensborg_n or_o reinholsburg_n found_v by_o one_o reinold_n of_o who_o we_o have_v no_o further_o account_v then_o that_o he_o be_v either_o a_o prince_n of_o the_o blood_n or_o some_o great_a nobleman_n this_o be_v the_o best_a fortify_v town_n in_o the_o dukedom_n environ_v with_o the_o byder_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o strong_a castle_n build_v by_o earl_n gerhard_n the_o great_a 3._o wilster_n a_o neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n seat_v on_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n which_o soon_o after_o empty_v itself_o into_o the_o stor_n 4._o nieumunster_n seat_v on_o the_o north-west_n of_o the_o stor_n not_o far_o from_o the_o head_n of_o it_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n be_v only_o a_o province_n of_o the_o great_a dukedom_n of_o saxony_n until_o lotharius_n great_a duke_n of_o saxony_n afterward_o emperor_n of_o germany_n bestow_v it_o upon_o adolph_n earl_n of_o schaumburg_n or_o schouwanburg_n about_o the_o year_n 1114._o since_o which_o time_n we_o have_v the_o follow_a account_n of_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n 1._o adolph_n of_o schouwenburg_n the_o first_o absolute_a prince_n of_o holstein_n on_o who_o the_o earldom_n be_v bestow_v as_o a_o recompense_n for_o the_o service_n he_o have_v do_v the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n in_o his_o german_a and_o danish_a war_n 2._o adolph_n ii_o son_n to_o adolph_n the_o i._o have_v obtain_v his_o father_n earldom_n cast_v out_o the_o slavonian_n who_o a_o little_a before_o his_o time_n have_v overrun_v all_o this_o part_n of_o saxony_n and_o plant_v in_o their_o room_n colony_n of_o german_n frisian_n and_o nether_a saxon_n in_o the_o quarrel_n among_o the_o three_o pretender_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n sueno_n canutus_n and_o waldemar_n he_o side_v with_o canutus_n and_o have_v settle_v he_o in_o the_o throne_n have_v not_o king_n sueno_n by_o fair_a mean_n and_o promise_v prevail_v with_o he_o to_o lay_v down_o his_o arms._n he_o leave_v the_o earldom_n to_o his_o son_n 3_o adolph_n iii_o who_o after_o many_o skirmish_n and_o battle_n with_o waldemar_n ii_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v at_o last_o vanquish_v and_o keep_v close_a prisoner_n by_o that_o king_n who_o by_o the_o intercession_n of_o andrew_n bishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o some_o other_o grant_v he_o his_o liberty_n upon_o condition_n that_o he_o shall_v disclaim_v all_o right_a and_o title_n which_o he_o and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v hitherto_o pretend_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n or_o any_o other_o place_n former_o subject_a to_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o quiet_o retire_v to_o the_o inheritance_n of_o his_o ancestor_n at_o schouwenburg_n but_o these_o article_n though_o at_o the_o first_o secure_v by_o hostage_n be_v not_o long_o observe_v by_o his_o son_n 4._o adolph_n iu._n who_o associate_a to_o himself_o henry_n earl_n of_o zurin_n gerhard_n bishop_n of_o bremen_n and_o some_o other_o petit_fw-fr prince_n begin_v a_o rebellion_n against_o king_n waldemar_n and_o succeed_v so_o well_o in_o the_o undertake_n that_o within_o a_o very_a short_a time_n he_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o all_o the_o territory_n his_o father_n have_v be_v beat_v out_o of_o and_o renounce_v his_o son_n 5._o gerhard_n enjoy_v peaceable_o the_o dominion_n leave_v he_o by_o his_o father_n he_o be_v for_o some_o time_n keep_v prisoner_n at_o imsburg_n by_o the_o folchung_n a_o noble_a family_n in_o sweden_n for_o be_v in_o company_n with_o one_o ingemar_n a_o upstart_n gentleman_n but_o great_a favourite_n of_o their_o king_n magnus_n who_o they_o slay_v in_o a_o rage_n and_o cast_v his_o companion_n into_o prison_n 6._o henry_n gerhards_n son_n be_v the_o first_o that_o set_v up_o a_o custom-house_n in_o hamburg_n which_o bring_v in_o no_o small_a portion_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o his_o successor_n 7._o gerhard_n the_o second_o son_n of_o henry_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o christopher_n the_o second_o king_n of_o denmark_n be_v make_v protector_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n and_o tutor_n to_o the_o young_a king_n waldemar_n the_o three_o by_o these_o advantage_n his_o power_n grow_v so_o great_a that_o he_o venture_v to_o style_v himself_o duke_n of_o jutland_n and_o by_o degree_n will_v in_o all_o probability_n have_v aspire_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o denmark_n if_o not_o timely_o take_v off_o by_o one_o ebbo_n a_o danish_a nobleman_n who_o murder_v he_o in_o his_o bed_n at_o randerhusen_n 8._o henry_n the_o second_o son_n to_o gerhard_n ii_o refuse_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n when_o it_o be_v offer_v he_o by_o ambassador_n send_v from_o that_o court_n a._n d._n 1363._o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o great_a courage_n and_o candour_n courteous_a in_o his_o behaviour_n and_o exceed_o chaste_a and_o temperate_a in_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o his_o life_n in_o short_a a_o man_n that_o have_v in_o he_o all_o the_o royal_a virtue_n that_o may_v deserve_v a_o kingdom_n and_o the_o modesty_n to_o refuse_v one_o when_o offer_v 9_o gerhard_n the_o three_o henry_n the_o second_o be_v son_fw-it after_o he_o have_v get_v the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n annex_v to_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n by_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n be_v slay_v by_o the_o man_n of_o dithmarss_n who_o he_o have_v require_v to_o do_v he_o homage_n his_o son_n 10._o henry_n the_o three_o be_v deny_v that_o right_n to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n which_o his_o father_n have_v enjoy_v make_v war_n against_o eric_n the_o eight_o king_n of_o denmark_n in_o which_o at_o the_o siege_n of_o flensburg_n he_o be_v slay_v 11._o adolph_n v._o common_o call_v the_o twelve_o by_o those_o that_o reckon_v all_o the_o earl_n of_o young_a house_n succeed_v his_o brother_n henry_n and_o be_v the_o last_o earl_n of_o this_o house_n in_o the_o year_n 1440_o he_o receive_v the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n at_o the_o hand_n of_o christopher_n the_o three_o king_n of_o denmark_n swear_v fealty_n to_o that_o crown_n christian_n earl_n of_o oldenburg_n son_n of_o hedvigis_fw-la sister_n to_o henry_n and_o adolph_n the_o two_o last_o earl_n of_o holstein_n succeed_v his_o uncle_n adolph_n in_o the_o earldom_n of_o holstein_n which_o in_o his_o time_n be_v enlarge_v by_o the_o addition_n of_o dithmarss_n and_o change_v into_o a_o dukedom_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n the_o three_o a._n d._n 1474._o when_o this_o christian_a be_v advance_v to_o the_o throne_n of_o denmark_n the_o dukedom_n of_o holstein_n become_v a_o part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n yet_o so_o that_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n upon_o the_o late_a accession_n in_o germany_n to_o their_o crown_n be_v reckon_v prince_n of_o the_o empire_n as_o duke_n of_o holstein_n though_o not_o oblige_v to_o repair_v to_o any_o diet._n afterward_o the_o title_n of_o duke_n of_o holstein_n together_o with_o a_o considerable_a part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v give_v to_o adolph_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n create_v knight_n of_o the_o garter_n by_o our_o queen_n elizabeth_n a._n d._n 1562_o who_o govern_v it_o interchangeable_o with_o the_o king_n his_o brother_n by_o turn_n upon_o the_o decease_n of_o this_o duke_n and_o his_o issue_n male_a the_o title_n be_v confer_v on_o vlric_n king_n christian_n the_o four_o brother_n since_o his_o day_n there_o have_v be_v several_a house_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n as_o sunderburg_n norburg_n gluckburg_n arnsbeck_n gottorp_n and_o ottingen_n among_o who_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n gottorp_n be_v chief_a and_o challenge_v the_o same_o power_n in_o govern_v and_o administration_n of_o justice_n which_o be_v at_o first_o confer_v upon_o duke_n adolph_n king_n christian_n the_o three_o brother_n in_o the_o late_a war_n between_o the_o two_o northern_a crown_n the_o king_n of_o denmark_n jealous_a of_o the_o great_a power_n of_o the_o present_a duke_n of_o gottorp_n force_v this_o prince_n to_o quit_v his_o dukedom_n and_o leave_v his_o majesty_n in_o full_a possession_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n of_o holstein_n but_o at_o the_o sign_v of_o the_o treaty_n between_o the_o king_n of_o france_n sweden_n and_o denmark_n at_o fountenblaeu_o on_o the_o second_o of_o september_n 1679_o the_o danish_a minister_n promise_v their_o master_n shall_v at_o the_o desire_n of_o his_o most_o christian_n majesty_n restore_v to_o the_o say_a duke_n all_o his_o country_n town_n and_o place_n in_o the_o state_n they_o be_v and_o the_o sovereignty_n thereof_o all_o which_o he_o
neutrality_n and_o commerce_n and_o of_o all_o their_o right_n and_o privilege_n and_o that_o the_o right_n of_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n and_o the_o empire_n be_v maintain_v to_o which_o the_o king_n return_v they_o a_o kind_a answer_n assure_v they_o of_o his_o good_a will_n and_o that_o he_o will_v punctual_o observe_v on_o his_o part_n this_o agreement_n which_o do_v within_o a_o few_o day_n after_o the_o danish_a army_n decamp_v other_o city_n and_o town_n of_o note_n in_o stormar_n be_v 1._o gluckstadt_n build_v and_o well_o fortify_v by_o king_n christian_n iv_o who_o much_o delight_v in_o its_o pleasant_a situation_n and_o much_o improve_v by_o his_o successor_n it_o give_v sufficient_a proof_n of_o its_o strength_n soon_o after_o the_o first_o building_n of_o it_o when_o it_o withstand_v and_o beat_v back_o the_o emperor_n army_n and_o hold_v out_o a_o siege_n of_o almost_o two_o year_n continuance_n without_o yield_v at_o last_o it_o command_v the_o passage_n of_o the_o elb_n so_o that_o it_o high_o concern_v the_o hamburgher_n to_o be_v at_o peace_n with_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n except_o they_o can_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o fort_n and_o so_o secure_a a_o free_a passage_n both_o for_o their_o man_n of_o war_n and_o merchant-ship_n 2._o crempe_n seat_v on_o a_o small_a river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n this_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o key_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o in_o the_o german_a war_n give_v a_o good_a testimony_n of_o its_o so_o be_v when_o in_o the_o year_n 1627._o and_o 1628._o it_o brave_o resist_v the_o fortunate_a german_a general_n count_n wallenstein_n for_o thirteen_o month_n together_o and_o at_o last_o be_v yield_v upon_o honourable_a term_n it_o owe_v the_o chief_a of_o its_o strength_n to_o king_n christian_n iu._n who_o fortify_v it_o with_o a_o wall_n and_o ditch_n 3._o itzehoa_o seat_v on_o the_o navigable_a river_n stoer_n which_o furnish_v it_o with_o plenty_n of_o fish_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o merchandise_n from_o abroad_o 4._o bredenberg_n one_o of_o the_o neat_a little_a town_n in_o all_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n territory_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o most_o noble_a family_n of_o the_o rantzow_n very_o remarkable_a for_o the_o stout_a resistance_n it_o make_v count_n wallenstein_n who_o have_v at_o last_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n put_v all_o the_o garrison_n in_o it_o to_o the_o sword_n wagria_n wagria_n or_o wagerland_n be_v almost_o gird_v round_o with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o the_o two_o rivers_n trave_n and_o suentin_n the_o whole_a length_n of_o it_o from_o odelslo_n as_o far_o as_o the_o village_n grotenbro_n amount_v to_o near_o forty-eight_o english_a mile_n and_o the_o breadth_n about_o twenty_o it_o be_v observable_a that_o the_o prince_n of_o holstein_n though_o they_o bear_v the_o arm_n of_o every_o other_o province_n in_o that_o dukedom_n have_v not_o the_o arm_n of_o this_o country_n which_o be_v a_o bulls-head_n in_o their_o coat_n perhaps_o because_o the_o arm_n of_o oldenburgh_n be_v think_v sufficient_a to_o represent_v the_o whole_a province_n plutarch_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o ancient_a cimbrian_o who_o first_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o italy_n bear_v a_o bull's-head_n sable_a in_o a_o field_n gules_a which_o show_v of_o how_o venerable_a a_o antiquity_n the_o arm_n of_o wagerland_n be_v and_o how_o just_o they_o may_v claim_v some_o place_n if_o not_o the_o best_a in_o the_o coat_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o holstein_n it_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o wagrii_fw-la a_o people_n in_o slavonia_n who_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o tract_n by_o conquest_n the_o chief_a town_n of_o wagerland_n be_v 1._o lubeck_n lubeck_n lubeck_n seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o river_n trave_n and_o billew_n from_o the_o pleasantness_n of_o its_o situation_n and_o stately_a building_n some_o etymologist_n have_v derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n call_v it_o lobeck_n or_o ein_fw-ge eck_fw-ge dess_n lobe_n i._n e._n a_o honourable_a corner_n which_o agree_v well_o with_o the_o account_n a_o ancient_a poet_n give_v we_o of_o it_o in_o these_o two_o verse_n angulus_n haec_fw-la laudis_fw-la dicta_fw-la est_fw-la vrbs_fw-la nomine_fw-la prisco_fw-la angulum_fw-la in_o hunc_fw-la fertur_fw-la fluvius_fw-la travenna_n per_fw-la aequor_fw-la it_o be_v rebuilt_a by_o adolph_n ii_o earl_n of_o holstein_n about_o the_o year_n 1143._o but_o within_o a_o short_a while_n after_o grow_v so_o headstrong_a upon_o the_o daily_a accession_n of_o new_a privilege_n and_o charter_n grant_v by_o this_o prince_n and_o his_o successor_n that_o it_o bid_v defiance_n to_o the_o earl_n of_o holstein_n and_o become_v a_o dukedom_n of_o itself_o by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o it_o be_v make_v a_o member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n upon_o his_o death_n the_o lubecker_n choose_v themselves_o another_o duke_n who_o after_o he_o have_v govern_v they_o five_o year_n be_v vqnquish_v by_o the_o dane_n by_o who_o the_o city_n be_v make_v tributary_n to_o their_o king_n out_o of_o this_o bondage_n it_o be_v rescue_v by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n the_o second_o who_o make_v it_o a_o imperial_a city_n in_o which_o state_n it_o continue_v to_o this_o day_n and_o therefore_o as_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o germany_n will_v be_v describe_v elsewhere_o more_o at_o large_a 2._o segeberge_n seat_v on_o the_o river_n trave_n about_o sixteen_o english_a mile_n from_o lubeck_n it_o be_v ancient_o call_v aelberg_n which_o name_n upon_o the_o build_n of_o the_o castle_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o adjoin_v craggy_a mountain_n be_v change_v into_o segeberg_n the_o occasion_n of_o which_o as_o helmoldus_n tell_v the_o story_n be_v this_o when_o the_o emperor_n lotharius_n begin_v to_o advise_v with_o some_o of_o his_o counsellor_n in_o the_o year_n 1134_o about_o build_v some_o considerable_a fortification_n in_o these_o part_n which_o may_v check_v the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o sclave_n in_o this_o province_n and_o have_v at_o last_o pitch_v upon_o this_o hill_n as_o the_o most_o convenient_a place_n one_o of_o the_o sclavonian_a prince_n be_v say_v to_o have_v speak_v prophetical_o to_o his_o companion_n these_o word_n see_v thou_o the_o fortification_n on_o the_o top_n of_o those_o mountain_n let_v i_o tell_v thou_o it_o will_v in_o a_o short_a time_n prove_v the_o yoke_n of_o the_o whole_a land_n etc._n etc._n whence_o say_v the_o dane_n the_o place_n to_o this_o day_n retain_v the_o name_n of_o segeberg_n which_o in_o high_a dutch_a signify_v behold_v the_o mountain_n 3._o odelso_n a_o fair_a city_n on_o the_o river_n trave_n in_o the_o middle_a way_n between_o segeberg_n and_o lubeck_n in_o the_o year_n 1338_o john_n earl_n of_o wagerland_n buy_v this_o city_n into_o his_o hand_n at_o the_o rate_n of_o ten_o thousand_o mark_n of_o silver_n after_o this_o it_o continue_v in_o a_o very_a flourish_a condition_n till_o eric_n of_o pomeren_n in_o his_o war_n with_o the_o duke_n of_o sleswic_n and_o holstein_n so_o deface_v it_o that_o it_o can_v never_o since_o recover_v its_o ancient_a glory_n 4._o ploen_n a_o ancient_a city_n seat_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o lake_n of_o the_o same_o name_n by_o which_o and_o a_o castle_n build_v not_o many_o year_n since_o by_o joachim_n ernestus_n duke_n of_o holstein_n after_o the_o italian_a fashion_n it_o be_v exceed_o well_o fortify_v in_o the_o further_a corner_n of_o wagerland_n lie_v the_o ancient_a and_o famous_a county_n of_o oldenburgh_n oldenburgh_n oldenburgh_n divide_v from_o the_o rest_n of_o this_o province_n by_o the_o river_n brockaw_n though_o it_o be_v general_o agree_v on_o by_o all_o the_o danish_a writer_n that_o oldenburgh_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o this_o county_n be_v ancient_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o wagrians_n and_o venedi_n then_o warlike_a nation_n to_o who_o the_o great_a part_n of_o mecklenburgh_n be_v subject_a yet_o we_o find_v no_o mention_n make_v of_o this_o place_n before_o the_o reign_n of_o otho_n the_o great_a who_o after_o he_o have_v vanquish_v the_o venedi_n found_v here_o a_o bishopric_n afterward_o translate_v to_o lubec_n and_o bestow_v it_o on_o marcus_n his_o chancellor_n it_o be_v former_o a_o town_n of_o great_a trade_n and_o exceed_v populous_a have_v be_v beautify_v with_o four_o church_n three_o monastery_n and_o five_o gate_n but_o since_o the_o port_n be_v stop_v up_o at_o the_o command_n of_o queen_n margaret_n its_o glory_n have_v decrease_v daily_a and_o by_o the_o late_a dreadful_a fire_n cause_v by_o thunder_n and_o lightning_n which_o have_v lay_v waste_n the_o best_a and_o great_a part_n of_o the_o city_n it_o be_v now_o become_v much_o less_o considerable_a than_o it_o be_v before_o nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la totius_fw-la fioniae_fw-la vulgo_fw-la funen_n apud_fw-la janssenio-waesbergios_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n the_o baltic_a sea_n ortelius_n out_o of_o pliny_n
pass_v all_o the_o merchant-ship_n which_o traffic_n in_o the_o baltic_a the_o breadth_n of_o it_o be_v about_o twelve_o german_a mile_n and_o the_o length_n eighteen_o this_o island_n be_v undoubted_o the_o ancient_a codanonia_n mention_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n which_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o the_o more_o modern_a word_n dania_n and_o denmark_n most_o of_o the_o danish_a etymologist_n derive_v seeland_n from_o soedland_n or_o seedland_n from_o the_o plenty_n of_o corn_n which_o this_o country_n afford_v other_o with_o great_a probability_n make_v the_o word_n signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o island_n or_o piece_n of_o ground_n encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n whence_o saxon_a grammaticus_n and_o several_a other_o ancient_a historian_n call_v it_o seelandia_n from_o the_o old_a danish_a word_n siam_fw-it or_o sio_n which_o be_v now_o turn_v into_o so_o and_o in_o our_o english_a tongue_n corrupt_v into_o sea_n in_o most_o or_o all_o of_o the_o ancient_a runic_a manuscript_n it_o be_v call_v soelunder_n or_o the_o seagrove_n the_o edda_n islandorum_n call_v it_o soelund_n and_o give_v we_o this_o account_n of_o the_o first_o original_n of_o the_o word_n there_o be_v former_o a_o certain_a king_n in_o sweden_n name_v gylfi_n who_o promise_v a_o asian_a sorceress_n call_v gesion_n who_o have_v please_v he_o with_o her_o melody_n as_o much_o land_n as_o four_o ox_n can_v plough_v up_o in_o one_o day_n and_o a_o night_n whereupon_o the_o old_a hag_n bring_v four_o of_o her_o son_n out_o of_o north_n jutland_n and_o turn_v they_o into_o as_o many_o ox_n cause_v they_o to_o plough_v up_o a_o large_a and_o deep_a furrow_n round_o this_o piece_n of_o ground_n which_o when_o the_o sea_n have_v fill_v up_o the_o land_n become_v a_o isle_n and_o be_v call_v seelund_n stephanius_n think_v ptolemy_n allude_v to_o this_o fable_n when_o speak_v of_o some_o island_n in_o the_o baltic_a he_o say_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d i.e._n beyond_o the_o cimbrian_a chersonese_n lie_v three_o island_n call_v alociae_fw-la from_o the_o greek_a word_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o furrow_n copenhagen_n the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o island_n copenhagen_n copenhagen_n and_o of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o denmark_n be_v seat_v on_o the_o east_n of_o seeland_n upon_o the_o seashore_n the_o dane_n call_v it_o kiobenhaun_n and_o the_o german_n copenhaven_n both_o which_o word_n be_v corruption_n of_o kiobmanshafen_n i.e._n portus_n mercatorum_fw-la as_o saxo_n somewhere_o call_v it_o mejerus_fw-la a_o learned_a frisian_a writer_n derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n from_o coppen_n which_o say_v he_o in_o the_o frisian_a language_n signify_v james_n and_o haven_n q.d._n st._n james_n haven_n but_o there_o be_v very_o little_a or_o no_o ground_n for_o any_o such_o derivation_n about_o the_o year_n 1168_o axil_v wide_o surname_v snare_n saxo_n call_v he_o absalon_n archbishop_n of_o denmark_n build_v a_o considerable_a fortification_n in_o the_o island_n in_o which_o now_o stand_v the_o castle_n this_o be_v call_v after_o his_o name_n axel-huys_a and_o be_v a_o good_a defence_n to_o the_o whole_a island_n against_o the_o daily_a incursion_n of_o pirate_n under_o the_o protection_n of_o this_o fort_n several_a fisherman_n and_o other_o that_o trade_v this_o way_n use_v to_o harbour_v their_o ship_n in_o security_n this_o cause_v a_o continual_a concourse_n of_o the_o native_n who_o resort_v hither_o to_o furnish_v the_o vessel_n with_o such_o provision_n as_o their_o country_n afford_v and_o in_o a_o short_a time_n lay_v the_o first_o rude_a draught_n of_o a_o city_n which_o at_o this_o day_n for_o strength_n trade_n beauty_n and_o bulk_n be_v not_o surpass_v by_o many_o in_o europe_n most_o of_o the_o danish_a king_n especial_o christian_n iu._n have_v be_v very_o active_a in_o beautify_v this_o city_n with_o a_o university_n church_n wall_n ditch_n etc._n etc._n james_n ecland_n bishop_n of_o roschild_n be_v the_o first_o that_o grant_v any_o privilege_n to_o it_o in_o the_o year_n 1254._o these_o his_o successor_n ignatius_n confirm_v and_o they_o be_v afterward_o considerable_o enlarge_v by_o king_n waldemar_n in_o the_o year_n 1341_o and_o eric_n of_o pomeren_n in_o the_o year_n 1371._o christopher_n of_o bavaria_n endow_v it_o with_o municipal_a immunity_n like_o the_o other_o city_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1443._o all_o which_o be_v confirm_v by_o the_o large_a charter_n of_o christian_a the_o three_o and_o frideric_n the_o second_o the_o citizen_n house_n till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n be_v very_o mean_a and_o low_a most_o of_o they_o patch_v up_o of_o wood_n and_o mortar_n but_o of_o late_o they_o be_v grow_v more_o curious_a and_o expensive_a in_o architecture_n and_o few_o of_o their_o street_n be_v without_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o fair_a brick_n building_n the_o cathedral_n church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n mary_n be_v beautify_v with_o a_o noble_a copper_n spire_n build_v at_o the_o charge_n of_o king_n christian_n the_o four_o the_o advowsance_n of_o this_o church_n belong_v to_o the_o professor_n in_o the_o university_n the_o marketplace_n be_v exceed_o spacious_a and_o no_o small_a ornament_n to_o the_o town_n beside_o these_o the_o king_n palace_n the_o arsenal_n which_o perhaps_o excel_v any_o thing_n that_o europe_n afford_v in_o this_o kind_n the_o observatory_n or_o runde_n taarn_v and_o the_o adjoin_a university_n church_n and_o library_n the_o exchange_n etc._n etc._n be_v place_n rich_o worth_a the_o see_n and_o deserve_v a_o large_a description_n than_o the_o bound_n of_o this_o short_a account_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n will_v permit_v the_o city_n be_v govern_v by_o four_o burgomaster_n one_o whereof_o be_v regent_n or_o precedent_n for_o his_o life_n this_o honour_n be_v at_o present_a confer_v on_o that_o worthy_a and_o learned_a person_n p._n john_n resenius_n professor_n of_o moral_a philosophy_n in_o the_o university_n at_o copenhagen_n and_o counsellor_n to_o the_o present_a king_n of_o denmark_n with_o he_o most_o of_o the_o other_o professor_n of_o note_n in_o this_o university_n as_o william_n langius_n former_o tutor_n to_o this_o present_a king_n christian_n the_o five_o erasmus_n vindingius_fw-la professor_n of_o history_n and_o geography_n and_o author_n of_o the_o academia_n hafniensis_n which_o give_v we_o a_o exact_a account_n of_o all_o the_o famous_a man_n that_o have_v ever_o flourish_v in_o this_o university_n thomas_n and_o erasmus_n bartholini_n both_o well_o know_v by_o their_o incomparable_a work_n etc._n etc._n be_v at_o this_o day_n minister_n of_o state_n in_o the_o court_n of_o denmark_n and_o keep_v only_o the_o title_n and_o pension_n of_o professor_n without_o be_v tie_v to_o the_o performance_n of_o the_o duty_n selandiae_fw-la in_o regno_fw-la daniae_fw-la insulae_fw-la chorographica_n descriptio_fw-la apud_fw-la janssonio-waesbergios_a et_fw-la mosem_fw-la pitt_n viro_fw-la illustri_fw-la ac_fw-la gentroso_fw-la dno_fw-la georgio_n seefeldo_n haereditario_fw-la in_o reffes_n regni_fw-la daniae_fw-la senatori_fw-la ac_fw-la judici_fw-la provintiali_fw-la selandico_n domino_fw-la ac_fw-la patrono_fw-la plurimum_fw-la honorando_fw-la d._n d._n d._n johannes_n janssonius_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o great_a town_n and_o place_n of_o note_n in_o this_o island_n be_v roschild_n roschild_n 1._o roschild_n which_o take_v its_o name_n from_o a_o river_n run_v by_o the_o town_n which_o drive_v seven_o mill_n roe_n in_o the_o ancient_a danish_a tongue_n signify_v a_o king_n and_o kill_v a_o stream_n of_o water_n it_o be_v former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n but_o of_o late_a year_n this_o city_n have_v decay_v and_o copenhagen_n grow_v so_o fast_o that_o it_o be_v scarce_o remarkable_a for_o any_o thing_n at_o this_o day_n save_o the_o great_a old_a cathedral_n the_o bury_a place_n of_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o small_a trade_n this_o city_n be_v first_o make_v a_o bishop_n see_v by_o suenotho_n king_n of_o england_n denmark_n sweden_n and_o norway_n about_o the_o year_n 1012._o who_o give_v the_o bishopric_n of_o roschild_n which_o be_v now_o swallow_v up_o of_o copenhagen_n to_o gerebrand_n a_o monk_n afterward_o sueno_n gratenhede_v fortify_v it_o with_o a_o wall_n ditch_n and_o bulwark_n lyscander_n tell_v we_o there_o be_v once_o no_o less_o than_o twenty_o seven_o fair_a church_n in_o this_o town_n among_o these_o i_o suppose_v he_o reckon_v the_o chapel_n build_v by_o king_n harald_n svenotho_n father_n in_o which_o both_o he_o and_o his_o son_n who_o dead_a corpse_n be_v carry_v out_o of_o england_n to_o roschild_n to_o be_v bury_v be_v entomb_v in_o the_o old_a cathedral_n among_o many_o other_o rich_a monument_n in_o honour_n of_o several_a of_o the_o danish_a king_n and_o queen_n stand_v a_o fair_a marble_n pillar_n which_o margaret_n queen_n of_o denmark_n erect_v on_o purpose_n to_o hang_v thereon_o the_o whetstone_n which_o be_v fasten_v to_o it_o with_o a_o chain_n which_o albert_n king_n of_o
sweden_n in_o derision_n of_o her_o sex_n send_v she_o to_o sharp_a her_o needle_n on_o this_o scoff_n cost_v he_o seven_o year_n imprisonment_n and_o a_o renunciation_n of_o all_o the_o right_n he_o pretend_v to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n for_o the_o performance_n of_o which_o article_n the_o hans-town_n be_v surety_n 2._o elseneur_n elseneur_n elseneur_n call_v otherwise_o helsenoer_n helschenoer_n helsingor_n and_o halsingor_n as_o the_o opposite_a castle_n in_o schonen_fw-mi be_v by_o adam_n bremensis_n halsingburg_n be_v so_o name_v q._n d._n halsen-ore_a i._n e._n a_o ear_n in_o the_o neck_n because_o at_o first_o a_o watchtower_n seat_v on_o that_o neck_n of_o the_o sea_n call_v by_o the_o dane_n oresundt_n which_o part_v seeland_n from_o schonen_fw-mi here_o pontanus_n fancy_v ptolomy_n hellevones_n have_v their_o habitation_n the_o chief_a ornament_n and_o strength_n of_o this_o town_n lay_v in_o croneburg_n a_o royal_a and_o impregnable_a castle_n which_o command_v this_o side_n of_o the_o oresundt_fw-mi with_o as_o much_o case_n as_o elsingburg_n secure_v the_o other_o it_o be_v build_v of_o hew_a freestone_n bring_v hither_o out_o of_o gothland_n this_o be_v for_o many_o year_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o danish_a king_n who_o as_o may_v appear_v from_o what_o we_o have_v say_v before_o touch_v the_o revenue_n of_o this_o crown_n have_v from_o hence_o one_o of_o the_o most_o pleasant_a and_o profitable_a prospect_n in_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n every_o ship_n that_o pass_v this_o straight_o be_v oblige_v to_o strike_v sail_n to_o croneburg_n and_o that_o do_v the_o master_n be_v to_o come_v to_o a_o composition_n in_o the_o city_n for_o custom_n upon_o pain_n of_o the_o confiscation_n of_o his_o vessel_n and_o load_n frideric_n the_o second_o build_v the_o castle_n of_o croneburg_n at_o his_o own_o charge_n without_o a_o penny_n subsidy_n from_o his_o subject_n and_o cover_v it_o with_o copper_n 3._o fredericksburg_n call_v former_o ebelholt_n fredericksburg_n fredericksburg_n and_o only_o a_o monastery_n dedicate_v to_o the_o holy_a ghost_n of_o which_o johannes_n parisiensis_fw-la who_o be_v afterward_o put_v into_o the_o popish_a calendar_n of_o saint_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v abbot_n about_o the_o year_n 1201_o till_o turn_v into_o a_o castle_n by_o king_n frederic_n the_o second_o the_o structure_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o one_o harlef_n a_o danish_a noble_a man_n who_o sell_v it_o to_o king_n frideric_n after_o this_o king_n death_n his_o son_n christian_n the_o four_o spare_v no_o charge_n in_o complete_n what_o his_o father_n leave_v unfinished_a but_o adorn_v it_o with_o a_o collection_n of_o the_o rich_a picture_n statue_n hang_n etc._n etc._n that_o europe_n can_v afford_v insomuch_o that_o mounsieur_fw-fr l'_fw-fr espine_n a_o french_a writer_n who_o print_v his_o history_n soon_o after_o the_o finish_n of_o this_o royal_a palace_n do_v not_o stick_v to_o say_v that_o the_o world_n can_v scarce_o parellel_v this_o piece_n add_v further_o that_o here_o the_o lock_n and_o bar_n in_o the_o window_n be_v all_o of_o beat_a silver_n etc._n etc._n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o house_n be_v all_o freestone_n but_o the_o upper_a building_n brick_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a wood_n about_o the_o middle_a way_n betwixt_o elsineur_n and_o copenhagen_n the_o adjoin_a park_n be_v first_o stock_v with_o fallow_a deer_n send_v thither_o out_o of_o england_n in_o the_o 24._o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o our_o queen_n elizabeth_n 4._o ringstede_n ringstede_n ringstede_n a_o town_n of_o the_o great_a antiquity_n of_o any_o except_v roschild_n in_o denmark_n where_o lie_v bury_v many_o of_o the_o danish_a king_n particular_o king_n waldemar_n the_o first_o and_o eric_n the_o godly_a it_o be_v seat_v in_o the_o very_a centre_n of_o seeland_n where_o destitute_a of_o trade_n it_o decay_v daily_o 5._o sore_o sore_a or_o soer_n seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a woody_a country_n between_o slagen_n and_o ringsiede_n absalon_n hvide_v archbishop_n of_o lunden_n and_o bishop_n of_o roschild_n found_v here_o a_o fair_a monastery_n about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o twelve_o century_n and_o endow_v it_o with_o large_a revenue_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o several_a learned_a man_n who_o be_v to_o be_v employ_v in_o writing_n and_o publish_v the_o history_n of_o the_o act_n and_o monument_n of_o the_o king_n and_o other_o hero_n of_o denmark_n upon_o this_o encouragement_n saxon_a grammaticus_n first_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o collect_v a_o vast_a company_n of_o old_a historical_a fragment_n and_o afterward_o digest_v they_o into_o a_o better_a order_n than_o can_v rational_o be_v expect_v from_o any_o man_n breed_v up_o in_o a_o nation_n so_o unpardonable_o barbarous_a as_o denmark_n in_o and_o before_o his_o day_n be_v know_v to_o have_v be_v afterward_o esbern_n the_o say_v archbishops_n brother_n augment_v the_o revenue_n by_o the_o addition_n of_o fourteen_o village_n and_o enlarge_v the_o monastery_n itself_o he_o die_v within_o a_o year_n after_o his_o brother_n a._n d._n 1202._o and_o be_v bury_v at_o sor._n many_o year_n after_o this_o king_n frideric_n the_o second_o remove_v the_o school_n which_o he_o have_v found_v at_o fridericksburg_n for_o the_o education_n of_o the_o young_a nobility_n to_o this_o place_n where_o have_v increase_v the_o number_n of_o both_o teacher_n and_o hearer_n he_o think_v it_o also_o requisite_a to_o enlarge_v the_o income_n which_o do_v of_o a_o rich_a popish_a monastery_n it_o become_v one_o of_o the_o best_a endow_v free-school_n in_o the_o reform_a part_n of_o christendom_n his_o son_n christian_n the_o four_o turn_v the_o free-school_n into_o a_o small_a university_n by_o settle_v certain_a salary_n for_o the_o maintenance_n of_o a_o set_a number_n of_o professor_n who_o be_v to_o instruct_v young_a noble_a man_n in_o the_o principle_n of_o several_a art_n and_o science_n and_o the_o rudiment_n of_o the_o latin_a greek_a hebrew_n french_a and_o italian_a tongue_n beside_o to_o to_o this_o gymnasium_n he_o annex_v a_o academy_n furnish_v with_o fit_a master_n to_o teach_v perfect_o all_o gentile_a and_o marshal_n exercise_n as_o dance_a vault_a ride_v the_o great_a horse_n etc._n etc._n whence_o some_o author_n call_v the_o university_n at_o sore_a academiam_fw-la equestrem_fw-la because_o at_o first_o principal_o intend_v for_o the_o education_n of_o young_a gentleman_n in_o the_o act_n of_o chivalry_n though_o afterward_o it_o grow_v to_o be_v the_o most_o famous_a university_n for_o all_o manner_n of_o learning_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o the_o nunnery_n of_o mariebo_fw-la in_o laland_n be_v demolish_v the_o nun_n throw_v out_o and_o the_o land_n give_v to_o this_o university_n but_o at_o this_o day_n these_o and_o all_o other_o the_o large_a territory_n which_o have_v be_v heretofore_o settle_v upon_o the_o university_n at_o sore_a be_v in_o the_o present_a king_n hand_n who_o threaten_v daily_o to_o reestablish_v a_o university_n in_o this_o place_n but_o without_o any_o show_n of_o performance_n his_o resolution_n i_o suppose_v if_o ever_o he_o have_v any_o such_o be_v in_o a_o great_a measure_n stop_v by_o the_o continual_a dissuasion_n of_o the_o professor_n at_o copenhagen_n who_o think_v it_o very_o inconsistent_a with_o their_o interest_n to_o have_v another_o university_n erect_v in_o their_o neighbourhood_n for_o heretofore_o when_o any_o professor_n place_n be_v vacant_a at_o copenhagen_n it_o be_v odds_o but_o some_o brisk_a fellow_n from_o sore_o carry_v it_o 6._o anderskaw_n anderskaw_n anderskaw_n or_o andersbouw_n former_o a_o great_a monastery_n now_o a_o strong_a castle_n about_o a_o english_a mile_n from_o slagen_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o level_n champagn_a country_n and_o delicate_o well_o build_v here_o frideric_n the_o second_o die_v a._n d._n 1548._o 7._o kallenborg_n kallenborg_n kallenborg_n which_o saxo_n grammaticus_n call_v kallunda_fw-la and_o meursius_n callundeburgum_n be_v former_o a_o small_a village_n inhabit_v by_o none_o but_o fisherman_n and_o by_o they_o name_v herwig_n but_o esbern_n suare_fw-la brother_n to_o absalon_n hvide_v abovementioned_a turn_v it_o into_o a_o city_n about_o the_o year_n 1158_o or_o as_o some_o 1171_o and_o beautify_v it_o with_o a_o castle_n church_n and_o several_a other_o public_a building_n it_o be_v at_o present_a a_o town_n of_o good_a trade_n have_v the_o convenience_n of_o as_o safe_a a_o harbour_n for_o ship_n as_o any_o haven_n in_o denmark_n 8._o kosor_n kosor_n korsor_n so_o call_v from_o the_o multitude_n of_o cross_n erect_v former_o in_o the_o place_n out_o of_o the_o abundance_n of_o superstitious_a zeal_n in_o the_o inhabitant_n 9_o koge_n koge_n koge_fw-mi coagium_n a_o small_a but_o very_o populous_a and_o rich_a city_n about_o sixteen_o english_a mile_n from_o copenhagen_n it_o be_v a_o place_n much_o throng_v with_o corn-merchant_n and_o fishmonger_n the_o commodity_n pleasant_a situation_n etc._n etc._n of_o
seem_v plain_a from_o the_o argument_n and_o authority_n of_o learned_a man_n before_o allege_v it_o will_v be_v no_o difficult_a matter_n to_o evince_v the_o truth_n of_o this_o assertion_n that_o the_o getes_n and_o goth_n together_o with_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o danish_a isle_n in_o the_o baltic_a sea_n be_v original_o one_o and_o the_o same_o nation_n it_o be_v true_a in_o some_o small_a island_n in_o and_o near_o the_o finnic_a gulf_n the_o people_n use_v a_o language_n altogether_o unintelligible_a to_o a_o true_a dane_n or_o swede_n but_o further_a westward_o the_o language_n speak_v in_o all_o the_o baltic_a island_n be_v so_o many_o dialect_v of_o the_o gothic_a tongue_n and_o the_o old_a runic_a monument_n daily_o find_v in_o most_o province_n of_o the_o danish_a and_o swedish_n dominion_n prove_v manifest_o the_o same_o word_n and_o character_n to_o have_v be_v use_v in_o schonen_fw-mi jutland_n and_o the_o intermediate_v island_n from_o the_o difference_n of_o manner_n custom_n habit_n etc._n etc._n in_o these_o isle_n no_o more_o can_v be_v concluclude_v then_o that_o some_o want_v the_o convenience_n of_o traffic_n and_o correspondence_n with_o other_o nation_n be_v force_v to_o content_v themselves_o with_o the_o rude_a and_o ungentile_a way_n of_o live_v teach_v they_o by_o their_o homebred_a ancestor_n whilst_o other_o who_o lay_v more_o in_o the_o road_n of_o merchant-ship_n must_v needs_o insensible_o admit_v of_o a_o daily_a alteration_n both_o in_o manner_n and_o language_n norway_n what_o the_o edda_n name_n name_n and_o other_o mythological_a writer_n tell_v we_o of_o nor_n son_n of_o their_o god_n thor_n &_o grandchild_n to_o woden_n the_o first_o grand_a captain_n of_o the_o norwegian_n from_o who_o that_o people_n and_o their_o country_n fetch_v say_v these_o man_n their_o name_n merit_n just_a as_o much_o credit_n as_o the_o danish_a story_n of_o their_o king_n dan._n the_o truth_n be_v norway_n or_o norweg_v as_o the_o german_n write_v it_o whence_o the_o latin_a word_n norwegia_fw-la be_v only_o via_fw-la seu_fw-la tractus_fw-la septentrionalis_fw-la i._n e._n a_o country_n situate_v towards_o the_o north._n hence_o in_o the_o danish_a swedish_n &_o norvegian_a tongue_n it_o be_v to_o this_o day_n call_v norrike_v or_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n pliny_n nerigon_n be_v only_o a_o corruption_n of_o this_o word_n and_o we_o find_v that_o ancient_o all_o the_o cimbrian_a kingdom_n be_v name_v regna_fw-la norica_fw-la by_o helmoldus_n the_o norwegian_n be_v call_v nordliudi_fw-la which_o word_n be_v not_o as_o dr._n heylin_n guess_v derive_v from_o the_o dutch_a word_n nordt_n and_o the_o french_a lieu_n for_o nordliod_n or_o nordtleut_fw-fr in_o the_o northern_a language_n be_v no_o more_o than_o the_o people_n of_o the_o north._n in_o the_o preface_n to_o our_o king_n aelfred_n anglo-saxonic_a version_n of_o orosius_n this_o kingdom_n be_v style_v norðh_n manna_n land_n the_o country_n of_o the_o norman_n adam_n bremensis_n call_v it_o normannia_n and_o we_o know_v rollo_n bring_v his_o norman_n out_o of_o these_o part_n this_o kingdom_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o baltic_a strait_n bound_n bound_n which_o separate_v it_o from_o jutland_n on_o the_o north_n and_o west_n with_o the_o northern_a ocean_n on_o the_o east_n with_o sweden_n and_o lapland_n the_o whole_a length_n of_o it_o from_o the_o baltic_a sea_n as_o far_o as_o finmark_n be_v reckon_v to_o be_v about_o 210_o german_a mile_n the_o eastern_a part_n of_o norway_n be_v very_o thin_a people_v soil_n soil_n be_v a_o country_n of_o nothing_o but_o inaccessible_a and_o craggy_a mountain_n towards_o the_o south_n there_o be_v great_a store_n of_o inhabitant_n who_o dwell_v in_o pleasant_a valley_n encircle_v with_o barren_a and_o rocky_a hill_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o country_n be_v overspread_v with_o wood_n which_o furnish_v the_o great_a part_n of_o europe_n with_o deal-board_n and_o mast_n for_o ship_n the_o long_a ridge_n of_o high_a mountain_n which_o divide_v this_o kingdom_n from_o sweden_n where_o pliny_n place_v his_o sevo_n be_v continual_o cover_v with_o snow_n whence_o intolerable_a sharp_a wind_n be_v send_v down_o into_o the_o valley_n beneath_o which_o by_o this_o mean_n become_v desolate_a and_o unfruitful_a but_o more_o southerly_a and_o all_o along_o the_o western_a coast_n the_o air_n be_v much_o more_o temperate_a and_o will_v be_v healthful_a enough_o if_o not_o corrupt_v by_o the_o putrefaction_n and_o stench_n of_o a_o certain_a kind_n of_o rat_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n lemmer_n which_o infect_v the_o whole_a country_n with_o the_o epidemical_a disease_n of_o the_o jaundice_n and_o a_o giddiness_n in_o the_o head_n which_o be_v most_o especial_o apt_a to_o seize_v on_o stranger_n unacquainted_a with_o the_o danger_n and_o unarm_v against_o the_o distemper_n in_o the_o valley_n there_o be_v good_a breed_v of_o cattle_n commodity_n commodity_n insomuch_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n export_v yearly_a great_a quantity_n of_o butter_n tallow_n hides_n and_o cheese_n their_o chief_a grain_n be_v barley_n the_o wood_n afford_v timber_n pitch_n tar_n rich_a fur_n and_o great_a store_n of_o filberd_n beside_o these_o commodity_n they_o have_v a_o good_a trade_n from_o their_o stockfish_n and_o train-oyl_n which_o be_v vend_v all_o europe_n over_o christian_n iu_o king_n of_o denmark_n employ_v several_a artist_n in_o the_o search_n of_o some_o silver_n and_o gold_n mine_n in_o the_o year_n 1623._o and_o it_o be_v say_v some_o lump_n of_o the_o oar_n of_o both_o those_o metal_n be_v here_o find_v and_o present_v to_o the_o king_n but_o this_o discovery_n never_o turn_v to_o any_o considerable_a account_n for_o the_o native_n be_v utter_o ignorant_a of_o the_o art_n of_o refine_n any_o kind_n of_o mineral_n themselves_o and_o altogether_o unwilling_a to_o admit_v into_o their_o country_n any_o foreigner_n skilled_a in_o that_o way_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o complexion_n and_o humour_n with_o the_o dane_n 〈…〉_o 〈…〉_o they_o be_v general_o effeminate_a and_o lazy_a not_o so_o much_o through_o any_o fault_n of_o nature_n as_o the_o want_n of_o employment_n for_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n seldom_o or_o never_o make_v use_v of_o this_o nation_n in_o his_o war_n as_o be_v loath_a to_o trust_v they_o with_o arm_n the_o ancient_a norwegian_n as_o well_o as_o their_o neighbour_n be_v every_o where_o report_v to_o have_v be_v notorious_a pirate_n but_o at_o this_o day_n the_o sea_n be_v scarce_o in_o any_o place_n in_o europe_n so_o secure_a from_o robbery_n as_o on_o the_o coast_n of_o norway_n the_o cause_n of_o this_o alteration_n can_v scarce_o be_v attribute_v to_o the_o modern_a honesty_n of_o this_o kingdom_n so_o far_o excel_v that_o of_o former_a day_n but_o rather_o to_o the_o general_a poverty_n and_o mean_a spiritedness_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n into_o which_o the_o danish_a rigour_n have_v force_v they_o for_o they_o have_v little_a or_o no_o ship_n allow_v they_o and_o be_v too_o low_o keep_v to_o pretend_v to_o hector_n and_o domineer_v their_o diet_n be_v what_o they_o furnish_v other_o country_n with_o stockfish_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o a_o coarse_a kind_n of_o butter_n and_o cheese_n their_o usual_a drink_n rostock_n ale_n in_o this_o they_o common_o drink_v three_o draught_n one_o in_o remembrance_n of_o god_n the_o second_o to_o the_o king_n health_n and_o the_o three_o to_o the_o queen_n as_o norway_n be_v still_o reckon_v a_o distinct_a kingdom_n from_o denmark_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d so_o it_o have_v former_o its_o own_o independent_a king_n who_o sometime_o lord_v it_o over_o the_o monarch_n of_o sweden_n and_o denmark_n nevertheless_o the_o account_n we_o have_v of_o these_o prince_n from_o the_o chronica_fw-la norvagica_fw-la publish_v by_o johannes_n slangerupensis_n in_o the_o year_n 1594_o and_o olaus_n wormius_n in_o the_o year_n 1633_o and_o the_o relation_n of_o other_o historian_n be_v so_o imperfect_a and_o incredible_a that_o it_o will_v not_o waste_v paper_n to_o give_v the_o reader_n a_o catalogue_n of_o they_o the_o last_o king_n that_o sway_v the_o sceptre_n in_o norway_n be_v haquin_n who_o in_o the_o year_n 1363_o marry_v margaret_n elder_n daughter_n of_o waldemar_n iii_o king_n of_o denmark_n thereupon_o unite_n the_o two_o kingdom_n now_o though_o king_n haquin_n have_v only_o one_o son_n by_o queen_n margaret_n olaus_n for_o some_o while_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n yet_o the_o dane_n have_v once_o get_v footing_n in_o this_o kingdom_n be_v resolve_v to_o keep_v their_o station_n and_o therefore_o to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o all_o future_a insurrection_n and_o rebellion_n they_o immediate_o put_v strong_a garrison_n into_o all_o the_o city_n and_o fort_n of_o consequence_n in_o the_o nation_n since_o it_o be_v manifest_a from_o the_o language_n manner_n etc._n etc._n of_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o norwegian_n and_o islander_n be_v both_o one_o
people_n what_o the_o reader_n miss_v in_o the_o general_a description_n of_o norway_n may_v possible_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o follow_a one_o of_o island_n the_o prefecture_n of_o masterland_n this_o prefecture_n take_v its_o name_n from_o the_o chief_a city_n in_o it_o seat_v on_o a_o rocky_a peninsula_n and_o famous_a for_o its_o great_a trade_n in_o herring_n and_o other_o sea-fish_n this_o city_n with_o two_o more_o of_o less_o note_n congel_n and_o oddawald_n and_o the_o adjoin_a country_n be_v command_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o bahus_n now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n it_o be_v first_o build_v by_o haquin_n iv_o king_n of_o norway_n about_o the_o year_n 1309_o upon_o a_o steep_a rock_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n trollet_n and_o be_v then_o look_v upon_o as_o the_o best_a fort_n that_o king_n have_v in_o his_o dominion_n and_o a_o sufficient_a bulwark_n against_o the_o daily_a assault_n and_o incursion_n of_o the_o swede_n and_o westro-goth_n the_o bishopric_n of_o anslo_n and_o staffenger_n with_o the_o province_n of_o aggerhuse_v anslo_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n opslo_n and_o by_o some_o latin_a writer_n asloa_n be_v first_o build_v by_o king_n harold_n cotemporary_a with_o sueno_n esthritius_n king_n of_o denmark_n who_o frequent_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o this_o city_n here_o be_v hold_v the_o chief_a court_n of_o judicature_n for_o all_o norway_n wherein_o all_o cause_n and_o suit_n at_o law_n be_v hear_v and_o determine_v before_o the_o governor_n who_o act_v as_o viceroy_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o cathedral_n be_v dedicate_v to_o st._n alward_n who_o take_v great_a pain_n in_o preach_v the_o gospel_n to_o the_o norwegian_a heathen_n in_o this_o church_n be_v to_o be_v show_v the_o sword_n of_o haquin_n one_o of_o their_o ancient_a king_n a_o signal_n testimony_n if_o the_o story_n they_o tell_v of_o it_o be_v true_a of_o the_o strength_n and_o admirable_a art_n of_o some_o norwegian_n of_o former_a age_n the_o hilt_n of_o it_o be_v make_v of_o crystal_n curious_o wrought_v and_o polish_a whence_o olaus_n magnus_n will_v needs_o conclude_v that_o the_o use_n of_o crystal_n be_v ancient_o much_o more_o ordinary_a in_o norway_n then_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n in_o any_o part_n of_o europe_n not_o far_o from_o opslo_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o bay_n stand_v the_o castle_n of_o aggerhusen_n memorable_a for_o the_o brave_a resistance_n it_o make_v the_o swedish_n army_n in_o the_o year_n 1567._o which_o besiege_v it_o hot_o eighteen_o week_n together_o but_o be_v at_o last_o beat_v off_o and_o force_v shameful_o to_o retire_v about_o twenty_o german_a mile_n northward_o of_o opslo_n lie_v the_o city_n hammer_n former_o a_o bishop_n see_v but_o at_o present_a under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o opslo_n near_o this_o town_n be_v the_o island_n moos_n where_o if_o we_o believe_v olaus_n magnus_fw-la a_o huge_a and_o monstrous_a serpent_n appear_v constant_o before_o any_o grand_a alteration_n in_o the_o state_n or_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n in_o this_o province_n beside_o the_o place_n already_o mention_v stand_v the_o city_n of_o tonsberg_n fridericstadt_n saltsburgh_n and_o scheen_n which_o have_v all_o a_o considerable_a trade_n from_o the_o copper_n and_o iron_n mine_n which_o hereabout_o be_v in_o great_a number_n then_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o be_v in_o this_o province_n that_o the_o silver_n mine_n mention_v before_o be_v first_o discover_v at_o the_o expense_n of_o christian_a iu._n king_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o of_o the_o adjoin_a hill_n be_v by_o the_o neighbourhood_n to_o this_o day_n call_v silver-bergen_a or_o the_o mountain_n of_o silver_n to_o these_o mine_n and_o the_o lofty_a wood_n of_o pine_n and_o fir-tree_n with_o which_o this_o part_n of_o the_o country_n be_v overspread_v the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n owe_v the_o great_a part_n of_o if_o not_o all_o its_o trade_n the_o city_n of_o staffenger_n lie_v in_o 59_o degree_n some_o reckon_v 60_o and_o a_o great_a many_o odd_a minute_n of_o latitude_n it_o be_v seat_v in_o a_o peninsuia_fw-la upon_o a_o great_a bay_n of_o the_o northern_a ocean_n full_a of_o small_a island_n and_o guard_v by_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o doeswick_n which_o lie_v about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n in_o civil_a affair_n this_o city_n be_v under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o governor_n of_o bergenhusen_n though_o it_o have_v its_o own_o peculiar_a bishop_n constant_o reside_v in_o the_o town_n the_o whole_a bishopric_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o several_a district_n of_o stavangersteen_n dalarne_n jaren_n listerleen_n mandalsleen_n nedenesleen_n and_o abygdelag_n thomas_n conrade_n hvegner_n bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n in_o the_o year_n 1641_o take_v the_o pain_n to_o collect_v a_o great_a number_n of_o runic_a inscription_n which_o lie_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o his_o diocese_n some_o of_o which_o be_v publish_v by_o wormius_n who_o further_o inform_v we_o that_o this_o conrad_n predecessor_n who_o name_n he_o omit_v write_v a_o topographical_n description_n of_o this_o city_n and_o bishopric_n beyond_o the_o bay_n appear_v the_o island_n schutenes_n three_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n but_o scarce_o half_a a_o one_o in_o breadth_n between_o this_o island_n which_o have_v in_o it_o several_a considerable_a village_n and_o the_o continent_n run_v up_o a_o narrow_a frith_n to_o bergen_n which_o be_v call_v by_o the_o dutch_a merchant_n to_o liedt_n van_fw-mi berghen_fw-mi to_o the_o bishopric_n of_o staffenger_n belong_v the_o province_n of_o tillemarch_n or_o thylemarch_n which_o give_v procopius_n the_o first_o ground_n for_o that_o assertion_n of_o he_o which_o he_o defend_v with_o so_o great_a vehemency_n viz._n that_o scandinavia_n take_v in_o its_o large_a extent_n of_o which_o thylemarch_n be_v a_o very_a inconsiderable_a part_n be_v the_o ancient_a thule_n the_o parish_n of_o hollen_n in_o this_o province_n be_v very_o remarkable_a for_o a_o churchyard_n or_o bury_v place_n on_o the_o top_n of_o a_o church_n dedicate_v to_o st._n michael_n which_o be_v cut_v out_o of_o a_o great_a high_a rock_n call_v by_o the_o vicenage_n vear_n upon_o the_o lake_n nordsee_n half_o a_o mile_n distant_a from_o scheen_n wormius_n think_v it_o be_v former_o a_o heathenish_a temple_n but_o convert_v to_o christian_a use_n upon_o the_o first_o plant_n of_o the_o gospel_n in_o this_o kingdom_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o berghen_n this_o bishopric_n the_o most_o fruitful_a and_o pleasant_a part_n of_o all_o norway_n lie_v to_o the_o north_n of_o aggerhusen_n in_o the_o middle_n or_o heart_n of_o the_o kingdom_n it_o derive_v its_o name_n from_o the_o fair_a and_o noble_a emporium_n or_o mart-town_n of_o berghen_n or_o else_o from_o the_o strong_a castle_n of_o berghenhusen_n the_o usual_a seat_n of_o the_o viceroy_n of_o norway_n at_o a_o small_a distance_n from_o berghen_n northward_o berghen_n a_o ancient_a and_o famous_a seaport_n town_n mention_v by_o pomponius_n mela_n and_o pliny_n be_v the_o granary_n and_o magazine_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n of_o norway_n it_o lie_v distant_a from_o bahusen_n about_o a_o hundred_o german_a mile_n by_o sea_n and_o sixty_o by_o land_n from_o truntheim_n as_o many_o from_o schagen_n the_o outmost_a promontory_n of_o jutland_n almost_o eighty_o some_o have_v fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o norwegian_a verb_n bergen_n which_o signify_v to_o hide_v or_o conceal_v because_o the_o haven_n be_v surround_v with_o hill_n seem_v to_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o sculking-place_n for_o ship_n where_o vesfel_n of_o two_o hundred_o tun_n and_o upward_o ride_v in_o a_o spacious_a and_o most_o secure_a harbour_n free_a from_o all_o danger_n of_o wind_n and_o weather_n but_o we_o need_v not_o trouble_v ourselves_o any_o further_a for_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o name_n then_o to_o consider_v that_o berghen_n in_o the_o norwegian_a language_n signify_v mountain_n and_o berghenhusen_a a_o company_n of_o house_n among_o the_o hill_n the_o building_n in_o this_o city_n till_o within_o these_o few_o year_n be_v exceed_o mean_a and_o contemptible_a most_o of_o they_o of_o wood_n cover_v with_o green_a turf_n and_o therefore_o frequent_o burn_v down_o but_o of_o late_a the_o hamburgher_n lubecker_n hollander_n and_o other_o that_o trade_n this_o way_n have_v beautify_v the_o town_n with_o a_o exchange_n and_o a_o great_a many_o private_a house_n of_o credit_n the_o most_o peculiar_a trade_n of_o this_o city_n lie_v in_o a_o kind_n of_o stockfish_n catch_v upon_o these_o coast_n and_o thence_o call_v usual_o by_o the_o norway_n merchant_n berghenvisch_n this_o the_o fisherman_n take_v in_o winter_n common_o in_o january_n for_o the_o conveniency_n of_o dry_v it_o in_o the_o cold_a and_o sharp_a air_n beside_o hither_o fur_n of_o all_o sort_n and_o vast_a quantity_n of_o dry_a
fish_n butter_n tallow_n hides_n etc._n etc._n be_v bring_v from_o all_o part_n of_o norway_n to_o be_v ship_v off_o into_o other_o country_n the_o townsman_n not_o many_o year_n ago_o observe_v the_o daily_a increase_n of_o their_o trade_n and_o the_o great_a concourse_n of_o stranger_n which_o it_o draw_v from_o all_o part_n and_o fear_v they_o themselves_o may_v at_o last_o be_v prejudice_v by_o a_o unlimited_a and_o general_a admission_n of_o foreign_a tradesman_n and_o merchant_n into_o their_o city_n make_v a_o order_n that_o whoever_o will_v after_o such_o a_o time_n be_v admit_v a_o freeman_n of_o the_o town_n shall_v either_o be_v whip_v at_o a_o game_n institute_v upon_o this_o occasion_n and_o call_v by_o they_o gantenspill_n or_o roll_v in_o mud_n and_o dirt_n or_o last_o hang_v in_o a_o basket_n over_o some_o intolerable_a and_o filthy_a smoke_n this_o hard_a usage_n quick_o diminish_v the_o number_n of_o foreigner_n who_o fancy_v it_o scarce_o worth_n their_o while_n to_o purchase_v their_o freedom_n at_o so_o dear_a and_o scandalous_a a_o rate_n but_o of_o late_a the_o industry_n and_o skill_n as_o well_o as_o number_v of_o the_o inhabitant_n increase_n these_o barbarous_a custom_n be_v lay_v aside_o and_o the_o citizen_n themselves_o be_v now_o able_a to_o export_v what_o be_v former_o fetch_v away_o from_o they_o the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v heretofore_o under_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o truntheim_n to_o the_o governor_n of_o berghen_n be_v subject_a the_o prefecture_n of_o sudhornleen_n nordhornleen_n soghne_n sudfiord_n norfiord_n and_o sundmerleen_n the_o prefecture_n and_o bishopric_n of_o nidrosia_n or_o truntheim_n the_o four_o castle_n and_o government_n in_o norway_n be_v that_o of_o the_o city_n nidrosia_n as_o it_o be_v ancient_o call_v from_o the_o river_n nider_n on_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v or_o truntheim_n former_o the_o metropolis_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o king_n and_o archbishop_n of_o norway_n pontanus_n somewhere_o call_v this_o city_n the_o cabinet_n of_o all_o the_o norwegian_a monument_n but_o wormius_n find_v no_o great_a reason_n to_o confer_v so_o honourable_a a_o title_n upon_o it_o when_o after_o a_o diligent_a search_n into_o the_o antiquity_n old_a monument_n and_o relic_n of_o the_o primitive_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n he_o meet_v with_o no_o more_o than_o three_o runic_a inscription_n in_o this_o whole_a diocese_n the_o conveniency_n of_o the_o haven_n make_v this_o place_n resort_v to_o by_o some_o mariner_n and_o merchant_n to_o this_o day_n but_o the_o ruin_n be_v so_o great_a that_o it_o look_v more_o like_o a_o village_n than_o city_n not_o have_v have_v any_o opportunity_n of_o recover_v its_o former_a splendour_n since_o it_o be_v burn_v down_o in_o the_o year_n 1522._o its_o house_n be_v a_o company_n of_o old_a fashion_a and_o rot_a building_n and_o the_o king_n palace_n be_v decay_v below_o the_o meanness_n of_o a_o english_a cottage_n however_o something_o of_o its_o ancient_a grandeur_n still_o appear_v in_o the_o cathedral_n dedicate_v to_o st._n olaus_n which_o though_o almost_o consume_v by_o fire_n yet_o by_o the_o ruin_n show_v itself_o to_o have_v be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o magnificent_a and_o large_a structure_n in_o the_o world_n in_o this_o church_n the_o huntsman_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v a_o yearly_a offering_n of_o the_o skin_n of_o the_o large_a and_o stout_a white_a bear_n which_o they_o kill_v for_o the_o priest_n to_o tread_v upon_o at_o divine_a service_n groneland_n and_o iseland_n be_v former_o part_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o truntheim_n but_o now_o this_o bishopric_n be_v not_o of_o so_o large_a a_o extent_n in_o the_o castle_n reside_v the_o governor_n of_o the_o whole_a prefecture_n of_o truntheim_n who_o have_v under_o he_o several_a other_o governor_n of_o lesser_a province_n in_o the_o country_n a_o little_a beyond_o this_o city_n there_o grow_v no_o wood_n at_o all_o but_o instead_o thereof_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v use_v of_o fish-bone_n as_o well_o to_o build_v their_o house_n and_o for_o several_a implement_n of_o householdstuff_n as_o fuel_n and_o with_o the_o fat_a of_o the_o same_o fish_n they_o feed_v their_o lamp_n in_o winter_n the_o prefecture_n of_o truntheim_n in_o the_o year_n 1658_o be_v by_o the_o dane_n surrender_v up_o to_o the_o swede_n by_o a_o public_a treaty_n of_o peace_n the_o next_o year_n they_o wrest_v it_o again_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o swedish_n king_n but_o resign_v it_o back_o at_o the_o treaty_n of_o roschild_n halgoland_n the_o country_n of_o ohther_n king_n aelfred_n geographer_n be_v a_o part_n of_o this_o prefecture_n of_o which_o that_o author_n give_v this_o account_n to_o the_o king_n his_o master_n ê§_n nan_o man_n ne_o bude_n be_v nor_o ðh_n a_fw-fr he_o i_o e._n that_o no_o inhabit_a country_n lie_v further_a north_n than_o this_o but_o the_o great_a fish_n trade_n upon_o these_o coast_n have_v make_v the_o english_a better_a acquaint_v with_o these_o part_n than_o this_o gentleman_n be_v with_o his_o own_o country_n the_o prefecture_n of_o wardhus_n the_o castle_n of_o wardhus_n the_o seat_n of_o the_o five_o and_o last_o great_a governor_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o island_n warda_n in_o which_o it_o stand_v this_o isle_n lie_v about_o two_o german_a mile_n from_o the_o main_a land_n of_o finmark_n be_v near_o twelve_o english_a mile_n in_o compass_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o and_o the_o two_o adjoin_a isle_n which_o in_o finmark_n go_v all_o under_o the_o general_a name_n of_o trunsolem_n live_v only_o upon_o stockfish_n which_o they_o dry_v in_o the_o frost_n they_o have_v no_o manner_n of_o bread_n nor_o drink_n but_o what_o be_v bring_v they_o from_o other_o place_n some_o small_a stock_n of_o cattle_n they_o have_v but_o only_o such_o as_o can_v make_v a_o shift_n to_o live_v of_o their_o master_n diet_n dry_a fish_n finmark_n or_o norwegian_n lapland_n on_o the_o north_n of_o norway_n lie_v finmark_n or_o as_o the_o native_n use_v to_o call_v it_o taakemark_n which_o perhaps_o be_v the_o ancient_a habitation_n of_o the_o finni_n mention_v by_o tacitus_n for_o the_o character_n which_o that_o historian_n give_v we_o of_o those_o people_n be_v very_o applicable_a to_o the_o modern_a finmarker_n the_o finni_n say_v he_o be_v a_o people_n extraordinary_a savage_a and_o miserable_o poor_a they_o have_v neither_o horse_n arm_n house_n nor_o home_n but_o feed_v upon_o root_n and_o such_o provision_n as_o their_o bow_n and_o arrow_n can_v procure_v and_o be_v clothe_v with_o the_o skin_n of_o wild_a beast_n to_o this_o day_n finmark_n be_v not_o divide_v as_o all_o other_o country_n general_o be_v into_o distinct_a lordship_n and_o inheritance_n but_o as_o in_o mr._n hobbes_n state_n of_o nature_n every_o private_a man_n pretend_v a_o right_a and_o title_n to_o every_o part_n of_o the_o land_n and_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o arm_n be_v the_o only_a judge_n of_o controversy_n when_o fish_v season_n come_v in_o they_o throng_v to_o the_o seacoast_n and_o when_o that_o be_v over_o retire_v again_o into_o the_o upland_n only_o the_o islander_n in_o heymeland_n keep_v their_o station_n and_o have_v their_o church_n in_o trom_n suro_n maggero_n and_o other_o place_n the_o language_n manner_n and_o habit_n of_o the_o people_n be_v the_o same_o as_o in_o the_o swedish_n lapland_n of_o which_o a_o account_n have_v be_v already_o give_v of_o the_o ancient_a commerce_n between_o the_o old_a britain_n english_a and_o norwegian_n though_o the_o relation_n which_o our_o english_a writer_n give_v we_o of_o the_o prowess_n and_o brave_a exploit_n of_o the_o valiant_a british_a king_n arthur_n savour_v too_o much_o of_o romance_n yet_o in_o the_o main_a our_o best_a historian_n agree_v unanimous_o in_o this_o that_o no_o prince_n ever_o conquer_v more_o of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n than_o this_o king_n w._n lambert_n in_o his_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d assure_v we_o that_o all_o the_o island_n nation_n and_o kingdom_n in_o the_o north_n and_o east_n sea_n as_o far_o as_o russia_n be_v tributary_n to_o he_o and_o geoffry_n of_o monmouth_n say_v king_n arthur_z at_o one_o time_n summon_v no_o less_o than_o six_o king_n to_o appear_v before_o he_o at_o his_o court_n in_o britain_n viz._n 1._o guillaumur_n king_n of_o ireland_n 2._o malvase_n king_n of_o iseland_n 3._o doldaff_n king_n of_o gothland_n 4._o gunnase_n king_n of_o orkney_n 5._o lot_z king_n of_o norway_n and_o 6._o aschile_o king_n of_o denmark_n upon_o these_o conquest_n the_o kingdom_n of_o norway_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o england_n and_o the_o norwegian_n incorporate_v into_o one_o nation_n with_o the_o britain_n but_o this_o amity_n be_v of_o no_o long_a continuance_n for_o norway_n be_v at_o too_o great_a a_o distance_n
and_o its_o people_n too_o stiff-necked_a to_o be_v keep_v in_o subjection_n in_o the_o day_n of_o our_o saxon_a king_n a_o continual_a and_o uninterrupted_a war_n between_o this_o nation_n and_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n put_v a_o stop_n to_o all_o trade_n in_o the_o british_a and_o norwegian_a sea_n but_o as_o soon_o as_o the_o dane_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n of_o this_o island_n commerce_n be_v again_o renew_v which_o last_v till_o the_o english_a take_v their_o opportunity_n to-shew_a the_o world_n by_o reject_v the_o power_n of_o denmark_n and_o all_o manner_n of_o communication_n with_o that_o people_n how_o high_o they_o resent_v the_o tyrannical_a usurpation_n of_o foreign_a prince_n since_o the_o conquest_n england_n have_v seldom_o or_o never_o want_v a_o considerable_a fleet_n of_o norway_n merchantman_n william_n of_o malmesbury_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1142_o tell_v we_o that_o in_o his_o time_n bristol_n be_v a_o place_n much_o frequent_v by_o the_o irish_a and_o norwegian_n hackluit_fw-la give_v a_o account_n of_o certain_a treaty_n concern_v the_o northern_a trade_n between_o our_o king_n henry_n the_o three_o and_o haquin_n king_n of_o norway_n he_o that_o will_v take_v the_o pain_n to_o read_v over_o the_o agreement_n between_o henry_n iv_o king_n of_o england_n and_o the_o company_n of_o merchant_n from_o the_o hans_n town_n set_v down_o at_o large_a by_o mr._n hackluit_fw-la in_o the_o first_o volume_n of_o his_o english_a voyage_n p._n 146._o will_v find_v a_o considerable_a register_n of_o our_o merchantman_n take_v on_o the_o coast_n and_o out_o of_o the_o havens_n of_o norway_n and_o may_v thence_o be_v enable_v to_o give_v a_o tolerable_a guess_n at_o the_o number_n of_o our_o norway_n merchant_n in_o those_o day_n in_o the_o twenty-fifth_a year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o our_o present_a sovereign_a charles_n ii_o a_o act_n pass_v for_o the_o encouragement_n of_o the_o greenland_n and_o eastland_n trade_n etc._n etc._n in_o which_o it_o be_v order_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v lawful_a to_o and_o for_o every_o person_n and_o person_n native_a or_o foreigner_n from_o and_o after_o the_o first_o day_n of_o may_n 1673_o at_o all_o time_n to_o have_v free_a liberty_n to_o trade_n into_o and_o from_o sweden_n denmark_n and_o norway_n this_o and_o several_a other_o clause_n of_o the_o same_o act_n which_o take_v off_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o custom_n former_o pay_v upon_o the_o importation_n of_o any_o east-land_n commodity_n have_v encourage_v great_a number_n of_o merchant_n and_o other_o to_o traffic_v in_o these_o northern_a sea_n and_o improve_v the_o trade_n of_o greenland_n and_o norway_n far_o beyond_o the_o example_n of_o former_a age_n for_o though_o the_o advantage_n that_o can_v be_v hope_v for_o from_o these_o kind_n of_o voyage_n be_v not_o answerable_a to_o what_o may_v be_v expect_v out_o of_o the_o levant_n and_o american_n plantation_n yet_o the_o small_a danger_n and_o charge_n these_o man_n be_v expose_v to_o be_v strong_a inducement_n to_o venture_v a_o voyage_n wherein_o the_o hazard_n be_v not_o great_a nor_o any_o way_n proportionable_a to_o the_o prospect_n of_o gain_n beside_o in_o the_o act_n before_o mention_v it_o be_v provide_v that_o whatsoever_o person_n or_o person_n subject_n of_o this_o realm_n shall_v desire_v to_o be_v admit_v into_o the_o fellowship_n of_o merchant_n of_o eastland_n shall_v be_v admit_v into_o the_o say_a fellowship_n pay_v for_o his_o admission_n the_o sum_n of_o forty_o shilling_n and_o no_o more_o which_o be_v a_o sum_n exceed_o inconsiderable_a if_o compare_v with_o the_o fee_n pay_v upon_o admission_n into_o some_o other_o company_n the_o island_n of_o fero_n the_o fero_n island_n be_v only_o so_o many_o high_a and_o rocky_a mountain_n in_o the_o northern_a sea_n divide_v from_o one_o another_o by_o narrow_a frith_n and_o rapid_a current_n and_o enclose_v a_o large_a or_o lesser_a circuit_n of_o stony_a valley_n cover_v over_o with_o a_o turf_n of_o about_o two_o foot_n thick_a they_o be_v so_o call_v from_o fare_n which_o in_o the_o language_n of_o the_o native_n signify_v a_o ferry_n from_o the_o many_o ferries_n or_o cross_n of_o the_o water_n from_o one_o island_n to_o another_o they_o be_v sixteen_o in_o number_n 1._o fugloe_n or_o fowl-island_n about_o three_o english_a mile_n long_o and_o two_o broad_a 2._o swino_n in_o which_o be_v a_o pleasant_a valley_n of_o a_o mile_n in_o length_n 3._o videroe_n six_o mile_n long_o and_o three_o broad_a 4._o bordoe_v six_o mile_n in_o length_n and_o a_o mile_n broad_a famous_a for_o a_o good_a harbour_n call_v by_o the_o native_n vaag_v 5._o cunoe_n of_o the_o same_o bigness_n 6._o kalsoe_n something_o long_o and_o broad_a than_o either_o of_o the_o former_a 7._o osteroe_n twenty_o mile_n long_o and_o in_o some_o place_n two_o in_o other_o four_o mile_n broad_a 8._o stromoe_n twentyfour_o mile_n long_o and_o eight_o broad_a in_o this_o island_n stand_v thors-haven_n the_o metropolis_n and_o town_n of_o great_a traffic_n in_o all_o the_o fero_n island_n 9_o wagoe_o a_o round_a piece_n of_o ground_n of_o about_o eight_o mile_n in_o diameter_n 10._o migness_n 11._o rolter_n a_o mile_n long_o and_o half_a a_o mile_n broad_a 12._o sandoe_n eight_o mile_n long_o and_o four_o mile_n broad_a 13._o sknoe_n three_o mile_n long_o and_o one_o in_o breadth_n 14._o storetdiemen_n 15._o lille-diemen_n 16._o sideroe_n twenty_o mile_n long_o and_o eight_o broad_a the_o air_n in_o these_o island_n be_v in_o summer_n temperate_o warm_a not_o very_o hot_a at_o any_o time_n in_o the_o cold_a winter_n the_o frost_n be_v never_o so_o violent_a as_o to_o cause_v ice_n in_o any_o of_o the_o bay_n so_o that_o horse_n and_o sheep_n lie_v in_o the_o field_n the_o whole_a winter_n long_o they_o have_v never_o any_o thunder_n in_o the_o summer_n but_o frequent_o in_o the_o spring_n autumn_n and_o winter_n which_o be_v then_o general_o accompany_v with_o a_o storm_n and_o follow_v by_o shower_n of_o rain_n the_o air_n of_o itself_o be_v wholesome_a free_a from_o the_o plague_n smallpox_n or_o any_o contagious_a disease_n except_o bring_v in_o by_o foreigner_n so_o that_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v common_o long-lived_a however_o in_o some_o of_o the_o island_n the_o native_n be_v exceed_o subject_a to_o rheum_n which_o cause_n violent_a cough_n and_o headache_n both_o which_o disease_n they_o cure_v by_o drink_v sour_a whey_n as_o hot_a as_o they_o can_v endure_v it_o beside_o these_o the_o scurvy_a leprosy_n and_o a_o kind_n of_o feverish_a distemper_n call_v by_o the_o native_n landfarsoet_n be_v epidemical_a illness_n which_o reign_n in_o several_a of_o the_o isle_n but_o seldom_o or_o never_o turn_v to_o mortal_a disease_n the_o southern_a island_n produce_v great_a store_n of_o barley_n though_o hardly_o any_o other_o grain_n come_v to_o maturity_n insomuch_o that_o a_o tun_n of_o seed_n will_v ordinary_o yield_v twenty_o or_o thirty_o tun_n of_o grain_n the_o pasture_n ground_n afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o good_a and_o sweet_a grass_n these_o the_o inhabitant_n call_v fiedelands_n and_o take_v care_n common_o that_o they_o lie_v open_a to_o the_o north_n and_o north-east_n wind_n in_o some_o of_o these_o field_n they_o have_v stock_n of_o as_o large_a and_o fat_a ox_n as_o any_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n afford_v the_o island_n be_v all_o of_o they_o plentiful_o store_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o medicinal_a plant_n requisite_a for_o the_o cure_n of_o those_o distemper_n to_o which_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v most_o incline_v among_o the_o rest_n you_o may_v every_o where_o meet_v with_o great_a quantity_n of_o scurvygrass_n water-cress_n sorrel_n etc._n etc._n they_o have_v great_a store_n of_o angelica_n which_o grow_v as_o well_o on_o the_o top_n of_o high_a hill_n as_o in_o the_o open_a field_n this_o common_o make_v one_o of_o their_o most_o delicate_a dish_n at_o all_o entertainment_n beside_o the_o radix_fw-la rhodia_n call_v in_o their_o language_n hielpe-rod_n be_v not_o where_o meet_v with_o in_o so_o great_a plenty_n as_o in_o these_o island_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o run_a stream_n and_o lake_n the_o distil_a water_n of_o this_o plant_n be_v here_o make_v use_n of_o upon_o all_o occasion_n as_o rose-water_n with_o we_o in_o england_n here_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o fowl_n as_o dove_n stare_v owl_n sparrow-hawk_n crow_n and_o raven_n many_o of_o which_o be_v white_a grelling_n etc._n etc._n their_o chief_a seafowl_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o teal_n about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o crow_n with_o a_o yellow_a long_a and_o round_a bill_n a_o great_a enemy_n to_o and_o persecutor_n of_o the_o raven_n the_o eyder_n a_o sort_n of_o duck_n which_o yield_v the_o eyder-down_a be_v a_o fowl_n peculiar_a to_o these_o island_n this_o bird_n usual_o pull_v the_o down_o from_o she_o own_o breast_n to_o build_v her_o nest_n
withal_o when_o her_o young_a one_o be_v fledge_v and_o go_v the_o inhabitant_n take_v away_o the_o down_o and_o cleanse_v it_o for_o use_n if_o the_o feather_n be_v pull_v off_o by_o man_n hand_n they_o be_v good_a for_o nothing_o but_o immediate_o rot_v away_o another_o notable_a sort_n of_o bird_n they_o have_v which_o they_o call_v a_o imbrim_n with_o a_o long_a neck_n and_o beak_n the_o back_o grey_a and_o chequered_a with_o white_a spot_n with_o a_o white_a ring_n about_o the_o neck_n this_o bird_n have_v two_o hole_n under_o her_o wing_n each_o large_a enough_o to_o hold_v a_o egg_n here_o it_o be_v think_v she_o hatch_v two_o egg_n at_o once_o be_v never_o see_v with_o above_o two_o young_a one_o at_o a_o time_n nor_o know_v to_o come_v ashore_o the_o adjoin_a sea_n furnish_v the_o inhabitant_n with_o cod_n whiteing_n large_a flounder_n etc._n etc._n beside_o murt_n a_o kind_n of_o pilchard_n so_o plentiful_a in_o these_o part_n that_o the_o havens_n and_o creek_n be_v fill_v with_o they_o of_o these_o with_o the_o seal_n grind-whale_n and_o dogfish_n which_o be_v former_o catch_v in_o great_a number_n upon_o their_o coast_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o the_o fero-island_n make_v ancient_o a_o vast_a advantage_n but_o of_o late_a year_n their_o fishing-trade_n be_v strange_o decay_v these_o island_n be_v first_o inhabit_v in_o the_o reign_n of_o harold_n surname_v the_o fair-haired_a king_n of_o norway_n in_o the_o year_n 868._o for_o that_o king_n have_v take_v a_o resolution_n to_o reduce_v all_o norway_n under_o the_o subjection_n of_o one_o prince_n fall_v foul_a upon_o all_o the_o petit_fw-fr prince_n in_o that_o kingdom_n who_o subject_n be_v by_o this_o mean_n either_o undo_v by_o the_o war_n or_o dispossess_v of_o their_o inheritance_n resolve_v to_o seek_v out_o other_o habitation_n and_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o one_o grimar_n camban_n a_o pirate_n at_o last_o seat_v themselves_o in_o these_o island_n regni_fw-la norvegiae_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la descriptio_fw-la f._n lamb_n sculp_v to_o the_o worp_n will_v mark_n cottle_n esq_n registe_n r_o of_o the_o prerogative_n court_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v episcopatus_fw-la bergensis_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiorum_a et_fw-la mosis_fw-la pitt_n nova_fw-la et_fw-la accurata_fw-la tabula_fw-la episcopatwm_fw-la stavangriensis_n bergensis_fw-la et_fw-la asloiensis_fw-la vicinarumque_fw-la aliquot_fw-la territoriorum_fw-la excudebant_fw-la janssonio-waesbergii_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n their_o diet_n be_v moderate_a and_o frugal_a on_o milk_n fish_n gruel_n and_o flesh_n they_o dry_v both_o their_o fish_n and_o flesh_n in_o the_o wind_n without_o salt_n have_v windhouse_n build_v for_o this_o purpose_n after_o the_o flesh_n be_v dry_v they_o boil_v it_o in_o water_n and_o thicken_v the_o broth_n with_o barly-meal_n which_o be_v reckon_v one_o of_o their_o great_a delicacy_n the_o man_n wear_v woollen_a shirt_n flannel_n trowce_n and_o waistcoat_n with_o short_a loose_a coat_n of_o the_o same_o the_o woman_n rich_a and_o poor_a go_v all_o alike_o in_o strait_a gown_n without_o skirt_n their_o stomacher_n be_v common_o large_a and_o adorn_v with_o thin_a guilt_n jingle_v plate_n of_o tin_n their_o shoe_n which_o have_v no_o sole_n but_o be_v make_v of_o piece_n of_o leather_n draw_v together_o at_o the_o heel_n and_o toe_n and_o fasten_v with_o a_o string_n or_o ribbon_n above_o the_o ankle_n be_v of_o sheepskin_n for_o the_o woman_n and_o tan_a neats-leather_n for_o the_o man_n they_o lie_v on_o bed_n of_o hay_n overspread_v with_o piece_n of_o flannel_n the_o norwegian_a tongue_n be_v heretofore_o general_o speak_v in_o the_o fero-island_n but_o of_o late_a year_n the_o danish_a dialect_n have_v much_o prevail_v however_o in_o the_o northern_a island_n their_o language_n be_v for_o the_o great_a part_n make_v up_o of_o norwegian_a word_n and_o phrase_n though_o the_o southern_a inhabitant_n make_v use_v of_o a_o quite_o different_a dialect_n the_o whole_a dominion_n of_o these_o island_n be_v divide_v into_o the_o six_o district_n of_o norderoe_n osteroe_n stromoe_n waagoe_n sandoe_n and_o sanderoe_n to_o each_o of_o these_o district_n belong_v a_o sheriff_n who_o as_o judge_n determine_v all_o cause_n and_o controversy_n of_o less_o moment_n these_o sheriff_n gather_v the_o king_n tithe_n and_o put_v in_o execution_n all_o order_n they_o receive_v from_o the_o king_n commissary_n the_o people_n be_v govern_v by_o the_o law_n of_o norway_n have_v no_o peculiar_a law_n of_o their_o own_o they_o have_v a_o general_a session_n hold_v once_o a_o year_n in_o the_o spring_n time_n at_o thors-haven_n in_o which_o the_o king_n commissary_n or_o bailiff_n preside_v as_o judge_n be_v assist_v by_o the_o six_o sheriff_n who_o exhibit_v to_o the_o court_n all_o lawsuit_n either_o civil_a or_o criminal_a which_o come_v not_o under_o the_o cognizance_n of_o their_o petit_fw-la commission_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v thirty-six_a more_o six_z for_o each_o district_n choose_v like_o our_o juryman_n to_o assist_v the_o commissary_n in_o pronounce_v of_o sentence_n and_o a_o recorder_n appoint_v to_o register_v the_o proceed_n and_o sentence_n the_o ecclesiastical_a affair_n be_v govern_v by_o a_o synod_n of_o the_o priest_n or_o minister_n who_o meet_v and_o sit_v once_o a_o year_n out_o of_o the_o whole_a synod_n one_o be_v elect_v to_o preside_v over_o the_o rest_n with_o the_o title_n of_o provost_n these_o people_n be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o the_o reign_n of_o olaus_n trygeson_n king_n of_o denmark_n in_o the_o year_n 1000_o by_o sigismond_n bresteson_n a_o ferroyer_n bear_v and_o send_v into_o his_o own_o country_n by_o the_o say_a king_n for_o this_o purpose_n after_o the_o augsburg_n confession_n be_v embrace_v in_o denmark_n and_o norway_n it_o soon_o reach_v these_o island_n there_o be_v at_o this_o day_n thirty-nine_a parish_n in_o all_o the_o island_n which_o be_v supply_v by_o so_o many_o pastor_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n beside_o sunday_n holiday_n and_o the_o usual_a day_n of_o prayer_n as_o in_o other_o place_n these_o man_n observe_v yearly_a six_o peculiar_a day_n of_o prayer_n viz._n three_o in_o ascention-week_n and_o three_o in_o michaelmas-week_n they_o have_v but_o one_o public_a school_n among_o they_o which_o be_v endow_v by_o king_n christian_n iu._n and_o nicolas_n trolle_v former_o governor_n of_o roschild_n and_o vice-admiral_n of_o denmark_n this_o furnish_v the_o university_n of_o copenhagen_n oft_o time_n with_o as_o able_a scholar_n as_o any_o other_o school_n in_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n dominion_n the_o chief_a commodity_n of_o these_o island_n be_v skin_n feather_n tallow_n train-oyl_n and_o stocking_n upon_o all_o which_o there_o be_v a_o particular_a price_n set_v stocking_n be_v the_o chief_a staple_n commodity_n they_o have_v in_o make_v of_o which_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n rich_a and_o poor_a priest_n and_o plowman_n be_v force_v to_o employ_v themselves_o to_o help_v out_o the_o small_a income_n of_o their_o mean_a possession_n and_o inconsiderable_a stipend_n of_o the_o isle_n of_o schetland_n schetland_n or_o hetland_n as_o arngrim_n ionas_n will_v have_v the_o word_n write_v be_v a_o island_n lie_v between_o the_o fero-island_n and_o the_o promontory_n of_o schagen_n in_o jutland_n it_o have_v be_v long_o a_o dispute_n among_o the_o best_a geographer_n whether_o this_o be_v not_o the_o ancient_a thule_n gasper_n peucer_n tell_v we_o and_o our_o learned_a cambden_n encourage_v we_o to_o believe_v he_o that_o this_o island_n be_v call_v by_o the_o northern_a mariner_n to_o this_o day_n thilensell_n pomponius_n mela_n say_v of_o thule_n that_o it_o be_v belgarum_n which_o mr._n cambden_n read_v bergarum_fw-la understanding_n thereby_o the_o city_n and_o territory_n of_o berghen_n littori_fw-la opposita_fw-la which_o account_n agree_v well_o with_o the_o situation_n of_o this_o island_n beside_o say_v mr._n cambden_n schetland_n be_v about_o two_o day_n sail_v from_o cathness_n in_o scotland_n which_o be_v the_o exact_a distance_n between_o thule_n and_o the_o caledonian_n promontory_n in_o solinus_n be_v relation_n again_o schetland_n lie_v in_o 63_o degree_n of_o northern_a latitude_n as_o well_o as_o ptolomy_n thule_n whether_o our_o learned_a antiquary_n read_v solinus_n aright_o or_o no_o i_o shall_v not_o venture_v to_o question_v though_o i_o know_v there_o be_v some_o that_o read_v the_o place_n quote_v thus_o a_o caledoniae_n promontorio_fw-la thulen_n petentes_fw-la bidui_fw-la navigatione_n excipiunt_fw-la haebudae_fw-la insulae_fw-la and_o not_o as_o the_o vulgar_a copy_n have_v it_o a_o caledoniae_n promontorio_fw-la thulen_n petentibus_fw-la bidui_fw-la navigatio_fw-la est_fw-la and_o the_o rather_o because_o it_o follow_v ab_fw-la orcadibus_fw-la thulen_n usque_fw-la quinque_fw-la dierum_fw-la ac_fw-la noctium_fw-la navigatio_fw-la est_fw-la however_o i_o be_o afraid_a the_o latitude_n of_o schetland_n will_v not_o be_v find_v to_o exceed_v sixty_o degree_n and_o a_o few_o odd_a
convenience_n of_o money_n be_v invent_v money_n money_n the_o most_o natural_a method_n of_o buy_v and_o sell_v be_v by_o exchange_n of_o one_o commodity_n for_o another_o this_o in_o the_o nonage_n of_o traffic_n be_v the_o only_a expedient_a make_v use_n of_o in_o all_o nation_n of_o the_o world_n but_o continue_v i_o think_v long_o in_o iseland_n then_o in_o any_o of_o the_o know_v western_a country_n one_o great_a reason_n of_o a_o late_a than_o ordinary_a use_n of_o money_n among_o the_o iselander_n be_v the_o want_n of_o metal_n in_o their_o country_n some_o silver_n they_o have_v bring_v in_o from_o foreign_a country_n which_o if_o they_o chance_v to_o make_v use_n of_o in_o commerce_n they_o weigh_v it_o in_o a_o balance_n but_o never_o coin_v or_o stamp_v any_o of_o it_o of_o late_o danish_a money_n have_v be_v bring_v into_o this_o isle_n though_o in_o very_o small_a quantity_n the_o chief_a comodity_n of_o the_o country_n commodity_n commodity_n be_v brimstone_n dry_a fish_n and_o whale-bone_n of_o this_o last_o they_o have_v so_o great_a plenty_n that_o according_a to_o blefkenius_n relation_n some_o of_o they_o make_v house_n of_o it_o and_o the_o only_a great_a bridge_n in_o the_o isle_n be_v make_v of_o the_o same_o matter_n it_o seem_v former_o great_a quantity_n of_o beef_n mutton_n butter_n etc._n etc._n be_v export_v hence_o into_o other_o country_n for_o arngrim_n ionas_n conclude_v his_o satirical_a answer_n to_o blefkenius_n abusive_a description_n of_o iseland_n with_o these_o word_n hoccine_fw-la impune_fw-la fierisinitis_fw-la o_o senatus_n populusque_fw-la hamburgensis_n hanccine_fw-la statuistis_fw-la gratiam_fw-la deberi_fw-la islandiae_fw-la quae_fw-la etc._n etc._n i._n e._n can_v the_o burgomaster_n and_o raedtsherrn_n of_o hamburg_n wink_v at_o such_o fault_n as_o these_o be_v these_o the_o thanks_o you_o give_v our_o isle_n for_o feed_v your_o city_n these_o many_o year_n with_o beef_n mutton_n butter_n and_o fish_n england_n holland_n denmark_n bremen_n and_o lubec_n have_v all_o taste_v the_o sweet_n of_o our_o land_n but_o never_o any_o return_v their_o thanks_o in_o such_o a_o scurrilous_a pasquil_n as_o your_o libeler_n etc._n etc._n wormius_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o old_a danish_a tongue_n lang_n lang_n use_v in_o ancient_a inscription_n and_o other_o monument_n of_o runic_a learning_n have_v be_v no_o where_o so_o clean_a and_o pure_a keep_v to_o this_o day_n as_o in_o iseland_n and_o the_o reason_n he_o assign_v be_v 1._o the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o isle_n have_v not_o maintain_v so_o great_a commerce_n with_o other_o nation_n as_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o northern_a people_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o have_v exceed_o avoid_v the_o introduce_v of_o strange_a and_o uncouth_a word_n into_o their_o language_n 2._o the_o iselander_n from_o the_o first_o people_n of_o their_o isle_n have_v be_v wonderful_o accurate_a and_o curious_a in_o commit_v all_o transaction_n of_o moment_n to_o writing_n and_o thereby_o transmit_v at_o once_o the_o glory_n of_o their_o action_n and_o purity_n of_o their_o tongue_n to_o posterity_n saxon_a grammaticus_n confess_v he_o owe_v a_o great_a part_n of_o his_o danish_a history_n to_o the_o writing_n of_o the_o iselander_n who_o he_o commend_v above_o all_o other_o northern_a nation_n for_o their_o curiosity_n in_o register_n the_o famous_a deed_n of_o their_o ancestor_n no_o question_n saxo_n meet_v with_o many_o rarity_n in_o that_o language_n which_o have_v since_o perish_v stephanius_n reckon_v up_o above_o twenty_o several_a tract_n that_o he_o himself_o have_v see_v most_o of_o which_o i_o suppose_v be_v to_o be_v meet_v with_o in_o the_o public_a or_o private_a library_n of_o denmark_n and_o some_o may_v ever_o long_o be_v publish_v by_o the_o learned_a resenius_n wormius_n collect_v his_o runic_a dictionary_n as_o well_o out_o of_o the_o knitling-saga_a and_o other_o iselandic_n manuscript_n as_o the_o old_a runic_a inscription_n of_o his_o own_o country_n in_o the_o year_n 1651._o runolph_n ionas_n a_o iselander_n publish_v a_o grammar_n teach_v the_o rudiment_n and_o syntax_n of_o this_o tongue_n and_o there_o be_v now_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o our_o learned_a dr._n martial_n rector_n of_o lincoln_n college_n in_o oxford_n a_o manuscript_n copy_n of_o a_o iselandic_n dictionary_n never_o yet_o print_v the_o edda_n islandorum_n publish_v first_o by_o magnus_n olai_n edda_n edda_n and_o afterward_o by_o j._n peter_n resenius_n be_v a_o piece_n of_o the_o great_a note_n of_o any_o old_a iselandic_n monument_n extant_a it_o contain_v a_o collection_n of_o mythological_a story_n about_o their_o ancient_a heathenish_a god_n out_o of_o which_o fable_v the_o old_a iselandian_a rythmer_n borrow_v the_o subject_n of_o their_o ballad_n it_o have_v always_o annex_v to_o it_o as_o a_o inseparable_a companion_n the_o skalda_n or_o iselandic_n prosodia_fw-la which_o teach_v the_o art_n of_o their_o ancient_a poetry_n and_o give_v rule_n for_o the_o composure_n of_o their_o several_a kind_n of_o verse_n out_o of_o these_o two_o saxon_a grammaticus_n take_v all_o those_o monstrous_a story_n of_o the_o first_o founder_n of_o the_o danish_a kingdom_n which_o have_v so_o far_o scandalize_v some_o reader_n as_o to_o make_v they_o upon_o the_o sole_a account_n of_o these_o romance_n reject_v his_o whole_a history_n as_o fabulous_a and_o incredible_a from_o several_a passage_n in_o saxo_n work_n it_o be_v evident_a that_o this_o historian_n have_v read_v a_o much_o perfect_a copy_n of_o the_o edda_n then_o the_o publisher_n of_o the_o print_a edition_n have_v follow_v and_o there_o be_v at_o this_o day_n in_o the_o rich_a library_n of_o the_o learned_a and_o pious_a prince_n rodulph_n augustus_n duke_n of_o brunswick_n and_o lunenburg_n at_o wulfenbuttel_n a_o more_o perfect_a manuscript_n copy_n then_o either_o magnus_n or_o resenius_n ever_o see_v ancient_o iseland_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o province_n government_n government_n name_v from_o the_o four_o quarter_n of_o the_o world_n east_n west_n north_n and_o south_n iseland_n each_o of_o these_o contain_v three_o lesser_a district_n except_v north_n iseland_n be_v large_a than_o any_o of_o the_o other_o three_o be_v subdivide_v into_o four_o of_o these_o district_n every_o district_n have_v in_o it_o three_o public_a court_n of_o judicature_n and_o ten_o or_o more_o hreppar_n or_o constable-ward_n the_o government_n of_o the_o isle_n be_v aristocratical_a till_o the_o year_n 1261_o when_o it_o be_v subdue_v and_o make_v tributary_n to_o the_o king_n of_o norway_n afterward_o when_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n be_v link_v together_o by_o queen_n margaret_n iseland_n be_v also_o annex_v to_o the_o danish_a crown_n since_o that_o time_n it_o have_v be_v govern_v by_o a_o viceroy_n who_o when_o he_o be_v in_o the_o isle_n for_o he_o be_v not_o oblige_v to_o be_v always_o resident_a keep_v his_o court_n at_o the_o castle_n of_o besestat_fw-la near_o the_o western_a shore_n his_o office_n be_v to_o collect_v tax_n for_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n as_o butter_n sheep_n wool_n etc._n etc._n for_o the_o provision_n of_o the_o navy_n royal._n what_o kind_n of_o god_n the_o idolatrous_a iselander_n worship_v before_o they_o be_v convert_v to_o christianity_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d will_v appear_v from_o a_o survey_n of_o the_o edda_n which_o as_o we_o have_v say_v be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o register_n of_o those_o mock-deity_n the_o chief_a god_n mention_v in_o this_o and_o other_o ancient_a northern_a monument_n be_v 1._o thor_n who_o the_o edda_n make_v the_o son_n of_o woden_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o asia_n with_o his_o father_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n be_v sometime_o call_v asathor_n or_o thor_n the_o asian_a arngrim_n ionas_n make_v this_o god_n answerable_a to_o jupiter_n among_o the_o roman_n and_o in_o a_o old_a anglo-saxonic_a homily_n in_o the_o public_a library_n at_o cambridge_n which_o treat_v of_o the_o god_n of_o the_o gentile_n we_o meet_v with_o these_o word_n se_fw-la jovis_fw-la be_v arðh_o orðh_o oft_o ealraðhaera_n goda_n ðh_o e_fw-it ðh_o a_o haeþenan_n haefdon_v on_o heora_fw-mi geddylde_n &_o he_o hat_n ðor_n betƿux_fw-fr summum_fw-la ðh_n eodum_fw-la þon_a ðh_n a_o ðeniscan_n leoda_fw-it lufiaþ_n sƿiðh_o oft_o i.e._n this_o jove_n be_v the_o most_o honourable_a of_o all_o the_o god_n mention_v in_o their_o verse_n some_o nation_n call_v he_o thor_n who_o the_o dane_n reverence_n above_o all_o other_o hence_o the_o day_n which_o the_o latin_n call_v die_v jovis_n be_v in_o iseland_n name_v thorsdagh_n and_o in_o england_n thursday_n the_o german_n call_v it_o donnersdag_n dies_fw-la tonantis_fw-la i.e._n the_o thunderer_n day_n which_o signify_v the_o same_o thing_n 2._o woden_n or_o oden_n the_o captain_n of_o the_o asian_o that_o first_o people_v these_o northern_a country_n he_o be_v sometime_o call_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o the_o asian_a so_o in_o the_o ancient_a form_n of_o
have_v from_o the_o lutheran_n the_o authority_n of_o calvin_n prevail_v so_o exceed_o as_o to_o be_v entertain_v in_o france_n scotland_n the_o netherlands_o a_o great_a part_n of_o poland_n and_o many_o province_n of_o germany_n whereas_o lutheranism_n never_o reach_v much_o further_a than_o it_o be_v at_o first_o spread_v by_o luther_n himself_o the_o kingdom_n of_o denmark_n and_o sweden_n embrace_v luther_n doctrine_n very_o early_o and_o the_o generality_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o both_o those_o nation_n profess_v it_o to_o this_o day_n but_o in_o the_o dominion_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o brandenburg_n luther_n credit_n decay_v daily_o and_o be_v thrust_v out_o by_o calvinism_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n be_v a_o calvinist_n and_o encourage_v man_n of_o his_o own_o persuasion_n in_o the_o university_n of_o francfurt_n upon_o the_o oder_fw-ge konigsberg_n and_o rostoc_n this_o make_v the_o scholar_n of_o leipsic_n who_o be_v strict_a lutheran_n dread_a his_o come_n into_o their_o neighbourhood_n when_o he_o come_v to_o take_v possession_n of_o holy_a which_o fall_v into_o his_o hand_n upon_o the_o death_n of_o the_o present_a administrator_n augustus_n duke_n of_o saxony_n for_o the_o lutheran_n hate_v a_o calvinist_n as_o much_o as_o a_o turk_n insomuch_o that_o in_o the_o great_a church_n at_o leipsic_n they_o have_v the_o picture_n of_o the_o devil_n ignatius_n loyola_n and_o john_n calvin_n hang_v in_o one_o frame_n with_o this_o subscription_n the_o three_o great_a enemy_n of_o christ_n and_o the_o christian_a religion_n at_o wittenberg_n the_o only_a support_n which_o luther_n doctrine_n have_v leave_v be_v abraham_n calovius_n a_o old_a gentleman_n that_o have_v take_v great_a pain_n to_o run_v down_o all_o opposer_n of_o his_o opinion_n but_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o university_n begin_v to_o close_v with_o calixtus_n junior_n one_o of_o the_o present_a professor_n in_o the_o university_n of_o helmstadt_n and_o his_o follower_n who_o be_v stout_a pleader_n for_o comprehension_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n archdukedom_n of_o bavaria_n and_o lorain_n the_o territory_n of_o the_o three_o spiritual_a elector_n and_o other_o bishopric_n which_o still_o remain_v in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o clergy_n the_o popish_a religion_n be_v still_o profess_v a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n that_o the_o vast_a tract_n of_o land_n which_o to_o the_o ancient_n be_v know_v by_o the_o general_a name_n of_o germany_n be_v subject_a to_o several_a prince_n and_o never_o acknowledge_v the_o supremacy_n of_o any_o one_o governor_n except_o perhaps_o in_o the_o time_n of_o war_n in_o which_o all_o the_o particular_a province_n be_v mutual_o concern_v to_o unite_v and_o defend_v themselves_o from_o the_o assault_n of_o some_o potent_a foreign_a enemy_n before_o the_o come_n of_o charles_n the_o great_a to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n seem_v plain_a from_o the_o whole_a history_n of_o that_o nation_n from_o this_o great_a prince_n we_o must_v therefore_o begin_v to_o reckon_v the_o german_a emperor_n a._n d._n 800._o charles_n son_n of_o pepin_n king_n of_o france_n be_v anoint_v and_o crown_v emperor_n by_o pope_n leo_n the_o three_o upon_o christmass-day_n he_o have_v before_o this_o rescue_v italy_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o germany_n from_o the_o tyranny_n of_o the_o lombard_n and_o annex_v the_o whole_a dominion_n of_o their_o king_n desiderius_n who_o he_o take_v prisoner_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o frank_n in_o the_o year_n 772_o he_o begin_v to_o make_v war_n upon_o the_o saxon_n at_o that_o time_n the_o most_o potent_a people_n in_o germany_n in_o hope_n to_o reduce_v they_o which_o he_o at_o last_o effect_v to_o christianity_n wherever_o he_o conquer_v he_o establish_v the_o christian_a religion_n and_o erect_v school_n for_o the_o education_n of_o young_a child_n in_o the_o same_o doctrine_n he_o be_v a_o great_a benefactor_n to_o the_o university_n at_o paris_n where_o he_o will_v himself_o frequent_v disputation_n and_o reward_v the_o industry_n of_o those_o he_o find_v to_o be_v deserve_v man_n beside_o he_o be_v the_o founder_n of_o a_o incredible_a number_n of_o great_a school_n and_o petit_fw-fr university_n in_o germany_n insomuch_o that_o we_o shall_v scarce_o in_o the_o follow_a description_n mention_v a_o town_n of_o considerable_a note_n in_o the_o empire_n which_o have_v not_o receive_v some_o signal_n kindness_n from_o he_o i_o know_v not_o whether_o it_o be_v his_o act_n of_o piety_n or_o prowess_n get_v he_o the_o title_n of_o great_a but_o doubtless_o both_o deserve_v it_o after_o he_o have_v be_v emperor_n fourteen_o year_n he_o die_v at_o seventy-two_a year_n of_o age_n in_o the_o year_n 814_o and_o be_v bury_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n where_o he_o have_v build_v a_o church_n and_o design_v also_o to_o have_v establish_v the_o chief_a residence_n of_o the_o german_a emperor_n all_o his_o epitaph_n be_v magni_fw-la caroli_n regis_fw-la christianissimi_fw-la romanorum_fw-la imperatoris_fw-la corpus_fw-la hoc_fw-la sepulchro_fw-la conditum_fw-la iaceo_fw-la he_o bequeath_v his_o empire_n to_o his_o son_n ludowic_n than_o king_n of_o aquitain_n 814._o ludowic_n or_o lewis_n for_o his_o piety_n and_o zeal_n in_o promote_a the_o christian_a religion_n surname_v the_o godly_a succeed_v his_o father_n he_o be_v crown_v emperor_n by_o pope_n stephen_n iv_o at_o rheims_n in_o france_n soon_o after_o his_o entrance_n upon_o the_o empire_n he_o procure_v a_o translation_n of_o the_o bible_n into_o the_o saxon_a tongue_n copy_n of_o which_o he_o cause_v to_o be_v distribute_v among_o the_o commonalty_n the_o great_a exploit_n of_o war_n which_o he_o be_v report_v to_o have_v do_v be_v the_o expulsion_n of_o the_o saracen_n out_o of_o italy_n beside_o this_o he_o take_v his_o nephew_n bernhard_n king_n of_o lombardy_n who_o have_v endeavour_v to_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o italy_n prisoner_n and_o put_v out_o the_o eye_n of_o he_o and_o his_o follower_n condemn_v they_o all_o to_o a_o monastery_n by_o his_o first_o wife_n irmengarde_n he_o have_v three_o son_n lotharius_n ludowic_n and_o pippin_n who_o overpower_v with_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o bad_a companion_n rebel_v against_o their_o father_n who_o they_o take_v prisoner_n and_o shut_v up_o in_o a_o monastery_n some_o say_v his_o son_n ludowic_n release_v he_o willing_o but_o the_o most_o general_o receive_v story_n be_v that_o most_o of_o his_o subject_n rise_v up_o in_o arm_n resolve_v to_o rescue_v their_o emperor_n which_o ludowic_n see_v he_o submit_v himself_o to_o his_o father_n and_o beg_v pardon_v after_o he_o be_v set_v at_o liberty_n he_o march_v with_o his_o own_o and_o his_o son_n ludowic_n force_n against_o lotharius_n who_o have_v raise_v the_o strong_a rebellion_n but_o die_v on_o the_o way_n at_o mentz_n in_o the_o twentyseventh_a year_n of_o his_o reign_n and_o sixty-fourth_a of_o his_o age._n 840._o lotharius_n the_o emperor_n ludowic_n elder_a son_n succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o whole_a empire_n have_v throw_v out_o his_o two_o brethren_n who_o be_v leave_v partner_n with_o he_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o annex_v austrasia_n which_o be_v from_o he_o call_v by_o the_o high_a dutch_a loth-reich_a by_o the_o french_a lot-regne_a now_o lorreign_a i._n e._n lotharius_n kingdom_n to_o the_o german_a empire_n after_o he_o have_v rule_v fifteen_o year_n he_o retire_v into_o a_o monastery_n at_o treves_n where_o he_o live_v some_o time_n after_o in_o his_o day_n pope_n joan_n under_o the_o covert_a name_n of_o john_n viii_o as_o the_o historian_n of_o that_o time_n general_o relate_v be_v head_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n 855._o ludowic_n ii_o ah_o prince_n of_o wonderful_a piety_n and_o learning_n succeed_v in_o the_o empire_n upon_o his_o father_n resignation_n he_o conquer_v the_o sclavonian_n and_o convert_v they_o to_o christianity_n defend_v italy_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o saracen_n and_o make_v provision_n in_o most_o part_n of_o his_o empire_n for_o poor_a widow_n and_o orphan_n he_o have_v a_o great_a quarrel_n with_o the_o court_n of_o rome_n for_o elect_v a_o pope_n without_o acquaint_v he_o but_o the_o popish_a writer_n tell_v the_o story_n otherwise_o and_o say_v that_o when_o the_o emperor_n hear_v how_o that_o court_n have_v elect_v pope_n adrian_n ii_o into_o the_o room_n of_o nicolas_n i._o without_o stay_v for_o his_o voice_n he_o commend_v they_o high_o for_o so_o do_v nay_o they_o make_v he_o give_v this_o reason_n for_o his_o approbation_n of_o their_o proceed_n qui_fw-la enim_fw-la fieri_fw-la posset_n ut_fw-la peregrinus_fw-la &_o hospes_fw-la dignoscere_fw-la posset_n in_fw-la aliena_fw-la republica_fw-la quis_fw-la potissimum_fw-la caeteris_fw-la praeferendus_fw-la sit_fw-la i._o e._n how_o be_v it_o possible_a that_o a_o stranger_n shall_v be_v so_o well_o skilled_a in_o a_o foreign_a commonwealth_n as_o to_o be_v able_a to_o pitch_v upon_o a_o man_n fit_a
otto_n be_v desert_v on_o all_o hand_n and_o afterward_o die_v miserable_o at_o brunswic_n in_o the_o year_n 1218._o 1212._o frideric_n ii_o king_n of_o sicily_n be_v by_o these_o mean_v advance_v to_o the_o empire_n prove_v a_o wise_a valiant_a and_o learned_a prince_n in_o every_o respect_n like_o his_o grandfather_n frideric_n barbarossa_n beforementioned_a he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v understand_v perfect_o the_o german_n greek_a italian_a and_o turkish_a tongue_n and_o to_o have_v be_v admirable_o apprehensive_a at_o learn_v all_o manner_n of_o art_n and_o science_n he_o be_v five_o several_a time_n excommunicate_v by_o three_o pope_n but_o can_v never_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v pope_n gregory_n ix_o be_v depose_v by_o he_o and_o have_v doubtless_o lose_v his_o head_n if_o he_o have_v come_v into_o his_o hand_n alive_a his_o continual_a quarrel_n with_o the_o pope_n give_v the_o first_o occasion_n of_o heat_n and_o animosity_n which_o afterward_o burst_v out_o into_o a_o terrible_a combustion_n and_o flame_n betwixt_o the_o guelph_n and_o gibelline_n whereof_o the_o former_a adhere_v to_o the_o pope_n interest_n and_o the_o late_a to_o the_o emperor_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v thirty-eight_a year_n he_o die_v some_o say_v be_v poison_v in_o italy_n after_o his_o death_n follow_v a_o interregnum_fw-la of_o twentythree_a year_n continuance_n during_o which_o time_n the_o empire_n be_v govern_v indeed_o by_o none_o but_o claim_v by_o these_o seven_o follow_a prince_n 1._o henry_n landtgrave_n of_o hassia_n and_o thuringen_n who_o be_v slay_v at_o the_o siege_n of_o vlm_n 2._o conrade_n iu._n frideric_n the_o second_v son_n who_o be_v elect_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1254_o after_o he_o have_v pretend_v to_o be_v emperor_n for_o three_o year_n and_o five_o month_n be_v poison_v by_o his_o physician_n 4._o manfred_n 5._o william_n earl_n of_o holland_n who_o be_v first_o pronounce_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n by_o the_o pope_n in_o opposition_n to_o frideric_n ii_o he_o be_v slay_v treacherous_o by_o the_o frisian_n 6._o alphonsus_n king_n of_o castille_n the_o author_n of_o the_o famous_a astronomical_a table_n that_o still_o bear_v his_o name_n 7._o richard_z earl_n of_o cornwall_n brother_n to_o our_o king_n henry_n iii_o he_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v buy_v the_o voice_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o colen_n and_o the_o elector_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n who_o proclaim_v he_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o year_n 1254._o but_o the_o same_o man_n that_o set_v he_o up_o depose_v he_o afterward_o and_o he_o be_v force_v within_o six_o year_n to_o return_v to_o england_n where_o he_o end_v his_o day_n 1273._o rodolph_n earl_n of_o habsburg_n after_o a_o long_a and_o grievous_a interregnum_fw-la be_v by_o a_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o elector_n choose_v at_o francfurt_n his_o election_n be_v confirm_v by_o the_o pope_n but_o he_o refuse_v to_o fetch_v his_o crown_n from_o rome_n allege_v for_o a_o excuse_n that_o of_o horace_n quia_fw-la i_o vestigia_fw-la terrent_fw-la omnia_fw-la te_fw-la adversum_fw-la spectantia_fw-la nulla_fw-la retrorsum_fw-la whereupon_o he_o be_v crown_v at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chapelle_n and_o immediate_o after_o his_o coronation_n put_v out_o several_a edict_n for_o the_o suppress_n of_o robbery_n oppression_n and_o tumult_n which_o the_o late_a licentious_a anarchy_n have_v produce_v these_o statute_n and_o proclamation_n he_o back_v with_o force_n of_o arm_n till_o he_o have_v at_o last_o reduce_v the_o empire_n to_o its_o former_a peace_n and_o tranquillity_n and_o it_o be_v no_o easy_a matter_n to_o effect_v this_o since_o in_o the_o single_a province_n of_o thuringen_n he_o meet_v with_o no_o few_o than_o sixty_o strong_a castle_n which_o the_o robber_n have_v make_v almost_o impregnable_a he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o raise_v the_o austrian_a family_n create_v his_o son_n albert_n who_o be_v afterward_o emperor_n archduke_n of_o austria_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1271_o and_o be_v bury_v at_o spire_n in_o the_o seventy-third_a year_n of_o his_o age_n 1292._o adolph_n earl_n of_o nassaw_n be_v by_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n declare_v emperor_n contrary_a to_o the_o expectation_n of_o most_o of_o the_o german_a prince_n who_o think_v he_o a_o prince_n no_o way_n qualify_v for_o so_o high_a a_o advancement_n he_o serve_v in_o person_n and_o take_v pay_v in_o the_o army_n of_o our_o king_n edward_n i._n who_o be_v at_o that_o time_n engage_v in_o a_o war_n with_o france_n this_o be_v so_o high_o disgu_v by_o the_o elector_n of_o mentz_n his_o late_a promoter_n who_o think_v it_o a_o action_n high_o infamous_a in_o a_o emperor_n to_o make_v himself_o mercenary_a that_o he_o prevail_v with_o the_o other_o elector_n to_o depose_v he_o and_o elect_v in_o his_o stead_n albert_n archduke_n of_o austria_n adolph_n though_o not_o able_a to_o manage_v the_o empire_n be_v unwilling_a to_o part_v with_o the_o power_n he_o have_v once_o get_v into_o his_o hand_n and_o therefore_o assist_v by_o otto_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n rudolph_n count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o several_a of_o the_o imperial_a city_n he_o be_v resolve_v to_o oppose_v albert_n and_o his_o party_n to_o the_o uttermost_a but_o all_o the_o force_n which_o he_o or_o his_o friend_n can_v raise_v be_v not_o sufficient_a to_o secure_v he_o so_o that_o upon_o the_o first_o engagement_n which_o happen_v near_o worm_n his_o whole_a army_n be_v rout_v and_o he_o himself_o slay_v by_o duke_n albert_n own_o hand_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v six_o year_n and_o six_o month_n the_o german_a historian_n observe_v that_o all_o the_o officer_n who_o command_v albert_n army_n against_o the_o emperor_n adolph_n come_v to_o untimely_a end_n 1298._o albert_n have_v thus_o slay_v adolph_n be_v crown_v emperor_n at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappelle_n and_o receive_v his_o crown_n though_o he_o once_o refuse_v to_o do_v it_o at_o the_o hand_n of_o pope_n boniface_n viii_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o quick_a part_n and_o solid_a judgement_n a_o munificent_a rewarder_n of_o man_n of_o great_a desert_n and_o as_o severe_a a_o punisher_n of_o delinquent_n but_o withal_o one_o that_o too_o greedy_o gape_v after_o the_o territory_n and_o dominion_n of_o neighbour_n prince_n he_o make_v his_o son_n rudolph_n king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o endeavour_v though_o in_o vain_a to_o bring_v the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n under_o his_o own_o subjection_n at_o last_o when_o he_o have_v reign_v ten_o year_n he_o be_v treacherous_o slay_v by_o his_o nephew_n and_o three_o ruffian_n more_o of_o his_o party_n who_o for_o this_o murder_n be_v afterward_o imprison_v and_o execute_v 1308._o henry_n earl_n of_o luxemburg_n for_o his_o great_a wisdom_n and_o valour_n be_v elect_v into_o the_o room_n of_o albert._n he_o rule_v the_o empire_n four_o year_n and_o nine_o month_n and_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n of_o such_o a_o even_a temper_n that_o no_o excess_n either_o of_o prosperity_n or_o adversity_n can_v move_v he_o and_o so_o devout_a in_o the_o exercise_n of_o religious_a duty_n that_o he_o will_v spend_v whole_a night_n in_o prayer_n before_o a_o crucifix_n and_o constant_o every_o day_n receive_v the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o lord_n supper_n this_o last_o piece_n of_o devotion_n cost_v he_o his_o life_n for_o he_o be_v poison_v by_o a_o franciscan_a minorite_n with_o a_o consecrate_a wafer_n the_o emperor_n be_v immediate_o sensible_a of_o the_o friar_n villainy_n and_o therefore_o advise_v he_o to_o withdraw_v speedy_o lest_o he_o shall_v be_v apprehend_v but_o the_o priest_n neglect_v his_o counsel_n be_v seize_v on_o first_o flay_v alive_a and_o afterward_o put_v to_o death_n after_o the_o murder_n of_o this_o emperor_n ensue_v a_o great_a famine_n in_o most_o part_n of_o germany_n which_o be_v so_o terrible_a in_o bohemia_n and_o poland_n that_o in_o some_o family_n parent_n and_o child_n feed_v upon_o one_o another_o nay_o in_o many_o province_n the_o malefactor_n that_o be_v in_o the_o day_n time_n execute_v for_o murder_n and_o robbery_n be_v in_o the_o night_n steal_v from_o the_o gallow_n or_o gibbet_n and_o carry_v by_o the_o half-starved_a boar_n to_o their_o cottage_n and_o there_o eat_v up_o those_o that_o escape_v the_o gallow_n abroad_o and_o the_o jaw_n of_o hungry_a friend_n at_o home_n have_v much_o ado_n to_o secure_v themselves_o from_o the_o ravenous_a wolf_n which_o can_v hardly_o be_v keep_v off_o with_o the_o best_a weapon_n the_o inhabitant_n be_v able_a to_o provide_v the_o german_a chronologer_n have_v make_v use_n of_o the_o word_n cucullum_fw-la to_o bring_v to_o their_o remembrance_n the_o remarkable_a year_n when_o this_o famine_n first_o begin_v for_o it_o last_v three_o year_n in_o all_o whence_o the_o verse_n ut_fw-la lateat_fw-la nullum_fw-la tempus_fw-la famis_fw-la ecce_fw-la
eat_v too_o much_o of_o a_o melon_n though_o he_o be_v never_o tax_v for_o be_v guilty_a of_o any_o manner_n of_o intemperance_n in_o meat_n or_o drink_n but_o always_o esteem_v a_o severe_a punisher_n of_o drunkenness_n and_o gluttony_n 1493._o maximilian_n succeed_v his_o father_n frideric_n have_v be_v before_o his_o father_n death_n crown_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n in_o the_o year_n 1486._o from_o his_o birth_n till_o he_o be_v almost_o nine_o year_n old_a he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v utter_o speechless_a but_o afterward_o he_o gain_v the_o use_n of_o his_o tongue_n and_o prove_v one_o of_o the_o most_o eloquent_a and_o learned_a emperor_n that_o germany_n ever_o breed_v he_o marry_v mary_n the_o only_a daughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o charles_n duke_n of_o burgundy_n upon_o which_o marriage_n all_o the_o dukedom_n marquisat_n earldom_n and_o other_o dominion_n of_o which_o the_o say_a charles_n have_v be_v lord_n be_v for_o ever_o annex_v to_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n the_o war_n he_o be_v engage_v in_o against_o his_o neighbour_n on_o all_o hand_n especial_o the_o venetian_n be_v almost_o innumerable_a though_o for_o the_o most_o part_n he_o be_v force_v to_o take_v up_o arm_n in_o his_o own_o defence_n it_o be_v report_v of_o he_o that_o he_o will_v never_o pass_v by_o a_o gallow_n or_o gibbet_n without_o a_o reverend_a salute_n in_o these_o word_n salve_fw-la sancta_fw-la justitia_fw-la for_o five_o year_n before_o his_o death_n which_o happen_v in_o the_o twenty-fifth_a year_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v his_o coffin_n always_o by_o he_o and_o carry_v after_o he_o in_o every_o expedition_n he_o undertake_v which_o give_v some_o of_o his_o retinue_n occasion_n to_o conjecture_v that_o he_o have_v some_o great_a treasure_n in_o it_o and_o that_o the_o pretence_n of_o its_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n of_o mortality_n be_v only_o a_o false_a veil_n to_o blind_v the_o vulgar_a 1519._o charles_n v._o son_n to_o philip_n king_n of_o spain_n be_v elect_v emperor_n and_o crown_v with_o the_o great_a pomp_n imaginable_a at_o aix_n la_fw-fr chappel_n a_o puissant_a and_o brave_a prince_n who_o well_o deserve_v the_o surname_n of_o great_a confer_v on_o he_o by_o pope_n paul_n iii_o the_o whole_a history_n of_o his_o life_n seem_v to_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o catalogue_n of_o his_o conquest_n the_o writer_n of_o those_o time_n mention_v forty_o great_a victory_n obtain_v by_o he_o and_o seventy_o battle_n from_o which_o he_o come_v off_o the_o field_n a_o conqueror_n the_o pope_n of_o rome_n and_o the_o french_a king_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n his_o prisoner_n he_o quash_v the_o league_n make_v by_o the_o protestant_n at_o schmalcade_n and_o take_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o landtgrave_n of_o hassia_n prisoner_n he_o force_v the_o great_a turk_n to_o relinquish_v vienna_n and_o afterward_o win_v the_o kingdom_n of_o tunis_n at_o last_o have_v reign_v thirty-eight_a year_n load_v with_o victory_n and_o honour_n he_o resign_v the_o empire_n and_o betake_v himself_o to_o a_o monastery_n where_o he_o be_v use_v to_o say_v that_o he_o have_v more_o pleasure_n and_o satisfaction_n in_o the_o retire_a and_o solitary_a enjoyment_n of_o one_o day_n in_o a_o monk_n cell_n than_o ever_o he_o can_v perceive_v in_o all_o the_o fortunate_a triumph_n that_o attend_v the_o rest_n of_o his_o life_n 1558._o ferdinand_n i._o upon_o the_o voluntary_a resignation_n of_o his_o brother_n charles_n v._o be_v by_o a_o unanimous_a consent_n of_o the_o elector_n declare_v emperor_n though_o pope_n pius_n iv_o refuse_v to_o pronounce_v the_o election_n valid_a because_o ferdinand_n have_v grant_v the_o lutheran_n a_o toleration_n but_o some_o say_v the_o same_o pope_n be_v afterward_o so_o far_o reconcile_v to_o he_o as_o to_o grant_v he_o the_o privilege_n of_o receive_v the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o lord_n supper_n in_o both_o kind_n he_o be_v a_o mild_a peaceful_a and_o temperate_a prince_n a_o hard_a student_n and_o perfect_a master_n of_o the_o latin_a tongue_n he_o be_v exceed_v courteous_a to_o all_o even_o the_o mean_a of_o his_o subject_n and_o have_v a_o certain_a hour_n in_o every_o day_n in_o which_o he_o attend_v the_o suit_n and_o complaint_n of_o poor_a man_n when_o some_o of_o his_o courtier_n object_v to_o he_o the_o inconvenience_n that_o will_v follow_v upon_o the_o permission_n of_o so_o easy_a a_o access_n to_o all_o manner_n of_o supplicant_n he_o answer_v that_o himself_o can_v expect_v but_o harsh_a usage_n at_o god_n throne_n if_o beggar_n be_v hinder_v from_o approach_v his_o he_o die_v of_o a_o catarrh_n in_o the_o sixty-first_a year_n of_o his_o age_n after_o he_o have_v reign_v six_o year_n 1564._o maximilian_n ii_o ferdinand_n son_n and_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v elect_v into_o his_o father_n room_n be_v first_o proclaim_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n at_o francfurt_n and_o afterward_o crown_v king_n of_o hungary_n this_o emperor_n prove_v as_o great_a a_o favourer_n of_o the_o protestant_n as_o his_o father_n insomuch_o that_o some_o roman_a catholic_o have_v not_o stick_v to_o call_v he_o the_o lutheran_n emperor_n he_o renew_v the_o article_n of_o peace_n agree_v upon_o between_o the_o protestant_n and_o popish_a party_n at_o passaw_n and_o grant_v some_o of_o his_o nobility_n and_o branch_n of_o the_o austrian_a family_n a_o free_a exercise_n of_o the_o lutheran_n religion_n qui_fw-la in_o conscientiis_fw-la imperium_fw-la sibi_fw-la sumunt_fw-la conantur_fw-la coeli_fw-la arcem_fw-la invadere_fw-la be_v a_o say_n which_o historian_n know_v not_o whither_o to_o attribute_v to_o this_o emperor_n or_o maximilian_n i._n but_o it_o be_v most_o probable_a it_o be_v the_o former_n since_o he_o be_v know_v to_o have_v be_v the_o great_a favourer_n of_o the_o protestant_a persuasion_n that_o ever_o rule_v the_o german_a empire_n he_o die_v at_o ratisbon_n in_o the_o year_n 1576_o have_v reign_v twelve_o year_n 1576._o rudolph_n maximilian_n son_n be_v elect_v emperor_n immediate_o upon_o his_o father_n death_n some_o curious_a chronologer_n have_v fancy_v his_o come_n to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n in_o this_o year_n something_o ominous_a since_o the_o numeral_a letter_n in_o rvdolphvs_n imperator_fw-la avgvstvs_n make_v up_o the_o number_n 1576._o he_o be_v a_o prince_n exceed_o addict_v to_o the_o study_n of_o all_o manner_n of_o art_n and_o science_n especial_o the_o mathematics_n and_o mechanic_n in_o both_o which_o he_o receive_v great_a assistance_n from_o the_o famous_a astronomer_n tycho_n brahe_n who_o die_v in_o his_o court_n where_o he_o have_v spend_v the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o banishment_n several_a city_n and_o province_n in_o germany_n at_o his_o request_n begin_v to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o gregorian_a account_n though_o many_o ambassador_n send_v from_o the_o elector_n to_o rotenburg_n to_o treat_v of_o this_o particular_a reject_v it_o the_o great_a war_n he_o engage_v himself_o in_o be_v against_o the_o turk_n with_o who_o at_o last_o he_o conclude_v a_o peace_n in_o the_o year_n 1600._o but_o the_o truth_n be_v he_o mind_v his_o book_n more_o than_o art_n of_o chivalry_n and_o be_v a_o great_a scholar_n than_o soldier_n which_o give_v his_o brother_n mathias_n opportunity_n of_o undermine_v and_o cheat_v he_o of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n and_o force_v he_o to_o content_v himself_o with_o the_o arch-dukedom_n of_o austria_n and_o the_o empire_n 1612._o mathias_n upon_o his_o brother_n death_n be_v elect_v and_o crown_v emperor_n at_o francfurt_n the_o protestant_a religion_n be_v as_o much_o persecute_v by_o this_o emperor_n as_o it_o be_v encourage_v by_o his_o predecessor_n which_o harshness_n and_o severity_n give_v occasion_n to_o that_o bloody_a civil-war_n which_o break_v out_o first_o in_o bohemia_n and_o have_v afterward_o like_a to_o have_v set_v the_o whole_a empire_n in_o a_o flame_n when_o the_o oppression_n which_o the_o protestant_n lie_v under_o have_v occasion_v some_o dangerous_a sedition_n in_o a_o great_a many_o considerable_a city_n and_o market-town_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o emperor_n order_v a_o synod_n to_o be_v call_v at_o prague_n design_v to_o allow_v the_o dissent_v party_n as_o they_o term_v the_o lutheran_n some_o small_a privilege_n but_o such_o as_o shall_v be_v far_o short_a of_o the_o large_a charter_n give_v and_o confirm_v to_o they_o by_o his_o brother_n rudolph_n at_o this_o meeting_n the_o emperor_n ambassador_n william_n slabate_v and_o jurislaw_n bazius_n where_o throw_v out_o of_o the_o window_n for_o their_o domineer_a carriage_n and_o so_o perish_v this_o mighty_o incense_v the_o emperor_n who_o endeavour_v to_o be_v revenge_v have_v like_a to_o have_v ruin_v himself_o and_o his_o empire_n he_o die_v without_o issue_n have_v reign_v seven_o year_n 1619._o ferdinand_n of_o gratz_n archduke_n of_o austria_n and_o grandson_n to_o ferdinand_n i._o by_o
make_v use_v of_o at_o such_o a_o solemnity_n be_v a_o wreath_n of_o white_a scarff_n wherewith_o they_o bind_v the_o head_n of_o their_o king_n the_o elector_n of_o colen_n for_o a_o long_a time_n perform_v the_o ceremony_n of_o coronation_n but_o because_o the_o archbishop_n of_o that_o see_v have_v not_o be_v priest_n for_o many_o year_n the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n have_v execute_v the_o office_n for_o this_o last_o century_n at_o the_o coronation_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n iii_o there_o arise_v a_o grand_a dispute_n betwixt_o the_o elector_n of_o colen_n who_o at_o that_o time_n be_v a_o priest_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n the_o former_a demand_v a_o restitution_n of_o the_o honour_n which_o do_v former_o belong_v to_o his_o see_n and_o the_o late_a assert_v his_o right_n from_o the_o example_n of_o his_o predecessor_n who_o have_v long_o enjoy_v it_o however_o the_o archbishop_n of_o colen_n be_v overthrow_v and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n perform_v the_o office_n and_o in_o so_o do_v some_o say_v only_o preserve_v a_o right_n which_o many_o age_n before_o have_v belong_v to_o his_o predecessor_n at_o the_o coronation_n the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n carry_v the_o crown_n the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n bear_v the_o globe_n the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n the_o sword_n and_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n the_o sceptre_n of_o the_o king_n of_o the_o romans_z that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n choose_v while_o the_o emperor_n be_v live_v be_v a_o matter_n of_o fact_n which_o none_o can_v be_v ignorant_a of_o who_o be_v conversant_a in_o the_o writing_n of_o the_o modern_a german_a historian_n thus_o charles_n iu._n wenceslaus_n maximilian_n i._o &_o ii_o rodolph_n ii_o ferdinand_n iii_o &_o iv_o be_v all_o elect_a in_o the_o life-time_n of_o their_o predecessor_n however_o many_o of_o their_o civilian_n question_v the_o lawfulness_n of_o the_o election_n fancy_v that_o by_o this_o mean_v the_o elector_n may_v disturb_v the_o peace_n of_o the_o empire_n by_o set_v up_o two_o prince_n at_o once_o who_o by_o election_n have_v a_o just_a title_n to_o the_o imperial_a crown_n the_o consequence_n indeed_o may_v be_v dangerous_a but_o there_o be_v no_o dispute_v the_o authority_n of_o those_o who_o doubtless_o have_v as_o great_a power_n in_o appoint_v the_o emperor_n a_o successor_n when_o they_o please_v as_o they_o have_v in_o depose_v he_o it_o be_v ordinary_a in_o some_o of_o the_o high_a dutch_a writer_n to_o mean_v the_o emperor_n when_o they_o speak_v of_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o till_o of_o late_a year_n there_o be_v no_o difference_n between_o they_o but_o now_o there_o be_v many_o mark_n of_o distinction_n as_o 1._o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n bear_v for_o his_o arm_n the_o eagle_n with_o one_o head_n the_o emperor_n with_o two_o 2._o the_o former_a be_v only_o style_v augustus_n but_o the_o late_a semper_fw-la augustus_n 3._o the_o emperor_n in_o his_o letter_n patent_n direct_v to_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n begin_v his_o compellation_n with_o vnsern_n liebten_o i._n e._n to_o our_o belove_a &c._n &c._n but_o the_o king_n in_o his_o answer_n compliment_v the_o emperor_n with_o the_o title_n of_o ihre_n majestaet_n i._n e._n tour_n majesty_n last_o the_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n always_o acknowledge_v the_o emperor_n his_o superior_a and_o have_v no_o authority_n of_o his_o own_o during_o the_o emperor_n life_n when_o the_o emperor_n be_v absent_a or_o employ_v in_o other_o affair_n he_o usual_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o administration_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o after_o the_o emperor_n death_n succeed_v without_o any_o further_a election_n the_o first_o occasion_n of_o elect_v a_o king_n of_o the_o roman_n proceed_v from_o a_o politic_a contrivance_n of_o the_o emperor_n who_o by_o this_o mean_v get_v the_o imperial_a crown_n secure_v to_o their_o own_o family_n for_o make_v use_n of_o their_o power_n and_o authority_n while_o themselves_o sit_v in_o the_o throne_n they_o can_v easy_o obtain_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o elector_n to_o choose_v a_o son_n nephew_n or_o other_o relation_n to_o be_v king_n of_o the_o roman_n which_o at_o last_o be_v grow_v customary_a prove_v almost_o as_o considerable_a kindness_n to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n as_o if_o they_o have_v entail_v the_o empire_n upon_o that_o family_n for_o das_fw-la heilige_v romische_n reich_n or_o the_o holy_a roman_a kingdom_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n in_o the_o german_a tongue_n as_o the_o sacred_a empire_n and_o it_o be_v all_o one_o to_o choose_v any_o prince_n king_n of_o the_o roman_n as_o to_z elect_v he_o emperor_n of_o duke_n count_n and_o other_o order_n of_o nobility_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n though_o the_o ancient_a german_n have_v little_a or_o no_o magistracy_n among_o they_o in_o time_n of_o peace_n duke_n duke_n yet_o both_o julius_n cesar_n and_o tacitus_n agree_v in_o this_o that_o whenever_o they_o be_v engage_v in_o war_n they_o have_v one_o supreme_a governor_n who_o rule_v the_o army_n and_o give_v law_n to_o the_o multitude_n this_o superintendent_n of_o their_o force_n they_o call_v heertog_n or_o heerzog_n a_o name_n which_o their_o duke_n to_o this_o day_n retain_v which_o signify_v as_o much_o as_o the_o latin_a word_n dux_n or_o our_o duke_n i._n e._n a_o leader_n or_o commander_n of_o a_o army_n he_o be_v usual_o choose_v in_o a_o general_a assembly_n of_o the_o whole_a country_n by_o a_o majority_n of_o voice_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o be_v elect_v they_o set_v he_o upon_o a_o banner_n and_o bear_v he_o upon_o their_o shoulder_n which_o ceremony_n as_o cluverius_n prove_v be_v afterward_o observe_v by_o late_a germane_a in_o the_o election_n of_o their_o king_n and_o by_o the_o roman_a soldier_n at_o the_o coronation_n of_o their_o emperor_n julius_n cesar_n tell_v we_o that_o these_o duke_n have_v power_n of_o life_n and_o death_n but_o tacitus_n who_o be_v better_o acquaint_v with_o the_o state_n of_o germany_n assure_v we_o they_o have_v no_o such_o authority_n they_o can_v indeed_o give_v counsel_n and_o order_n to_o the_o soldier_n but_o have_v no_o power_n to_o punish_v offender_n or_o correct_v the_o obstinate_a for_o in_o all_o probability_n there_o be_v not_o any_o manner_n of_o judge_n in_o the_o land_n that_o have_v the_o power_n of_o sentence_v any_o offender_n to_o death_n when_o any_o controversy_n arise_v among_o the_o commonalty_n graven_n count_n or_o graven_n they_o be_v wont_a to_o choose_v a_o judge_n out_o of_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o village_n where_o the_o quarrel_n begin_v these_o kind_n of_o judge_n they_o call_v grafen_n or_o graven_n and_o their_o office_n be_v to_o determine_v all_o trifle_a dispute_n in_o their_o neighbourhood_n meibomius_n in_o his_o learned_a tract_n of_o irmensul_n tell_v we_o that_o all_o germany_n be_v ancient_o divide_v into_o village_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n gouwen_v and_o that_o each_o of_o these_o have_v their_o peculiar_a judge_n thence_o name_v gowgraven_v ein_fw-mi graff_n say_v the_o author_n of_o the_o glossary_a upon_o the_o saxon_a spiegel_n bedeut_n nach_n altem_fw-la sachsischen_n deutschen_n ein_fw-mi richter_n i._n e._n graf_n signify_v a_o judge_n in_o the_o old_a saxon_a language_n die_v graven_n signify_v proper_o the_o grey_a head_a or_o elder_n of_o the_o people_n whence_o our_o king_n edward_n the_o confessor_n in_o the_o thirtyfifth_a chapter_n of_o his_o law_n afterward_o confirm_v by_o william_n the_o conqueror_n tell_v we_o that_o the_o low_a dutch_a greve_n be_v in_o effect_n the_o same_o with_o the_o english_a eoldenman_n now_o alderman_n this_o be_v the_o ancient_a state_n of_o the_o duke_n and_o earl_n in_o germany_n before_o the_o roman_n overrun_v some_o part_n of_o that_o land_n but_o whatever_o come_v into_o their_o hand_n be_v immediate_o divide_v into_o province_n and_o govern_v as_o they_o themselves_o please_v whence_o deuce_n and_o comites_fw-la be_v create_v by_o they_o in_o several_a place_n but_o such_o as_o have_v another_o kind_n of_o power_n commit_v to_o they_o then_o the_o aforesaid_a hertzogen_fw-mi and_o graven_n can_v pretend_v to_o in_o roman_a historian_n we_o meet_v with_o a_o great_a many_o of_o this_o sort_n such_o as_o dux_n germaniae_fw-la primae_fw-la dux_n moguntiacensis_fw-la dux_n sequanicae_n dux_n rhetiae_n primae_fw-la &_o secundae_fw-la dux_n belgicae_fw-la secundae_fw-la etc._n etc._n and_o ammianus_n marcellinus_n speak_v of_o one_o carietto_n who_o he_o call_v comes_fw-la per_fw-la utramque_fw-la germaniam_fw-la these_o have_v authority_n to_o raise_v tax_n and_o be_v invest_v with_o many_o other_o privilege_n in_o the_o administration_n of_o justice_n which_o the_o other_o want_v but_o the_o roman_n have_v never_o get_v any_o considerable_a foot_n on_o the_o east-side_n of_o the_o rhine_n can_v not_o fix_v any_o of_o their_o fashion_n of_o government_n in_o the_o northern_a
and_o albert_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n two_o cousin_n germane_a in_o the_o year_n 1419._o the_o corporation_n of_o the_o city_n bear_v it_o seem_v half_o the_o charge_n of_o the_o foundation_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v then_o order_v by_o a_o decree_n still_o in_o force_n that_o half_a of_o the_o professor_n shall_v be_v choose_v by_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n and_o the_o other_o half_a by_o the_o burgomaster_n and_o radtshern_a of_o the_o town_n the_o rector_n magnificus_fw-la as_o they_o be_v please_v to_o entitle_v the_o chief_a magistrate_n of_o their_o university_n be_v choose_v every_o half_a year_n as_o in_o most_o other_o german_a university_n by_o turn_n out_o of_o the_o two_o company_n of_o professor_n he_o have_v power_n to_o call_v convocation_n and_o appoint_v time_n for_o meeting_n of_o the_o other_o professor_n on_o all_o extraordinary_a occasion_n as_o collect_v or_o disburse_v any_o part_n of_o their_o common-treasure_n or_o the_o like_a in_o matter_n of_o great_a weight_n and_o moment_n then_o be_v usual_o debate_v he_o have_v a_o assistant_n who_o they_o call_v promotor_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o senior_n of_o the_o eighteen_o professor_n the_o university_n be_v at_o first_o stock_v with_o professor_n from_o leipsic_n and_o erfurt_n who_o all_o of_o they_o receive_v their_o licence_n to_o teach_v and_o read_v in_o public_a together_o with_o a_o charter_n of_o privilege_n and_o body_n of_o statute_n from_o pope_n martin_n v._o the_o bishop_n of_o swerin_n be_v their_o perpetual_a chancellor_n who_o common_o depute_v one_o of_o the_o senior_a professor_n his_o vicechancellor_n at_o any_o public_a promotion_n or_o take_v of_o degree_n when_o he_o himself_o be_v not_o at_o leisure_n to_o give_v a_o personal_a attendance_n among_o many_o other_o learned_a man_n that_o have_v be_v breed_v in_o this_o university_n albert_n crantzius_n john_n posselius_n and_o nathan_n chytraeus_n three_o famous_a historian_n have_v get_v themselves_o and_o the_o place_n of_o their_o education_n great_a credit_n by_o their_o elaborate_a writing_n the_o citizen_n be_v subject_a to_o a_o kind_n of_o mix_a government_n make_v up_o of_o aristocracy_n and_o democracy_n the_o democratical_a part_n consist_v of_o twenty_o four_o alderman_n choose_v out_o of_o the_o nobility_n scholar_n and_o rich_a merchant_n of_o the_o town_n whereof_o four_o be_v burgomaster_n two_o chamberlain_n two_o steward_n for_o the_o river_n and_o two_o judge_n the_o chamberlain_n collect_v and_o distribute_v all_o manner_n of_o assessment_n for_o the_o reparation_n of_o public_a building_n in_o and_o about_o the_o city_n the_o two_o steward_n be_v overseer_n of_o the_o haven_n at_o warnemund_n and_o look_v to_o the_o cleanse_n of_o the_o channel_n from_o that_o port_n up_o to_o the_o city_n the_o judge_n determine_v and_o pass_v sentence_n in_o all_o cause_n civil_a and_o criminal_a these_o twenty_o four_o magistrate_n of_o the_o upper_a house_n decide_v all_o ordinary_a controversy_n and_o have_v the_o sole_a power_n of_o coin_v money_n choose_v officer_n etc._n etc._n but_o beside_o they_o there_o be_v in_o the_o town_n a_o hundred_o more_o common-councilmen_a elect_v out_o of_o the_o inferior_a tradesman_n of_o the_o town_n who_o be_v summon_v to_o appear_v and_o give_v their_o opinion_n upon_o debate_n of_o any_o matter_n of_o more_o than_o ordinary_a concernment_n to_o the_o common_a welfare_n though_o the_o river_n warna_n be_v navigable_a up_o to_o the_o wall_n of_o the_o city_n of_o rostock_n yet_o it_o be_v not_o deep_a enough_o to_o carry_v ship_n of_o the_o large_a bulk_n but_o such_o vessel_n be_v force_v to_o take_v harbour_n at_o warnemund_n so_o call_v because_o situate_a on_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n a_o small_a town_n about_o seven_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o rostock_n since_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n the_o swede_n build_v a_o fort_n on_o the_o mouth_n of_o this_o river_n by_o the_o strength_n of_o which_o and_o a_o good_a garrison_n always_o keep_v in_o it_o they_o exact_v a_o toll_n or_o custom_n of_o all_o merchantman_n that_o pass_v this_o way_n from_o or_o towards_o rostock_n to_o the_o great_a decay_n of_o trade_n in_o this_o city_n and_o impoverish_v of_o its_o inhabitant_n this_o castle_n be_v in_o the_o late_a war_n between_o the_o northern_a crown_n demolish_v and_o thereby_o a_o stop_v put_v to_o the_o swedish_n encroachment_n whereupon_o the_o minister_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n in_o the_o last_o general_a treaty_n at_o nimeguen_n be_v very_o diligent_a in_o solicit_v the_o mediator_n for_o a_o redress_n of_o this_o grievance_n which_o they_o represent_v as_o a_o violation_n of_o a_o express_a article_n in_o the_o westphalian_a treaty_n with_o memorial_n and_o petition_n to_o this_o purpose_n our_o english_a mediator_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o gustrow_n minister_n and_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n on_o the_o other_o hand_n by_o the_o duke_n of_o swerin_n be_v continual_o weary_v in_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o the_o year_n 1678_o and_o begin_v of_o 1679._o their_o importunity_n prevail_v so_o far_o at_o last_o as_o to_o have_v the_o follow_a clause_n insert_v into_o the_o first_o proposal_n of_o a_o treaty_n betwixt_o the_o emperor_n and_o king_n of_o sweden_n omni_fw-la casu_fw-la salva_fw-la sint_fw-la dominis_n ducibus_fw-la mecklenburgicis_fw-la sine_fw-la turbatione_fw-la competentia_fw-la jura_fw-la &_o sublatum_fw-la maneat_fw-la vectigal_a seu_fw-la telonium_fw-la warnemundense_a cum_fw-la omnimoda_fw-la aliarum_fw-la quae_fw-la ibi_fw-la motae_fw-la sunt_fw-la pretensionum_fw-la abolitione_n &_o portus_fw-la warnmundensis_fw-la relinquatur_fw-la in_o pristina_fw-la &_o qua_fw-la nunc_fw-la gaudet_fw-la commerciorum_fw-la libertate_fw-la but_o the_o swedish_n plenipotentary_n in_o all_o their_o conference_n with_o the_o imperial_a ambassador_n upon_o this_o subject_a constant_o deny_v that_o they_o have_v instruction_n to_o meddle_v with_o it_o and_o the_o imperialist_n be_v willing_a to_o omit_v the_o insertion_n of_o this_o point_n rather_o than_o delay_v the_o sign_v of_o the_o other_o article_n till_o new_a instruction_n can_v be_v procure_v from_o the_o swedish_n court_n so_o that_o all_o the_o satisfaction_n the_o prince_n of_o mecklenburg_n have_v be_v a_o compliment_n from_o the_o emperor_n be_v plempotentiaries_n show_v the_o great_a care_n their_o master_n will_v be_v always_o ready_a to_o take_v in_o assert_v their_o right_n and_o privilege_n as_o well_o as_o those_o of_o any_o other_o member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n against_o the_o encroachment_n of_o any_o foreign_a enemy_n whatever_o and_o a_o certificate_n under_o their_o hand_n that_o their_o minister_n have_v use_v all_o imaginable_a diligence_n in_o the_o discharge_n of_o their_o duty_n neque_fw-la defuerunt_fw-la say_v they_o durante_fw-la hoc_fw-la congressu_fw-la officio_fw-la svo_fw-la praedictorum_fw-la dominorum_fw-la ducum_fw-la i._n e._n mecklenburgicorum_n ablegati_fw-la dominus_fw-la antonius_n bessel_n &_o dominus_fw-la joannes_n reuter_n sed_fw-la omnes_fw-la part_n impleverunt_fw-la quae_fw-la a_o ministrorum_fw-la fide_fw-la dexteritate_fw-la &_o vigilantia_fw-la expectari_fw-la possunt_fw-la in_o quorum_fw-la omnium_fw-la fidem_fw-la legatio_fw-la caesarea_n praesentes_fw-la hasce_fw-la a_o se_fw-la subscriptas_fw-la sigillis_fw-la suis_fw-la munivit_fw-la dabantur_fw-la neomagi_n dvodecima_fw-la februarii_fw-la anno_fw-la 1679._o iv_o swerin_n swerin_n swerin_n situate_v at_o about_o fifty_o english_a mile_n distance_n from_o rostock_n upon_o a_o great_a lake_n which_o from_o the_o name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v usual_o by_o the_o neighbourhood_n call_v der_n swerinsche_n see_n it_o be_v build_v and_o fortfy_v by_o henry_n surname_v the_o lion_n duke_n of_o saxony_n who_o soon_o after_o its_o first_o foundation_n which_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v in_o the_o year_n 1163._o bestow_v this_o city_n with_o all_o the_o territory_n and_o lordship_n thereunto_o belong_v upon_o guntzel_n or_o gunceline_n one_o of_o the_o general_n in_o his_o army_n who_o he_o make_v earl_n of_o swerin_n his_o son_n henry_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o earldom_n be_v a_o great_a favourite_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iv_o and_o well_o deserve_v all_o the_o honour_n his_o master_n can_v confer_v on_o he_o he_o take_v woldemar_n king_n of_o denmark_n prisoner_n in_o his_o own_o kingdom_n bring_v he_o bind_v into_o saxony_n in_o triumph_n and_o keep_v he_o in_o close_a custody_n in_o the_o castle_n at_o danneberg_n till_o his_o subject_n have_v almost_o reduce_v themselves_o to_o beggary_n by_o pay_v ransom_n the_o last_o earl_n of_o this_o family_n be_v otho_n who_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1355._o his_o only_a daughter_n and_o child_n richardis_n be_v marry_v to_o albrecht_n duke_n of_o mecklenburg_n for_o which_o reason_n the_o earldom_n of_o swerin_n after_o otho_n death_n be_v annex_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o mecklenburg_n the_o bishopric_n of_o swerin_n be_v remove_v from_o mecklenburg_n to_o this_o city_n the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n be_v one_o johannes_n scotus_n who_o in_o the_o four_o year_n of_o his_o prelacy_n a._n
death_n elect_v emperor_n whereupon_o he_o confer_v the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n upon_o his_o brother_n 17._o sigismond_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n who_o succeed_v his_o brother_n in_o the_o empire_n sell_v the_o marquisate_n to_o jodocus_n duke_n of_o moravia_n but_o afterward_o have_v redeem_v it_o out_o of_o the_o hand_n of_o william_n marquis_n of_o misnia_n to_o who_o jodicus_n have_v mortgage_v it_o confer_v it_o upon_o frideric_n burggraf_n of_o noremberg_n at_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n in_o the_o year_n 1417._o from_o which_o time_n we_o may_v begin_v to_o reckon_v up_o the_o three_o and_o last_o catalogue_n of_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n as_o follow_v 1._o frideric_n burggraf_n of_o noremberg_n be_v in_o consideration_n of_o his_o good_a service_n do_v against_o the_o rebel_n in_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n create_v as_o before_o say_v marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n pay_v only_o for_o his_o investiture_n 400000_o crown_n his_o son_n 2._o frideric_n ii_o succeed_v his_o father_n surname_v for_o his_o peevish_a and_o cruel_a temper_n the_o marquis_n with_o the_o iron_n tooth_n he_o be_v make_v duke_n of_o pomeren_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n iii_o but_o his_o brother_n 3_o albert_n relinquish_v all_o but_o the_o bare_a title_n in_o pomeren_n leave_v nothing_o to_o his_o successor_n but_o the_o name_n which_o they_o have_v hitherto_o keep_v of_o duke_n of_o pomeren_n however_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v so_o remarkable_a at_o some_o act_n of_o chivalry_n that_o the_o usual_a title_n confer_v on_o he_o by_o pope_n pius_n ii_o be_v achilles_n germanicus_n and_o ulysses_n teutonicus_n he_o die_v at_o francfurt_n at_o the_o election_n of_o the_o emperor_n maximilian_n in_o the_o year_n 1494._o his_o son_n 4._o john_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o prince_n as_o eloquent_a as_o his_o father_n be_v valiant_a and_o therefore_o he_o be_v common_o style_v cicero_n germanicus_n he_o leave_v the_o marquisate_n in_o the_o year_n 1499_o to_o his_o son_n 5._o joachim_n as_o great_a a_o lover_n as_o his_o father_n be_v a_o master_n of_o eloquence_n founder_n of_o the_o university_n at_o francfurt_n and_o first_o authorizer_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n in_o brandenburg_n 6._o joachim_n ii_o succeed_v his_o father_n and_o in_o the_o year_n 1534_o get_v himself_o and_o his_o follower_n no_o small_a credit_n in_o a_o brave_a expedition_n against_o the_o turk_n at_o that_o time_n the_o common_a enemy_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n his_o son_n and_o successor_n 7._o john_n george_n govern_v a_o long_a time_n in_o peace_n and_o prosperity_n during_o his_o life_n his_o son_n 8._o joachim_n frideric_n be_v administrator_n of_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o magdeburg_n and_o after_o his_o father_n death_n govern_v the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n with_o the_o same_o peaceable_a meekness_n and_o piety_n he_o have_v the_o usual_a blessing_n of_o good_a and_o religious_a man_n the_o happiness_n to_o be_v a_o father_n of_o many_o child_n whereof_o the_o elder_a 9_o john_n sigismond_n succeed_v he_o he_o marry_v ann_n daughter_n of_o albert-frideric_a duke_n of_o prussia_n and_o mary_n eleanor_n his_o wife_n daughter_n of_o william_n i._o duke_n of_o cleve_n who_o marry_v his_o daughter_n to_o the_o say_a duke_n as_o he_o do_v all_o the_o rest_n to_o other_o prince_n with_o promise_n that_o upon_o the_o decease_n of_o her_o brethren_n without_o issue_n she_o and_o her_o heir_n shall_v succeed_v to_o all_o his_o territory_n upon_o this_o title_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n lay_v claim_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o cleve_n juliers_n and_o bergen_n or_o the_o mountain_n with_o the_o county_n of_o ravensburg_n 10._o george-william_n son_n to_o john_n sigismond_n and_o the_o lady_n ann_n beforemention_v claim_v in_o his_o mother_n right_n the_o dukedom_n aforesaid_a together_o with_o the_o barony_n of_o ravenstein_n all_o which_o be_v part_v betwixt_o he_o and_o his_o cousin-german_a wolfgangus_n palatine_n of_o newburg_n and_o son_n of_o magdalen_n young_a sister_n to_o mary-eleanor_n but_o fall_v out_o at_o last_o about_o the_o division_n of_o their_o territory_n they_o engage_v their_o friend_n and_o ally_n in_o the_o broil_n the_o palatine_a have_v call_v in_o to_o his_o assistance_n the_o force_n of_o spain_n and_o the_o elector_n john_n sigismond_n in_o behalf_n of_o his_o son_n the_o confederate_a state_n of_o the_o netherlands_o after_o the_o death_n of_o bugislaus_fw-la duke_n of_o pomeren_n it_o be_v hope_v he_o may_v succeed_v into_o that_o dukedom_n also_o but_o how_o the_o swede_n balk_v those_o expectation_n in_o the_o treaty_n of_o munster_n we_o have_v already_o inform_v the_o reader_n this_o marquise_n son_n 11._o frideric_n william_n be_v at_o present_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n a_o prince_n wise_a valiant_a religious_a temperate_a chaste_a and_o in_o a_o word_n master_n of_o all_o the_o noble_a virtue_n without_o the_o least_o mixture_n of_o vice_n of_o his_o countryand_n family_n he_o be_v bear_v in_o the_o year_n 1620_o and_o upon_o his_o father_n death_n declare_v elector_n in_o the_o year_n 1656._o he_o have_v several_a child_n by_o both_o his_o wife_n before_o mention_v whereof_o the_o elder_a son_n or_o electoral_a prince_n charles_n emile_n be_v bear_v the_o six_o of_o february_n in_o the_o year_n 1655._o though_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v former_o look_v upon_o as_o a_o much_o more_o potent_a prince_n than_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n strength_n strength_n and_o for_o that_o reason_n have_v always_o take_v place_n of_o he_o at_o the_o election_n of_o the_o emperor_n yet_o certain_o the_o case_n be_v much_o alter_v at_o present_a and_o the_o many_o accession_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n dominion_n whereof_o the_o present_a marquis_n and_o his_o predecessor_n have_v make_v themselves_o master_n in_o these_o last_o age_n have_v render_v he_o the_o most_o powerful_a and_o formidable_a prince_n next_o to_o the_o austrian_a family_n in_o the_o german_a empire_n beside_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n he_o challenge_v the_o dukedom_n of_o magdeburg_n preussen_n juliers_n cleves_n bergen_n stetin_n pomeren_n casubia_n vandalia_n silesia_n crossen_n and_o jagerndorff_n again_o he_o write_v himself_o duke_n of_o rugen_n prince_n of_o halberstadt_n and_o minden_n earl_n of_o the_o marck_n and_o ravensberg_n and_o last_o baron_n of_o ravenstein_n the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n chief_a interest_n seem_v to_o consist_v in_o a_o firm_a adherence_n to_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n interest_n interest_n who_o possible_o be_v the_o only_a prince_n can_v secure_v he_o from_o the_o encroachment_n of_o his_o neighbour_n the_o swede_n next_o to_o the_o swede_n he_o be_v most_o jealous_a of_o the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n as_o have_v observe_v they_o more_o favour_v by_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n in_o the_o controversy_n about_o the_o dukedom_n of_o juliers_n and_o cleves_n than_o himself_o this_o oblige_a he_o to_o compose_v the_o difference_n betwixt_o himself_o and_o the_o duke_n of_o newburg_n upon_o easy_a term_n than_o otherwise_o he_o will_v have_v be_v willing_a to_o have_v do_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v another_o terrible_a neighbour_n on_o the_o coast_n of_o prussia_n and_o therefore_o the_o elector_n not_o dare_v to_o repose_v too_o great_a a_o confidence_n in_o a_o prince_n who_o pretend_v a_o right_a to_o the_o ducal_z as_o well_o as_o regal_a prussia_n be_v oblige_v to_o keep_v a_o constant_a and_o strong_a army_n upon_o those_o coast_n in_o the_o year_n 1657_o this_o question_n be_v move_v whether_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n may_v lawful_o be_v deprive_v of_o all_o the_o territory_n which_o he_o hold_v in_o prussia_n as_o dependence_n on_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n upon_o his_o have_v enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n at_o that_o time_n declare_v enemy_n to_o poland_n the_o polish_v lawyer_n urge_v in_o the_o affirmative_a that_o the_o elector_n be_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n vassal_n and_o therefore_o forfeit_v his_o land_n by_o enter_v into_o a_o confederacy_n with_o his_o master_n enemy_n but_o certain_o when_o we_o consider_v in_o what_o a_o miserable_a condition_n poor_a king_n casimir_n be_v and_o how_o unable_a to_o defend_v either_o himself_o or_o his_o subject_n and_o again_o how_o probable_a it_o be_v that_o in_o this_o conjuncture_n the_o swedish_n army_n will_v have_v swallow_v up_o the_o whole_a dukedom_n of_o prussia_n as_o it_o have_v already_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n without_o be_v oblige_v to_o quit_v the_o field_n by_o such_o a_o treaty_n the_o pole_n have_v great_a reason_n to_o thank_v the_o elector_n for_o preserve_v by_o this_o expedient_a some_o part_n of_o their_o king_n dominion_n from_o the_o common_a destruction_n then_o to_o condemn_v he_o for_o wise_o shun_v the_o ruin_n which_o king_n casimir_n have_v bring_v upon_o this_o kingdom_n there_o be_v
you_o may_v meet_v large_a vineyard_n plentiful_o stock_v with_o grape_n out_o of_o which_o be_v press_v a_o much_o more_o palatable_a sort_n of_o wine_n then_o can_v be_v have_v in_o any_o part_n of_o saxony_n or_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n among_o the_o many_o kind_n of_o plant_n and_o herb_n wherewith_o the_o field_n and_o forest_n as_o well_o as_o garden_n of_o thuringen_n abound_v the_o chief_a and_o most_o peculiar_a to_o this_o province_n be_v wild_a saffron_n and_o woad_n the_o late_a of_o which_o be_v use_v by_o our_o dyer_n in_o their_o best_a blew_n and_o sky-colour_n and_o with_o which_o the_o old_a britain_n as_o cesar_n inform_v we_o be_v use_v to_o paint_v themselves_o near_a sangerhausen_n and_o salfeld_n have_v sometime_o be_v dug_n up_o considerable_a quantity_n of_o copper_n and_o silver_n over_o and_o at_o franckenhausen_n saltzungen_n and_o sultza_n they_o have_v still_o rich_a salt-pit_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o the_o country_n be_v the_o sala_n rivers_n rivers_n werra_n vnstrut_v hiera_n ilm_n leina_fw-la schwertze_n wipper_n helbe_n rahna_n helme_n lossa_n and_o giessel_n beside_o these_o there_o be_v several_a great_a lake_n at_o the_o bottom_n of_o some_o of_o their_o mountain_n the_o most_o considerable_a of_o which_o be_v the_o weissensee_n and_o schwansee_n the_o boar_n of_o thuringen_n be_v a_o rough_a and_o unhew'n_a sort_n of_o people_n downright_a clown_n inhabitant_n inhabitant_n and_o so_o far_o stranger_n to_o courtship_n and_o breed_n that_o they_o be_v with_o much_o difficulty_n bring_v acquaint_v with_o the_o common_a principle_n of_o humanity_n they_o hardly_o admit_v of_o any_o manner_n of_o government_n or_o order_n among_o they_o and_o be_v possible_o the_o only_a german_n that_o be_v uncivil_a to_o traveller_n the_o thuringer_n upon_o their_o first_o appearance_n in_o these_o part_n government_n government_n subject_v themselves_o to_o a_o king_n of_o their_o own_o choose_n and_o continue_v in_o this_o estate_n till_o their_o whole_a land_n be_v overrun_v and_o conquer_v by_o the_o franc_n in_o the_o year_n 1522._o in_o the_o day_n of_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o great_a and_o his_o father_n king_n pepin_n who_o first_o root_v out_o paganism_n and_o plant_v christianity_n in_o this_o province_n the_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o mentz_n who_o govern_v it_o by_o several_a deputy_n and_o lieutenant_n by_o this_o mean_v the_o kingdom_n of_o thuringen_n come_v to_o be_v divide_v into_o a_o great_a many_o county_n and_o barony_n or_o lordship_n such_o be_v the_o county_n of_o schwartzburg_n kirchberg_n kefernburg_n schoneberg_n gleichen_n sangerhausen_n etc._n etc._n the_o lordship_n of_o franckenstein_n saltza_n heldrungen_n dreffert_n apolda_n vargila_n etc._n etc._n after_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n otho_n ludowic_n count_n of_o schoneberg_n get_v the_o title_n of_o count_n of_o thuringen_n confer_v on_o he_o by_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n ii_o and_o his_o grandchild_n prevail_v with_o lotharius_n ii_o to_o change_v the_o title_n of_o count_n into_o landtgrave_n in_o this_o line_n the_o honour_n continue_v till_o the_o death_n of_o herman_n landtgrave_n of_o thuringen_n and_o hessen_n in_o the_o year_n 1226._o whereupon_o henry_n duke_n of_o brabant_n get_v possession_n of_o hessen_n and_o thuringen_n fall_v to_o henry_n marquis_n of_o misnia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v subject_n to_o the_o house_n of_o saxony_n erfurt_n the_o metropolis_n of_o thuringen_n erfurt_n erfurt_n and_o one_o of_o the_o large_a city_n in_o germany_n be_v think_v by_o bertius_fw-la and_o other_o learned_a geographer_n to_o have_v have_v its_o name_n from_o erfa_n a_o old_a ruinous_a castle_n near_o thirty_o english_a mile_n distant_a from_o the_o town_n i_o have_v rather_o believe_v its_o ancient_a name_n to_o have_v be_v jerafurt_n which_o signify_v no_o more_o than_o a_o ferry_n over_o the_o river_n jera_fw-fr on_o the_o bank_n of_o which_o this_o city_n now_o stand_v there_o be_v three_o barony_n and_o seventy-two_a fair_a village_n subject_a to_o the_o citizen_n of_o erfurt_n so_o that_o the_o country_n rustic_n have_v some_o reason_n for_o that_o proverbial_a say_n in_o ordinary_a use_n among_o they_o erfurt_n be_v not_o a_o city_n but_o a_o country_n when_o this_o great_a city_n which_o be_v about_o as_o large_a as_o coln_n and_o as_o beautiful_a be_v first_o build_v be_v not_o easy_o determine_v it_o be_v certain_a that_o in_o the_o day_n of_o boniface_n archbishop_n of_o mentz_n it_o be_v reckon_v a_o ancient_a city_n for_o there_o be_v still_o extant_a a_o epistle_n write_v by_o that_o prelate_n to_o pope_n zachary_n wherein_o we_o meet_v with_o these_o word_n unam_fw-la esse_fw-la sedem_fw-la episcopatus_fw-la decrevimus_fw-la in_o castello_n quod_fw-la dicitur_fw-la wurtzburg_n &_o alteram_fw-la in_o oppido_fw-la quod_fw-la nominatur_fw-la buriburg_n perhaps_o nuriburg_n tertiam_fw-la in_o loco_fw-la qui_fw-la dicitur_fw-la erphesfurt_n qui_fw-la fuit_fw-la olim_fw-la paganorum_fw-la the_o town_n be_v situate_a in_o a_o pleasant_a and_o fruitful_a plain_n abundant_o stock_v with_o all_o manner_n of_o grain_n and_o afford_v great_a plenty_n of_o good_a wine_n vast_a multitude_n of_o the_o citizen_n be_v maintain_v by_o gather_v and_o dress_v the_o herb_n woad_n before_o mention_v which_o grow_v in_o great_a abundance_n in_o most_o field_n near_o erfurt_n this_o and_o the_o other_o commodity_n of_o the_o town_n corn_n wine_n etc._n etc._n be_v carry_v off_o at_o two_o great_a fair_n in_o the_o year_n whereof_o one_o be_v hold_v the_o week_n after_o trinity_n sunday_n and_o the_o other_o at_o martinmass_n weimar_n a_o neat_a and_o well_o build_v city_n weimar_n weimar_n in_o the_o middle_a way_n betwixt_o erfurt_n and_o jena_n be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v ancient_o call_v weinmarckt_v from_o the_o great_a quantity_n of_o wine_n sell_v daily_o at_o this_o town_n it_o be_v questionless_a a_o place_n of_o great_a antiquity_n since_o as_o the_o old_a chronicle_n of_o thuringen_n witness_n the_o emperor_n otho_n ii_o hold_v a_o general_a diet_n of_o all_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o this_o city_n in_o the_o year_n 975._o the_o only_a remarkable_a thing_n in_o the_o town_n be_v the_o landgrave_n palace_n a_o regular_a and_o stately_a piece_n of_o building_n the_o city_n of_o jena_n seat_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o sala_n jena_n jena_n and_o famous_a for_o a_o univesity_n and_o great_a concourse_n of_o learned_a man_n may_v just_o be_v reckon_v the_o three_o in_o thuringen_n some_o german_a etymologist_n will_v have_v this_o town_n as_o well_o as_o the_o former_a fetch_v its_o name_n from_o the_o grape_n or_o vineyard_n about_o it_o they_o tell_v we_o jain_n signify_v wine_n in_o the_o hebrew_n tongue_n and_o therefore_o too_o it_o be_v probable_a say_v they_o that_o the_o jew_n be_v first_o founder_n of_o this_o city_n but_o this_o conjecture_n have_v as_o little_a of_o probability_n in_o it_o as_o that_o fancy_n of_o some_o other_o who_o endeavour_n to_o derive_v the_o name_n of_o this_o town_n from_o the_o old_a roman_a god_n janus_n since_o it_o do_v not_o appear_v that_o there_o grow_v any_o vine_n near_o this_o place_n foam_n century_n ago_o or_o that_o ever_o the_o jew_n be_v master_n of_o it_o the_o town_n be_v at_o present_a a_o well_o compact_a piece_n and_o tolerable_o well_o fortify_v with_o wall_n and_o turret_n the_o foundation_n of_o the_o university_n be_v first_o begin_v by_o john_n frideric_n elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o procure_v for_o it_o many_o brave_a and_o large_a privilege_n from_o the_o emperor_n charles_n the_o five_o but_o this_o good_a prince_n never_o live_v to_o finish_v the_o work_n he_o have_v begin_v but_o upon_o his_o deathbed_n commit_v that_o charge_n to_o his_o son_n who_o get_v the_o forementioned_a privilege_n confirm_v by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n in_o the_o year_n 1558._o since_o that_o time_n there_o have_v never_o want_v a_o considerable_a number_n of_o eminent_a professor_n and_o learned_a man_n in_o all_o faculty_n in_o this_o university_n among_o who_o the_o great_a j._n lipsius_n be_v one_o a_o man_n sufficient_a of_o himself_o not_o to_o mention_v any_o of_o his_o learned_a colleague_n to_o eternize_v the_o credit_n of_o the_o place_n they_o have_v here_o a_o library_n give_v they_o by_o some_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o saxony_n and_o daily_o augment_v but_o not_o so_o considerable_a as_o to_o merit_v a_o particular_a description_n gotha_n the_o five_o great_a town_n in_o thuringen_n gotha_n gotha_n seat_v on_o the_o leina_fw-la be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v build_v by_o some_o of_o the_o old_a gothic_a troop_n on_o their_o march_n through_o this_o country_n towards_o italy_n and_o by_o they_o to_o have_v have_v the_o name_n of_o gotha_n give_v it_o however_o it_o be_v certain_a it_o be_v only_o a_o mean_a village_n such_o as_o may_v just_o serve_v for_o the_o tent_n of_o a_o company_n of_o hardy_a
they_o in_o the_o year_n 1648_o which_o have_v not_o since_o be_v rebuilt_a however_o the_o place_n be_v still_o beautify_v with_o a_o fair_a church_n college_n and_o town-hall_n and_o the_o street_n especial_o the_o marketplace_n which_o be_v in_o a_o exact_a square_n be_v general_o neat_a and_o uniform_a oelsse_a have_v ancient_o its_o own_o duke_n who_o keep_v his_o residence_n in_o that_o city_n but_o upon_o the_o death_n of_o duke_n conrade_n the_o eight_o in_o the_o year_n 1492._o the_o dukedom_n be_v give_v to_o the_o duke_n of_o munsterberg_n who_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v lord_n of_o it_o in_o this_o principality_n be_v reckon_v the_o small_a city_n of_o bernstatt_n festenberg_n kunstatt_n stroppen_n mosebahr_n hundsfeld_n and_o trebnitz_n vi_o the_o city_n and_o dukedom_n of_o breslaw_n breslaw_n or_o wratislavia_n the_o metropolis_n of_o silesia_n have_v its_o name_n from_o wratislaus_n a_o bohemian_a prince_n its_o first_o founder_n whence_o the_o citizen_n bear_v a_o great_a w_n in_o their_o coat_n of_o arm_n to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v seat_v at_o the_o confluence_n of_o the_o two_o river_n other_o and_o ohla_n in_o a_o rich_a and_o pleasant_a country_n towards_o the_o north_n indeed_o there_o be_v some_o marsh_n and_o moist_a field_n whence_o be_v now_o and_o then_o some_o unwholesome_a gale_n send_v into_o the_o town_n and_o the_o whole_a city_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v build_v in_o the_o place_n of_o a_o great_a pond_n dry_v up_o the_o citizen_n who_o be_v exceed_o numerous_a by_o reason_n of_o their_o great_a traffic_n with_o the_o hungarian_n bohemian_o polander_n and_o other_o foreign_a merchant_n who_o resort_v hither_o be_v say_v to_o be_v as_o neat_a and_o gentile_a in_o their_o clothes_n and_o cookery_n as_o any_o other_o of_o the_o emperor_n subject_n whatever_o breslawer_n love_v to_o be_v esteem_v immediate_a member_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n and_o can_v endure_v to_o be_v reckon_v a_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o they_o have_v obtain_v leave_n of_o the_o emperor_n to_o bear_v the_o spread_a eagle_n in_o their_o escutcheon_n and_o that_o they_o petition_v charles_n v._o to_o confirm_v their_o privilege_n for_o this_o reason_n m._n boregius_n a_o breslaw_a who_o write_v a_o chronicle_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n rank_n breslaw_n among_o the_o imperial_a city_n but_o never_o mention_v it_o with_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n town_n although_o it_o be_v certain_a that_o it_o be_v former_o subject_n to_o that_o prince_n this_o goldastus_n in_o his_o learned_a treatise_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bchemia_n evident_o prove_v notwithstanding_o what_o be_v usual_o allege_v as_o a_o argument_n to_o the_o contrary_a by_o some_o ignorant_a and_o silly_a historian_n that_o it_o be_v once_o one_o of_o the_o hans-town_n the_o generality_n of_o the_o building_n in_o this_o city_n be_v fair_a and_o stately_a only_o on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o other_o stand_v four_o old_a fashion_a fabric_n with_o turret_n on_o the_o top_n which_o the_o antiquary_n of_o this_o place_n fancy_n to_o have_v be_v the_o ancient_a palace_n of_o so_o many_o schwabish_a prince_n who_o in_o former_a day_n be_v lord_n of_o this_o city_n beside_o the_o vast_a traffic_n of_o the_o citizen_n the_o town_n be_v famous_a for_o a_o bishop_n see_v and_o a_o university_n wherein_o have_v be_v breed_v many_o learned_a man_n and_o some_o great_a writer_n the_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n who_o have_v ancient_o the_o epiphet_n or_o title_n of_o golden_a give_v they_o from_o their_o vast_a revenue_n be_v put_v in_o by_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n who_o they_o acknowledge_v their_o supreme_a head_n at_o least_o in_o temporal_n it_o be_v a_o receive_a tradition_n in_o these_o part_n that_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n have_v no_o power_n to_o promote_v a_o stranger_n to_o any_o bishopric_n in_o silesia_n so_o that_o a_o bohemian_a be_v no_o more_o capable_a of_o be_v advance_v to_o one_o of_o their_o diocese_n then_o a_o silesian_n be_v of_o be_v prefer_v to_o the_o archbishopric_n of_o prague_n but_o how_o false_a this_o report_n be_v historian_n will_v sufficient_o inform_v we_o boleslaus_n dukedom_n dukedom_n surname_v the_o long_a a_o polish_v prince_n be_v create_v the_o first_o duke_n of_o breslaw_n and_o lignitz_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n in_o the_o year_n 1163._o but_o these_o kind_n of_o petty_a prince_n not_o be_v able_a to_o secure_v their_o territory_n and_o especial_o this_o large_a and_o rich_a city_n which_o be_v a_o bait_n sufficient_a to_o tempt_v the_o most_o potent_a prince_n of_o the_o neighbourhood_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n polander_n and_o other_o foreign_a enemy_n the_o citizen_n of_o breslaw_n be_v force_v to_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n or_o as_o they_o will_v have_v it_o emperor_n of_o germany_n to_o who_o they_o be_v now_o immediate_o subject_a vii_o the_o town_n and_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n lignitz_n a_o fair_a city_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o a_o small_a rivulet_n call_v katsbach_n be_v think_v to_o have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o lygii_n city_n city_n a_o german_a people_n the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o part_n of_o silesia_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 1170_o this_o town_n be_v much_o enlarge_v beautify_v and_o fortify_v by_o boleslaus_n the_o long_a the_o first_o duke_n of_o lignitz_n after_o he_o duke_n frideric_n the_o second_o so_o far_o improve_v his_o predecessor_n boleslaus_n undertake_n that_o in_o the_o year_n 1532_o it_o become_v one_o of_o the_o best_a fortify_v city_n next_o to_o breslaw_n in_o all_o silesia_n thing_n best_o worth_a see_v in_o the_o town_n be_v the_o hospital_n the_o town-hall_n and_o castle_n the_o dukedom_n of_o lignitz_n be_v reckon_v one_o of_o the_o best_a corn-country_n in_o silesia_n dukedom_n dukedom_n and_o afford_v near_o as_o great_a plenty_n of_o the_o terra_fw-la sigillata_fw-la as_o the_o dukedom_n of_o schweidnitz_n especial_o the_o white_a sort_n which_o be_v here_o more_o plentiful_a then_o in_o any_o other_o province_n the_o whole_a be_v common_o subdivide_v into_o seven_o circle_n whereof_o four_o have_v name_n from_o the_o four_o city_n of_o luben_n parchwitz_n hayn_n and_o goldberg_n and_o the_o other_o three_o be_v the_o division_n of_o the_o barren_a or_o desert_a part_n of_o the_o dukedom_n viii_o the_o ducal_z city_n of_o jawer_n schweidnitz_n brieg_n monsterberg_n and_o oppelen_n the_o city_n of_o jawer_n be_v seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a valley_n jawer_n jawer_n though_o not_o far_o distant_a from_o the_o rugged_a crag_n and_o mountain_n which_o separate_a silesia_n from_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n it_o have_v not_o the_o advantage_n of_o any_o river_n near_o it_o so_o that_o all_o the_o fortification_n it_o have_v be_v high_a rampire_n and_o deep_a ditch_n there_o be_v little_a of_o note_n in_o the_o town_n but_o the_o church_n burn_v down_o in_o the_o late_a civil_a war_n a._n d._n 1648._o but_o rebuilt_a more_o stately_a than_o before_o and_o the_o castle_n wherein_o reside_v the_o lieutenant_n of_o the_o two_o dukedom_n of_o jawer_n and_o schweidnitz_n the_o emperor_n charles_n iv_o king_n of_o bohemia_n marry_v ann_n daughter_n of_o henry_n ii_o duke_n of_o javer_n who_o with_o his_o brother_n bolco_n duke_n of_o schweidnitz_n die_v without_o issue_n whereupon_o these_o two_o dukedom_n be_v more_o immediate_o subject_v to_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n in_o who_o hand_n they_o still_o remain_v to_o the_o dukedom_n of_o javer_n belong_v the_o town_n of_o buntzlau_n lemberg_n schonau_n greiffenberg_n lahn_n fridberg_n lubenthal_n schmideberg_n naumburg_n upon_o the_o queiss_n kupfferberg_n and_o hirschberg_n 2._o schweidnitz_n or_o schweinnitz_n schweidnitz_n schweidnitz_n have_v its_o name_n from_o the_o great_a herd_n of_o wild_a swine_n which_o be_v harbour_v in_o this_o place_n before_o the_o forest_n be_v cut_v down_o in_o the_o year_n 1070._o whence_o the_o arm_n of_o the_o town_n be_v a_o wild_a boar._n it_o be_v afterward_o much_o enlarge_v by_o boleslaus_n i._n who_o fortify_v it_o with_o wall_n and_o rampire_n and_o beautify_v it_o with_o several_a fair_a building_n so_o that_o it_o be_v now_o one_o of_o the_o fine_a city_n in_o silesia_n the_o most_o remarkable_a sight_n in_o the_o town_n next_o to_o the_o church_n and_o other_o public_a building_n be_v the_o great_a gun_n in_o the_o armoury_n which_o carry_v a_o bullet_n of_o three_o hundred_o and_o twenty_o pound_n weight_n this_o be_v by_o schickfusius_n in_o his_o preface_n to_o curaeus_n chronicle_n of_o silesia_n very_o improper_o reckon_v among_o the_o great_a and_o extraordinary_a blessing_n which_o the_o almighty_a have_v be_v please_v to_o bestow_v on_o some_o of_o the_o city_n in_o silesia_n in_o the_o dukedom_n of_o schweidnitz_n be_v the_o town_n of_o strigau_n memorable_a as_o we_o have_v already_o acquaint_v
regem_fw-la honorasse_fw-la dicuntur_fw-la from_o all_o which_o it_o appear_v that_o there_o be_v something_o extraordinary_a in_o this_o myrrh_n or_o call_v it_o what_o else_o you_o please_v which_o well_o merit_v the_o view_n and_o study_v of_o a_o curious_a physiologist_n the_o country_n rustic_n believe_v there_o be_v this_o strange_a virtue_n in_o this_o mineral_n for_o so_o i_o think_v i_o may_v venture_v to_o name_v it_o that_o it_o put_v to_o flight_v all_o manner_n of_o serpent_n and_o among_o the_o rest_n that_o old_a serpent_n the_o devil_n aeneas_n silvius_n who_o for_o have_v pen_v so_o many_o true_a story_n be_v at_o last_o judge_v fit_a to_o sit_v in_o st._n peter_n chair_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d of_o 〈◊〉_d and_o become_v a_o infallible_a pope_n call_v the_o moravian_o gentem_fw-la ferocem_fw-la &_o rapinarum_fw-la avidam_fw-la ut_fw-la quae_fw-la tum_fw-la iter_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la armato_fw-it potentiorique_n praebeat_fw-la and_o most_o traveler_n brand_v their_o barbarous_a inhumanity_n or_o at_o least_o incivility_n to_o stranger_n the_o hanak_n especial_o or_o boar_n that_o live_v along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n hana_n be_v say_v to_o be_v notorious_o guilty_a of_o this_o crime_n but_o these_o be_v by_o the_o gentile_a sort_n of_o moravian_o themselves_z contemn_v and_o scout_v as_o a_o pack_n of_o barbarous_a and_o ill_o breed_v lowt_n the_o true_a character_n of_o the_o moravian_o in_o general_n be_v that_o they_o be_v man_n of_o exemplary_a obedience_n and_o fidelity_n to_o their_o governor_n free_a and_o open_a in_o conversation_n and_o therefore_o apt_a to_o be_v deceive_v then_o to_o impose_v upon_o they_o be_v not_o easy_o provoke_v to_o be_v angry_a but_o when_o once_o enrage_v hardly_o appease_v not_o guilty_a of_o too_o much_o wit_n in_o discourse_n but_o rational_a enough_o hardy_a in_o the_o camp_n and_o valiant_a in_o fight_n faithful_a observer_n of_o their_o promise_n and_o compact_n and_o abhorrer_n of_o baseness_n and_o meanness_n of_o spirit_n they_o be_v indeed_o too_o apt_a to_o give_v credit_n to_o old_a prophecy_n a_o folly_n observe_v in_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o our_o own_o island_n and_o a_o little_a give_v to_o drink_v and_o carouse_v but_o be_v not_o so_o superstitious_a nor_o so_o great_a drunkard_n as_o they_o be_v represent_v to_o be_v by_o the_o satirical_a pen_n of_o some_o geographer_n their_o language_n i_o mean_v that_o which_o be_v ordinary_o speak_v by_o the_o country-rusticks_a langâ—â—â—â—_n langâ—â—â—â—_n for_o the_o nobility_n and_o citizen_n speak_v general_o high_a dutch_a be_v a_o dialect_n of_o slavonian_a and_o little_a different_a from_o the_o bohemian_a of_o which_o more_o anon_o the_o moravian_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v first_o convert_v to_o christianity_n by_o st._n cyril_n and_o meludius_n religâ—â—â—â—_n religâ—â—â—â—_n assist_v by_o some_o other_o pious_a doctor_n and_o father_n of_o the_o church_n soon_o after_o the_o reformation_n have_v be_v set_v on_o foot_n in_o bohemia_n by_o john_n huss_n a_o good_a part_n of_o moravia_n begin_v to_o throw_v off_o the_o pope_n yoke_n and_o to_o profess_v the_o pure_a and_o undefiled_a religion_n of_o the_o primitive_a christian_n and_o apostle_n but_o john_n de_fw-fr praga_n at_o that_o time_n bishop_n of_o olmitz_n and_o afterward_o cardinal_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n so_o vigorous_o oppose_v the_o endeavour_n of_o all_o that_o labour_v to_o carry_v on_o the_o reformation_n in_o this_o marquisate_n that_o during_o his_o time_n it_o never_o get_v any_o deep_a root_n afterward_o during_o the_o reign_n of_o george_n vladislaus_n and_o ludowic_n king_n of_o bohemia_n popish_a idolatry_n and_o superstition_n be_v whole_o extirpate_v and_o the_o reform_a religion_n unanimous_o profess_v in_o all_o the_o city_n and_o great_a town_n of_o moravia_n but_o to_o see_v the_o unhappy_a consequent_n of_o toleration_n and_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n as_o soon_o as_o the_o synod_n at_o s._n brinn_n which_o meet_v in_o the_o year_n 1608_o to_o settle_v the_o affair_n of_o religion_n have_v make_v this_o edict_n ut_fw-la liceret_fw-la omnibus_fw-la credere_fw-la prout_fw-la cuique_fw-la deus_fw-la that_fw-mi cognoscere_fw-la i.e._n that_o every_o man_n shall_v have_v power_n and_o licence_n to_o regulate_v his_o faith_n according_a to_o the_o measure_n of_o knowledge_n which_o god_n have_v give_v he_o each_o cobbler_n set_v up_o for_o a_o preacher_n of_o the_o word_n and_o a_o expounder_n of_o scripture_n whereupon_o the_o church_n be_v immediate_o confound_v and_o break_v into_o a_o irreconcilable_a medley_n and_o hotchpotch_n of_o sect_n and_o schismatic_n hussites_n picard_n anabaptist_n arrian_n flaccian_o trinitarian_n photinian_o lutheran_n calvinist_n dulcian_n lugentians_n etc._n etc._n so_o that_o no_o less_o than_o fourteen_o several_a conventicle_n have_v assemble_v themselves_o in_o one_o city_n each_o of_o they_o assert_v peculiar_a doctrine_n and_o tenet_n of_o their_o own_o and_o deny_v all_o manner_n of_o communion_n in_o church-ordinance_n with_o the_o other_o thirteen_o now_o what_o can_v be_v expect_v from_o this_o anarchy_n in_o the_o reformation_n but_o the_o reestablishment_n of_o popery_n which_o according_o happen_v for_o soon_o after_o frideric_n the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n force_n be_v overthrow_v by_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n ii_o at_o prague_n in_o the_o year_n 1620_o francis_n cardinal_n of_o districhstein_n and_o bishop_n of_o olmitz_n find_v it_o a_o very_a easy_a matter_n to_o root_v out_o the_o divide_a and_o mutinous_a member_n of_o the_o reform_a church_n and_o to_o replant_v his_o own_o doctrine_n and_o church-discipline_n after_o which_o some_o scatter_a parcel_n of_o the_o reform_a party_n lay_v skulk_a among_o the_o rock_n and_o mountain_n on_o the_o border_n of_o silesia_n for_o some_o year_n but_o dare_v never_o appear_v in_o public_a and_o within_o a_o while_n after_o dwindle_v into_o nothing_o the_o king_n of_o moravia_n for_o it_o be_v ancient_o a_o kingdom_n be_v once_o the_o great_a potentate_n in_o this_o part_n of_o europe_n have_v for_o some_o time_n under_o their_o subjection_n the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n and_o poland_n about_o the_o year_n of_o christ_n 700_o zuantacop_fw-mi king_n of_o moravia_n be_v at_o the_o same_o time_n lord_n of_o the_o dukedom_n of_o bohemia_n poland_n and_o silesia_n refuse_v to_o pay_v tribute_n or_o homage_n to_o the_o emperor_n of_o rome_n who_o fall_v in_o upon_o his_o country_n to_o demand_v satisfaction_n for_o this_o insolence_n be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o dishonourable_a retreat_n but_o resolve_v not_o to_o endure_v this_o disgrace_n he_o rally_v up_o his_o scatter_a force_n and_o call_v in_o to_o his_o assistance_n the_o hungarian_n a_o infidel_n people_n who_o before_o that_o time_n be_v awe_v by_o the_o moravian_o and_o keep_v from_o commit_v any_o outrage_n upon_o the_o christian-country_n by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o heathen_n the_o emperor_n rout_v zuantacop_n army_n force_v he_o to_o fly_v for_o shelter_n into_o the_o neighbour_a wood_n where_o he_o associate_v himself_o to_o a_o hermit_n with_o who_o he_o spend_v the_o residue_n of_o his_o day_n by_o this_o mean_v bohemia_n moravia_n and_o silesia_n come_v to_o be_v disunite_v and_o parcele_v into_o four_o different_a dukedom_n which_o be_v reckon_v so_o many_o province_n of_o the_o roman_a or_o german_a empire_n some_o age_n after_o the_o dukedom_n of_o moravia_n degenerate_v into_o a_o marquisate_n which_o name_n it_o still_o retain_v although_o a_o great_a part_n of_o it_o be_v at_o this_o day_n immediate_o fubject_a to_o the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n and_o the_o rest_n break_v into_o a_o few_o petty_a barony_n and_o lordship_n the_o chief_a city_n and_o great_a town_n in_o moravia_n olmitz_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o olomutium_fw-la which_o ortelius_n with_o who_o agree_v stephanus_n and_o bertius_n fancy_n to_o be_v the_o same_o place_n with_o ptolomy_n eburum_fw-la be_v the_o metropolis_n of_o moravia_n and_o the_o only_a bishop_n see_v in_o the_o marquisate_n it_o be_v not_o very_o large_a but_o neat_o and_o well_o build_v and_o seat_v in_o a_o convenient_a place_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n morawa_n to_o maintain_v a_o trade_n with_o the_o merchant_n of_o bohemia_n hungary_n poland_n silesia_n and_o austria_n the_o antiquary_n of_o this_o country_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o olmitz_n or_o olmutz_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o corruption_n of_o juliomontium_n and_o thence_o conclude_v that_o the_o town_n be_v first_o build_v and_o so_o it_o be_v as_o sure_a as_o either_o the_o tower_n at_o london_n or_o castle_n at_o leyden_n by_o julius_n cesar_n but_o how_o then_o come_v it_o to_o be_v call_v velgrad_n as_o boregius_n prove_v it_o be_v when_o king_n suatopluck_v build_v himself_o a_o palace_n here_o st._n cyril_n the_o great_a apostle_n of_o this_o country_n who_o live_v about_o the_o year_n 880_o be_v the_o first_o bishop_n of_o this_o diocese_n he_o be_v the_o author_n as_o aventinus_n affirm_v of_o the_o old_a wendish_n or_o crcation_n
moravia_n have_v write_v a_o particular_a treatise_n entitle_v historia_fw-la lapidum_fw-la &_o gemmarum_fw-la bohemiae_n to_o which_o we_o refer_v the_o reader_n for_o a_o further_a account_n of_o these_o rarity_n jasper_n and_o saphire_n they_o tell_v we_o be_v find_v near_o the_o source_n of_o the_o elb_n in_o the_o mountain_n before_o mention_v call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o krakonosse_n goldastus_n think_v the_o hermiones_n be_v the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o country_n inhabitant_n ancient_a inhabitant_n a_o branch_n whereof_o he_o make_v the_o hermunduri_n who_o at_o first_o dwell_v among_o the_o riphaean_a mountain_n but_o afterward_o descend_v low_a these_o people_n be_v drive_v out_o of_o the_o land_n by_o the_o boii_n who_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o this_o country_n under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n sigovesus_n nephew_n to_o ambigatus_n a_o ancient_a king_n of_o the_o celts_n micraelius_n a_o learned_a pomeranish_n historiographer_n believe_v these_o man_n be_v not_o a_o branch_n of_o the_o galli_n senones_n as_o most_o modern_a antiquary_n imagine_v but_o rather_o of_o the_o semnones_n the_o old_a inhabitant_n of_o pomeren_n this_o people_n whensoever_o they_o come_v have_v about_o the_o year_n 600_o settle_v themselves_o in_o these_o part_n extirpate_v the_o nation_n of_o the_o hermiones_n so_o far_o as_o to_o call_v the_o land_n after_o their_o own_o name_n boien_n heimat_n or_o the_o dwelling-place_n of_o the_o boii_n which_o be_v in_o time_n corrupt_v into_o the_o modern_a german_a name_n boheim_n or_o boheimb_n about_o the_o birth_n of_o our_o saviour_n the_o marcomanni_n or_o ancient_a moravian_o rush_v in_o upon_o the_o boii_n and_o so_o far_o overpower_a they_o as_o to_o make_v they_o quit_v their_o quarter_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o new_a habitation_n which_o they_o name_v boioaria_n and_o be_v now_o call_v bavaria_n however_o they_o be_v not_o so_o total_o rout_v but_o that_o a_o great_a many_o of_o they_o keep_v their_o old_a station_n and_o mix_v themselves_o with_o their_o conqueror_n as_o no_o question_n vast_a number_n of_o the_o hermiones_n and_o hermunduri_n have_v do_v with_o they_o before_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o call_v their_o country_n czechowe_v and_o themselves_o czechowsky_n and_o these_o word_n the_o hungarian_n and_o new_a greek_n make_v use_v of_o be_v utter_a stranger_n to_o the_o german_a name_n of_o boheimb_n and_o bohmische_n those_o among_o they_o that_o do_v allow_v of_o this_o latter_a name_n derive_v it_o from_o boy_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n war_n or_o buch_n that_o be_v god_n and_o muz_o i._n e._n man._n intimate_v that_o they_o be_v a_o valiant_a and_o pious_a people_n see_v the_o like_a fancy_n in_o the_o derivation_n of_o the_o word_n teutcsch_fw-mi and_o german_a p._n 5_o and_o 6._o answerable_a to_o this_o etymology_n of_o their_o name_n be_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o present_a inhabitant_n of_o this_o kingdom_n manner_n manner_n if_o we_o may_v give_v credit_n to_o their_o own_o historian_n and_o some_o late_a traveller_n who_o have_v for_o some_o time_n converse_v with_o they_o and_o have_v the_o opportunity_n of_o observe_v their_o humour_n they_o be_v represent_v to_o be_v man_n of_o great_a hospitality_n and_o courage_n faithful_a observer_n of_o their_o promise_n and_o contract_n they_o be_v exceed_o give_v to_o ape_n the_o manner_n and_o fashion_n of_o foreigner_n according_a to_o the_o true_a character_n long_o since_o give_v of_o they_o eosdem_fw-la habet_fw-la cum_fw-la simia_fw-la mores_n ferox_fw-la bohemia_n quae_fw-la facta_fw-la viderit_fw-la facit_fw-la cultusque_fw-la priscos_fw-la abjicit_fw-la and_o therefore_o it_o be_v a_o ingenuous_a fancy_n of_o the_o painter_n who_o have_v draw_v the_o inhabitant_n of_o most_o country_n in_o europe_n in_o their_o proper_a habit_n picture_v a_o bohemian_a naked_a with_o a_o web_n of_o cloth_n at_o his_o foot_n and_o all_o other_o requisite_n for_o the_o make_n up_o of_o a_o suit_n intimate_v that_o he_o can_v not_o tell_v what_o certain_a fashion_n to_o make_v his_o clothes_n on_o but_o leave_v it_o to_o himself_o to_o make_v they_o after_o the_o next_o new_a mode_n he_o shall_v fancy_v that_o small_a handful_n of_o man_n that_o zechus_n the_o slavonian_a commander_n bring_v into_o bohemia_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d some_o time_n for_o author_n can_v agree_v upon_o the_o year_n nor_o age_n in_o the_o four_o five_o or_o six_o century_n from_o who_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o love_v to_o derive_v their_o pedigree_n be_v a_o company_n of_o poor_a and_o honest_a people_n folk_n that_o have_v nothing_o themselves_o and_o want_v the_o knavery_n to_o rob_v those_o that_o have_v now_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v in_o this_o state_n of_o innocence_n they_o have_v no_o need_n of_o magistrate_n nor_o law_n but_o live_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o a_o sociable_a community_n and_o have_v their_o little_a all_o equal_o distribute_v among_o they_o in_o this_o condition_n they_o remain_v for_o some_o year_n after_o zechus_n death_n till_o the_o moravian_o and_o pannonian_n disturb_v their_o quiet_n and_o teach_v they_o the_o first_o rudiment_n of_o villainy_n as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v once_o initiate_v in_o wickedness_n they_o be_v force_v to_o take_v new_a measure_n and_o to_o think_v of_o constitute_v some_o chief_a magistrate_n to_o punish_v offender_n whereupon_o they_o pitch_v upon_o one_o crocus_n a_o old_a gentleman_n of_o a_o something_o long_a head_n as_o it_o be_v fancy_v than_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o neighbour_n to_o be_v their_o governor_n they_o have_v not_o yet_o any_o write_a law_n among_o they_o but_o their_o judge_n for_o so_o crocus_n and_o some_o of_o his_o successor_n be_v style_v by_o the_o bohemian_a writer_n be_v to_o determine_v all_o controversy_n by_o the_o know_a custom_n of_o the_o land_n in_o extraordinary_a case_n which_o will_v not_o easy_o be_v decide_v by_o this_o sort_n of_o common_a law_n there_o sit_v on_o the_o bench_n with_o the_o judge_n for_o fear_n of_o arbitrary_a and_o illegal_a proceed_n if_o one_o man_n shall_v be_v invest_v with_o the_o sole_a power_n of_o pronounce_v sentence_n a_o certain_a number_n of_o senator_n or_o alderman_n who_o have_v definitive_a vote_n as_o well_o as_o himself_o with_o this_o kind_n of_o praetorian_a authority_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d justice_n be_v administer_v by_o crocus_n his_o son_n of_o the_o same_o name_n and_o his_o granddaughter_n libussa_n until_o primislaus_n who_o libussa_n have_v marry_v take_v upon_o he_o a_o more_o absolute_a command_n and_o get_v the_o title_n of_o duke_n or_o commander_n in_o chief_a this_o man_n be_v as_o florus_n say_v of_o lucins_n quinctius_n dictator_n ab_fw-la arato_fw-la a_o poor_a country-farmer_n who_o libussa_n advance_v out_o of_o the_o dirt_n to_o her_o own_o bed_n and_o therefore_o like_o the_o forementioned_a roman_a general_n know_v better_a how_o to_o keep_v the_o headstrong_a bohemian_o like_v so_o many_o ox_n under_o the_o yoke_n thus_o be_v the_o land_n govern_v by_o the_o child_n and_o successor_n of_o primislaus_n and_o libussa_n about_o four_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o year_n until_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv_o have_v call_v a_o general_n diet_n of_o the_o estate_n of_o the_o empire_n at_o mentz_n create_v wratislaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n king_n of_o the_o same_o nation_n by_o settle_v with_o the_o pope_n permission_n a_o crown_n of_o gold_n upon_o his_o head_n this_o be_v do_v in_o the_o year_n 1082_o though_o some_o will_v have_v it_o 1072._o from_o that_o time_n forward_o the_o emperor_n of_o germany_n always_o lie_v claim_n to_o the_o right_n of_o invest_v the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n as_o their_o vassal_n and_o make_v it_o their_o business_n to_o persuade_v the_o poor_a people_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o rebel_v against_o any_o monarch_n though_o never_o so_o due_o elect_v into_o the_o throne_n who_o have_v not_o receive_v the_o regalia_z as_o they_o call_v they_o or_o badge_n of_o majesty_n at_o the_o emperor_n hand_n so_o that_o frideric_n v._o grandfather_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o father_n to_o our_o prince_n rupert_n be_v never_o like_v quiet_o to_o enjoy_v the_o crown_n of_o bohemia_n however_o just_o his_o pretension_n to_o it_o may_v be_v so_o long_o as_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n his_o competitor_n refuse_v to_o confirm_v he_o most_o of_o the_o catalogue_n of_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n be_v so_o contradictory_n one_o to_o another_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o will_v be_v a_o difficult_a task_n to_o pick_v out_o of_o they_o a_o true_a register_n of_o the_o name_n of_o these_o prince_n the_o best_a account_n i_o know_v of_o which_o have_v be_v give_v of_o they_o be_v the_o ingenious_a paul_n stransky_n in_o his_o respublica_fw-la bojema_fw-la print_v at_o leyden_n 1643._o the_o present_a king_n be_v leopold_n i._o emperor_n of_o germany_n who_o character_n must_v be_v reserve_v for_o another_o place_n the_o
heathen_a slavonian_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d at_o their_o first_o come_v into_o this_o country_n bring_v with_o they_o a_o great_a many_o idol_n god_n who_o they_o worship_v as_o the_o only_a protector_n and_o saviour_n of_o their_o nation_n the_o chief_a of_o these_o they_o call_v pron_z or_o peron_n which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v the_o same_o thing_n as_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o jupiter_n intonans_fw-la this_o be_v their_o god_n of_o god_n divum_fw-la pater_fw-la atque_fw-la hominum_fw-la rex_fw-la and_o worship_v with_o the_o same_o reverence_n as_o thor_n among_o the_o ancient_a saxon_n but_o this_o god_n be_v at_o last_o for_o some_o misdemeanour_n or_o other_o throw_v out_o of_o favour_n and_o the_o honour_n confer_v on_o swanto-wit_n a_o idol_n who_o temple_n stand_v at_o julinum_n or_o wollin_n in_o pomeren_n in_o those_o day_n the_o large_a city_n in_o europe_n some_o small_a remembrance_n of_o this_o god_n they_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n it_o be_v usual_a for_o friend_n shake_v hand_n to_o use_v this_o mutual_a compellation_n witeg_n witeg_n or_o witam_n te_fw-la in_o which_o they_o still_o seem_v to_o own_o the_o idol_n wit_n for_o their_o god_n christianity_n begin_v first_o to_o be_v profess_v in_o the_o kingdom_n about_o the_o year_n 894_o in_o which_o it_o be_v say_v duke_n borsivogius_n be_v baptize_v by_o methodius_n the_o saint_n of_o bohemia_n this_o methodius_n be_v a_o prelate_n of_o the_o greek_a church_n so_o that_o the_o clergy_n of_o bohemia_n do_v not_o for_o some_o age_n acknowledge_v the_o bishop_n of_o rome_n supremacy_n the_o reformation_n be_v first_o begin_v here_o upon_o this_o occasion_n a_o young_a gentleman_n of_o this_o country_n travel_v into_o england_n and_o visit_v our_o university_n have_v here_o at_o oxford_n the_o opportunity_n of_o transcribe_v several_a tract_n write_v by_o our_o british_a author_n among_o other_o thing_n he_o chance_v to_o light_v upon_o some_o of_o john_n wicliff_n work_n copy_n of_o which_o he_o carry_v home_o with_o he_o and_o show_v to_o jahn_n huss_n and_o jerome_n of_o prague_n upon_o the_o read_n of_o these_o book_n those_o two_o great_a man_n begin_v immediate_o to_o reform_v error_n in_o the_o church_n which_o good_a work_n they_o prosecute_v with_o great_a vigour_n and_o zeal_n till_o they_o be_v summon_v to_o the_o council_n of_o constance_n and_o there_o contrary_a to_o the_o promise_n and_o protestation_n of_o the_o popish_a prelate_n then_o assemble_v condemn_v for_o heretic_n and_o burn_v in_o the_o year_n 1415._o but_o so_o firm_o be_v their_o doctrine_n root_v in_o most_o of_o the_o heart_n of_o their_o hearer_n that_o it_o be_v impossible_a for_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n by_o this_o expedient_a to_o hinder_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o reformation_n which_o soon_o after_o be_v more_o firm_o establish_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o luther_n melancthon_n calvin_n etc._n etc._n it_o have_v be_v well_o if_o after_o the_o foppery_n of_o rome_n be_v thus_o abolish_v the_o bohemian_o have_v content_v themselves_o with_o the_o free_a exercise_n of_o their_o religion_n grant_v they_o by_o their_o king_n but_o grow_v infolent_a as_o their_o number_n increase_v they_o begin_v first_o to_o mutiny_v against_o the_o emperor_n minister_n of_o state_n in_o that_o kingdom_n and_o afterward_o in_o the_o reign_n of_o the_o emperor_n mathias_n fall_v into_o a_o open_a rebellion_n this_o prove_v at_o last_o the_o ruin_n of_o the_o reform_a religion_n which_o be_v now_o nowhere_o profess_v but_o in_o some_o by-corner_n and_o hole_n of_o the_o kingdom_n so_o unprosperous_a a_o thing_n be_v rebellion_n for_o the_o sake_n of_o religion_n the_o bohemian_a language_n as_o well_o as_o the_o russian_a polonian_a croatian_a and_o wendish_n be_v a_o dialect_n of_o the_o ancient_a slavonian_a a_o tongue_n so_o copious_a and_o sweet_a that_o the_o old_a lawgiver_n of_o this_o country_n as_o appear_v from_o several_a of_o their_o municipal_a law_n be_v zealous_a in_o command_v the_o true_a and_o primitive_a pronunciation_n and_o orthography_n of_o it_o to_o be_v keep_v up_o but_o this_o unhappiness_n attend_v the_o endeavour_n of_o these_o wellwisher_n to_o their_o country_n that_o they_o have_v not_o the_o use_n of_o any_o letter_n but_o the_o ruthenian_a character_n a_o alphabet_n exceed_o imperfect_a and_o whole_o unfit_a for_o the_o polish_n of_o a_o language_n afterward_o when_o the_o prince_n of_o bohemia_n begin_v to_o maintain_v a_o correspondence_n with_o their_o neighbour_n in_o germany_n the_o roman_a letter_n be_v bring_v in_o and_o by_o this_o mean_v their_o tongue_n be_v refine_v with_o better_a success_n however_o the_o modern_a bohemian_o be_v as_o negligent_a in_o this_o particular_a as_o their_o ancestor_n be_v careful_a nay_o most_o man_n of_o fashion_n in_o the_o kingdom_n look_v upon_o it_o as_o scandalous_a to_o speak_v their_o own_o mother-tongue_n in_o its_o purity_n and_o therefore_o talk_v ordinary_o either_o the_o german_a language_n entire_a or_o else_o the_o bohemian_a mix_v and_o mangle_v with_o a_o great_a many_o outlandish_a word_n and_o bombast_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n prague_n be_v the_o merropolis_n of_o this_o kingdom_n prague_n prague_n seat_v in_o a_o pleasant_a place_n on_o the_o great_a river_n moldau_n what_o name_v it_o have_v before_o the_o bohemian_o come_v into_o this_o country_n be_v not_o to_o be_v learn_v out_o of_o any_o of_o their_o record_n but_o they_o it_o seem_v call_v it_o boioheim_n or_o the_o chief_a residence_n of_o the_o bohemian_a prince_n it_o be_v modern_a name_n be_v give_v it_o long_o after_o upon_o the_o come_n in_o of_o the_o slavonian_n with_o zechus_n boregius_n give_v this_o blind_a account_n of_o the_o original_n of_o this_o name_n some_o of_o the_o slavonian_n come_v to_o this_o town_n and_o find_v they_o busy_a in_o building_n inquire_v of_o one_o of_o the_o workman_n who_o as_o it_o chance_v be_v make_v a_o threshold_n which_o in_o his_o language_n be_v call_v prah_n what_o they_o be_v a_o make_n receive_v answer_v prah_n as_o the_o town_n be_v afterward_o name_v it_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n the_o old_a new_a and_o little_a city_n which_o latter_a be_v separate_v from_o the_o two_o former_a by_o the_o moldau_n this_o great_a city_n be_v compare_v by_o aeneas_n silvius_n to_o florence_n in_o italy_n and_o our_o countryman_n dr._n brown_n who_o have_v see_v both_o and_o be_v curious_a enough_o in_o his_o observation_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o be_v much_o large_a and_o more_o populous_a than_o florence_n that_o the_o river_n arno_n which_o run_v through_o florence_n be_v not_o comparable_a to_o the_o moldau_n at_o prague_n but_o then_o he_o tell_v we_o the_o pave_v of_o the_o street_n at_o florence_n the_o cathedral_n st._n laurence_n chapel_n and_o the_o duke_n palace_n outstrip_v any_o thing_n that_o prague_n can_v boast_v of_o because_o the_o three_o partition_n of_o the_o town_n before_o mention_v be_v distinct_a corporation_n we_o shall_v describe_v they_o separately_z beginning_n with_o 1._o the_o old_a town_n which_o lie_v on_o the_o eastern_a bank_n of_o the_o river_n moldau_n be_v very_o populous_a and_o full_a of_o fair_a house_n build_v after_o a_o old_a fashion_n in_o this_o part_n of_o the_o town_n stand_v the_o university_n which_o have_v nothing_o stately_a in_o it_o but_o the_o jesuit_n college_n the_o historian_n of_o bohemia_n report_n strange_a thing_n of_o the_o vast_a number_n of_o scholar_n which_o have_v be_v resident_a at_o once_o in_o this_o university_n lewis_n du_fw-fr may_n counsellor_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o wirtenberg_n in_o his_o incomparable_a dialogue_n concern_v the_o state_n of_o the_o german_a empire_n say_v there_o be_v hardly_o at_o this_o day_n so_o many_o student_n to_o be_v find_v in_o all_o germany_n as_o be_v here_o in_o the_o year_n 1409_o when_o j._n huss_n himself_o be_v say_v to_o have_v have_v forty_o thousand_o scholar_n it_o be_v found_v by_o the_o emperor_n charles_n iu._n and_o be_v still_o the_o only_a university_n in_o bohemia_n it_o will_v be_v worth_a observation_n to_o take_v notice_n that_o as_o be_v report_v no_o fly_n will_v touch_v any_o flesh_n expose_v to_o sale_n in_o the_o shambles_n here_o let_v the_o weather_n be_v never_o so_o hot_a the_o jew_n inhabit_v a_o good_a share_n of_o this_o old_a town_n which_o from_o they_o be_v call_v die_v juden-statt_a or_o the_o city_n of_o the_o jew_n they_o be_v very_o rich_a trade_v in_o all_o manner_n of_o commodity_n but_o especial_o in_o jewel_n and_o several_a sort_n of_o precious_a stone_n find_v in_o the_o mine_n of_o bohemia_n 2._o the_o new_a town_n be_v former_o separate_v from_o the_o old_a by_o a_o wall_n or_o ditch_n but_o now_o there_o be_v nothing_o that_o part_v they_o but_o a_o trench_n into_o which_o they_o can_v let_v in_o the_o moldau_n at_o pleasure_n in_o this_o
part_n be_v to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o the_o ancient_a palace_n of_o the_o duke_n and_o king_n of_o bohemia_n there_o be_v still_o stand_v a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o wall_n round_o this_o palace_n the_o cement_n whereof_o be_v so_o good_a that_o hardly_o any_o engine_n can_v be_v invent_v which_o will_v pull_v they_o down_o the_o jesuit_n of_o late_a year_n have_v build_v here_o a_o new_a college_n for_o themselves_o which_o go_v beyond_o the_o other_o they_o have_v before_o in_o the_o old_a town_n 3._o the_o little_a town_n or_o kleine_n seiten_fw-ge as_o they_o sometime_o call_v it_o lie_v on_o the_o west_n side_n of_o the_o muldau_n over_o which_o you_o pass_v by_o a_o stately_a stone-bridge_n of_o sixteen_o arch_n in_o this_o place_n stand_v winceslaus_n palace_n wherein_o the_o emperor_n when_o he_o come_v to_o prague_n keep_v his_o court._n some_o have_v venture_v to_o affirm_v that_o as_o good_a high_a dutch_a be_v speak_v in_o this_o palace_n and_o by_o the_o neighbour_a burgher_n as_o in_o any_o city_n of_o germany_n but_o he_o that_o shall_v curious_o and_o critical_o inquire_v into_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o assertion_n will_v find_v that_o the_o language_n here_o speak_v fall_v as_o far_o short_a of_o the_o pure_a misnian_a dialect_n as_o this_o palace_n do_v of_o the_o elector_n court_n at_o dresden_n not_o far_o from_o hence_o be_v the_o cathedral_n of_o this_o archbishopric_n dedicate_v to_o st._n vite_fw-la from_o the_o top_n of_o which_o you_o have_v the_o best_a prospect_n of_o the_o city_n of_o prague_n at_o weissenberg_n or_o the_o white_a hill_n near_o prague_n be_v fight_v the_o fatal_a battle_n between_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n and_o count_n bucquoy_n lieutenant_n of_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n the_o second_v force_n and_o frideric_n count_n palatine_n of_o the_o rhine_n and_o elect_a king_n of_o bohemia_n in_o which_o the_o new_a king_n be_v conquer_v his_o force_n total_o rout_v his_o ordnance_n seize_v on_o and_o himself_o and_o his_o queen_n our_o king_n charles_n the_o martyr_n sister_n force_v to_o fly_v into_o silesia_n prague_n be_v force_v to_o resign_v itself_o up_o immediate_o into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o emperor_n who_o soon_o after_o root_v out_o all_o maintainer_n of_o the_o protestant_a religion_n throughout_o the_o kingdom_n some_o historian_n have_v take_v notice_n that_o of_o the_o gospel_n appoint_v to_o be_v read_v on_o the_o day_n whereon_o be_v fight_v this_o battle_n which_o be_v the_o twenty-third_a sunday_n after_o trinity_n a._n d._n 1620_o this_o text_n render_v to_o cesar_n the_o thing_n that_o be_v caesar_n be_v a_o part_n which_o be_v as_o observable_a as_o the_o church_n of_o england_n appoint_v the_o 27_o chapter_n of_o matthew_n to_o be_v read_v the_o second_o lesson_n on_o the_o thirty_o of_o january_n whereon_o our_o late_a king_n suffer_v martyrdom_n ii_o egra_n egraâ—_n egraâ—_n a_o great_a city_n on_o the_o border_n of_o the_o palatinate_n be_v call_v by_o the_o bohemian_o chebbe_n but_o by_o the_o german_n that_o inhabit_v it_o egra_n from_o the_o river_n upon_o which_o it_o be_v seat_v it_o be_v make_v a_o imperial_a city_n by_o the_o emperor_n frideric_n i._o in_o the_o year_n 1179_o in_o remembrance_n of_o the_o fidelity_n of_o the_o burgher_n to_o that_o emperor_n in_o oppose_a henry_n duke_n of_o bavaria_n who_o have_v overrun_v the_o great_a part_n of_o this_o country_n it_o be_v wall_v with_o a_o double_a sometime_o with_o a_o triple_a wall_n and_o defend_v by_o a_o almost_o impregnable_a castle_n the_o marketplace_n be_v surround_v with_o very_o fair_a building_n and_o some_o of_o their_o church_n make_v a_o good_a show_n bertius_fw-la and_o ens_fw-la speak_v of_o strange_a cure_n perform_v by_o the_o water_n issue_v out_o of_o a_o fountain_n in_o the_o suburb_n of_o this_o city_n the_o well_o they_o mention_v be_v not_o in_o the_o suburb_n but_o about_o two_o english_a mile_n from_o the_o town_n its_o water_n be_v something_o salt_n and_o brinish_a but_o very_o cool_a and_o clear_a they_o be_v say_v to_o cure_v all_o infirmity_n in_o the_o eye_n ear_n or_o other_o part_n of_o the_o head_n and_o many_o other_o cure_n be_v wrought_v by_o their_o purge_n and_o cleanse_v the_o body_n jac._n theodorus_n tabernaemontanus_n give_v we_o a_o account_n of_o some_o strange_a feat_n wrought_v by_o they_o in_o his_o book_n entitle_v wasser-schatz_a print_v at_o frantfurt_n a._n d._n 1584._o and_o paul_n macasius_n publish_v a_o whole_a treatise_n about_o the_o nature_n and_o virtue_n of_o these_o egrish_a water_n in_o the_o year_n 1616._o some_o antiquary_n pretend_v to_o prove_v that_o the_o old_a name_n of_o this_o city_n be_v sourstad_v from_o these_o bitter_a water_n but_o we_o can_v expect_v no_o great_a faithfulness_n in_o the_o account_n of_o its_o antiquity_n since_o the_o city_n with_o all_o its_o record_n perish_v in_o the_o flame_n a._n d._n 1270._o other_o city_n of_o note_n be_v 1._o budweiss_n a_o fair_a and_o large_a town_n not_o far_o from_o the_o border_n of_o austria_n 2._o kuttenberg_n a_o mine-town_n on_o the_o elb._n elnbogen_n a_o strong_a town_n on_o the_o border_n of_o misnia_n call_v usual_o the_o bohemian_a key_n to_o the_o german_a empire_n 4._o thabor_n in_o the_o way_n betwixt_o prague_n and_o budweiss_n whence_o the_o picart_n get_v the_o name_n of_o thaborite_n leimiritz_n aug_v bern_n bruck_n gretz_n maut_n hoff_n jaromir_n pilsen_n etc._n etc._n be_v no_o better_o then_o ordinary_a market-town_n franconiae_fw-la nova_fw-la descriptio_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la jansonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a reverendissim_fw-la o_o &_o illustrission_n principi_fw-la ac_fw-la domino_fw-la dnon_fw-la francisco_n episcopo_fw-la bambergensi_fw-la &_o wirceburgensi_fw-la francia_fw-la orientalis_n duci_fw-la domino_fw-la svo_fw-la clementissimo_fw-la humillime_v offer_v nicolaus_n rittershusius_n u._n i._o d._n the_o great_a circle_n of_o franconia_n franconia_n be_v the_o chief_a of_o the_o ten_o great_a circle_n or_o district_n into_o which_o the_o german_a empire_n be_v usual_o divide_v this_o district_n send_v to_o the_o diet_n the_o bishop_n of_o wurtsburg_n eichstadt_n and_o bamberg_n the_o count_n of_o henneberg_n wertheim_n etc._n etc._n with_o several_a other_o prince_n spiritual_a and_o temporal_a beside_o the_o deputy_n of_o the_o imperial_a city_n of_o noremberg_n rottenburg_n winsheim_n and_o schwinfurt_n it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o south_n with_o schwaben_n and_o bavaria_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o rhine_n and_o the_o low_a palatinate_n on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o landgraviate_v of_o thuringen_n and_o on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o kingdom_n of_o bohemia_n the_o country_n have_v undoubted_o its_o name_n from_o the_o frank_n its_o ancient_a inhabitant_n who_o some_o historian_n make_v a_o remnant_n of_o the_o old_a trojan_n who_o at_o first_o be_v expel_v their_o own_o country_n by_o the_o grecian_n seat_v themselves_o upon_o the_o seashore_n near_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o danubius_n these_o sicambri_n for_o so_o they_o be_v then_o call_v be_v beat_v from_o their_o hold_n by_o the_o goth_n be_v force_v to_o seek_v out_o new_a habitation_n and_o at_o last_o about_o 430_o year_n before_o christ_n fix_v themselves_o under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o general_n marcomir_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o rhine_n in_o westphalia_n friesland_n and_o gelderland_n all_o which_o country_n be_v afterward_o comprise_v under_o the_o general_n name_n of_o sicambria_n about_o four_o hundred_o year_n after_o they_o name_v themselves_o franci_n after_o the_o name_n of_o their_o great_a commander_n francus_n who_o lead_v they_o beyond_o the_o rhine_n and_o subdue_v for_o they_o the_o great_a part_n of_o gallia_n which_o they_o name_v franckric_a the_o german_n call_v it_o still_o franckreich_n or_o the_o kingdom_n of_o the_o frank_n other_o say_v that_o the_o frank_n be_v not_o one_o particular_a people_n but_o that_o the_o vbii_n mattiaci_n juhones_n sicambri_n tencteri_n vsipetes_n marsi_n marsaci_n tubantes_n bructeri_n chamavi_n angrivarii_n dulgibini_n chassuarii_n ansibarii_n frisii_n chanci_n cherusci_n gambrivii_n and_o some_o other_o branch_n of_o the_o german_a nation_n unite_v themselves_o into_o one_o body_n by_o a_o solemn_a league_n and_o covenant_n as_o the_o only_a mean_n to_o secure_v themselves_o against_o the_o grow_a power_n of_o the_o roman_a emperor_n have_v thus_o link_v themselves_o together_o they_o take_v as_o the_o almain_n have_v do_v before_o they_o one_o common_a name_n call_v themselves_o francken_a which_o in_o their_o language_n signify_v as_o freyen_v in_o the_o modern_a high_a dutch_a a_o free_a people_n as_o we_o find_v in_o our_o ancient_a law-book_n francisia_n for_o freedom_n franciscare_n to_o set_v at_o liberty_n and_o franchise_n be_v a_o word_n still_o common_o use_v for_o liberty_n about_o three_o hundred_o and_o sixteen_o year_n after_o christ_n there_o be_v great_a contest_v between_o the_o thuringian_o and_o schwabe_n