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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
kingdom_n	king_n	pay_v	tribute_n	2,003	5	10.0145	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A06789	The maintenance of free trade according to the three essentiall parts of traffique; namely, commodities, moneys and exchange of moneys, by bills of exchanges for other countries, or, An answer to a treatise of free trade, or the meanes to make trade flourish, lately published. ... By Gerard Malynes merchant.	Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.	1622 (1622)	STC 17226; ESTC S120064	50,433	116

wherof sheweth that our hearts are ouerfrozen with the Ice of vncharitablenesse which otherwise could not haue so long continued for it prouoketh Gods anger against vs in the highest degree If these men had beene Iewes I might haue bestowed some Hebrew vpon them in detestation of the word Neshech which is nothing else but a kind of biting as a dog vseth to bite gnaw vpō a bone otherwise to vse many languages in a litle Treatise of free trade may seem impertinent The third cause of the decay of Trade he saith is the litigious Law suits which as one way they increase by scarsity of money which compelleth men to stand out in Law for a time when they cannot pay vntill they receiue So another way when moneys are plentifull men care the lesse for money pride causeth them to spend to go to law for euery triflle disputing Delana Caprina true it is that this Law warfare interrupteth trade but to make the same to be one of the efficient Causes of the decay of trade I cannot altogither agree therunto but rather to the Remedies which shal be hereafter declared albeit many men are vexed imprisoned ouerthrowne hauing spent their time means in Law which might haue bin employed in trade for the good of the Cōmon-wealth their owne quietnesse I do likewise omit to intreat of transportation of ordnance munition heretofore permitted mentioned by the said author now preuented in some sort neither was England in the yeere 1588. in such great distresse to be termed in articulo temporis when the merchants Aduenturers did prouide from Hambrough a ships lading with Powder and shot as parcell of their dutie to assist the Kingdome by God only preserued The fourth Cause of the Decay of Trade or to speake properly neglect of Trade is The admitting of forraine Nations to fish in his Maiesties Streames and dominions without paying any thing for the same whereby their Nauigation is wonderfully increased their Mariners multiplied and their Countrie inriched with the continuall labour of the people of all sorts both impotent and lame which are set on worke and get their liuing Concerning this fishing Trade there hath beene a continuall Agitation aboue 30. yeeres to make Busses and Fisher-boats but the Action is still interrupted because other Nations doe finde too great fauour and friends here to diuert all the good intentions and endeuours of such as with the Author of this Discourse haue imployed their Time and good meanes therein for the Merchants Aduenturours the Companie of Merchants Trading in Russia and the East-land Merchants did also oppose themselues against it at the Councell Table and did alleage the reasons following 1. The infringing of their Priuiledges here and beyond the Seas 2. The Interloopers aduantage to interrupt their Trade vnder colour hereof 3. The want of meanes to make Returne both for Fish and Cloth also 4. The inhauncing of the price of forreine Commodities 5. The preoccupying of money to the hinderance of Cloth 6. The dissolution of the ioynt stocke of the Russia Company 7. The incouragement of Strangers hereupon to make a Contract with the Russian Emperour 8. The discouragement to vndertake new discoueries 9. The defraying of the Charge of Embassadours and other extraordinarie Charges for honour of the State 10. The plenty of Fish which those Countries haue from time to time and some other Reasons So that in conclusion England by their saying cannot maintaine the Sea Trade and the Land Trade together neither do they make account to make Returne in money knowing that they should lose more thereby then by the exchange of those Countries or by Commodities And albeit that all the premisses may bee moderated without hinderance to the said Companies neuerthelesse such is the condition of some Merchants not vnderstanding the Mysteries of exchange and ouer-ruling others by their order of Antiquitie in their Society that neither Reason or experience can preuaile insomuch that whereas other Princes take their Duties of other Nations for fishing and fish themselues also by their Subiects yet England cannot resolue to doe the like or at least take order for the said Duties In Russia many leagues from the Maine Fisher-men doe pay great Taxes to the Emperour of Russia and in most places other Nations are prohibited to fish The King of Denmarke doth the like and taketh great Tribute both at Ward-house and the Sound The King of Sweden in like manner and the said King of Denmarke now for the Kingdome of Norway All the Bordering Princes of Italy doe take Taxes vpon fish within the Mediterranian Seas The like Taxe is taken by the Duke of Medina Sidonia for Tunny in the Spanish Seas The States of the Vnited Prouinces doe take an imposition vpon fish which is taken within the Streames and Dominions of other Princes The Hollanders doe allow the Tenth fish both in Russia Lappia and other places or pay a Composition for the same as also moreouer a Tribute in the Sound for passage to fetch the said fish And of mine owne knowledge I am assured they would willingly haue paid the same vnto England or a good composition for it had not the greedy lucre of some persons hindered the same These exemplary Actions haue long determined the question of Mare liberum touching the Communitie or freedome of the Seas which is acknowledged to be so for Nauigation without that the same doth any manner of way preiudice the Distinct Dominions of the Seas of all Princes concerning fishing that is to say the fishing Trade So that it is superfluous to alleage the opinions of Orators and Poets about the fishing heretofore in the Mediterranian Seas neither doth it belong to this place to cite the Determinations of the learned Ciuilians which are mentioned in the Treatise De Dominio Maris For the matter hath beene learnedly handled at the Councell Boord before the Graue Senators many yeeres since by our Ciuilians and others which to auoid prolixitie I doe omit Now from the Fishing we are come to Clothing or Drapery of the Kingdome and the abuses thereof as the fist cause of the decay of Trade wherein to vse many distinctions of the new and old Drapery vnlesse it were to Reduce matters in statu quo prius shall be needlesse And although the dressing and dying of Cloth was insisted vpon to be done in England in the yeere 1616. To establish the Manufacture within the Realme at which time 64. thousand Clothes were exported which was afterwards reuoked I cannot omit to obserue the Practises which were vsed by Combination with other Nations abroad and domesticke intelligence a●… home whereby many good Actions are o●…rowne to the generall hurt and with little aduancement to the particular It cannot be denied but that the Drapery of forraine Nations not only the making of Cloth in the Low Countries but o●… late yeere●… in Italy and Spaine also the Trade of Cloth 〈◊〉

THE MAINTENANCE OF FREE TRADE ACCORDING TO THE THREE ESSENTIALL Parts of Traffique Namely COMMODITIES MONEYS and Exchange of Moneys by Bills of Exchanges for other Countries OR An answer to a Treatise of Free Trade or the meanes to make Trade flourish lately Published Contraria iuxta se Posita magis Elucescunt By GERARD MALYNES Merchant LONDON Printed by I. L. for William Sheffard and are to bee sold at his shop at the entring in of Popes head Allie out of Lumbard street 1622. TO THE MOST HIGH and mighty Monarch IAMES by the grace of God King of great Britaine France and Ireland Defender of the Faith c. TRaffique Most Dread and gracious Soueraigne by Nature Admirable and by Art Amiable being the Sole peacible Instrument to inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales may properly be called The Praeheminent studie of Princes the rather because the Sacred wisdome hath approued this Axiom That a King is miserable how rich soeuer he be if he Raignes ouer a poore people and that that Kingdome is not able to subsist how Rich and Potent soeuer the people be if the King bee not able to maintaine his Estate Both which being Relatiues are depending vpon Traffique and Trade which is performed vnder Three Simples or Essentiall parts namely Commodities Moneys and Exchange for Moneys by Bills Whereupon hauing lately perused a Treatise intituled Free Trade or The meanes to make Trade flourish wherein the Author either ignorantly or wilfully hath omitted to handle The Praedominant Part of Trade namely the Mystery of Exchange which is the Publike measure betweene vs and other Nations according to which all our Commodities are bought and sold in forraine parts his only Scope being to haue the Moneys of the Kingdome inhaunced in price and the forraine Coynes made Currant within the Realme at high Rates whereby great inconueniences will follow I could not but bee moued both by my faithfull alleageance due vnto your Maiestie and the obseruant duty owing by mee to the Publike good To make an answere to the materiall points of the saide Treatise by comparing things by contraries for the better illustration the rather for that it was published in Articulo temporis when your Maiesties vigilant Princely Care had beene pleased to referre the Consideration of this important businesse of State to the learned Lord Vizcount Maundeuile Lord President of your Maiesties most Honourable Priuy Councell and other persons of knowledge and experience amongst whom although vnworthy my selfe was called and our opinions were certified vnto your Highnesse For the Consideration of this weighty matter of great Consequence is absolutely to be submitted vnto your High Wisedome and Transcendent iudgement by meanes whereof according to the saying of Epictetus the Philosopher Hoc est Maximè iudicis Aptare Vniuersalia singularibus All Causes both Ecclesiasticall and Ciuill are obserued discerned and applyed to their proper and determinate ends Your Maiestie therefore may bee pleased to vouchsafe with a gracious aspect the reading of this small Treatise which like vnto the little fish mentioned by Plutarch swimming before the great Whale giuing notice of dangerous shallow places shall be amply explained in a Volume almost imprinted intituled Lex Mercatoria or the Auncient Lawe Merchant which in all humility is to bee presented vnto your most Sacred Maiesty wherein the dangerous Rockes to be auoyded in the Course of Traffique and the meanes therunto conducing are manifested for the preseruation and augmentation of the wealth of your Highnesse Realmes and Dominions to bee effected by the Rule of iustice grounded vpon Aequality and Aequity according to Ius gentium which is chiefly maintained by the Lawe Merchant The knowledge whereof is of such moment that all other Temporall Lawes without it are not compleate but imperfect Worthy of commendation are those offices who can by Prouidēce preserue the Treasure of Kings and Common-weales worthier are those that both by honest and lawfull meanes can preserue and augment them but worthiest of all immortall praise are these who can and doe by easie iust and Politike meanes inrich Kingdomes and Common-weales and thereby fill the Princes Coffers with standing Treasure to serue all occasions in the two seasons which Princes are to care for obserued by the Emperour Iustinian namely the Time of Warre when Armes are necessary and the time of Peace more fitting wholesome Lawes In the Theoricke Part of which Study I haue these forty yeares spent much time and charges at the pleasure of great personages and albeit nothing did encounter mee but ingratitude yet my constancy to spend the Remainder of my dayes therein in hope of Practise is as immoueable as the continuance of my daily prayers to the Great Iehouah to multiply your Maiesties dayes as the dayes of heauen London the 25. of October 1622. Your Maiesties most Loyall Subiect Gerard Malynes THE Maintenance of Free Trade According to the Three Essentiall parts of Traffique namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of Monyes by billes of Exchanges for other Countries NATVRALL Mother wit did teach man before Arts or Sciences were inuented that of all things and in all humane actions the Beginning Progresse Continuance and Termination or End is to bee obserued whereupon Politicians or Statesmen haue noted that the often comparing of a thing vnto his Principle or Originall produceth the longer continuance shewing by digresion how the same is decayed and may bee reduced to the first integrity and goodnesse For there was neuer any thing by the wit of man so well deuised or so sure established which in continuance of time hath not bin corrupted The consideration whereof is most requisite in the reformation of the course of Traffique as a matter eminent for the good and welfare of Commonweales and especially for England Quia vita ciuilis in societate posita est Societ as autem in imperio commercio According to this rule let vs obserue that all the Traffique and Trade betweene vs and forraine nations is performed vnder three Simples which are the essentiall Parts thereof namely Commodities Monyes and Exchange of money by Bills for forraine Parts which may be aptly compared to the Body Soule and Spirit of Traffique The First as the Body vpheld the world by Commutation and Bartring of commodities vntill money was deuised to bee coyned The Second as the Soule in the Body did infuse life to Traffique by the meanes of Equality and Equity preuenting aduantage between Buyers and Sellers The Third as the Spirit and faculty of the soule beeing seated euery where corroborateth the Vitall spirit of Traffique directing and controlling by iust proportions the prices and values of commodities and monyes Now euen as monyes were inuented to bee coyned of the purest mettals of siluer and gold to bee the Square and Rule to set a price vnto all commodities and other things whatsoeuer within the Realme and therefore called Publica Mensura euen so is exchange of monyes by Bills The Publike

being the Deliuerers of money beyond the Seas and the price of exchange altering there accordingly will haue the like consideration and the Merchant Stranger will prouoke him thereunto And if there be no Takers the English Merchant may bring ouer the money in specie wherein he shall become a Gayner This course is agreeable to Iustice and the Law of Nations and will not hinder th' exchange to rise and fall as formerly but keepe all in due order with those considerations Cautions and preuentions as shall be set downe to preuent all inconueniences proceeding by the inhauncing of money which fall generally vpon all men in the indearing of things and particularly vpon Land-lords and Creditours in their Rents and Contracts and especially vpon the Kings Maiesties Lands Now before we come to answer some obiections made against this Remedie let vs examine what Time the old obseruer and experience the best Schoole-master of mans life haue manifested touching the Raising of moneys in forraine parts and within the Realme it being one of the 34. defectiue remedies before declared It is recorded in an auncient booke that the inhauncing of the Coynes beyond the Seas was the cause that King Henry the sixt of England did raise the ounce of Starlin Siluer from 20 pence to 30 pence and King Edward the fourth from 30 pence to 40 pence And after him King Henry the eight after many sendings to forraine Princes about Minte affaires and exchanges perceiuing the price of money continually to rise beyond the Seas caused in the 18. yeere of his Raigne The Angell Noble to be valued from 6 shillings 8 pence vnto seuen shillings and foure pence and presently after to 7 shillings 6 pence whereby euery ounce of Starlin Siluer was worth 45 pence and yet there was nothing effected thereby the money still altering beyond the Seas whereupon Cardinal Wolsey had Letters Patents granted him by the King to alter the Valuation of money from time to time as he should see cause Afterwards the said King in the 22. yeere of his Raigne perceiuing that diuers Nations brought abundance of forraine Commodities into his Realme and receiued money for it which money they euer deliuered to other Merchants by exchange and neuer employed the same on the Commodities of the Realme whereby his Maiestie was hindered in his Customes and the Commodities of the Realme were not vttered to the great hinderance of his Subiects as is there alleaged His Maiestie caused a Proclamation to be made according to the aforesaide Statute made in the time of King Richard the second That no person should make any exchange contrary to the true meaning of the said Act and Statute vpon paine to be taken the Kings mortall enemy and to forfeite all that hee might for feite which tooke effect but for a short time and no other was to bee expected it not beeing of that moment nor the principall meane to doe it After this followed the imbasing of Moneys and then all the price of forraine Commodities did rise immoderately which made the natiue Commodities to rise at the Farmors and Tenants hands and thereupon Gentlemen did raise the rents of their lands and tooke farmes to themselues and made inclosures of grounds and the price of euery thing beeing deare was made dearer through plenty of money and Bullion comming from the West Indies as is already noted and by these meanes was the Office of the Kings Royall exchanges neglected because vpon the Base money no exchange was made and other nations counterfeited the same and filled the kingdome with it and so carrien out the good Staple wares of the Realm for it This raising of money was augmented afterwards by Queene Elizabeth of blessed memory in the highest degree by one full third part from 45. pence the ounce vnto 60. pence or 5. shillings Starlin Standard But the exportation did neuer ceasse because the course of exchange for money did runne alwaies vnder the value of the money still affoording a gaine betweene the said exchange and money which caused the said exportation And so will it bee stil if this be not preuented by Direction in a paire of Tables much like vnto the Tables kept at Douer in the time of King Edward the third to receiue the passengers money and by exchange in specie for it beyond the Seas which made them to leaue their moneys within the Realme and this course of exchange so directed is the onely meane and way to restore Englands wealth by importation of money and Bullion aduancing the price of our natiue Commodities and to preuent the Transportation of our moneys and all other Remedies are Defectiue as experience will prooue and demonstrate if good things can bee fauoured The Statute of employment must also bee obserued to make the Remedy more compleate with a Register also to record the Moneys which forraine Marriners doe receiue for fraight comming from Norway and other places which are aboue one hundred voyages in one yeare as also many other Ships bringing corne into the Northerne and Westerne parts of the Realme and exporting money for it The Turke Persian and Russian haue herein beene more Politicke then we keeping the price of their exchanges high much aboue the Ualuation of their moneys So that they haue no Trade by exchange nor moneys but onely for Commodities whereby they preuent the ouer ballancing of forrain Commodities with theirs as also the exportation of their moneys albeit the vse of our Commodities in those countreys is very great The Obiections made by some against this Sole Remedy may easily be answered for they are grounded vpon Suppositions against assured experience 1. Some make doubt that the price of exchange being risen there will be no takers of money and then the deliuerer is more thrust vpon the exportation of moneys 2. Others say that those merchants which haue sold their Cloth beyond the Seas shall receiue a losse in the making ouer of their money from thence 3. Others say that they shall not be able to vent their Cloth according to the high exchange especially now that the same is out of request and would haue the matter of reformation deferred vntill an other time The first obiection is answered before That the taker is ruled by the deliuerer who will not giue his money by exchange vnder the true value according to the Proclamation to be made and the deliuerer being the Merchant stranger here will sooner be thrust vpon the Statute of employment for by the exportation of money he shall haue no gaine whereas some of the discreeter sort would not haue that Statute too stricktly pressed vpon the Stranger because the Trade should not bee driuen into their hands To the second the Proclamation limiting a time for execution giueth Merchants ability to recouer their moneys or to sell their billes of debt for money or to buy Commodities for them as the manner is To the third