the_o opposition_n of_o the_o lithuanian_n who_o do_v but_o dishonour_v their_o country_n by_o exclude_v a_o piasto_n yet_o they_o ought_v to_o choose_v one_o to_o show_v the_o world_n that_o if_o their_o ancestor_n have_v not_o do_v the_o like_a often_o it_o be_v because_o they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o avoid_v the_o jealousy_n which_o will_v have_v arisen_a between_o so_o many_o subject_n that_o deserve_v the_o crown_n and_o that_o since_o now_o there_o be_v one_o present_n who_o merit_n be_v not_o to_o be_v question_v they_o ought_v forthwith_o to_o elect_v he_o then_o he_o proceed_v to_o name_n john_n sobieski_n with_o this_o character_n that_o his_o life_n have_v be_v entire_o devote_v to_o the_o service_n of_o the_o state_n which_o even_o while_o he_o be_v speak_v peaceable_o enjoy_v the_o fruit_n of_o his_o late_a victory_n at_o chocim_fw-la and_o further_o that_o this_o present_a happiness_n be_v but_o a_o specimen_fw-la of_o what_o he_o be_v able_a to_o do_v for_o his_o country_n and_o last_o that_o the_o crown_n be_v due_a to_o sobieski_n out_o of_o mere_a gratitude_n and_o acknowledgement_n since_o it_o be_v through_o his_o mean_n that_o they_o sit_v there_o and_o have_v a_o power_n to_o dispose_v of_o it_o speech_n the_o gentry_n of_o russia_n be_v influence_v by_o what_o their_o palatin_n have_v say_v immediate_o declare_v for_o sobieski_n who_o be_v a_o native_a of_o their_o province_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o poland_n soon_o follow_v their_o example_n together_o with_o some_o palatinate_v of_o lithuania_n bring_v over_o by_o the_o management_n of_o prince_n radzivil_n vicechancellor_n of_o that_o duchy_n every_o one_o be_v forward_o to_o deserve_v favour_n from_o one_o who_o they_o have_v acknowledge_v for_o their_o prince_n dissent_v the_o great_a general_n of_o lithuania_n be_v high_o displease_v at_o all_o these_o proceed_n leave_v the_o diet_n in_o a_o heat_n and_o together_o with_o his_o friend_n march_v out_o of_o the_o field_n about_o nine_o at_o night_n no_o body_n be_v able_a to_o bring_v he_o back_o hereupon_o he_o immediate_o enter_v protest_v against_o this_o election_n allege_v that_o it_o be_v against_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o any_o king_n to_o be_v choose_v without_o the_o common_a consent_n the_o next_o day_n be_v the_o 20_o the_o of_o may_n the_o lithuanian_n return_v into_o the_o field_n but_o retire_v after_o have_v make_v their_o protestation_n against_o this_o election_n whereupon_o several_a senator_n and_o nuncio_n be_v send_v to_o recall_a they_o but_o their_o answer_n be_v that_o they_o be_v go_v to_o deliberate_v upon_o the_o matter_n and_o will_v inform_v they_o of_o their_o resolution_n by_o their_o deputy_n the_o pole_n and_o lithuanian_n who_o have_v espouse_v sobieski_n interest_n forthwith_o command_v the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n to_o proclaim_v he_o which_o notwithstanding_o this_o prelate_n decline_v wise_o foresee_v the_o disorder_n so_o rash_a a_o election_n may_v occasion_v and_o which_o may_v probable_o end_v in_o a_o civil_a war._n lithuania_n the_o deputy_n of_o lithuania_n arrive_v a_o little_a while_n after_o whereof_o the_o chief_a be_v the_o bishop_n of_o vilna_n brother_n to_o the_o grand_a general_n deliver_v the_o message_n give_v sobieski_n the_o title_n only_o of_o grand_a marshal_n yet_o in_o the_o conclusion_n of_o his_o discourse_n he_o tell_v they_o that_o he_o be_v ready_a to_o give_v his_o vote_n for_o he_o but_o desire_v the_o proclaim_v he_o may_v be_v defer_v till_o next_o day_n to_o the_o end_n the_o lithuanian_n may_v assist_v at_o it_o and_o thereby_o the_o election_n become_v unanimous_a which_o request_v of_o his_o be_v ready_o grant_v whereupon_o the_o 21_o st_z of_o may_n andrew_n trzebicki_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n who_o preside_v at_o the_o diet_n in_o the_o room_n of_o the_o primate_n czartoriski_n just_a then_o decease_v which_o happen_v very_o well_o for_o sobieski_n the_o primate_n have_v be_v no_o friend_n of_o his_o go_v with_o the_o senator_n before_o the_o new_a prince_n to_o the_o place_n of_o election_n where_o they_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n with_o their_o general_n patz_n at_o their_o head_n who_o be_v too_o politic_a not_o to_o assist_v there_o with_o his_o whole_a family_n john_n sobieski_n be_v soon_o after_o proclaim_v 1674._o and_o the_o gentry_n proceed_v to_o sing_v te_fw-la deum_fw-la in_o the_o cathedral_n of_o warsaw_n end_v the_o day_n with_o usual_a acclamation_n and_o rejoice_n this_o prince_n be_v descend_v of_o a_o noble_a and_o ancient_a family_n though_o none_o of_o the_o most_o considerable_a nor_o rich_a in_o the_o kingdom_n his_o father_n father_n james_n sobieski_n be_v castellan_n of_o cracovia_n a_o person_n no_o less_o eminent_a for_o his_o ability_n in_o affair_n of_o state_n than_o renown_v for_o his_o courage_n and_o conduct_n in_o the_o field_n he_o be_v employ_v in_o the_o year_n 1621._o as_o ambassador_n and_o plenipotentiary_n upon_o a_o treaty_n of_o peace_n which_o by_o his_o prudence_n and_o address_n be_v honourable_o conclude_v with_o sultan_n osman_n he_o distinguish_v himself_o likewise_o on_o many_o other_o important_a occasion_n and_o after_o several_a other_o great_a service_n faithful_o perform_v for_o his_o country_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 1646._o mother_n his_o mother_n be_v one_o of_o the_o daughter_n of_o stanislaus_n zolkiewski_n grand_a chancellor_n and_o grand_a general_n of_o the_o crown_n who_o brave_o fight_v that_o memorable_a battle_n at_o cicora_n on_o the_o 10_o of_o september_n 1620_o and_o though_o he_o be_v again_o five_o time_n attack_v by_o the_o turk_n on_o the_o 2d_o of_o october_n in_o the_o same_o year_n yet_o he_o gallant_o repulse_v they_o till_o at_o last_o be_v overpower_v with_o number_n and_o forsake_v by_o his_o follower_n he_o be_v slay_v courageous_o fight_v among_o the_o thick_a troop_n of_o his_o enemy_n travel_n this_o prince_n be_v careful_o educate_v by_o his_o parent_n in_o his_o youth_n and_o send_v to_o travel_v into_o france_n where_o his_o father_n buy_v he_o a_o captain_n of_o horse_n commission_n which_o gain_v he_o great_a experience_n he_o also_o travel_v into_o england_n germany_n and_o italy_n where_o have_v observe_v all_o the_o different_a manner_n interest_n law_n military_a discipline_n strength_n and_o policy_n of_o those_o people_n and_o in_o a_o word_n all_o else_o that_o be_v necessary_a for_o a_o person_n of_o quality_n to_o learn_v in_o his_o travel_n he_o at_o last_o return_v home_o when_o casimir_n after_o several_a trial_n both_o of_o his_o valour_n and_o discretion_n and_o admire_v at_o his_o great_a merit_n and_o quick_a part_n which_o he_o have_v improve_v so_o well_o both_o in_o language_n science_n and_o military_a accomplishment_n make_v he_o first_o a_o colonel_n of_o foot_n and_o afterward_o captain_n of_o his_o guard_n and_o from_o thence_o advance_v he_o gradual_o through_o all_o the_o post_n of_o his_o army_n till_o he_o arrive_v at_o be_v grand_a marshal_n of_o the_o crown_n in_o the_o room_n of_o lubomirski_n and_o grand_a general_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o room_n of_o potoski_n he_o behave_v himself_o in_o all_o these_o employment_n with_o that_o courage_n and_o prudence_n as_o become_v a_o soldier_n and_o be_v repute_v the_o hero_n of_o his_o age_n and_o the_o terror_n of_o the_o ottoman_a empire_n marriage_n he_o marry_v mary_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr grange_n daughter_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o arquien_v not_o long_o since_o make_v cardinal_n of_o the_o family_n of_o la_fw-fr grange_n in_o nivernois_n in_o france_n she_o by_o the_o contrivance_n of_o king_n casimir_n queen_n to_o who_o she_o be_v maid_n of_o honour_n be_v first_o marry_v to_o prince_n zamoiski_n one_o of_o the_o great_a palatine_n in_o the_o kingdom_n and_o after_o his_o death_n to_o the_o grand_a general_n sobieski_n by_o who_o she_o have_v several_a child_n and_o among_o the_o â—â—est_n three_o hopeful_a prince_n the_o elder_a of_o which_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o be_v brother-in-law_n to_o the_o emperor_n king_n of_o spain_n king_n of_o portugal_n and_o to_o the_o duke_n of_o modena_n by_o marry_v one_o of_o the_o princess_n of_o neuburgh_n this_o prince_n be_v not_o crown_v till_o above_o fifteen_o month_n after_o his_o election_n during_o which_o time_n he_o gain_v great_a advantage_n over_o the_o turk_n and_o force_v they_o to_o a_o peace_n at_o zorowna_n whereby_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o remit_v the_o yearly_a tribute_n stipulate_v for_o by_o king_n michael_n but_o be_v still_o to_o be_v leave_v in_o possession_n of_o the_o fortress_n of_o caminiec_n at_o the_o time_n of_o his_o election_n he_o be_v please_v generosity_n to_o promise_v of_o his_o own_o free_a will_n and_o motion_n that_o the_o queen-dowager_n shall_v be_v provide_v for_o suitable_o to_o her_o high_a quality_n and_o extraordinary_a merit_n as_o also_o that_o the_o arrear_n of_o the_o army_n shall_v be_v
john_n iij_o king_n of_o poland_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n russia_n prussia_n samogitia_n &c_n &c_n pag._n 163_o the_o history_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n to_o person_n of_o quality_n give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o that_o kingdom_n historical_a geographical_a physical_a political_n and_o ecclesiastical_a viz._n it_o be_v origin_n and_o extent_n with_o a_o description_n of_o its_o town_n and_o province_n the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o all_o its_o king_n and_o of_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n the_o election_n power_n and_o coronitâ—â—â—_n oâ—â—_n the_o king_n the_o senate_n or_o house_n of_o lord_n the_o 〈◊〉_d and_o form_n of_o government_n the_o privilege_n of_o the_o gâ—â—â—â—ry_a their_o religion_n learning_n language_n custom_n haâ—â—â—s_n manner_n riches_n trade_n and_o military_a affair_n together_o with_o the_o state_n of_o physic_n and_o natural_a knowledge_n 〈◊〉_d also_o a_o account_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n and_o of_o the_o duke_n of_o curland_n his_o family_n and_o territory_n with_o sculpture_n and_o a_o new_a map_n after_o the_o best_a geographer_n with_o several_a letter_n relate_v to_o physic_n vol._n i._n by_o bern._n connor_n m._n d._n fellow_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o member_n of_o the_o college_n of_o physician_n who_o in_o his_o travel_n in_o that_o country_n collect_v these_o memoir_n from_o the_o best_a author_n and_o his_o own_o observation_n publish_a by_o the_o care_n and_o assistance_n of_o mr._n savage_n london_n print_v by_o j._n d._n for_o dan._n brown_n without_o temple-bar_n and_o a._n roper_n in_o fleetstreet_n m_o dc_o xcviii_o the_o preface_n have_v neither_o a_o genius_n nor_o a_o talon_n for_o history_n much_o less_o for_o politic_n and_o have_v pass_v but_o a_o very_a small_a time_n at_o the_o late_a king_n of_o poland_n court_n i_o can_v neither_o promise_v the_o critic_n nor_o politician_n that_o politeness_n of_o style_n nor_o those_o exact_a rule_n and_o circumstance_n of_o history_n they_o general_o expect_v and_o be_v accustom_a to_o meet_v with_o in_o relaâ—â—ions_n of_o this_o nature_n for_o the_o memoir_n i_o collect_v and_o the_o remark_n i_o make_v in_o that_o nation_n as_o well_o as_o in_o other_o foreign_a country_n be_v first_o intend_v for_o my_o own_o curiosity_n until_o be_v come_v some_o few_o year_n ago_o from_o my_o travel_n into_o england_n and_o find_v there_o have_v not_o be_v yet_o publish_v in_o our_o tongue_n any_o account_n of_o this_o vast_a neighbour_a kingdom_n i_o be_v often_o discourse_v chief_o during_o this_o last_o election_n about_o the_o constitution_n of_o that_o country_n and_o be_v desire_v to_o communicate_v to_o the_o public_a what_o i_o know_v of_o it_o this_o give_v i_o occasion_n to_o revise_v my_o memoir_n and_o to_o consider_v that_o if_o they_o be_v put_v into_o good_a order_n they_o may_v perhaps_o be_v of_o some_o use_n because_o the_o form_n of_o government_n in_o poland_n be_v in_o some_o respect_n like_o that_o of_o we_o but_o the_o first_o year_n i_o come_v over_o i_o spend_v some_o month_n at_o oxford_n to_o publish_v a_o small_a latin_a treatise_n of_o physical_a matter_n and_o to_o communicate_v to_o the_o ingenious_a gentleman_n there_o what_o small_a insight_n i_o be_v think_v to_o have_v in_o anatomy_n and_o in_o the_o materia_fw-la medica_fw-la the_o summer_n follow_v i_o make_v some_o chemical_a and_o anatomical_a demonstration_n at_o cambridg_n these_o two_o last_o winter_n i_o have_v be_v much_o take_v up_o here_o in_o town_n in_o try_v a_o great_a many_o chemical_a and_o anatomical_a experiment_n and_o in_o publish_v my_o treatise_n de_fw-fr medicina_fw-la mystica_fw-la and_o beside_o be_v busy_v in_o my_o other_o occupation_n in_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n to_o which_o i_o have_v entire_o apply_v myself_o of_o late_a as_o be_v more_o suitable_a to_o my_o temper_n and_o profession_n than_o historical_a one_o i_o neither_o can_v take_v any_o delight_n nor_o have_v any_o leisure_n to_o write_v over_o or_o to_o put_v into_o due_a method_n the_o memoir_n i_o bring_v from_o poland_n so_o that_o the_o public_a be_v indebt_v to_o my_o ingenious_a friend_n mr._n savage_a for_o without_o his_o help_n this_o account_n of_o poland_n can_v not_o doubtless_o have_v thus_o appear_v these_o several_a year_n i_o hope_v ingenuous_a and_o candid_a person_n will_v excuse_v the_o fault_n and_o defect_n they_o will_v undoubted_o meet_v with_o in_o this_o historical_a relation_n since_o what_o i_o design_v only_o to_o do_v at_o my_o own_o leisure_n in_o some_o year_n i_o have_v dispatch_v with_o too_o much_o precipitation_n in_o few_o month_n to_o satisfy_v the_o curiosity_n of_o people_n during_o the_o late_a election_n in_o poland_n who_o long_v to_o see_v some_o account_n of_o that_o kingdom_n publish_v wherefore_o i_o neither_o deserve_v nor_o desire_v any_o other_o reputation_n by_o it_o than_o that_o be_v the_o first_o that_o have_v give_v any_o history_n of_o that_o country_n in_o our_o language_n i_o give_v occasion_n to_o other_o that_o may_v travel_v after_o i_o in_o poland_n to_o give_v a_o more_o satisfactory_a account_n thereof_o i_o admire_v our_o english_a gentry_n who_o travel_n into_o germany_n have_v never_o the_o curiosity_n to_o go_v either_o from_o berlin_n through_o prussia_n or_o posnania_n to_o warsaw_n or_o from_o vienna_n through_o silesia_n to_o cracow_n they_o may_v with_o ease_n perform_v this_o journey_n in_o three_o month_n time_n and_o not_o think_v their_o time_n lose_v for_o though_o there_o be_v not_o so_o many_o rarity_n to_o be_v see_v nor_o that_o conveniency_n of_o travel_v â—â—s_o in_o most_o other_o country_n yet_o they_o may_v observe_v the_o most_o remarkable_a place_n in_o poland_n the_o peculiar_a form_n of_o government_n the_o splendour_n of_o the_o court_n and_o the_o extraordinary_a grandeur_n of_o the_o nobility_n who_o be_v not_o so_o barbarous_a nor_o so_o unpolished_a as_o they_o be_v general_o represent_v for_o these_o sixty_o or_o seventy_o year_n past_a the_o pole_n have_v take_v a_o humour_n to_o travel_v and_o have_v of_o late_o refine_v themselves_o extreme_o have_v have_v french_a queen_n and_o french_a faction_n reign_v among_o they_o during_o the_o four_o last_o reign_n successive_o which_o have_v produce_v this_o good_a effect_n contrary_a to_o the_o private_a design_n of_o france_n that_o not_o only_o the_o rough_a temper_n of_o the_o pole_n be_v make_v more_o polite_a and_o their_o behaviour_n more_o civil_a but_o likewise_o their_o judgement_n improve_v and_o they_o themselves_o render_v more_o capable_a of_o know_v their_o own_o interest_n and_o more_o wary_a than_o former_o of_o a_o despotic_a power_n which_o their_o king_n of_o late_a assist_v by_o the_o french_a have_v labour_v to_o introduce_v for_o the_o pole_n be_v now_o sensible_a that_o the_o french_a king_n who_o be_v absolute_a at_o home_n and_o well_o know_v to_o be_v ambitious_a enough_o to_o enlarge_v his_o conquest_n abroad_o have_v just_a reason_n to_o think_v that_o it_o will_v have_v be_v casy_a for_o he_o to_o manage_v his_o interest_n against_o the_o empire_n with_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o be_v likewise_o absolute_a than_o it_o be_v now_o with_o one_o who_o entire_o depend_v on_o the_o uncertain_a resolution_n of_o a_o free_a parliament_n because_o let_v a_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v ever_o so_o despotic_a his_o kingdom_n be_v poor_a he_o will_v always_o want_v money_n either_o to_o satisfy_v his_o pleasure_n or_o to_o gratify_v his_o ambition_n and_o will_v scarce_o ever_o be_v proof_n against_o fifty_o thousand_o louis-d'or's_a the_o pole_n be_v not_o only_o watchful_a against_o the_o encroach_a faction_n of_o france_n but_o likewise_o they_o begin_v to_o consider_v the_o unhappy_a condition_n of_o their_o enslave_v neighbour_n the_o muscovite_n swede_n dane_n german_n and_o turk_n who_o groan_n under_o the_o heavy_a yoke_n of_o the_o unlimited_a power_n of_o their_o sovereign_n these_o visible_a example_n make_v they_o so_o very_o jealous_a of_o their_o king_n and_o so_o extreme_a fond_a of_o their_o liberty_n that_o they_o will_v not_o only_o always_o keep_v their_o crown_n elective_a but_o likewise_o oblige_v their_o new_a king_n to_o enlarge_v their_o privilege_n which_o be_v at_o this_o time_n more_o ample_a than_o ever_o they_o have_v be_v before_o and_o it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v imagine_v that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n will_v become_v despotic_a as_o the_o king_n of_o denmark_n do_v because_o in_o denmark_n the_o king_n clergy_n and_o common_a people_n be_v keep_v under_o by_o the_o exorbitant_a power_n of_o the_o nobility_n join_v together_o and_o soon_o bring_v the_o nobility_n to_o declare_v the_o king_n absolute_a choose_v rather_o to_o be_v under_o one_o master_n than_o under_o several_a petty_a tyrant_n but_o in_o poland_n both_o gentry_n and_o clergy_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a and_o
can_v never_o learn_v he_o enter_v into_o a_o alliance_n with_o jaroâ—â—_n marriage_n duke_n of_o russia_n son_n to_o vlodomirus_fw-la and_o 〈◊〉_d ry_v his_o sister_n mary_n afterward_o call_v doâ—â—neva_n who_o mother_n be_v the_o princess_n 〈◊〉_d sister_n to_o basil_n and_o constantine_n emperoun_n constantinople_n he_o conquer_v the_o province_n of_o masoâ—â—_n war_n where_o now_o lie_v warsaw_n and_o defeat_v â—â—_o army_n of_o maslaus_n than_o duke_n of_o that_o coâ—â—try_n who_o retire_v among_o the_o neighbourâ—â—_n barbarian_n not_o long_o after_o return_v 〈◊〉_d great_a force_n and_o ravage_v masoviaâ—â—_n â—â—_z along_o to_o the_o vistula_n but_o be_v soon_o meet_v 〈◊〉_d overthrow_v a_o second_o time_n by_o casimir_n whâ—â—_n fly_v to_o his_o friend_n as_o he_o think_v that_o 〈◊〉_d assist_v he_o they_o take_v flay_v and_o fasten_v 〈◊〉_d to_o a_o exceed_a high_a cross_n say_v 34._o that_o be_v but_o just_a that_o he_o shall_v be_v exalt_v who_o aâ—â—_n tion_n be_v so_o boundless_a afterward_o casimir_n beiâ—â—_n mindful_a of_o the_o benefit_n he_o former_o receiuâ—â—_n in_o the_o abbey_n of_o clunie_n send_v thither_o great_a prâ—â—sents_n and_o offering_n at_o length_n this_o good_a king_n have_v settle_a hâ—â—_n issue_n kingdom_n in_o its_o former_a tranquillity_n die_v and_o leave_v three_o son_n boleslaus_n vladislaus_n and_o miâ—â—cistaus_n and_o one_o daughter_n suentochna_n he_o be_v â—â—yed_v at_o posnan_n in_o the_o year_n 1058._o 1059._o boleslaus_n ii_o his_o son_n surname_v the_o d_o succeed_v he_o who_o reign_v 23_o year_n n_o the_o beginning_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o have_v war_n war_n â—â—h_v the_o hungarian_n bohemian_n russian_n and_o â—â—ssians_n all_o cause_v by_o the_o protect_a of_o three_o â—â—les_n he_o vigorous_o maintain_v the_o cause_n bela_n prince_n of_o hungary_n who_o be_v then_o marâ—â—d_v to_o his_o aunt_n and_o banish_v by_o king_n anâ—â—_n whereupon_o he_o dethrone_v andrew_n and_o â—â—wned_a bela_n king_n of_o hungary_n notwithstandâ—â—_n the_o considerable_a succour_n send_v to_o andrewâ—â—_n â—â—_z of_o germany_n and_o bohemia_n afterward_o reâ—â—ning_v into_o poland_n he_o marry_v viseslava_n marriage_n ughter_n and_o heiress_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o russia_n by_o they_o he_o have_v that_o dukedom_n for_o a_o portion_n 73._o towards_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o his_o reign_n he_o come_v very_o dissolute_a and_o lewd_a oppress_v the_o â—â—ple_n with_o extraordinary_a and_o insupportable_a x_n take_v away_o public_o gentleman_n die_n to_o satisfy_v his_o lust_n can_v not_o endure_v â—â—_o that_o take_v notice_n of_o his_o irregularity_n wish_v such_o as_o complain_v of_o his_o tyrannical_a vice_n government_n and_o at_o length_n kill_v stanislaus_n â—â—zepanovius_fw-la bishop_n of_o cracow_n for_o refuse_v â—â—_o the_o sacrament_n of_o the_o altar_n the_o manner_n which_o be_v thus_o boleslaus_n continue_v in_o enormous_a crime_n and_o extravagancy_n this_o odd_a man_n earnest_o entreat_v he_o to_o amend_v life_n but_o perceive_v his_o obstinacy_n one_o y_o he_o refuse_v he_o the_o communion_n which_o be_v prince_n be_v high_o offend_v at_o watch_v a_o opportunity_n to_o revenge_n and_o a_o little_a while_n after_o as_o the_o bishop_n be_v officiate_a at_o mass_n he_o give_v he_o such_o a_o blow_n with_o his_o sabre_n that_o he_o make_v his_o brain_n fly_v against_o the_o wall_n and_o afterward_o his_o guard_n enter_v cut_v the_o good_a bishop_n to_o piece_n hereupon_o he_o be_v soon_o pursue_v with_o vatican_n thunder_n and_o consequent_o render_v odious_a to_o his_o subject_n wherefore_o fear_v some_o conspiracy_n may_v be_v kingdom_n raise_v against_o he_o he_o leave_v his_o kingdom_n and_o retire_v with_o his_o son_n miecislaus_fw-la which_o he_o have_v by_o his_o queen_n viseslava_n to_o ladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n where_o it_o be_v report_v that_o out_o of_o death_n mere_a madness_n he_o afterward_o kill_v himself_o this_o bishop_n stanislaus_n be_v canonize_v by_o pope_n gregory_n vii_o and_o have_v all_o along_o from_o thence_o poland_n be_v receive_v for_o the_o patron_n of_o poland_n the_o pope_n also_o excommunicate_v the_o whole_a country_n and_o boleslaus_n his_o successor_n be_v for_o a_o ceases_z considerable_a time_n 40._o deprive_v of_o the_o title_n of_o king_n next_o come_v 1082._o uladislaus_n hermannus_n brother_n to_o boleslaus_n to_o be_v elect_v who_o be_v afraid_a of_o the_o pope_n or_o else_o fear_v his_o brother_n return_n will_v only_o accept_v of_o the_o title_n of_o 45._o prince_n he_o recall_v his_o nephew_n miecislaus_fw-la who_o die_v in_o six_o year_n after_o he_o build_v many_o church_n and_o monastery_n all_o which_o he_o rich_o endow_v this_o prince_n also_o bring_v over_o the_o rebellious_a war_n pomeranian_o and_o prussian_n and_o defeat_v likewise_o the_o army_n of_o vratislaus_n prince_n of_o bohemia_n who_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iv._o have_v dignify_v with_o the_o character_n of_o king_n give_v he_o moreover_o a_o right_n over_o poland_n though_o he_o have_v no_o title_n to_o dispose_v of_o it_o his_o predecessor_n otho_n iii_o when_o he_o crown_v boleslaus_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n have_v renounce_v both_o for_o himself_o and_o his_o successor_n all_o claim_n to_o that_o kingdom_n nay_o i_o hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o this_o be_v rather_o a_o piece_n of_o civility_n in_o otho_n than_o any_o obligation_n upon_o they_o their_o country_n have_v never_o be_v conquer_v by_o any_o foreigner_n not_o even_o by_o the_o roman_n themselves_o marriage_n he_o marry_v judith_n daughter_n of_o vratislaus_n king_n of_o bohemia_n by_o who_o he_o have_v boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v krivoustus_n or_o the_o wry-mouthed_a and_o afterward_o by_o a_o daughter_n of_o the_o emperor_n henry_n iu._n he_o have_v three_o daughter_n he_o die_v death_n in_o the_o fifty_o year_n of_o his_o age_n be_v bury_v at_o ploscow_n and_o succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 1103._o boleslaus_n iii_o surname_v krivoustus_n or_o the_o wry-mouthed_a he_o be_v the_o most_o warlike_a and_o successful_a prince_n that_o poland_n ever_o have_v and_o at_o length_n subdue_v his_o bastard_n brother_n sbigneius_n that_o rebel_v war_n against_o he_o who_o at_o last_o he_o be_v force_v to_o cause_n to_o be_v 60._o murder_v but_o of_o all_o other_o his_o contest_v with_o the_o emperor_n henry_n v._o be_v most_o famous_a which_o be_v as_o follow_v this_o emperor_n have_v declare_v war_n against_o colomannus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o engage_v the_o bohemian_n on_o his_o side_n boleslaus_n join_v colomannus_n and_o to_o make_v a_o strong_a diversion_n enter_v bohemia_n and_o destroy_v the_o great_a part_n of_o that_o country_n whereupon_o to_o be_v revenge_v on_o boleslaus_n the_o emperor_n surprise_v the_o province_n of_o silesia_n and_o marchia_n which_o be_v then_o in_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o pole_n and_o have_v be_v absolute_a master_n of_o they_o have_v not_o boleslaus_n speedy_o march_v with_o a_o army_n to_o oppose_v he_o who_o find_v his_o enemy_n much_o superior_a in_o number_n at_o first_o think_v it_o better_a to_o compose_v the_o matter_n amicable_o and_o therefore_o send_v a_o ambassador_n to_o treat_v of_o peace_n to_o which_o the_o emperor_n think_v he_o have_v the_o advantage_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n condescend_v except_o upon_o very_o dishonourable_a term_n for_o the_o pole_n 55._o and_o hereupon_o lead_v scarbicus_n the_o ambassador_n to_o see_v his_o treasure_n he_o tell_v he_o that_o that_o point_v to_o his_o gold_n will_v bring_v the_o pole_n to_o what_o term_n he_o please_v at_o which_o scarbicus_n be_v high_o affront_v take_v off_o a_o gold_n ring_n from_o his_o finger_n and_o throw_v it_o into_o the_o treasury_n say_v whatever_o be_v your_o imperial_a majesty_n opinion_n i_o do_v not_o question_v but_o the_o polish_v iron_n mean_v their_o sword_n will_v prove_v as_o good_a metal_n as_o the_o german_a gold_n which_o say_v he_o immediate_o take_v his_o leave_n and_o return_v to_o his_o master_n acquaint_v he_o with_o his_o negotiation_n which_o the_o haughty_a pole_n high_o resent_v resolve_v to_o hazard_v a_o battle_n which_o he_o do_v and_o by_o the_o bravery_n of_o his_o army_n obtain_v a_o signal_n victory_n in_o the_o dogsfield_n near_o breslaw_n chief_a city_n of_o silesia_n whereupon_o the_o emperor_n immediate_o strike_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o he_o give_v he_o marriage_n his_o sister_n adleida_n in_o marriage_n and_o his_o daughter_n christina_n to_o his_o young_a son_n vladislaus_n this_o prince_n force_v the_o pomeranian_o to_o the_o christian_a faith_n which_o they_o have_v often_o reject_v before_o the_o pole_n all_o this_o while_n be_v in_o possession_n of_o silesia_n but_o afterward_o the_o king_n of_o bohemia_n conquer_v it_o and_o therefore_o it_o consequent_o now_o be_v under_o the_o emperor_n 74._o it_o be_v report_v of_o this_o prince_n that_o he_o have_v fight_v forty_o seven_o battle_n with_o success_n except_o success_n one_o only_o with_o the_o red_a russian_n which_o be_v mere_o lose_v through_o the_o cowardice_n of_o a_o
son_n and_o the_o other_o name_v hedwigis_fw-la he_o leave_v to_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n etc._n this_o prince_n be_v very_o curious_a to_o know_v what_o opinion_n people_n have_v of_o he_o and_o be_v also_o exact_a in_o reform_v the_o fault_n they_o lay_v to_o his_o example_n charge_n for_o this_o purpose_n he_o be_v wont_a to_o disguise_v himself_o and_o inquire_v among_o the_o people_n how_o they_o like_v their_o king_n and_o what_o they_o think_v amiss_o in_o he_o and_o according_a to_o their_o answer_n he_o redress_v the_o grievance_n suggest_v to_o he_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v hitherto_o give_v you_o a_o succinct_a account_n of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n next_o i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o present_v your_o lordship_n likewise_o with_o that_o of_o jagello_n be_v still_o a_o continuation_n of_o piastus_n his_o family_n in_o the_o line_n of_o a_o daughter_n of_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n when_o lewis_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o hungary_n die_v his_o daughter_n hedwigis_fw-la be_v with_o her_o mother_n the_o queen_n dowager_n in_o hungary_n the_o pole_n though_o there_o be_v several_a prince_n of_o the_o race_n of_o piastus_n leave_v in_o poland_n and_o silesia_n yet_o either_o because_o they_o do_v not_o think_v they_o deserve_v or_o else_o by_o reason_n that_o they_o believe_v they_o engage_v in_o their_o enemy_n interest_n send_v a_o solemn_a embassy_n for_o the_o young_a princess_n 1382._o hedwigis_fw-la who_o soon_o come_v into_o poland_n with_o cardinal_n demetrius_n the_o bishop_n of_o strigonia_n and_o several_a other_o of_o the_o chief_a nobility_n of_o hungary_n at_o her_o arrival_n the_o pole_n receive_v she_o with_o great_a joy_n splendour_n and_o magnificence_n and_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n bozenta_n crown_v she_o after_o the_o usual_a ceremony_n at_o cracow_n on_o the_o feast_n of_o st._n hedwigis_fw-la always_o religious_o observe_v in_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1382_o and_o she_o reign_v alone_o four_o year_n this_o young_a princess_n be_v not_o yet_o marry_v suitor_n have_v several_a noble_a suitor_n among_o which_o ziemovitus_n duke_n of_o masovia_n be_v the_o first_o who_o she_o refuse_v the_o next_o be_v william_n of_o austria_n who_o come_v in_o person_n to_o court_v she_o he_o she_o like_v but_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n consent_n to_o a_o marriage_n with_o he_o have_v always_o have_v a_o maxim_n which_o they_o never_o hitherto_o break_v that_o they_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n admit_v any_o of_o that_o family_n to_o their_o crown_n and_o this_o fear_v so_o powerful_a a_o neighbour_n may_v one_o time_n or_o other_o find_v mean_n to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a in_o their_o country_n but_o at_o last_o jagello_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n have_v better_a fortune_n for_o he_o soon_o obtain_v she_o by_o the_o great_a christian_n and_o advantageous_a proffer_v he_o make_v the_o pole_n he_o first_o promise_v to_o embrace_v the_o christian_a religion_n with_o all_o his_o country_n who_o be_v before_o fagan_o next_o to_o unite_v lithuania_n to_o poland_n during_o his_o time_n under_o the_o same_o form_n of_o government_n and_o last_o that_o in_o case_n his_o male_a race_n fail_v it_o shall_v for_o ever_o after_o be_v annex_v to_o that_o kingdom_n hereupon_o jagello_n be_v baptize_v and_o take_v upon_o he_o the_o name_n of_o 1386._o uladislaus_n v._o and_o after_o have_v consummate_v the_o marriage_n with_o hedwigis_fw-la be_v consecrate_v by_o the_o archbishop_n bozenta_fw-mi in_o the_o year_n 1386._o and_o reign_v 48_o year_n not_o long_o after_o his_o coronation_n he_o go_v with_o priest_n into_o lithuania_n lithuanian_n and_o in_o a_o twelve_o month_n time_n convert_v all_o that_o nation_n but_o this_o not_o so_o much_o by_o their_o preach_a and_o vigilance_n as_o by_o his_o own_o exemplary_a zeal_n and_o persuasion_n 87._o after_o cracow_n this_o he_o erect_v the_o university_n of_o cracow_n which_o casimir_n the_o great_a have_v only_o begin_v and_o send_v to_o prague_n in_o bohemia_n for_o learned_a man_n to_o instruct_v the_o youth_n in_o all_o manner_n of_o science_n which_o have_v never_o before_o be_v teach_v in_o this_o country_n about_o this_o time_n queen_n hedwigis_fw-la dies_fw-la die_v after_o have_v endow_v the_o university_n to_o encourage_v learning_n order_n this_o prince_n have_v long_a war_n with_o the_o teutonic_n order_n which_o then_o very_o much_o insult_v over_o the_o frontier_n of_o his_o kingdom_n whereupon_o the_o pole_n be_v not_o a_o little_a incline_v to_o be_v revenge_v on_o this_o proud_a and_o powerful_a people_n now_o poland_n not_o be_v alone_o sufficient_a to_o withstand_v they_o jagello_n make_v up_o a_o considerable_a army_n of_o pole_n lithuanian_n russian_n and_o tartar_n with_o all_o which_o he_o march_v direct_o towards_o they_o who_o be_v get_v ready_a to_o receive_v he_o with_o a_o body_n of_o about_o 140000_o man_n yet_o notwithstanding_o after_o a_o long_a and_o doubtful_a fight_n the_o pole_n happen_v to_o have_v the_o better_a and_o entire_o rout_v the_o teutonic_n army_n kill_v their_o great_a master_n conrade_n of_o thuningen_n with_o about_o 30000_o soldier_n and_o near_o 15000_o take_v prisoner_n this_o victory_n the_o pole_n pursue_v so_o far_o that_o they_o take_v most_o of_o the_o town_n in_o prussia_n and_o doubtless_o have_v entire_o destroy_v that_o order_n have_v not_o the_o emperor_n sigismond_n '_o come_v to_o their_o relief_n who_o soon_o force_v the_o pole_n to_o make_v peace_n with_o they_o and_o to_o restore_v all_o they_o have_v take_v from_o '_o they_o afterward_o jagello_n have_v several_a other_o conflict_n with_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o all_o which_o he_o conquer_v death_n he_o die_v of_o a_o fever_n in_o russia_n after_o have_v reign_v forty_o eight_o year_n and_o some_o month_n and_o lie_v bury_v in_o the_o cathedral_n at_o cracow_n this_o king_n have_v have_v four_o wife_n all_o which_o he_o issue_n cause_v to_o be_v crown_v and_o two_o son_n vladislaus_n vi_o and_o casimir_n iu._n though_o his_o son_n 1435._o uladislaus_n the_o six_o be_v but_o nine_o year_n old_a when_o his_o father_n die_v yet_o after_o long_a debate_n and_o great_a opposition_n in_o the_o diet_n he_o be_v elect_v at_o briescia_n in_o the_o year_n 1435_o and_o reign_v ten_o year_n 167._o he_o be_v so_o young_a when_o he_o be_v choose_v that_o his_o coronation_n oath_n be_v fain_o to_o be_v dispense_v with_o his_o mother_n sophia_n and_o some_o of_o the_o peer_n have_v promise_v he_o shall_v take_v it_o when_o he_o come_v of_o age._n regent_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o senate_n be_v regent_n during_o his_o minority_n some_o while_n after_o the_o tartar_n make_v great_a incursion_n into_o podolia_n which_o then_o belong_v to_o poland_n when_o have_v kill_v the_o polish_v general_n bucarius_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o his_o army_n they_o retire_v with_o great_a booty_n into_o their_o own_o country_n after_o this_o by_o the_o death_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n hungary_n have_v no_o king_n to_o defend_v it_o against_o the_o turk_n who_o threaten_v it_o on_o all_o side_n send_v ambassador_n to_o vladislaus_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o come_v and_o be_v their_o king_n which_o after_o some_o deliberation_n he_o accept_v of_o and_o go_v into_o that_o kingdom_n notwithstanding_o the_o cabal_n and_o party_n of_o the_o empress_n elizabeth_n who_o be_v leave_v four_o month_n go_v with_o child_n he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o hungary_n at_o buda_n the_o child_n hungary_n the_o empress_n go_v with_o be_v afterward_o bear_v and_o call_v ladislaus_n but_o she_o die_v not_o long_o after_o leave_v king_n vladislaus_n in_o peace_n at_o least_o at_o home_n till_o the_o turk_n oblige_v he_o to_o take_v arm_n for_o his_o defence_n abroad_o for_o amurath_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n be_v not_o only_o then_o on_o his_o march_n to_o besiege_v belgrade_n in_o person_n but_o also_o command_v the_o hungarian_n to_o pay_v he_o tribute_n hereupon_o vladislaus_n be_v force_v to_o declare_v turk_n war_n against_o he_o and_o under_o the_o command_n of_o huniades_n send_v a_o army_n make_v up_o of_o pole_n and_o hungarian_n to_o oppose_v he_o which_o come_v upon_o he_o by_o night_n surprise_v the_o turkish_a army_n near_o the_o river_n morava_n in_o hungary_n and_o make_v such_o a_o slaughter_n of_o they_o that_o it_o be_v think_v the_o turk_n lose_v above_o 30000_o man_n that_o day_n after_o this_o happy_a victory_n vladislaus_n banish_v all_o those_o infidel_n out_o of_o hungary_n and_o pursue_v they_o to_o the_o very_a frontier_n of_o macedon_n in_o greece_n where_o he_o gain_v a_o second_o battle_n over_o carambeius_n general_n of_o the_o troop_n of_o asia_n take_v he_o prisoner_n and_o drive_v his_o army_n into_o mountain_n and_o inaccessible_a place_n the_o king_n be_v wound_v in_o this_o action_n etc._n upon_o this_o occasion_n john_n palcologus_n emperor_n of_o
constantinople_n the_o pope_n and_o many_o other_o victory_n christian_a prince_n send_v ambassador_n to_o compliment_v he_o afterward_o amurath_n under_o pretence_n of_o ransome_v carambeius_n send_v minister_n to_o treat_v of_o a_o peace_n but_o vladislaus_n will_v only_o agree_v to_o a_o truce_n for_o ten_o year_n after_o this_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n send_v to_o their_o king_n vladislaus_n to_o return_v among_o they_o but_o he_o be_v advise_v by_o several_a christian_a prince_n especial_o the_o pope_n who_o send_v a_o nuncio_n to_o he_o on_o purpose_n to_o break_v the_o truce_n and_o continue_v the_o war_n instead_o of_o comply_v with_o the_o pole_n request_v march_v immediate_o with_o all_o the_o troop_n he_o can_v get_v together_o into_o bulgaria_n and_o come_v to_o nicopolis_n capital_a of_o this_o province_n where_o 175._o dromla_n or_o dracula_n palatin_n of_o moldavia_n meet_v he_o he_o earnest_o entreat_v he_o to_o keep_v his_o royal_a promise_n with_o the_o turk_n though_o enemy_n to_o the_o christian_a belief_n but_o perceive_v the_o king_n be_v inflexible_a resolution_n to_o continue_v the_o war_n give_v he_o 4000_o man_n under_o his_o own_o son_n command_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n amurath_n who_o after_o the_o truce_n agree_v upon_o with_o vladislaus_n go_v to_o conquer_v a_o certain_a people_n of_o asia_n call_v caramani_n hear_v of_o this_o great_a army_n march_v against_o he_o turn_v his_o force_n consist_v as_o jovius_n relate_v of_o about_o 80000_o man_n to_o meet_v they_o and_o near_o the_o town_n of_o varna_n fight_v they_o where_o by_o his_o camel_n fright_v the_o polish_v and_o hungarian_a horse_n together_o with_o the_o invincible_a courage_n of_o his_o janissary_n he_o entire_o defeat_v the_o christian_a army_n and_o kill_v king_n vladislaus_n turk_n in_o the_o year_n 1445._o whereupon_o some_o body_n make_v a_o satirical_a epitaph_n upon_o this_o unfortunate_a king_n as_o follows_z 88_o romulidae_fw-la cannae_n ego_fw-la varnam_n call_v notavi_fw-la discite_fw-la mortales_fw-la non_fw-la temerare_fw-la fidem_fw-la i_o nisi_fw-la pontifices_fw-la jussissent_fw-la rumpere_fw-la foedus_fw-la non_fw-la ferret_n scythicum_fw-la pannonis_fw-la ora_fw-la jugum_n ever_o after_o this_o the_o turk_n always_o fortify_v themselves_o against_o the_o christian_n who_o they_o think_v can_v never_o keep_v either_o their_o oath_n or_o word_n and_o not_o long_o after_o mahomet_n the_o great_a take_v constantinople_n in_o the_o year_n 1453_o wherein_o constantin_n paleologus_fw-la the_o last_o christian_a emperor_n of_o the_o east_n be_v crowd_v to_o death_n in_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n king_n vladislaus_n leave_v no_o child_n his_o brother_n 1446._o casimir_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n be_v elect_v next_o and_o crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1446_o and_o reign_v forty_o five_o year_n he_o marry_v marriage_n the_o princess_n elizabeth_n daughter_n to_o the_o emperor_n albert_n ii_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n the_o prussian_n throw_v off_o the_o heavy_a yoke_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o put_v themselves_o under_o casimir_n protection_n knight_n hereupon_o this_o king_n go_v in_o person_n into_o prussia_n to_o take_v their_o allegiance_n and_o fidelity_n where_o he_o likewise_o grant_v they_o many_o privilege_n who_o thereupon_o oblige_v themselves_o especial_o at_o dantzic_n to_o maintain_v the_o king_n and_o his_o court_n for_o four_o day_n whenever_o he_o shall_v please_v to_o come_v again_o in_o person_n among_o '_o they_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o teutonic_n knight_n get_v together_o a_o strong_a army_n in_o bohemia_n and_o germany_n with_o which_o they_o immediate_o march_v against_o casimir_n and_o rout_v he_o before_o he_o can_v execute_v his_o design_n of_o besiege_v order_n marienburg_n and_o several_a other_o town_n which_o that_o order_n have_v yet_o leave_v in_o prussia_n casimir_n not_o a_o little_a sensible_a of_o this_o affront_n to_o lose_v a_o battle_n where_o he_o himself_o be_v like_a to_o have_v be_v kill_v call_v a_o diet_n and_o prevail_v so_o far_o upon_o the_o gentry_n as_o to_o grant_v he_o half_a their_o yearly_o revenue_n to_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o teutonic_n order_n by_o which_o mean_v after_o a_o long_a and_o obstinate_a dispute_n he_o at_o last_o oblige_v they_o to_o accept_v of_o article_n of_o peace_n wherein_o the_o pope_n nuncio_n be_v mediator_n by_o this_o agreement_n they_o be_v to_o restore_v to_o poland_n all_o peace_n pomerania_n the_o territory_n of_o culm_n and_o michalow_a with_o the_o city_n of_o marienburg_n stuma_n and_o elbing_n and_o be_v to_o be_v leave_v in_o possession_n of_o the_o rest_n only_o on_o condition_n that_o their_o great_a master_n for_o ever_o after_o shall_v be_v prince_n and_o senator_n of_o poland_n and_o take_v oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n the_o moldavian_n likewise_o by_o their_o hospodar_n desire_n casimir_n protection_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o offer_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o he_o as_o vassal_n and_o a_o tributary_n nation_n which_o they_o continue_v for_o a_o long_a while_n after_o issue_n this_o king_n have_v four_o son_n whereof_o vladislaus_n be_v first_o choose_v king_n of_o bohemia_n and_o afterward_o of_o hungary_n for_o this_o last_o kingdom_n after_o their_o king_n death_n have_v entreat_v casimir_n to_o send_v one_o of_o his_o son_n to_o reign_v over_o they_o whereupon_o vladislaus_n than_o king_n of_o bohemia_n march_v speedy_o into_o hungary_n with_o a_o small_a body_n to_o prevent_v any_o of_o his_o brother_n pretend_v to_o that_o crown_n nevertheless_o his_o brother_n john_n albert_n go_v soon_o after_o with_o another_o army_n to_o oppose_v he_o and_o meet_v and_o fight_v he_o but_o vladislaus_n have_v get_v the_o better_a be_v crown_v not_o long_o after_o yet_o he_o be_v kind_a to_o his_o brother_n and_o give_v he_o some_o town_n in_o silesia_n which_o then_o belong_v to_o bohemia_n diet._n in_o the_o time_n of_o this_o king_n casimir_n the_o deputy_n of_o the_o province_n first_o appear_v at_o the_o diet_n for_o before_o the_o king_n and_o senator_n have_v the_o supreme_a power_n of_o make_v law_n 89._o hartknoch_n say_v that_o till_o this_o king_n reign_n the_o latin_a tongue_n be_v very_o rare_o speak_v in_o poland_n for_o that_o when_o the_o king_n of_o sueden_n have_v a_o certain_a interview_n with_o casimir_n at_o dantzic_n neither_o casimir_n nor_o any_o of_o his_o court_n can_v discourse_v with_o he_o in_o latin_a but_o be_v fain_o to_o be_v behold_v to_o a_o monk_n to_o do_v that_o office_n for_o they_o which_o casimir_n be_v much_o ashamed_a of_o public_o command_v all_o his_o officer_n forthwith_o to_o set_v about_o the_o study_n of_o that_o language_n from_o which_o time_n the_o pole_n have_v continue_v great_a prosicients_n therein_o nay_o beyond_o any_o other_o nation_n whatsoever_o death_n this_o prince_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1492_o and_o lie_v bury_v at_o cracow_n have_v reign_v forty_o five_o year_n and_o live_v sixty_o four_o 1493._o john_n albert_n succeed_v his_o father_n casimir_n be_v think_v the_o fit_a though_o i_o do_v not_o read_v he_o be_v the_o elder_a of_o his_o son_n he_o be_v crown_v king_n in_o the_o year_n 1493_o and_o reign_v valachian_n nine_o year_n this_o prince_n be_v very_a ambition_n but_o withal_o unfortunate_a for_o design_v to_o reduce_v the_o valachian_n who_o be_v then_o vassal_n to_o poland_n and_o who_o according_a to_o the_o condition_n they_o see_v that_o kingdom_n in_o will_v refuse_v or_o pay_v obedience_n and_o who_o will_v sometime_o side_n with_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n to_o ravage_v it_o 198._o he_o the_o better_a to_o compass_v his_o intention_n pretend_v to_o make_v war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o for_o that_o purpose_n march_v with_o his_o army_n through_o valachia_n as_o if_o he_o design_v nothing_o but_o to_o make_v his_o way_n into_o turkey_n but_o be_v once_o get_v into_o this_o country_n he_o cause_v his_o soldier_n to_o pick_v a_o quarrel_n with_o the_o valachian_n for_o not_o provide_v they_o with_o forage_n as_o they_o desire_v which_o however_o be_v not_o a_o easy_a matter_n to_o do_v for_o a_o army_n of_o 80000_o man_n which_o he_o valachian_n have_v with_o he_o hereupon_o he_o besieges_n sozisaw_n one_o of_o their_o strong_a town_n but_o the_o inhabitant_n defend_v themselves_o so_o well_o and_o stephen_n their_o hospodar_n so_o fatigue_v the_o besieger_n by_o take_v their_o convoy_n and_o intercept_n their_o provision_n that_o at_o last_o albert_n be_v force_v to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o return_v into_o his_o own_o country_n when_o the_o hospodar_n greedy_o pursue_v he_o destroy_v great_a â—â—art_n of_o his_o army_n in_o a_o wood_n where_o he_o have_v lay_v a_o ambush_n soon_o after_o this_o the_o hospodar_n to_o be_v far_o revenge_v on_o the_o pole_n call_v to_o his_o assistance_n the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n who_o all_o join_v together_o enter_v poland_n with_o a_o prodigious_a army_n and_o carry_v away_o
marry_v to_o ferdinand_n of_o austria_n whereby_o that_o house_n come_v into_o possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n as_o likewise_o of_o silesia_n all_o which_o it_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n sigismond_n die_v not_o long_o after_o the_o council_n of_o trent_n begin_v be_v 82_o year_n old_a and_o have_v reign_v about_o 40_o with_o great_a success_n paulus_n jovius_n say_v that_o in_o this_o king_n time_n there_o be_v three_o hero_n viz._n the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o francis_n i._o king_n of_o france_n and_o sigismond_n i._o king_n of_o poland_n each_o of_o which_o deserve_v alone_o to_o govern_v the_o universe_n have_v they_o not_o happen_v to_o live_v at_o the_o same_o time_n issue_n this_o king_n be_v as_o famous_a in_o peace_n as_o war_n be_v adorn_v with_o more_o virtue_n than_o any_o prince_n of_o poland_n before_o he_o beside_o which_o perfection_n of_o his_o mind_n he_o have_v also_o great_a strength_n of_o 90._o body_n for_o he_o be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v accustom_a to_o snap_n horseshoe_n asunder_o and_o to_o have_v break_v the_o strong_a rope_n with_o his_o hand_n only_o as_o i_o be_o credible_o inform_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n at_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n have_v often_o do_v he_o have_v two_o wife_n barbara_n daughter_n of_o stephen_n woievod_n of_o transilvania_n by_o who_o he_o have_v one_o daughter_n name_v hedwigis_fw-la marry_v to_o joachim_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o another_o wife_n buona_n sforza_n mention_v before_o who_o bring_v he_o four_o daughter_n which_o be_v isabel_n marry_v to_o john_n king_n of_o hungary_n sophia_n to_o the_o duke_n of_o brunswick_n and_o ann_n and_o catherine_n both_o successive_o to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n and_o one_o son_n sigismond_n augustus_n who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n christ_n 125._o martin_n bielski_n a_o polander_n who_o write_v the_o annal_n of_o his_o country_n in_o his_o native_a language_n mention_n that_o in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n a_o certain_a gentleman_n name_v james_n melstinski_n starosta_n of_o brezina_n be_v not_o a_o little_a beside_o himself_o pretend_v to_o be_v christ_n descend_v again_o upon_o the_o earth_n and_o consequent_o together_o with_o one_o peter_n zatorski_n a_o citizen_n of_o cracow_n and_o eleven_o other_o of_o the_o same_o stamp_n set_v forward_o through_o divers_a city_n and_o village_n cant_v and_o impose_v upon_o the_o common_a people_n all_o along_o as_o they_o go_v sometime_o he_o pretend_v to_o raise_v the_o deaâ—â—_n which_o he_o seem_o effect_v by_o help_n of_o 〈◊〉_d compact_a with_o some_o of_o his_o fellow_n impostor_n next_o he_o work_v several_a pretend_a miracle_n by_o legerdemain_n as_o by_o find_v thing_n in_o place_n where_o it_o be_v almost_o impossible_a for_o they_o to_o be_v which_o nevertheless_o he_o have_v prudent_o take_v care_n to_o lay_v there_o before_o as_o fish_n in_o bogs_n and_o the_o like_a afterward_o he_o go_v to_o the_o monastery_n of_o cestochow_n where_o it_o seem_v he_o be_v not_o know_v here_o he_o cause_v one_o of_o his_o follower_n to_o pretend_v to_o be_v possess_v with_o the_o devil_n who_o thereupon_o be_v immediate_o seize_v on_o be_v lead_v by_o the_o monk_n to_o the_o altar_n at_o a_o time_n when_o a_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n be_v gather_v together_o to_o hear_v mass_n but_o the_o impostor_n have_v provide_v himself_o a_o large_a coat_n with_o several_a deep_a and_o wind_a plight_n as_o likewise_o of_o divers_a small_a pebble_n which_o he_o have_v wrap_v up_o in_o his_o saâ—â—_n break_v furious_o from_o those_o that_o hold_v he_o and_o immediate_o leap_v upon_o the_o altar_n where_o seize_v upon_o all_o the_o offering_n he_o soon_o convey_v they_o into_o these_o obscure_a fold_n of_o his_o coat_n when_o the_o monk_n go_v to_o search_v he_o with_o great_a violence_n find_v only_o the_o stone_n in_o his_o sash_n which_o they_o believe_v to_o be_v the_o money_n transmute_v by_o the_o power_n of_o the_o devil_n immediate_o fall_v to_o exorcise_a the_o stone_n but_o find_v the_o same_o species_n still_o remain_v they_o throw_v down_o their_o book_n in_o great_a indignation_n and_o cry_v talem_fw-la daemonem_fw-la nunquam_fw-la experti_fw-la sumus_fw-la abite_fw-la cum_fw-la eo_fw-la ad_fw-la omnes_fw-la daemon_n by_o help_v of_o the_o money_n they_o have_v thus_o get_v by_o this_o cheat_n they_o travel_v all_o over_o silesia_n and_o at_o last_o come_v to_o a_o gentleman_n house_n where_o they_o tell_v his_o wife_n that_o christ_n and_o his_o apostle_n be_v come_v to_o visit_v she_o and_o that_o she_o must_v make_v some_o offer_v and_o her_o soul_n shall_v be_v save_v to_o which_o the_o woman_n reply_v that_o her_o husband_n be_v from_o home_n and_o therefore_o she_o can_v not_o possible_o comply_v with_o their_o request_n whereupon_o they_o demand_v of_o she_o if_o she_o have_v any_o linen_n to_o sacrifice_v she_o answer_v she_o have_v and_o present_o fetch_v they_o down_o a_o small_a parcel_n which_o they_o receive_v from_o her_o hand_n tell_v she_o they_o will_v keep_v that_o for_o themselves_o and_o christ_n shall_v bless_v she_o and_o increase_v her_o store_n whereupon_o inquire_v far_o if_o she_o have_v any_o more_o she_o show_v they_o another_o parcel_n but_o they_o be_v about_o to_o do_v the_o like_a by_o that_o as_o they_o do_v by_o the_o other_o she_o tell_v they_o her_o husband_n not_o be_v within_o she_o dare_v by_o no_o mean_n part_n with_o it_o which_o answer_v displease_v these_o impostor_n they_o privy_o slide_v a_o piece_n of_o light_a coal_n among_o the_o linen_n which_o the_o woman_n not_o know_v any_o thing_n of_o take_v the_o parcel_n and_o lock_v it_o up_o in_o her_o chest_n as_o before_o but_o which_o not_o long_o after_o burst_v out_o into_o a_o flame_n first_o burn_v the_o chest_n and_o then_o the_o house_n the_o husband_n come_v home_o and_o find_v his_o house_n on_o fire_n inquire_v into_o the_o cause_n of_o it_o whereupon_o his_o wife_n answer_v that_o because_o she_o have_v treat_v christ_n disrespectful_o who_o come_v to_o visit_v she_o this_o judgement_n have_v befall_v they_o at_o this_o the_o man_n fly_v out_o into_o a_o passion_n cry_v this_o be_v a_o impostor_n and_o no_o christ_n wherefore_o call_v his_o neighbour_n together_o they_o pursue_v they_o close_o till_o they_o hear_v of_o they_o in_o a_o village_n hard_a by_o which_o the_o false_a saviour_n be_v inform_v of_o say_v to_o that_o apostle_n of_o he_o name_v peter_n peter_n now_o be_v my_o hour_n come_v and_o the_o time_n wherein_o i_o be_o to_o drink_v that_o bitter_a draught_n approach_v which_o i_o have_v no_o other_o way_n to_o avoid_v but_o by_o leap_v out_o at_o this_o window_n to_o which_o peter_n reply_v i_o also_o will_v follow_v my_o master_n example_n that_o i_o may_v live_v whereupon_o they_o both_o leap_v out_o at_o the_o window_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o apostle_n flee_v also_o their_o several_a way_n but_o the_o delude_a countryman_n close_o pursue_v they_o at_o length_n overtake_v they_o and_o surround_v they_o with_o club_n scourge_v and_o the_o like_a lay_v they_o on_o most_o unmerciful_o cry_v all_o the_o while_n prophesy_v to_o we_o o_o christ_n with_o thy_o disciple_n in_o what_o wood_n do_v these_o club_n and_o scourge_v grow_v by_o this_o severe_a discipline_n these_o impostor_n have_v be_v total_o reform_v confess_v that_o it_o be_v no_o small_a task_n to_o imitate_v christ_n and_o his_o apostle_n before_o his_o death_n sigismond_n get_v the_o diet_n to_o elect_v his_o son_n 1548._o sigismond_n ii_o surname_v afterward_o augustus_n who_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1548_o and_o reign_v to_o 1576._o etc._n the_o diet_n be_v very_o angry_a diet._n with_o he_o that_o after_o his_o coronation_n he_o marry_v the_o lady_n radzivil_n widow_n to_o a_o woievod_n without_o their_o consent_n which_o be_v against_o the_o constitution_n of_o that_o kingdom_n but_o this_o queen_n die_v soon_o after_o without_o child_n they_o agree_v to_o his_o marriage_n with_o the_o princess_n catharine_n another_o widow_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n which_o be_v before_o marry_v to_o francis_n duke_n of_o mantua_n in_o his_o time_n livonia_n which_o be_v a_o great_a province_n that_o lie_v between_o prussia_n swedeland_n muscovy_n and_o lithuania_n whereof_o part_n belong_v to_o the_o teutonic_n order_n and_o part_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n be_v the_o whole_a under_o protection_n of_o the_o empire_n be_v like_a to_o have_v be_v overrun_v by_o the_o great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n who_o bring_v thither_o a_o powerful_a army_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o take_v most_o of_o its_o to_n whereupon_o the_o inhabitant_n find_v they_o be_v not_o able_a alone_o to_o resist_v so_o great_a a_o force_n send_v to_o the_o emperor_n ferdinand_n for_o relief_n who_o be_v
mean_n be_v rate_v much_o low_a than_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n can_v have_v expect_v for_o although_o it_o be_v urge_v to_o sigismond_n that_o as_o charles_n the_o vth_o deal_v former_o by_o the_o king_n of_o france_n on_o the_o like_a occasion_n so_o he_o ought_v to_o have_v a_o sum_n of_o money_n pay_v down_o suitable_a to_o the_o great_a quality_n of_o his_o prisoner_n yet_o sigismond_n answer_v that_o it_o be_v term_n to_o no_o purpose_n to_o propose_v charles_n the_o vth_o as_o a_o example_n in_o this_o case_n since_o that_o prince_n have_v be_v guilty_a of_o a_o action_n unbecoming_a his_o grandeur_n when_o for_o his_o part_n he_o do_v not_o look_v upon_o it_o sufficient_a advantage_n to_o have_v get_v the_o better_a of_o his_o enemy_n unless_o he_o likewise_o have_v the_o glory_n to_o give_v he_o his_o liberty_n and_o not_o to_o make_v he_o buy_v it_o by_o this_o mediation_n maximilian_n be_v to_o quit_v for_o ever_o his_o title_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n to_o restore_v some_o place_n which_o have_v be_v surrender_v to_o he_o and_o to_o remain_v in_o a_o perpetual_a amity_n with_o poland_n to_o all_o which_o the_o emperor_n his_o brother_n be_v make_v guarantee_n but_o although_o these_o condition_n be_v so_o very_o reasonable_a yet_o maximilian_n will_v not_o ratify_v they_o till_o 1589._o wherefore_o his_o wilfulness_n detain_v he_o in_o prison_n dissent_v till_o that_o time_n when_o he_o escape_v 〈◊〉_d to_o his_o parole_n of_o honour_n nevertheless_o he_o be_v afterward_o bring_v to_o sign_v they_o by_o the_o power_n consent_n his_o brother_n have_v over_o he_o marriage_n etc._n sigismond_n iii_o be_v first_o marry_v to_o ann_n daughter_n of_o charles_n archduke_n of_o austria_n and_o after_o her_o death_n to_o constantia_n her_o sister_n by_o both_o which_o he_o have_v three_o son_n vladislaus_n by_o the_o former_a and_o casimir_n and_o ferdinand_n by_o the_o latter_a the_o two_o first_o succeed_v he_o in_o the_o kingdom_n when_o the_o king_n his_o father_n be_v dead_a he_o go_v into_o swedeland_n and_o be_v there_o 1592._o likewise_o crown_v king_n of_o that_o country_n in_o the_o year_n 1592._o on_o condition_n that_o every_o five_o year_n he_o shall_v come_v and_o reign_v over_o sweden_n in_o person_n but_o be_v engage_v in_o a_o long_a war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n turk_n and_o tartar_n he_o can_v not_o be_v spare_v in_o fifteen_o year_n and_o therefore_o send_v a_o senate_n of_o jesuit_n to_o govern_v they_o and_o suppress_v the_o lutherah_n doctrine_n which_o be_v then_o mighty_o spread_v in_o that_o country_n 105._o here_o it_o must_v be_v observe_v that_o this_o king_n mother_n catherine_n strict_o adhere_v to_o the_o roman_a church_n by_o the_o permission_n of_o her_o husband_n john_n iii_o king_n of_o sweden_n who_o also_o lean_v a_o little_a that_o way_n whereupon_o when_o sigismund_n tutor_n arnold_n grothusius_n will_v have_v seduce_v he_o from_o that_o persuasion_n his_o father_n john_n be_v in_o a_o great_a passion_n and_o draw_v his_o sword_n upon_o the_o tutor_n cry_v i_o will_v have_v my_o son_n educate_v in_o hope_n of_o both_o kingdom_n mean_v his_o own_o and_o that_o of_o poland_n these_o jesuit_n the_o king_n order_v to_o be_v receive_v with_o the_o same_o honour_n as_o if_o he_o himself_o have_v come_v in_o person_n at_o which_o the_o swede_n be_v grievous_o nettle_v sink_v they_o in_o the_o harbour_n of_o stockholm_n in_o the_o ship_n that_o bring_v sweden_n they_o from_o dantzic_n and_o immediate_o thereupon_o proclaim_v charles_n duke_n of_o sudermannia_n sigismund_n uncle_n their_o king_n who_o have_v embrace_v lutheranism_n some_o time_n before_o and_o which_o the_o swede_n have_v profess_v ever_o since_o this_o occasion_v bloody_a war_n between_o these_o two_o nation_n but_o sigismond_n be_v likewise_o engage_v with_o other_o country_n be_v force_v to_o accept_v of_o a_o dishonourable_a truce_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o this_o war_n king_n charles_n ix_o take_v a_o great_a many_o place_n from_o the_o pole_n in_o livonia_n most_o of_o which_o be_v afterward_o retake_v by_o the_o polish_v general_n and_o chancellor_n zamoski_n beside_o this_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v vanquish_v in_o a_o great_a battle_n fight_v near_o kirckholm_n and_o riga_n where_o he_o narrow_o escape_v himself_o but_o some_o intestine_a division_n arise_v between_o the_o king_n and_o nobility_n of_o poland_n he_o get_v time_n to_o recover_v breath_n muscovite_n the_o occasion_n of_o the_o war_n between_o the_o pole_n and_o muscovite_n be_v this_o a_o certain_a person_n come_v into_o poland_n pretend_v to_o be_v demetrius_n son_n to_o john_n basilowitz_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n and_o that_o he_o be_v to_o have_v be_v murder_v by_o order_n of_o boris_n gudenow_n afterward_o grand_a duke_n who_o hope_v thereby_o to_o secure_v the_o succession_n after_o the_o death_n of_o theodore_n elder_a son_n of_o the_o say_a duke_n but_o that_o another_o have_v be_v kill_v in_o his_o stead_n hereupon_o he_o find_v so_o great_a encouragement_n from_o george_n mniszeck_n palatin_n of_o sendomir_n that_o he_o marry_v his_o daughter_n to_o he_o and_o by_o the_o assistance_n of_o some_o other_o polish_v lord_n gather_v together_o a_o great_a army_n and_o march_v with_o demetrius_n into_o muscovy_n when_o boris_n gudenow_n then_o grand_a duke_n happen_v to_o die_v sudden_o he_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o muscovite_n and_o proclaim_v czar_n in_o moscow_n hereupon_o he_o send_v into_o poland_n for_o his_o bride_n but_o while_o the_o nuptial_n be_v celebrate_v in_o moscow_n the_o people_n suspect_v he_o to_o be_v a_o impostor_n gather_v together_o raise_v a_o tumult_n and_o attack_v the_o castle_n where_o they_o cut_v to_o piece_n demetrius_n with_o most_o of_o the_o pole_n that_o come_v along_o with_o he_o and_o his_o bride_n and_o take_v her_o prisoner_n then_o basilius_n suski_n descend_v from_o the_o grand_a duke_n by_o the_o mother_n side_n have_v get_v together_o about_o â—â—0000_n man_n be_v proclaim_v czar_n immediate_o after_o which_o a_o rumour_n be_v spread_v abroad_o that_o demetrius_n have_v escape_v though_o suski_n have_v take_v care_n to_o expose_v his_o body_n to_o view_v which_o be_v so_o mangle_v that_o none_o can_v know_v he_o and_o a_o person_n pretend_v to_o be_v he_o the_o pole_n acknowledge_v he_o as_o such_o whereupon_o they_o together_o with_o the_o cosack_v assist_v this_o person_n to_o recover_v his_o pretend_a right_n and_o several_a time_n beat_v suski_n and_o oblige_v he_o to_o set_v at_o liberty_n the_o captive_a bride_n she_o also_o acknowledge_v this_o demetrius_n for_o her_o husband_n but_o whether_o he_o be_v real_o so_o or_o not_o can_v never_o yet_o be_v determine_v sigismond_n lay_v hold_v of_o this_o opportunity_n to_o try_v at_o least_o whether_o he_o can_v recover_v smolensko_n and_o severia_n whereupon_o he_o besiege_v the_o former_a in_o the_o year_n 1609_o but_o can_v not_o make_v himself_o master_n of_o it_o till_o the_o year_n 1611_o when_o he_o take_v it_o by_o storm_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n who_o have_v hitherto_o side_v with_o demetrius_n be_v recall_v by_o sigismond_n who_o think_v it_o not_o convenient_a that_o so_o considerable_a a_o part_n of_o his_o force_n shall_v be_v under_o the_o command_n of_o another_o by_o the_o removal_n of_o this_o army_n suski_n have_v leisure_n to_o recover_v himself_o whereupon_o with_o the_o assistance_n send_v he_o out_o of_o sweden_n he_o march_v direct_o against_o the_o pole_n who_o then_o be_v besiege_v smolensko_n but_o be_v shameful_o defeat_v by_o they_o near_o clusin_n by_o this_o overthrow_n the_o affair_n of_o the_o muscovite_n be_v again_o in_o a_o very_a dangerous_a condition_n wherefore_o to_o avoid_v the_o danger_n they_o resolve_v to_o depose_v suski_n who_o by_o his_o misfortune_n become_v odious_a to_o they_o and_o to_o offer_v their_o crown_n to_o vladislaus_n sigismund_n son_n this_o suski_n be_v afterward_o surrender_v to_o the_o pole_n and_o die_v at_o warsaw_n in_o prison_n whereupon_o vladislaus_n march_v towards_o that_o country_n with_o a_o powerful_a army_n in_o the_o year_n 1610_o and_o they_o hear_v of_o it_o think_v he_o come_v rather_o to_o conquer_v than_o accept_v their_o crown_n unanimous_o revolt_v against_o he_o especial_o when_o they_o hear_v that_o demetrius_n have_v be_v murder_v by_o the_o tartar_n who_o be_v his_o guard_n hereupon_o prince_n vladislaus_n his_o expedition_n be_v make_v to_o no_o purpose_n he_o be_v force_v to_o make_v a_o truce_n with_o the_o muscovite_n for_o fourteen_o year_n whereby_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n shall_v keep_v in_o their_o possession_n the_o several_a dukedom_n of_o severia_n zernikow_n and_o novogrod_n which_o they_o have_v take_v during_o the_o late_a trouble_n in_o muscovy_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n george_n farenbach_n surrender_v several_a place_n in_o
livonia_n to_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n gustavus_n adolphus_n but_o it_o be_v suspect_v that_o he_o intend_v to_o betray_v that_o king_n for_o soon_o after_o the_o say_v farenbach_n be_v reconcile_v to_o king_n sigismond_n to_o who_o he_o restore_v all_o the_o place_n except_o pernau_n turk_n in_o the_o year_n 1620_o the_o pole_n be_v engage_v in_o a_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n foment_v as_o be_v suppose_v by_o bethlem_n gabor_n prince_n of_o transilvania_n for_o which_o the_o turk_n afterward_o endeavour_v to_o banish_v that_o prince_n for_o side_v with_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o year_n follow_v the_o turk_n march_v with_o their_o whole_a force_n against_o poland_n but_o be_v meet_v by_o the_o pole_n near_o chocim_fw-la under_o the_o command_n of_o prince_n vladistaus_n who_o with_o a_o army_n of_o about_o 65000_o man_n repulse_v above_o 392000_o turk_n command_v by_o their_o emperor_n osman_n in_o person_n the_o turk_n attempt_v three_o time_n to_o force_v the_o polish_v camp_n but_o be_v as_o often_o beat_v back_o with_o loss_n nevertheless_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n suffer_v extreme_o for_o want_n of_o ammunition_n and_o provision_n and_o beside_o be_v mighty_o weaken_v by_o sickness_n and_o a_o huge_a mortality_n among_o their_o horse_n notwithstanding_o all_o this_o at_o length_n the_o turkish_a emperor_n be_v force_v to_o strike_v up_o a_o honourable_a peace_n with_o they_o after_o have_v lose_v about_o 60000_o man_n in_o the_o several_a attack_n he_o make_v upon_o their_o camp_n and_o a_o great_a number_n in_o his_o march_n back_o to_o constantinople_n adolphus_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n gustavus_n adolphus_n fall_v into_o livonia_n take_v the_o city_n of_o riga_n without_o any_o great_a resistance_n and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o country_n except_o dunneburgh_n be_v conquer_v likewise_o by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1625._o afterward_o gustavus_n enter_v prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1626._o where_o he_o take_v the_o city_n of_o marienburg_n and_o elbing_n beside_o some_o other_o place_n this_o war_n be_v thus_o carry_v on_o without_o any_o general_a engagement_n till_o the_o year_n 1629_o when_o hans_n wrangel_n the_o swedish_n general_n defeat_v the_o pole_n near_o gorzno_n then_o the_o emperor_n send_v some_o force_n to_o the_o assistance_n of_o the_o pole_n who_o in_o a_o battle_n fight_v near_o stuma_n be_v very_o near_o have_v make_v gustavus_n prisoner_n but_o however_o the_o polish_v affair_n after_o this_o battle_n fall_v into_o great_a confusion_n they_o be_v force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o truce_n till_o the_o year_n 1634_o by_o the_o mediation_n of_o charles_n the_o first_o king_n of_o england_n and_o of_o lewis_n the_o thirteen_o of_o france_n the_o swede_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n be_v to_o keep_v possession_n of_o elbing_n mcmel_n braunsberg_n pillau_n and_o what_o beside_o they_o have_v take_v in_o livonia_n death_n after_o this_o sigismond_n die_v the_o last_o day_n of_o april_n in_o the_o year_n 1632_o be_v sixty_o year_n old_a and_o have_v reign_v forty_o four_o character_n 89._o he_o have_v all_o the_o quality_n that_o can_v be_v require_v in_o a_o great_a prince_n he_o love_v justice_n and_o all_o the_o world_n commend_v his_o piety_n he_o be_v always_o of_o a_o even_a temper_n either_o in_o good_a or_o bad_a fortune_n and_o the_o lustre_n of_o the_o polish_v crown_n obtain_v when_o he_o be_v but_o young_a together_o with_o the_o loss_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o sweden_n to_o his_o uncle_n may_v well_o have_v either_o exalt_v or_o debase_v he_o have_v he_o not_o have_v a_o great_a soul_n yet_o among_o all_o these_o good_a quality_n he_o be_v too_o much_o wed_v to_o his_o opinion_n which_o be_v the_o cause_n of_o some_o misfortune_n that_o happen_v to_o he_o prince_n vladislaus_n be_v absent_a when_o his_o father_n sigismond_n fall_v sick_a yet_o he_o arrive_v at_o court_n just_a as_o he_o be_v expire_n who_o presence_n so_o much_o revive_v the_o king_n as_o to_o give_v he_o power_n to_o put_v the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n on_o his_o son_n head_n though_o he_o be_v to_o leave_v that_o of_o poland_n to_o chance_n this_o election_n be_v much_o election_n more_o peaceable_a than_o his_o father_n sigismund_n in_o that_o he_o have_v no_o competitor_n to_o oppose_v he_o some_o thought_n gustavus_n adolphus_n king_n of_o sweden_n have_v a_o design_n upon_o the_o crown_n and_o his_o boundless_a ambition_n join_v with_o the_o great_a number_n of_o his_o friend_n the_o lutheran_n disperse_v throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n may_v very_o well_o support_v that_o opinion_n yet_o the_o gentry_n of_o great_a poland_n which_o be_v most_o to_o be_v suspect_v on_o account_n of_o conformity_n in_o religion_n with_o he_o be_v the_o first_o that_o strive_v to_o exclude_v he_o for_o they_o declare_v those_o enemy_n to_o their_o country_n that_o shall_v in_o the_o least_o dare_v to_o propose_v he_o likewise_o at_o another_o assembly_n a_o palatin_n offer_v but_o to_o insinuate_v that_o it_o will_v be_v proper_a to_o choose_v a_o foreign_a prince_n the_o gentry_n be_v so_o unanimous_o offend_v at_o he_o that_o he_o be_v fain_o to_o retire_v betimes_o to_o avoid_v their_o fury_n also_o gustavus_n adolphus_n have_v then_o too_o many_o iron_n in_o the_o fire_n to_o draw_v any_o more_o enemy_n upon_o his_o back_n competitor_n john_n casimir_n brother_n to_o prince_n vladislaus_n be_v likewise_o suspect_v to_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o this_o conjecture_n have_v a_o more_o plausible_a foundation_n than_o the_o former_a these_o two_o prince_n be_v both_o son_n to_o sigismond_n iii_o yet_o have_v they_o not_o the_o same_o mother_n that_o of_o casimir_n do_v all_o she_o can_v to_o advance_v her_o son_n to_o the_o throne_n at_o the_o diet_n meet_v at_o thorn_n she_o endeavour_v to_o have_v a_o successor_n elect_v whilst_o the_o king_n be_v live_v whereupon_o she_o employ_v a_o certain_a bishop_n to_o propose_v her_o son_n but_o with_o which_o the_o diet_n be_v so_o extreme_o incense_v that_o they_o will_v have_v immediate_o try_v that_o prelate_n for_o infringe_v the_o public_a liberty_n have_v not_o more_o weighty_a affair_n intervene_v which_o cause_v they_o to_o lay_v those_o intention_n aside_o during_o this_o prince_n casimir_n do_v all_o he_o can_v to_o satisfy_v the_o public_a that_o he_o have_v no_o design_n upon_o the_o crown_n but_o that_o all_o his_o aim_n be_v to_o promote_v the_o interest_n of_o his_o elder_a brother_n call_v the_o primate_n john_n vezik_n have_v notify_v the_o death_n of_o the_o late_a king_n convene_v the_o diet_n on_o the_o 27_o the_o of_o june_n where_o the_o lutheran_n continue_v their_o cabal_n and_o faction_n as_o former_o but_o do_v not_o favour_v any_o of_o vladislaus_n his_o competitor_n as_o before_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n be_v fix_v for_o the_o 27_o the_o of_o september_n in_o the_o same_o year_n whither_o the_o gentry_n all_o flock_v at_o the_o time_n appoint_v but_o that_o more_o to_o ingratiate_v themselves_o in_o their_o prince_n vladislaus_n favour_n than_o to_o sell_v their_o suffrage_n one_o thing_n be_v propose_v at_o this_o diet_n which_o have_v it_o be_v follow_v may_v have_v deliver_v the_o kingdom_n from_o great_a oppression_n this_o be_v to_o digest_v the_o law_n into_o a_o code_n and_o to_o get_v the_o king_n elect_v to_o confirm_v it_o also_o to_o reform_v the_o many_o abuse_v creep_v into_o the_o practice_n of_o the_o law_n but_o this_o be_v too_o vigorous_o oppose_v by_o the_o interest_v party_n and_o therefore_o be_v fain_o to_o be_v let_v fall_n election_n hereupon_o the_o diet_n devote_v themselves_o whole_o to_o the_o election_n prince_n casimir_n first_o propose_v his_o brothervladislaus_n which_o henry_n firley_n bishop_n of_o premislia_n second_v by_o a_o speech_n to_o this_o purpose_n that_o though_o that_o assembly_n have_v a_o right_a to_o elect_v who_o they_o please_v yet_o they_o have_v ever_o have_v a_o particular_a regard_n to_o the_o offspring_n of_o their_o king_n that_o every_o body_n there_o acknowledge_v the_o candidate_n to_o be_v of_o the_o blood_n of_o jagello_n that_o even_o the_o merit_n of_o his_o father_n plead_v for_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o son_n that_o uladislaus_n his_o own_o conquest_n have_v sufficient_o testify_v his_o valour_n and_o last_o that_o a_o favourable_a result_n be_v to_o be_v expect_v from_o that_o assembly_n since_o each_o know_v as_o much_o of_o the_o merit_n of_o that_o prince_n as_o he_o this_o be_v courteous_o answer_v by_o the_o primate_n after_o which_o they_o proceed_v to_o admit_v the_o ambassador_n admit_v first_o honorius_n visconti_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n have_v audience_n who_o be_v place_v on_o the_o left_a hand_n of_o the_o primate_n first_o desire_v the_o assembly_n to_o choose_v a_o catholic_n prince_n and_o then_o recommend_v prince_n vladislaus_n next_o the_o ambassador_n of_o the_o emperor_n
ruin_n and_o the_o great_a disadvantage_n of_o the_o pole_n the_o only_a damage_n they_o sustain_v be_v when_o chmielinski_n be_v celebrate_v the_o nuptial_n of_o his_o son_n with_o the_o daughter_n of_o the_o prince_n of_o valachia_n where_o the_o pole_n surprise_v they_o retook_a the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o plunder_v it_o as_o likewise_o make_v the_o grecian_a patriarch_n prisoner_n then_o the_o cosack_v send_v to_o the_o king_n to_o know_v if_o this_o have_v be_v do_v by_o his_o majesty_n order_n which_o be_v answer_v in_o the_o negative_a and_o moreover_o that_o the_o nobility_n have_v do_v it_o to_o be_v revenge_v on_o they_o for_o the_o frequent_a damage_n they_o have_v do_v they_o they_o immediate_o in_o conjunction_n with_o the_o tartar_n fall_v into_o poland_n with_o the_o great_a fury_n imaginable_a against_o these_o the_o king_n go_v in_o person_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o nobility_n and_o defeat_v they_o in_o battle_n but_o nevertheless_o the_o king_n be_v afterward_o force_v to_o clap_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o they_o though_o the_o gentry_n be_v very_o much_o displease_v at_o his_o grant_v they_o their_o own_o term_n by_o which_o the_o muscovite_n be_v leave_v in_o possession_n of_o smolensko_n and_o kiovia_n which_o they_o enjoy_v to_o this_o day_n the_o muscovite_n likewise_o take_v vilna_n in_o lithuania_n with_o some_o other_o considerable_a city_n in_o that_o great_a duchy_n poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n raise_v a_o more_o fatal_a storm_n in_o poland_n for_o with_o a_o army_n of_o choose_a man_n he_o enter_v that_o kingdom_n and_o in_o two_o year_n time_n make_v himself_o absolute_a master_n thereof_o he_o first_o conquer_v great_a poland_n and_o masovia_n and_o afterward_o the_o lesser_a poland_n with_o cracow_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o the_o kingdom_n from_o whence_o he_o march_v into_o prussia_n where_o almost_o all_o the_o town_n immediate_o surrender_v to_o he_o except_o dantzic_n wherein_o at_o first_o be_v a_o great_a many_o citizen_n that_o favour_v the_o suede_n but_o who_o not_o long_o after_o by_o the_o persuasion_n of_o some_o minister_n continue_v their_o obedience_n to_o poland_n the_o resistance_n make_v by_o this_o one_o city_n be_v the_o main_a reason_n why_o all_o the_o advantage_n get_v by_o the_o swede_n at_o last_o prove_v fruitless_a and_o that_o they_o can_v maintain_v themselves_o no_o long_o in_o prussia_n notwithstanding_o that_o not_o only_o the_o whole_a militia_n of_o poland_n and_o that_o part_n of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v under_o the_o muscovite_n have_v submit_v to_o the_o swede_n but_o also_o king_n john_n casimir_n be_v flee_v into_o silesia_n for_o the_o pole_n have_v recover_v themselves_o after_o their_o first_o consternation_n be_v over_o and_o be_v moreover_o join_v by_o the_o brandenburger_n and_o tartar_n fall_v upon_o such_o of_o the_o swedish_n force_v as_o be_v scatter_v up_o and_o down_o the_o country_n the_o lithuanian_n also_o rise_v up_o in_o arm_n and_o kill_v all_o the_o swede_n that_o be_v in_o winter-quarter_n among_o they_o invasion_n the_o occasion_n of_o this_o swedish_n invasion_n be_v some_o familiarity_n king_n casimir_n have_v have_v with_o the_o wife_n of_o the_o vicechancellor_n radziouski_n father_n to_o the_o present_a cardinal_n primate_n this_o great_a senator_n can_v by_o no_o mean_n brook_v a_o scandal_n so_o public_a and_o therefore_o have_v first_o make_v a_o party_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o call_v in_o the_o swede_n through_o livonia_n to_o revenge_v his_o quarrel_n who_o soon_o get_v the_o duke_n of_o curland_n country_n and_o take_v he_o prisoner_n afterward_o they_o have_v such_o vast_a success_n in_o their_o progress_n that_o all_o the_o town_n of_o poland_n soon_o submit_v to_o they_o none_o be_v able_a to_o withstand_v a_o siege_n it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o there_o be_v but_o few_o fortify_v place_n in_o poland_n it_o be_v a_o maxim_n of_o state_n there_o that_o their_o king_n shall_v not_o strengthen_v themselves_o at_o home_n whereby_o their_o enemy_n may_v take_v foot_v from_o abroad_o this_o vast_a conquest_n make_v all_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n very_o jealous_a of_o the_o power_n of_o sweden_n for_o on_o one_o side_n ragozzi_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n think_v perhaps_o to_o obtain_v that_o crown_n for_o himself_o enter_v poland_n but_o with_o no_o success_n the_o dane_n likewise_o make_v a_o considerable_a diversion_n on_o their_o part_n by_o attacking_z sweden_n also_o the_o muscovite_n come_v upon_o livonia_n and_o the_o emperor_n send_v troop_n to_o succour_v the_o pole_n whereupon_o by_o assistance_n of_o the_o brandenburger_n and_o tartar_n and_o the_o prudent_a conduct_n of_o general_n czarneski_n the_o polish_v nobility_n in_o six_o month_n time_n restore_v casimir_n to_o his_o throne_n stratagem_n this_o czarneski_n retook_a the_o capital_a city_n of_o poland_n by_o a_o stratagem_n which_o be_v by_o contrive_v to_o have_v some_o cartload_v of_o wood_n enter_v the_o city_n betimes_o in_o the_o morning_n and_o to_o break_v in_o their_o passage_n through_o one_o of_o the_o gate_n by_o which_o mean_n with_o 800_o man_n he_o force_v his_o way_n into_o the_o city_n and_o destroy_v the_o swedish_n garrison_n the_o advantage_n of_o a_o unfortify_v kingdom_n will_v always_o be_v this_o that_o though_o it_o be_v soon_o conquer_v it_o will_v nevertheless_o be_v as_o easy_o recover_v brandenburg_n when_o charles_n gustavus_n king_n of_o sweden_n have_v meet_v with_o a_o opportunity_n to_o make_v war_n with_o poland_n he_o make_v several_a private_a treaty_n with_o the_o late_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n frederic_n william_n and_o at_o length_n enter_v into_o a_o league_n with_o he_o on_o condition_n that_o when_o he_o have_v conquer_v poland_n he_o shall_v give_v he_o the_o sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n whereupon_o they_o both_o join_v their_o force_n together_o and_o soon_o conquer_v the_o pole_n but_o afterward_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n be_v call_v home_o to_o take_v care_n of_o his_o own_o dominion_n which_o be_v then_o invade_v by_o the_o dane_n he_o be_v force_v to_o compound_v with_o poland_n for_o 800000_o rix_n dollar_n which_o the_o pole_n not_o have_v have_v any_o intelligence_n of_o the_o danish_a invasion_n be_v glad_a to_o agree_v to_o but_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenhurg_n observe_v that_o the_o money_n stipulate_v for_o be_v not_o like_a to_o be_v easy_o raise_v offer_v unknown_a to_o the_o swede_n to_o give_v the_o pole_n that_o sum_n and_o moreover_o to_o help_v they_o to_o drive_v the_o swede_n out_o of_o their_o kingdom_n in_o case_n they_o will_v but_o confirm_v to_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n the_o aforesaid_a sovereignty_n of_o ducal_z prussia_n to_o this_o the_o pole_n be_v in_o extreme_a confusion_n and_o necessity_n quick_o condescend_v with_o this_o restraint_n only_o that_o whenever_o the_o say_v elector_n male-issue_n fail_v that_o duchy_n shall_v revert_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n whereupon_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v be_v proclaim_v sovereign_a duke_n of_o prussia_n he_o immediate_o join_v the_o polish_v force_n and_o in_o short_a time_n drive_v the_o swede_n out_o of_o their_o kingdom_n which_o he_o before_o have_v be_v instrumental_a in_o bring_v in_o this_o be_v the_o account_n i_o have_v hear_v the_o pole_n give_v of_o their_o deliverance_n from_o the_o swedish_n yoke_n and_o sir_n robert_z southwell_z also_o give_v we_o late_o the_o same_o account_n at_o the_o royal_a society_n which_o he_o have_v have_v from_o the_o late_a elector_n of_o brandenburg_n own_o mouth_n oliva_n at_o this_o 2._o treaty_n of_o oliva_n a_o monastery_n near_o dantzic_n the_o pole_n likewise_o be_v to_o renounce_v all_o the_o pretension_n they_o have_v to_o livonia_n casimir_n after_o have_v rout_v the_o swede_n raise_v a_o army_n of_o about_o 30000_o german_n under_o pretence_n of_o be_v revenge_v on_o the_o tartar_n for_o detain_v several_a pole_n prisonner_n which_o he_o have_v betray_v himself_o the_o better_a to_o curb_v his_o subject_n but_o prince_n lubomirski_n crown-marshal_n have_v discover_v his_o private_a design_n which_o be_v to_o render_v himself_o despotic_a raise_v a_o army_n likewise_o and_o attack_v that_o of_o the_o king_n with_o so_o good_a success_n that_o he_o entire_o rout_v it_o take_v its_o general_n a_o frenchman_n prisoner_n and_o quick_o oblige_v the_o king_n to_o disband_v his_o german_a force_n at_o this_o abdication_n affront_n receive_v from_o his_o own_o subject_n casimir_n be_v extreme_o nettle_v insomuch_o that_o he_o abdicate_v the_o crown_n not_o long_o after_o but_o some_o time_n before_o his_o abdication_n he_o convoke_v a_o diet_n at_o leopol_n to_o pay_v off_o the_o army_n the_o best_a expedient_a to_o effect_v this_o be_v think_v to_o be_v to_o call_v in_o all_o the_o gold_n and_o silver_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o re-coin_n it_o but_o this_o have_v be_v find_v deficient_a the_o
companion_n dead_a upon_o the_o spot_n in_o this_o action_n there_o be_v several_a brave_a polish_v gentleman_n slay_v afterward_o the_o king_n be_v again_o join_v by_o the_o lithuanian_n by_o which_o his_o army_n amount_v to_o fifteen_o thousand_o man_n march_v to_o seek_v out_o the_o enemy_n though_o by_o a_o modest_a computation_n they_o may_v be_v reckon_v seven_o time_n as_o many_o but_o understand_v that_o the_o enemy_n have_v besiege_v turk_n podhais_n he_o be_v march_v thither_o to_o relieve_v it_o when_o by_o the_o way_n he_o receive_v intelligence_n of_o its_o be_v surrender_v burn_v and_o plunder_v and_o twelve_o thousand_o person_n make_v prisoner_n though_o the_o garrison_n have_v express_o capitulate_v to_o march_v out_o with_o bag_n and_o baggage_n the_o king_n be_v extreme_o nettle_v that_o so_o many_o christian_n shall_v be_v make_v slave_n and_o his_o territory_n lay_v desolate_a therefore_o he_o resolve_v forthwith_o to_o remedy_v it_o or_o perish_v in_o the_o attempt_n for_o he_o march_v the_o same_o day_n towards_o the_o enemy_n who_o be_v then_o set_v down_o before_o buozalz_n but_o upon_o notice_n of_o his_o approach_n they_o raise_v their_o siege_n and_o retreat_v with_o all_o their_o force_n to_o trembowla_n which_o they_o likewise_o invest_v here_o they_o be_v often_o repulse_v with_o great_a loss_n yet_o continue_v obstinate_a to_o pursue_v their_o enterprise_n till_o at_o last_o happen_v to_o intercept_v a_o peasant_n that_o be_v carry_v a_o letter_n from_o the_o king_n to_o the_o governor_n wherein_o his_o majesty_n assure_v he_o that_o he_o be_v come_v with_o all_o speed_n to_o his_o relief_n the_o terror_n of_o king_n sobieski_n name_n strike_v such_o a_o faintness_n into_o the_o infidel_n that_o they_o immediate_o dislodge_v their_o cannon_n from_o their_o battery_n which_o consist_v of_o a_o hundred_o piece_n and_o forthwith_o march_v towards_o caminiec_n with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o confusion_n nay_o so_o great_a be_v their_o consternation_n that_o under_o the_o cannon_n of_o caminiec_n they_o think_v not_o themselves_o sufficient_o secure_a for_o not_o dare_v to_o stand_v a_o engagement_n with_o the_o pole_n they_o resolve_v to_o pass_v the_o niester_n and_o march_v towards_o valachia_n yet_o this_o they_o can_v not_o do_v so_o speedy_o but_o prince_n lubomirski_n with_o part_n of_o the_o king_n army_n fall_v upon_o their_o rear_n and_o slay_v great_a number_n of_o they_o the_o turk_n by_o the_o fear_n they_o be_v in_o of_o be_v far_o pursue_v repassed_a the_o danube_n and_o the_o tartar_n return_v home_o with_o great_a precipitation_n by_o the_o way_n of_o bialogrod_n whereupon_o the_o king_n resolve_v to_o put_v his_o army_n into_o winter-quarter_n and_o so_o to_o return_v home_o which_o he_o do_v to_o the_o joy_n and_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o his_o subject_n it_o be_v now_o high_a time_n to_o prepare_v for_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o coronation_n january_n the_o 17_o the_o corpse_n of_o the_o late_a king_n michael_n be_v convey_v from_o warsaw_n in_o a_o hearse_n draw_v by_o eight_o horse_n attend_v by_o all_o the_o officer_n of_o his_o household_n and_o several_a person_n of_o quality_n to_o cracow_n where_o together_o with_o the_o body_n of_o king_n casimir_n likewise_o bring_v late_o out_o of_o france_n it_o be_v honourable_o inter_v all_o decency_n and_o respect_n be_v pay_v to_o both_o their_o memory_n this_o ceremony_n be_v dispatch_v 1676._o john_n sobieski_n with_o his_o queen_n mary_n be_v both_o crown_v in_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n the_o second_o of_o february_n in_o the_o year_n 1676_o with_o great_a pomp_n and_o magnificence_n after_o this_o the_o king_n apply_v himself_o to_o supply_v the_o vacancy_n as_o usual_a make_v lubomirski_n grand_a marshal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o lord_n siniawski_n court-marshal_n and_o prince_n demetrius_n wisnowiski_n palatin_n of_o beltz_n he_o likewise_o bestow_v the_o command_n of_o general_n of_o the_o force_n of_o the_o kingdom_n on_o jablownowski_n palatin_n of_o russia_n at_o present_a great_a general_n of_o poland_n in_o june_n follow_v sultan_n nuradin_n with_o the_o two_o son_n of_o the_o great_a cham_n pass_v the_o niester_n with_o a_o great_a army_n have_v send_v out_o party_n before_o to_o ravage_v the_o country_n at_o the_o same_o time_n ibrahim_n bassa_n advance_v likewise_o to_o several_a post_n about_o caminiec_n whereupon_o the_o king_n order_v what_o troop_n he_o can_v get_v together_o near_o leopol_n where_o they_o be_v to_o rendezvouz_n and_o likewise_o convoke_v the_o pospolite_n or_o militia_n for_o the_o defence_n of_o the_o country_n 1676_o the_o same_o year_n his_o excellency_n mr._n hyde_n now_o earl_n of_o rochester_n be_v send_v ambassador_n from_o his_o majesty_n charles_n the_o iid_n to_o the_o court_n of_o poland_n to_o congratulate_v the_o king_n upon_o his_o accession_n to_o the_o crown_n and_o to_o stand_v for_o his_o master_n godfather_n to_o the_o young_a princess_n now_o electoress_n of_o bavaria_n he_o arrive_v at_o dantzic_n in_o august_n where_o meet_v with_o the_o queen_n of_o poland_n who_o make_v a_o journey_n thither_o while_o the_o king_n be_v in_o the_o field_n he_o have_v audience_n of_o her_o majesty_n there_o and_o present_v the_o young_a princess_n her_o daughter_n with_o a_o very_a rich_a jewel_n a_o cross_n of_o diamond_n of_o great_a value_n he_o afterward_o set_v forward_o for_o poland_n and_o be_v receive_v by_o the_o king_n in_o his_o camp_n near_o leopol_n in_o russia_n with_o demonstration_n of_o respect_n and_o kindness_n suitable_a to_o his_o character_n and_o person_n where_o his_o majesty_n send_v some_o of_o his_o chief_a officer_n to_o show_v he_o the_o army_n and_o their_o way_n of_o encamp_v the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n begin_v to_o appear_v now_o very_o formidable_a and_o yet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n continue_v so_o sensible_a of_o their_o last_o year_n defeat_n and_o so_o dread_v the_o name_n of_o king_n sobieski_n that_o they_o seem_v to_o desire_v nothing_o more_o than_o peace_n for_o which_o purpose_n the_o grand_a signior_n by_o the_o prince_n of_o moldavia_n make_v turk_n a_o overture_n for_o a_o treaty_n which_o be_v accept_v after_o a_o battle_n gain_v by_o the_o pole_n and_o some_o other_o small_a mischief_n do_v on_o both_o side_n the_o peace_n be_v thus_o happy_o conclude_v to_o the_o advantage_n of_o poland_n his_o majesty_n return_v in_o november_n to_o zulkiew_v his_o own_o patrimony_n whither_o my_o lord_n rochester_n wait_v upon_o he_o ambassador_n have_v his_o public_a audience_n there_o in_o a_o more_o solemn_a manner_n than_o before_o he_o be_v first_o carry_v in_o the_o king_n coach_n and_o then_o receive_v by_o the_o court-marshal_n who_o be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o lord_n chamberlain_n at_o the_o stairs-foot_n of_o the_o palace_n and_o be_v conduct_v to_o his_o majesty_n who_o receive_v he_o stand_v under_o a_o rich_a canopy_n of_o state_n and_o after_o two_o month_n reside_v there_o his_o excellency_n have_v his_o audience_n of_o leave_n and_o return_v into_o england_n through_o silesia_n austria_n and_o the_o empire_n the_o pole_n enjoy_v this_o peace_n with_o the_o turk_n till_o the_o year_n 1683_o when_o they_o come_v under_o the_o command_n of_o cara_fw-it mustapha_n their_o grand_a vizier_n to_o besiege_v vienna_n whereof_o count_n starenberg_n vienna_n be_v governor_n the_o king_n with_o his_o son_n prince_n james_n prince_n lubomirski_n and_o most_o of_o the_o polish_v grandee_n come_v with_o a_o army_n only_o as_o they_o assure_v i_o of_o twenty_o four_o thousand_o man_n to_o relieve_v it_o this_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v oblige_v to_o by_o the_o alliance_n sign_v with_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n in_o 1683._o when_o be_v join_v by_o the_o imperial_a army_n together_o with_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n and_o saxony_n the_o duke_n of_o lorain_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o other_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n in_o all_o amount_v to_o near_o fifty_o thousand_o man_n he_o attack_v the_o turk_n with_o such_o bravery_n and_o conduct_n that_o on_o the_o 12_o of_o september_n they_o though_o consist_v of_o 191800_o man_n as_o appear_v by_o a_o list_v find_v in_o the_o grand_a vizier_n tent_n be_v oblige_v after_o a_o entire_a defeat_n to_o raise_v the_o siege_n and_o retire_v turk_n towards_o hungary_n the_o great_a standard_n and_o the_o horse_n tail_n be_v take_v by_o the_o pole_n who_o obstinate_o pursue_v the_o turk_n in_o their_o flight_n though_o no_o great_a way_n be_v too_o much_o fatigue_v before_o there_o be_v also_o great_a booty_n find_v in_o the_o turkish_a camp_n which_o be_v whole_o plunder_v even_o to_o the_o tent_n of_o the_o grand_a vizier_n where_o they_o meet_v with_o great_a riches_n in_o gold_n silver_n and_o other_o precious_a thing_n all_o their_o ammunition_n and_o baggage_n with_o their_o artillery_n consist_v of_o above_o a_o hundred_o piece_n of_o cannon_n be_v take_v this_o
mighty_a victory_n be_v obtain_v with_o not_o above_o the_o loss_n of_o a_o thousand_o man_n on_o the_o christian_n side_n and_o of_o those_o very_o few_o person_n of_o quality_n this_o overthrow_n be_v chief_o ascribe_v to_o the_o great_a conduct_n and_o courage_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o expose_v his_o person_n among_o the_o thick_a of_o the_o enemy_n have_v always_o by_o he_o the_o prince_n his_o son_n who_o thus_o early_o signalise_v himself_o nor_o ought_v the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n and_o saxony_n the_o duke_n of_o lorain_n and_o prince_n waldec_n to_o go_v without_o their_o share_n in_o the_o glory_n since_o they_o all_o behave_v themselves_o so_o wonderful_o well_o in_o this_o memorable_a action_n vienna_n the_o king_n make_v his_o entry_n into_o vienna_n through_o the_o breach_n with_o great_a acclamation_n of_o the_o people_n the_o great_a turkish_a standard_n be_v carry_v before_o he_o which_o he_o afterward_o send_v to_o the_o pope_n and_o which_o i_o have_v see_v hang_v up_o in_o the_o church_n at_o loretto_n in_o italy_n next_o day_n after_o his_o entry_n the_o emperor_n come_v to_o meet_v he_o and_o make_v he_o his_o acknowledgement_n with_o the_o most_o endear_n expression_n imaginable_a while_o k._n john_n receive_v his_o compliment_n with_o a_o modesty_n equal_a to_o his_o courage_n after_o his_o imperial_a majesty_n have_v order_v a_o rich_a sword_n set_v with_o diamond_n to_o be_v present_v to_o prince_n james_n he_o depart_v and_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n decamp_v with_o his_o army_n and_o march_v towards_o turk_n wisena_n in_o hungary_n and_o thence_o by_o a_o bridge_n of_o boat_n over_o the_o danube_n about_o a_o mile_n below_o presburg_n on_o the_o twenty_o five_o of_o september_n and_o on_o the_o twenty_o seven_o the_o imperial_a army_n follow_v he_o over_o the_o same_o place_n on_o the_o nine_o of_o october_n understand_v that_o a_o body_n of_o about_o fourteen_o thousand_o turk_n lie_v encamp_v near_o barkan_n be_v the_o choice_a of_o the_o remain_a troop_n under_o the_o command_n of_o several_a bassa_n the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o some_o of_o the_o imperial_a troop_n advance_v thither_o the_o turk_n no_o soon_o see_v they_o but_o they_o march_v brisk_o up_o and_o charge_v they_o very_o desperate_o but_o be_v as_o warm_o receive_v after_o a_o sharp_a encounter_n the_o infidel_n be_v put_v to_o flight_n one_o of_o their_o bassa_n slay_v another_o take_v and_o the_o rest_n of_o they_o hurry_v over_o the_o bridge_n at_o grand_fw-mi the_o same_o break_v and_o all_o that_o be_v upon_o it_o drown_v so_o that_o of_o all_o that_o great_a body_n of_o man_n there_o be_v scarce_o four_o thousand_o escape_v hungary_n the_o next_o considerable_a exploit_n be_v the_o take_n of_o zytchin_n a_o place_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o hungary_n for_o the_o king_n have_v part_v with_o the_o duke_n of_o lorain_n and_o understanding_n that_o the_o turk_n have_v a_o considerable_a garrison_n at_o that_o place_n which_o may_v incommode_v the_o communication_n betwixt_o his_o troop_n and_o the_o imperialist_n he_o send_v his_o son_n with_o the_o palatin_n of_o lublin_n to_o invest_v it_o but_o the_o garrison_n soon_o retire_v into_o the_o castle_n which_o the_o king_n immediate_o command_v to_o be_v storm_v whereupon_o the_o turk_n hang_v out_o a_o white_a flag_n and_o the_o commander_n in_o chief_a with_o two_o other_o come_v out_o and_o beg_v his_o majesty_n to_o permit_v they_o to_o march_v to_o buda_n which_o be_v grant_v and_o they_o leave_v behind_o they_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o provision_n and_o ammunition_n this_o town_n he_o put_v into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o imperialist_n next_o the_o king_n send_v to_o summon_v two_o castle_n brigh_n and_o holoch_n which_o soon_o yield_v at_o discretion_n then_o he_o return_v to_o his_o own_o kingdom_n but_o leave_v the_o lithuanian_a troop_n in_o winter-quarter_n behind_o he_o he_o arrive_v at_o cracow_n the_o 21_o of_o december_n where_o he_o be_v joyful_o receive_v with_o testimony_n of_o a_o universal_a affection_n from_o his_o people_n and_o to_o render_v his_o triumph_n yet_o more_o complete_a he_o be_v salute_v at_o his_o arrival_n with_o the_o news_n of_o the_o general_n of_o the_o cosack_n the_o sieur_n kiniski_n have_v obtain_v a_o great_a victory_n over_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n in_o the_o vkraine_n he_o afterward_o make_v a_o league_n offensive_a and_o turk_n defensive_a with_o the_o present_a emperor_n the_o pope_n and_o venetian_n against_o the_o turk_n which_o have_v continue_v ever_o since_o though_o very_o little_a to_o the_o advantage_n of_o either_o party_n the_o pole_n since_o the_o siege_n of_o vienna_n have_v be_v high_o disgu_v at_o the_o ill_a treatment_n they_o receive_v from_o the_o german_n who_o they_o have_v deliver_v from_o the_o turkish_a invasion_n and_o beside_o it_o be_v think_v that_o the_o king_n for_o several_a year_n lean_v towards_o the_o french_a interest_n it_o be_v certain_a that_o at_o last_o he_o love_v money_n so_o covetous_a well_o that_o i_o hear_v the_o pole_n themselves_o say_v that_o he_o be_v the_o most_o covetous_a and_o rich_a prince_n that_o ever_o sway_v their_o sceptre_n every_o year_n for_o the_o 22_o year_n he_o reign_v they_o compute_v that_o he_o lay_v up_o a_o hundred_o thousand_o pound_v sterling_a all_o which_o shall_v have_v be_v disburse_v in_o the_o expense_n of_o the_o war_n as_o all_o his_o predecessor_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v some_o of_o the_o gentry_n tell_v i_o moreover_o that_o if_o his_o son_n james_n happen_v to_o succeed_v he_o he_o will_v be_v oblige_v to_o disburse_v the_o best_a part_n of_o that_o treasure_n to_o pay_v the_o eight_o year_n arrear_n due_a then_o to_o the_o army_n as_o for_o what_o relate_v to_o king_n sobieski_n person_n dress_n he_o be_v a_o tall_a and_o corpulent_a prince_n large_a face_a and_o full_o eye_v go_v always_o in_o the_o same_o dress_n with_o his_o subject_n which_o because_o it_o be_v different_a from_o any_o other_o in_o europe_n i_o think_v a_o account_n of_o it_o will_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o your_o lordship_n they_o have_v all_o their_o hair_n cut_v round_o about_o their_o ear_n like_o monk_n and_o wear_v subject_n fur_a cap_n large_a whisker_n and_o no_o neckcloth_n a_o long_a coat_n hang_v down_o to_o their_o heel_n and_o a_o waistcoat_n under_o that_o of_o the_o same_o length_n tie_v close_o about_o the_o waste_n with_o a_o girdle_n their_o sleeve_n be_v extreme_a close_n like_o those_o of_o mariner_n come_v down_o to_o their_o wrist_n with_o a_o flap_v on_o the_o back_n of_o the_o hand_n which_o reach_v as_o far_o as_o the_o middle_a nuckle_n which_o they_o turn_v up_o in_o hot_a wether_n and_o let_v down_o in_o cold_a for_o they_o never_o wear_v any_o glove_n this_o long_a coat_n be_v of_o strong_a cloth_n and_o be_v line_v in_o the_o winter_n with_o rich_a fur_n but_o in_o summer_n only_o with_o light_a silk_n though_o i_o have_v see_v at_o court_n some_o of_o the_o person_n of_o quality_n wear_v fur_n as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v in_o winter_n for_o it_o be_v a_o fine_a ornament_n under_o this_o waistcoat_n they_o wear_v wide_a shirt_n like_o woman_n smock_n tie_v loose_a about_o their_o neck_n with_o wide_a sleeve_n come_v down_o to_o their_o wrist_n as_o to_o their_o breeches_n they_o be_v likewise_o very_o wide_o and_o with_o their_o stocking_n make_v one_o continue_a piece_n instead_o of_o shoe_n they_o always_o wear_v both_o abroad_o and_o at_o home_n turkey_n leather_n boot_v with_o very_o thin_a sole_n and_o hollow_a deep_a heel_n make_v of_o a_o blade_n of_o iron_n bend_v hoopwise_o into_o the_o form_n of_o a_o halfmoon_n they_o carry_v a_o large_a scimitar_n the_o sheath_n equal_o flat_a and_o broad_a from_o the_o handle_n to_o the_o bottom_n it_o be_v general_o set_v rich_o with_o diamond_n according_a to_o the_o quality_n of_o the_o person_n it_o be_v customary_a all_o over_o the_o kingdom_n not_o only_o among_o the_o gentry_n but_o also_o among_o the_o vulgar_a to_o carry_v pole-axe_n in_o their_o hand_n or_o on_o their_o arm_n they_o take_v care_n that_o this_o pole-ax_n be_v keep_v bright_a and_o shine_a with_o plate_n of_o silver_n round_o the_o handle_n and_o sometime_o set_v with_o jewel_n i_o have_v see_v the_o palatine_n and_o other_o senator_n come_v with_o those_o pole-axe_n into_o the_o king_n presence_n which_o seem_v when_o i_o come_v first_o to_o court_n aâ—â—_n frightful_a sight_n though_o reckon_v a_o ornament_n but_o i_o be_v inform_v that_o at_o first_o it_o be_v for_o defence_n the_o nation_n be_v tumultuous_a and_o quarrelsome_a that_o they_o may_v make_v use_n of_o these_o pole-axe_n in_o a_o throng_n where_o their_o scimiter_n can_v be_v of_o no_o use_n this_o dress_n look_v extreme_a manly_a particular_o on_o horseback_n and_o be_v the_o most_o expensive_a of_o
think_v and_o think_v what_o he_o please_v without_o any_o fear_n of_o the_o king_n interregnum_fw-la after_o the_o king_n death_n cardinal_n radziouski_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n and_o primate_n of_o the_o kingdom_n take_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n as_o be_v usual_a upon_o he_o and_o notify_v the_o king_n death_n to_o foreign_a prince_n and_o to_o all_o the_o governor_n of_o the_o province_n and_o advise_v with_o the_o senator_n that_o be_v then_o at_o warsaw_n of_o the_o proper_a method_n and_o fit_a time_n to_o ohoose_v a_o new_a king_n they_o fix_v upon_o the_o 29_o of_o august_n 1696_o for_o the_o convocation_n of_o the_o grand_a diet_n but_o there_o appear_v several_a competitor_n which_o make_v powerful_a faction_n it_o be_v think_v necessary_a to_o take_v more_o time_n to_o appease_v the_o dissension_n of_o the_o nobility_n wherefore_o the_o overture_n of_o the_o diet_n be_v defer_v to_o the_o 15_o of_o may_v 1697._o they_o choose_v the_o sieur_n belinski_n for_o their_o speaker_n who_o they_o call_v their_o marshal_n the_o chief_a competitor_n be_v at_o first_o crown_n prince_n james_n of_o poland_n and_o his_o brother_n prince_n alexander_n the_o prince_n of_o conti_n don_n livio_n odeschalchi_n and_o prince_n lewis_n of_o baden_n but_o at_o last_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n unexpected_o come_v to_o the_o frontier_n of_o poland_n with_o 8000_o man_n and_o declare_v himself_o candidate_n have_v a_o twelvemonth_n before_o private_o abjure_v his_o religion_n to_o qualify_v himself_o for_o this_o crown_n which_o procure_v he_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o pope_n and_o clergy_n so_o that_o at_o length_n no_o considerable_a party_n appear_v but_o for_o he_o the_o prince_n of_o conti_n and_o prince_n james_n the_o cardinal_n primate_n with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o the_o palatine_n support_v with_o all_o their_o interest_n the_o prince_n of_o conti_n the_o french_a have_v for_o several_a year_n before_o as_o i_o observe_v when_o i_o be_v in_o that_o kingdom_n give_v a_o great_a character_n of_o his_o merit_n and_o valour_n which_o make_v the_o king_n of_o france_n believe_v that_o he_o will_v undoubted_o carry_v that_o crown_n against_o all_o opposer_n as_o it_o be_v probable_a he_o will_v have_v do_v have_v he_o be_v in_o person_n as_o near_o the_o place_n of_o election_n as_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v for_o on_o the_o 26_o of_o june_n be_v the_o day_n of_o election_n the_o diet_n draw_v out_o into_o the_o field_n and_o he_o have_v that_o day_n more_o vote_n than_o either_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n or_o prince_n james_n which_o the_o primate_n observe_v go_v with_o his_o party_n and_o immediate_o proclaim_v he_o king_n but_o the_o two_o other_o party_n know_v this_o can_v not_o be_v legal_o do_v without_o the_o universal_a consent_n of_o the_o diet_n protest_v against_o it_o as_o illegal_a and_o prince_n james_n perceive_v his_o party_n to_o be_v the_o weak_a and_o have_v always_o be_v in_o the_o interest_n of_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n as_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o empress_n and_o queen_n of_o spain_n sister_n resign_v all_o his_o interest_n to_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o be_v likewise_o support_v by_o the_o emperor_n these_o two_o party_n be_v thus_o unite_v into_o one_o be_v more_o numerous_a than_o that_o of_o the_o prince_n of_o conti_n wherefore_o come_v next_o day_n into_o the_o field_n they_o get_v the_o bishop_n of_o cujavia_n after_o the_o primate_n have_v refuse_v it_o to_o proclaim_v 1697._o frederic_n augustus_n elector_n of_o saxony_n king_n of_o poland_n and_o send_v ambassador_n to_o acquaint_v he_o therewith_o and_o to_o desire_v he_o to_o accept_v of_o the_o crown_n all_o this_o while_n the_o primate_n and_o prince_n of_o conti_n party_n stand_v firm_a to_o the_o first_o election_n and_o dispatch_v courier_n into_o france_n to_o desire_v that_o prince_n to_o come_v with_o all_o speed_n into_o poland_n the_o general_n of_o the_o army_n be_v divide_v count_n jablonowski_n great_a general_n of_o the_o kingdom_n declare_v for_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n prince_n sapieha_n great_a general_n of_o lithuania_n seem_v to_o favour_v the_o prince_n of_o conti_n but_o the_o governor_n of_o cracow_n be_v for_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n invite_v he_o and_o his_o army_n to_o take_v possession_n of_o that_o capital_a city_n where_o he_o be_v crown_v the_o 15_o of_o september_n poland_n follow_v which_o do_v extreme_o facilitate_v the_o good_a success_n he_o have_v since_o have_v in_o that_o kingdom_n for_o though_o the_o primate_n and_o many_o other_o considerable_a person_n do_v insist_v on_o the_o pretend_a legality_n of_o their_o election_n though_o the_o prince_n of_o conti_n himself_o come_v in_o person_n to_o dantzic_n with_o a_o fleet_n vast_a sum_n of_o money_n and_o some_o discipline_v troop_n though_o the_o french_a ambassador_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr polignac_n have_v manage_v a_o good_a part_n of_o the_o army_n and_o a_o great_a many_o of_o the_o senator_n with_o great_a art_n and_o policy_n though_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n threaten_v a_o invasion_n to_o support_v his_o election_n and_o though_o the_o hungarian_n make_v a_o insurrection_n in_o their_o country_n to_o divert_v the_o saxon_a force_n yet_o the_o pole_n see_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n be_v actual_o crown_v that_o he_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o the_o metropolis_n cracow_n the_o strong_a town_n in_o poland_n that_o 8000_o of_o his_o discipline_v troop_n be_v in_o the_o kingdom_n that_o the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o army_n have_v declare_v for_o he_o and_o that_o the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n threaten_v a_o invasion_n if_o they_o persist_v to_o support_v the_o prince_n of_o conti_n they_o think_v it_o more_o advisable_a to_o quit_v his_o interest_n than_o to_o give_v occasion_n for_o a_o civil_a war_n for_o i_o have_v often_o hear_v they_o say_v that_o king_n be_v easy_a enough_o to_o be_v have_v without_o shed_v blood_n for_o any_o and_o that_o they_o be_v easy_o depose_v if_o they_o usurp_v any_o great_a authority_n than_o the_o law_n allow_v and_o therefore_o they_o think_v it_o more_o prudent_a after_o have_v sufficient_o empty_v the_o candidate_n pocket_n to_o declare_v for_o the_o first_o of_o they_o that_o join_v his_o party_n and_o appear_v in_o arm_n since_o he_o be_v deem_v qualify_v than_o to_o expose_v their_o country_n to_o ruin_n and_o devastation_n by_o adhere_v to_o a_o illegal_a election_n of_o which_o the_o success_n be_v always_o doubtful_a for_o by_o their_o constitution_n no_o election_n can_v be_v real_o lawful_a nor_o any_o law_n can_v be_v legal_o make_v without_o the_o universal_a consent_n of_o the_o lord_n and_o commons_o of_o both_o state_n poland_n and_o lithuania_n assemble_v in_o parliament_n the_o prince_n of_o conti_n have_v full_a intelligence_n of_o the_o posture_n of_o affair_n in_o poland_n do_v not_o think_v it_o politic_a to_o conside_fw-la any_o long_o in_o the_o promise_v of_o the_o great_a man_n who_o in_o that_o country_n be_v natural_o sickle_n and_o biased_a more_o to_o their_o own_o interest_n than_o any_o inclination_n they_o have_v to_o serve_v any_o prince_n for_o they_o have_v no_o other_o notion_n of_o prince_n than_o of_o tool_n to_o raise_v their_o own_o fortune_n by_o wherefore_o this_o prince_n foresee_v no_o probability_n of_o success_n the_o town_n of_o dantzic_n have_v declare_v for_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n he_o think_v it_o more_o prudent_a timely_a to_o quit_v his_o pretension_n by_o sail_v back_o into_o france_n than_o to_o expose_v his_o reputation_n by_o be_v force_v to_o retire_v when_o the_o new_a king_n authority_n be_v more_o confirm_v as_o it_o be_v look_v upon_o to_o be_v at_o present_a king_n frederick_n augustus_n the_o iid_n be_v thus_o leave_v in_o sole_a possession_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v likely_a to_o restore_v the_o decay_a state_n thereof_o for_o have_v large_a hereditary_a dominion_n of_o his_o 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considerable_a a_o army_n and_o that_o chief_o of_o horse_n as_o any_o christian_a prince_n he_o have_v ever_o have_v a_o great_a reputation_n with_o the_o eastern_a prince_n and_o consider_v their_o history_n i_o find_v as_o remarkable_a transaction_n and_o exploit_n in_o the_o live_v of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o in_o any_o other_o history_n whatever_o i_o must_v confess_v the_o pole_n have_v not_o be_v such_o refine_a politician_n nor_o so_o prudent_o manage_v their_o own_o interest_n as_o some_o of_o their_o neighbour_n have_v do_v for_o by_o their_o ill_a conduct_n and_o supine_n negligence_n they_o have_v lose_v the_o best_a part_n of_o their_o ancient_a dominion_n which_o yet_o have_v happen_v to_o they_o neither_o on_o account_n of_o their_o deficiency_n in_o courage_n or_o bravery_n but_o at_o present_a the_o pole_n beginning_n to_o inquire_v into_o the_o state_n of_o foreign_a country_n and_o into_o their_o maxim_n of_o government_n they_o be_v become_v more_o vigilant_a and_o political_a and_o be_v likely_a under_o the_o command_n of_o their_o present_a king_n as_o well_o to_o retrieve_v their_o honour_n as_o recover_v their_o lose_a dominion_n i_o will_v my_o lord_n have_v present_v you_o with_o a_o great_a many_o other_o entertain_v matter_n relate_v to_o the_o geography_n and_o natural_a history_n of_o this_o country_n have_v i_o either_o see_v they_o myself_o or_o be_v secure_a of_o the_o relation_n of_o other_o but_o i_o will_v rather_o choose_v to_o be_v deficient_a in_o this_o account_n than_o to_o give_v your_o lordship_n just_a reason_n to_o believe_v that_o i_o be_v too_o credulous_a i_o be_o my_o lord_n your_o lordship_n be_v most_o obedient_a humble_a servant_n b._n c._n letter_n vi._n to_o george_n stepney_n esq_n late_a envoy_n extraordinary_a from_o his_o majesty_n to_o the_o elector_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o origin_n and_o extent_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n with_o the_o succession_n of_o its_o great_a duke_n and_o description_n of_o its_o chief_a town_n and_o province_n sir_n the_o zeal_n you_o have_v show_v for_o his_o majesty_n service_n in_o your_o ministry_n at_o the_o court_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o the_o reputation_n i_o find_v you_o leave_v behind_o you_o in_o those_o place_n to_o the_o honour_n of_o so_o great_a a_o master_n deserve_v not_o only_o the_o repeat_v proof_n of_o his_o usual_a bounty_n and_o the_o choice_n he_o wise_o make_v of_o you_o a_o second_o time_n to_o represent_v his_o royal_a person_n but_o likewise_o the_o esteem_n of_o all_o those_o that_o be_v acquaint_v with_o your_o merit_n to_o pretend_v to_o inform_v you_o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o any_o state_n in_o europe_n will_v not_o be_v only_o the_o call_n in_o question_n your_o experience_n in_o foreign_a affair_n and_o your_o undoubted_a knowledge_n in_o politic_n but_o likewise_o expose_v my_o own_o judgement_n to_o the_o just_a censure_n of_o the_o world_n wherefore_o sir_n think_v by_o our_o late_a discourse_n about_o poland_n that_o nothing_o can_v be_v new_a to_o you_o but_o what_o be_v either_o very_a remote_a or_o very_a ancient_a i_o will_v endeavour_v only_o to_o give_v what_o i_o know_v of_o the_o origin_n and_o extent_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v that_o vast_a tract_n of_o land_n that_o lie_v between_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o frontier_n of_o moscovy_n inhabitant_n the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n call_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n litwa_fw-mi though_o subject_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o scotland_n to_o the_o king_n of_o england_n yet_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n from_o this_o kingdom_n have_v different_a custom_n a_o different_a dialect_n and_o particular_a privilege_n though_o one_o diet_n serve_v they_o both_o it_o lie_v between_o bound_n moscovy_n on_o the_o east_n livonia_n the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o part_n of_o moscovy_n to_o the_o north_n samogitia_n prussia_n and_o podlachia_n to_o the_o west_n and_o russia_n volhynia_n and_o podolia_n towards_o the_o south_n it_o extend_v near_o ninety_o german_a mile_n in_o length_n that_o be_v from_o the_o border_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lublin_n to_o the_o confine_n of_o livonia_n and_o about_o eighty_o in_o breadth_n from_o the_o river_n niemen_n to_o the_o nieper_n in_o the_o time_n of_o extent_n its_o great_a duke_n vitoldus_n it_o be_v of_o much_o large_a extent_n for_o than_o it_o reach_v from_o the_o euxine_a sea_n to_o almost_o all_o along_o the_o baltic_a product_n this_o province_n be_v a_o flat_a and_o champain_n country_n formerly_z all_o overrun_v with_o wood_n and_o of_o which_o a_o great_a number_n still_o remain_v yet_o what_o with_o the_o industry_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o the_o peace_n they_o have_v enjoy_v ever_o since_o sigismond_n the_o first_o be_v time_n it_o be_v now_o very_o fruitful_a and_o produce_v all_o sort_n of_o grain_n as_o likewise_o afford_v great_a quantity_n of_o honey_n pitch_n tar_n and_o timber_n with_o good_a store_n of_o fish_n and_o flesh_n nevertheless_o the_o air_n be_v general_o unhealthy_a which_o occasion_n many_o place_n to_o be_v little_o inhabit_v and_o some_o quite_o desert_n privilege_n this_o great_a duchy_n be_v only_o begin_v to_o be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o jagello_n in_o the_o year_n 1386_o for_o though_o that_o union_n be_v afterward_o renew_v at_o grodno_n in_o the_o year_n 1413_o yet_o lithuania_n still_o retain_v its_o own_o proper_a duke_n till_o the_o year_n 1501_o when_o the_o great_a duke_n albert_n be_v choose_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o who_o mean_n this_o country_n become_v absolute_o under_o the_o dominion_n of_o that_o crown_n and_o which_o be_v afterward_o confirm_v by_o a_o diet_n hold_v at_o lublin_n in_o 1569_o under_o the_o reign_n of_o sigismundus_n augustus_n where_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o lithuania_n shall_v enjoy_v its_o own_o peculiar_a law_n and_o privilege_n and_o be_v constitute_v a_o part_n of_o the_o polish_v commonwealth_n insomuch_o that_o nothing_o of_o importance_n be_v for_o the_o future_a to_o be_v transact_v therein_o without_o the_o voluntary_a concurrence_n of_o these_o state_n division_n this_o country_n consist_v of_o two_o part_n viz._n 1._o lithuania_n proper_o so_o call_v and_o 2._o lithuanic_n or_o white_a russia_n both_o which_o be_v divide_v into_o several_a palatinate_n and_o those_o again_o into_o district_n and_o all_o of_o they_o may_v be_v proper_o term_v dutchy_n each_o have_v former_o have_v its_o peculiar_a duke_n arms._n the_o arm_n or_o standard_n of_o lithuania_n be_v party_n per_fw-la pale_a gules_a and_o azure_a in_o the_o former_a a_o horse_n in_o full_a career_fw-fr argent_fw-fr with_o a_o warrior_n inside_v proper_a brandish_v a_o sword_n over_o his_o head_n and_o in_o the_o second_o the_o virgin_n mary_n with_o our_o saviour_n in_o her_o arm_n surround_v by_o a_o glory_n before_o i_o proceed_v to_o a_o topographical_n description_n of_o this_o state_n i_o hope_v a_o short_a account_n of_o the_o origin_n of_o lithuania_n with_o the_o life_n and_o most_o remarkable_a action_n of_o the_o several_a duke_n and_o great_a duke_n of_o that_o duchy_n samogitia_n etc._n etc._n may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a which_o be_v as_o follow_v call_v lithuania_n as_o guagnini_n think_v take_v its_o name_n from_o this_o occasion_n when_o the_o first_o prince_n thereof_o palaemon_n leave_v italy_n on_o account_n of_o nero_n tyranny_n he_o together_o with_o several_a of_o his_o countryman_n flee_v by_o a_o long_a voyage_n into_o these_o part_n where_o after_o some_o time_n have_v be_v salute_v prince_n by_o the_o inhabitant_n thereof_o he_o call_v their_o country_n after_o the_o name_n of_o his_o own_o la_fw-fr italia_n which_o in_o process_n of_o time_n by_o mix_v with_o the_o idiom_n of_o those_o barbarian_n may_v as_o he_o say_v have_v degenerate_v into_o lithuania_n other_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v so_o name_v from_o the_o latin_a word_n littus_n a_o shoar_n because_o say_v they_o this_o prince_n settle_v along_o the_o shoar_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n before_o opinion_n he_o descend_v into_o lithuania_n to_o confirm_v this_o prince_n expedition_n into_o this_o country_n there_o be_v several_a italian_a and_o latin_a word_n intermix_v with_o its_o present_a language_n as_o likewise_o most_o of_o the_o noble_a family_n have_v great_a similitude_n with_o the_o roman_a name_n though_o the_o vulgar_a sort_n be_v altogether_o sclavonian_n notwithstanding_o this_o assertion_n hartknoch_n with_o several_a other_o positive_o affirm_v that_o this_o country_n have_v its_o name_n from_o littuo_fw-la one_o of_o the_o alani_n a_o certain_a duke_n therefore_o long_o before_o palaemon_n voyage_n so_o that_o from_o littuo_fw-la alanus_fw-la they_o call_v his_o country_n littualania_n which_o afterward_o be_v contract_v to_o lithuania_n palamon_n palaemon_n first_o duke_n of_o lithuania_n be_v descend_v from_o the_o roman_a patricii_fw-la after_o have_v undergon_v great_a danger_n and_o
it_o with_o both_o its_o castle_n when_o jawnutus_n fly_v towards_o a_o neighbour_a wood_n be_v there_o take_v by_o keijstutus_n his_o man_n and_o be_v bring_v back_o to_o his_o brother_n be_v by_o he_o order_v to_o be_v clap_v in_o chain_n a_o little_a while_n afterward_o olgerdus_n return_v keijstutus_n will_v have_v surrender_v to_o he_o the_o crown_n as_o be_v his_o elder_a brother_n but_o which_o olgerdus_n refuse_v say_v it_o be_v due_a neither_o to_o his_o fortune_n nor_o merit_n and_o therefore_o he_o will_v not_o pretend_v to_o deserve_v it_o by_o birth_n but_o at_o length_n they_o both_o agree_v to_o divide_v those_o dominion_n between_o they_o and_o vilna_n with_o the_o supreme_a authority_n fall_v to_o olgerdus_fw-fr but_o nevertheless_o they_o both_o bind_v themselves_o by_o oath_n to_o entrench_v upon_o neither_o dominion_n to_o their_o brother_n jawnutus_n they_o yield_v the_o palatinate_n of_o braslaw_n in_o russia_n olgerdus_fw-fr olgerdus_fw-fr be_v thus_o possess_v of_o the_o throne_n begin_v his_o reign_n with_o invade_v prussia_n and_o livonia_n where_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n do_v not_o dare_v to_o oppose_v he_o so_o that_o have_v overrun_v all_o those_o country_n and_o load_v his_o army_n with_o spoil_n he_o return_v triumphant_o to_o lithuania_n where_o he_o sacrifice_v the_o captive_a knight_n to_o his_o father_n ghost_n who_o they_o have_v kill_v the_o same_o year_n olgerdus_n march_v silent_o against_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n which_o he_o destroy_v and_o plunder_v up_o as_o far_o as_o frankfurt_n and_o all_o along_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n oder_fw-ge next_o he_o drive_v the_o tartar_n out_o of_o podolia_n build_v about_o which_o time_n caminiec_n be_v build_v by_o his_o brother_n son_n afterward_o janowitz_n czar_n of_o muscovy_n be_v puff_v up_o with_o his_o great_a power_n send_v to_o olgerdus_n then_o lie_v sick_a of_o a_o fever_n at_o witebsko_n that_o before_o a_o month_n be_v at_o a_o end_n he_o will_v make_v he_o such_o visit_n as_o shall_v fright_v he_o into_o a_o ague_n to_o which_o haughty_a message_n olgerdus_n only_o return_v that_o since_o he_o know_v his_o mind_n he_o will_v prevent_v his_o journey_n and_o wait_v on_o he_o at_o moscow_n whereupon_o leap_v out_o of_o his_o bed_n he_o expose_v his_o life_n to_o his_o honour_n but_o which_o as_o it_o happen_v do_v well_o enough_o for_o he_o recover_v in_o few_o day_n and_o get_v speedy_o together_o a_o considerable_a army_n he_o march_v forthwith_o into_o moscovy_n lay_v siege_n to_o moscow_n and_o take_v it_o together_o with_o the_o baffle_a czar_n who_o he_o force_v before_o he_o leave_v he_o to_o agree_v to_o a_o dishonourable_a peace_n and_o leave_v he_o in_o possession_n of_o great_a part_n of_o his_o empire_n after_o which_o he_o reduce_v the_o major_a part_n of_o russia_n which_o he_o join_v to_o his_o dominion_n they_o have_v former_o be_v only_o wont_a to_o pay_v tribute_n to_o lithuania_n this_o prince_n have_v by_o mary_n his_o wife_n twelve_o son_n of_o which_o jagello_n and_o skiergelo_n only_o be_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n after_o he_o his_o brother_n keijstutus_n have_v six_o son_n whereof_o vitoldus_n and_o sigismundus_n come_v to_o be_v great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n 1381._o olgerdus_n die_v in_o the_o year_n 1381_o jagello_n ascend_v his_o throne_n with_o consent_n of_o his_o uncle_n keijstutus_n this_o duke_n have_v a_o favourite_n courtier_n one_o voidilus_n a_o man_n of_o a_o obscure_a descent_n and_o who_o he_o have_v raise_v from_o his_o baker_n to_o be_v his_o secretary_n and_o prime_a minister_n this_o person_n he_o affect_v so_o dear_o that_o he_o give_v he_o his_o sister_n in_o marriage_n which_o be_v high_o displease_v to_o his_o uncle_n who_o protest_v earnest_o against_o it_o whereupon_o this_o subtle_a upstart_n fear_v lest_o keijstutus_n may_v one_o day_n or_o other_o put_v he_o out_o of_o favour_n with_o his_o prince_n he_o prevail_v with_o jagello_n to_o look_v upon_o his_o uncle_n as_o his_o enemy_n and_o to_o proceed_v against_o he_o according_o which_o jagello_n be_v young_a be_v easy_o persuade_v to_o do_v therefore_o clap_v up_o a_o secret_a truce_n with_o the_o teutonic_n knight_n with_o who_o he_o be_v before_o in_o war_n he_o make_v all_o imaginable_a preparation_n against_o his_o uncle_n which_o keijstutus_n be_v inform_v of_o be_v immediate_o alarm_v at_o till_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n quiet_v his_o suspicion_n by_o persuade_v he_o that_o jagello_n will_v never_o attempt_v any_o such_o thing_n but_o at_o length_n jagello_n march_v against_o the_o russian_n of_o polocz_n which_o be_v then_o his_o uncle_n subject_n his_o design_n be_v pass_v all_o doubt_n and_o therefore_o keijstutus_n get_v together_o what_o force_v he_o can_v upon_o so_o short_a a_o warn_v and_o invade_v his_o nephew_n territory_n where_o he_o take_v vilna_n and_o will_v have_v proceed_v have_v it_o not_o be_v for_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n who_o still_o continue_v jagello_n friend_n but_o afterward_o keijstutus_n be_v busy_v in_o subdue_a the_o traitor_n koributh_n jagello_n not_o only_o retake_v vilna_n but_o also_o besiege_v and_o gain_v troki_n by_o treachery_n which_o keijstutus_n march_v to_o recover_v he_o together_o with_o his_o son_n vitoldus_n be_v betray_v into_o jagello_n hand_n by_o mean_n of_o his_o brother_n skergelo_n who_o pretend_v to_o bring_v these_o two_o prince_n amicable_o together_o but_o jagello_n have_v once_o get_v his_o uncle_n into_o his_o clutch_n detain_v he_o and_o throw_v he_o into_o chain_n and_o afterward_o order_v he_o to_o be_v strangle_v in_o his_o prison_n at_o kreva_n his_o cousin_n german_n vitoldus_n he_o ungrateful_o keep_v a_o long_a while_n in_o bond_n at_o vilna_n who_o afterward_o be_v remove_v to_o kreva_n and_o a_o time_n appoint_v for_o his_o death_n escape_v by_o mean_n of_o his_o wife_n who_o always_o have_v free_a access_n to_o he_o by_o exchange_v habit_n with_o one_o of_o her_o servant_n get_v her_o husband_n away_o in_o she_o own_o hence_o he_o flee_v to_o his_o kinsman_n john_n duke_n of_o masovia_n but_o not_o think_v himself_o secure_a there_o he_o afterward_o go_v into_o prussia_n where_o at_o first_o he_o be_v reprove_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n for_o have_v recourse_n to_o they_o only_o in_o time_n of_o adversity_n but_o afterward_o he_o be_v more_o courteous_o receive_v and_o promise_v their_o assistance_n to_o re-establish_a he_o in_o his_o paternal_a dominion_n whereupon_o together_o with_o the_o samogitian_n who_o favour_v vitoldus_n his_o interest_n they_o make_v a_o inroad_n into_o lithuania_n and_o take_v troki_n but_o they_o be_v afterward_o nevertheless_o force_v to_o surrender_v it_o at_o length_n jagello_n by_o secret_a message_n recall_v his_o kinsman_n out_o of_o prussia_n and_o upon_o his_o promise_n to_o be_v faithful_a to_o he_o settle_v he_o in_o his_o hereditary_a estate_n a_o little_a while_n after_o this_o the_o throne_n of_o poland_n become_v vacant_a by_o lewis_n of_o hungary_n death_n jagello_n be_v invite_v thither_o to_o accept_v that_o crown_n under_o certain_a condition_n which_o may_v appear_v more_o at_o large_a in_o his_o life_n among_o those_o king_n whilst_o jagello_n be_v thus_o absent_a in_o poland_n with_o great_a number_n of_o his_o subject_n who_o go_v to_o wait_v on_o he_o into_o that_o kingdom_n the_o great_a master_n of_o prussia_n and_o livonia_n find_v a_o fit_a opportunity_n enter_v lithuania_n destroy_v with_o fire_n and_o sword_n as_o far_o as_o the_o castle_n of_o lucom_a in_o russia_n which_o also_o they_o take_v and_o have_v furnish_v with_o all_o necessary_a defence_n place_v in_o it_o andrew_n jagello_n brother_n upon_o who_o request_n this_o expedition_n have_v be_v undertake_v about_o the_o same_o time_n swetoslaus_n duke_n of_o smolensko_n invade_v russia_n and_o take_v mscislaw_n and_o several_a other_o place_n by_o force_n both_o which_o action_n jagello_n be_v soon_o inform_v of_o immediate_o dispatch_v away_o his_o brother_n skirgelo_n and_o kinsman_n vitoldus_n into_o lithuania_n who_o find_v the_o teutonic_n army_n retire_v forthwith_o lay_v siege_n to_o the_o castle_n of_o lucom_n which_o have_v take_v they_o proceed_v to_o mscislaw_n which_o they_o likewise_o take_v and_o kill_v swetoslaus_n who_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o it_o afterward_o have_v recover_v all_o the_o other_o revolt_a dominion_n which_o have_v side_v with_o duke_n andrew_n they_o make_v he_o prisoner_n and_o carry_v he_o into_o poland_n he_o be_v order_v by_o his_o brother_n jagello_n to_o be_v cast_v into_o a_o noisome_a dungeon_n whence_o upon_o the_o request_n of_o the_o good-natured_a vitoldus_n he_o be_v not_o long_o after_o deliver_v after_o jagello_n death_n though_o there_o be_v several_a great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n yet_o see_v they_o be_v tributary_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n itself_o be_v afterward_o unite_v to_o poland_n under_o
out_o how_o can_v our_o god_n dissemble_v with_o these_o wicked_a christian_n so_o far_o as_o to_o suffer_v they_o to_o profane_v their_o divinity_n with_o unhallowed_a hand_n when_o if_o we_o have_v but_o offer_v to_o injure_v they_o in_o the_o least_o we_o always_o immediate_o undergo_v their_o revenge_n but_o at_o length_n when_o they_o perceive_v no_o judgement_n to_o follow_v the_o suppose_a sacrilege_n of_o the_o pole_n they_o unanimous_o acknowlegd_v their_o false_a worship_n and_o consent_v to_o be_v baptize_v whereof_o about_o thirty_o thousand_o be_v bring_v to_o the_o font_n in_o one_o day_n from_o henceforward_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v for_o the_o major_a part_n continue_a christian_n though_o there_o be_v yet_o some_o idolater_n among_o they_o of_o different_a belief_n towards_o the_o frontier_n of_o moscovy_n and_o samogitia_n in_o the_o great_a wood_n who_o still_o worship_n serpent_n etc._n etc._n as_o they_o use_v to_o do_v there_o be_v also_o in_o this_o great_a duchy_n about_o thirty_o thousand_o tartar_n with_o liberty_n of_o the_o turkish_a religion_n who_o have_v enjoy_v this_o privilege_n for_o some_o hundred_o of_o year_n on_o condition_n that_o they_o shall_v send_v every_o year_n twelve_o hundred_o man_n to_o the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n these_o mahometan_n call_v their_o church_n meczet_n page_n 342._o upon_o this_o occasion_n i_o be_v assure_v by_o the_o king_n himself_o several_z senators_z and_o other_o great_a man_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o moreover_o it_o be_v the_o common_a and_o undisputed_a report_n that_o child_n be_v oftentimes_o nourish_v and_o bring_v up_o by_o bear_n in_o these_o part_n they_o say_v likewise_o that_o if_o a_o hungry_a he-bear_a find_v a_o child_n that_o have_v be_v careless_o leave_v any_o where_o he_o will_v immediate_o tear_v it_o to_o piece_n but_o on_o the_o contrary_a have_v it_o be_v a_o she-bear_a then_o give_v suck_v she_o will_v undoubted_o have_v carry_v it_o safe_a to_o her_o den_n and_o nourish_v it_o among_o her_o cub_n which_o after_o some_o time_n may_v probable_o have_v be_v rescue_v from_o she_o and_o be_v take_v by_o hunter_n as_o it_o happen_v in_o another_o case_n of_o this_o nature_n in_o the_o year_n 1669_o which_o have_v be_v positive_o assert_v to_o i_o in_o a_o letter_n from_o his_o excellency_n mounseur_fw-fr de_fw-fr cleverskerk_n now_o ambassador_n here_o to_o his_o majesty_n king_n william_n from_o the_o state_n of_o hollond_n which_o letter_n i_o think_v not_o amiss_o to_o insert_v a_o monsieur_n connor_n mounseur_fw-fr je_fw-fr veux_fw-fr satisfaire_fw-fr en_fw-fr party_n à _fw-fr votre_fw-fr desir_fw-fr &_o vous_fw-fr rendre_fw-fr conte_z d'un_fw-fr enfant_fw-fr que_fw-fr j'ay_fw-fr veu_n à _fw-fr varsovie_n en_fw-fr l'an_n 1669._o i_o rencontrant_fw-la en_fw-fr cette_fw-fr ville_fw-fr de_fw-fr pologne_n pour_fw-fr étre_fw-fr present_a au_fw-fr tems_fw-fr de_fw-fr l'election_n d'un_fw-fr roy_fw-fr qui_fw-fr se_fw-fr devoit_fw-fr fair_a à _fw-fr la_fw-fr place_n du_fw-fr roy_fw-fr jean_n casimir_n qui_fw-fr s'étoit_fw-fr démis_fw-fr de_fw-fr la_fw-fr couronne_fw-fr je_fw-fr m'informay_n à _fw-fr cette_fw-fr occasion_n de_fw-fr ce_fw-fr qu'il_fw-fr y_fw-fr avoit_fw-fr à _fw-fr voir_fw-fr en_fw-fr ce_fw-fr lieu_fw-fr &_o j'ay_fw-fr appris_fw-fr entre_fw-fr autres_fw-fr choses_fw-fr qu'il_fw-fr se_fw-fr trouvoit_fw-fr au_fw-fr fauxbourg_n de_fw-fr la_fw-fr ville_fw-fr qui_fw-la va_fw-fr vers_fw-la le_fw-fr palais_n que_fw-fr le_fw-fr roy_fw-fr casimir_n y_fw-fr avoit_fw-fr fait_fw-fr batir_n chez_fw-fr des_fw-fr religieuse_n un_fw-fr enfant_fw-fr male_a qui_fw-fr avoit_fw-fr été_fw-fr nourri_fw-la des_fw-fr we_o ayant_fw-fr été_fw-fr pris_fw-fr quêques_fw-fr tems_fw-fr auparavant_fw-fr à _fw-fr la_fw-fr chasse_n de_fw-fr ces_fw-fr animaux_fw-fr j'allay_n à _fw-fr ce_fw-fr lieu_fw-fr pour_fw-fr satisfaire_fw-fr ma_fw-fr curiosité_fw-fr &_o trouvay_v a_o la_fw-fr porte_fw-fr le_fw-fr dit_fw-fr enfant_fw-fr jovant_n 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prise_fw-la de_fw-fr cet_fw-fr enfant_fw-fr mais_n comme_fw-fr je_fw-fr n'ay_fw-fr point_fw-fr avec_fw-fr moi_fw-fr le_fw-fr livre_fw-fr ou_fw-fr j'ay_fw-fr écrit_fw-fr les_fw-fr observation_n que_fw-fr j'ay_fw-fr fait_fw-fr dans_fw-fr mes_fw-fr voyages_n je_fw-fr ne_fw-fr sçaurois_fw-fr vous_fw-fr en_fw-fr fair_a le_fw-fr dêtail_n cette_fw-fr filly_n appella_fw-la &_o fit_a entrer_fw-fr le_fw-fr dit_fw-fr enfant_fw-fr &_o luy_fw-fr montra_fw-la un_fw-fr grand_fw-fr morçeau_fw-fr de_fw-fr pain_n ce_fw-fr que_fw-fr luy_fw-fr voyant_fw-fr il_fw-fr se_fw-fr jetta_fw-it sur_fw-fr un_fw-fr plancher_n qui_fw-fr étoit_fw-fr fait_fw-fr contre_fw-fr la_fw-fr muraille_fw-fr dans_fw-fr cette_fw-fr chambre_fw-fr il_fw-fr y_fw-fr marcha_fw-la comme_fw-fr à _fw-fr quatre_fw-fr pat_n il_fw-fr se_fw-la leva_fw-la avec_fw-fr une_fw-fr grande_fw-fr vitesse_n prit_fw-fr par_fw-fr les_fw-fr deux_fw-fr mains_fw-fr le_fw-fr pain_n qui_fw-fr luy_fw-fr fut_fw-fr presentè_fw-fr le_fw-fr porta_fw-la ainsi_fw-fr au_fw-fr nez_fw-fr &_o see_v jetta_n en_fw-fr bas_fw-fr faisant_fw-fr encore_fw-fr un_fw-fr bruit_n étrange_a comme_fw-fr auparavant_fw-fr on_o m'informa_fw-la qu'il_fw-fr ne_fw-fr parloit_n point_fw-fr encore_fw-fr des_fw-fr paroles_fw-fr mais_fw-fr qu'on_n esperoit_fw-fr avec_fw-fr le_fw-fr tems_fw-fr luy_fw-fr en_fw-fr apprendre_fw-fr d'autant_fw-fr qu'il_fw-fr avoit_fw-fr l'ouiè_fw-fr bonne_fw-fr il_fw-fr avoit_fw-fr quêques_fw-fr marquess_n au_fw-fr visage_n qu'on_v pensoit_fw-fr avoir_fw-fr été_fw-fr des_fw-fr egratigneures_fw-fr de_fw-fr l'ours_fw-fr voilà _fw-fr mounseur_fw-fr tout_fw-fr ce_fw-fr que_fw-fr ma_fw-fr memoire_fw-fr i_o peut_fw-fr fournir_fw-fr d'une_fw-fr particularité_fw-fr qu'il_fw-fr y_fw-fr à _fw-fr si_fw-fr long_a tems_fw-fr que_fw-fr j'ay_fw-fr veüe_fw-fr mais_n personne_n ne_fw-fr doit_fw-fr trouver_fw-fr étrange_a que_fw-fr cela_fw-fr soit_fw-fr arriué_fw-fr d'autant_fw-fr qu'on_n a_fw-fr d'autres_fw-fr exemple_n dans_fw-fr les_fw-fr history_n et_fw-la 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pas_fw-fr de_fw-fr tems_fw-fr de_fw-fr sauver_fw-fr leur_fw-fr enfants_fw-fr &_o qu'ainsi_fw-fr celuicy_a peut_fw-fr avoir_fw-fr été_fw-fr laissé_fw-fr &_o trovué_fw-fr par_fw-fr quêques_fw-fr we_o qui_fw-fr sont_fw-fr en_fw-fr ces_fw-fr lieux_fw-fr de_fw-fr lituanie_fw-fr ou_fw-fr de_fw-fr pologne_n je_fw-fr suis_fw-fr marri_fw-la mounseur_fw-fr ne_fw-fr vous_fw-fr pouvoir_fw-fr pas_fw-fr informer_n &_o satisfaire_fw-fr à _fw-fr votre_fw-fr curiosité_fw-fr avec_fw-fr plus_fw-fr d'exactitude_n cependant_fw-fr vous_fw-fr receurez_fw-fr s'il_fw-fr vous_fw-fr plait_fw-fr cette_fw-fr relation_n comme_fw-fr un_fw-fr petit_fw-fr témoignage_n de_fw-fr ma_fw-fr bonne_fw-fr volonté_fw-fr comme_fw-fr etant_fw-la ce_fw-fr 1_o jan._n 1698._o mounseur_fw-fr votre_fw-fr tres-affectionné_a serviteur_fw-fr j._n p._n van_fw-mi den_fw-mi brande_n de_fw-fr cleverskerk_n thus_o in_o english_a sir_n i_o shall_v endeavour_v partly_o to_o satisfy_v your_o request_n and_o to_o give_v you_o a_o account_n of_o a_o boy_n that_o i_o see_v at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1661._o who_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o by_o bear_n come_v to_o this_o city_n of_o poland_n with_o design_n to_o be_v present_a at_o the_o election_n of_o a_o king_n after_o john_n casimir_n who_o have_v abdicate_v the_o crown_n i_o inquire_v what_o be_v worth_a see_v in_o or_o about_o this_o place_n whereupon_o i_o be_v inform_v among_o other_o thing_n that_o there_o be_v in_o the_o suburb_n of_o this_o city_n which_o go_v towards_o king_n casimir_n palace_n in_o a_o nunnery_n a_o certain_a male_a child_n who_o have_v be_v bring_v up_o among_o bear_n and_o who_o have_v be_v take_v some_o time_n before_o at_o a_o bear-hunting_a upon_o this_o information_n i_o go_v immediate_o to_o that_o place_n to_o satisfy_v my_o curiosity_n where_o i_o find_v the_o aforesaid_a boy_n
powerful_a have_v a_o joint_a interest_n to_o limit_v the_o king_n power_n and_o to_o keep_v the_o common_a people_n in_o subjection_n who_o be_v stupid_o please_v with_o or_o rather_o insensible_a of_o their_o slavery_n and_o the_o notion_n of_o liberty_n be_v so_o inbred_a with_o the_o polish_v gentry_n that_o if_o they_o shall_v suspect_v that_o their_o king_n do_v aim_n at_o make_v any_o breach_n upon_o their_o law_n they_o not_o only_o think_v themselves_o no_o long_o oblige_v to_o pay_v he_o allegiance_n but_o likewise_o exclude_v his_o child_n for_o they_o maintain_v that_o â—â—ex_fw-la est_fw-la rex_fw-la their_o law_n be_v their_o king_n and_o that_o they_o elect_v a_o prince_n only_o to_o head_n their_o army_n against_o the_o invasion_n of_o foreigner_n and_o to_o govern_v the_o turbulent_a spirit_n of_o the_o grâ—â—â—â—â—â—_n who_o think_v they_o be_v all_o equal_a among_o themselves_o and_o their_o king_n but_o the_o first_o among_o his_o eqâ—â—ls_n so_o thâ—â—_n the_o â—â—urest_a way_n for_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n to_o maâ—â—_n the_o crown_n hereditary_n be_v never_o to_o 〈◊〉_d but_o to_o â—â—ave_v entire_o to_o the_o free_a will_n of_o the_o diâ—â—_n to_o â—â—ouse_n who_o they_o please_v which_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d by_o the_o bad_a success_n prime_a 〈◊〉_d have_v in_o the_o â—â—te_a election_n cause_v by_o the_o ill_a conâ—â—â—â—_n of_o king_n â—â—obieski_n his_o father_n who_o prompt_v by_o his_o 〈◊〉_d and_o french_a counsel_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—â—ears_v before_o his_o death_n to_o persuade_v the_o dieâ—â—_n iâ—â—_n those_o a_o successor_n which_o draw_v such_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d and_o jealousy_n upon_o his_o child_n that_o very_o few_o appear_v for_o they_o in_o the_o last_o election_n thâ—â—_n he_o oblige_v the_o chief_a officer_n to_o who_o he_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d â—â—onsiderable_a employment_n to_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o 〈◊〉_d his_o child_n interest_n after_o his_o 〈◊〉_d but_o the_o pole_n who_o think_v themselves_o to_o long_a â—â—ound_n by_o their_o oath_n than_o they_o find_v they_o conformable_a to_o their_o law_n and_o interest_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d tâ—â—_n abandon_v those_o prince_n to_o choose_v the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o to_o give_v a_o new_a precedent_n for_o two_o thing_n they_o never_o practise_v before_o to_o exclude_v their_o own_o king_n son_n and_o to_o elect_v a_o german_a prince_n for_o the_o distance_n and_o situâ—â—iâ—â—n_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n hereditary_a dominion_n and_o the_o jealousy_n the_o other_o german_a prince_n will_v have_v conceive_v have_v he_o usurp_v more_o power_n than_o the_o law_n allow_v take_v away_o from_o the_o pole_n all_o suspicion_n that_o this_o prince_n will_v ever_o attempt_v to_o invade_v their_o privilege_n as_o they_o apprehend_v the_o prince_n of_o conti_n and_o perhaps_o john_n iii'_v child_n will_v have_v do_v when_o i_o come_v first_o into_o this_o nation_n my_o chief_a design_n be_v to_o converse_v with_o physician_n and_o other_o naturalist_n to_o improve_v my_o knowledge_n in_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n and_o in_o natural_a history_n but_o find_v little_a here_o to_o satisfy_v my_o curiosity_n in_o these_o matter_n that_o i_o may_v not_o lose_v my_o labour_n in_o travel_v in_o so_o remote_a a_o country_n i_o resolve_v to_o look_v into_o their_o chronicle_n to_o inform_v myself_o of_o the_o origin_n of_o the_o monarchy_n of_o the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o all_o its_o king_n of_o its_o geography_n and_o its_o product_n and_o to_o inquire_v into_o the_o ancient_n and_o present_a state_n of_o that_o vast_a kingdom_n which_o i_o have_v do_v with_o as_o much_o care_n and_o accuracy_n as_o i_o can_v well_o compass_v in_o so_o short_a a_o time_n people_z perhaps_o will_v admire_v how_o i_o can_v pretend_v to_o give_v a_o account_n of_o so_o large_a and_o ancient_a a_o kingdom_n not_o have_v be_v in_o it_o a_o full_a twelvemonth_n i_o own_o this_o be_v no_o small_a presumption_n in_o i_o have_v i_o undertake_v to_o give_v a_o complete_a history_n thereof_o but_o as_o i_o only_o relate_v brief_o either_o what_o i_o have_v gather_v from_o the_o best_a polish_v author_n learn_v from_o the_o most_o intelligent_a native_n or_o observe_v myself_o i_o hope_v the_o public_a will_v have_v no_o ill_a thought_n of_o i_o for_o this_o attempt_n the_o first_o writer_n of_o the_o polish_v history_n like_o most_o other_o historian_n be_v credulous_a and_o superstitious_a and_o have_v fill_v their_o write_n with_o a_o great_a many_o romantio_n and_o almost_o fabulous_a story_n which_o i_o have_v omit_v though_o i_o have_v insert_v some_o as_o the_o golden_a tooth_n the_o devour_a dragon_n popiel_n being_n eat_v by_o rat_n and_o some_o other_o not_o with_o a_o design_n to_o make_v the_o public_a believe_v they_o or_o that_o i_o believe_v they_o myself_o but_o only_o to_o show_v how_o the_o ignorance_n of_o some_o and_o the_o unfair_a relation_n of_o other_o have_v impose_v upon_o the_o world_n in_o all_o age_n i_o know_v something_o of_o the_o constitution_n of_o poland_n before_o i_o go_v thither_o have_v former_o converse_v with_o several_a gentleman_n of_o that_o country_n at_o paris_n in_o italy_n and_o germany_n which_o incline_v i_o in_o some_o measure_n to_o travel_v with_o some_o of_o they_o from_o thence_o into_o that_o kingdom_n beside_o i_o come_v out_o of_o poland_n with_o the_o electoress_n of_o bavaria_n the_o king_n daughter_n in_o company_n with_o several_a native_n thereof_o who_o attend_v her_o highness_n from_o warsaw_n to_o brussels_n in_o this_o long_a journey_n i_o have_v likewise_o opportunity_n to_o inform_v myself_o further_o of_o the_o present_a state_n of_o that_o country_n so_o that_o i_o have_v not_o only_o collect_v this_o imperfect_a account_n which_o i_o have_v venture_v to_o give_v of_o it_o during_o the_o little_a time_n i_o reside_v at_o the_o king_n court_n but_o likewise_o before_o i_o come_v thither_o and_o since_o i_o leave_v it_o i_o do_v not_o at_o first_o design_n this_o historical_a account_n shall_v swell_v to_o so_o great_a a_o bulk_n nor_o that_o chief_o the_o geographical_a part_n shall_v be_v so_o tedious_o long_a but_o think_v to_o reduce_v the_o whole_a to_o the_o narrow_a compass_n of_o one_o volume_n until_o mr._n s_o consider_v the_o inconveniency_n of_o too_o small_a a_o epitome_n enlarge_v the_o geography_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n to_o make_v the_o relation_n of_o they_o both_o more_o exact_a and_o more_o satisfactory_a to_o such_o as_o be_v desirous_a to_o compare_v the_o town_n and_o province_n with_o the_o map_n the_o content_n of_o the_o first_o volume_n letter_n i._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a william_n lord_n dartmouth_n of_o the_o origin_n of_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n with_o the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o its_o first_o duke_n from_o the_o year_n 550_o to_o 830._o let._n two_o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a laurence_n earl_n of_o rochester_n ambassador_n from_o his_o majesty_n charles_n ii_o into_o poland_n contain_v the_o second_o and_o three_o class_n of_o the_o king_n of_o that_o country_n or_o the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n and_o jagello_n from_o the_o year_n 830_o to_o the_o year_n 1574._o let._n iii_o to_o his_o grace_n william_n duke_n of_o devonshire_n lord_n steward_n of_o his_o majesty_n household_n of_o the_o succession_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o the_o four_o class_n of_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n consist_v of_o mix_a family_n from_o the_o year_n 1574_o to_o 1674._o let._n iu._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a william_n earl_n of_o yarmouth_n concern_v the_o family_n and_o remarkable_a action_n of_o john_n iii_o king_n of_o poland_n as_o also_o his_o daughter_n marriage_n to_o the_o present_a elector_n of_o bavaria_n etc._n etc._n let._n v._o to_o the_o right_n honourable_a charles_n lord_n townsend_n of_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o poland_n together_o with_o a_o description_n of_o the_o chief_a town_n and_o province_n of_o that_o kingdom_n let._n vi_o to_o george_n stepney_n esq_n his_o majesty_n envoy_n extraordinary_a to_o the_o prince_n of_o the_o empire_n of_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n with_o a_o account_n of_o its_o chief_a town_n and_o province_n the_o content_n of_o the_o second_o volume_n be_v the_o present_a state_n of_o poland_n in_o several_a letter_n letter_n i._o to_o his_o grace_n thomas_n lord_n archbishop_n of_o canterbury_n of_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n in_o poland_n and_o of_o the_o king_n power_n and_o revenue_n let._n ii_o to_o his_o grace_n the_o duke_n of_o norfolk_n of_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n or_o house_n of_o peer_n consist_v of_o bishop_n palatine_n castellan_n and_o the_o ten_o great_a officer_n of_o the_o crown_n as_o likewise_o of_o the_o starosta_n and_o other_o person_n of_o note_n let._n iii_o to_o
country_n have_v be_v always_o â—â—o_o improve_v myself_o in_o what_o relate_v pecuâ—â—iarly_o to_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n and_o to_o natural_a knowledge_n yet_o for_o my_o own_o satisfaction_n and_o curiosity_n i_o be_v desirous_a to_o be_v inâ—â—ormed_v further_o both_o from_o the_o native_n themselves_o and_o their_o historian_n of_o the_o true_a state_n and_o origin_n of_o this_o vast_a kingdom_n i_o find_v that_o poland_n have_v meet_v with_o the_o same_o fate_n with_o most_o other_o country_n that_o be_v to_o be_v little_o know_v from_o its_o minority_n for_o when_o this_o monarchy_n be_v first_o found_v by_o lechus_n there_o be_v no_o learned_a man_n to_o hand_n down_o to_o posterity_n by_o their_o write_n the_o true_a state_n thereof_o from_o â—â—ts_n infancy_n but_o what_o small_a account_n there_o be_v extant_a of_o it_o be_v write_v some_o age_n after_o wherefore_o not_o have_v beside_o be_v a_o twelvemonth_n in_o that_o kingdom_n i_o can_v presume_v to_o give_v that_o satisfaction_n which_o perhaps_o your_o lordship_n may_v otherwise_o expect_v from_o the_o discourse_n i_o late_o have_v with_o you_o yet_o i_o can_v secure_o assert_v that_o the_o follow_a relation_n of_o the_o origin_n of_o that_o country_n be_v draw_v out_o of_o its_o most_o authentic_a historian_n poland_n poland_n by_o the_o roman_n call_v 4._o sarâ—â—natia_n europaea_n come_v to_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n and_o to_o be_v govern_v by_o elective_a prince_n much_o about_o the_o middle_a of_o the_o six_o century_n sometime_o after_o that_o the_o goth_n and_o vandal_n have_v ravage_v the_o south_n part_n of_o europe_n and_o abandon_v their_o own_o bleak_a northern_a habitation_n to_o establish_v themselves_o in_o warm_a region_n italy_n france_n spain_n and_o africa_n which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o etc._n sclavonian_n as_o sabellicus_n thuanus_n and_o other_o author_n have_v it_o to_o quit_v the_o cimmerian_a bosphorus_n or_o strait_o of_o caffa_n great_a sarmatia_n and_o great_a russia_n or_o moscovy_n to_o inhabit_v those_o desolate_a country_n afterward_o this_o people_n divide_v themselves_o into_o two_o considerable_a body_n one_o pass_v the_o danube_n and_o settle_v in_o dalmatia_n istria_n bosnia_n carynthia_n bulgaria_n as_o far_o as_o greece_n and_o in_o some_o part_n of_o etc._n germany_n while_o the_o other_o under_o the_o conduct_n of_o three_o brother_n lechus_n cechus_n and_o russus_n turn_v towards_o the_o north_n to_o possess_v themselves_o of_o those_o province_n which_o the_o goth_n and_o vandal_n have_v forsake_v these_o brother_n 50._o be_v say_v to_o have_v build_v bremen_n in_o germany_n so_o name_v it_o from_o a_o sclavonian_a word_n signify_v a_o burden_n because_o they_o have_v there_o as_o one_o may_v say_v lay_v down_o their_o burden_n and_o be_v in_o great_a measure_n free_v from_o their_o former_a misery_n these_o prince_n likewise_o divide_v their_o follower_n into_o three_o party_n whereof_o one_o command_v by_o cechus_n settle_v in_o that_o kingdom_n which_o lie_v between_o poland_n and_o germany_n now_o call_v bohemia_n the_o other_o head_v by_o lechus_n fix_v in_o the_o low_a part_n of_o great_a sarmatia_n a_o flat_a and_o champain_n country_n whence_o the_o native_n have_v since_o call_v it_o polska_n from_o the_o sclavonian_a word_n pole_n which_o inhabitant_n either_o signify_v plainness_n or_o hunt_v and_o the_o german_n poland_n or_o even-ground_n 21._o hartknoch_n be_v of_o opinion_n that_o poland_n be_v a_o ancient_a name_n of_o sarmatia_n in_o the_o time_n of_o ptolomey_n before_o the_o pole_n inhabit_v this_o champain_n country_n which_o it_o may_v have_v take_v from_o the_o bulani_n or_o bolani_n that_o be_v say_v to_o have_v settle_v near_o the_o vistula_n and_o to_o have_v come_v from_o sarmatia_n the_o three_o brother_n â—â—agusâ—â—is_fw-la russus_n establish_v himself_o in_o that_o province_n of_o poland_n which_o be_v now_o call_v from_o his_o name_n russia_n not_o only_o the_o testimony_n of_o authentic_a writer_n but_o also_o our_o own_o reason_n will_v convince_v we_o that_o all_o these_o nation_n have_v original_o be_v the_o same_o which_o may_v appear_v by_o their_o language_n be_v but_o as_o so_o many_o dialect_v of_o one_o mother-tongue_n the_o sclavonian_a which_o be_v now_o speak_v in_o more_o country_n than_o any_o language_n of_o europe_n lechus_n here_o lechus_n have_v no_o great_a need_n of_o force_n to_o establish_v himself_o he_o meet_v with_o but_o little_a resistance_n all_o this_o country_n have_v be_v leave_v desolate_a for_o some_o time_n before_o by_o the_o vandal_n only_a 51._o regulus_n a_o german_a prince_n be_v say_v to_o have_v oppos_fw-mi d_o he_o at_o first_o and_o to_o have_v challenge_v he_o but_o be_v soon_o vanquish_v by_o he_o in_o a_o duel_n whereby_o he_o become_v master_n of_o pomerania_n which_o be_v then_o regulus_n his_o country_n in_o these_o day_n there_o be_v no_o city_n in_o poland_n no_o money_n be_v yet_o know_v nor_o any_o law_n write_v such_o as_o they_o have_v be_v only_o pronounce_v law_n by_o their_o prince_n mouth_n and_o hand_v down_o by_o tradition_n to_o the_o people_n 2._o prince_n be_v then_o rather_o father_n of_o family_n than_o lord_n and_o master_n and_o their_o revenue_n consist_v only_o in_o a_o moderate_a imposition_n on_o their_o subject_n labour_n lechus_n my_o lord_n settle_v in_o that_o great_a province_n which_o join_v the_o state_n of_o brandenburg_n since_o call_v posnania_n where_o he_o build_v the_o first_o city_n city_n name_v it_o ibid._n gnesna_n from_o the_o sclavonian_a word_n gniazdo_n which_o in_o that_o language_n signify_v a_o nest_n and_o this_o because_o that_o where_o it_o be_v building_n a_o tree_n be_v cut_v down_o which_o have_v a_o eagles_n nest_n on_o the_o top_n of_o it_o which_o lechus_n take_v for_o a_o good_a omen_n not_o only_o call_v his_o city_n gnesna_n and_o make_v it_o the_o metropolis_n of_o his_o kingdom_n but_o also_o order_v that_o the_o arm_n of_o poland_n shall_v for_o ever_o after_o be_v a_o spread-eagle_n which_o have_v so_o continue_v even_o down_o to_o this_o day_n he_o likewise_o build_v city_n another_o city_n in_o a_o wood_n eight_o mile_n from_o the_o former_a which_o he_o name_v posnania_n by_o the_o present_a inhabitant_n call_v posnan_n signify_v in_o the_o polish_v tongue_n knowledge_n because_o he_o there_o meet_v and_o know_v his_o brother_n cechus_n prince_n of_o bohemia_n after_o above_o twenty_o year_n absence_n this_o city_n give_v occasion_n for_o name_v the_o province_n posnania_n in_o memory_n of_o lechus_n to_o this_o day_n the_o pole_n style_v their_o country_n in_o their_o poem_n lechia_n and_o mr._n montague_n north_n who_o live_v for_o sometime_o at_o constantinople_n have_v late_o tell_v i_o that_o the_o turk_n call_v a_o polander_n in_o their_o language_n lech_n make_v the_o pole_n likewise_o derive_v their_o name_n from_o their_o founder_n though_o my_o lord_n this_o lechus_n bring_v that_o people_n under_o a_o kind_n of_o monarchical_a government_n yet_o neither_o he_o nor_o any_o of_o his_o successor_n can_v ever_o so_o far_o prevail_v upon_o they_o as_o to_o make_v the_o succession_n hereditary_n they_o have_v continue_v elective_a for_o above_o eleven_o hundred_o year_n always_o reserve_v a_o full_a power_n and_o authority_n to_o themselves_o of_o choose_v who_o they_o please_v for_o their_o king_n nevertheless_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o they_o have_v still_o hitherto_o elect_v one_o of_o the_o royal_a family_n where_o the_o decease_a king_n have_v any_o issue_n leave_v except_o in_o this_o present_a election_n which_o be_v like_a to_o go_v otherwise_o i_o find_v by_o their_o chronicle_n that_o not_o so_o much_o as_o a_o daughter_n have_v be_v exclude_v when_o there_o have_v be_v no_o son_n however_o they_o always_o think_v fit_a to_o acquaint_v they_o at_o the_o time_n of_o their_o election_n that_o they_o be_v not_o to_o attribute_v poland_n their_o accession_n to_o the_o throne_n to_o any_o right_o contract_v from_o their_o parent_n but_o be_v altogether_o oblige_v to_o the_o senate_n and_o gentry_n for_o put_v that_o sceptre_n into_o their_o hand_n hereby_o they_o intimate_v how_o much_o their_o king_n be_v indebt_v to_o they_o and_o what_o necessity_n they_o lie_v under_o to_o behave_v themselves_o well_o towards_o a_o people_n that_o be_v please_v to_o raise_v they_o to_o a_o supreme_a dignity_n which_o they_o have_v no_o better_a claim_n to_o than_o the_o mean_a gentleman_n in_o the_o kingdom_n they_o acquaint_v they_o likewise_o that_o they_o think_v themselves_o no_o long_o oblige_v to_o pay_v they_o obedience_n than_o that_o they_o keep_v to_o their_o oath_n and_o moreover_o they_o always_o reserve_v to_o themselves_o a_o right_n of_o depose_v they_o whenever_o they_o violate_v their_o law_n this_o maxim_n have_v hitherto_o prove_v very_o beneficial_a to_o the_o pole_n for_o enlarge_a their_o country_n and_o maintain_v their_o privilege_n and_o may_v well_o have_v
extend_v their_o dominion_n beyond_o those_o of_o any_o state_n in_o europe_n have_v their_o other_o constitution_n be_v as_o well_o ground_v or_o as_o exact_o observe_v for_o though_o the_o pole_n have_v be_v constant_o molest_v by_o their_o neighbour_n the_o suede_n moscovite_n tartar_n turk_n hungarian_n and_o german_n and_o their_o kingdom_n be_v several_a time_n reduce_v to_o extremity_n burn_v and_o plunder_v by_o frequent_a incursion_n put_v into_o convulsion_n and_o desolation_n and_o thousand_o of_o their_o people_n be_v carry_v away_o into_o king_n captivity_n yet_o by_o the_o prudent_a conduct_n and_o courage_n of_o their_o king_n through_o a_o desire_n of_o gain_v the_o affection_n of_o their_o subject_n by_o serve_v their_o country_n zealous_o to_o the_o end_n their_o fame_n and_o merit_n may_v raise_v their_o child_n to_o the_o throne_n after_o their_o death_n the_o pole_n have_v not_o only_o always_o oppose_v but_o likewise_o repulse_v the_o exorbitant_a force_n of_o their_o enemy_n they_o have_v also_o by_o degree_n enlarge_v their_o country_n by_o vast_a conquest_n and_o render_v it_o several_a time_n the_o most_o formidable_a of_o any_o kingdom_n in_o europe_n they_o have_v likewise_o never_o submit_v to_o any_o foreign_a power_n no_o not_o even_o to_o the_o roman_n by_o force_n they_o have_v also_o hitherto_o inviolable_o maintain_v their_o liberty_n property_n and_o peculiar_a manner_n of_o government_n against_o all_o the_o attempt_n both_o of_o their_o enemy_n abroad_o or_o the_o cabal_n form_v either_o by_o themselves_o or_o their_o king_n at_o home_n and_o i_o believe_v i_o may_v say_v to_o their_o great_a commendation_n that_o they_o be_v the_o only_a nation_n in_o the_o world_n who_o have_v keep_v the_o long_a succession_n of_o king_n without_o subject_v themselves_o either_o to_o a_o despotic_a or_o hereditary_a monarchy_n their_o prince_n be_v now_o as_o most_o be_v think_v to_o have_v be_v at_o first_o whole_o elect_v by_o the_o people_n though_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v say_v the_o pole_n have_v never_o exclude_v their_o king_n child_n yet_o must_v it_o be_v understand_v that_o their_o crown_n have_v not_o always_o be_v in_o the_o same_o family_n by_o reason_n that_o from_o time_n to_o time_n the_o royal_a line_n have_v fail_v and_o therefore_o they_o have_v consequent_o be_v oblige_v to_o elect_v prince_n out_o of_o other_o family_n but_o still_o i_o may_v very_o well_o affirm_v that_o there_o have_v never_o be_v any_o stranger_n choose_v except_o in_o the_o present_a election_n where_o the_o precede_a king_n have_v any_o issue_n survive_v prince_n the_o prince_n and_o princess_n of_o this_o kingdom_n have_v in_o all_o be_v fifty_o two_o whereof_o be_v woman_n as_o venda_n and_o hedwigis_fw-la both_o have_v have_v the_o government_n for_o some_o time_n and_o the_o other_o forty_o eight_o be_v men._n 22._o at_o first_o these_o prince_n be_v only_o style_v deuce_n duke_n or_o general_n of_o poland_n as_o if_o their_o office_n in_o those_o time_n have_v be_v no_o other_o than_o to_o head_n army_n for_o it_o be_v to_o be_v observe_v that_o to_o boleslaus_n chrobry_n they_o be_v not_o so_o much_o as_o crown_v this_o title_n continue_v from_o the_o year_n 550_o to_o the_o year_n 1005._o when_o the_o emperor_n otho_n iii_o create_v boleslaus_n i._o the_o sixteen_o duke_n of_o poland_n king_n king_n be_v the_o second_o christian_n prince_n that_o have_v govern_v that_o country_n all_o before_o he_o and_o miecislaus_fw-la i._n his_o father_n have_v be_v pagan_n as_o be_v likewise_o the_o pole_n themselves_o till_o the_o ten_o century_n when_o this_o miecislaus_fw-la the_o fifteen_o duke_n of_o poland_n turn_v christian_n in_o the_o year_n 964_o in_o pope_n john_n the_o xiiith_n time_n by_o which_o mean_v his_o son_n boleslaus_n come_v to_o have_v the_o title_n of_o king_n all_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n may_v be_v divide_v king_n into_o four_o class_n whereof_o the_o first_o and_o last_o be_v of_o different_a family_n the_o second_o and_o three_o of_o but_o one_o in_o which_o the_o crown_n pass_v from_o the_o father_n to_o the_o daughter_n the_o first_o class_n reign_v from_o the_o year_n 550_o to_o the_o year_n 830_o the_o second_o from_o 830_o to_o 1382_o the_o three_o from_o 1382_o to_o 1574_o and_o the_o last_o from_o thence_o down_o to_o our_o time_n i_o shall_v now_o proceed_v to_o give_v your_o lordship_n some_o short_a account_n of_o the_o succession_n and_o most_o remarkable_a action_n of_o the_o first_o class_n of_o the_o duke_n of_o poland_n from_o the_o year_n 550_o to_o the_o year_n 830._o 550._o lechus_n 8._o son_n of_o anon_o first_o duke_n of_o poland_n as_o i_o say_v before_o found_v this_o nation_n build_v he_o build_v the_o first_o city_n there_o name_v it_o gnesna_n now_o the_o primate_n see_v as_o likewise_o the_o city_n of_o posnan_n capital_a of_o posnania_n it_o be_v uncertain_a how_o many_o govern_v before_o his_o race_n come_v to_o be_v extinct_a and_o there_o be_v great_a contest_v among_o the_o polish_v historian_n about_o his_o successor_n but_o some_o affirm_v that_o he_o order_v by_o his_o last_o will_n like_a alexander_n the_o great_a that_o they_o shall_v elect_v the_o most_o worthy_a person_n among_o they_o visimirus_n visimirus_n his_o 52._o nephew_n be_v thereupon_o choose_v who_o be_v report_v to_o have_v extend_v his_o dominion_n even_o to_o the_o very_a border_n of_o denmark_n and_o to_o have_v build_v a_o very_a great_a ship_n which_o be_v a_o exceed_a terror_n to_o the_o dane_n he_o be_v also_o say_v to_o have_v give_v that_o nation_n a_o great_a overthrow_n by_o sea_n and_o to_o have_v pursue_v his_o victory_n into_o the_o very_a bowel_n of_o that_o kingdom_n where_o he_o subdue_v many_o province_n and_o conquesis_n build_v several_a city_n whereof_o one_o be_v wismar_n which_o retain_v his_o name_n to_o this_o day_n in_o one_o battle_n this_o visimirus_n be_v say_v to_o have_v take_v the_o danish_a king_n prisoner_n and_o to_o have_v carry_v he_o into_o poland_n whence_o afterward_o be_v release_v and_o conspire_v together_o with_o the_o swede_n and_o holsatian_o he_o make_v a_o incursion_n into_o poland_n with_o a_o numerous_a army_n but_o be_v soon_o meet_v and_o vanquish_v again_o by_o wisimir_n who_o thereupon_o push_v on_o his_o victory_n so_o far_o as_o to_o reduce_v the_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n which_o he_o then_o unite_v to_o poland_n in_o opposition_n to_o this_o story_n monsieur_fw-fr pauli_n minister_v here_o from_o denmark_n have_v assure_v i_o that_o the_o pole_n never_o make_v any_o conquest_n in_o that_o country_n which_o may_v give_v some_o exception_n to_o the_o truth_n of_o this_o king_n reign_n though_o it_o may_v very_o well_o be_v suppose_v that_o several_a king_n reign_v during_o the_o space_n of_o 150_o year_n there_o be_v so_o much_o time_n between_o the_o begin_n of_o lechus_n his_o reign_n and_o the_o election_n of_o cracus_n however_o to_o gratify_v the_o curiosity_n of_o the_o public_a i_o hope_v i_o have_v not_o do_v amiss_o to_o insert_v it_o since_o i_o withal_o quote_v my_o author_n after_o many_o glorious_a action_n have_v great_o augment_v his_o dominion_n this_o wisimir_n die_v death_n without_o issue_n vapovius_fw-la say_v that_o lechus_n his_o posterity_n reign_v all_o that_o space_n of_o time_n between_o he_o and_o cracus_n be_v 150_o year_n yet_o have_v consult_v all_o their_o historian_n i_o can_v find_v no_o manner_n of_o account_n give_v of_o their_o reigâ—â—_n nor_o of_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n in_o all_o that_o space_n of_o time_n lechus_n his_o issue_n be_v extinct_a it_o be_v certain_a the_o woievod_n people_n elect_v twelve_o woievod_n in_o the_o polish_v language_n captain_n of_o war_n to_o govern_v they_o who_o divide_v that_o country_n into_o twelve_o part_n for_o the_o pole_n stick_v close_o to_o their_o liberty_n will_v then_o by_o no_o mean_n put_v the_o government_n into_o one_o man_n hand_n but_o soon_o after_o these_o depose_v palatine_n disagree_v among_o themselves_o the_o people_n choose_v one_o 700._o cracus_n for_o their_o head_n a_o very_a rich_a and_o popular_a person_n report_v to_o have_v be_v of_o the_o race_n of_o the_o gracchi_n at_o rome_n who_o be_v banish_v into_o this_o country_n by_o king_n ancus_n who_o this_o cracus_n be_v all_o historian_n do_v not_o agree_v the_o polish_v writer_n say_v he_o be_v one_o of_o the_o twelve_o woievod_n but_o the_o etc._n bohemian_n affirm_v he_o be_v a_o prince_n of_o their_o country_n he_o gain_v extreme_o upon_o the_o good_a will_n of_o his_o subject_n for_o he_o soon_o appease_v the_o impend_a storm_n of_o a_o civil_a war_n build_v a_o city_n on_o the_o river_n vistula_n 〈◊〉_d call_v it_o after_o his_o own_o name_n cracow_n and_o transfer_v his_o residence_n from_o gnesna_n thither_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o this_o city_n have_v ever_o since_o
by_o his_o wife_n repicha_n a_o â—â—rave_a and_o warlike_a prince_n this_o duke_n have_v considerable_a advantage_n by_o have_v the_o administration_n of_o the_o government_n long_o before_o his_o father_n death_n who_o for_o some_o time_n be_v superâ—â—nnuated_a he_o obtain_v great_a conquest_n over_o the_o hungarian_n moravian_o and_o german_n and_o war_n be_v the_o 15._o first_o that_o bring_v the_o polish_v army_n to_o a_o discipline_n by_o institute_v general_n colonel_n captain_n and_o other_o subaltern_n officer_n among_o they_o he_o regain_v what_o the_o popielsâ—â—ost_o â—â—ost_z and_o beside_o considerable_o enlarge_v his_o dominion_n by_o new_a conquest_n character_n he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o a_o boundless_a resolution_n seem_v destine_v for_o war_n 22._o be_v able_a to_o undergo_v the_o great_a fatigue_n and_o consequent_o be_v exceed_o admire_v and_o belove_v by_o his_o subject_n he_o die_v at_o gnesna_n be_v bury_v death_n there_o and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 892._o lescus_n iu._n who_o be_v elect_v young_a be_v under_o the_o care_n of_o governor_n for_o some_o time_n he_o be_v of_o a_o quiet_a and_o peaceable_a disposition_n character_n incline_v rather_o to_o peace_n than_o war_n and_o content_v to_o preserve_v what_o his_o father_n have_v leave_v he_o without_o ever_o aim_v to_o enlarge_v his_o dominion_n he_o die_v in_o the_o year_n 913_o and_o be_v death_n succeed_v by_o his_o son_n character_n ziemovistus_n who_o reign_v 51_o year_n this_o prince_n be_v much_o of_o the_o same_o temper_n with_o his_o father_n there_o have_v be_v no_o war_n in_o his_o time_n he_o have_v but_o one_o son_n â—â—ecislaus_n i._n who_o be_v bear_v blind_a be_v miracuâ—â—ously_o restore_v to_o his_o sight_n about_o the_o age_n of_o seven_o year_n when_o he_o be_v about_o to_o have_v his_o head_n shave_v according_a to_o the_o pagan_a custom_n which_o give_v occasion_n to_o the_o magi_n of_o that_o kingdom_n to_o prognosticate_v that_o he_o shall_v be_v the_o light_n of_o poland_n which_o not_o long_o after_o his_o election_n death_n come_v to_o pass_v ziemovistus_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o gnesna_n and_o his_o son_n 964._o miecislaus_fw-la i._n come_v to_o the_o crown_n next_o he_o have_v seven_o wife_n at_o a_o time_n yet_o can_v have_v no_o child_n by_o they_o which_o open_v a_o way_n christian_n for_o the_o christian_a faith_n to_o enter_v poland_n for_o there_o be_v then_o several_a christian_n wander_v up_o and_o down_o that_o country_n to_o convert_v those_o pagan_n they_o come_v to_o this_o duke_n and_o tell_v he_o he_o can_v never_o have_v any_o issue_n till_o he_o have_v turn_v christian_a which_o miecislaus_fw-la harken_v to_o immediate_o put_v away_o all_o his_o wife_n and_o wife_n marry_v dambrawca_n daughter_n to_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o bohemia_n on_o condition_n to_o turn_v christian_a and_o be_v baptize_v whereupon_o pope_n john_n xiii_o send_v cardinal_n aegidius_n with_o a_o great_a number_n of_o priest_n into_o poland_n to_o preach_v the_o gospel_n there_o which_o before_o have_v be_v altogether_o unknown_a in_o that_o country_n this_o duke_n erect_v the_o archbishoprics_a of_o gnesna_n and_o cracow_n with_o several_a bishopric_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n miecislaus_fw-la have_v a_o son_n call_v boleslâ—â—us_o which_o mighty_o augment_v his_o zeal_n to_o oblige_v his_o subject_n to_o be_v convert_v 19_o for_o he_o cause_v a_o law_n to_o be_v make_v that_o while_o any_o part_n of_o the_o gospel_n be_v read_v at_o mass_n every_o man_n shall_v half_o draw_v his_o scimitar_n to_o testify_v their_o forwardness_n to_o defend_v that_o faith_n war_n this_o duke_n have_v war_n with_o vlodimirus_n duke_n of_o russia_n to_o who_o he_o lose_v premislia_n and_o other_o to_n he_o send_v lambert_n archbishop_n of_o cracow_n to_o rome_n to_o obtain_v leave_n of_o pope_n benedict_n vii_o for_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n to_o be_v style_v king_n but_o be_v refuse_v this_o pontiff_n not_o be_v yet_o dispose_v to_o grant_v that_o favour_n he_o bury_v dambrawca_n and_o afterward_o marry_v judith_n daughter_n of_o jesse_n prince_n of_o hungary_n and_o be_v succeed_v by_o his_o son_n 999._o boleslaus_n chrobry_n a_o virtuous_a prince_n who_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 999._o and_o 130._o after_o some_o year_n reign_v by_o consent_n of_o the_o pope_n be_v dignify_v with_o the_o title_n of_o king_n by_o 1005._o the_o emperor_n otho_n iii_o who_o also_o remit_v the_o pretension_n his_o predecessor_n have_v to_o poland_n as_o be_v emperor_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o this_o in_o consideration_n of_o a_o kind_a entertainment_n make_v he_o by_o boleslaus_n in_o his_o pilgrimage_n on_o account_n of_o his_o health_n to_o the_o tomb_n of_o st._n adalbert_n bishop_n of_o prague_n who_o be_v martyr_v by_o some_o pagan_n to_o who_o he_o offer_v to_o preach_v the_o christian_a faith_n of_o these_o barbarian_n boleslaus_n buy_v his_o body_n and_o cause_v it_o to_o be_v bury_v at_o gnesna_n whither_o great_a number_n from_o all_o part_n come_v to_o pay_v their_o devotion_n at_o his_o shrine_n the_o emperor_n otho_n also_o at_o the_o same_o time_n marry_v his_o niece_n rixa_fw-la to_o boleslaus_n his_o young_a son_n miecislaus_fw-la who_o succeed_v his_o father_n in_o the_o kingdom_n to_o confirm_v his_o be_v crown_v king_n by_o otho_n the_o emperor_n it_o will_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o recite_v part_n of_o a_o old_a epitaph_n write_v upon_o he_o ob_fw-la famam_fw-la bonam_fw-la tibi_fw-la contulit_fw-la otto_n coronam_fw-la propter_fw-la luctamen_fw-la sit_fw-la tibi_fw-la salus_fw-la amen_n 22._o this_o king_n be_v surname_v chrobry_n signify_v in_o polish_v acute_a from_o the_o quickness_n and_o excellency_n of_o his_o part_n boleslaus_n make_v bohemia_n moravia_n and_o prussia_n tributary_n to_o poland_n war_n he_o also_o declare_v war_n against_o the_o saxon_n who_o make_v incursion_n into_o pomerania_n which_o be_v then_o govern_v by_o lescus_n iii_n family_n he_o assistant_n likewise_o institute_v twelve_o senator_n to_o assist_v he_o in_o the_o government_n this_o king_n death_n be_v so_o sincere_o regret_v that_o for_o a_o year_n time_n there_o be_v no_o mirth_n nor_o splendour_n in_o poland_n 71._o this_o prince_n be_v of_o a_o undaunted_a character_n spirit_n though_o withal_o modest_a courteous_a and_o endear_n both_o boleslaus_n and_o his_o father_n lie_v bury_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o cathedral_n church_n death_n of_o posnan_n who_o tomb_n i_o have_v there_o see_v his_o son_n 1025._o miecislaus_fw-la ii_o being_n about_o 35_o year_n old_a be_v elect_v next_o be_v crown_v by_o hippolytus_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o degenerate_v in_o all_o respect_n from_o his_o father_n and_o lose_v most_o of_o those_o conquest_n which_o he_o have_v add_v war_n to_o the_o crown_n to_o he_o the_o bohemian_n and_o â—â—avians_n refuse_v to_o pay_v tribute_n yet_o he_o â—â—ued_v pomerania_n which_o belong_v of_o right_n he_o polish_v crown_n he_o be_v a_o person_n very_o â—â—y_a and_o stupid_a and_o choose_v rather_o to_o be_v character_n â—â—ed_v by_o his_o queen_n and_o companion_n than_o council_n which_o make_v he_o soon_o slight_v and_o â—â—ised_v both_o by_o his_o friend_n and_o enemy_n yet_o reign_v almost_o nine_o year_n and_o live_v forty_o 〈◊〉_d it_o be_v say_v he_o die_v mad_a and_o leave_v but_o death_n son_n 10â—â—4_n casimir_n i._n who_o be_v elect_v young_a his_o â—â—ther_n rixa_fw-la officiate_v the_o regency_n during_o regent_z minority_n this_o king_n be_v not_o choose_v withâ—â—_n much_o difficulty_n for_o many_o of_o the_o elector_n â—â—ing_n he_o may_v follow_v his_o father_n step_n viâ—â—ously_o oppose_v he_o at_o first_o also_o the_o polesâ—â—re_v â—â—re_z dissatisfy_v with_o his_o mother_n admiâ—â—ration_n for_o several_a reason_n among_o which_o 〈◊〉_d be_v her_o rob_v the_o treasury_n and_o afterwards_o fly_v with_o her_o son_n to_o her_o brother_n â—â—sar_n in_o saxony_n this_o young_a prince_n be_v send_v afterward_o his_o mother_n to_o study_v at_o paris_n become_v a_o bedictin_a monk_n at_o the_o abbey_n of_o â—â—luncy_n in_o france_n the_o mean_a time_n the_o pole_n have_v no_o body_n to_o â—â—eside_v in_o their_o government_n have_v great_a disâ—â—sions_n among_o they_o and_o therefore_o earnest_o entreat_v the_o pope_n to_o dispense_v with_o casiâ—â—r's_n vow_n that_o he_o may_v return_v to_o his_o throne_n schich_v they_o at_o length_n obtain_v upon_o 71._o agreeent_n that_o for_o each_o head_n except_o those_o of_o the_o obility_n and_o clergy_n they_o will_v contribute_v early_o a_o farthing_n to_o maintain_v a_o lamp_n perpetual_o burn_v in_o st._n peter_n church_n at_o râ—â—_n and_o moreover_o for_o ever_o after_o cause_v their_o hâ—â—_n to_o be_v shave_v about_o their_o ear_n like_o moâ—â—_n which_o be_v practise_v to_o this_o day_n as_o likeâ—â—_n stand_v in_o a_o white_a surplice_n while_o mass_n be_v â—â—ciating_a recall_v on_o all_o holiday_n upon_o these_o conditor_n they_o have_v their_o king_n again_o but_o when_o he_o â—â—_o crown_v i_o
woievod_n of_o cracovia_n to_o who_o the_o king_n after_o the_o fight_n send_v a_o hare-skin_n and_o spinning-wheel_n for_o recompense_n nevertheless_o this_o one_o defeat_n stick_v so_o close_o to_o he_o that_o he_o soon_o after_o die_v leave_v four_o son_n among_o who_o issue_n he_o divide_v his_o kingdom_n this_o king_n perform_v a_o great_a many_o more_o memorable_a action_n which_o my_o lord_n because_o they_o may_v be_v too_o tedious_a to_o insert_v here_o i_o have_v omit_v 72._o character_n he_o be_v of_o a_o undaunted_a spirit_n a_o great_a despiser_n of_o danger_n and_o no_o less_o a_o observer_n of_o truth_n and_o right_n very_o liberal_a and_o generous_a upon_o the_o small_a occasion_n and_o moreover_o endue_v with_o singular_a clemency_n and_o modesty_n he_o be_v further_a very_o ambitious_a of_o glory_n but_o at_o the_o same_o time_n no_o enemy_n to_o peace_n though_o he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v train_v up_o to_o war_n from_o his_o very_a cradle_n to_o 1140._o uladislaus_n surname_v the_o driveler_n his_o elder_a son_n he_o leave_v the_o supreme_a power_n which_o be_v confirm_v and_o he_o elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1140_o but_o reign_v only_o six_o year_n and_o to_o the_o other_o three_o he_o give_v only_o some_o separate_a province_n which_o afterward_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o great_a disorder_n in_o poland_n for_o the_o elder_a brother_n vladislaus_n pretend_v to_o dispossess_v brother_n the_o other_o three_o turn_v his_o brother_n boleslaus_n out_o of_o the_o palatinate_v of_o ploskow_n and_o masovia_n and_o his_o brother_n henry_n out_o of_o the_o province_n of_o sendomir_n who_o both_o retire_a to_o their_o three_o brother_n that_o govern_v posnania_n 73._o vladislaus_n have_v always_o with_o he_o a_o nobleman_n call_v d_o peter_n dunin_n who_o take_v out_o one_o day_n to_o hunt_v they_o happen_v to_o be_v so_o late_o abroad_o that_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o lie_v all_o night_n in_o a_o wood_n where_o for_o diversion_n the_o king_n begin_v to_o joke_v with_o his_o companion_n after_o this_o manner_n dunin_n quoth_v he_o i._n believe_v your_o wife_n lie_v more_o at_o ease_n to_o night_n with_o the_o abbot_n scrinnen_n than_o we_o do_v to_o which_o dunin_n forget_v himself_o tart_o reply_v and_o it_o may_v be_v your_o majesty_n do_v the_o same_o with_o dobessus_n who_o it_o seem_v be_v a_o handsome_a fellow_n about_o court_n that_o his_o queen_n christina_n love_v this_o answer_n so_o nettle_v the_o king_n that_o he_o afterward_o employ_v the_o same_o dobessus_n to_o be_v revenge_v revenge_n on_o dunin_n which_o he_o effect_v by_o pull_v out_o his_o tongue_n and_o eye_n hereupon_o the_o people_n perceive_v how_o cruel_o vladislaus_n persecute_v his_o own_o brother_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n how_o ill_o he_o treat_v his_o subject_n begin_v to_o be_v daily_o more_o and_o more_o disaffect_v to_o he_o whereby_o his_o brother_n party_n great_o increase_a he_o be_v beat_v by_o they_o as_o he_o be_v go_v to_o besiege_v posnan_n wherefore_o discover_v new_a faction_n hourly_o appear_v against_o he_o and_o fear_v some_o ill_a fate_n from_o a_o universal_a hatred_n he_o timely_o withdraw_v into_o germany_n to_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n iii_o cousin_n kingdom_n german_a to_o his_o queen_n christina_n who_o several_a time_n endeavour_v to_o restore_v he_o but_o all_o in_o vain_a for_o his_o brother_n boleslaus_n crispus_n have_v get_v possession_n of_o the_o crown_n vladislaus_n be_v force_v to_o compound_v for_o silesia_n only_o which_o afterward_o fall_v to_o the_o principality_n of_o bohemia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v out_o of_o the_o possession_n of_o the_o pole_n this_o prince_n lie_v bury_v at_o attenburg_n death_n a_o city_n of_o germany_n in_o alsace_n vladislaus_n with_o his_o son_n have_v abdicate_v the_o crown_n of_o poland_n his_o second_o brother_n 1146._o boleslaus_n crispus_n or_o the_o frizzle_a be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1146_o and_o reign_v to_o the_o year_n 1175_o yet_o the_o emperor_n conrade_n do_v what_o he_o can_v to_o restore_v vladislaus_n to_o effect_v which_o he_o first_o send_v ambassador_n into_o poland_n but_o to_o no_o purpose_n then_o he_o resolve_v to_o make_v war_n with_o the_o pole_n but_o defer_v it_o till_o his_o expedition_n against_o asia_n be_v over_o to_o facilitate_v which_o he_o have_v obtain_v leave_n to_o pass_v through_o boleslaus_n his_o dominion_n to_o the_o euxine_a sea_n but_o at_o his_o return_n be_v constant_o solicit_v by_o vladislaus_n and_o his_o queen_n he_o march_v with_o a_o powerful_a army_n against_o poland_n yet_o war_n what_o with_o delay_n stratagem_n and_o ambuscadoe_n he_o be_v so_o fatigue_v by_o the_o pole_n that_o he_o can_v do_v nothing_o till_o at_o last_o he_o be_v call_v home_o to_o appease_v some_o intestine_a broil_n in_o his_o own_o dominion_n which_o have_v effect_v he_o soon_o after_o die_v his_o successor_n frederic_n barberossa_n also_o espouse_v vladislaus_n his_o cause_n but_o not_o be_v able_a to_o do_v any_o thing_n in_o his_o favour_n by_o ambassador_n he_o march_v with_o a_o numerous_a army_n against_o the_o pole_n which_o they_o likewise_o harass_v and_o weary_v out_o till_o they_o have_v oblige_v that_o emperor_n to_o strike_v up_o a_o peace_n with_o they_o he_o be_v in_o war_n at_o the_o same_o time_n against_o milan_n by_o which_o it_o be_v agree_v that_o boleslaus_n shall_v remit_v silesia_n to_o vladislaus_n who_o posterity_n afterward_o divide_v it_o into_o several_a dutchy_n till_o at_o last_o it_o come_v to_o the_o empire_n this_o great_a province_n my_o lord_n as_o i_o observe_v in_o my_o journey_n through_o it_o be_v one_o of_o the_o most_o fertile_a and_o plentiful_a country_n in_o all_o germany_n boleslaus_n begin_v another_o war_n against_o the_o prussian_n for_o refuse_v to_o pay_v he_o tribute_n and_o force_v they_o to_o this_o compliance_n that_o they_o shall_v submit_v in_o case_n he_o leave_v they_o to_o their_o religion_n but_o otherwise_o they_o bold_o declare_v that_o they_o will_v rather_o die_v than_o become_v christian_n again_o whereupon_o boleslaus_n be_v force_v to_o grant_v they_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n yet_o they_o soon_o revolt_v and_o by_o a_o 78._o stratagem_n entire_o rout_v the_o polish_v army_n and_o death_n kill_v his_o brother_n henry_n this_o king_n die_v not_o long_o after_o and_o be_v bury_v at_o cracow_n 1174._o miecislaus_fw-la surname_v the_o old_a brother_n to_o boleslaus_n succeed_v he_o be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1174_o and_o reign_v only_o to_o 1178._o he_o be_v call_v the_o old_a from_o his_o great_a sagacity_n and_o prudence_n in_o his_o youth_n his_o covetousness_n policy_n induce_v he_o to_o hoard_v up_o great_a sum_n of_o money_n by_o oppress_v the_o gentry_n and_o people_n with_o unreasonable_a tax_n and_o sell_v all_o employment_n though_o against_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n this_o extreme_a avarice_n bring_v he_o to_o be_v general_o hate_v by_o the_o clergy_n nobility_n and_o people_n whereupon_o 88_o gedeon_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n endeavour_v several_a time_n to_o incline_v he_o to_o pity_v his_o subject_n and_o despise_v money_n since_o he_o have_v no_o need_n of_o it_o but_o he_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n hearken_v to_o his_o advice_n wherefore_o this_o bishop_n concert_v together_o with_o the_o gentry_n to_o dethrone_v he_o and_o remit_v dethrone_v the_o crown_n to_o casimir_n his_o brother_n who_o more_o deserve_v it_o which_o they_o effectual_o do_v after_o some_o little_a bloodshed_n here_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o covertousness_n be_v the_o great_a vice_n that_o any_o prince_n can_v be_v guilty_a of_o especial_o a_o king_n of_o poland_n who_o subject_n as_o your_o lordship_n doubtless_o have_v observe_v be_v general_o liberal_a even_o to_o extravagance_n at_o first_o casimir_n refuse_v the_o crown_n offer_v he_o allege_v it_o be_v his_o brother_n right_a and_o that_o such_o a_o alteration_n may_v occasion_v civil_a war_n which_o he_o by_o no_o mean_n have_v any_o mind_n to_o be_v the_o author_n of_o but_o when_o they_o unanimous_o declare_v they_o will_v have_v no_o other_o king_n and_o can_v never_o more_o obey_v miecislaus_fw-la 1178._o casimir_n ii_o consent_v to_o accept_v of_o the_o government_n be_v elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1178_o and_o reign_v to_o 1195._o he_o be_v surname_v the_o just_a be_v altogether_o unlike_o his_o brother_n as_o appear_v by_o the_o follow_a particular_a 82._o be_v at_o play_n with_o a_o gentleman_n of_o he_o name_v conarius_n whilst_o he_o be_v prince_n of_o sendomir_n and_o have_v win_v all_o his_o adversary_n money_n the_o gentleman_n in_o a_o passion_n strike_v he_o over_o the_o face_n and_o flee_v but_o next_o day_n be_v bring_v before_o he_o be_v adjudge_v by_o every_o body_n to_o have_v deserve_v death_n for_o his_o insolence_n not_o example_n at_o all_o reply_v the_o good_a prince_n for_o be_v affect_v with_o his_o loss_n and_o not_o
have_v it_o in_o his_o power_n to_o revenge_v himself_o on_o fortune_n it_o be_v no_o wonder_n if_o he_o fall_v foul_a of_o her_o favourite_n and_o moreover_o rather_o blame_v himself_o for_o condescend_v to_o play_v with_o he_o and_o likewise_o thank_v he_o for_o put_v he_o in_o mind_n by_o that_o blow_n how_o unworthy_a it_o be_v for_o a_o prince_n to_o bestow_v his_o time_n so_o ill_o and_o last_o as_o a_o further_a argument_n of_o his_o dissent_v from_o his_o brother_n principle_n he_o return_v the_o courtier_n all_o his_o money_n again_o restore_v miecislaus_fw-la be_v exclude_v retire_v with_o his_o princess_n and_o child_n to_o ratisbon_n to_o the_o emperor_n frederic_n his_o kinsman_n who_o yet_o can_v do_v he_o no_o good_a he_o be_v engage_v at_o that_o time_n in_o war_n both_o in_o italy_n and_o asia_n therefore_o his_o next_o recourse_n be_v to_o his_o brother_n clemency_n this_o so_o far_o wrought_v upon_o casimir_n that_o he_o make_v a_o speech_n to_o the_o senate_n to_o recall_v he_o but_o be_v extreme_o blame_v by_o they_o for_o offer_v to_o prefer_v a_o private_a kindness_n to_o the_o public_a safety_n all_o this_o while_n miecislaus_fw-la be_v little_o sensible_a of_o his_o brother_n be_v good_a nature_n though_o he_o afterward_o underhand_o endeavour_v again_o to_o get_v he_o restore_v casimir_n begin_v his_o reign_n by_o ease_v his_o subject_n of_o the_o tax_n his_o brother_n have_v impose_v upon_o they_o and_o restrain_v the_o power_n of_o exorbitant_a magistrate_n while_o he_o be_v absent_a in_o russia_n on_o account_n of_o compose_v some_o difference_n by_o instigation_n of_o miecislaus_fw-la some_o of_o the_o noble_n conspire_v against_o he_o and_o endeavour_v to_o reinstate_v miecislaus_fw-la which_o the_o better_a to_o bring_v about_o and_o satisfy_v the_o people_n they_o pretend_v that_o casimir_n be_v poison_v in_o russia_n hereupon_o miecislaus_fw-la ready_o arrive_v in_o poland_n and_o be_v receive_v every_o where_o but_o in_o the_o castle_n of_o cracow_n which_o bishop_n fulco_n hold_v out_o against_o he_o of_o all_o this_o casimir_n be_v soon_o inform_v by_o assistance_n of_o the_o russian_n overcome_v his_o brother_n and_o give_v both_o he_o and_o his_o army_n their_o life_n which_o goodness_n of_o he_o at_o length_n so_o wrought_v upon_o miecislaus_fw-la that_o he_o never_o after_o aim_v at_o the_o crown_n submit_v after_o casimir_n be_v well_o settle_v be_v not_o unmindful_a of_o the_o rebellious_a prussian_n nor_o of_o the_o death_n of_o his_o brother_n henry_n he_o march_v with_o so_o great_a fury_n against_o they_o that_o he_o have_v regard_n neither_o for_o man_n woman_n nor_o child_n but_o put_v great_a number_n of_o all_o sort_n to_o the_o sword_n and_o burn_v and_o plunder_v their_o country_n to_o that_o degree_n that_o at_o last_o they_o quiet_o submit_v to_o the_o absolute_a dominion_n of_o poland_n city_n this_o king_n make_v a_o city_n of_o 85._o dantzic_n in_o prussia_n which_o before_o be_v only_o a_o poor_a fisher-town_n on_o the_o baltic_a sea_n he_o lie_v bury_v at_o cracow_n have_v leave_v two_o son_n lescus_n and_o conrade_n issue_n and_o one_o daughter_n adleida_n he_o live_v to_o the_o age_n of_o six_o and_o fifty_o year_n after_o his_o death_n the_o pole_n elect_v his_o son_n 1195._o lescus_n v._o surname_v the_o white_a in_o the_o year_n 1195_o who_o be_v very_o young_a have_v for_o guardian_n his_o mother_n helena_n with_o the_o guardian_n bishop_n and_o palatin_n of_o cracovia_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n his_o uncle_n miecislaus_fw-la be_v yet_o alive_a war_n come_v with_o a_o powerful_a army_n of_o pole_n and_o silesian_n to_o dethrone_v he_o and_o gain_v a_o bloody_a battle_n over_o the_o palatin_n of_o cracovia_n who_o command_v lescus_n his_o army_n hereupon_o he_o immediate_o dispatch_v ambassador_n to_o helena_n to_o represent_v to_o she_o his_o unquestionable_a right_n to_o the_o crown_n his_o strength_n the_o disorder_n among_o lescus_n his_o tutor_n who_o be_v too_o young_a be_v not_o able_a of_o himself_o to_o govern_v the_o great_a advantage_n he_o have_v obtain_v in_o the_o late_a battle_n and_o last_o his_o great_a party_n in_o the_o kingdom_n he_o moreover_o desire_v helena_n to_o make_v he_o guardian_n over_o her_o son_n and_o promise_n to_o adopt_v he_o for_o his_o own_o to_o leave_v he_o the_o succession_n after_o his_o death_n and_o that_o he_o will_v do_v nothing_o but_o what_o shall_v be_v according_a to_o the_o constiution_n of_o the_o kingdom_n all_o these_o dethrone_v proffer_v have_v be_v thorough_o weigh_v by_o 1199._o the_o queen_n and_o council_n at_o last_o miecislaus_fw-la be_v recall_v a_o second_o time_n in_o the_o year_n 1199._o after_o have_v take_v a_o solemn_a oath_n to_o perform_v all_o his_o promise_n but_o be_v once_o reinthron_v he_o soon_o forget_v his_o oath_n and_o fall_v to_o consiscate_v several_a of_o his_o subject_n estage_n and_o give_v they_o to_o other_o say_v 99_o that_o a_o king_n be_v no_o long_o oblige_v to_o keep_v his_o oath_n than_o when_o it_o be_v neither_o safe_a nor_o beneficial_a for_o he_o to_o break_v it_o hereupon_o dethrone_v the_o palatin_n of_o cracovia_n seize_v on_o the_o restore_v city_n of_o cracow_n and_o receive_v lescus_n a_o second_o time_n whilst_o miecislaus_fw-la be_v then_o absent_a by_o all_o the_o intrigue_n imaginable_a endeavour_v to_o be_v restore_v whereupon_o he_o flatter_v the_o people_n persuade_v they_o that_o lescus_n his_o party_n have_v cast_v false_a aspersion_n upon_o he_o and_o that_o if_o he_o do_v any_o thing_n contrary_a to_o his_o oath_n he_o be_v mere_o betray_v to_o it_o by_o the_o malicious_a persuasion_n of_o his_o pretend_a friend_n by_o these_o and_o such_o like_a fair_a word_n he_o jull_v asleep_o the_o credulous_a people_n and_o gain_v their_o affection_n the_o three_o time_n whereupon_o he_o send_v to_o the_o queen_n to_o inform_v she_o that_o nicholas_n palatin_n of_o cracovia_n have_v be_v the_o author_n of_o the_o late_a disturbance_n and_o therefore_o will_v she_o to_o remove_v he_o from_o court_n and_o receive_v himself_o again_o which_o she_o pity_v his_o unfortunate_a case_n even_o in_o prejudice_n of_o she_o own_o son_n be_v incline_v to_o do_v and_o will_v therefore_o admit_v of_o no_o justification_n from_o the_o palatin_n whereupon_o this_o person_n be_v a_o man_n of_o great_a authority_n in_o the_o kingdom_n go_v and_o join_v miecislaus_fw-la many_o follow_v his_o example_n and_o in_o short_a the_o queen_n be_v quick_o force_v to_o recall_v miecislaus_fw-la a_o three_o time_n 1202._o in_o the_o year_n 1202._o when_o be_v reinthron_v he_o requite_v queen_n helena_n for_o her_o service_n by_o seize_v upon_o the_o territory_n of_o voslicia_n and_o three_o other_o place_n in_o sendomir_n which_o of_o right_n belong_v to_o she_o and_o be_v about_o to_o do_v the_o same_o to_o several_a other_o he_o be_v prevent_v by_o a_o sudden_a death_n in_o the_o seventy_o three_o year_n of_o death_n his_o age_n leave_v two_o son_n otho_n and_o vladislaus_n lasconogus_n after_o miecislaus_fw-la his_o death_n the_o great_a part_n vote_v for_o lescus_n v._o that_o be_v still_o alive_a but_o nicholas_n palatin_n of_o cracovia_n and_o the_o bishop_n of_o cracow_n his_o brother_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n consent_n to_o it_o 103._o unless_o lescus_n will_v banish_v out_o of_o the_o kingdom_n govoric_n palatin_n of_o sendomir_n of_o who_o they_o be_v both_o very_a jealous_a lescus_n answer_v he_o will_v not_o buy_v a_o kingdom_n which_o by_o right_n be_v his_o own_o by_o do_v a_o injury_n to_o his_o friend_n hereupon_o by_o the_o bishop_n and_o palatin_n interest_n he_o be_v put_v by_o and_o 1203._o uladislaus_n lasconogus_n that_o be_v thin-foot_n elect_v in_o the_o year_n 1203._o but_o this_o good_a prince_n consider_v lescus_n his_o right_n after_o crown_n three_o year_n reign_v voluntary_o surrender_v to_o he_o when_o 1206._o lescus_n be_v receive_v the_o three_o time_n in_o the_o year_n 1206_o and_o reign_v to_o the_o year_n 1226._o under_o his_o reign_n the_o pole_n hear_v first_o of_o the_o tartar_n a_o barbarous_a nation_n that_o come_v from_o the_o caspian_a sea_n and_o mount_n imaus_n in_o asia_n who_o make_v eruption_n into_o taurica_n chersonesus_n and_o the_o frontier_n of_o podolia_n and_o russia_n and_o have_v ever_o since_o be_v most_o inveterate_a enemy_n to_o poland_n lescus_n have_v a_o brother_n call_v conrade_n to_o who_o he_o give_v the_o province_n of_o masovia_n and_o cujavia_n and_o make_v one_o suentopelus_n governor_n of_o pomerania_n whereof_o one_o be_v author_n of_o lescus_n death_n and_o the_o other_o of_o most_o blood_n war_n in_o poland_n for_o this_o suentopelus_n think_v to_o make_v himself_o absolute_a in_o pomerania_n employ_v people_n to_o 92._o murder_n lescus_n which_o they_o not_o long_o after_o effect_v according_o bath_n when_o this_o good_a prince_n be_v in_o a_o bath_n whereupon_o after_o
besiege_a friend_n when_o meet_v with_o conrade_n who_o come_v to_o oppose_v he_o near_o the_o river_n roba_fw-la he_o entire_o rout_v success_n he_o and_o force_v he_o back_o again_o into_o his_o own_o country_n this_o happen_v about_o the_o year_n 1285._o death_n this_o prince_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v in_o the_o monastery_n of_o the_o trinity_n at_o cracow_n lescus_n the_o vi_o leave_v no_o child_n his_o kingdom_n consequent_o fall_v into_o great_a distraction_n for_o vladislaus_n locticus_n his_o brother_n seize_v on_o the_o palatinate_n of_o siradia_n and_o boleslaus_n duke_n of_o ploskow_n brother_n to_o conrade_n duke_n of_o masovia_n on_o the_o palatinate_v of_o cracovia_n and_o sendomir_n but_o this_o latter_a be_v soon_o dispossess_v by_o 1290._o henry_n duke_n of_o breslaw_n surname_v the_o honest_a of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n in_o the_o year_n 1290_o who_o be_v likewise_o not_o long_o after_o turn_v out_o by_o locticus_n but_o soon_o restore_v and_o reign_v in_o quality_n of_o king_n for_o the_o space_n of_o five_o year_n though_o i_o do_v not_o read_v he_o be_v crown_v he_o appoint_v premislus_n duke_n of_o great_a poland_n for_o his_o successor_n be_v of_o the_o family_n of_o piastus_n likewise_o this_o premislus_n also_o have_v the_o province_n of_o pomerania_n leave_v he_o by_o miescingus_n prince_n of_o that_o country_n 1296._o premislus_n in_o the_o thirty_o eight_o year_n of_o his_o age_n be_v crown_v king_n at_o gnesna_n by_o james_n swinka_n archbishop_n of_o that_o city_n in_o the_o restore_v year_n 1296_o which_o be_v a_o honour_n that_o have_v not_o be_v 40._o do_v to_o any_o prince_n of_o poland_n before_o for_o above_o two_o hundred_o year_n since_o boleslaus_n the_o bold_a kill_v stanislaus_n at_o the_o altar_n but_o premislus_n do_v not_o long_o enjoy_v this_o title_n for_o seven_o month_n after_o his_o coronation_n he_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v murder_v 97._o murder_v by_o some_o brandenburg_n emissary_n that_o marquis_n be_v afraid_a of_o this_o king_n who_o be_v master_n of_o pomerania_n which_o join_v to_o his_o country_n he_o be_v bury_v among_o his_o predecessor_n at_o posnan_n after_o the_o murder_n of_o king_n premislus_n 1296._o uladislaus_n locticus_n so_o call_v from_o the_o word_n 77._o lokiec_n a_o ell_n have_v his_o name_n from_o his_o low_a stature_n brother_n of_o lescus_n the_o black_a be_v choose_v in_o the_o year_n 1296_o and_o reign_v only_o four_o year_n he_o go_v upon_o a_o expedition_n against_o the_o silesian_n that_o be_v war_n incline_v to_o assist_v the_o bohemian_n against_o he_o who_o then_o pretend_v a_o right_n to_o the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n these_o locticus_n subdue_v and_o have_v considerable_o ravage_v their_o country_n return_v home_o where_o he_o afterward_o give_v himself_o up_o to_o a_o lewd_a and_o debauch_a life_n insomuch_o that_o vice_n he_o neglect_v the_o care_n of_o all_o public_a business_n and_o mind_v nothing_o but_o his_o own_o private_a pleasure_n these_o his_o intolerable_a vice_n bring_v upon_o he_o the_o ill-will_a of_o his_o subject_n insomuch_o that_o after_o three_o year_n reign_n they_o pronounce_v he_o unworthy_a of_o the_o sceptre_n and_o resolve_v to_o elect_v another_o hereupon_o locticus_n be_v dethrone_v dethrone_v they_o invite_v 1300._o winceslaus_fw-la king_n of_o bohemia_n to_o accept_v their_o crown_n who_o be_v marry_v to_o rixa_fw-la daughter_n of_o king_n premislus_n and_o crown_v king_n of_o poland_n in_o the_o year_n 1300_o but_o reign_v only_o to_o 1305._o after_o he_o come_v to_o reign_v he_o persecute_v locticus_n who_o hide_v himself_o for_o some_o time_n but_o be_v force_v at_o last_o to_o quit_v the_o kingdom_n when_o winceslaus_fw-la thus_o see_v himself_o secure_a at_o home_n by_o the_o flight_n of_o locticus_n and_o after_o have_v put_v bohemian_a garrison_n into_o the_o several_a city_n of_o poland_n which_o seem_v very_o policy_n uneasy_a to_o that_o nation_n he_o think_v it_o high_a time_n to_o go_v and_o settle_v affair_n in_o bohemia_n during_o this_o vladislaus_n locticus_n have_v a_o considerable_a party_n in_o the_o kingdom_n which_o daily_o increase_v on_o account_n of_o discontent_n against_o winceslaus_fw-la and_o have_v get_v together_o several_a troop_n out_o of_o hungary_n he_o march_v direct_o war_n towards_o poland_n hear_v that_o the_o bohemian_a government_n be_v somewhat_o burdensome_a to_o that_o nation_n at_o first_o locticus_n have_v considerable_a advantage_n over_o the_o bohemian_n but_o by_o the_o death_n of_o winceslaus_fw-la which_o follow_v soon_o after_o he_o have_v all_o the_o success_n he_o can_v desire_v for_o the_o bohemian_n who_o have_v possession_n of_o the_o garrison_n find_v themselves_o in_o a_o strange_a country_n and_o moreover_o hate_v and_o ill_o think_v on_o by_o the_o people_n be_v afraid_a of_o a_o insurrection_n against_o they_o and_o therefore_o make_v no_o great_a difficulty_n of_o surrender_v to_o locticus_n all_o those_o city_n and_o town_n they_o have_v possession_n of_o as_o cracow_n sendomir_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o mean_a time_n young_a winceslaus_fw-la come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o dispute_v his_o father_n kingdom_n with_o locticus_n be_v 118._o murder_v in_o the_o expedition_n it_o be_v think_v by_o order_n of_o the_o emperor_n albert_n and_o since_o his_o time_n the_o bohemian_n have_v ever_o be_v govern_v by_o foreign_a prince_n winceslaus_fw-la king_n death_n of_o poland_n and_o bohemia_n die_v and_o be_v bury_v at_o 147._o prague_n in_o the_o year_n 1305._o 1305._o after_o the_o death_n both_o of_o winceslaus_fw-la the_o father_n and_o son_n vladislaus_n locticus_n be_v restore_v almost_o by_o common_a consent_n in_o the_o year_n 1305_o and_o reign_v to_o the_o year_n 1333._o and_o this_o they_o do_v either_o because_o they_o think_v he_o have_v have_v time_n to_o repent_v and_o mend_v his_o former_a life_n or_o by_o reason_n they_o be_v afraid_a of_o civil_a war_n if_o they_o shall_v elect_v any_o other_o 119._o notwithstanding_o difficulty_n the_o palatinate_n of_o posnania_n and_o kalisch_n have_v a_o fresh_a memory_n of_o his_o past_a dissolute_a life_n will_v never_o acknowledge_v he_o their_o king_n also_o the_o governor_n of_o pomerania_n which_o then_o belong_v to_o poland_n be_v bribe_v by_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n deliver_v up_o to_o he_o all_o the_o city_n of_o that_o province_n as_o likewise_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n except_o the_o castle_n which_o the_o governor_n thereof_o one_o bogussa_n be_v true_o loyal_a to_o his_o king_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n surrender_v prussia_n in_o these_o day_n the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n be_v full_o settle_v in_o prussia_n be_v both_o very_a strong_a and_o very_a rich._n they_o be_v establish_v there_o by_o agreement_n with_o conrade_n brother_n to_o king_n vladislaus_n lasconogus_n for_o assist_v he_o against_o the_o prussian_n when_o he_o be_v oppress_v by_o they_o they_o there_o build_v some_o year_n before_o the_o city_n of_o 120._o marienburg_n appoint_v for_o build_v residence_n of_o their_o great_a master_n here_o locticus_n be_v oblige_v to_o crave_v their_o aid_n against_o the_o rebel_n of_o pomerania_n and_o dantzic_n which_o they_o ready_o grant_v on_o condition_n that_o half_o the_o garrison_n of_o the_o castle_n of_o dantzic_n shall_v be_v of_o their_o troop_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o soon_o become_v master_n of_o the_o whole_a for_o they_o afterward_o not_o only_o turn_v the_o pole_n out_o of_o the_o pole_n castle_n but_o both_o brandenburgher_n and_o pomeranian_o out_o of_o the_o city_n of_o dantzic_n itself_o and_o likewise_o under_o pretence_n of_o assist_v the_o king_n of_o poland_n conquer_v all_o pomerania_n for_o themselves_o when_o be_v master_n thereof_o they_o offer_v to_o buy_v the_o title_n of_o locticus_n for_o money_n which_o he_o refuse_v then_o they_o offer_v the_o same_o sum_n to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o renounce_v his_o right_n to_o that_o province_n which_o he_o though_o he_o have_v no_o title_n to_o sell_v yet_o be_v wise_a enough_o to_o accept_v their_o prosser_n the_o pole_n be_v very_o sensible_a of_o all_o these_o affront_v and_o injustice_n offer_v they_o by_o the_o teutonic_n order_n but_o before_o they_o proceed_v to_o revenge_n they_o think_v it_o advisable_v to_o 123._o acquaint_v the_o pope_n therewith_o who_o live_v then_o at_o avignon_n who_o after_o four_o year_n delay_n and_o debate_n order_v the_o knight_n to_o give_v due_a fatisfaction_n to_o the_o pole_n but_o they_o have_v have_v four_o year_n respite_n to_o fortify_v themselves_o and_o to_o make_v strong_a alliance_n with_o some_o neighbour_a prince_n and_o beside_o have_v a_o very_a considerable_a army_n on_o foot_n answer_v his_o holiness_n that_o they_o have_v often_o do_v great_a service_n for_o poland_n that_o that_o kingdom_n owe_v they_o sum_n of_o money_n and_o that_o they_o presume_v that_o not_o only_o the_o land_n they_o be_v in_o possession_n of_o in_o prussia_n and_o pomerania_n
about_o 100000_o captive_n of_o which_o the_o great_a part_n be_v russian_n the_o moldavian_n and_o valachian_n quick_o return_v home_o but_o the_o turk_n out_o of_o covetousness_n of_o plunder_n stay_v till_o the_o great_a frost_n and_o snow_n surprise_v they_o when_o not_o be_v use_v to_o such_o excessive_a cold_a as_o this_o country_n be_v subject_a to_o above_o 40000_o of_o they_o be_v freeze_v to_o death_n 201._o some_o among_o they_o that_o escape_v be_v force_v to_o cut_v open_a their_o horse_n belly_n and_o thrust_v themselves_o into_o they_o to_o preserve_v their_o natural_a heat_n after_o this_o turk_n john_n albert_n make_v peace_n with_o the_o valachian_n and_o bajazet_n emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n next_o he_o go_v in_o person_n into_o prussia_n to_o oblige_v frederic_n duke_n of_o saxony_n then_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n to_o take_v oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o he_o which_o he_o have_v for_o some_o time_n refuse_v but_o die_v sudden_o at_o thorn_n before_o he_o can_v effect_v death_n his_o design_n albert_n leave_v no_o child_n the_o diet_n think_v fit_a to_o elect_v his_o brother_n 1501._o alexander_n great_a duke_n of_o lithuania_n the_o better_a to_o renew_v their_o alliance_n with_o that_o country_n this_o prince_n be_v proclaim_v king_n come_v to_o cracow_n where_o by_o his_o brother_n frederic_n cardinal_n and_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o be_v crown_v in_o the_o year_n 1501_o and_o reign_v only_o five_o year_n but_o the_o archbishop_n 90._o refuse_v to_o do_v the_o like_a office_n for_o his_o queen_n helena_n because_o she_o be_v of_o the_o greek_a church_n be_v daughter_n to_o john_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n which_o country_n be_v all_o of_o that_o persuasion_n soon_o after_o that_o he_o be_v crown_v his_o father-in-law_n war_n the_o great_a duke_n make_v war_n upon_o he_o and_o besiege_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n capital_a of_o a_o large_a province_n of_o the_o same_o name_n but_o alexander_n come_v in_o time_n to_o relieve_v it_o oblige_v the_o muscovite_n to_o make_v peace_n for_o six_o year_n in_o his_o time_n also_o the_o moldavian_n and_o tartar_n make_v eruption_n into_o poland_n but_o be_v beat_v back_o with_o great_a loss_n insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v say_v there_o be_v kill_v only_o of_o the_o tartar_n in_o that_o action_n near_o 20000._o the_o king_n be_v not_o in_o person_n at_o this_o victory_n he_o then_o lie_v sick_a at_o vilna_n capital_a death_n of_o lithuania_n where_o he_o die_v soon_o after_o and_o be_v bury_v in_o that_o city_n character_n 356._o he_o be_v of_o a_o middle_a stature_n have_v a_o long_a visage_n and_o black_a hair_n be_v very_o strong_a build_v but_o exceed_v dull-witted_a and_o consequent_o but_o a_o little_a talker_n he_o exceed_v all_o his_o brother_n in_o generosity_n and_o be_v wont_n to_o delight_n much_o in_o musician_n and_o such_o trifle_a artist_n nevertheless_o this_o his_o liberality_n be_v general_o esteem_v but_o prodigality_n insomuch_o that_o some_o be_v so_o hold_v as_o to_o say_v that_o he_o die_v in_o time_n or_o else_o both_o poland_n and_o lithuania_n may_v have_v be_v lavish_v away_o to_o prevent_v the_o like_a pernicious_a generosity_n for_o the_o future_a 90._o the_o diet_n make_v a_o law_n call_v it_o statutum_n alexandrinum_n by_o which_o they_o revoke_v all_o this_o king_n be_v profuse_a gift_n alexander_n leave_v no_o child_n and_o but_o two_o brother_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n die_v before_o he_o 1507._o sigismond_n be_v prefer_v to_o vladislaus_n king_n of_o hungary_n and_o bohemia_n either_o because_o the_o gentry_n be_v more_o affect_v to_o he_o be_v breed_v among_o they_o or_o by_o reason_n they_o be_v afraid_a of_o vladislaus_n great_a power_n he_o be_v elect_v at_o petricovia_n in_o the_o year_n 1507_o and_o reign_v forty_o one_o year_n when_o sigismond_n leave_v his_o government_n of_o lithuania_n to_o come_v into_o poland_n he_o substitute_v one_o glinski_n a_o great_a â—â—avourite_n of_o the_o late_a king_n be_v in_o his_o room_n etc._n this_o palatin_n have_v great_a authority_n among_o the_o lithuanian_n become_v so_o ambitious_a as_o to_o think_v of_o make_v himself_o absolute_a which_o conceal_v for_o a_o good_a while_n at_o length_n he_o agree_v with_o basilius_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n to_o allow_v he_o his_o share_n of_o that_o province_n in_o case_n he_o will_v afford_v he_o his_o assistance_n which_o proposal_n the_o great_a duke_n be_v please_v with_o ready_o consent_v to_o and_o with_o all_o expedition_n dispatch_v away_o a_o army_n to_o glinski_n but_o as_o such_o great_a design_n be_v not_o army_n to_o be_v carry_v on_o without_o great_a noise_n and_o suspicion_n sigismond_n come_v soon_o to_o hear_v of_o this_o treacherous_a enterprise_n whereupon_o draw_v up_o all_o his_o force_n to_o oppose_v the_o intend_a invasion_n he_o meet_v and_o defeat_v their_o army_n ravages_n and_o destroy_v their_o country_n and_o at_o last_o oblige_v they_o to_o sue_v for_o peace_n which_o he_o not_o without_o some_o difficulty_n grant_v war_n afterward_o the_o valachian_n and_o tartar_n make_v incursion_n into_o russia_n and_o poland_n he_o force_v they_o to_o return_v home_o with_o great_a loss_n the_o muscovite_n likewise_o make_v war_n upon_o he_o a_o second_o time_n and_o take_v the_o city_n of_o smolensko_n with_o all_o the_o country_n about_o it_o he_o beat_v their_o army_n in_o several_a engagement_n and_o have_v kill_v in_o all_o above_o 30000_o of_o their_o man_n retake_v smolensko_n and_o make_v they_o accept_v of_o a_o peace_n the_o second_o time_n for_o five_o year_n he_o soon_o after_o marriage_n marry_a buona_n sforza_n daughter_n to_o john_n galeatio_n duke_n of_o milan_n afterward_o he_o make_v order_n war_n with_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n the_o reason_n of_o which_o be_v because_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n his_o sister_n son_n and_o then_o great_a master_n refuse_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n as_o it_o be_v agree_v in_o the_o late_a war_n hereupon_o sigismond_n take_v from_o he_o some_o town_n and_o have_v great_a advantage_n over_o he_o in_o several_a engagement_n but_o however_o albert_n have_v considerable_a succour_n send_v he_o from_o germany_n prolong_v the_o war_n for_o a_o good_a while_n in_o prussia_n about_o this_o time_n martin_n luther_n doctrine_n come_v to_o be_v know_v in_o these_o part_n and_o most_o of_o the_o citizen_n of_o 226._o dantzic_n embrace_v it_o for_o which_o at_o first_o the_o king_n be_v very_o severe_a with_o they_o but_o at_o length_n fear_v that_o to_o preserve_v their_o religion_n they_o may_v side_n with_o the_o teutonic_n order_n against_o he_o he_o grant_v they_o liberty_n of_o conscience_n all_o this_o while_n that_o order_n make_v vigorous_a resistance_n and_o with_o equal_a loss_n on_o both_o side_n fatigue_v the_o polish_v army_n till_o at_o last_o it_o be_v agree_v by_o both_o party_n to_o make_v the_o emperor_n charles_n v._o and_o lewis_n king_n of_o hungary_n arbitrator_n who_o determine_v that_o sigismond_n shall_v relinquish_v to_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n all_o the_o eastern_a part_n of_o prussia_n which_o be_v above_o half_a of_o that_o great_a province_n and_o that_o he_o and_o his_o heir_n shall_v mediation_n for_o ever_o enjoy_v it_o as_o they_o have_v actual_o do_v ever_o since_o without_o any_o disturbance_n from_o sigismond_n but_o the_o marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n as_o duke_n of_o prussia_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o heir_n be_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n and_o to_o send_v to_o their_o service_n every_o year_n in_o time_n of_o war_n a_o hundred_o horse_n ready_a equipt_n which_o those_o king_n be_v to_o maintain_v at_o their_o own_o charge_n from_o the_o time_n they_o go_v out_o of_o prussia_n at_o this_o time_n the_o house_n of_o austria_n be_v not_o a_o little_a jealous_a of_o the_o exorbitant_a power_n and_o vast_a dominion_n of_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n for_o not_o only_a sigismond_n possess_v poland_n the_o great_a dutchy_n of_o lithuania_n smolensko_n and_o severia_n and_o likewise_o all_o the_o country_n between_o the_o euxine_a and_o baltic_a sea_n but_o also_o his_o nephew_n lewis_n son_n of_o vladislaus_n be_v king_n of_o hungary_n bohemia_n and_o silesia_n insomuch_o that_o they_o secret_o raise_v several_a enemy_n against_o they_o whereupon_o the_o muscovite_n moldavian_n and_o tartar_n come_v a_o three_o time_n to_o molest_v poland_n but_o be_v force_v to_o withdraw_v after_o have_v do_v some_o mischief_n about_o this_o time_n solyman_n the_o great_a emperor_n of_o the_o turk_n make_v war_n with_o hungary_n and_o gain_v the_o famous_a battle_n of_o mobac_n where_o king_n lewis_n and_o the_o flower_n of_o his_o army_n be_v slay_v and_o the_o better_a part_n of_o hungary_n subject_v to_o the_o turk_n this_o king_n lewis_n leave_v only_o one_o daughter_n silesia_n which_o be_v
then_o busy_v in_o other_o war_n answer_v he_o can_v spare_v they_o none_o but_o give_v they_o leave_v to_o have_v recourse_n to_o who_o protection_n they_o think_v fit_a some_o therefore_o among_o they_o put_v themselves_o under_o eric_n king_n of_o sweden_n but_o the_o archbishop_n of_o riga_n and_o the_o great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n with_o all_o the_o nobility_n and_o gentry_n request_v the_o assistance_n of_o sigismond_n king_n of_o poland_n who_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n grant_v it_o they_o unless_o they_o will_v submit_v themselves_o entire_o to_o his_o obedience_n and_o take_v oath_n of_o fidelity_n according_o next_o that_o they_o shall_v give_v up_o all_o their_o town_n and_o country_n and_o last_o annex_v livonia_n for_o ever_o to_o poland_n to_o these_o term_n the_o livonian_o be_v neither_o ready_a nor_o willing_a to_o submit_v however_o at_o length_n they_o think_v it_o better_a to_o condescend_v to_o these_o proposal_n than_o be_v force_v to_o accept_v of_o worse_a from_o the_o irresistible_a fury_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o therefore_o poland_n have_v mature_o deliberate_v on_o the_o matter_n consent_v that_o gothotre_v ketler_n a_o gentleman_n of_o westphalia_n then_o great_a master_n and_o general_n of_o their_o army_n shall_v public_o abdicate_v his_o mastership_n and_o give_v up_o to_o nicholas_n radzivil_n palatin_n of_o vilna_n depute_v for_o that_o purpose_n by_o the_o king_n the_o city_n and_o citadel_n of_o riga_n and_o declare_v livonia_n from_o thenceforward_o subject_a to_o poland_n which_o be_v according_o do_v and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n by_o order_n of_o the_o king_n his_o master_n radzivil_n proclaim_v semigallia_n gothotre_v ketler_n 8._o duke_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n which_o be_v two_o province_n of_o livonia_n and_o next_o day_n by_o further_a order_n declare_v he_o viceroy_n and_o governor_n of_o livonia_n these_o two_o province_n of_o curland_n and_o semigallia_n ketler_n posterity_n have_v enjoy_v ever_o since_o by_o hereditary_a succession_n but_o still_o as_o vassal_n to_o poland_n upon_o this_o agreement_n the_o king_n declare_v muscovite_n war_n immediate_o against_o the_o muscovite_n who_o be_v then_o very_o strong_a have_v just_a before_o take_v from_o the_o tartar_n the_o kingdom_n of_o astracan_a and_o casan_n nevertheless_o he_o defeat_v their_o army_n upon_o the_o frontier_n of_o lithuania_n and_o force_v they_o to_o retire_v into_o their_o own_o country_n but_o they_o soon_o return_v a_o second_o time_n command_v by_o their_o czar_n john_n basilowit_v though_o with_o as_o little_a success_n as_o before_o 255._o this_o czar_n be_v report_v to_o have_v be_v a_o most_o cruel_a tyrant_n it_o have_v be_v his_o chief_a diversion_n to_o invent_v new_a way_n of_o torture_v insomuch_o that_o it_o be_v say_v that_o to_o boil_v and_o roast_v both_o his_o own_o subject_n and_o the_o prisoner_n he_o take_v be_v the_o least_o punishment_n he_o make_v they_o suffer_v it_o 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upon_o their_o return_n they_o not_o a_o little_a propagate_v in_o their_o own_o country_n the_o first_o person_n of_o note_n that_o embrace_v this_o religion_n be_v johannes_n a_o lasco_n palatin_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi who_o in_o the_o year_n 1540_o leave_v his_o government_n and_o go_v into_o holland_n and_o england_n and_o at_o his_o return_n convert_v several_a to_o that_o persuasion_n all_o this_o while_n the_o king_n give_v disturbance_n to_o none_o that_o abjure_v the_o roman_a faith_n but_o rather_o 394._o favour_v they_o have_v hear_v several_a of_o their_o preacher_n in_o his_o court_n particular_o two_o johannes_n cosminis_fw-la and_o laurencius_fw-la prasnitius_n which_o occasion_v most_o of_o the_o bishop_n to_o be_v incline_v to_o that_o belief_n here_o can_v well_o be_v omit_v a_o great_a escape_n king_n sigismond_n have_v at_o koningsberg_n in_o ducal_z prussia_n whither_o be_v invite_v by_o albert_n marquis_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o at_o his_o reception_n salute_v with_o all_o the_o cannon_n by_o negligence_n of_o a_o gunner_n a_o bullet_n be_v leave_v in_o one_o of_o they_o which_o when_o fire_v come_v so_o near_o the_o king_n as_o to_o dash_v out_o one_o etc._n wisnoviec_n brain_n who_o march_v just_a behind_o he_o babina_n in_o sigismund_n 395._o time_n flourish_v the_o jocular_a commonwealth_n of_o babina_n consist_v of_o several_a merry_a gentleman_n of_o lublin_n who_o meet_v together_o at_o a_o place_n call_v babin_n to_o exercise_v their_o wit_n upon_o all_o occasion_n this_o meeting_n to_o procure_v the_o great_a respect_n for_o their_o proceed_n they_o model_v into_o the_o form_n of_o the_o government_n of_o the_o kingdom_n elect_v a_o king_n and_o senate_n together_o with_o divers_a officer_n and_o magistrate_n as_o whenever_o any_o among_o they_o talk_v out_o of_o his_o sphere_n and_o meddle_v with_o matter_n that_o do_v no_o way_n belong_v to_o he_o they_o create_v he_o a_o archbishop_n or_o palatin_n such_o a_o one_o as_o make_v a_o great_a many_o blunder_n and_o delight_v in_o contradiction_n they_o choose_v for_o their_o speaker_n or_o chancellor_n and_o whoever_o boast_v too_o inordinate_o of_o his_o valour_n they_o prefer_v to_o be_v their_o general_n pass_v immediate_o a_o patent_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o which_o be_v to_o be_v present_v to_o he_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o submission_n by_o the_o bragadochio_n of_o a_o minor_a character_n but_o if_o the_o person_n elect_v refuse_v this_o command_n they_o persecute_v he_o with_o hiss_v and_o hoot_v till_o he_o have_v accept_v it_o thus_o they_o create_v several_a other_o senator_n of_o different_a quality_n whence_o it_o follow_v that_o in_o short_a time_n they_o become_v judicious_a censurer_n wary_a talker_n modest_a observer_n humble_a performer_n and_o true_a relater_n of_o any_o exploit_n whenever_o they_o admit_v any_o of_o their_o society_n they_o first_o inquire_v into_o his_o ability_n and_o require_v a_o specimen_fw-la of_o his_o part_n and_o this_o to_o determine_v the_o better_a what_o office_n or_o employment_n he_o be_v fit_a to_o execute_v in_o their_o commonwealth_n they_o have_v several_a other_o of_o a_o inferior_a rank_n beside_o those_o we_o have_v already_o mention_v as_o if_o any_o one_o introduce_v a_o impertinent_a discourse_n of_o his_o hound_n or_o his_o hawk_n he_o they_o immediate_o make_v either_o their_o huntsinan_n or_o their_o faulkoner_n likewise_o if_o a_o man_n run_v out_o too_o much_o upon_o religion_n he_o be_v constitute_v their_o chaplain_n and_o where_o any_o deal_v too_o much_o in_o matter_n of_o controversy_n he_o be_v forthwith_o ordain_v their_o inquisitor_n last_o where_o a_o man_n be_v too_o exuberant_a in_o his_o discourse_n about_o horse_n or_o household_n affair_n he_o they_o either_o promote_v to_o be_v their_o master_n of_o the_o horse_n or_o their_o majordomo_n by_o these_o mean_n in_o a_o little_a time_n they_o reform_v most_o of_o the_o abuse_n and_o indecorum_n creep_v into_o the_o government_n of_o poland_n and_o prove_v than_o the_o force_n of_o satyr_n be_v of_o no_o less_o benefit_n than_o that_o of_o oratory_n at_o length_n this_o pleasant_a constitution_n come_v to_o the_o king_n ear_n who_o be_v often_o delight_v with_o hear_v of_o their_o transaction_n and_o one_o day_n inquire_v after_o their_o dignify_a member_n he_o ask_v whether_o they_o have_v any_o king_n among_o they_o to_o which_o the_o starosta_n of_o babina_n who_o be_v most_o celebrate_v for_o his_o pleasant_a countenance_n and_o jocular_a humour_n reply_v far_o be_v it_o from_o we_o most_o serene_a monarch_n that_o we_o shall_v make_v choice_n of_o any_o other_o king_n while_o your_o majesty_n be_v live_v which_o answer_v so_o extreme_o please_v sigismond_n that_o he_o laugh_v hearty_o and_o be_v so_o far_o from_o show_v any_o sign_n of_o dislike_n that_o by_o several_a expression_n which_o drop_v from_o he_o he_o occasion_v great_a mirth_n in_o all_o the_o company_n afterward_o there_o arise_v some_o grave_a dispute_n in_o this_o society_n
have_v elect_v he_o with_o such_o universal_a affection_n yet_o nothing_o can_v prevail_v upon_o he_o but_o he_o however_o promise_v that_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v settle_v his_o affair_n in_o france_n he_o will_v return_v among_o they_o and_o moreover_o acknowledge_v that_o he_o be_v extreme_o oblige_v to_o the_o polish_v nation_n for_o their_o kindness_n and_o goodwill_n towards_o he_o hereupon_o the_o senate_n afterward_o fruitless_a send_v two_o ambassador_n into_o france_n to_o entreat_v he_o to_o return_v which_o the_o king_n have_v several_a time_n a_o mind_n to_o comply_v with_o for_o he_o love_v that_o nation_n extreme_o well_o but_o his_o french_a subject_n still_o prevail_v upon_o he_o to_o change_v his_o mind_n represent_v to_o he_o the_o many_o danger_n he_o will_v expose_v france_n to_o by_o such_o a_o journey_n thus_o the_o pole_n have_v lose_v all_o hope_n of_o have_v their_o king_n again_o the_o primate_n vchanski_n call_v a_o diet_n at_o warsaw_n the_o four_o of_o november_n follow_v to_o proceed_v to_o a_o new_a election_n where_o two_o prince_n be_v principal_o propose_v which_o election_n be_v the_o emperor_n maximilian_n and_o stephen_n batori_fw-mi prince_n of_o transylvania_n but_o they_o can_v never_o unanimous_o agree_v which_o of_o the_o two_o to_o choose_v and_o therefore_o the_o diet_n be_v dissolve_v maximilian_n party_n send_v ambassador_n to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o he_o be_v choose_v and_o that_o they_o expect_v he_o shall_v speedy_o come_v and_o be_v crown_v while_o batori_n faction_n do_v the_o like_a for_o he_o and_o invite_v he_o to_o come_v forthwith_o into_o poland_n hereupon_o 1577._o batori_n make_v more_o haste_n than_o the_o emperor_n to_o comply_v with_o their_o request_n for_o he_o immediate_o leave_v transylvania_n and_o pass_v through_o valachia_n and_o russia_n quick_o arrive_v at_o cracow_n where_o on_o the_o 18_o of_o april_n 1577_o he_o be_v receive_v and_o crown_v by_o karnkovius_n bishop_n of_o vladislaw_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v for_o maximilian_n who_o yet_o afterward_o rather_o than_o he_o will_v undergo_v a_o siege_n in_o his_o castle_n of_o lowitz_n quiet_o submit_v to_o batori_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o emperor_n be_v more_o slow_a resolve_v to_o come_v with_o a_o army_n to_o dispute_v his_o right_n but_o his_o party_n grow_v less_o and_o less_o every_o day_n at_o length_n the_o senate_n send_v ambassador_n to_o acquaint_v he_o that_o his_o slowness_n and_o indifference_n have_v supersede_v his_o right_n to_o the_o crown_n it_o be_v resolve_v to_o be_v give_v to_o he_o that_o arrive_v first_o hereupon_o the_o emperor_n who_o be_v then_o at_o the_o diet_n at_o ratisbon_n order_v the_o ambassador_n to_o be_v put_v in_o prison_n and_o forthwith_o determine_v to_o go_v for_o poland_n himself_o but_o be_v prevent_v by_o a_o dangerous_a sickness_n of_o which_o he_o soon_o after_o die_v octob._n 12._o batori_fw-mi it_o be_v true_a be_v chief_o indebt_v to_o his_o merit_n for_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n yet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o family_n of_o zborowski_n be_v not_o a_o little_a assist_v to_o he_o occasion_v by_o his_o civil_a reception_n of_o one_o samuel_n of_o that_o family_n who_o have_v be_v banish_v his_o country_n for_o strike_v john_n teczynski_n castellan_n of_o wounitz_n in_o the_o king_n court._n whereupon_o samuel_n employ_v all_o his_o interest_n for_o batori_n for_o at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o election_n he_o write_v to_o several_a of_o his_o relation_n and_o friend_n to_o vote_n for_o that_o prince_n but_o it_o be_v the_o temper_n of_o the_o polander_n never_o to_o think_v themselves_o sufficient_o recompense_v after_o they_o have_v do_v a_o service_n batori_n though_o he_o seek_v all_o he_o can_v to_o oblige_v that_o family_n yet_o can_v not_o keep_v they_o from_o prove_v his_o most_o inveterate_a enemy_n by_o reason_n that_o he_o will_v not_o submit_v to_o govern_v according_a to_o their_o humour_n which_o not_o long_o after_o cost_v 340._o samuel_n his_o life_n by_o a_o formal_a proceed_v in_o a_o court_n of_o justice_n rise_n batori_fw-mi be_v first_o as_o i_o find_v he_o a_o private_a gentleman_n in_o transylvania_n but_o at_o length_n by_o his_o merit_n and_o valour_n come_v to_o have_v great_a authority_n among_o the_o people_n of_o that_o country_n for_o he_o be_v once_o send_v ambassador_n to_o the_o emperor_n court_n where_o he_o manage_v affair_n to_o the_o satisfaction_n and_o advantage_n of_o both_o party_n so_o that_o after_o prince_n john_n sigismond_n son_n to_o the_o sister_n of_o sigismond_n ii_o of_o poland_n die_v they_o elect_v he_o prince_n of_o transylvania_n after_o he_o be_v crown_v king_n of_o poland_n by_o karnkouski_n who_o he_o make_v archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n he_o endeavour_v to_o appease_v the_o disorder_n among_o the_o great_a people_n and_o to_o win_v the_o affection_n of_o the_o malcontent_n which_o at_o last_o he_o effect_v by_o marry_v the_o princess_n ann_n marriage_n daughter_n to_o sigismond_n i._o and_o sister_n to_o sigismond_n ii_o by_o who_o he_o have_v no_o child_n reduce_v etc._n about_o this_o time_n the_o emperor_n foment_v a_o sedition_n among_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o dantzic_n which_o induce_v they_o to_o refuse_v to_o take_v a_o oath_n of_o fidelity_n to_o batori_n and_o moreover_o to_o raise_v a_o army_n and_o stand_v upon_o their_o defence_n but_o the_o senate_n of_o poland_n have_v declare_v they_o rebel_n their_o army_n be_v soon_o defeat_v and_o town_n besiege_v and_o at_o last_o they_o be_v oblige_v to_o comply_v by_o mediation_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n and_o brandenburg_n and_o landgrave_n of_o hesse_n the_o chief_a cause_n of_o this_o war_n be_v that_o the_o citizen_n of_o dantzic_n pretend_v not_o to_o be_v subject_a to_o the_o republic_n of_o poland_n but_o only_o to_o the_o king_n yet_o notwithstanding_o this_o treaty_n they_o be_v force_v to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o both_o justice_n 306._o hitherto_o there_o be_v no_o court_n of_o judicature_n in_o poland_n all_o difference_n be_v decide_v by_o the_o king_n and_o council_n but_o the_o gentry_n find_v this_o way_n of_o procedure_v too_o tedious_a to_o the_o nation_n and_o too_o burdensome_a to_o the_o king_n obtain_v leave_v of_o batori_n to_o erect_v two_o court_n of_o judicature_n which_o they_o common_o call_v tribunal_n one_o at_o petricovia_n and_o the_o other_o at_o lublin_n where_o all_o civil_a cause_n be_v to_o be_v determine_v absolute_o without_o any_o appeal_n to_o court_n unless_o upon_o any_o matter_n relate_v to_o the_o state_n in_o which_o case_n the_o last_o decision_n be_v to_o be_v reserve_v to_o the_o king_n and_o diet_n together_o etc._n this_o king_n be_v more_o severe_a in_o his_o punishment_n than_o the_o polish_v law_n allow_v yet_o he_o molest_v none_o on_o account_n of_o religion_n always_o affirm_v that_o three_o thing_n god_n have_v whole_o reserve_v to_o himself_o which_o be_v to_o make_v something_o out_o of_o nothing_o to_o foretell_v thing_n to_o come_v and_o to_o govern_v and_o direct_v conscience_n this_o prince_n like_a sigismond_n i._o very_o much_o encourage_v speak_v latin_n in_o his_o dominion_n be_v report_v to_o have_v say_v often_o to_o the_o gentleman_n son_n discite_fw-la isatinè_n nam_fw-la unum_fw-la ex_fw-la vobis_fw-la aliquando_fw-la faciam_fw-la mosci_fw-la pan_n a_o great_a lord_n whereby_o the_o youth_n be_v all_o in_o hope_n practise_v that_o language_n with_o great_a diligence_n which_o very_o much_o contribute_v towards_o the_o increase_n of_o art_n and_o science_n in_o this_o kingdom_n when_o sigismond_n i._o send_v the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n his_o ambassador_n to_o vienna_n the_o emperor_n be_v surprise_v to_o hear_v even_o the_o polish_v coachman_n speak_v latin_a fluent_o also_o after_o sigismond_n the_o second_v death_n when_o ambassador_n be_v send_v to_o bring_v henry_n of_o valois_n into_o poland_n the_o french_a wonder_v that_o not_o one_o of_o all_o their_o train_n but_o speak_v this_o language_n with_o great_a address_n this_o king_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o his_o reign_n be_v like_a to_o have_v be_v overrun_v by_o the_o muscovite_n for_o they_o have_v so_o great_a advantage_n over_o the_o pole_n that_o they_o take_v several_a town_n from_o they_o in_o a_o dutchy_n of_o severia_n smolensko_n and_o lithuania_n in_o these_o war_n the_o muscovite_n be_v war_n not_o a_o little_a politic_a for_o they_o take_v occasion_n to_o invade_v the_o pole_n either_o when_o they_o have_v war_n abroad_o or_o disturbance_n at_o home_n but_o at_o last_o king_n batori_n have_v appease_v his_o own_o intestine_a jar_n and_o make_v peace_n with_o his_o neighbour_n by_o the_o concurrence_n of_o a_o general_a diet_n declare_v war_n against_o the_o muscovite_n and_o pour_v in_o upon_o they_o with_o such_o vigour_n and_o success_n that_o in_o three_o year_n time_n he_o retook_a all_o his_o own_o town_n and_o beside_o carry_v the_o
the_o republic_n next_o the_o primate_n stanislaus_n karnkowski_n notify_v the_o death_n of_o the_o king_n according_a to_o call_v custom_n and_o call_v a_o general_n diet_n to_o meet_v at_o warsaw_n in_o march_n where_o it_o be_v afterward_o agree_v that_o the_o diet_n of_o election_n shall_v meet_v in_o june_n follow_v the_o lutheran_n contend_v so_o high_a for_o their_o share_n in_o the_o government_n that_o for_o peace_n sake_n they_o have_v more_o grant_v they_o than_o the_o ancient_a law_n of_o the_o kingdom_n allow_v for_o in_o this_o assembly_n their_o party_n be_v so_o strong_a that_o they_o not_o only_o obtain_v toleration_n but_o also_o perpetual_a conscience_n liberty_n of_o conscience_n this_o the_o bishop_n vigorous_o oppose_v which_o make_v the_o primate_n and_o bishop_n of_o vladislaw_n leave_v the_o diet_n dissatisfy_v when_o demetrius_n sulikowski_n archbishop_n of_o leopol_n preside_v in_o the_o assembly_n in_o conjunction_n with_o laurence_n goslicki_n bishop_n of_o caminiec_n consider_v the_o confusion_n occasion_v by_o the_o absence_n of_o the_o primate_n think_v it_o either_o necessary_a to_o comply_v with_o the_o lutheran_n or_o to_o dismiss_v the_o diet_n but_o the_o bishop_n of_o caminiec_n at_o last_o find_v a_o midway_n which_o be_v to_o grant_v the_o lutheran_n their_o demand_n but_o withal_o to_o insert_v a_o clause_n that_o what_o have_v be_v do_v at_o that_o session_n be_v mere_o to_o preserve_v the_o public_a peace_n the_o time_n of_o the_o election_n be_v come_v christopher_n zborowski_n who_o be_v banish_v during_o batori_n reign_n and_o now_o recall_v by_o the_o power_n of_o the_o lutheran_n appear_v at_o the_o head_n of_o 500_o french_a with_o as_o many_o german_n and_o lutheran_n faction_n as_o amount_v to_o near_o 10000_o man_n with_o these_o stanislaus_n de_fw-fr gorka_n palatin_n of_o posnania_n join_v he_o be_v a_o person_n of_o wit_n and_o extreme_o popular_a for_o though_o he_o be_v crook-backed_a yet_o his_o great_a estate_n and_o generous_a way_n of_o spend_v of_o it_o make_v he_o look_v upon_o with_o universal_a esteem_n zamoski_n be_v also_o at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o considerable_a number_n of_o troop_n which_o though_o they_o be_v few_o than_o those_o of_o the_o opposite_a party_n yet_o be_v they_o much_o better_o discipline_v with_o these_o he_o encamp_v within_o two_o mile_n of_o warsaw_n and_o entrench_v himself_o within_o line_n of_o circumvallation_n the_o wise_a part_n of_o the_o diet_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o accommodate_v these_o two_o faction_n order_v they_o audience_n one_o after_o another_o forbid_v either_o to_o appear_v in_o arm_n before_o they_o they_o also_o show_v a_o inclination_n to_o reverse_v what_o have_v be_v decree_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o lutheran_n which_o these_o last_o will_v by_o no_o mean_n hear_v of_o â—â—nitâ—â—d_v promise_v themselves_o a_o sufficient_a defence_n from_o their_o number_n which_o zamoski_n ridicule_v rely_v upon_o the_o better_a discipline_n of_o his_o follower_n the_o lutheran_n perceive_v there_o be_v no_o justice_n to_o be_v expect_v from_o the_o diet_n without_o any_o regard_n to_o their_o order_n come_v in_o arm_n before_o they_o after_o which_o they_o retire_v complain_v that_o they_o be_v deprive_v of_o their_o liberty_n this_o have_v soon_o occasion_v a_o rokâ—â—z_n 〈◊〉_d be_v a_o association_n in_o which_o the_o gentry_n be_v oblige_v to_o engage_v when_o they_o be_v oppress_v have_v not_o the_o primate_n timely_o prevent_v it_o during_o all_o this_o the_o lithuanian_n have_v not_o yet_o declare_v themselves_o and_o it_o may_v be_v it_o will_v suppress_v have_v be_v difficult_a to_o have_v know_v their_o mind_n have_v not_o a_o confusion_n give_v they_o occasion_n to_o explain_v they_o faction_n there_o be_v three_o faction_n at_o this_o election_n who_o power_n be_v almost_o equal_a the_o first_o be_v that_o of_o lithuania_n which_o be_v for_o elect_v theodore_n odonowic_n great_a duke_n of_o muscovy_n he_o have_v proffer_v to_o unite_v his_o dominion_n to_o those_o of_o poland_n this_o proposal_n may_v have_v be_v think_v plausible_a enough_o have_v it_o be_v make_v by_o any_o but_o muscovite_n the_o hope_n several_a of_o the_o gentry_n give_v the_o czar_n be_v apparent_o only_a to_o amuse_v he_o fear_v he_o may_v invade_v the_o kingdom_n during_o the_o interregnum_fw-la the_o second_o party_n be_v that_o of_o zborowski_n and_o gorka_n palatin_n of_o posnania_n they_o be_v entire_o in_o the_o interest_n of_o maximilian_n archduke_n of_o austria_n brother_n to_o the_o emperor_n rhodolph_n these_o 1._o anibal_n of_o capua_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n join_v notwithstanding_o they_o be_v lutheran_n yet_o he_o all_o along_o feed_v they_o up_o more_o with_o promise_n than_o present_v the_o three_o faction_n be_v that_o of_o the_o senate_n be_v the_o strong_a of_o the_o three_o by_o reason_n that_o zamoski_n with_o the_o flower_n of_o the_o polish_v army_n be_v on_o their_o side_n it_o be_v much_o doubt_v upon_o which_o of_o the_o candidate_n competitor_n the_o election_n will_v fall_v the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n and_o a_o piasto_n be_v talk_v of_o only_a for_o fashion-sake_n the_o batori_n of_o transilvania_n have_v their_o envoy_n at_o the_o diet_n but_o they_o have_v no_o other_o order_n from_o their_o master_n than_o to_o demand_v the_o personal_a estate_n of_o the_o late_a king_n when_o have_v they_o ask_v the_o crown_n likewise_o it_o be_v high_o probable_a some_o regard_n may_v have_v be_v have_v to_o batori_n family_n sweden_n be_v upon_o the_o roll_n a_o three_o time_n though_o its_o king_n john_n have_v be_v reject_v in_o the_o two_o former_a election_n by_o reason_n he_o be_v think_v a_o lutheran_n but_o by_o the_o catholic_n liturgy_n publish_v in_o that_o kingdom_n in_o 1575._o the_o pole_n be_v disabused_a in_o that_o opinion_n wherefore_o his_o son_n sigismond_n be_v no_o long_o suspect_v for_o the_o pole_n have_v occasion_n to_o oppose_v some_o great_a power_n to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n and_o what_o can_v be_v sitter_n for_o that_o purpose_n than_o the_o family_n of_o jagello_n from_o which_o sigismond_n be_v descend_v by_o his_o mother_n king_n john_n also_o cause_v his_o emissary_n to_o give_v out_o that_o lithuania_n of_o right_n belong_v to_o his_o son_n as_o be_v of_o the_o jagellonick_a race_n this_o bold_a claim_n may_v well_o have_v raise_v a_o war_n between_o sweden_n and_o poland_n have_v not_o the_o latter_a prudent_o think_v fit_a to_o avoid_v it_o policy_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o lutheran_n be_v firm_o dispose_v to_o maximilian_n interest_n but_o zamoski_n break_v all_o their_o measure_n they_o have_v a_o mind_n to_o kidnap_v the_o primate_n but_o by_o the_o advice_n of_o this_o general_n he_o retire_v to_o the_o castle_n of_o warsaw_n nevertheless_o cardinal_n radzivil_n to_o who_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n have_v give_v a_o principality_n declare_v for_o maximilian_n as_o likewise_o do_v several_a other_o by_o his_o example_n this_o augment_v the_o courage_n of_o the_o lutheran_n yet_o do_v not_o in_o the_o least_o diminish_v that_o of_o zamoski_n follower_n both_o party_n be_v like_a to_o come_v to_o blow_n have_v not_o the_o bishop_n mount_v on_o horseback_n and_o interpose_v while_o these_o prelate_n be_v thus_o do_v their_o duty_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n though_o lame_a clamber_v up_o the_o high_a tower_n in_o warsaw_n to_o view_v the_o army_n he_o doubt_v not_o but_o his_o friend_n the_o lutheran_n will_v get_v the_o better_a their_o number_n be_v great_a at_o this_o the_o catholic_n be_v extreme_o offend_v and_o use_v to_o say_v that_o maximilian_n interest_n must_v needs_o fall_v be_v only_o support_v by_o a_o hook-back_a and_o a_o cripple_n the_o lutheran_n perceive_v that_o both_o the_o name_n and_o family_n of_o maximilian_n be_v odious_a to_o the_o pole_n agree_v together_o to_o relinquish_v he_o and_o propose_v the_o czar_n by_o which_o mean_n they_o bring_v over_o to_o their_o party_n those_o who_o be_v neither_o for_o maximilian_n nor_o sigismond_n audience_n after_o this_o the_o several_a ambassador_n have_v their_o audience_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n speak_v first_o and_o make_v his_o harangue_n chief_o on_o the_o good_a quality_n of_o maximilian_n but_o this_o candidate_n be_v not_o better_o like_v of_o than_o his_o orator_n or_o his_o panegyric_n stanislaus_n pawlowski_n the_o emperor_n minister_n be_v hear_v next_o who_o run_v also_o out_o in_o commendation_n of_o his_o master_n brother_n but_o from_o who_o there_o be_v more_o ill_a to_o be_v fear_v than_o good_a to_o be_v hope_v his_o fine_a speech_n be_v but_o little_o mind_v then_o come_v the_o ambassador_n of_o sueden_n to_o be_v introduce_v which_o be_v 2._o eric_n sparre_n senator_n and_o grand_a chancellor_n of_o that_o kingdom_n and_o eric_n brahé_n great_a master_n of_o prince_n sigismund_n household_n these_o insinuate_v that_o their_o master_n do_v not_o send_v soon_o because_o he_o know_v the_o great_a
who_o both_o put_v in_o for_o the_o crown_n be_v look_v upon_o to_o have_v little_a or_o no_o interest_n the_o czar_n very_o blunt_o demand_v the_o crown_n or_o upon_o refusal_n threaten_v to_o come_v and_o force_v a_o compliance_n but_o george_n ragozzi_n seem_v to_o have_v recourse_n to_o a_o mild_a method_n yet_o though_o he_o offer_v his_o army_n of_o 30000_o man_n to_o the_o republic_n to_o assist_v they_o against_o their_o enemy_n he_o be_v suspect_v to_o have_v design_v it_o against_o they_o but_o at_o length_n the_o threat_n of_o the_o one_o and_o promise_v of_o the_o other_o have_v no_o better_a effect_n than_o that_o they_o be_v both_o equal_o despise_v and_o reject_v oppose_v the_o competitor_n that_o casimir_n expect_v least_o be_v prince_n charles_n ferdinand_n bishop_n of_o breslaw_n in_o silesia_n and_o ploczko_n in_o poland_n who_o solicit_v the_o crown_n for_o his_o brother_n but_o design_v it_o for_o himself_o it_o be_v believe_v he_o have_v write_v into_o sueden_n to_o engage_v the_o queen_n in_o his_o interest_n he_o have_v also_o lend_v a_o million_o to_o raise_v troop_n but_o this_o seem_v no_o extraordinary_a policy_n since_o his_o brother_n prince_n casimir_n have_v before_o be_v declare_a generalissimo_n of_o the_o army_n stanislaus_n zaremba_n bishop_n of_o kiovia_n be_v think_v to_o have_v give_v ferdinand_n this_o bad_a counsel_n think_v if_o he_o can_v advance_v that_o prince_n he_o may_v withal_o procure_v himself_o the_o chief_a dignity_n in_o the_o kingdom_n the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n be_v then_o fourscore_o year_n old_a and_o therefore_o not_o likely_a to_o live_v long_o travel_n prince_n casimir_n have_v always_o show_v a_o uncommon_a virtue_n in_o all_o his_o action_n he_o love_v war_n and_o have_v ever_o a_o great_a inclination_n for_o travel_n whereupon_o in_o 1638_o he_o embark_v at_o genoa_n for_o spain_n with_o design_n to_o assist_v that_o kingdom_n against_o france_n but_o be_v take_v in_o provence_n he_o be_v keep_v two_o year_n till_o he_o be_v restore_v to_o his_o brother_n vladislaus_n by_o mean_n of_o a_o embassy_n send_v to_o the_o court_n of_o france_n this_o disgrace_n which_o happen_v to_o this_o prince_n do_v not_o hinder_v he_o from_o undertake_v other_o voyage_n for_o in_o 1643_o he_o leave_v poland_n a_o second_o time_n and_o pass_v by_o loretto_n become_v a_o jesuit_n there_o without_o acquaint_v the_o king_n his_o brother_n therewith_o to_o withdraw_v he_o honourable_o from_o this_o company_n and_o prevent_v the_o public_a from_o blame_v his_o inconstancy_n pope_n innocent_a the_o xth_o make_v he_o cardinal_n in_o 1646_o which_o dignity_n casimir_n see_v after_o resign_v for_o his_o brother_n son_n die_v in_o 1647_o and_o his_o brother_n be_v neither_o like_a to_o have_v any_o more_o child_n nor_o to_o live_v long_o he_o prudent_o bethink_v himself_o of_o other_o measure_n wherefore_o in_o 1647_o he_o send_v his_o renunciation_n to_o his_o holiness_n by_o francis_n fredt_n de_fw-fr moulinet_n a_o french_a gentleman_n a_o person_n he_o have_v always_o cherish_v and_o employ_v upon_o divers_a occasion_n and_o who_o approve_a fidelity_n make_v he_o often_o say_v that_o a_o prince_n be_v always_o better_o serve_v by_o stranger_n than_o by_o his_o own_o subject_n this_o retreat_n of_o casimir_n among_o the_o jesuit_n exclude_v give_v occasion_n to_o the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n to_o labour_n at_o his_o exclusion_n in_o which_o he_o be_v zealous_o assist_v by_o the_o protestant_n who_o mortal_o hate_v that_o society_n this_o bishop_n likewise_o imagine_v he_o have_v get_v the_o major_a part_n of_o the_o gentry_n on_o his_o side_n who_o seem_v also_o dissatisfy_v with_o the_o jesuit_n but_o he_o be_v not_o a_o little_a mistake_v for_o prince_n casimir_n be_v the_o elder_a and_o king_n vladislaus_n his_o brother_n have_v recommend_v he_o by_o his_o will_n to_o the_o state_n the_o faction_n against_o he_o only_o retard_v his_o election_n for_o a_o few_o day_n the_o senate_n in_o that_o time_n have_v a_o mind_n to_o reconcile_v the_o two_o brother_n the_o 6_o of_o october_n begin_v the_o diet_n of_o election_n where_o almost_o all_o be_v unanimous_a and_o only_o study_v to_o hinder_v the_o progress_n of_o the_o cosack_n first_o john_n de_fw-fr torres_n archbishop_n of_o admit_v adrianople_n the_o pope_n nuncio_n the_o young_a marquis_n of_o grana_n ambassador_n from_o the_o emperor_n the_o count_n of_o arpajou_n ambassador_n extraordinary_n together_o with_o the_o viscount_n of_o bregi_n ambassador_n in_o ordinary_a from_o france_n recommend_v the_o interest_n of_o prince_n casimir_n whereupon_o the_o 29_o of_o the_o same_o month_n john_n tyskiewitz_n bishop_n of_o samogitia_n make_v a_o elegant_a harangue_n in_o his_o behalf_n allege_v the_o case_n of_o casimir_n the_o iid_n who_o have_v retire_v into_o the_o abbey_n of_o clunie_n but_o nevertheless_o be_v not_o exclude_v the_o throne_n the_o next_o day_n the_o minister_n of_o ragozzi_n prince_n of_o transylvania_n have_v audience_n who_o contrary_a to_o all_o expectation_n recommend_v prince_n casimir_n yet_o at_o the_o same_o time_n insinuate_v that_o if_o they_o do_v not_o think_v fit_a to_o elect_v he_o his_o master_n who_o have_v always_o have_v so_o sincere_a affection_n for_o poland_n will_v glad_o be_v their_o prince_n the_o diet_n although_o they_o detest_v his_o flattery_n yet_o express_v themselves_o grateful_a to_o his_o master_n for_o the_o kindness_n he_o have_v profess_v the_o 3d_o of_o november_n prince_n ferdinand_n ambassador_n be_v introduce_v with_o the_o bishop_n of_o kiovia_n at_o their_o head_n the_o proffer_v these_o make_v be_v receive_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o indifference_n but_o when_o the_o bishop_n begin_v to_o speak_v with_o disrespect_n of_o prince_n casimir_n he_o be_v soon_o silence_v by_o a_o universal_a confusion_n of_o voice_n which_o seem_v all_o to_o be_v against_o he_o whereupon_o prince_n ferdinand_n send_v forthwith_o his_o excuse_n and_o public_o resign_v his_o pretension_n to_o his_o brother_n which_o prevail_v so_o far_o upon_o casimir_n that_o he_o grant_v he_o his_o friendship_n and_o moreover_o make_v he_o a_o present_a of_o the_o principality_n of_o oppolen_a and_o ratibor_n in_o silesia_n and_o likewise_o reimbursed_a the_o charge_n he_o have_v be_v at_o to_o oppose_v he_o in_o his_o election_n which_o generous_a usage_n so_o influence_v ferdinand_n that_o he_o express_v less_o joy_n for_o all_o these_o noble_a present_n than_o sorrow_n for_o have_v be_v concern_v against_o so_o deserve_v a_o brother_n elect_v the_o 17_o begin_v the_o election_n when_o all_o obstacle_n be_v remove_v casimir_n have_v be_v proclaim_v the_o same_o day_n if_o his_o ambassador_n have_v sign_v the_o article_n propose_v to_o they_o but_o nevertheless_o on_o the_o 20_o he_o be_v admit_v to_o the_o throne_n on_o the_o same_o condition_n with_o his_o father_n sigismond_n marriage_n he_o marry_v by_o the_o pope_n dispensation_n the_o queen-dowager_n mary_n ludovica_n his_o brother_n queen_n she_o be_v a_o french_a lady_n and_o meddle_v too_o much_o with_o affair_n of_o state_n perhaps_o with_o design_n to_o promote_v a_o successor_n of_o her_o own_o country_n be_v think_v to_o have_v contribute_v in_o great_a measure_n towards_o the_o trouble_n which_o war_n afterward_o ensue_v soon_o after_o he_o come_v to_o the_o crown_n the_o cosack_n general_n chmielinski_n begin_v to_o put_v in_o practice_n his_o revenge_n whereupon_o call_v the_o tartar_n to_o his_o assistance_n he_o march_v at_o the_o head_n of_o a_o formidable_a army_n into_o poland_n where_o burn_v plunder_v and_o ravage_v wherever_o he_o come_v he_o do_v all_o the_o mischief_n he_o can_v defeat_v the_o polish_v army_n take_v the_o city_n of_o kiovia_n and_o afterward_o besiege_v leopol_n capital_a of_o russia_n with_o a_o army_n of_o near_o 300000_o man_n yet_o can_v never_o take_v it_o though_o its_o fortification_n be_v but_o very_o inconsiderable_a they_o nevertheless_o ravage_v the_o country_n all_o about_o it_o for_o many_o league_n together_o to_o revenge_v which_o affront_n the_o pole_n summon_v the_o seven_o man_n throughout_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n and_o march_v against_o the_o cosack_n without_o the_o consent_n of_o their_o king_n who_o have_v before_o refuse_v to_o head_n they_o but_o be_v again_o miserable_o beat_v nevertheless_o the_o king_n army_n at_o other_o time_n have_v considerable_a advantage_n over_o they_o for_o though_o they_o find_v they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o fight_v they_o yet_o they_o fatigue_v and_o weaken_v they_o so_o that_o they_o be_v force_v to_o call_v the_o muscovite_n likewise_o to_o help_v they_o forward_o with_o their_o intend_a work_n whilst_o some_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o muscovy_n other_o have_v recourse_n to_o the_o port_n so_o irreconcilable_a be_v they_o ever_o to_o have_v any_o more_o to_o do_v with_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n and_o have_v be_v so_o ever_o since_o to_o their_o own_o
forthwith_o discharge_v out_o of_o his_o own_o revenue_n since_o the_o public_a stock_n be_v then_o hardly_o able_a to_o do_v it_o he_o confer_v the_o command_n of_o grand_a marshal_n on_o prince_n demetrius_n uncle_n to_o the_o late_a king_n and_o that_o of_o lieutenant_n general_n of_o the_o crown_n thereby_o become_v vacant_a on_o the_o palatin_n of_o cracovia_n but_o as_o he_o signify_v his_o resolution_n to_o prosecute_v the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n with_o the_o utmost_a vigour_n so_o he_o promise_v that_o at_o his_o own_o particular_a charge_n he_o will_v raise_v one_o thousand_o foot_n and_o maintain_v they_o during_o the_o war_n and_o this_o to_o encourage_v the_o senator_n and_o other_o great_a man_n of_o the_o kingdom_n to_o do_v the_o like_a proportionable_o for_o which_o reason_n he_o desire_v that_o he_o may_v retain_v the_o command_n of_o great_a general_n in_o his_o own_o hand_n till_o the_o campagn_n be_v end_v for_o that_o the_o present_a urgency_n of_o affair_n be_v like_a to_o prevent_v his_o coronation_n to_o which_o proposition_n the_o nobility_n immediate_o assent_v queen-dowager_n pursuant_n to_o the_o king_n promise_n the_o queen-dowager_n by_o the_o consent_n of_o the_o diet_n have_v a_o yearly_a revenue_n of_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o guilder_n assign_v she_o with_o liberty_n to_o reside_v in_o any_o of_o the_o polish_v dominion_n except_o cracow_n or_o some_o other_o fortify_v place_n on_o the_o border_n of_o silesia_n whereupon_o her_o majesty_n make_v choice_n of_o thorn_n in_o prussia_n for_o her_o residence_n though_o the_o king_n be_v most_o solicitous_a to_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n against_o the_o turk_n yet_o the_o nobility_n and_o senator_n be_v general_o as_o remiss_a therein_o for_o though_o they_o have_v promise_v he_o maintenance_n for_o sixty_o thousand_o man_n yet_o he_o now_o desire_v but_o forty_o thousand_o however_o such_o be_v their_o dissension_n and_o jealousy_n that_o they_o will_v not_o afford_v he_o so_o many_o notwithstanding_o to_o oppose_v the_o turk_n muscovite_n and_o tartar_n in_o the_o vkraine_n he_o get_v together_o a_o small_a army_n of_o about_o fifteen_o or_o sixteen_o thousand_o man_n with_o which_o he_o march_v from_o warsaw_n the_o 22d_o of_o august_n towards_o the_o frontier_n when_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o muscovite_n general_n be_v army_n consist_v of_o above_o one_o hundred_o thousand_o but_o which_o nevertheless_o do_v no_o damage_n be_v divert_v by_o the_o turk_n by_o a_o stratagem_n insomuch_o that_o these_o with_o the_o tartar_n quick_o get_v possession_n of_o all_o vkraina_n except_o two_o or_o three_o place_n the_o troop_n of_o lithuania_n consist_v of_o about_o twelve_o thousand_o man_n come_v up_o to_o the_o king_n which_o make_v his_o army_n amount_v to_o near_o thirty_o thousand_o so_o that_o he_o immediate_o call_v a_o council_n of_o war_n at_o slotzow_n and_o resolve_v to_o march_v direct_o towards_o the_o vkraine_n with_o design_n to_o fall_v upon_o the_o enemy_n with_o all_o the_o fury_n imaginable_a notwithstanding_o some_o overture_n of_o peace_n make_v he_o by_o the_o vizier_n but_o this_o be_v look_v upon_o by_o the_o pole_n only_o as_o a_o stratagem_n to_o amuse_v they_o and_o foment_n the_o jealousy_n of_o the_o muscovite_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o turk_n think_v to_o divide_v they_o according_o upon_o his_o approach_n he_o send_v out_o the_o woievod_n of_o russia_n to_o learn_v the_o condition_n of_o the_o enemy_n who_o near_o the_o wall_n of_o caminiec_n surprise_v and_o defeat_v a_o thousand_o turkish_a horse_n and_o bring_v a_o hundred_o and_o fifty_o away_o prisoner_n whereupon_o he_o proceed_v vigorous_o and_o take_v several_a town_n of_o great_a importance_n in_o podolia_n but_o at_o this_o time_n the_o lithuanian_n will_v needs_o leave_v his_o majesty_n and_o return_n home_o allege_v that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o bear_v the_o rigour_n of_o the_o winter_n but_o nevertheless_o the_o king_n with_o his_o gallant_a pole_n resolve_v to_o continue_v the_o campagn_n conquest_n and_o push_v on_o his_o good_a fortune_n scarce_o a_o week_n pass_v but_o some_o considerable_a place_n or_o other_o be_v yield_v to_o he_o the_o turk_n all_o this_o while_n not_o dare_v in_o the_o least_o to_o oppose_v he_o so_o that_o now_o his_o majesty_n have_v subdue_v all_o that_o part_n of_o vkraina_n which_o lie_v westward_o of_o the_o nieper_n except_o only_o the_o city_n of_o czebryn_n in_o april_n 1675_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n begin_v in_o numerous_a body_n to_o take_v the_o field_n notwithstanding_o the_o king_n animate_v by_o his_o natural_a courage_n resolve_v not_o to_o stir_v a_o foot_n but_o forthwith_o reinforce_v the_o several_a garrison_n of_o mohilow_n braclaw_n nimirow_n kalmick_n and_o bialicierkiew_n which_o do_v he_o have_v hardly_o force_n enough_o leave_v to_o deserve_v the_o name_n of_o a_o army_n the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n after_o have_v be_v baffle_v at_o slotskow_n march_v direct_o towards_o leopol_n where_o the_o king_n army_n lie_v within_o a_o mile_n of_o the_o town_n that_o way_n the_o enemy_n be_v to_o approach_v there_o be_v a_o ascent_n of_o about_o three_o hundred_o pace_n when_o one_o be_v to_o descend_v again_o by_o a_o very_a narrow_a way_n amid_o a_o wood_n that_o have_v late_o be_v cut_v down_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o this_o hill_n there_o be_v a_o plain_a through_o which_o the_o tartar_n must_v necessary_o pass_v to_o come_v at_o the_o pole_n here_o the_o king_n post_v his_o brother-in-law_n duke_n radzivil_n with_o some_o troop_n for_o guard_n of_o the_o pass_n on_o the_o right-hand_a of_o his_o camp_n and_o general_n kariski_n on_o the_o left_a cause_v several_a cannon_n to_o be_v plant_v on_o a_o hill_n whence_o they_o may_v annoy_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o plain_a he_o also_o cause_v the_o wood_n on_o each_o side_n the_o narrow_a way_n to_o be_v well_o line_v with_o several_a company_n of_o musketeer_n after_o which_o his_o majesty_n order_v some_o troop_n of_o horse_n to_o advance_v into_o the_o plain_a to_o oppose_v the_o enemy_n who_o about_o four_o in_o the_o afternoon_n appear_v in_o such_o number_n that_o they_o almost_o cover_v the_o ground_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n the_o king_n from_o a_o hill_n observe_v their_o motion_n after_o which_o with_o his_o usual_a air_n of_o gallantry_n common_a to_o he_o in_o time_n of_o action_n at_o the_o head_n of_o the_o remain_a part_n of_o his_o small_a army_n he_o descend_v into_o the_o plain_a encourage_v his_o soldier_n by_o tell_v they_o that_o he_o come_v there_o with_o full_a resolution_n either_o to_o conquer_v or_o die_v whereupon_o battle_n repeat_v thrice_o the_o name_n of_o jesus_n he_o brisk_o advance_v towards_o the_o enemy_n the_o fight_n begin_v with_o great_a fury_n on_o both_o side_n the_o king_n omit_v nothing_o either_o as_o to_o courage_n or_o conduct_n but_o perform_v both_o the_o part_n of_o a_o most_o prudent_a general_n and_o a_o valiant_a soldier_n by_o his_o example_n inspire_v all_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o officer_n insomuch_o that_o with_o this_o small_a handful_n of_o man_n he_o force_v multitude_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o fly_v before_o night_n leave_v behind_o they_o incredible_a number_n slay_v upon_o the_o place_n the_o king_n will_v glad_o have_v pursue_v the_o enemy_n but_o that_o the_o night_n prevent_v and_o that_o he_o fear_v likewise_o lest_o the_o cham_n may_v come_v up_o to_o their_o assistance_n in_o this_o memorable_a victory_n the_o great_a perhaps_o that_o have_v be_v know_v in_o any_o age_n the_o king_n have_v not_o actual_o with_o he_o much_o above_o five_o thousand_o man_n the_o rest_n have_v be_v leave_v to_o secure_v the_o city_n of_o leopol_n and_o the_o pass_n with_o this_o small_a party_n to_o defeat_v by_o downright_o fight_v a_o army_n of_o threescore_o thousand_o man_n have_v more_o of_o prodigy_n than_o probability_n in_o it_o yet_o so_o great_a be_v the_o fright_a and_o consternation_n of_o these_o tartar_n that_o they_o flee_v in_o one_o night_n as_o many_o league_n as_o they_o have_v march_v in_o three_o day_n before_o but_o here_o this_o dispute_n do_v not_o end_n for_o the_o cham_fw-mi and_o ishmael_n bassa_n to_o show_v they_o be_v not_o dismay_v at_o this_o ill_a success_n resolve_v to_o march_v against_o the_o king_n and_o in_o order_n thereto_o command_v a_o body_n of_o two_o thousand_o janissary_n out_o to_o attack_v a_o castle_n near_o brzeziani_n wherein_o be_v only_o sixty_o pole_n who_o defend_v themselves_o so_o brave_o that_o they_o repulse_v the_o enemy_n with_o great_a loss_n soon_o after_o a_o body_n of_o ten_o thousand_o tartar_n advance_v somewhat_o near_o the_o city_n of_o leopol_n the_o king_n send_v out_o the_o lord_n harkownisky_n with_o a_o good_a squadron_n of_o horse_n against_o they_o who_o after_o a_o brisk_a engagement_n force_v they_o to_o take_v to_o their_o heel_n leave_v thousand_o of_o their_o
part_n of_o the_o body_n desire_v to_o know_v what_o be_v proper_o death_n the_o school_n divinity_n maintain_v that_o death_n be_v a_o separation_n of_o the_o rational_a soul_n from_o the_o body_n i_o own_a indeed_o that_o in_o death_n the_o soul_n be_v actual_o separate_v from_o the_o body_n but_o i_o can_v not_o allow_v that_o that_o separation_n be_v the_o cause_n of_o death_n but_o that_o the_o death_n of_o the_o body_n be_v the_o cessation_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o heart_n of_o the_o blood_n and_o of_o the_o spirit_n which_o cessation_n can_v not_o proceed_v from_o the_o separation_n of_o the_o soul_n since_o these_o dont_fw-fr at_o all_o depend_v upon_o it_o as_o i_o prove_v before_o but_o it_o be_v occasion_v by_o some_o defect_n in_o the_o organ_n and_o fluid_n of_o the_o body_n which_o lose_v their_o due_a disposition_n and_o their_o mutual_a correspondence_n with_o one_o another_o all_o their_o action_n cease_v which_o cessation_n be_v proper_o call_v death_n so_o 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consider_v of_o a_o matter_n of_o that_o great_a moment_n which_o the_o king_n see_v it_o be_v a_o civil_a way_n of_o refuse_v to_o enter_v upon_o that_o subject_a never_o after_o intimate_v any_o thing_n to_o they_o like_o it_o but_o take_v all_o possible_a care_n to_o enrich_v his_o child_n in_o case_n none_o of_o they_o shall_v be_v elect_v after_o his_o death_n it_o be_v exact_o compute_v to_o i_o that_o he_o lay_v up_o every_o year_n for_o above_o twenty_o year_n 100000_o l._n sterl_n which_o riches_n he_o leave_v partly_o in_o banker_n hand_n at_o dantzick_n hamburgh_n and_o amsterdam_n and_o put_v the_o rest_n into_o the_o hand_n of_o the_o jew_n who_o be_v very_o numerous_a in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o trade_v with_o it_o beside_o he_o buy_v great_a territory_n in_o the_o kingdom_n though_o it_o be_v against_o the_o constitution_n so_o that_o his_o three_o son_n james_n alexander_n and_o constantino_n if_o they_o manage_v their_o affair_n right_a may_v be_v worth_a each_o above_o 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that_o he_o will_v give_v he_o considerable_a place_n which_o he_o according_o do_v by_o the_o instigation_n of_o the_o queen_n for_o he_o make_v he_o great_a marshal_n and_o great_a general_n of_o poland_n which_o give_v he_o authority_n and_o interest_n enough_o to_o make_v himself_o afterward_o king_n and_o her_o queen_n so_o that_o this_o marriage_n be_v the_o occasion_n of_o his_o rise_n in_o the_o world_n which_o he_o be_v so_o sensible_a of_o that_o he_o refuse_v to_o be_v divorce_v from_o she_o as_o the_o diet_n will_v have_v persuade_v he_o to_o do_v after_o his_o election_n qualification_n the_o queen_n be_v now_o about_o fifty_o four_o year_n of_o age_n though_o she_o appear_v not_o to_o be_v forty_o she_o go_v in_o the_o french_a dress_n as_o all_o the_o polish_v lady_n do_v she_o speak_v almost_o natural_o the_o polish_v tongue_n which_o with_o liar_n sweet_a temper_n refine_a sense_n and_o majestic_a air_n gain_v she_o such_o affection_n with_o the_o pole_n such_o influence_n over_o the_o king_n and_o such_o interest_n always_o in_o the_o diet_n that_o she_o manage_v all_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o prudence_n and_o that_o to_o the_o advantage_n of_o her_o native_a country_n france_n who_o interest_n she_o general_o espouse_v upon_o most_o occasion_n during_o the_o king_n life_n which_o be_v believe_v to_o be_v the_o cause_n that_o he_o do_v not_o carry_v on_o the_o war_n with_o vigour_n these_o late_a year_n against_o the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n she_o maintain_v at_o her_o court_n her_o father_n cardinal_n de_fw-fr arquien_v and_o her_o brother_n count_n maligny_n who_o have_v but_o a_o very_a small_a estate_n of_o their_o own_o she_o have_v two_o sister_n one_o be_v the_o widow_n of_o the_o late_a count_n bethune_n who_o be_v ambassador_n from_o france_n in_o poland_n and_o afterward_o die_v in_o his_o embassy_n in_o
sweden_n the_o other_o be_v the_o widow_n of_o a_o nobleman_n in_o poland_n employment_n the_o queen_n have_v the_o art_n to_o dispose_v of_o all_o the_o employment_n in_o the_o kingdom_n for_o money_n for_o the_o king_n who_o by_o the_o constitution_n ought_v not_o himself_o to_o sell_v any_o place_n give_v to_o understand_v private_o that_o all_o person_n shall_v apply_v themselves_o to_o her_o first_o that_o she_o may_v secret_o negotiate_v the_o price_n of_o every_o preferment_n which_o she_o do_v very_o industrious_o and_o oblige_v they_o furthermore_o to_o take_v a_o oath_n to_o espouse_v the_o interest_n of_o one_o of_o her_o child_n after_o the_o king_n death_n the_o pole_n never_o scruple_v those_o oath_n though_o they_o be_v resolve_v to_o keep_v they_o no_o long_o than_o they_o think_v it_o for_o their_o interest_n which_o be_v manifest_v at_o this_o last_o election_n in_o which_o so_o few_o appear_v for_o prince_n james_n for_o this_o unlawful_a way_n of_o treat_v the_o 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of_o brandenburg_n brother_n who_o die_v without_o issue_n a_o envoy_n be_v send_v to_o berlin_n to_o negotiate_v the_o marriage_n which_o be_v agree_v upon_o by_o the_o elector_n and_o her_o consent_n and_o the_o prince_n himself_o come_v thither_o in_o person_n with_o a_o numerous_a attendance_n to_o consummate_v it_o at_o the_o same_o time_n come_v to_o berlin_n the_o elector_n palatin_n brother_n prince_z charles_n of_o newburg_n brother_n to_o the_o empress_n to_o see_v the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o marriage_n but_o this_o princess_n take_v more_o fancy_n to_o he_o than_o to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n give_v he_o encouragement_n disappoint_v to_o make_v his_o address_n to_o she_o which_o he_o do_v with_o that_o success_n that_o he_o engage_v she_o so_o far_o and_o so_o unexpected_o that_o he_o be_v private_o marry_v to_o her_o the_o night_n before_o she_o be_v to_o be_v marry_v to_o the_o prince_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o prince_n james_n be_v force_v to_o return_v back_o shameful_o which_o the_o king_n his_o father_n resent_v so_o high_o that_o he_o be_v resolve_v to_o have_v satisfaction_n from_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n for_o suffer_v his_o son_n to_o receive_v so_o notorious_a a_o affront_n at_o his_o court_n but_o the_o elector_n know_v nothing_o of_o that_o private_a intrigue_n justify_v himself_o and_o all_o animosity_n be_v at_o last_o adjust_v by_o prince_n james_n marry_n his_o rival_n sister_n another_o the_o princess_n of_o newburg_n who_o be_v send_v into_o poland_n and_o have_v two_o daughter_n by_o he_o this_o account_n i_o learn_v in_o poland_n which_o be_v late_o confirm_v to_o i_o here_o in_o town_n by_o the_o sieur_n dankelman_n now_o envoy_n extraordinary_a from_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n at_o our_o court._n brother_n prince_n james_n have_v two_o brother_n alexander_n and_o constantine_n who_o be_v not_o take_v notice_n enough_o of_o in_o my_o time_n to_o give_v your_o lordship_n a_o character_n of_o they_o the_o elder_a be_v but_o eighteen_o and_o the_o other_o sixteen_o alexander_n be_v a_o tall_a and_o proper_a young_a man_n of_o a_o true_a polish_v complexion_n the_o queen_n have_v more_o kindness_n for_o he_o than_o for_o prince_n james_n as_o i_o observe_v when_o he_o be_v any_o way_n indispose_v she_o be_v very_o careful_a of_o his_o health_n and_o do_v not_o seem_v much_o concern_v for_o prince_n james_n though_o he_o be_v a_o weak_a and_o sickly_a person_n child_n i_o be_v surprise_v to_o see_v the_o little_a deference_n the_o nobility_n pay_v to_o these_o prince_n who_o do_v not_o seem_v to_o take_v much_o more_o notice_n of_o they_o than_o of_o other_o gentleman_n and_o treat_v they_o very_o familiar_o for_o they_o say_v that_o the_o king_n son_n by_o the_o law_n be_v no_o more_o than_o gentleman_n and_o that_o if_o they_o give_v they_o the_o title_n of_o prince_n or_o of_o highness_n it_o be_v more_o out_o of_o courtesy_n to_o they_o and_o respect_n to_o the_o king_n than_o out_o of_o any_o obligation_n they_o lie_v under_o to_o do_v it_o the_o people_n have_v more_o esteem_n for_o prince_n alexander_n and_o constantine_n because_o they_o be_v bear_v after_o the_o king_n election_n than_o for_o prince_n james_n who_o be_v bear_v before_o for_o they_o superstitious_o imagine_v that_o some_o royal_a stamp_n be_v engrave_v upon_o they_o or_o some_o royal_a tincture_n infuse_v into_o their_o blood_n to_o give_v it_o a_o more_o exalt_a nature_n prince_n james_n be_v knight_n of_o the_o golden_a fleece_n which_o make_v he_o obnoxious_a to_o the_o french_a party_n prince_n alexander_n and_o constantine_n be_v since_o my_o time_n make_v as_o i_o be_o tell_v knight_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n as_o the_o king_n himself_o be_v which_o make_v they_o suspect_v to_o the_o house_n of_o austria_n to_o be_v of_o the_o french_a faction_n princess_n the_o king_n have_v one_o daughter_n the_o princess_n teresa_n cunigunda_fw-la now_o about_o twenty_o three_o year_n of_o age_n who_o though_o she_o be_v not_o a_o complete_a beauty_n yet_o be_v a_o very_a comely_a lady_n of_o a_o middle_a size_n and_o though_o she_o have_v not_o the_o life_n and_o vivacity_n nor_o the_o air_n and_o wit_n of_o the_o queen_n her_o mother_n yet_o have_v she_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o sense_n modesty_n and_o all_o the_o accomplishment_n become_v her_o birth_n she_o be_v well_o verse_v in_o the_o french_a italian_a latin_a and_o the_o polish_v language_n though_o she_o seem_v in_o her_o carriage_n and_o discourse_n to_o be_v humble_a oblige_v and_o of_o a_o easy_a affable_a temper_n yet_o she_o be_v of_o herself_o hie-spirited_a and_o marriage_n imperious_a she_o be_v marry_v in_o my_o time_n to_o his_o highness_n the_o present_a elector_n of_o bavaria_n who_o twice_o send_v thither_o baron_n zell_n and_o afterward_o baron_n simeoni_n his_o envoy_n extraordinary_a to_o negotiate_v and_o conclude_v this_o marriage_n for_o the_o duke_n of_o bavaria_n have_v have_v but_o one_o son_n by_o his_o decease_a electoress_n the_o emperor_n daughter_n by_o the_o infanta_n of_o spain_n young_a sister_n to_o the_o late_a queen_n of_o france_n and_o this_o young_a prince_n be_v design_v to_o be_v king_n of_o spain_n if_o the_o present_a king_n shall_v die_v without_o issue_n as_o be_v likely_a to_o be_v the_o bavarian_o be_v afraid_a their_o country_n shall_v be_v reduce_v into_o a_o province_n and_o therefore_o desire_v the_o elector_n to_o marry_v a_o second_o time_n to_o have_v more_o child_n that_o may_v reign_v over_o they_o in_o case_n the_o elder_a son_n shall_v be_v call_v into_o spain_n the_o king_n and_o queen_n of_o poland_n agree_v to_o this_o match_n and_o give_v 500000_o rix_n dollar_n for_o portion_n her_o portion_n beside_o jewel_n and_o other_o expense_n in_o her_o journey_n and_o the_o three_o part_n of_o her_o mother_n personal_a estate_n when_o she_o die_v which_o be_v reckon_v at_o 50000_o rix_n dollar_n more_o the_o ceremony_n of_o the_o marraige_n be_v perform_v marriage_n in_o the_o month_n of_o august_n at_o warsaw_n in_o the_o year_n 1694_o with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o splendour_n and_o magnificence_n most_o of_o the_o person_n of_o quality_n and_o their_o lady_n and_o child_n come_v to_o this_o solemnity_n from_o all_o part_n of_o the_o kingdom_n for_o there_o have_v not_o be_v a_o princess_n of_o poland_n marry_v for_o above_o 150_o year_n before_o the_o lady_n be_v very_o rich_o dress_v and_o i_o see_v at_o that_o time_n more_o jewel_n in_o that_o court_n than_o in_o any_o other_o that_o ever_o i_o be_v at_o the_o gentleman_n and_o lady_n after_o the_o usual_a custom_n in_o poland_n give_v great_a present_n to_o the_o young_a princess_n some_o fine_a piece_n of_o plate_n some_o watch_v set_v with_o diamond_n some_o precious_a jewel_n every_o one_o make_v a_o compliment_n to_o she_o in_o a_o very_a formal_a manner_n it_o be_v think_v that_o the_o
successive_o for_o above_o eight_o hundred_o year_n but_o hereafter_o it_o be_v likely_a to_o prove_v otherwise_o for_o the_o gentry_n of_o poland_n be_v so_o jealous_a of_o their_o own_o king_n and_o so_o covetous_a to_o be_v enrich_v by_o foreign_a prince_n that_o probable_o henceforward_o they_o will_v choose_v no_o native_a beside_o the_o pope_n will_v undoubted_o always_o use_v his_o utmost_a authority_n and_o interest_n in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o get_v protestant_a prince_n elect_v for_o when_o i_o be_v former_o at_o rome_n i_o hear_v the_o politician_n say_v that_o the_o best_a method_n to_o make_v the_o protestant_a prince_n of_o the_o north_n roman_n catholic_n be_v to_o elect_v they_o successive_o to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n so_o that_o if_o the_o pope_n see_v that_o the_o present_a king_n of_o poland_n child_n be_v confirm_v in_o the_o doctrine_n of_o the_o church_n of_o rome_n he_o will_v doubtless_o after_o his_o death_n make_v the_o same_o endeavour_n to_o advance_v to_o that_o throne_n either_o the_o king_n of_o sweden_n the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n or_o the_o elector_n of_o hanover_n as_o he_o have_v do_v in_o favour_n of_o the_o elector_n of_o saxony_n who_o have_v be_v elect_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o poland_n not_o so_o much_o by_o the_o power_n of_o his_o wealth_n and_o credit_n in_o the_o kingdom_n as_o by_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o clergy_n private_o instigate_v by_o the_o authority_n of_o the_o pope_n this_o i_o gather_v from_o a_o letter_n send_v i_o last_o summer_n from_o warsaw_n by_o my_o friend_n baron_fw-fr scarlati_fw-la envoy_n extraordinary_a at_o that_o court_n from_o the_o elector_n of_o bavaria_n thus_o my_o lord_n i_o have_v give_v you_o as_o large_a a_o account_n of_o john_n the_o iiid_n life_n and_o of_o what_o pass_v remarkable_a at_o warsaw_n in_o my_o time_n as_o we_o need_v perhaps_o know_v of_o so_o remote_a a_o country_n or_o i_o can_v myself_o learn_v in_o so_o short_a a_o time_n as_o i_o have_v the_o honour_n to_o reside_v at_o that_o prince_n court_n where_o i_o be_v so_o much_o take_v up_o in_o the_o practice_n of_o physic_n that_o i_o have_v neither_o opportunity_n nor_o time_n to_o make_v all_o the_o political_a remark_n which_o another_o perhaps_o that_o have_v nothing_o else_o to_o do_v but_o to_o converse_v with_o courtier_n and_o lady_n may_v have_v leisurely_o do_v i_o can_v therefore_o pretend_v to_o give_v as_o be_v usual_a a_o character_n of_o the_o king_n favourite_n nor_o of_o other_o great_a man_n about_o he_o nor_o to_o acquaint_v your_o lordship_n with_o the_o different_a cabal_n and_o private_a intrigue_n of_o that_o numerous_a court_n that_o be_v a_o subject_a fit_a for_o a_o statesman_n than_o for_o i_o to_o write_v of_o my_o genius_n and_o profession_n prompt_v i_o only_o to_o make_v observation_n in_o physic_n and_o not_o in_o state-affair_n i_o hope_v therefore_o your_o lordship_n will_v excuse_v the_o deficiency_n of_o this_o letter_n when_o you_o consider_v it_o be_v write_v by_o a_o physician_n and_o one_o who_o value_v himself_o only_o upon_o it_o in_o be_v with_o all_o respect_n my_o lord_n your_o lordship_n be_v most_o obedient_a humble_a servant_n b._n c._n letter_n v._n to_o the_o right_n honourable_a charles_n lord_n townsend_n of_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o poland_n together_o with_o a_o description_n of_o the_o chief_a town_n and_o province_n of_o the_o kingdom_n my_o lord_n i_o know_v your_o natural_a sagacity_n improve_v so_o much_o by_o your_o travel_n and_o constant_a application_n to_o science_n and_o politic_n be_v no_o less_o inquisitive_a after_o the_o extent_n and_o product_n of_o country_n than_o after_o their_o maxim_n of_o state_n and_o form_n of_o government_n and_o this_o i_o discover_v in_o your_o lordship_n as_o well_o when_o i_o meet_v you_o some_o year_n ago_o in_o holland_n as_o since_o your_o return_n to_o england_n and_o because_o you_o then_o discourse_v i_o often_o about_o my_o travel_n into_o poland_n i_o think_v a_o geographical_a description_n of_o that_o country_n may_v not_o be_v unacceptable_a to_o you_o i_o must_v confess_v i_o be_v not_o long_a enough_o in_o that_o kingdom_n to_o survey_v it_o exact_o therefore_o have_v take_v pain_n to_o learn_v not_o only_o from_o the_o native_n themselves_o but_o also_o from_o their_o correct_a author_n a_o account_n of_o such_o part_n of_o that_o kingdom_n which_o i_o can_v not_o visit_v myself_o i_o must_v first_o take_v notice_n to_o your_o lordship_n that_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n dominion_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o different_a state_n which_o be_v the_o kingdom_n of_o poland_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n the_o constitution_n language_n custom_n and_o genius_n of_o both_o which_o nation_n be_v as_o different_a as_o those_o of_o england_n and_o scotland_n except_o that_o one_o parliament_n or_o diet_n serve_v both_o which_o must_v nevertheless_o have_v one_o session_n in_o lithuania_n to_o two_o in_o poland_n and_o the_o senator_n and_o deputy_n of_o each_o nation_n must_v meet_v together_o as_o well_o in_o the_o great_a duchy_n as_o in_o the_o kingdom_n for_o no_o law_n can_v be_v legal_o make_v without_o the_o mutual_a consent_n of_o both_o poland_n therefore_o be_v a_o distinct_a nation_n of_o itself_o i_o will_v here_o as_o i_o have_v promise_v present_a your_o lordship_n with_o a_o short_a description_n of_o it_o alone_o my_o lord_n poland_n poland_n when_o first_o found_v by_o lechus_n in_o the_o year_n 550_o like_o all_o other_o nation_n in_o their_o minority_n be_v but_o a_o small_a tract_n of_o land_n in_o respect_n of_o what_o it_o afterward_o grow_v to_o be_v for_o at_o first_o it_o contain_v only_o high_a and_o low_a poland_n with_o silesia_n but_o in_o process_n of_o time_n either_o through_o marriage_n or_o conquest_n it_o become_v the_o large_a and_o most_o powerful_a kingdom_n in_o europe_n and_o raise_v as_o well_o the_o envy_n as_o jealousy_n of_o its_o neighbour_n conquest_n the_o first_o acquisition_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v the_o province_n of_o pomerania_n conquer_v by_o lechus_n by_o his_o have_v kill_v regulus_n its_o prince_n boleslaus_n chrobry_n likewise_o make_v bohemia_n russia_n moravia_n and_o prussia_n tributary_n but_o casimir_n ii_o entire_o conquer_v all_o prussia_n in_o the_o year_n 1183_o and_o casimir_n the_o great_a subdue_v all_o russia_n in_o the_o year_n 1338_o when_o maslaus_n the_o duke_n of_o masovia_n also_o submit_v to_o the_o polish_v crown_n some_o time_n after_o valachia_n and_o moldavia_n be_v unite_v to_o poland_n by_o conquest_n and_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n add_v by_o jagello_n marriage_n with_o hedwigis_fw-la queen_n of_o poland_n the_o large_a and_o fertile_a province_n of_o livonia_n be_v conquer_v about_o the_o year_n 1500_o and_o afterward_o the_o pole_n extend_v their_o conquest_n towards_o moscovy_n when_o they_o take_v the_o great_a dutchy_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n and_o czernicovia_n and_o in_o vladislaus_n the_o viith_n time_n conquer_v all_o that_o country_n they_o in_o like_a manner_n enlarge_v their_o dominion_n towards_o the_o black_a sea_n for_o they_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o all_o vkraina_n policy_n over_o and_o above_o these_o vast_a conquest_n the_o pole_n likewise_o grow_v very_o considerable_a by_o elect_v several_a potent_a neighbour_n for_o their_o king_n whereby_o they_o add_v to_o their_o own_o strength_n that_o of_o bohemia_n hungary_n sweden_n and_o transylvania_n as_o they_o have_v likewise_o at_o this_o juncture_n that_o of_o the_o electorate_v of_o saxony_n in_o short_a the_o pole_n in_o process_n of_o time_n grow_v so_o exorbitant_o powerful_a from_o the_o xiiith_o to_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o xviith_o century_n have_v in_o their_o possession_n all_o the_o land_n between_o austria_n moscovy_n and_o the_o baltic_a and_o euxine_a sea_n that_o they_o give_v their_o neighbour_n the_o turk_n tartar_n muscovite_n swede_n and_o german_n just_a reason_n to_o grow_v jealous_a of_o they_o whereupon_o these_o several_a potentate_n at_o different_a time_n make_v most_o bloody_a war_n upon_o they_o till_o by_o degree_n they_o have_v bring_v their_o territory_n to_o a_o narrow_a compass_n and_o make_v themselves_o master_n of_o the_o great_a part_n of_o they_o for_o the_o emperor_n get_v from_o they_o the_o several_a country_n of_o hungary_n bohemia_n transylvania_n silesia_n and_o moravia_n valachia_n and_o moldavia_n now_o choose_v hospodar_n or_o governor_n of_o their_o own_o though_o they_o be_v nevertheless_o tributary_n to_o the_o turk_n the_o turk_n and_o tartar_n be_v master_n of_o podolia_n and_o the_o best_a part_n of_o vkraina_n which_o they_o overrun_v in_o king_n michael_n korybuth_n time_n and_o the_o muscovite_n conquer_v the_o other_o part_n of_o it_o kiovia_n as_o likewise_o all_o the_o vast_a dutchy_n of_o severia_n smolensko_n and_o czernicovia_n the_o king_n of_o sweden_n also_o be_v now_o in_o possession_n of_o
all_o livonia_n except_o the_o duchy_n of_o curland_n which_o be_v leave_v still_o tributary_n to_o poland_n ducal_z prussia_n be_v entire_o in_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n hand_n of_o which_o he_o be_v of_o late_a a_o independent_a sovereign_n pomerania_n be_v now_o possess_v by_o the_o swede_n and_o german_n between_o they_o and_o dantzic_n be_v in_o the_o nature_n of_o a_o little_a republic_n or_o hans-town_n yet_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o poland_n extent_n thus_o your_o lordship_n may_v observe_v that_o the_o neighbour_a prince_n have_v clip_v so_o close_a the_o skirt_n of_o this_o vast_a empire_n that_o they_o have_v reduce_v it_o to_o one_o three_o of_o what_o it_o have_v heretofore_o be_v yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o these_o loss_n it_o be_v still_o reckon_v to_o the_o full_a as_o large_a as_o the_o kingdom_n of_o france_n but_o its_o frontier_n towards_o tartary_n be_v altogether_o desolate_a most_o of_o the_o inhabitant_n have_v be_v carry_v away_o into_o captivity_n either_o by_o the_o turk_n or_o tartar_n to_o give_v your_o lordship_n a_o just_a account_n of_o the_o present_a extent_n of_o poland_n i_o must_v divide_v it_o into_o its_o several_a remain_v province_n which_o be_v but_o eight_o viz._n little_o &_o great_a poland_n regal_a prussia_n russia_n masovia_n samogitia_n volhynia_n &_o podlachia_n but_o first_o a_o word_n or_o two_o of_o the_o country_n in_o general_n bound_n poland_n together_o with_o the_o great_a duchy_n of_o lithuania_n be_v now_o bound_v on_o the_o north_n by_o moscovy_n livonia_n and_o the_o baltic_a sea_n on_o the_o south_n by_o moldavia_n transylvania_n and_o hungary_n on_o the_o east_n by_o vkraina_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o turk_n and_o the_o dutchy_n of_o smolensko_n severia_n czernicovia_n and_o kiovia_n which_o be_v now_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o muscovite_n and_o on_o the_o west_n by_o pomerania_n brandenburg_n bohemia_n and_o silesia_n it_o extend_v itself_o from_o south_n to_o north_n that_o be_v from_o the_o carpathian_n mountain_n to_o the_o gulf_n of_o riga_n about_o 200_o league_n from_o the_o 45_o degree_n 36_o minute_n to_o the_o 55_o degree_n 29_o minute_n of_o latitude_n and_o from_o east_n to_o west_n that_o be_v from_o smoleusko_n and_o the_o vkraine_n to_o the_o frontier_n of_o pomerania_n bohemia_n and_o silesia_n above_o 240._o soil_n it_o be_v soil_n for_o the_o most_o part_n be_v champain_n though_o towards_o the_o border_n of_o hungary_n very_o mountainous_a and_o woody_a yet_o as_o it_o decline_v from_o thence_o it_o general_o grow_v more_o fruitful_a there_o be_v only_o one_o great_a mountain_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o lesser_n poland_n call_v mons_fw-la calvus_n the_o bald_a mountain_n though_o it_o have_v a_o monastery_n on_o the_o top_n of_o it_o surname_v the_o holy_a cross_n and_o dedicate_v to_o our_o saviour_n what_o other_o you_o shall_v meet_v with_o may_v be_v rather_o term_v little_a hill_n than_o mountain_n the_o eastern_a part_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v full_a of_o forest_n wood_n marsh_n lake_n and_o river_n which_o afford_v a_o delightful_a vista_n to_o the_o open_a country_n product_n heretofore_o poland_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v almost_o all_o wood_n but_o now_o be_v cultivate_v by_o the_o industry_n of_o its_o inhabitant_n it_o produce_v everywhere_o all_o kind_n of_o fruit_n grain_n and_o herb_n nay_o it_o want_v for_o neither_o fowl_n nor_o fish_n and_o moreover_o abound_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o tame_a and_o wild_a beast_n there_o be_v also_o vine_n in_o many_o place_n who_o grape_n be_v not_o ungrateful_a to_o the_o palate_n especial_o if_o the_o summer_n and_o autumn_n be_v never_o so_o little_a favourable_a but_o the_o wine_n be_v general_o very_o sharp_a when_o it_o have_v once_o be_v draw_v off_o in_o the_o mountain_n be_v to_o be_v find_v mine_n of_o silver_n copper_n lead_v and_o iron_n with_o divers_a other_o kind_n of_o mineral_n as_o also_o salt_n which_o be_v common_o take_v out_o in_o 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second_o be_v under_o the_o dominion_n of_o particular_a signior_n by_o hereditary_a succession_n of_o which_o there_o can_v be_v no_o other_o starostas_n but_o their_o own_o peculiar_a lord_n climate_n the_o air_n of_o this_o country_n be_v suitable_a to_o the_o climate_n and_o sometime_o so_o exceed_v cold_a that_o water_n freeze_v ere_o it_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n and_o lake_n and_o river_n be_v so_o freeze_v up_o that_o coach_n and_o load_v cart_n pass_v over_o they_o for_o five_o or_o six_o month_n together_o even_o to_o the_o end_n of_o march._n river_n the_o most_o remarkable_a river_n of_o this_o country_n be_v the_o weissel_n or_o vistula_n the_o wart_n or_o varta_fw-la the_o nieper_n or_o boristbenes_n the_o niester_n or_o tyra_n the_o dwina_n or_o duna_n the_o bog_n or_o bobus_fw-la the_o bug_n or_o bugus_n the_o nieman_n or_o nemenus_n course_n the_o weissel_n or_o vistula_n take_v its_o rise_n in_o the_o duchy_n of_o teschen_n in_o silesia_n out_o of_o mount_n carpathus_n now_o crapack_o and_o run_v by_o the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o oswieczin_n cracow_n sendomir_n casimir_n lublin_n warsaw_n plocskow_n vladislaw_n thorn_n culm_n bromberg_n grandentz_n newenburg_n elbing_n marienburg_n and_o dantzic_n this_o river_n ancient_o separate_v sarmatia_n europea_n from_o germany_n and_o have_v continue_v its_o course_n for_o above_o a_o hundred_o polish_v miles_n divide_v itself_o into_o two_o stream_n empty_v one_o into_o the_o bay_n of_o frischhaff_a and_o the_o other_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n vulgar_o call_v de_fw-fr oost_n zee_n the_o wart_n or_o varta_fw-la arise_v in_o lesser_n poland_n and_o after_o have_v water_v siradia_n kalisch_n posnan_n olstin_n etc._n etc._n fall_v into_o the_o other_o a_o river_n of_o silesia_n the_o nieper_n or_o boristhenes_n water_n smolensko_n traverse_n part_v of_o lithuania_n run_v through_o kiow_n or_o kiovia_n cross_v the_o vkraine_n and_o at_o length_n roll_v into_o the_o black_a sea_n near_o ockzakow_n the_o niester_n rise_v near_o the_o lake_n of_o leopol_n and_o have_v run_v by_o halitz_n caminiec_n etc._n etc._n discharge_v itself_o in_o like_a manner_n into_o the_o black_a or_o euxine_a sea_n near_o bialogrod_n the_o duna_n or_o dwina_n spring_v near_o biata_n in_o moscovy_n when_o have_v pass_v by_o witebsko_n polocz_n dunenburg_n kokenhauz_n etc._n etc._n with_o a_o course_n of_o 130_o league_n it_o at_o last_o throw_v itself_o into_o the_o gulf_n of_o riga_n in_o livonia_n the_o bog_n or_o bobus_fw-la take_v its_o origin_n from_o a_o lake_n in_o the_o frontier_n of_o podolia_n and_o have_v pass_v by_o constantinow_n bar_n and_o braclaw_v it_o fall_v into_o the_o nieper_n near_o ockzakow_n the_o bug_n spring_v in_o red_a russia_n near_o olesko_n or_o zborow_n and_o have_v run_v by_o the_o several_a place_n of_o glituani_n beltz_n sokal_n vlodzimierz_n chelm_fw-ge bresty_n and_o warsaw_n fall_v into_o the_o weissel_n by_o wischegrod_n the_o nieman_n or_o nemenus_n arise_v near_o slonim_n or_o rather_o nessivicz_n in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o novogrodec_n and_o water_n the_o side_n of_o novogrodec_n bielcz_n grodna_n troki_n vilna_n and_o after_o run_v into_o the_o baltic_a near_o tylsa_n lake_n in_o lower_n or_o great_a poland_n cujavia_n and_o the_o territory_n of_o lublin_n there_o be_v several_a considerable_a lake_n replenish_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o fresh_a fish_n the_o chief_a of_o these_o lake_n be_v goplo_n five_o mile_n long_o and_o half_a a_o mile_n broad_a next_o there_o be_v biale_n otherwise_o name_v the_o white_a lake_n which_o may_v be_v so_o call_v by_o a_o antiphrasis_n because_o in_o the_o month_n of_o april_n and_o may_v it_o die_v skin_n with_o a_o sort_n of_o swart_a tincture_n to_o proceed_v according_a to_o my_o division_n of_o this_o country_n in_o which_o i_o have_v follow_v starovolscius_fw-la i_o must_v begin_v with_o the_o first_o province_n of_o this_o kingdom_n which_o be_v province_n great_a or_o low_a poland_n bound_v
on_o the_o north_n by_o pomerania_n and_o prussia_n on_o the_o south_n by_o upper_a or_o lesser_a poland_n on_o the_o east_n by_o masovia_n and_o towards_o the_o west_n by_o silesia_n and_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n it_o be_v call_v great_a poland_n because_o lechus_n the_o founder_n of_o this_o kingdom_n first_o settle_v there_o and_o divide_v it_o into_o two_o part_n viz._n division_n 1._o great_a poland_n proper_o so_o call_v and_o 2._o cujavia_n both_o which_o contain_v seven_o palatinate_n viz._n the_o palatinate_v of_o posnania_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o territory_n of_o wschow_n kalisch_n siradia_n to_o which_o belong_v the_o territory_n of_o vielunia_n rava_n lanschet_fw-mi bresty_n and_o inowlocz_n of_o these_o the_o two_o last_o only_o belong_v to_o cujavia_n the_o chief_a of_o all_o these_o seven_o palatinate_n be_v palatinate_n posnania_n in_o which_o be_v these_o several_a city_n and_o town_n viz._n posnan_n bishopric_n palatinate_n and_o castellany_n gnesna_n archbishopric_n and_o castellany_n koscien_fw-fr vskow_n sremsk_v miedzyrzeeze_v nacum_fw-la curnic_n slupeia_n pysdra_n kcina_n conin_n premecz_n and_o ragozno_n posnan_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o all_o which_o be_v posnan_n call_v by_o the_o german_n posen_n situate_v upon_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la in_o the_o 39th_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o 52_o of_o latitude_n it_o be_v 7_o mile_n distant_a from_o gnesna_n to_o the_o west_n 20_o german_a mile_n from_o vratislaw_n to_o the_o north_n and_o 50_o from_o cracow_n to_o the_o south_n it_o lie_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o several_a little_a hill_n environ_v with_o a_o strong_a double_a wall_n and_o a_o very_a deep_a ditch_n the_o city_n itself_o it_o must_v be_v confess_v it_o but_o small_a yet_o nevertheless_o exceed_v beautiful_a and_o well-built_a its_o edifice_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o freestone_n among_o the_o public_a structure_n the_o most_o considerable_a be_v the_o castle_n raise_v upon_o a_o small_a eminence_n between_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la and_o prosna_n it_o be_v general_o provide_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o ammunition_n and_o want_v for_o neither_o strength_n nor_o beauty_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o public_a edifice_n may_v just_o claim_v the_o like_a character_n though_o the_o most_o stately_a lie_v on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o river_n varta_fw-la in_o the_o suburb_n which_o be_v very_o large_a here_o be_v the_o cathedral_n church_n with_o a_o college_n of_o prebend_n and_o the_o bishop_n palace_n situate_v among_o the_o marsh_n this_o pile_n of_o building_n be_v common_o call_v valisovia_n and_o build_v so_o strong_a that_o like_o the_o town_n it_o be_v able_a to_o withstand_v a_o siege_n john_n lubranscius_fw-la a_o bishop_n of_o this_o see_v found_v here_o a_o college_n to_o be_v visit_v by_o that_o of_o cracow_n and_o which_o be_v afterward_o very_o much_o augment_v and_o beautify_v by_o adam_n conarius_n his_o successor_n and_o far_o enrich_v by_o one_o rosrasevius_n with_o several_a noble_a gift_n so_o that_o now_o the_o jesuit_n have_v a_o college_n in_o the_o city_n where_o learning_n be_v great_o encourage_v yet_o this_o also_o in_o the_o suburb_n do_v not_o want_v for_o noble_a youth_n who_o daily_a flock_n thither_o to_o be_v instruct_v by_o the_o lecture_n of_o mathematics_n and_o law_n these_o suburb_n be_v all_o surround_v by_o a_o morass_n and_o a_o great_a lake_n they_o be_v frequent_o lay_v under_o water_n by_o the_o overflow_a of_o the_o varta_fw-la insomuch_o that_o sometime_o with_o the_o neighbour_a village_n for_o several_a mile_n together_o the_o top_n of_o the_o house_n be_v only_o to_o be_v see_v this_o inundation_n likewise_o often_o extend_v to_o the_o town_n itself_o notwithstanding_o its_o high_a wall_n in_o a_o manner_n that_o boat_n have_v be_v know_v to_o swim_v about_o the_o street_n but_o this_o last_v not_o long_o for_o the_o water_n common_o retire_v in_o two_o or_o three_o day_n at_o far_a there_o be_v three_o very_a famous_a fair_n keep_v in_o this_o city_n whither_o the_o german_n both_o trader_n and_o gentry_n come_v in_o great_a number_n the_o first_o of_o these_o be_v keep_v about_o the_o begin_n of_o lent_n and_o last_v a_o month._n the_o second_o at_o michaelmas_n and_o continue_v five_o week_n and_o the_o last_o at_o midsummer_n which_o be_v for_o the_o same_o time_n the_o inhabitant_n of_o this_o city_n be_v general_o roman_a catholic_n though_o vast_a number_n of_o jew_n live_v also_o among_o they_o the_o government_n be_v execute_v by_o a_o starosta_n choose_v yearly_o out_o of_o the_o schipin_n or_o alderman_n who_o as_o long_o as_o this_o office_n last_v enjoy_v also_o the_o title_n of_o general_n of_o great_a poland_n gnesna_n seven_o mile_n from_o hence_o lie_v gnesna_n situate_v among_o bog_n and_o hill_n and_o call_v also_o by_o the_o german_n gnicsen_n it_o be_v a_o archbishops_n see_v and_o give_v title_n to_o the_o primate_n of_o all_o poland_n it_o be_v distant_a three_o polish_v miles_n from_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la to_o the_o north_n seven_o from_o kalisch_n to_o the_o south_n as_o many_o from_o posnan_n to_o the_o east_n and_o about_o thirteen_o from_o thorn_n thirty_o from_o dantzic_n and_o thirty_o three_o from_o warsaw_n to_o the_o northwest_n it_o be_v former_o metropolis_n of_o the_o whole_a kingdom_n have_v be_v build_v by_o lechus_n the_o first_o founder_n thereof_o and_o so_o name_v from_o a_o eagles_n nest_n as_o be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o the_o life_n of_o that_o king_n this_o city_n be_v almost_o consume_v by_o fire_n in_o the_o year_n 1613._o and_o be_v at_o present_a chief_o considerable_a for_o be_v the_o usual_a residence_n of_o the_o archbishop_n and_o primate_n of_o poland_n who_o yet_o enjoy_v very_o great_a privilege_n in_o the_o cathedral_n be_v reposit_v a_o great_a quantity_n of_o inestimable_a treasure_n most_o of_o which_o be_v owe_v to_o the_o tomb_n of_o st._n adalbert_n raise_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o church_n case_v about_o with_o silver_n by_o sigisâ—â—nund_n iii_o and_o to_o the_o gift_n of_o henry_n fâ—â—rleius_n late_a archbishop_n of_o that_o see_v who_o among_o other_o rarity_n give_v his_o own_o mitre_n value_v at_o 24000_o polish_v gilder_n or_o near_o 2000_o l._n sterling_n the_o gate_n open_v to_o this_o church_n be_v all_o of_o corinthian_a brass_n curious_o wrought_v which_o be_v first_o take_v from_o the_o monastery_n of_o corsuna_n in_o taurica_n chersonesus_n afterward_o remove_v to_o kiow_n and_o thence_o bring_v hither_o by_o order_n of_o boleslaus_n ii_o here_o be_v several_a fair_n keep_v the_o chief_a whereof_o be_v that_o on_o the_o feast_n of_o st._n adalbert_n koscien_fw-fr koscien_fw-fr a_o town_n build_v in_o a_o plain_a among_o marsh_n and_o defend_v with_o a_o double_a wall_n and_o a_o broad_a and_o deep_a ditch_n it_o be_v about_o seven_o mile_n from_o posnan_n uskow_n vskow_n a_o wall_a town_n situate_a in_o a_o plain_a likewise_o and_o about_o eleven_o mile_n from_o posnan_n etc._n sremsk_v premeez_n and_o ragozno_n three_o timber_n build_v town_n belong_v to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o posnan_n miedzyrzecze_v miedzyrzecze_v a_o town_n build_v for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o wood_n in_o a_o plain_a among_o rivulet_n and_o marsh_n and_o which_o also_o its_o name_n import_v it_o be_v situate_a upon_o the_o â—â—onfiries_n of_o silesia_n and_o pomerania_n and_o have_v a_o strong_a castle_n fortify_v both_o by_o art_n and_o nature_n and_o which_o it_o be_v common_o conjecture_v can_v hardly_o be_v take_v unless_o it_o be_v starve_v this_o several_a german_a prince_n have_v experience_v at_o their_o cost_v who_o after_o a_o long_a and_o fruitless_a siege_n of_o it_o have_v at_o length_n be_v force_v to_o return_v home_o again_o re_fw-mi infectâ_fw-la it_o be_v about_o 15_o mile_n from_o posnan_n slupcza_n slupcza_n a_o town_n upon_o the_o wart_n with_o a_o very_a strong_a wall_n and_o other_o suitable_a fortification_n pysdra_n pysdra_n a_o wall_v town_n upon_o the_o wart_n likewise_o build_v in_o a_o plain_a among_o wood_n and_o nine_o mile_n from_o kalisch_n the_o other_o town_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v some_o of_o they_o wall_v and_o chief_o build_v with_o wood_n except_o only_o the_o public_a edifice_n such_o as_o castle_n town_n church_n monastery_n abbey_n etc._n etc._n which_o be_v all_o either_o stone_n or_o brick_n posnania_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n the_o bishop_n palatine_n and_o castellan_n of_o posnania_n the_o castellan_n of_o sremsk_n miedzyrzecze_n premecz_n ragozno_n krve_v and_o zandoc_n there_o be_v moreover_o several_a other_o officer_n in_o this_o palatinate_n as_o well_o civil_a as_o military_a the_o starostas_n or_o governor_n of_o city_n have_v some_o of_o they_o jurisdiction_n and_o some_o none_o as_o it_o be_v likewise_o all_o the_o kingdom_n over_o arms._n the_o standard_n and_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o eagle_n expanded_a argent_fw-fr in_o a_o field_n
gules_a palatinate_n the_o second_o palatinate_n of_o great_a poland_n be_v that_o of_o kalisch_n in_o which_o be_v these_o city_n and_o town_n kalisch_n metropolis_n and_o castellany_n kolo_n land_n naklo_n odolanovia_n chocia_n stave_n cosmin_n dohra_n grabow_n opatovec_fw-fr and_o plesovia_n kalisch_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o all_o which_o be_v kalisch_n build_v among_o marsh_n upon_o the_o river_n prosna_n and_o fortify_v only_o with_o a_o brickwall_n and_o some_o low_a tower_n it_o have_v in_o it_o some_o religious_a house_n and_o a_o very_a magnificent_a college_n for_o jesuit_n found_v by_o stanislaw_n karncovius_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n here_o be_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o strong_a castle_n remain_v which_o have_v former_o be_v destroy_v by_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n kolo_n kolo_n a_o timber-built_a town_n wall_v with_o mud_n and_o dirt_n at_o certain_a time_n it_o be_v encompass_v and_o wash_v by_o the_o river_n wart_n near_o which_o it_o be_v build_v it_o be_v about_o eight_o mile_n from_o kalisch_n land_n land_n a_o town_n upon_o the_o wart_n about_o four_o mile_n from_o gnesna_n naklo_n naklo_n a_o timber_a town_n near_o the_o lake_n goplo_n with_o a_o wall_a castle_n situate_a among_o the_o marsh_n odolanovia_n odolanovia_n a_o town_n with_o a_o castle_n build_v likewise_o among_o the_o marsh_n chocia_n chocia_n in_o which_o andrew_n lipski_n bishop_n of_o cracow_n found_v a_o collegiate_n church_n with_o vast_a expense_n the_o other_o town_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v not_o very_o considerable_a and_o therefore_o be_v omit_v kalisch_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o kalisch_n the_o castellan_n of_o land_n naklo_n and_o kamin_n the_o standard_n and_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n it_o be_v arms._n be_v a_o buffaloes_n head_n erase_v sables_n with_o a_o crown_n between_o his_o horn_n all_o in_o a_o checkey_z field_n argent_fw-fr and_o gules_a palatinate_n the_o three_o palatinate_n of_o great_a poland_n be_v that_o of_o siradia_n situate_v along_o the_o river_n varta_fw-la or_o wart_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o siradia_n schadkow_n radomsko_n and_o petricovia_n in_o all_o which_o be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o siradia_n cap._n rosprza_n spicemir_n petricovia_n konarzew_n wart_n lask_n vidavia_n and_o pabianice_n siradia_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o all_o which_o be_v siradia_n situate_v in_o a_o plain_a and_o fortify_v with_o a_o strong_a wall_n with_o a_o castle_n build_v on_o the_o wart_n subject_a to_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o this_o city_n be_v the_o follow_a city_n and_o to_n rosprza_n rosprza_n a_o timber_a town_n seat_v among_o the_o marsh_n spicimir_n spicimir_n a_o town_n build_v likewise_o with_o wood._n petricovia_n petricovia_n a_o wall_v city_n by_o no_o mean_n inconsiderable_a situate_a among_o rivulet_n and_o bog_n once_o a_o year_n one_o of_o the_o great_a tribunal_n of_o the_o kingdom_n be_v keep_v in_o the_o suburb_n of_o this_o city_n in_o one_o of_o the_o king_n palace_n not_o far_o off_o there_o be_v another_o palace_n of_o the_o king_n be_v call_v byki_n of_o a_o regular_a structure_n whither_o his_o majesty_n with_o his_o court_n sometime_o retire_v for_o his_o pleasure_n at_o the_o time_n of_o the_o meeting_n of_o the_o tribuaal_n there_o be_v several_a other_o eminent_a edifice_n build_v about_o this_o city_n belong_v to_o bishop_n and_o other_o great_a man_n among_o which_o the_o most_o famous_a be_v the_o abbey_n of_o vitrovia_n and_o the_o palace_n of_o crusman_n after_o the_o italian_a manner_n konarzew_n konarzew_o a_o town_n of_o no_o great_a importance_n wart_n wart_z a_o large_a city_n build_v upon_o a_o river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n lask_n lask_n where_o former_o johannes_n lascus_n archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n found_v a_o collegiate_n church_n and_o rich_o endow_v it_o at_o his_o own_o cost_v to_o this_o palatinate_n also_o belong_v the_o territory_n of_o vielunia_n vielunia_n which_o have_v a_o castellan_n and_o other_o magistrate_n of_o its_o own_o and_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n viz._n vielunia_n and_o ostresow_n both_o which_o contain_v some_o town_n and_o a_o great_a number_n of_o village_n vielunia_n the_o principal_a of_o the_o town_n be_v boleslaw_n which_o be_v defend_v with_o a_o very_a strong_a castle_n vielun_n environ_v with_o a_o high_a wall_n and_o a_o very_a deep_a ditch_n have_v likewise_o a_o castle_n on_o the_o river_n prosna_n its_o building_n be_v general_o of_o brick_n whereof_o there_o be_v several_a very_o stately_a ostresow_n a_o timber-built_a city_n on_o the_o border_n of_o silesia_n situate_v in_o a_o very_a large_a plain_n and_o encompass_v almost_o every_o way_n with_o wood_n in_o this_o palatinate_n the_o gentry_n former_o have_v a_o privilege_n of_o seal_v their_o letter_n with_o red_a wax_n which_o be_v only_o allow_v to_o the_o senator_n in_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o kingdom_n and_o which_o they_o obtain_v by_o recover_v the_o standard_n of_o the_o palatinate_n of_o lanschet_fw-mi after_o it_o have_v be_v lose_v to_o the_o prussian_n and_o teutonick_n knight_n siradia_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o siradia_n the_o castellan_n of_o rosprza_n spicimir_n and_o konarzew_a arms._n the_o standard_n and_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v in_o a_o field_n vert_fw-fr a_o lion_n gules_a and_o eagle_n sables_n both_o counter-couped_a in_o the_o middle_n vielunia_n the_o territory_n of_o vielunia_n have_v its_o own_o ensign_n which_o be_v a_o agnus_n dei_fw-la with_o a_o cross_n argent_fw-fr in_o a_o field_n guile_n palatinate_n the_o four_o palatinate_n of_o great_a poland_n be_v that_o of_o rava_n which_o be_v divide_v into_o three_o district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o rava_n sochaczow_n and_o gostinin_n in_o all_o which_o be_v the_o several_a city_n and_o town_n of_o rava_n cap._n lowitz_n volboria_n gombin_n sochaczow_n gostinin_n viasdum_fw-la and_o biala_n rava_n the_o capital_a city_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v rava_n situate_v in_o a_o plain_a build_v for_o the_o most_o part_n with_o wood_n and_o tolerable_o populous_a it_o have_v a_o castle_n on_o a_o small_a river_n of_o the_o same_o name_n in_o which_o prisoner_n of_o the_o best_a rank_n be_v keep_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o revenue_n of_o this_o castle_n go_v towards_o the_o payment_n of_o the_o soldier_n the_o same_o constitution_n be_v in_o podolia_n where_o former_a king_n think_v fit_a to_o establish_v the_o best_a guard_n they_o can_v against_o the_o frequent_a incursion_n of_o the_o tartar_n in_o this_o city_n be_v a_o very_a considerable_a college_n of_o jesuit_n much_o visit_v by_o learned_a men._n lowitz_n lowitz_n a_o city_n much_o more_o populous_a than_o the_o former_a and_o about_o five_o mile_n distant_a from_o it_o it_o be_v famous_a for_o be_v sometime_o the_o residence_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n or_o primate_n of_o poland_n his_o palace_n there_o be_v build_v among_o the_o marsh_n yet_o nevertheless_o consist_v of_o several_a fair_a pile_n of_o building_n the_o church_n also_o be_v a_o beautiful_a structure_n and_o enrich_v with_o several_a noble_a gift_n it_o have_v likewise_o a_o great_a many_o considerable_a monastery_n abbey_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o city_n be_v divers_a famous_a fair_n keep_v which_o the_o gentry_n very_o much_o frequent_v from_o all_o part_n volboria_n volboria_n a_o town_n wherein_o the_o bishop_n of_o cujavia_n common_o reside_v and_o where_o he_o have_v a_o noble_a palace_n this_o place_n be_v also_o very_o populous_a gombin_n gombin_n a_o large_a timber-built_a town_n situate_v in_o a_o plain_n sochaczow_n sochaczow_n a_o place_n defend_v with_o palisades_n and_o a_o castle_n build_v on_o a_o rock_n which_o be_v wash_v by_o the_o river_n bsura_n gostinin_n gostinin_n a_o wooden_a city_n build_v in_o a_o plain_a among_o marsh_n this_o place_n be_v famous_a for_o have_v in_o it_o the_o prison_n where_o demetrius_n suski_n the_o czar_n of_o muscovy_n be_v keep_v for_o a_o long_a time_n and_o where_o he_o at_o length_n die_v viasdum_fw-la viasdum_fw-la remarkable_a for_o its_o strength_n and_o beauty_n of_o its_o castle_n and_o situate_v not_o far_o from_o rava_n on_o the_o lefthand_n biala_n biala_n a_o town_n belong_v to_o the_o bishop_n of_o chelm_fw-ge this_o palatinate_n contain_v likewise_o a_o noble_a palace_n of_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n call_v squernevicid_n rava_n the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v the_o palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o rava_n the_o castellan_n of_o sochaczow_n and_o gostinin_n arms._n the_o standard_n and_o arm_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v a_o eagle_n sables_n with_o the_o letter_n r_o on_o his_o breast_n in_o a_o field_n gules_a palatinate_n the_o five_o palatinate_n of_o great_a poland_n be_v that_o of_o lanschet_fw-mi divide_v likewise_o into_o three_o district_n viz._n the_o district_v of_o lanschet_fw-mi brezini_fw-la and_o orlow_n in_o all_o which_o the_o most_o considerable_a
vavel_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n vistula_n it_o be_v a_o large_a stone_n building_n consist_v of_o two_o wing_n magnificent_o raise_v about_o a_o square-court_n have_v gallery_n support_v with_o pillar_n and_o pave_v with_o black_a and_o white_a marble_n the_o king_n apartment_n with_o some_o other_o be_v adorn_v with_o divers_a curious_a painting_n and_o statue_n and_o the_o country_n round_o about_o afford_v one_o of_o the_o most_o delightful_a prospect_n in_o europe_n cathedral_n here_o be_v the_o cathedral_n of_o st._n stanislaus_n in_o which_o a_o late_a bishop_n of_o cracow_n martin_n szyscovius_n repair_v and_o beautify_v his_o tomb_n which_o before_o have_v be_v all_o of_o silver_n this_o sigismond_n iii_o and_o his_o son_n vladislaus_n vii_o great_o augment_v bestow_v on_o it_o many_o offering_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n vessel_n sigismond_n i._n also_o in_o honour_n of_o this_o saint_n build_v a_o silver_n altar_n near_o his_o tomb_n bestow_v on_o it_o several_a golden_a crucifix_n and_o as_o many_o vestment_n rich_o embroider_v with_o gem_n of_o all_o sort_n his_o daughter_n ann_n likewise_o wife_n to_o king_n stephen_n build_v another_o silver_n altar_n in_o the_o chapel_n of_o the_o annunciation_n who_o roof_n be_v all_o gild_a and_o wherein_o the_o king_n of_o poland_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v inter_v this_o cathedral_n be_v principal_o to_o be_v note_v for_o its_o chapter_n and_o treasury_n i_o pass_v by_o several_a other_o inestimable_a riches_n which_o be_v to_o be_v see_v here_o but_o i_o can_v omit_v one_o thing_n which_o be_v that_o god_n be_v so_o incessant_o praise_v in_o this_o church_n that_o the_o priest_n be_v never_o silent_a night_n nor_o day_n the_o bishop_n of_o chapter_n this_o diocese_n be_v lord_n over_o thirteen_o city_n and_o prince_n of_o the_o duchy_n of_o severia_n his_o chapter_n which_o consist_v of_o about_o thirty_o canon_n with_o several_a other_o inferior_a priest_n have_v a_o proportionable_a revenue_n this_o city_n be_v erect_v into_o a_o metropolitan_a see_v upon_o the_o first_o plant_v of_o the_o christian_a religion_n in_o poland_n by_o miecislaus_fw-la i._n but_o within_o a_o hundred_o year_n after_o it_o degenerate_v into_o a_o bishopric_n under_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n in_o regard_n that_o lampert_n zula_n can_v not_o be_v persuade_v to_o receive_v his_o pall_n from_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n yet_o upon_o submission_n he_o be_v afterward_o restore_v to_o that_o dignity_n but_o which_o last_v only_o for_o his_o life_n his_o successor_n have_v be_v ever_o since_o only_a bishop_n church_n there_o be_v about_o fifty_o other_o parish-church_n as_o well_o in_o the_o castle_n as_o the_o town_n whereof_o the_o most_o celebrate_a be_v that_o of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n in_o the_o circle_n of_o cracow_n which_o be_v govern_v by_o a_o arch-presbyter_n and_o front_v ten_o large_a street_n have_v moreover_o on_o all_o side_n four_o row_v of_o magnificent_a structure_n university_n a_o university_n be_v first_o begin_v here_o by_o casimir_n the_o great_a and_o finish_v not_o till_o the_o year_n 1401_o by_o vladislaus_n jagello_n conformable_a to_o the_o last_o will_n and_o testament_n of_o his_o queen_n hedwigis_fw-la and_o have_v its_o privilege_n soon_o after_o confirm_v by_o pope_n vrban_n vi_o however_o the_o scholar_n forsake_v it_o in_o 1549_o by_o reason_n that_o the_o magistrate_n have_v refuse_v to_o do_v justice_n on_o the_o servant_n of_o andrew_n czarnkowski_n who_o in_o a_o quarrel_n have_v slay_v a_o great_a number_n of_o they_o they_o afterward_o disperse_v themselves_o into_o several_a part_n of_o germany_n and_o become_v protestant_n spread_v the_o lutheran_n religion_n throughout_o poland_n and_o gain_v a_o great_a number_n of_o proselyte_n yet_o notwithstanding_o all_o this_o at_o last_o they_o return_v to_o the_o obedience_n of_o the_o see_v of_o rome_n in_o this_o university_n be_v teach_v all_o sort_n of_o learning_n and_o which_o be_v now_o as_o great_a a_o ornament_n to_o the_o polish_v kingdom_n as_o athens_n be_v former_o to_o greece_n it_o contain_v in_o all_o eleven_o college_n college_n which_o be_v the_o great_a college_n which_o be_v only_o for_o philosopher_n the_o law-college_n where_o the_o professor_n of_o that_o art_n cohabit_v and_o read_v lecture_n the_o physick-college_n which_o the_o physician_n do_v not_o live_v in_o because_o they_o be_v general_o marry_v and_o have_v family_n the_o college_n of_o dlugossus_n for_o young_a student_n in_o the_o law_n the_o college_n of_o the_o poor_a for_o such_o as_o we_o call_v king's-scholar_n here_o the_o college_n of_o nascovius_n for_o other_o science_n the_o college_n of_o jerusalem_n or_o of_o olesnicius_n the_o college_n of_o zisinius_n new_o erect_v the_o college_n of_o staringilius_n the_o college_n of_o smiescovicius_n and_o the_o college_n for_o human_a learning_n to_o these_o may_v be_v add_v fourteen_o grammar-school_n scatter_v throughout_o the_o city_n in_o which_o also_o sometime_o university-learning_n be_v teach_v vicechancellor_n all_o these_o college_n and_o school_n be_v govern_v by_o a_o rector_n or_o vicechancellor_n who_o take_v care_n that_o order_n be_v due_o observe_v and_o function_n right_o administer_v which_o be_v so_o great_a encouragement_n that_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o ecclesiastical_a or_o political_a dignity_n in_o the_o kingdom_n but_o be_v fill_v by_o person_n that_o have_v be_v educate_v in_o this_o university_n monastery_n in_o the_o monastery_n also_o be_v teach_v both_o philosophy_n and_o divinity_n but_o more_o especial_o in_o that_o of_o the_o dominican_n of_o the_o trinity_n where_o there_o be_v daily_a lecture_n keep_v and_o several_a kind_n of_o moral_a learning_n also_o promote_v mendicant_n there_o be_v likewise_o several_a sort_n of_o mendicant_a friar_n in_o this_o city_n who_o upon_o solemn_a feast_n according_a to_o the_o ancient_a custom_n go_v in_o procession_n clothe_v in_o divers_a colour_n such_o as_o mendicant_n of_o the_o rosary_n in_o red._n mendicant_n of_o mercy_n in_o green_n mendicant_n of_o the_o mantle_n in_o blue_n mendicant_n of_o the_o passion_n in_o black_n mendicant_n of_o the_o body_n of_o christ_n in_o white_n mendicant_n of_o saint_n sophia_n in_o purple_n mendicant_n of_o saint_n ann_n in_o ash-colour_n mendicant_n of_o saint_n monica_n in_o crimson_a city_n the_o house_n of_o this_o city_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n of_o freestone_n and_o four_o or_o five_o story_n high_a but_o cover_v on_o the_o top_n only_o with_o board_n instead_o of_o slate_n or_o tile_n the_o quarter_n of_o casimir_n be_v join_v to_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o fair_a timber_n bridg_n erect_v over_o the_o river_n rudawka_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o weissel_n whilst_o the_o other_o two_o stradomia_fw-la and_o cleparia_n be_v water_v by_o the_o weissel_n and_o lie_v between_o cracow_n and_o the_o aforesaid_a bridg._n biecz_n biecz_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o same_o name_n be_v a_o wall_a city_n in_o a_o plain_a water_v by_o the_o river_n rapa_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o vistula_n out_o of_o the_o froth_n of_o which_o they_o make_v sulphur_n it_o be_v about_o fifteen_o polish_v miles_n from_o cracow_n and_o five_o from_o sandecz_n wounitz_n wounitz_n or_o woynicz_n a_o timber-built_a town_n on_o the_o river_n dunaiecz_n from_o cracow_n about_o nine_o mile_n sandecz_n sandecz_n a_o wall_a town_n in_o a_o very_a pleasant_a plain_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o same_o name_n wash_v by_o the_o river_n dunaiecx_n and_o about_o eleven_o mile_n from_o cracow_n it_o have_v a_o collegiute_v church_n and_o several_a monastery_n etc._n etc._n its_o inhabitant_n be_v active_a and_o industrious_a lelow_n lelow_n in_o the_o territory_n of_o lelovia_n of_o which_o it_o be_v the_o capital_a environ_v with_o a_o old_a wall_n and_o a_o strong_a castle_n build_v upon_o a_o hill_n wherein_o be_v a_o palace_n and_o several_a garden_n after_o the_o italian_a manner_n it_o be_v wash_v by_o the_o river_n biala_n and_o about_o eleven_o mile_n from_o cracow_n kyaz_n kyaz_n a_o wooden-built_a town_n about_o seven_o mile_n from_o cracow_n osvieczin_n osvieczin_n capital_a of_o the_o duchy_n of_o the_o same_o name_n a_o timber-built_a city_n in_o a_o plain_a among_o the_o marsh_n with_o a_o wooden_a castle_n plaster_v only_o with_o clay_n it_o be_v about_o seven_o mile_n from_o cracow_n zator_fw-la zator_n capital_a of_o that_o duchy_n build_v with_o wood_n in_o a_o plain_a near_o the_o river_n vistula_n and_o about_o five_o mile_n from_o cracow_n severia_n severia_n capital_a of_o the_o large_a duchy_n of_o the_o same_o name_n it_o have_v a_o very_a strong_a castle_n in_o a_o island_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o a_o very_a broad_a lake_n and_o another_o at_o lipovecia_n upon_o a_o high_a rock_n famous_a for_o be_v the_o prison_n of_o the_o insolent_a clergy_n of_o the_o diocese_n of_o cracow_n for_o that_o bishop_n be_v temporal_a prince_n of_o this_o duchy_n which_o contain_v some_o town_n and_o lipovecia_n among_o the_o
rest_n near_o cracow_n it_o be_v most_o convenient_a for_o he_o to_o imprison_v dclinquents_n there_o czentochova_n czentochova_n a_o town_n famous_a for_o good_a beer_n which_o be_v not_o only_o fetch_v from_o all_o part_n of_o poland_n but_o also_o from_o the_o neighbour_a province_n of_o germany_n without_o this_o place_n be_v a_o very_a famous_a monastery_n situate_v upon_o a_o hill_n where_o be_v a_o picture_n of_o the_o virgin_n mary_n say_v to_o be_v paint_v by_o saint_n luke_n and_o to_o which_o pilgrim_n from_o all_o part_n come_v to_o make_v their_o offering_n we_o go_v upon_o our_o journey_n from_o silesia_n to_o cracow_n to_o see_v this_o convent_n where_o they_o show_v we_o vast_a quantity_n of_o gold_n and_o silver_n plate_n of_o rich_a ornament_n for_o altar_n and_o habit_n enrich_v with_o all_o sort_n of_o jewel_n particular_o with_o pearl_n for_o the_o great_a family_n in_o poland_n think_v it_o a_o mighty_a honour_n for_o their_o posterity_n to_o have_v give_v any_o thing_n of_o value_n to_o this_o place_n to_o be_v a_o monument_n of_o their_o devotion_n as_o well_o as_o liberality_n the_o monk_n tell_v we_o of_o a_o great_a many_o miracle_n that_o be_v wrought_v here_o with_o which_o they_o work_v such_o effect_n upon_o the_o mind_n of_o those_o credulous_a people_n that_o they_o scruple_n not_o to_o impoverish_v themselves_o to_o enrich_v this_o place_n not_o only_o the_o church_n be_v very_o rich_a but_o likewise_o the_o monk_n be_v master_n of_o a_o great_a territory_n round_o about_o it_o and_o they_o maintain_v a_o garrison_n of_o 300_o man_n upon_o their_o own_o charge_n who_o i_o have_v observe_v to_o be_v in_o a_o better_a condition_n than_o any_o other_o soldier_n of_o the_o kingdom_n i_o can_v compare_v this_o place_n to_o none_o more_o proper_o than_o loretto_n in_o italy_n both_o for_o wealth_n and_o bigotry_n slaucovia_n slaucovia_n in_o the_o same_o duchy_n famous_a for_o silver_n mine_n which_o bring_v great_a profit_n to_o this_o bishop_n ilcussia_n near_o to_o this_o city_n lie_v ilcussia_n a_o royal_a town_n abound_v also_o with_o silver_n and_o lead_n its_o citizen_n be_v very_o luxurious_a but_o notwithstanding_o no_o less_o devout_a this_o town_n be_v encompass_v with_o a_o wall_n and_o its_o house_n be_v for_o the_o great_a part_n of_o brick_n the_o bread_n here_o be_v extraordinary_a and_o beef_n not_o to_o be_v equal_v in_o cracow_n whence_o it_o be_v scarce_o distant_a above_o five_o miles_n on_o the_o eastern_a side_n of_o the_o city_n of_o cracow_n lie_v velisca_n or_o wieliczka_n not_o above_o two_o or_o wieliczka_n three_o mile_n from_o thence_o a_o town_n abound_v with_o crystal_n salt_n but_o which_o be_v not_o so_o transparent_a as_o that_o of_o bochnia_n bochnia_n about_o five_o mile_n from_o cracow_n where_o salt_n be_v dug_n out_o in_o great_a mass_n and_o exceed_v clear_a dobcitia_fw-la next_o towards_o hungary_n lie_v dobcitia_n a_o strong_a town_n with_o a_o castle_n proszovice_n to_o the_o north_n of_o cracow_n lie_v proszovice_n a_o timber-built_a town_n seat_v in_o a_o plain_a where_o there_o be_v a_o palace_n of_o the_o king_n be_v raise_v on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n sozeniava_n about_o four_o mile_n from_o cracow_n in_o which_o be_v keep_v a_o provincial_a diet._n there_o be_v several_a other_o city_n and_o town_n belong_v to_o nobleman_n as_o likewise_o a_o great_a number_n of_o castle_n palace_n religious_a house_n etc._n etc._n of_o no_o ordinary_a structure_n in_o this_o palatinate_n but_o all_o which_o for_o brevity_n sake_n i_o have_v omit_v poland_n this_o palatinate_n excel_v all_o the_o rest_n in_o mine_n except_o that_o of_o sendomir_n only_o silver_n and_o lead_n be_v find_v about_o ilcussia_n slaucovia_n severia_n and_o novogora_n and_o copper_n and_o gold_n at_o novotargus_n and_o in_o the_o mountain_n about_o sandecz_n mineral_n salt_n like_v to_o huge_a mass_n of_o stone_n at_o bochna_n and_o wieliczka_n marble_n of_o all_o colour_n at_o selecia_n belong_v to_o the_o barefooted_a friar_n nitre_n at_o wislicz_n vitriol_n at_o becia_n pit-coal_n at_o tencinum_n iron-mine_a and_o glass-house_n at_o obstinia_n as_o likewise_o at_o several_a other_o place_n in_o this_o kingdom_n but_o what_o i_o shall_v give_v your_o lordship_n a_o more_o particular_a account_n of_o will_v be_v of_o salt_n and_o glass_n which_o i_o have_v take_v from_o my_o observation_n in_o the_o country_n that_o of_o salt_n proper_o come_v in_o here_o mine_n you_o go_v down_o into_o the_o salt_n mine_n near_o cracow_n by_o four_o or_o five_o pair_n of_o wooden_a stair_n by_o which_o you_o go_v from_o one_o into_o the_o other_o the_o horse_n also_o descend_v the_o same_o way_n the_o whole_a depth_n of_o this_o mine_n be_v think_v to_o be_v near_o three_o hundred_o geometrical_a pace_n below_o you_o may_v meet_v with_o a_o thousand_o turn_n and_o wind_n and_o many_o alley_n and_o street_n like_v to_o a_o town_n all_o which_o the_o proprietor_n and_o hereditary_a governor_n mounseur_fw-fr morstin_n covalski_n tell_v i_o will_v require_v above_o a_o week_n time_n to_o go_v over_o in_o some_o place_n there_o be_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o fresh_a water_n in_o these_o mine_n which_o the_o miner_n drink_v but_o in_o most_o it_o be_v salt_n of_o which_o they_o make_v salt_n by_o evaporation_n but_o still_o the_o best_a sort_n be_v that_o which_o be_v natural_a without_o preparation_n sometime_o there_o be_v such_o fierce_a wind_n in_o these_o mine_n that_o nothing_o almost_o can_v withstand_v they_o and_o general_o there_o be_v so_o much_o cold_a that_o it_o be_v hardly_o to_o be_v endure_v whilst_o it_o rain_v the_o salt_n be_v common_o insipid_a they_o have_v engine_n to_o crane_n up_o the_o water_n that_o it_o may_v not_o any_o way_n incommode_v the_o miner_n the_o revenue_n of_o this_o my_o amount_n to_o about_o eight_o hundred_o thousand_o timf_n or_o polish_v florin_n annual_o which_o make_v about_o 400000_o french_a livre_n whereof_o 50000_o go_v to_o the_o king_n 10000_o to_o the_o queen_n and_o some_o thousand_o more_o to_o the_o officer_n of_o the_o crown_n and_o the_o miner_n and_o other_o labourer_n yet_o over_o and_o above_o all_o this_o the_o proprietor_n be_v oblige_v to_o make_v a_o yearly_a present_n to_o all_o the_o city_n and_o town_n of_o poland_n and_o more_o particular_o to_o their_o starostas_n a_o cobbler_n about_o the_o year_n 1548_o first_o find_v out_o this_o mine_n who_o dig_v a_o well_o near_o this_o place_n perceive_v a_o fountain_n with_o a_o thin_a wall_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o which_o break_v and_o not_o know_v what_o to_o make_v of_o he_o discover_v to_o the_o owner_n of_o the_o land_n who_o be_v then_o the_o family_n of_o morstin_n who_o dig_v deep_o by_o reason_n they_o do_v not_o meet_v with_o much_o salt_n near_o the_o surface_n find_v it_o in_o so_o great_a quantity_n that_o they_o have_v not_o be_v able_a to_o exhaust_v it_o during_o the_o space_n of_o 150_o year_n the_o miner_n say_v that_o the_o lump_n of_o salt_n weigh_v a_o great_a deal_n less_o in_o the_o mine_n than_o when_o take_v out_o which_o i_o have_v not_o see_v confirm_v there_o be_v four_o sort_n of_o salt_n in_o the_o mine_n whereof_o one_o be_v extreme_a hard_a and_o rocky_a like_a crystal_n another_o less_o hard_a and_o clear_a a_o three_o brittle_a and_o soft_a as_o also_o white_a and_o pure_a all_o these_o three_o sort_n be_v brackish_a when_o the_o four_o only_o be_v somewhat_o fresh_a in_o these_o mine_n you_o shall_v have_v on_o one_o side_n a_o stream_n of_o salt_n water_n and_o on_o the_o other_o one_o of_o fresh_a there_o be_v some_o place_n in_o these_o mine_n where_o you_o can_v work_v because_o you_o dare_v not_o carry_v a_o candle_n for_o fear_n of_o set_v the_o vapour_n on_o fire_n which_o be_v always_o nitrous_a and_o easy_o susceptible_a of_o flame_n find_v in_o this_o palatinate_n and_o in_o some_o other_o there_o be_v a_o particular_a sort_n of_o manna_n which_o they_o gather_v in_o the_o month_n of_o may_n and_o june_n by_o sweep_v it_o off_o the_o grass_n with_o sives_z together_o with_o the_o dew_n they_o eat_v this_o manna_n and_o make_v several_a sort_n of_o dish_n with_o it_o for_o their_o table_n more_o of_o this_o i_o shall_v take_v occasion_n to_o speak_v of_o hereafter_o of_o the_o senator_n of_o this_o palatinate_n be_v cracovia_n the_o bishop_n castellan_n and_o palatin_a of_o cracow_n the_o castellan_n of_o wounitz_n oswieczin_n sandecz_n and_o biecz_n power_n the_o castellan_n of_o cracow_n precede_v the_o palatin_n for_o reason_n give_v before_o in_o the_o life_n of_o boleslaus_n iii_o otherwise_o call_v krivoustus_n this_o palatin_n jurisdiction_n be_v very_o large_a and_o extend_v several_a way_n not_o only_o over_o the_o citizen_n and_o countryman_n but_o also_o the_o nobility_n or_o gentry_n of_o his_o palatinate_n
present_a prussian_n be_v a_o mix_a people_n spring_v from_o the_o several_a colony_n of_o the_o swede_n pole_n german_n and_o other_o neighbour_a nation_n prussia_n regal_a or_o royal_a prussia_n be_v divide_v into_o four_o palatinate_n viz._n the_o palatinate_n of_o pomerania_n culm_n marienburg_n and_o varmia_n palatinate_n the_o first_o palatinate_n pomerania_n be_v not_o in_o possession_n of_o the_o pole_n require_v no_o description_n palatinate_n the_o second_o palatinate_n of_o royal_a prussia_n be_v that_o of_o culm_n to_o which_o also_o the_o territory_n of_o michalovia_n lie_v to_o the_o south_n belong_v and_o have_v in_o it_o these_o city_n and_o town_n viz._n culm_n bish_n &_o cap._n thorn_n graudentz_n colmensee_n brodnicz_n radin_n golubia_n rogozna_fw-la brathian_n lubavia_n and_o kopriunicza_n culm_n of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v culm_n a_o ancient_a and_o famous_a place_n build_v on_o a_o hill_n the_o foot_n whereof_o be_v water_v by_o the_o river_n vistula_n it_o lie_v about_o four_o german_a mile_n from_o thorn_n to_o the_o south_n and_o fifteen_o from_o dantzic_n to_o the_o north._n it_o be_v build_v by_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonic_n order_n in_o the_o year_n 1223_o who_o likewise_o fortify_v it_o against_o the_o eruption_n of_o the_o heathen_a prussian_n and_o herman_n desalza_n master_n of_o that_o order_n give_v law_n and_o constitution_n for_o its_o government_n this_o city_n suffer_v much_o damage_n during_o the_o swedish_n invasion_n and_o be_v now_o very_o thin_a of_o inhabitant_n insomuch_o that_o the_o episcopal_n see_v subject_n to_o the_o archbishop_n of_o gnesna_n have_v be_v for_o some_o time_n remove_v to_o the_o neighbour_a town_n of_o colmensee_n it_o have_v in_o it_o very_o fair_a church_n enrich_v with_o many_o valuable_a ornament_n and_o precious_a offering_n thorn_n thorn_n seat_v upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o vistula_n by_o which_o it_o be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n it_o lie_v four_o polish_v miles_n from_o culm_n to_o the_o south_n thirteen_o from_o marienburg_n twenty_o two_o from_o dantzic_n fifteen_o from_o lanschet_fw-mi and_o twenty_o nine_o from_o warsaw_n it_o be_v heretofore_o a_o imperial_a and_o free_a city_n but_o be_v afterward_o exempt_v from_o the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o as_o yet_o enjoy_v very_o many_o privilege_n it_o be_v name_n seem_v to_o have_v be_v take_v from_o the_o german_a word_n thor_n signify_v a_o gate_n because_o build_v by_o the_o teutonick_n order_n as_o it_o be_v for_o a_o gate_n to_o let_v force_n into_o prussia_n whenever_o occasion_n serve_v whence_o its_o arm_n be_v suppose_v arms._n to_o have_v be_v take_v be_v a_o castle_n and_o gate_n half_o open_a this_o city_n do_v not_o stand_v in_o the_o same_o place_n where_o the_o old_a one_o do_v that_o have_v be_v seat_v a_o mile_n westward_o from_o hence_o where_o be_v now_o to_o be_v see_v the_o ruin_n of_o a_o ancient_a castle_n and_o some_o other_o monument_n however_o this_o city_n at_o present_a be_v the_o fair_a and_o best_a build_v of_o any_o in_o royal_a prussia_n the_o street_n be_v much_o broad_a and_o house_n more_o stately_a than_o at_o dantzic_n it_o be_v very_o much_o beautisied_a by_o one_o of_o its_o burgermaster_n henry_n stwband_n in_o the_o year_n 1609_o who_o build_v a_o small_a university_n here_o and_o endow_v it_o with_o a_o considerable_a revenue_n he_o likewise_o found_v a_o hospital_n and_o a_o public_a library_n where_o two_o of_o cicero_n epistle_n be_v preserve_v write_v upon_o table_n of_o wax_n and_o a_o townhouse_n build_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o marketplace_n the_o inhabitant_n revolt_v from_o the_o knight_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n in_o the_o year_n 1454_o and_o put_v themselves_o under_o the_o protection_n of_o poland_n copernicus_n in_o this_o city_n the_o famous_a astronomer_n nicholas_n copernicus_n be_v bear_v and_o john_n albert_n king_n of_o poland_n die_v here_o in_o the_o year_n 1501._o it_o be_v take_v by_o the_o swede_n in_o the_o year_n 1655_o and_o regain_v by_o the_o pole_n in_o 1658._o afterward_o the_o swede_n recover_v it_o and_o the_o pole_n surprise_v and_o retake_v it_o in_o 1665._o graudentz_n graudentz_n only_o famous_a for_o a_o castle_n and_o very_o strong_a wall_n colmensee_n colmensee_n or_o culmensee_n the_o episcopal_a seat_n of_o the_o bishop_n of_o culm_n translate_v hither_o from_o culm_n it_o be_v distant_a nine_o mile_n from_o thorn_n to_o the_o north_n nineteen_o from_o graudentz_n and_o twelve_o from_o culm_n to_o the_o southeast_n michalovia_n the_o territory_n of_o michalovia_n be_v a_o strait_a neck_n of_o land_n between_o the_o river_n brodna_n and_o drebnicz_n which_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o bloody_a war_n between_o the_o teutonick_n knight_n and_o pole_n the_o chief_a town_n be_v michalovia_n which_o with_o some_o other_o that_o be_v in_o this_o territory_n deserve_v no_o description_n palatinate_n the_o three_o palatinate_n of_o royal_a prussia_n be_v that_o of_o marienburg_n in_o which_o be_v these_o city_n and_o town_n viz_o marienburg_n cap._n elbing_n stuma_n mewa_n gniew_n now_o stargardie_o and_o ornet_fw-la marienburg_n of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v marienburg_n seat_v upon_o the_o nogat_n a_o branch_n of_o the_o vistula_n about_o six_o mile_n from_o dantzic_n it_o be_v defend_v by_o strong_a wall_n and_o high_a tower_n together_o with_o a_o very_a large_a castle_n wherein_o the_o better_a sort_n of_o prisoner_n in_o time_n of_o war_n be_v keep_v this_o city_n receive_v no_o small_a benefit_n from_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o the_o island_n zulava_n which_o be_v a_o very_a rich_a spot_n of_o earth_n this_o island_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o part_n viz._n 1._o the_o great_a which_o lie_v next_o marienburg_n and_o 2._o the_o lesser_a next_o to_o dantzic_n to_o who_o inhabitant_n at_o present_a belong_v elbing_n elbing_n a_o well_o fortify_v and_o trade_a town_n in_o which_o the_o english_a they_o say_v have_v former_o a_o consul_n here_o albert_n first_o duke_n of_o prussia_n found_v a_o academy_n in_o the_o year_n 1542._o but_o of_o no_o great_a moment_n the_o other_o town_n i_o find_v no_o description_n of_o palatinate_n the_o four_o palatinate_n of_o royal_a prussia_n be_v the_o bishopric_n of_o varmia_n who_o gentry_n be_v exempt_a from_o all_o regal_a jurisdiction_n be_v whole_o govern_v by_o the_o law_n and_o custom_n of_o prussia_n and_o by_o the_o bishop_n who_o be_v a_o temporal_a prince_n it_o have_v in_o it_o these_o city_n and_o town_n heilsberg_n cap._n fraumberg_n brunsberg_n gutestadt_n allestein_n resla_n vormitz_n messac_n vatemberg_n seberg_n etc._n etc._n of_o of_o all_o which_o the_o chief_a city_n be_v heilsberg_n heilsberg_n famous_a for_o be_v the_o residence_n of_o the_o bishop_n and_o defend_v with_o strong_a wall_n and_o other_o suitable_a fortification_n fraumberg_n fraumberg_n celebrate_v for_o the_o cathedral_n of_o the_o bishopric_n of_o varmia_n there_o build_v of_o which_o the_o famous_a astronomer_n copernicus_n be_v canon_n brunsberg_n brunsberg_n situate_v on_o the_o river_n passar_n so_o much_o frequent_v and_o so_o worthy_o esteem_v that_o it_o be_v reckon_v among_o the_o chief_a town_n of_o prussia_n it_o have_v a_o college_n of_o jesuit_n build_v by_o cardinal_n hosius_n there_o be_v several_a other_o city_n and_o town_n of_o which_o i_o find_v no_o description_n and_o therefore_o have_v omit_v they_o prussia_n ducal_z prussia_n now_o entire_o belong_v to_o the_o elector_n of_o brandenburg_n have_v these_o town_n in_o it_o viz._n koningsberg_n cap._n pilaw_n memel_fw-la welaw_n tilsa_n marienwerder_n etc._n etc._n to_o the_o number_n of_o 60._o koningsberg_n the_o metropolis_n koningsberg_n be_v a_o market_n town_n divide_v into_o three_o part_n and_o defend_v with_o a_o very_a considerable_a castle_n it_o lie_v in_o the_o 43_o d_o degree_n of_o longitude_n and_o 54_o of_o latitude_n and_o have_v a_o small_a academy_n found_v by_o albert_n great_a master_n of_o the_o teutonick_n order_n and_o first_o duke_n of_o this_o country_n in_o the_o year_n 1544._o the_o citizen_n be_v general_o lutheran_n as_o be_v likewise_o most_o part_n of_o this_o country_n which_o occasion_v sigismond_n iii_o when_o he_o receive_v homage_n of_o this_o duke_n in_o the_o year_n 1621._o to_o impose_v a_o law_n that_o the_o catholic_n shall_v have_v free_a exercise_n for_o their_o religion_n there_o prussia_n the_o senator_n of_o prussia_n be_v the_o bishop_n of_o varmia_n who_o be_v the_o chief_a the_o bishop_n palatin_n and_o castellan_n of_o culm_n the_o palatine_n of_o marienburg_n and_o pomerania_n the_o castellan_n of_o elbing_n and_o dantzic_n there_o be_v other_o officer_n which_o belong_v to_o the_o senate_n or_o great_a council_n of_o prussia_n which_o they_o hold_v among_o themselves_o except_o when_o they_o be_v command_v to_o the_o grand_a diet_n of_o the_o kingdom_n these_o be_v the_o vice-chamberlain_n of_o culm_n marienburg_n pomerania_n thorn_n elbing_n and_o dantzic_n beside_o these_o
several_a magistrate_n the_o prussian_n have_v also_o a_o treasurer_n burgraves_n of_o castle_n sword-bearer_n judge_n and_o sheriff_n but_o none_o of_o all_o these_o have_v any_o place_n in_o the_o council_n the_o palatine_n of_o prussia_n have_v far_o great_a power_n than_o those_o in_o any_o other_o province_n of_o poland_n arms._n the_o arm_n or_o standard_n of_o prussia_n be_v a_o eagle_n expanse_v sables_n with_o a_o sword_n evaginate_v and_o hold_v by_o a_o dexter_a hand_n argent_fw-fr both_o in_o a_o field_n or._n province_n the_o four_o province_n of_o this_o kingdom_n be_v red-russia_n red_a russia_n the_o other_o be_v white_a russia_n and_o belong_v to_o lithuania_n this_o province_n extent_n extend_v itself_o from_o the_o frontier_n of_o lithuania_n as_o far_o as_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o nieper_n in_o the_o black_a sea_n which_o river_n separate_v it_o from_o moscovy_n to_o the_o east_n as_o likewise_o do_v the_o carpathian_n mountain_n from_o hungary_n to_o the_o 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