mentioned If an Exchange was made of but about 200 M. Irish and the like number of British brought over in their rooms then the natural strength of the British would be equal to that of the Irish but their Political and Artificial strength three times as great and so visible that the Irish would never stir upon a National or Religious Account 3. There are among the 600 M. above-mentioned of the poor Irish not above 20 M. of unmarried marriageable Women nor would above two thousand per Ann. grow and become such Wherefore if ½ the said Women were in one year and ½ the next transported into England and disposed of one to each Parish and as many English brought back and married to the Irish as would improve their Dwelling but to an House and Garden of 3 l. value the whole Work of natural Transmutation and Union would in 4 or 5 years be accomplished The charge of making the exchange would not be 20,000 l. per Ann. which is about 6 Weeks Pay of the present or late Armies in Ireland If the Irish must have Priests let the number of them which is now between 2 and 3 thousand Secular and Regulars be reduced to the competent number of 1000 which is 800 Souls to the pastorage of each Priest which let be known persons and English-men if it may be So as that when the Priests who govern the Conscience and the Women who influence other powerful Appetites shall be English both of whom being in the Bosom of the Men it must be that no massacring of English as heretofore can happen again Moreover when the Language of the Children shall be English and the whole Oeconomy of the Family English viz. Diet Apparel c. the Transmutation will be very easy and quick Add hereunto That if both Kingdoms now two were put into one and under one Legislative Power and Parliament the Members whereof should be in the same proportion that the Power and Wealth of each Nation are there would be no danger such a Parliament should do any thing to the prejudice of the English Interest in Ireland nor could the Irish ever complain of Partiality when they shall be freely and proportionably represented in all Legislatures The Inconveniencies of the Not-Union and Absurdities seem to be these viz. 1. It is absurd that English-men born sent over into Ireland by the Commission of their own King and there sacrificing their Lives for the King's Interest and succeeding in his Service should therefore be accounted Aliens Foreigners and also Enemies such as were the Irish before Henry the VII time whom if an English-man had then killed he had suffer'd nothing for it for it is but Indulgence and Connivance that now the same is not still in force For such formerly was the Condition of Irishmen and that of English-men is now the same otherwise than as Custom has relieved them It is absurd that the Inhabitants of Ireland naturally and necessarily bound to obey their Sovereign should not be permitted to know who or what the same is i.e. Whether the Parliament of England or that of Ireland and in what Cases the one and in what the other Which uncertainty is or may be made a pretence for my Disobedience It is absurd that English-men in Ireland should either be Aliens there or else to be bound to Laws in the making whereof they are not represented It is absurd if the Legislative Power be in Ireland that the final judgment of Causes between man and man should be in England viz. the Writs of Error should remove Causes out of Ireland to the King's Bench in England That the final determination of Admiralty-Causes and of some Causes-Ecclesiastical should be also ended in England nor that men should know whether the Chancery of England have jurisdiction in Ireland and whether the Decrees of Chancery in one Chancery can be executed in the other As for Inconveniences it is one That we should do to Trade between the two Kingdoms as the Spaniards in the West-Indies do to all other Nations for which cause all other Nations have war with them there And that a Ship trading from Ireland into the Islands of America should be forced to unlade the Commodities shipt for Ireland in England and afterwards bring them home thereby necessitating the Owners of such Goods to run unnecessary hazard and Expences It is inconvenient that the same King's Subjects should pay Customs as Aliens passing from one part of the same their own King's Territories to another The chief Objection against the remedy of these Evils is That his Majesty would by the Union lose much of his Double-Customs Which being true let 's see what the same amounts unto and if it be sufficient to hinder the remedy of these Evils and if it be irreparable by some other way Ann. 1664. which was the best year of Trade that hath been these many years in Ireland when neither Plague nor Wars impeached it and when men were generally disposed to Splendor and Liberality and when the Act for hindring Cattel coming out of Ireland into England was not yet made nor that made for unlading in England Ships bound from America into Ireland I say in that year the Customs upon exported and imported Commodities between Ireland and England was but but not â…™ thereof which since how easily may it be added to the other Charges upon England and Ireland which are together perhaps 1500 M. per Ann 2. If it be for the good of England to keep Ireland a distinct Kingdom why do not the predominant Party in Parliament suppose the Western Members make England beyond Trent another Kingdom under Commerce and take Tolls and Customs upon the new Borders Or why was there ever a Union between England and Wales the good effects and fruits whereof were never questioned And why may not the entire Kingdom of England be farther Cantoniz'd and infinitely for the advantage of Parties As for the Practice The Peers of Ireland assembled in Parliament may depute so many of their number as make the â…› part of the Peers of England to be call'd by Writ into the Lords House of England And the Commons in Ireland assembled in like manner may depute the like proportion of other Members to sit with the Commons of England the King and that House admitting of them But if the Parliament of England be already the Legislative Power of Ireland why may they not call a competent Number out of Ireland 〈◊〉 or in some other more convenient manner All these Shifts and Expedients are necessary but for the 〈◊〉 timâ— until the matter be agreed upon by both Nations in some one Parliament 'T is sâ—ppos'd that the Wealth of Ireland is about the â— or â— of that of England and the King's Revenue in both Kingdoms seems about that proportion Of the Government of IRELAND THE Government of Ireland is by the King 21 Bishops whereof four are Arch-Bishops and the Temporal Peers whereof some
will much encrease the annual profits above what they now are and intirely draw the dependance of the inferiors from the great Lords upon his Majesty and so the interest and assurance the Crown shall have in the Natives thereof be of no less consequence and advantage than the very profits 2. That there be an express Caveat entred with the Secretary Signet Privy Seal and Great Seal here That no Grant of what nature soever concerning Ireland be suffered to pass till the Lord Lieutenant be made acquainted and it first pass the seal of that Kingdom according to the usual manner This will be of great intelligence and safety to his Majesty for on the one side he will clearly see into the true inward value all things which formerly albeit of very great worth have from so great a distance slipt away here as little understood by the Crown as is acknowledged by those that obtain them who generally in these causes sacrifice rather to their own Wit than the Goodness and Bounty of Kings And on the other side nothing can pass to the disadvantage of the Crown and proper Ministers instructed with these Affairs may be immediately faulted and justly called to a severe Account for their Negligence and Unfaithfulness therein which will give them good reason to look more narrowly into his Majesties Rights and their own Duties 3. That His Majesty Signify his Royal Pleasure that special Care be taken hereafter that sufficient and credible Persons be chosen to supply such Bishopricks as shall be void or admitted of his Privy Councel or sit as Iudges and serve of his learned Councel there that he will vouchsafe to hear the advice of his Lieutenant before he resolve of any in these cases that the Lieutenant be commanded to inform his Majesty truly and impartially of every mans particular Diligence and Care in his Service there to the end his Majesty may truly and graciously reward the well-deserving by calling them home to better preferment here This will advantage the service it being altogether impossible for the Lieutenant be he never so industrious and able to administer the publick Justice of so great a Kingdom without the round assistance of other able and well-affected Ministers This will encourage the best men to spend their stronger years there when they shall see their elder age recompensed with ease and profit in their own native Soyl and content and settle the Natives when they find themselves cared for and put in the hands of discreet and good men to govern them 4. That no particular Complaints of Injustice or Oppression be admitted here against any unless it appears That the Party made first his Address unto the Lieutenant This is but justice to the Lieutenant who must needs in some measure be a delinquent if the complaint be true for that he ought as in chief universally to take care that his Majesties Justice be truly and fully administered and therefore good reason that his Judgment should be informed and his integrity first tryed before either be impeached Nay it is but justice to the Government it self which would be exceedingly Scandalized through the liberty of complaints and the Ministers therein extreamly discouraged upon any petty matter to be drawn to answer here when as the thing it self is for the most part either Injurious or such as the party might have received good satisfaction for at his own doors but where the complaint appeareth formally grounded that is where due application hath been made to the Lieutenant without any help or relief to the party as may be pretended let it in the name of God be throughly examined and severely punished wheresoever the fault prove to be especially if it be found to be corrupt or malitious for thus shall not his Majesty only magnify his own Justice but either punish an unfaithful Minister or a clamorous Complainer and so his Service be better'd by either example 5. That no Confirmation of any Reversion of Office within that Kingdom be had or any new Grant of Reversion hereafter to pass That disposing of Places thus aforehand much abates mens endeavours who are many times stirred up to deserve eminently in the Commonwealth in hope of those preferments and being thus granted away there is nothing left in their Eye for them to expect and aim at which might nourish and quicken those good desires in them besides Places there closely and covertly passed the persons are not for the most part so able and fitted to the Duties thereof as when there is choice made out of many publick pretenders which commonly occur when they actually fall void by Death 6. That the Places in the Lieutenants Gift as well in the Martial as Civil List be left freely to his disposing and that his Majesty may be graciously pleased not to pass them to any person upon Suits made unto him here This course held preserves the Rights of the Lieutenants Place and his Person in that Honour and Esteem which can only enable him to do service and if the contrary happen it is not only in diminution to him but draws off all necessary dependance upon him and regard that ought to be had of him in all ready obedience in such things he shall command for the Kings Service when they shall discern that the natural Powers of the Place are taken from him whereby he might kindle their chearful endeavours by the preferring and furnishing such as deserve those places 7. That no New Offices be erected within that Kingdom before such time as the Lieutenant be therewith acquainted his opinion first required and certified accordingly Suits of this Nature however they pretend the publick their chief end is the private Profit of the Propounder and for the most part in the Execution prove burthens not benefits to the Subjects therefore throughly to be understood before they pass as more easy and less scandalous to the State to be staid at first than afterwards recalled and if they be really good his Majesty may be better informed by his Lieutenants approbation and so proceed with more assurance to the effecting thereof 8. That his Majesty would be pleased not to grant any Licence of absence out of that Kingdom to any Councillors Bishops Governours of any Province or County or Officers of State or of the Army or to any of the Iudges or learned Council but that it be left to his Lieutenant to give such Licence This is but reasonable because the Lord Lieutenant who is chiefly intrusted under his Majesty with the Care and Government of that Kingdom is the most competent and proper Judge who in publick employment may be spared and how long without Prejudice to his Majesty or the publick 9. That all Propositions moving from the Lieutenant touching matters of Revenue may be directed to the Lord Treasurer of England only and that the Address of all other Dispatches for that Kingdom be by special direction of his Majesty applyed to one of
THE Political Anatomy OF IRELAND WITH The Establishment for that Kingdom when the late Duke of ORMOND was Lord Lieutenant Taken from the RECORDS To which is added VERBUM SAPIENTI or an Account of the Wealth and Expences of England and the Method of raising Taxes in the most Equal manner Shewing also That the Nation can bear the Charge of Four Millions per Annum when the occasions of the Government require it By Sir WILLIAM PETTY late Fellow of the Royal Society and Surveyor-General of the Kingdom of Ireland LONDON Printed for D. Brown and W. Rogers at the Bible without Temple-Bar and at the Sun over-against St. Dunstans Church Fleetstreet 1691. To His Grace the Duke of ORMOND MY LORD THE Celebrated Author of the following Treatise had not only the Honour to be known to Your Grace's Grand-Father the late Illustrious Duke of ORMOND but was likewise held by Him in that just Esteem which he never fail'd of expressing towards Men of Learning and Ingenuity This was a sufficient Encouragement to me having the Manuscript-Copy deliverâ—d into my Hands by a Worthy and Intimate Friend of the Authors to dispose of it to the Press for the publick Benefit to Address it to Your Grace's Patronage You are so true a Successor in all the generous Virtues of Your Ancestry that I cannot doubt of Your favourable Reception of this Posthumous Work Your Generosity that takes all occasions of exerting it self towards the Living cannot fail in doing Justice to the Memory of the Dead More especially to such Persons as in their Life took care to oblige Posterity The usefulness of the ensuing Discourse at this time when there is so fair a prospect of a new Settlement in IRELAND were sufficient to recommend it to Your Grace's Protection Your Grace's Interest in the Re-establishment of that Kingdom tho it be considerable yet is much less than your Share in the glorious Enterprize towards its Recovery You had the Honour of accompanying His MAJESTY in an Adventure that shall shine in the Annals of Fame as long as the Boyne shall maintain its Course But a single Gallantry appear'd not sufficient for the Heir of ORMOND and OSSERY You have since accompanied our Royal Master to other Shores to be partaker with him in new Scenes of Action Undertakings of no less Consequence and Importance than the Deliverance of Europe This will afford sufficient matter for Panegyrick and oblige the Muses to place you in the same high Rank of Renown with Your Noble and Heroick Predecessors In the mean time be pleas'd to permit this useful Treatise to wait on you to the Camp and bring you the hearty wishes of all good Men here for Your happy Expedition and Your safe Return which is desir'd by none with a more particular Zeal than by Your GRACE'S Most Devoted Servant N. TATE THE Author's Preface SIR Francis Bacon in his Advancement of Learning hath made a judicious Parallel in many particulars between the Body Natural and Body Politick and between the Arts of preserving both in Health and Strength And it is as reasonable that as Anatomy is the best foundation of one so also of the other and that to practice upon the Politick without knowing the Symmetry Fabrick and Proportion of it is as casual as the practice of Old-women and Empyricks Now because Anatomy is not only necessary in Physicians but laudable in every Philosophical person whatsoever I therefore who profess no Politicks have for my curiosity at large attempted the first Essay of Political Anatomy Furthermore as Students in Medicine practice their inquiries upon cheap and common Animals and such whose actions they are best acquainted with and where there is the least confusion and perplexure of Parts I have chosen Ireland as such a Political Animal who is scarce Twenty years old where the Intrigue of State is not very complicate and with which I have been conversant from an Embrion and in which if I have done amiss the fault may be easily mended by another 'T is true that curious Dissections cannot be made without variety of proper Instruments whereas I have had only a commoÌ„n Knife and a Clout instead of the many more helps which such a Work requires However my rude approaches being enough to find whereabout the Liver and Spleen and Lungs lye tho' not to discern the Lymphatick Vessels the Plexus Choroidus the Volvuli of vessels within the Testicles yet not knowing that even what I have here readily done was much considered or indeed thought useful by others I have ventur'd to begin a new Work which when Corrected and Enlarged by better Hands and Helps I believe will tend to the Peace and Plenty of my Country besides which I have no other end ADVERTISEMENT THE Reader is desired to take notice That by Letterâ—es are meant persons restored to Land by virtue of the Letters of King Charles the Second and by Nominees such persons are intended as were restored to their Lands by being named in the Act of Settlement and Papists per Proviso were such as had Provisoes in that Act for their Lands And by the 49 Officers are meant such Commission Officers under the King who served in Ireland before the year of our Lord 1649. The following Treatise of Sir William Petty's Political Anatomy of Ireland is Printed after a Copy Transcribed from the Original writ by the Author 's own hand and all the Blanks as here Printed were in that Original And which tho' it may be suppos'd he could easily have fill'd up yet was it not held proper for any other to attempt or to add to any thing done by so great a Master This his work of The Political Anatomy of Ireland ends in page 113. P. 114. begins the famous Report from the Council of Trade in Ireland which was not only Drawn but wholly Composed by Sir William Petty and with which that Council concurred unanimously P. 132. followeth the Copy of the Commission of the late Duke of Ormond to be Lord Lieutenant and an Account of the Establishment of the Civil and Military List in his time faithfully and carefully taken out of Authentick Records And to the Nature of which the continued Title of The Political Anatomy of Ireland on those Pages agrees well enough The Volume concludes with Sir William Petty's Verbum Sapienti which relates wholly to England and shews how Taxes may be equally laid and how the Nation may well bear the Tax of Four Millions per Annum The Reader is now left with his most Critical attentive Judgment to enjoy the benefit of the great Political knowledg that Sir William Petty hath taught the Age and for which as one of the greatest Ornaments of it he deserveth perpetual celebrations Know Reader in a word That Nulla ferent talem saecla futura virum The CONTENTS of the Political Anatomy of IRELAND OF the Lands of Ireland with the present distribution and Values of the same Page 1 Of the People
part by reason of the late Rebellion do not sit in Parliament By about 3000 Freeholders and the Members of about 100 Corporations the University at Dublin reckoned for one represented in the House of Commons by about 270 Knights Citizens and Burgesses The Parliament so constituted have a Negative upon any Law that the Lord Lieutenant and Councel shall offer to the King and which the King and his Councel in England shall under the Great Seal remit to the said Parliament The Sheriffs of Counties and of Cities and Counties in Ireland are 40 finally appointed by the Lord Lieutenant each of which hath about Ten Bailiffs The Chief Governour called sometimes Lord-Lieutenant sometimes Lord-Deputy sometimes Lords Justices with a Council at this time consisting of about 50 Members do govern in all Matters belonging to the Peace Prerogative c. There be five Courts viz. a Chancery consisting of a Lord-Chancellor Master of the Rolls and two three or four Sallariated Masters of Chancery The King's-Bench of a Lord-Chief-Justice and two other Judges The Common-Pleas of the like The Exchequer of a Lord-Chief-Baron and two other Barons with the Treasurer and Chancellor of the Exchequer And a Prerogative whereof the Primate of Armagh is Judge There is also a Palatinate-Courtih Tipperary whereof the Duke of Ormond is Lord of the Liberties and Regalities to it belonging There is also a Court of Admiralty Every Bishop hath also two Courts And there have been formerly and lately but now An. 1672. suspended a Presidency of Munster and another of Connaght who meddle not with Life or Limb nor Titles of Land There is also a Court Marshal for the Affairs of the Army who in times of peace often transmit accus'd persons to the Civil-power To all these Courts do belong Officers Councellors of Law whereof I reckon are of the first Classis gaining by Estimation about 600 l. per Ann. each of the 2d gaining about 300 l. per Ann. And of the 3d gaining not above 100 l. per Ann. There are also sworn Attornies gaining about 120 l. per Ann. one with another There are in Ireland about 950 Justices of the Peace appointed by the Lord-Chancellor an Head-Constable for each Barony or Hundred being 252 and a Petty Constable for each Parish whereof are about 2278. The Ecclesiastical Government is by Arch-Bishops Bishops Arch-Deacons Deans of Cathedral-Churches in all which there are now actually but one Quire entire and that in Dublin serving both at Christ-Church and St. Patrick's And the Parsons Vicars and Curates for the Protestant-Religion are in all Ireland at this day near 500 and about half the Tythes are Impropriate and belonging to Lay-men This is the State of the External and Apparent Government of Ireland so far as it concerns the Number and Species of Persons managing the same But the Internal and Mystical Government of Ireland is thus viz. 1. There are always about Twenty Gentlemen of the Irish Nation and Popish-Religion who by reason of their Families good Parts Courtly Education and Carriage are supported by the Irish to negotiate their Concernments at the Court of England and of the Vice-Roy in Ireland These men raise their Contributions by the Priests who actually and immediately govern the People The Priests are govern'd by at least 24 Romish Bishops all of whom have a long time been conversant in France Spain Italy Germany England whereas Chaplains and Almoners c. they have made an interest with the governing Men and Ministers of State in those several Kingdoms and have obtained some Benefits and Preferments from them So as the Body of the Irish-Papist's being about 800 M. whereof near 700 M. do live in wretched Cabbins without Chimney or Window are govern'd by about 1000 Secular Priests and 2500 Friars and Regulars of several Orders whereof most are Franciscans next Dominicans and Augustins but few Capuchins and Iesuits or Carthusians These I say are govern'd by their respective Bishops and Superiors whom the Ministers of Foreign States do also govern and direct So as upon the whole matter the Irish who are the Bulk of the Nation are govern'd indirectly by Foreign Power and so are the aforenamed Lay-Patriots their support coming from the Clergy constituted as aforesaid and who do notoriously exercise their Spiritual Jurisdiction in Ireland And do also exert a Temporal Power by prevailing with Papist Justices of the Peace to send such to Gaol as are disobedient to the Clergy upon feigned or frivolous Complaints which they cause to be brought against them The Judges aforenamed all but the Chancellor go Circuits whereof there are five twice every year excepting only the one County of Kerry There is an University at Dublin but lying for the most part within one College wherein are a Provost and seven Senior and Ruling Fellows Nine Junior Fellows sixty Sch lars and at this time Commoners and other Students There was about the year 1669 erected a College of Physicians consisting of a President and 13 Fellows There are belonging to the Prerogative Arch-Deacons Courts Court-Martial and Admiralty-Courts not above to Advocates and 30 Proctors There are in the City of Dublin a Lord-Mayor 2 Sheriffs 24 Aldermen 48 Sheriffs Peers and 96 of the Common-Council There are besides Companies or Corporations of Trades-men There is lately instituted an Hospital for poor Children not yet fully perfected nor endowed There is also an Hospital for Sick Lame and Old Soldiers but without Endowment and standing but at discretion and pleasure There are in and near Dublin three Publick Prisons and one House of Correction Lastly I must intimate that the Footmanship for which the Irish 40 years agone were very famous is now almost quite lost among them every man now keeping a small Garran to ride on unless in such rocky and craggy places where 't is easier to go a foot than to ride Of the Militia and Defence of IRELAND THERE be in Ireland as elsewhere two Militias one are the Justices of Peace their Militia of High and Petty Constables as also the Sheriffs Militia of his Servants and Bailiffs and Posse Comitatus upon extraordinary occasions Of these all together there are in Ireland near 3000 all of which are bound within their several Districts there to act and not elsewhere There is or hath lately been an Army in Ireland of about thirty Troops of Horse and sixty Companies of Foot with a Regiment of Guard at Dublin as a Life-Guard for the Lord Lieutenant making in all about five thousand Men. There is also a Protestant Militia of about 24000 Men viz. about ten thousand Horse and the rest Foot The people of Ireland are all in Factions and Parties called English and Irish Protestants and Papists Though indeed the real distinction is vested and devested of the Land belonging to Papists Ann. 1641. Of which the Irish that are vested by Restoration seem rather to take part with the devested And the chief Pique which the Popish-Clergy have at the Protestants is
Peoples feeding may be estimated by the visible part of their Expence which is their housing But such helps of knowing the Value of Lands I am not yet able to furnish Of the Money of IRELAND MOney is understood to be the uniform Measure and Rule for the Value of all Commodities But whether in that sence there be any Money or such Rule in the World I know not much less in Ireland tho most are perswaded that Gold and Silver Money is such For 1. The proportion of value between pure Gold and fine Silver alters as the Earth and Industry of Men produce more of one than of the other that is to say Gold has been worth but twelve times its own weight in Silver of late it has been worth fourteen because more Silver has been gotten That of Gold proportionably i. e. about twelve times as much Silver has been raised as of Gold which makes Gold dearer So there can be but one of the two Metals of Gold and Silver to be a fit matter for Money Wherefore if Silver be that one Metal fit for Money then Gold is but a Commodity very like Money And as things now stand Silver only is the matter of Money and that elsewhere as well as in Ireland 2. The value of Silver rises and falls it self for Men make Vessels of coyned Silver if they can gain by the Workmanship enough to defray the Destruction of the Coynage and withal more than they could expect by employing the same Silver as Money in a way of Trade Now the Accidents of so doing make Silver rise and fall and consequently take from the perfect Aptitude for being an uniform steady Rule and Measure of all other things The Mischiefs and Inconveniences hitherto mentioned are common to all times and places but in Ireland are more particular and stand thus viz. A piece of 8 Rials being full 17. penny weight passeth for 4 s. 9 d. if it want but ½ a grain of the weight tho half a grain of Silver be worth but the ¼ of a Farthing or ⅙ of a Penny then it passes for 3 d less viz. 4 s. 6 d. and if it weigh ten grains above 17 d. weight it passes but for 4 s. 9 d. On the other hand if it weigh but 12 d. weight it passes nevertheless for 4 s. 6 d. And if the Silver be course if not so course as not to be called Silver yet still it passes for the same Moreover the fineness cannot be determined by common Eyes scarce at all by the best not within 4 d. in an Ounce by the Touchstone not within 2 d. and by the Test it self not within an half-penny Lastly The Scales and Weights differ so much from each other as what is 4 s. 9 d. in one House is but 4 s. 6 d. in the next vice versa From whence it comes to pass that all pieces weighing above 17 d. weight are cull'd out to buy or make pieces of 14 d. weight pass for 4 s. 6 d. 2. Other Species of Coyn which pro rata contain the same quantity of the like Gold and Silver with the piece of eight Rials goes in one Species for more in another for less What hath been said of the Silver-species may be said of the Gold-species and what differences are between Silver and Silver and between Gold and Gold is also between Silver and Gold Coyns So as it becomes a Trade to study and make Advantages of these Irregularities to the prejudice of the good People who are taught that whatever is called Money is the same and regular and uniform and a just Measure of all Commodities From whence it hath happened that all English Money which hath a great and deserved Reputation in the World for its intrinsick Goodness is quite carried away out of Ireland and such Money brought instead of it as these studied Merchants do from time to time bring in for their Advantage upon the Common People their Credulity and Ignorance But Money that is to say Silver and Gold do at this day much decrease in Ireland for the following Reasons 1. Ireland Anno 1664. did not export to a much greater Value than it imported viz. about 62 M. Since which time there hath been a Law made to prohibit the Importation of great Cattel and Sheep alive or dead into England the Value whereof carried into England in that very year 1664. was above 150 M. l. The which was said to have been done for that Ireland drained away the Money of England Whereas in that very year England sent to Ireland but 91 M. less than it received from thence and yet this small difference was said to be the reason why the Rents of England fell ⅖ that is 1600 M. in 8 Millions Which was a strange conceit if they consider farther That the value of the Catrel alive or dead which went out of Ireland into England was but 132 M. the Hides Tallow and Freight whereof were worth about ◠that Money 2. Whereas the Owners of about ¼ both of all the real and personal Estate of Ireland do live in England since the business of the several Courts of Claims was finished in December 1668. all that belongs to them goes out but returns not 3. The gains of the Commissioners of that Court and of the Farmers of the Revenue of Ireland who live in England have issued out of Ireland without returns 4. A considerable part of the Army of Ireland hath been sent into England and yet paid out of Ireland 5. To remit so many great Sums out of Ireland into England when all Trade between the said two Kingdoms is prohibited must be very chargeable for now the Goods which go out of Ireland in order to furnish the said Sums in England must for Example go into the Barbados and there be sold for Sugars which brought into England are sold for Money to pay there what Ireland owes Which way being so long tedious and hazardous must necessarily so raise the exchange of Money as we have seen 15 per Cent. frequently given Anno 1671 and Anno 1672. Altho in truth exchange can never be naturally more than the Land and Water-carriage of Money between the two Kingdoms and the ensurance of the same upon the way if the Money be alike in both places But Men that have not had the faculty of making these Transmissions with dexterity have chose rather to give 15. per Cent. Exchange as aforesaid than to put themselves upon the hazard of such undertakings and the mischief of being disappointed Now the extraordinary decrease of Gold and Silver put Men whose Affairs were much disturb'd thereby upon extraordinary Conceits and some very absurd ones for Remedy as namely the raising of Spanish pieces of Eight called Cobs in Ireland from 4 s. 9 d. to 5 or 6 Shillings which were before about 5 d. above the Value of English that is 4 s. 4 d. English Money weighed the same with a Cob called 4 s.
who they pretend do usurp their Estates It then seems just and convenient That both Kingdoms should be United and Governed by one Legislative Power Nor is it hard to shew how this may be made practicable nor to satisfy repair or silence those who are Interested or Affected to the contrary 13. In the mean time it is wonderful that men born in England who have Lands granted to them by the King for service done in Ireland to the Crown of England when they have occasion to reside or negotiate in England should by their Country-men Kindred and Friends there be debarred to bring with them out of Ireland food whereupon to live nor suffered to carry money out of Ireland nor to bring such Commodities as they fetch from America directly home but round about by England with extream hazard and loss and be forced to trade only with Strangers and become unacquainted with their own Country especially when England gaineth more than it loseth by a free Commerce as exporting hither three times as much as it receiveth from hence In so much as 95 l. in England was worth about 100 l. of the like Money in Ireland in the freest time of Trade 14. It is conceived that about â…“ d of the Imported Manufactures might be made in Ireland and â…“ d of the remainder might be more conveniently had from Foreign parts than out of England and consequently that it is scarce necessary at all for Ireland to receive any goods of England and not convenient to receive above th part from hence of the whole which it needeth to Import the value whereof is under 100 Thousand Pounds per Annum The application of the Premisses in order to remedy the defects and impediments of the Trade of Ireland 1. Forasmuch as the consideration of Raising Money hath already and so lately been before your Lordships therefore without giving this Board any further trouble concerning the same We humbly offer in order to the regulation of the several species thereof That whereas Weighty Plate pieces together with Ducatoons which estimate to be three quarters of the Money now currant in Ireland do already pass at proportionable Rates and for that all other species of Silver Money are neither rated proportionably to the said weighty pieces nor to one another That Whole Half and Quarter Cobbs of Sterling Silver if light may pass at 5 s. 7 d. per Ounce but that the other Species of courser Silver as the Perrues c. may pass as Commodity or at 5 s. per Ounce until there shall be conveniency for new Coyning thereof into smaller Money 2. That forthwith Application may be made unto England to restore the Trade from the Plantations and between the two Kingdoms and particularly that of Cattel as heretofore and in the mean time to discover and hinder by all means possible the carrying of Bullion out of Ireland into England to the end that those in England who are to receive Moneys from hence may be necessitated to be very earnest in the said Negotiation 3. That Endeavours be used in England for the Union of the Kingdoms under one Legislative Power proportionably as was heretofore and successively done in the case of Wales 4. For reducing Interest from Ten to Five or Six per Centum for disposing moneyed men to be rather Merchants than Usurers rather to trade than purchase and to prevent the bad and uncertain payments which Gentlemen are forced to make unto Tradesmen whose Stock and Credit is thereby soon buried in debts not to be received without long and expensivâ— Suits and that a Bank of Land be forthwith contrived and countenanced 5. That the Act of State which mitigates and compounds for the Costoms of some Foreign goods purposely made high to hinder their Importation and to encourage the Manufacture of them here be taken into consideration at least before it be renewed 6. That the Lord Lieutenant and Council as also the Nobilit Courts of Justice and Officers of the Army and other Gentlemen in and about Dublin may by their engagement and example discountenance the use of some certain Foreign Commodities to be pitched upon by your Lordships And that Gentlemen and Freeholders in the Country at their Assizes and other Country meetings and that the Inhabitants of all Corporations who live in Houses of above two Chimneys in each may afterwards do the same 7. That there be a Corporation for the Navigation of this Kingdom and that other Societies of men may be instituted who shall undertake and give security to carry on the several Trades and Manufactures of Ireland and to see that all goods Exported to Foreign Markets may be faithfully wrought and packt Which Societies may direct themselves by the many several proposals and reports formerly and of late made by the Council of Trade and which they are now again ready to enlarge and accommodate to the said several proposals respectively and more particularly to the Manufactures of Woollen Linnen and Leather 8. That the Corporations of Ireland may be obliged to engage no Manufactures but according to their Primitive Instructions which was to carry on such great works as exceeded the strength of single Persons and particularly that they may cause some such like proportions of Yarn Linnen and Woollen as also of Worsted to be Spun as Mr. Hawkins hath Propounded 9. That the Pattents which hinder the working of Mines may be considered 10. That the Justices of Peace may be admonished to protect the Industrious and not suffer their Labours to be interrupted by vexatious and frivolous Indictments 11. That the Inhabitants of the wretched Cabbins in Ireland may be encouraged to reform them and also compelled thereunto as an easy and Indulgent Committing for the Penalty of Nine-Pence per Sunday payable by the Statute and likewise to make Gardens as the Statute for Hemp and Flax requires And that other the wholesome Laws against Idlers Vagabonds c may be applied to the prevention of Beggary and Thievery Whereunto the orderly disposing of the said Cabbins into Townships would also conduce 12. That the People be dissuaded from the observations of superfluous Holy-Days 13. That the exorbitant Number of Popish-Priests and Fryars may be reduced to a bare competency as also the Number of Ale-houses 14. That the Constable Sheriff and Bailiffs may also be English Protestants though upon Salary From all which and from the settlement of Estates it is to be hoped that men seeing more advantage to live in Ireland than elsewhere may be invited to remove themselves hither and so supply the want of People the greatest and most fundamental defect of this Kingdom CAROLUS Secundus Dei Gratia Angliae Scotiae Franciae Hiberniae Rex Fidei Defensor c. Omnibus ad quos praesentes literae pervenerint salutem Cum praedilectus perquam fidelis consanguineus Consiliarius noster Jacobus Dux Ormondiae in râ—gno nostro Hiberniae qui plurima egregia servitia serenissimo patri
Lord Baron of Cahir 11 05 00  484 11 08 Where Creation-Money is granted to one and the same Person for two Honours that Sum which is granted with the highest Title is only to be paid  l. s. d. The Provost and Fellows of Trinity-Colledge near Dublin by Patent dated 12. August 1612. as a perpetuity per Annum 388 15 00 The Dean and Chapter of Christ-Church Dublin grant in perpetuity 12. Iunii 1604 per Annum 045 06 08 The Lord Archbishop of Dublin for Proxies due unto him out of divers Churches belonging to the late Monasteries of Thomas Court St. Maries Abby and St. Iohn of Ierusalem near Dublin per Annum 018 05 06 The Lord Bishop of Meath out of the Mannor of Trim. 003 15 00 The Mayor Sheriffs Commons and Citizens of Dublin per Annum 500 00 00 The Chaunter of Christ-Church Dublin for the Rent of a Plat of Ground near His Majesties Castle of Dublin 027 00 00 983 02 02 The Payments hereafter following are to be continued to the present Granâ—ees during their Grants but to cease afterwards and not to be regranted or paid to any other  l. s. d. The most Reverend Father in God Michâ—el Lord Arch-Bishop of Dublin Lord Chancellor of Ireland 814 17 06 The Right Honourable Richard Earl of Cork Treasurer 365 00 00 Nicholas Lostus Esq Clerk of the Pipe 025 00 00 Maurice Keating Comptroller of the Pipe 008 00 00 Sir Theophilus Iones K t. Clerk of the Pells 061 05 00 Bryan Iones Esq Auditor of the Foreign Accomptâ— and Prests at 6 s. 8 d. per diem granted him by Letters Patents dated 2. April Anno 2 do Caroli primi during his good behaviour per Annum 121 13 04 Edward Cook Esq one of the Masters of the Chancery 020 00 00 Iohn Westly Esq one of the Masters of the Chancery 020 00 00 Anthony Walsh Keeper of the Room as also of the Robes Hanging and Clock in the Castle of Dublin at 12 d. per diem 018 05 00 Iohn Crooke Printer to His Majesty in Ireland 008 00 00 Thomas Mall Esq Surveyor General of the Customs 100 00 00  1649 16 10 William Maule Comptroller of the Customs at Dublin 012 10 00 Marcus Viscount Dungannon Master of the Game 050 00 00 Sir George Lane K t. for his Fee as Keeper of the Records in Brimingham's Tower 010 00 00 Iames Buck Clerk of the Market of all Ireland 020 00 00 The Countess of Tyrconnell 300 00 00 Edward Fitz-Gerrald 100 00 00 Sarah King Widow 080 00 00 Iane Cary Widow 050 00 00 Iohn Dogharty at 18 d. per diem 027 07 06 Iepson Macquire 040 00 00 Sir Robert Meredith 100 00 00 Sir George Blundell at 6 s. per diem 109 10 00 Ann Conocke 050 00 00 William Awbry at 1 l. per week 052 00 00 Patrick Archer 205 00 00 To be paid unto him until he be satisfied the sum of 5883 l. 19 s. 6 d. and 410 l. 5 s. 6 d. by Letters Patents dated 13 March 1662. and His Majesties Letters of the 2 d of May 1663.  l. s. d. Dr. Iohn Sterne 060 00 00 Luke German Esq per annum 100 00 00 Patrick Cowurcey and his Son Iohn Cowurcey per annum 150 00 00 Sir Iames Dillon per annum 500 00 00 Dr. Robert George per Annum 109 10 00 Thomas Piggot Esq per Annum 300 00 00 Mrs. Mary Warren per Annum 080 00 00 Arthur Earl of Anglesey per Annum 600 00 00 Captain William Rosse per Annum 300 00 00  3313 07 06 Commissioners of Accompts for the yearly Accompts by them to be taken by virtue of His Majesty's Commission at 20 l. each of them per Annum 220 l. And to the Clerks and others imployed in the said Accompts 65 l. 10 s. In all 285 10 00 For Fraught and Transportation carrying of Letters and other Expresses Gifts and Rewards Sea-service Repairing and Upholding sufficiently our Houses maintaining our Forts finishing of needful undertakings of that kind begun in other places but not finished erecting of more strengths of the like kind and other fit and necessary places Diets and Charges in keeping of poor Prisoners and sick and maimed Soldiers in Hospitals Printing Riding and Travelling Charges Prests upon Accompt and all other payments by Concordat of our Lieutenant or other chief Governor or Governors and Council not to be exceeded without special direction first had from us or our Privy-Council in England 9000 00 00 Sum total of the payments aforesaid upon the Civil List amounts unto per Annum 25601 4 8 Memorandum That the Impost of Wines for the Nobility Bishops and Councillors the Officers of the Excise and Commissioners-general of the Customs and Excise are not included in the abovesaid Sum. AND Our Pleasure is That no Payment or Allowance be made by Concordat but by Warrant drawn by the Clerk of the Council of Ireland and passed openly at our Council-Board there and signed by our Lieutenant or other Chief-Governour or Governour Chancellor Treasurer or Vice-Treasurer Chief-Baron and Secretary or other four of them at the least the Lieutenant or Chief-Governour being one and in default either by exceeding the Sum limited by anticipation or otherwise or by not observing of this our Direction and Commandment in every Point Our Pleasure is That all Sums which shall otherwise be allowed and paid there shall be set insuper as Debts upon our said Lieutenant or other Chief-Governour or Governours and our Vnder-Treasurer upon his Accounts to be defaulked to Our use upon their several Entertainments And Our further Pleasure is That this Establishment and List containing all our Payments to be made for Civil-Causes be duly paid according to our Directions and be not exceeded nor any of the Payments which are no ed to be but temporary or to cease after Death or surrender of the Party or upon determination of his Grant to be continued or renewed to any other either in concurrence reversion or otherwise And We require our Auditor-General That once every Year immediately upon the passing the Accounts of our Vice â—reasurer or Receiver General a Transcript of the same Accompts both for Receipts of every nature and the particular Payments be returned to our Treasurer of England to the end we may be truly informed both of the increase of our said Revenues yearly and also of the Abatements of Payments contained in this List. ARLINGTON By the Lord-Lieutenant-General and General Governor of Ireland INstructions for our dearest Son Thomas Earl of Ossory nominated by Vs by virtue of His Majesty's Letters Patents under His Great Seal of England bearing date the 21st day of February in the 14th Year of His Reign and constituted by His Majesty's Letters Patents under the Great Seal of this Kingdom of Ireland bearing date the 21st day of May in the 16th Year of His Reign His Majesty's Deputy of this His said Kingdom
as Fat lubricates the motion of the Muscles feeds in want of Victuals fills up uneven Cavities and beautifies the Body so doth Money in the State quicken its Action feeds from abroad in time of Dearth at home evens accounts by reason of it's divisibility and beautifies the whole altho more especially the particular persons that have it in plenty CHAP. VI. The Causes of irregular Taxing 1. THE Causes of Error in this great Affair of Publick Levies have been these First Laying too great a stress on the matter of Money which is to the whole effect of the Kingdom but as 6 to 667. That is not one to 100. Secondly Laying the whole Burthen on the past Effects and neglecting the present Efficiencies exceeding the former as 417 doth 250. Thirdly Reckoning all the personal Estates of the City of London Shipping included at scarce ½ the value of the very Housing whereas they are double Which happens because the Housing of London belongs to the Church Companies or Gentlemen and are taxed by the Citizens their Tenants Fourthly A fallacious tenderness towards the poor who now pay scarce 1 s. per head per ann towards all manner of charges interwoven with the cruelty of not providing them Work and indulging Laziness in them because of our own indisposition to employ them so some are overcharged through evil Custom and others left to sordid Want and bruitish Irregularity Fifthly An Opinion that certainty of Rules is impossible and but an idle Notion and then having made such as are not so and training them to be applied by Affection and Humour so as ¼ of the whole paying needlesly four times too much may be thereby so netled as to do more mischief than the other unconcerned and thankless ¾ can allay CHAP. VII The Collateral Advantages of these Taxes 1. BEsides the equality of Taxes we make this further use of trying it by way of Customs Poles Excises Chimney-money Land-tax and Assesments upon the personal Estates viz. 1. Of the Customs which we reduce from 1 40 to 1 50 to keep an account of Foreign Trade and of its Balance for by Levying a Duty and encreasing the Penalty these Accounts will be less obscured 2. The simple and universal Pole keeps an account of the great Wealth and Strength of the Kingdom the People 3. Rating the Houses per Chimney gives a good account of Improvements and Dilapidations 4. Excize gives an account of Domestick Expences and publisheth Exorbitances 5. Land-taxes keep the Payments to the proportion of entire value not of Annual Rent So as an Estate in Housing pays no more than if it were in Lands nor considerable less than Goods and may bring Mortgages to their just contribution many Lenders not being so formidable for their Money as some have thought them 6. Assessments upon personal Estates if given in as elsewhere upon Oath would bring that Branch which of it self is most dark to a sufficient clearness 2. There is also a Pole upon Titles and Dignities worth consideration tho we now omit it which as it may check mens forwardness to undeserved Pre-eminence so it may be employed in the encouragement of true worth 3. We have hitherto computed the old immutable Revenue at but 130,000 l. per annum nor supposed above 170,000 l. viz. less than ½ what it is at present to be raised by Customs wholly neglecting Wards Butlerage Aulnage and other obsolete Imposts We have also designed the several Proportions towards the raising of a Million more per Ann. to be raised by the Pole Excise Land-Tax Assessments and Chimneys CHAP. VIII Of the Expence of the Navy Army and Garisons WE come next to shew That if 3 Millions per ann or 250,000 l. per mensem to make up the whole 3,300,000 l. per ann were raised what might be performed thereby for the safety establishment and Honour both of the King and Subject Unto which I say considering the present condition of the Navy two Millions will maintain 50,000 men in Ships of War for eight Months of the Year and 30000 for the other four Months Which I take to be near double the best Fleet we ever have seen in Europe computing the Ordnance and Harbor-Charges of the Navy Nor will the Maintenance of 12,000 Foot and 3000 Horse allowing 100,000 l. for Inland Garisons and 60,000 l. for Tangier c. put all together exceed 600,000 l. so as there remains 700,000 l. for other Matters whereof His Majesty's Royal Family by all the Accounts I have seen doth not spend 500,000 l. per ann Nor need the Charge of all those Levies be above 1 of the 33 viz. 〈◊〉 part for the 500 Officers without ever going five Miles from the Centre of their abode who might perform this Work nor would more than 200 l. per an for each of them and their under Instruments be necessary for their respective Sallaries For there are 450 Areots of 10 Miles square in England and Wales CHAP. IX Motives to the quiet bearing of extraordinary TAXES HAving shewed how great and glorious things may be done with no less difficulty than what ¼ of the King's Subjects do already endure I offer these further Reasons to quiet mens Minds in case this utmost 250,000 l. per mensem should be ever demanded upon this Holland-War 1. That of all Naval Expence not 1 20 is â—or Forreign Commodities nor need it be â—f if the people would do their part and the Governours direct them the nearest ways 2. That stoppage of Trade is considerable but as one to eight for we exchange not above five Millions worth per ann for our 40. 3. That the Expence of the King c. being about 400,000 l. per ann is but 1 100 part of the Expence of the Nation who all have the Pleasure and Honour of it 4. That the Money of the Nation being but about 5 Millions and ½ and the earning of the same 25 It is not difficult for them to encrease their Money a Million per ann by an easie advance of their Industry applyed to such Manufactures as will fetch Money from abroad 5. The Wealth of England lies in Land and People so as they make five parts of six of the whole But the Wealth of Holland lies more in Money Housing Shipping and Wares Now supposing England three-times as rich as Holland in Land and People as it is and Holland twice as rich as we in other Particulars as it scarce is We are still upon the Balance of the whole near twice as rich as they Of which I wish those that understand Holland would consider and calculate 6. There are in England above four Acres of Arrable Meadow and Pasture-Land for every Soul in it and those so fertile as that the labour of one man in tilling them is sufficient to get a bare Livelihood for above 10 So as 't is for want of Discipline that any Poverty appears in England and that any are hanged or starved upon that account CHAP.
X. How to employ the People and the End thereof WE said That half the People by a very gentle labour might much enrich the Kingdom and advance its Honour by setting apart largely for publick uses But the difficulty is upon what shall they employ themselves To which I answer in general Upon producing Food and Necessaries for the whole People of the Land by few hands whether by labouring harder or by the introducing the Compendium and Facilitations of Art which is equivalent to what men vainly hoped from Polygamy For as much as he that can do the Work of five men by one effects the same as the begetting four adult Workmen Nor is such advantage worth fewer years purchase than that of Lands or what we esteem likest to perpetual Now the making Necessaries cheap by the means aforesaid and not by raising more of them than can be spent whilst they are good will necessitate others to buy them with much labour of other kinds For if one man could raise Corn enough for the whole better than any one man then that man would have the natural Monopoly of Corn and could exact more labour for it in exchange than if ten others raised ten times as much Corn as is necessary which would make other labour so much the dearer as men were less under the need of engaging upon it 2. By this way we might recover our lost Cloth-trade which by the same the Dutch got from us By this way the East-Indians furnish us from the other end of the world with Linnen cheaper than our selves can make them with what grows at our own Doors By this means we might fetch Flax from France and yet furnish them with Linnen that is if we make no more than we can vend but so much with the fewest hands and cheapest food which will be when Food also is raised by fewer hands than elsewhere 3. I answer generally we should employ our selves by raising such Commodities as would yield and fetch in money from abroad For that would supply any wants of ours from the same or any other place at all times Which Stores of Domestick Commodities could not effect whose value is to call a Temporary i. e. which are of value but pro hic nunc 4. But when should we rest from this great Industry I answer When we have certainly more Money than any of our Neighbour States though never so little both in Arithmetrical and Geometrical proportion i. e. when we have more years provision aforehand and more present effects 5. What then should we busie our selves about I answer in Ratiocinations upon the Works and Will of God to be supported not only by the indolency but also by the pleasure of the Body and not only by the tranquility but serenity of the mind and this Exercise is the natural end of man in this world and that which best disposeth him for his Spiritual happiness in that other which is to come The motions of the mind being the quickest of all others afford most variety wherein is the very form and being of pleasure and by how much the more we have of this pleasure by so much the more we are capable of it even ad Infinitum FINIS For all their Pay and Hazard By Sir John Bodly The Court of Exchequer The Court of Kings Bench. The Court of Chancery The Court of Chancery The Court of Common-Pleas Star-Chamber Officers attending the State Charge of Circuits Incidents Besides impost of Wines Provincial Officers 〈◊〉 Waxford Waterford and Râ—st Corke Kingsale Dingle â—oush Limerick Galloway Drogheda Dundalle and Carlingsord Carricksergus Strangford Newcastle Dundrum c. The Office and Officers of the Excise Commissioner-General of the Customs and Excise Commissioners of Appeal Accomptants-General of the Customs and Excise Creation-Money Perpetuities Temporary payments Pensions and Annuities Commissioners of Accompts and Clerks allowances Payments for extraordinaries by Concordatum Lord Lieutenant General Officers Provinci Officers Officers of the Ordnance 〈…〉